UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549

 FORM 10-K

 (Mark One)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024
 or

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For transition period from __________ to __________

 Commission file number 001-39331

 System1, Inc.
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Delaware

 92-3978051

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 4235 Redwood Avenue
 Los Angeles, CA, 90066

 (Address of Principal Executive Offices, including zip code)

 ( 310) 924-6037
 (Registrant's telephone number including area code)

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share
 SST
 The New York Stock Exchange

 Redeemable warrants, each whole warrant exercisable for one Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share
 SST.WS
 The New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company, "and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No
 The aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, as of June 30, 2024, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $ 39.9 million (based on the closing price for shares of the registrant's Class A common stock as reported by the New York Stock Exchange on that date).
 As of February 28, 2025, there were 74,510,018 shares of Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, and 18,703,676 shares of Class C common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.
 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 The information required by Part III of this report, to the extent not set forth herein, is incorporated by reference from the registrant's proxy statement relating to its annual meeting of stockholders to be filed by April 30th 2025. The proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

 Page

 Item 1.

 Business

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owner and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements concerning possible or assumed future actions, business strategies, events or results of operations, and any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

 In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as "may," "should," "expect," "plan," "anticipate," "could," "intend," "target," "project," "contemplate," "believe," "estimate," "predict," "potential" or "continue" or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are only predictions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are subject to a number of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements, including the risks, uncertainties and assumptions described under the section in this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled "Risk Factors." These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks, including, without limitation, the following:

 • The ability to maintain our key relationships with Advertising Partners, including our monetization arrangements;
 • The ability to collect, process, effectively utilize and safely store the first party data that we obtain through our services;
 • The performance of our responsive acquisition marketing platform, or RAMP;
 • Changes in customer demand for our services and our ability to incorporate to such changes;
 • The ability to maintain and attract consumers and advertisers in the face of changing economic or competitive conditions;
 • The ability to improve and maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting and remediate identified material weaknesses;
 • The ability to successfully source and complete acquisitions and to integrate the operations of companies System1 acquires;
 • The ability to raise financing in the future as and when needed or on market terms;
 • The ability to compete with existing competitors and the entry of new competitors in the market;
 • Changes in applicable laws or regulations impacting the business which we operate and our ability to maintain compliance with the various laws that our business and operations are subject to;
 • The ability to protect our intellectual property rights; and
 • Other risks and uncertainties indicated from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), including those described herein under the heading "Risk Factors."

 Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified and some of which are beyond our control, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements
 may not be achieved or occur, and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Moreover, we operate in a rapidly evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K will prove to be accurate. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise.

 You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K, along with our other filings with the SEC, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

 SUMMARY OF RISK FACTORS

 The following is a summary of the principal risks described below in "Item 1A. Risk Factors" included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We believe that the risks described in the "Risk Factors" section are material to investors, but other factors not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also adversely affect us. The following summary should not be considered an exhaustive summary of the material risks facing us, and it should be read in conjunction with the "Risk Factors" section and the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 • We have a limited operating history, which makes it difficult to evaluate our business and prospects and may increase the risks associated with your investment.
 • Our revenue is tied to the effectiveness and performance of our responsive acquisition marketing platform.
 • A meaningful portion of our revenue is attributable to our agreements with Google, and therefore is subject to its practices.
 • We rely on large-scale acquisition marketing channels, such as Google, Meta, Outbrain, and TikTok, as well as our Network Partners, for a significant portion of our consumer Internet traffic.
 • We identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to remediate the material weaknesses, or if other material weaknesses are identified, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately, prevent or detect material misstatements due to fraud or error, or file our periodic reports as a public company in a timely manner.
 • If we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations. If our internal control over financial reporting is not effective, it may adversely affect investor confidence in us and the price of our common stock.
 • A significant portion of our assets consists of other intangible assets, the value of which may be reduced if we determine that those assets are impaired.
 • We may not be able to secure additional financing on favorable terms, or at all, to meet our future capital needs, which may in turn impair our growth.
 • Operational and performance issues with our platform, whether real or perceived, including a failure to respond to technological changes or to upgrade our technology systems, may adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.
 • We operate in a highly competitive environment. If we fail to innovate and make the right investment decisions in our offerings and RAMP platform, we may not attract and retain advertisers or network partners, and our competitors may gain market share in the markets for our solutions that could adversely affect our business and cause our revenue and results of operations to decline.
 • We compete for advertising spend from our advertisers, and if we are unable to maintain or increase our share of the advertising spend of our advertisers, our business could be harmed.
 • Our advertising business is dependent on advertisers buying mobile, display and video advertising. A decrease in the use of these advertising channels would harm our business, growth prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
 • Unfavorable global economic conditions, including as a result of health and safety concerns related to a public health crisis, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
 • We may experience outages and disruptions on RAMP, our websites and other software products if we fail to maintain adequate security and supporting infrastructure as we scale our businesses and service offerings, which may harm our reputation and negatively impact our business, financial condition and operating results.
 • We depend on search engines, display advertising, social media, email, content-based online advertising and other online sources to attract consumers to our owned & operated websites and have them successfully convert into sales for our advertisers. If we are unable to drive consumer traffic cost-effectively, or if there is a decline in the supply of media available through these websites, our business and financial results may be harmed.
 • We depend on third-party website publishers for a significant portion of our visitors, and any decline in the supply of media available through these websites or increase in the price of this media could cause our revenue to decline or our cost to reach visitors to increase.
 • Our failure to meet content and referral source standards and provide services that our advertisers and inventory suppliers trust could harm our brand and reputation and negatively impact our business, financial condition and operating results.
 • If the non-proprietary technology, software, products and services that we use are unavailable, have future terms we cannot agree to, or do not perform as we expect, our business, financial condition and operating results could be harmed.
 • Privacy and data protection laws to which we are subject may cause us to incur additional or unexpected costs, subject us to enforcement actions for compliance failures, or cause us to change RAMP or our business model, which may have a material adverse effect on our business.
 • We typically collect and store IP addresses, other device identifiers (such as unique mobile application identifiers) and email addresses, which are or may be considered personal data or personal information in some jurisdictions or otherwise may be the subject of regulation.
 • Our success depends, in part, on our ability to collect, process and use first-party data about our end users. If that access is restricted or otherwise subject to unfavorable regulation, blocked or limited by technical changes on end users' devices and/or web browsers, or our ability to use this type of data to continue to optimize RAMP is otherwise restricted, our performance may decline and we may lose advertisers and revenue.
 • Our proprietary rights may be difficult to enforce, which could enable others to copy or use aspects of our technology without compensating us, thereby eroding our competitive advantages and harming our business.
 • We face potential liability and harm to our business based on the nature of our business and the content on RAMP.
 • You may only be able to exercise the Public Warrants on a "cashless basis" under certain circumstances, and if you do so, you will receive fewer shares of common stock from such exercise than if you were to exercise such Warrants for cash.
 • We may amend the terms of the Warrants in a manner that may have an adverse effect on holders of Public Warrants with the approval by the holders of at least 50% of the then outstanding Public Warrants. As a result, the exercise price of your Warrants could be increased, the exercise period could be shortened and the number of shares of common stock purchasable upon exercise of a Warrant could be decreased, all without your approval.
 • Our Warrant Agreement designates the courts of the State of New York or the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by holders of the Warrants, which could limit the ability of Warrant holders to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.
 • We may redeem your unexpired Warrants prior to their exercise, at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby making your Warrants worth less than what you paid for them.

 Item 1. Business.

 Overview

 Throughout this report, the "Company," "System1," "we," "us," "our" and other similar terms refer to System1, Inc. and its subsidiaries. We operate an omnichannel customer acquisition platform, delivering high-intent customers to brands, advertisers and publishers.

 We provide our omnichannel customer acquisition platform services through our proprietary responsive acquisition marketing platform ("RAMP"). Operating seamlessly across major advertising networks and advertising category verticals to acquire end-users, RAMP allows us to monetize these acquired users through our relationships with third party advertisers and advertising networks ("Advertising Partners"). RAMP operates across our network of owned and operated websites, allowing us to monetize user traffic that we source from various acquisition marketing channels, including Google, Meta, Outbrain, and TikTok. RAMP also allows third party advertising platforms and publishers ("Network Partners") to send user traffic to, and monetize user traffic on, our owned and operated websites or through our monetization agreements.

 Through RAMP, we process daily advertising campaign optimizations and ingest over 12 billion rows of data daily across approximately 40 advertising vertical categories as of December 31, 2024. We are able to efficiently monetize user intent by linking data on consumer engagement, such as first party search data like traffic sources, device type and search queries, with data on monetization rates and advertising spend. This context-enriched data, combined with our proprietary and data science driven algorithms, creates a closed-loop system that is not reliant on personally identifiable information or information obtained through third-party cookies, but which allows RAMP to efficiently match consumer demand with the appropriate advertiser or advertising experience across advertising category verticals.

 Our Company started with a focus on monetizing user traffic acquired by our Network Partners. Since launching, we have expanded to monetizing traffic we acquire directly from various marketing channels, expanding to support additional advertising formats across multiple advertising platforms, and have acquired several leading websites, enabling us to control user acquisition and experience, and monetize user traffic on our behalf via our network of owned and operated websites. Today, we own and operate approximately 40 websites, including leading search engines like info.com and Startpage.com, and digital media publishing websites and internet utilities such as HowStuffWorks, MapQuest, CouponFollow and ActiveBeat.

 Our primary operations are in the United States, and we also have operations in Canada and the Netherlands. Operations outside the United States are subject to risks inherent in operating under different legal systems and various political and economic environments. Among the risks are changes in existing tax laws, changes in the regulatory framework in foreign jurisdictions, data privacy laws, possible limitations on foreign investment and income repatriation, government foreign exchange controls, exposure to currency exchange fluctuations and employment laws impacting foreign employees. We do not engage in hedging activities to mitigate our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

 As a result of the current uncertainty in economic activity, including geopolitical developments and other macroeconomic factors such as rising interest rates, inflation and the impact of earlier supply chain disruptions, we are unable to predict the size and duration of the impact on our revenue and our results of operations.

 The Trebia Merger

 On June 28, 2021, we entered into a Business Combination Agreement (as amended on November 30, 2021, January 10, 2022 and January 25, 2022), ("Business Combination Agreement") by and among us, S1 Holdco, LLC ("S1 Holdco") and Total Security Limited, formerly known as Protected.net Group Limited ("Protected"). On January 26, 2022 ("Closing Date"), we consummated the business combination ("Merger") pursuant to the Business

 Combination Agreement. Following the consummation of the Merger, the combined company was organized via an "Up-C" structure, in which substantially all of the assets and business operations of System1 are held by S1 Holdco.

 Following the Merger, Trebia's ordinary shares and Public Warrants ceased trading on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE"), and System1, Inc.'s Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value per share ("Class A common stock") and the Public Warrants ("Warrants") began trading on the NYSE on January 28, 2022 under the symbols "SST" and "SST.WS," respectively.

 Sale of Protected

 On September 6, 2023, we announced that we had received a non-binding indication of intent from Just Develop It Limited ("JDI"), one of our significant shareholders, which is principally owned and managed by certain members of the Protected management team, related to the potential acquisition of Protected, which operated our subscription business. Subsequently, on November 30, 2023, we completed the sale of Protected, pursuant to the terms of a share purchase agreement ("Share Purchase Agreement"). Pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement, the purchasing parties acquired all of the outstanding preference and ordinary shares of Protected ("Protected Disposition") for total consideration comprised of: (a) $240.0 million in cash, subject to certain adjustments, (b) the return and subsequent cancellation of approximately 29.1 million shares of our Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, owned by JDI and other entities and individuals affiliated with the purchasing parties and (c) confirmation from JDI, Protected and the Protected CEO that the financial performance benchmarks related to certain contingent earnout payments based on the future performance of Protected's business in an aggregate amount of up to $60.0 million included in the Business Combination Agreement, will, as a result of the Protected Disposition, no longer be achievable. See Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and supplementary data — Note 17, Discontinued Operations" of our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

 Reorganization

 On August 1, 2024, we undertook a corporate reorganization, the result of which was that all of the assets and business operations of the Company are now held by System1 Holdings, LLC ("System1 Holdings"), a newly formed intermediate holding company of which we maintain the controlling interest and in which the non-controlling interest is owned by the holders of our Class C common stock. Following the corporate reorganization, (a) System1 Holdings now owns 100% of S1 Holdco, the previous intermediate holding company with the non-controlling interests, and 100% of S1 Media, LLC ("S1 Media"), another new subsidiary formed in connection with the corporate reorganization, (b) S1 Media holds the assets and business operations associated with our owned and operated products businesses, which include NextGen Shopping, Inc. ("CouponFollow"), Startpage and Mapquest, and (c) S1 Holdco holds our remaining assets and business operations associated with our digital advertising businesses, including our proprietary RAMP platform. S1 Holdco and its subsidiaries remain obligors and guarantors under our Term Loan and 2022 Revolving Facility, and System1 Holdings and S1 Media are not parties thereto.

 Our Industry

 Today, brands and advertisers seeking to effectively reach their target consumers or target audience are confronted by significant operational and systemic challenges. Legacy mediums, including print, television and radio, represent a smaller and shrinking portion of total media consumption than they have historically, as digital media formats, in particular those best served by mobile devices, have proliferated. Spending on global digital advertising has grown rapidly, reaching an estimated $668 billion in 2024, and is projected to grow to an estimated $871 billion in 2027. Additionally, spending on global digital advertising accounted for approximately 69% of total global advertising spend in 2024, a percentage that is expected to grow to almost 74% in 2027, continuing a steady trend of supplanting traditional advertising models to support bands and advertisers' customer acquisition efforts.

 Digital marketing has become an increasingly complex ecosystem due to several trends. These trends include the rapid diversification of digital platforms, changing consumption behaviors, ever-evolving and more

 sophisticated advertising networks and ad exchange platforms, increasing audience fragmentation, shorter attention spans, rapidly changing technology infrastructure and a greater regulatory and audience focus on consumer and data privacy considerations by regulators and consumers. As a result, advertisers continue to struggle to efficiently identify and market to high quality audiences that drive strong and consistent return on advertising spend. Since consumer demand is cyclical, constantly evolving and difficult to identify, marketing strategies are often tied to particular channels or verticals, which in turn makes identifying intent-driven consumer demand at the appropriate decision point a challenge for advertisers. We believe we are well positioned to address these challenges and match consumer demand with the appropriate brand in a given advertising category vertical, regardless of seasonality or economic cycle.

 Some of the key industry trends include:

 Advertisers Have Significantly Shifted Their Budgets from Traditional Media to a Diverse Array of Digital Channels. Media content and advertising is increasingly consumed via digital channels or on digitally connected devices due to rapid advances in technology, increasing distribution channels and changes in consumer behavior. This shift has facilitated an unprecedented array of options for advertisers to better direct and measure the effectiveness of their advertising campaigns across media channels and device-types in real time. This seismic shift in and across digital advertising has placed a significant premium on advertising decisions that are based on actual consumer behavior combined with temporal data. We believe that the digital advertising market will continue to grow and evolve rapidly, and that advertisers will shift more of their advertising spend to these quickly evolving digital media channels.

 Better Execution Against Highly Fragmented Audiences. As digital media channels grow and consumption patterns change, highly fragmented audiences make it challenging to consistently reach a large relevant audience. Media consumption is becoming more individualized and fragmented, as the audience spends more time on an increasing number of personal devices while deciding what media to consume and when they consume it, including what products and services they may be searching information for, rather than having those choices made for them on large legacy platform (i.e. linear television, radio, print media) to a single large audience. Both trends contribute to the ever-increasing demand from advertisers for programmatic advertising platforms that integrate options to buy advertising and provide data on how to optimize the financial returns of an ad campaign.

 Top Digital Advertisers Are Transitioning Budgets to Performance-Based Models Where Data and Analytics Drive Decision Making. The shift to digital performance-based advertising models can be explained by mounting pressure on brands and advertisers (and their agencies) to demonstrate tangible results against their advertising efforts, and the corresponding shift of advertising budgets to distribution channels that facilitate the ability to better monitor results in real time. We have designed and built RAMP to specifically address this constantly evolving landscape. Through our portfolio of owned and operated websites, we have access to valuable first party intent data, which our platform combines with real-time feedback on the intent-driven consumer's interaction with rendered ads, thereby increasing the value of user traffic sent to advertisers and the publishers on which such advertisements are displayed.

 Automation of Ad Buying. The growing complexity and increasing high frequency speed of digital marketing and advertising decisions has significantly increased the need for constant and quicker automation. Technology that enables fast, accurate and cost-effective decision-making through computer algorithms that use extensive (and iterative) data sets has become critical for the long-term success of digital advertising campaigns. By using programmatic inventory buying tools, advertisers automate their campaigns in order to provide them with better price discovery on an impression-by-impression basis. As a result, advertisers are able to efficiently bid on and purchase the advertising inventory they value the most, pay less for the inventory they do not value as much, and abstain from buying advertising inventory that does not fit their campaign parameters or reach their target audience.

 Regulatory and Audience Focus on Consumer & Data Privacy. Both digital audiences and consumer focused regulatory bodies and agencies are becoming increasingly focused on consumer and data privacy,

 including the collection, processing, tracking and/or sharing of users' personal data or consumer behavior/consumption habits as advertisers, marketing partners and publishers place a premium on high-quality consumer intent data. Governing bodies throughout the United States (including state and local governments), the European Union and other jurisdictions continue to respond to these growing consumer concerns by proposing and enacting new laws and regulations that are reshaping industry standards regarding consumer privacy, data protection and information security. As advertisers, marketing partners and publishers seek to remain compliant with this evolving regulatory landscape, while avoiding the reputational and financial costs of potential investigations or fines, financial penalties or private actions, first party data regarding intent or trending topics (i.e. consumer intent and related data properly collected and used directly by the party offering the service or media content) becomes increasingly more valuable. Our owned and operated search engines and publishing websites are able to provide valuable anonymized and aggregated proprietary first party data related to search intent data that is properly collected and processed, and then leveraged and optimized through RAMP.

 Our Opportunity

 Traditional advertising agencies are focused on creative services and allocating large advertising budgets across media platforms, but are often not as sophisticated in deploying the cutting-edge technology necessary to deliver responsive or intent-driven customers. While advertising consultants provide strategic advice, they are limited in their ability to deliver actual customers. Advertising buying platforms are not able to offer our data-science and algorithmic driven optimization which we use to improve real-time bids. Most digital marketing providers are confined to a few forms of monetization, such as lead generation or display advertising services, and are not typically agnostic as to which method of monetization they employ or advertising category vertical reached. We believe we offer a differentiated platform, as we are both channel and monetization-method-agnostic. We offer transparent measurement and real-time monitoring of return on advertising spend at a detailed level, which allows for purchase and sale decisions to be based on predictive modeling in order to drive superior results for our various advertisers.

 Our Business Model

 We initially began as a monetization platform that connected user traffic acquired by our Network Partners with advertising demand from our advertisers and advertising networks. We have significantly expanded the scope of our platform through organic growth, strategic acquisitions and the continuous development and integration of RAMP into our service offerings, which enables us to optimize user acquisition, consumer experience and monetization across all traffic sources of our platform. RAMP is integrated with and deployed across our owned and operated search engine and digital media publishing websites and utilities, while supporting and utilizing multiple advertising formats across monetization channels, which has allowed us to accelerate our growth through the integration of multiple websites over the past several years.

 Attracting and Monetizing User Traffic through Our Owned and Operated Websites—We own and operate approximately 40 websites, including search engines, digital publishing websites and web utilities/apps across a variety of categories, including health, mapping, how-to, general interest, finance, business, technology, travel and automotive, and utilize RAMP to efficiently produce and distribute content to these properties that is both data-driven and engaging. We simultaneously work with different acquisition marketing channels to acquire user traffic to our properties, where we deploy RAMP to efficiently match real-time consumer intent with our own services, or direct them to advertisers that seek to bid for the ability to interact with these consumers.

 Monetizing User Traffic for Our Network Partners—We also monetize user traffic on behalf of our more than 300 Network Partners, which include Yahoo!, WebMD and Publisher's Clearing House. These Network Partners direct their acquired traffic through RAMP in exchange for a share of advertising revenue generated through the platform. In 2024, we processed over 7.7 billion Network Partner sessions.

 Our Proprietary Assets

 At the core of our business is our proprietary Responsive Acquisition Marketing Platform, or RAMP. RAMP's predictive power is continually informed, optimized and enhanced by the following:

 Owned and Operated Websites—We own and operate a diversified portfolio of websites where we are able to effectively acquire user traffic across channels and then present relevant offers or advertisements to the audience. Our platform analyzes various user interactions, develops a comprehensive view of the customer's intent in real time and enables advertisers to maximize return on their spend. The first party intent data that we are able to capture from our owned and operated search and digital media sites is a differentiated element of our platform enabling more informed and targeted decision-making in the bid parameters that we use for our own traffic acquisition efforts and provide to our Network Partners.

 System1's Focus on First Party Data—In addition to acquiring extensive amounts of our user traffic via RAMP, upon reaching our websites, RAMP utilizes its proprietary access to our first party data in order to further qualify consumer intent and offer the most appropriate user experience and most effective monetization. We are able to combine this iterative dataset with historical information on advertising spend across advertising categories, content and ad-creative automation, which is used to optimize monetization performance in order to provide a closed-loop view of the customer and advertising ecosystem. We have built a robust and valuable asset consisting of proprietary first party data that is continuously enhanced based on more than 1.0 billion distinct search queries that run through RAMP each a month. This valuable first party data is used by RAMP to optimize specific consumer audiences based on millions of precedent interactions, and allows us to provide our clients with deeper insights into consumer habits as they continue to interact with our owned and operated websites.

 Marketing Partner Integrations—RAMP is seamlessly integrated with leading acquisition marketing channels, such as Google, Meta, Outbrain, and TikTok. This technical integration allows us to continuously optimize our advertising campaigns and bids on a real-time basis, where RAMP processes over 4 million campaign optimizations per day.

 Our Strengths

 We believe that we are well positioned to continue to deliver high performance marketing solutions, including in the delivery of optimized bids and higher return on advertising spend, through the following strengths:

 Proprietary Technology—The technology powering RAMP is designed to provide a dynamic closed-loop platform that operates efficiently at scale, while optimizing in real-time across several key digital advertising considerations, including dynamic ad pricing, consumer intent and historical user interaction with relevant ad content. The key components of RAMP include our programmatic buying platform, ad media interface, dynamic content and monetization serving, real-time revenue attribution, machine learning and data science algorithms, and back-end reporting systems. As a result of the seamless integration of these proprietary technologies, we are able to continually improve performance as we incorporate additional data and product enhancements.

 Omni-Vertical and Monetization Agnostic Service Offering—RAMP is designed to work across vertical consumer categories, efficiently leveraging consumer intent data matched to advertiser demand on a real-time basis. RAMP is also integrated with multiple forms of monetization, facilitating display and search advertising, lead generation, video, e-commerce and subscriptions. We believe that our RAMP platform adds significant value across the entire digital marketing landscape.

 Substantial First-Party Data Consumer Information—In 2024, we processed approximately 15.0 billion total sessions. As a result, we process significant amounts of data (across search queries and decision-making behavior) from consumers, including first party intent-based data, that is combined with data on how consumers respond to different types of ad content, creatives and formats. This aggregated and

 anonymized data is leveraged within our platform, so that it can be analyzed and iteratively enriched as consumers return to our websites and continue to interact with rendered advertisements. When this data is fed into our data science and machine learning algorithms, it becomes a powerful tool for identifying new monetization opportunities and increasing return on advertising spend.

 Proven M&A Experience—We seek out complimentary or ancillary businesses where we can benefit from identified synergies through our industry expertise, significant acquisition experience and in-house strategies to seamlessly integrate targets onto our RAMP platform. We have historically evaluated acquisition opportunities along several key criteria, including building strong brands in a broad group of advertising verticals, diversifying monetization capabilities, developing and augmenting new user acquisition channels, accelerating international growth and opportunities for expansion of our owned and operated properties.

 Experienced Management Team—Our management team is founder-led, with a deep bench across product, engineering, business & corporate development and compliance, with significant experience in digital advertising and publishing.

 Our Growth Strategies

 We believe RAMP can be efficiently deployed across the quickly evolving and rapidly expanding digital advertising market. As the total available market for digital advertising expands, we believe we are well-positioned to deliver superior results and performance to advertisers and our Network Partners through our extensive relationships with leading advertisers and advertising networks, and to better direct consumers to the products or services that match their intent.

 Our goal is to continually improve and extend the scope of RAMP by continuing to evolve and adapt to the ever-changing landscape of new sources of online user traffic, better monetization tools and growing areas of advertising demand. To achieve this goal, we intend to continue to grow our business by pursuing the following growth strategies:

 Grow Existing Business Lines. We plan to expand the number of advertising partners that are utilizing or integrated with RAMP by continuing to attract and monetize users with commercial intent through our owned and operated web properties in high value vertical consumer categories. We will also continue to monetize users on behalf of our Network Partners.

 Continue Executing Strategic Acquisitions. We believe that we operate in a target-rich environment for strategic acquisitions that will enhance RAMP and add to our portfolio of owned and operated websites and web-utility offerings. By continuing to execute on our successful track-record of identifying, evaluating, executing and integrating M&A targets, we believe that we will be able to continue integrating new acquisitions into our overall business strategy to enhance RAMP and expand the diversity and scope of our owned and operated properties.

 Our websites cover a diverse range of consumer demand and traffic. For example, MapQuest is a web-based navigation service that delivers turn-by-turn direction guidance to users. Info.com is a metasearch engine that consumers can use to search for relevant information. HowStuffWorks is a commercial website focused on helping people solve problems in their daily lives by using various types of digital media to easily breakdown and explain complex concepts, topics, terminology and mechanisms. Startpage is the world's most private search engine, allowing our users to browse and search the Internet in complete privacy. CouponFollow is one of the largest coupon destinations for online shoppers.

 Our Human Capital

 We believe that our values of support, teamwork, individuality, ownership, impact and improvement have been an important factor of our overall success. Behind all our innovations are the talented people around the world who bring them to life. To continue to produce such innovations, we believe that it is crucial that we continue to attract and retain top talent. We strive to make System1 a diverse and inclusive workplace, where our people feel they belong, with opportunities for our employees to grow and develop their careers, supported by strong compensation, benefits and health and wellness programs, and by programs that build connections between our employees and their communities. To ensure we live our values, and our culture stays unique and strong, our board of directors (the "Board" or the "Board of Directors") and executive team have put significant focus on our human capital resources. We draw from the largest pools of talent to help find the best people for our company and seek to hire and retain a highly qualified workforce in compliance with applicable federal and other laws and regulations.

 As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately 300 full-time employees in three countries. Regionally, North America and the rest of the world make up approximately 98% and 2% of our workforce, respectively.

 Diversity and Inclusion

 We are committed to fostering a culture of diversity, inclusion and belonging in which all employees are empowered to bring their whole, authentic selves to work every day. At System1, we believe in the people who work for us, and as part of our investment in our people, we prioritize diversity and inclusion. Our goal is to create a culture where we value, respect, and provide fair treatment and opportunities for all employees. We regularly conduct employee surveys to give employees the opportunity to provide feedback on our culture and direction. This survey is managed by a third-party vendor to encourage candor and solicit feedback on many aspects of engagement, including company leadership, culture, inclusion, and career development. Our leaders review the survey feedback and work with their teams to take action based on survey results.

 We demonstrate this commitment through a comprehensive strategy that combines education, celebration, matching donations to the community, diversifying our talent, and creating forums for internal dialogue and listening. Our global leadership team is approximately 83% male and 17% female.

 Talent Development

 Despite our rapid growth, we still cherish our roots as a startup and our company culture of ownership. We empower employees to develop their skills and abilities by acting on great ideas regardless of their role or function, which translates into personal investment in building our organization. We work to foster an environment where talented individuals and teams can thrive in fulfilling careers.

 To set our global team up for success, we define key core competencies for roles that are aligned to our values and extend to all levels of leadership regardless of experience and role. We encourage everyone to create individual development plans leveraging competency frameworks tied into their chosen career path, outlining a specific plan and actions to increase proficiency or learn new skills. We seek to provide a wide range of learning and development opportunities in both individual and group settings with formal, social and experiential learning.

 Compensation and Benefits

 We provide compensation and benefits programs to help meet the needs of our employees and reward their efforts and contributions. We seek fairness in total compensation with reference to external comparisons, internal comparisons and the relationship between management and non-management compensation.

 In addition to salaries, we provide competitive compensation programs commensurate with our industry peers. Such compensation and benefit programs may include short term incentives, equity awards, 401(k) plans with employer matching, healthcare and insurance benefits, flexible spending accounts, paid time off, family leave, family care resources, employee assistance programs and tuition assistance, among many others. Such programs and our overall compensation packages seek to facilitate retention of key personnel.

 Health, Safety and Wellness

 The success of our business is fundamentally connected to the well-being of our people. Accordingly, we are committed to the health, safety and wellness of our employees. We provide our employees and their families with access to a variety of innovative, flexible and convenient health and wellness programs. We continue to implement changes that we determined are in the best interests of our employees, as well as the communities in which we operate, and which comply with applicable government regulations. We continue to evolve our programs to meet our employees' health and wellness needs.

 Intellectual Property

 The protection of our technology and intellectual property is an important driver of our success. We rely on intellectual property laws, including trade secret, copyright, patent and trademark laws in the U.S. and abroad, and use contracts, confidentiality procedures, non-disclosure agreements, employee disclosure and invention assignment agreements and other contractual rights to protect our intellectual property. Our ability to continually develop new intellectual property and deliver new functionality quickly serves to protect us against competitors. We believe RAMP, along with our proprietary technology assets, is unique in the marketplace, difficult to replicate and would be expensive and time-consuming to build.

 Seasonality

 In the advertising industry, companies commonly experience seasonal fluctuations in revenue. For example, many advertisers allocate the largest portion of their budgets to the fourth quarter of the calendar year in order to coincide with increased holiday purchasing and spending habits. Historically, the fourth quarter of the year reflects our highest level of advertising activity, while the first quarter reflects the lowest level of such activity. We expect our revenue to continue to fluctuate based on seasonal factors that affect the industry as a whole.

 Our Competition

 Our industry is highly competitive and fragmented. We compete with other demand-side platform providers, some of which are smaller, privately-held companies and others that are divisions of large, well-established companies such as Google and Microsoft. We believe that we compete primarily based on the performance and capabilities of our RAMP platform and our significant focus on the buy-side market. We believe that we are differentiated from our competitors in the following areas:

 • we are an independent technology company focused on serving advertisers on the buy-side of our industry;
 • our Network Partner and advertising relationships are primarily based on the quality of our traffic, where our long-term success is determined by the quality and performance of our users for our Advertising Partners relative to our competition;

 • our platform provides comprehensive access to a wide range of inventory types across multiple advertising verticals; and
 • our platform allows clients to build proprietary advantages by integrating custom features and interfaces for their own use through our application programming interfaces, or APIs.

 The intense competition we face, in addition to general and economic business conditions, can put pressure on us to change our prices. If our competitors offer deep discounts on certain solutions or provide offerings, we may need to lower margins to compete successfully. Any such changes may reduce revenue and margins and could adversely affect our financial results.

 Collection and Use of Data; Privacy and Data Protection Legislation and Regulation

 We and our partners currently use pseudonymous data about Internet and mobile app users directed to our platform to manage and execute digital advertising campaigns in a variety of ways, including delivering advertisements to end users based on their geographic locations, the type of device they are using, their interests as inferred from their Internet search queries, web browsing or app usage activity or their previous relationships with our partners. Such data can be passed to us from various third parties, including device type original equipment manufacturers and application providers and publishers. We do not use this data to discover the identity of individuals, and we currently prohibit partners, data providers and inventory suppliers from importing data onto our ad buying platform that directly identifies individuals, though we do allow partners to share some directly identifying information, such as phone number and email addresses, with us for purposes of transforming that information into pseudonymous identifiers to use on our platform.

 Our ability, like those of other advertising technology companies, to collect, process, augment, analyze, use and share data relies, in part, upon the ability to identify devices across websites and applications, and to collect and process data about user interactions with those devices for purposes such as serving relevant ads and measuring the effectiveness of ads. In many instances, the technology necessary to identify devices and users interactions with content, ads, applications or utilities on such devices are governed by U.S. and foreign laws and regulations, and our ability to utilize such information is dependent upon their implementation within the digital ad industry ecosystem. Such laws, regulations and industry standards may change from time to time, including those relating to the level of consumer notice, consent and/or choice required when a company employs cookies, pixels or other similar electronic identifiers or tags to collect, process and share data about users online interactions.

 In the United States, both federal and state legislation govern activities such as the collection and use of personal data, and privacy matters impacting the advertising technology industry has frequently been subject to review by the Federal Trade Commission (the "FTC"), U.S. Congress, and individual state governments. Much of the federal oversight on digital advertising in the United States currently comes from the FTC, which has primarily relied upon Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, which prohibits companies from engaging in "unfair" or "deceptive" trade practices, including alleged violations of representations concerning privacy protections and acts that allegedly violate individuals' privacy interests. However, there is increasing consumer concern over data privacy and the use of personally identifiable information in recent years, which has led to a myriad of new and proposed legislation both at the federal and state levels, some of which has affected and will continue to affect our operations and those of our industry partners. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (the "CCPA"), which went into effect January 1, 2020, defines "personal information" broadly enough to include online identifiers provided by individuals' devices, applications and protocols (such as IP addresses, mobile application identifiers and unique cookie identifiers) and individuals' location data, if there is potential that individuals can be identified by such data.

 The CCPA created individual data privacy rights for consumers in the State of California (including rights to deletion of and access to, as well as rights to opt-out of the collection of, personal information), special rules on the collection of consumer data from minors, new notice obligations and new limits on, and rules regarding the collection, processing and "sale" of personal information (interpreted by many to include common digital advertising

 practices). The CCPA also includes a potentially severe statutory damages framework for violations of the CCPA and for businesses that fail to implement reasonable security procedures and practices to prevent data breaches. The CCPA also offers the possibility to a consumer to recover statutory damages for certain violations related to data breaches. There also have been many class action lawsuits filed invoking the CCPA outside of the private right of action provided for by the law, and it is unclear at this point whether any of these claims will be accepted by the courts. In addition, the California Privacy Rights Act (the "CPRA") (which amends and further implements the CCPA), as well as similar laws which have recently gone into effect in Virginia, Colorado, Connecticut and Utah, impose additional notice and opt out obligations in the digital advertising ecosystem, including an obligation to provide a prominent opt out for behavioral advertising. Additionally, similar laws have been passed or are being considered in other states, which may impose additional restrictions on us and on our industry partners. It is difficult to predict with certainty the full effect of these recently passed or pending laws and their implementing regulations on the Internet and advertising industries as a whole.

 As our business is global, our activities are also subject to foreign legislation and regulation. In the United Kingdom and the European Union (including the European Economic Area (the "EEA") and the countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway), or EU, separate laws and regulations (and member states' implementations thereof) govern the processing of personal data, and these laws and regulations continue to impact us. The General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR"), which applies to us, came into effect on May 25, 2018. Like the CCPA, the GDPR defines "personal data" broadly, and it enhances data protection obligations for controllers of such data and for service providers processing the data. It also provides certain rights, such as access and deletion, to the individuals about whom the personal data relates. The IAB Europe previously collaborated with the digital advertising industry to create a user-facing framework (the Transparency and Control Framework, or "TCF") for establishing and managing legal bases under the GDPR and other U.K. and EU privacy laws including the ePrivacy Directive (discussed below). Although the TCF is still partially in use, its viability as a compliance mechanism has come under attack by the Belgian Data Protection Authority and others, and we cannot predict its effectiveness or applicability over the long term. In February 2022, the Belgium Data Protection Authority issued an order against IAB Europe that imposes specific remedies on IAB Europe and its operation of TCF. Further, other European regulators have questioned the framework's viability and activists have filed complaints with regulators of alleged non-compliance by specific companies that employ the framework. Continuing to maintain compliance with the GDPR's requirements, including monitoring and adjusting to rulings and interpretations that affect our approach to compliance, requires significant time, resources and expense, and may lead to significant changes in our business operations, as will the effort to monitor whether additional changes to our business and data collection practices and our backend configuration are needed, all of which may increase operating costs, or limit our ability to operate or expand our business.

 Additionally, in the EU, EU Directive 2002/58/EC (as amended by Directive 2009/136/EC), commonly referred to as the ePrivacy or Cookie Directive, directs EU member states to ensure that accessing information on an Internet user's computer or mobile device, such as through a cookie and other similar technologies, is allowed only if the Internet user has been informed about such access, and provided active and informed consent. A recent ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Union clarified that such consent must be reflected by an affirmative act of the user, and European regulators are increasingly agitating for more robust forms of consent and bringing enforcement actions against large platforms, including Amazon, Facebook and Google, concerning their cookie consent mechanisms. These developments may result in decreased reliance on implied consent mechanisms that have historically been used to meet requirements of the ePrivacy Directive in some markets. A replacement for the ePrivacy Directive is currently under discussion by EU member states to complement and bring electronic communication services in line with the GDPR and force a harmonized approach across EU member states. Although it remains under debate, the proposed ePrivacy Regulation may further raise the bar for the use of cookies, and the fines and penalties for breach may be significant. We cannot yet determine the impact such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business.

 For the transfer of personal data from the EU to the United States, like many U.S. and European companies, we have historically relied upon the EU-U.S. and Swiss-U.S. Privacy Shield Frameworks. The Privacy Shield Framework, however, was struck down in July 2020 by the Court of Justice of the European Union as an adequate mechanism by which EU companies may pass personal data to the US. Other EU mechanisms for adequate data

 transfer, such as the standard contractual clauses, were also questioned by the Court of Justice and, as a result, whether and how standard contractual clauses can be used to transfer personal data to the United States is in question. If there is no interim agreement and standard contractual clauses also cannot be relied upon, we could be left with no reasonable option for the lawful cross-border transfer of personal data. If successful challenges leave us with no reasonable option for the lawful cross-border transfer of personal data, and if we nonetheless continue to transfer personal data from the EU to the United States, that could lead to governmental enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity, any of which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business or cause us to need to establish various technical systems to maintain certain data in the EU, which may involve substantial expense and cause us to need to divert resources from other aspects of our operations. Other jurisdictions have adopted or are considering cross-border or data residency restrictions, which could reduce the amount of data we can collect or process and, as a result, significantly impact our business.

 This growing set of privacy regulations has created intense scrutiny regarding Interest-based advertising, or the use of data to draw inferences about a consumer's interests and delivering relevant advertising to that consumer, by legislative, regulatory, and self-regulatory bodies, privacy advocates, academics, and commercial interests in the United States and abroad that focus on consumer protections and data privacy. In particular, much of this scrutiny has focused on the use of cookies and other tracking technologies that are used to collect or aggregate information about consumers' online browsing and mobile app usage activity. For example, as the collection and use of data for digital advertising has increasingly received negative media attention over the past several years, some government regulators, such as the FTC, and privacy advocates have suggested creating a universally accepted "Do Not Track" standard that would allow Internet users to express a preference, independent of cookie settings in their browser, not to have their online browsing activities tracked and shared across websites or devices. The CPRA and new Colorado consumer privacy law similarly have been interpreted to require the use of technical opt-outs for the sale and sharing of personal information for advertising purposes, and allow for rulemaking to develop these technical signals. If a universally accepted "Do Not Track," "Do Not Sell," or similar control is adopted by many Internet users, or if a "Do Not Track" or similar standard is imposed by additional states or by federal or foreign legislation, or is agreed upon by industry standard setting groups, we may have to change our business practices, our clients may reduce their use of our platform, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

 We participate in several industry self-regulatory programs, mainly initiated by the Network Advertising Initiative, or NAI, the Digital Advertising Alliance, or DAA, and their international counterparts. Our efforts to comply with the self-regulatory principles of these programs include offering end users notice and choice when advertising is served to them based, in part, on their interests. We believe that this user-centric approach to addressing consumer privacy empowers consumers to make informed decisions on the use of their data.

 Government Regulation

 We are subject to a number of foreign and domestic laws and regulations that affect companies conducting business over the Internet and, in some cases, using services of third-party telecommunications and Internet service providers. These include, but are not limited to, laws and regulations addressing data and consumer privacy; data sharing, storage, retention and security; freedom of expression; content dissemination/distribution; taxation; advertising and intellectual property. Our ability, like those of other digital advertising and subscription companies, to collect, enhance, analyze, use and share data relies upon our ability to uniquely identify devices across websites and applications, and to collect data about user interactions with those devices for marketing purposes, including the effectiveness of targeted ads. The processes used to identify devices and similar technologies are governed by U.S. and foreign laws and regulations and dependent upon their implementation. Such laws, regulations, and industry standards may change from time to time, including those relating to the level of consumer notice and consent required before a company can employ cookies or other electronic tools to collect data about interactions with users online.

 Available Information

 We file Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and related amendments, exhibits and other information with the SEC. You may access and read

 our filings without charge through the SEC's website at www.sec.gov or through our website at  as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act.

 Website addresses referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are not intended to function as hyperlinks, and the information contained on our website is not incorporated into, and does not form a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other report or documents we file with or furnish to the SEC. Copies of our Code of Ethics and Conduct Policy, Corporate Governance Guidelines and the charters for the Audit, Compensation, and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees of our Board are also available on the "Governance - Governance Documents" subpage of the "Investors" section of our website.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors.

 Investing in our Class A common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, before making investment decisions related to our Class A common stock. If any of the following risks are realized, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our Class A common stock could decline and you could lose part or all of your investment.

 Risks Related to Our Business Strategy and Industry Generally

 We have a limited operating history, which makes it difficult to evaluate our business and prospects and may increase the risks associated with your investment.

 S1 Holdco was formed in 2013 and, as a result, has only a limited operating history upon which our business and prospects may be evaluated. Although we have experienced substantial revenue growth in our limited operating history, we may not be able to sustain this rate of growth or maintain our current revenue levels. We have encountered and will continue to encounter risks and challenges frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly developing industries, including risks related to our ability to:

 • build and maintain a reputation for providing a superior platform for monetizing consumer intent, and for creating trust and maintaining long-term relationships with consumers and platform customers;
 • drive consumers with relevant commercial intent to our owned and operated websites and to websites operated by our advertisers;
 • maintain and expand our relationships with suppliers of quality advertising inventory;
 • distinguish ourselves from competitors;
 • develop, offer, maintain and continually improve a competitive customer acquisition marketing platform that meets the evolving needs of our consumers and platform customers;
 • scale our business efficiently to keep pace with demand for services such as RAMP and other digital media and advertising technology offerings;
 • create new revenue opportunities through acquiring new businesses and successfully integrate and meaningfully grow those businesses;
 • respond to evolving industry standards and the enactment of government regulations that impact our business, particularly in the areas of data collection and consumer privacy;
 • prevent or mitigate failures or breaches of data security and our technology infrastructure
 • expand our businesses internationally; and
 • hire and retain qualified and motivated employees.

 We cannot be certain that we will be successful in addressing these and other challenges we may face in the future. If we are unable to do so, our business may suffer, our revenue and operating results may decline and we may not be able to achieve further growth or sustain profitability.

 Our revenue is tied to the effectiveness and performance of our Responsive Acquisition Marketing Platform.

 If RAMP does not acquire users with the relevant commercial intent to our websites via acquisition marketing channels, we may not be able to profitability monetize users. Our revenue and operating results depend on our ability to generate revenue from advertisers and advertising networks by cost-effectively acquiring consumer Internet traffic and then directing these intent-driven consumers to our advertising partners. If we are unable to cost-

 effectively acquire users or provide value to our advertising partners based on their traffic acquisition costs, they may decline to utilize us to acquire and monetize users, which would harm our revenue and operating results.

 A meaningful portion of our revenue is attributable to our agreements with Google, and therefore is subject to its practices.

 We have multiple services agreements with Google pursuant to which we display and syndicate paid listings provided by Google in response to search queries generated through some of our businesses. In exchange for making our search traffic available to Google, we receive a share of the revenue generated by the paid listings supplied to us, as well as other search related services. For the year ended December 31, 2024, 78% of our total revenue was attributable to our agreements with Google.

 The amount of revenue we receive from Google depends on a number of factors outside of our control, including the amount Google charges third parties for the display or delivery of advertisements, the efficiency of Google's system in attracting advertisers and serving up paid listings in response to search queries and parameters established by Google regarding the time period for and scope of chargebacks or credits sought by advertisers on the basis of fraudulent and/or low quality clicks, clawbacks for bad traffic brought by our Network Partners, and placement of paid listings displayed in response to search queries that are not contextually relevant to the applicable search query.

 Changes to the amount Google charges advertisers, the efficiency of Google's paid listings network, Google's judgment about the relative attractiveness to advertisers of clicks on paid listings from our websites or to the parameters applicable to the display of paid listings generally could result in a decrease in the amount of revenue we receive from Google, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Such changes could be driven by a number of factors, including general market conditions, competition or policy and operating decisions made by Google.

 Our agreements with Google also require that we comply with certain guidelines for the use of Google brands and services, which govern whether our platform may access Google services or be distributed through its Chrome Web Store, and the manner in which Google's paid listings are displayed within search results across various third party platforms and products (including our websites). Google may generally unilaterally update its policies and guidelines without advance notice, which could in turn require modifications to, or prohibit or render obsolete, certain of our services or business practices. Such changes could be costly to address or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Noncompliance with Google's guidelines by us or the third parties to whom we are permitted to syndicate paid listings or through which we secure distribution arrangements for the businesses could result in the suspension of some or all Google services to us (or the websites of our third party partners) or the termination of our agreements by Google.

 The termination of our agreements by Google, the curtailment of our rights under the agreements (including the failure to allow our platform to access Google services, whether pursuant to the terms thereof or otherwise), the failure of Google to perform its obligations under the agreements or policy changes implemented by Google under the agreements or otherwise would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of these events were to occur, we may not be able to find another suitable alternate provider of paid listings (or if an alternate provider were found, the economic and other terms of the agreement and the quality of paid listings may be inferior relative to our current arrangements).

 We collect, process, store, share, disclose and use consumer information and other data, and our actual or perceived failure to protect such information and data or respect users' privacy could damage our reputation and brand and harm our business and operating results.

 Use of our technology solutions involves the storage and transmission of certain consumers' information, including limited amounts of personally identifiable information. Security breaches could expose us to a risk of loss or exposure of this information, which could result in potential liability, litigation (including class action litigation) and remediation costs, as well as reputational harm, all of which could materially adversely affect our business and

 financial results. For example, unauthorized parties could steal our users' names, email addresses, physical addresses, phone numbers and other information that we collect when providing referrals. While we use encryption and authentication technology licensed from third parties designed to effect secure transmission of such information, we cannot guarantee the security of the transfer and storage of the personal information we collect from advertisers.

 Our websites and information systems are vulnerable to computer viruses, break-ins, phishing and/or impersonation attacks, attempts to overload our servers with denial-of-service or other hacking attacks, ransomware and similar incidents or disruptions from unauthorized use of our computer systems, as well as unintentional incidents causing data leakage, any of which could lead to interruptions, delays or website shutdowns, or could cause loss of critical data or the unauthorized disclosure, access, acquisition, alteration or use of personal or other confidential information. The security measures we use internally, which are designed to detect unauthorized activity and prevent or minimize security breaches, may not function as expected or may not be sufficient to protect against certain attacks. There can also be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our IT Systems. Additionally, we may face delays in identifying or responding to security breaches or other security incidents. Further, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees, consumers or advertisers to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our information or consumers' or advertisers' information.

 Any or all of the issues above could adversely affect our ability to attract new users and increase engagement by existing users, cause existing users to curtail or stop use of our software products and/or visit our portfolio of websites, cause existing advertisers to stop using our platform and cancel their contracts or subject us to governmental or third-party lawsuits, investigations, regulatory fines or other actions or liability. Such issues may harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, we rely on third-party service providers to host or otherwise process some of such data, and any failure by a third party, or any other entity in our collective supply chain, to prevent or mitigate data security breaches or improper access to, or use, acquisition, disclosure, alteration, or destruction of, such data could have similar adverse consequences for us. Although we are not aware of any material information security incidents to date, we have detected common types of attempts to attack our information systems and data using means that have included viruses and phishing.

 Data security breaches could also expose us to liability under various laws and regulations across jurisdictions and increase the risk of litigation and governmental or regulatory investigation. Due to concerns about data security and integrity, a growing number of legislative and regulatory bodies have adopted breach notification and other requirements in the event that information subject to such laws is accessed by unauthorized persons and additional regulations regarding security of such data are possible. We may need to notify governmental authorities and affected individuals with respect to such incidents. For example, laws in all 50 U.S. states may require businesses to provide notice to individuals whose personal information has been disclosed as a result of a data security breach. Complying with such numerous and complex regulations in the event of a data security breach would be expensive and difficult, and failure to comply with these regulations could subject us to regulatory scrutiny and additional liability. We may also be contractually required to notify customers or other counterparties of a security incident, including a data security breach. Regardless of our contractual protections, any actual or perceived data security breach, or breach of our contractual obligations, could harm our reputation and brand, expose us to potential liability or require us to expend significant resources on data security and in responding to any such actual or perceived breach. As we expand our operations, we may also assume liabilities for data security breaches experienced by the companies we acquire.

 There are numerous federal, state and local laws in the United States and around the world regarding privacy and the collection, processing, storing, sharing, disclosing, using, cross-border transfer and protecting of personal information and other data, the scope of which are changing, subject to differing interpretations, and which may be costly to comply with, may result in regulatory fines or penalties, and may be inconsistent between countries and jurisdictions or conflict with other current or pending rules.

 We are subject to the terms of our privacy policies and privacy-related obligations to third parties. Although we endeavor to ensure that our public statements are complete, accurate and fully implemented, we may fail to do

 so, or it may be alleged that we have failed to do so. We may be subject to potential regulatory or other legal action if such policies or statements are found to be deceptive, unfair or misrepresentative of our actual practices. We strive to comply with all applicable laws, policies, legal obligations and industry codes of conduct relating to privacy and data protection, to the extent possible. However, it is possible that these obligations may be interpreted and applied in new ways or in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other rules or our practices or that new regulations could be enacted. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies, our privacy-related obligations to consumers or other third parties, or our privacy-related legal obligations, or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of sensitive information, which could include personally identifiable information or other user data, may result in governmental investigations, enforcement actions, regulatory fines, litigation or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others, and could cause consumers and advertisers to lose trust in us, all of which could be costly and have an adverse effect on our business. In addition, new and changed rules and regulations regarding privacy, data protection and cross-border transfers of consumer information could cause us to delay planned uses and disclosures of data to comply with applicable privacy and data protection requirements. Moreover, if third parties that we work with violate applicable laws or our policies, such violations also may put consumer or advertiser information at risk and could in turn harm our reputation, business and operating results.

 We rely on large-scale acquisition marketing channels, such as Google, Meta, Outbrain, and TikTok, as well as our Network Partners, for a significant portion of our consumer Internet traffic.

 Consumer Internet traffic acquired and/or referred through acquisition marketing channels also provides a significant amount of the first party data that improves the predictive power of RAMP, which we leverage to deliver relevant users to our advertisers. If we are unable to maintain these relationships with these acquisition marketing channels, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

 Efforts designed to drive visitors to our various brands and businesses or those of our advertisers may not be successful or cost-effective.

 Traffic building and conversion initiatives involve considerable expenditures for online advertising and marketing. We have made, and expect to continue to make, significant expenditures for search engine marketing (primarily in the form of developing and maintaining a database of keywords and search terms, for which we purchase advertising primarily through Google and, to a lesser extent, Microsoft and Yahoo!), online display advertising and native advertising in connection with these initiatives, which may not be successful or cost-effective. To continue to reach consumers and users, we will need to identify and devote more of our overall marketing expenditures to digital advertising channels (such as online video and other digital platforms), as well as reach consumers and users via these channels. Since these channels are constantly changing and evolving, it could be difficult to assess returns on related digital marketing investments. Historically, we have had to increase advertising and marketing expenditures over time in order to attract and convert consumers, retain users and sustain our growth.

 The display, including rankings, of search results can be affected by a number of factors, many of which are not in our direct control, and may change frequently, and we may not know how (or otherwise be in a position) to influence actions taken by search engines. With respect to search results in particular, even when search engines announce the details of their methodologies, their parameters may change from time to time, be poorly defined or be inconsistently interpreted.

 Our marketing efforts may not be successful.

 We currently rely on performance marketing channels that must deliver against certain return on investment with respect to metrics that are selected by our advertisers and are subject to change at any time. We are unable to control how our advertisers evaluate our performance. Certain of these metrics are subject to inherent challenges in measurement, and real or perceived inaccuracies in such metrics may harm our reputation and adversely affect our business. In addition, the metrics we provide may differ from estimates published by third parties or from similar metrics of our competitors due to differences in methodology. If our advertisers do not perceive our metrics to be accurate, or if we discover material inaccuracies in our metrics, it could adversely affect our online marketing efforts and business.

 We have entered into, and may in the future enter into, credit facilities which contain operating and financial covenants that restrict our business and financing activities.

 We have entered into, and may in the future enter into, credit facilities which contain restrictions that limit our flexibility in operating our business. Our credit facilities contain various covenants that limit our ability to engage in specified types of transactions. Subject to limited exceptions, these covenants limit our ability to, among other things:

 • sell assets or make changes to the nature of our business;
 • engage in mergers or acquisitions;
 • incur, assume or permit additional indebtedness;
 • make restricted payments, including paying dividends on, repurchasing, redeeming or making distributions with respect to our capital stock;
 • make specified investments;
 • engage in transactions with our affiliates; and
 • make payments in respect of subordinated debt.

 Our obligations under our credit facilities are collateralized by a pledge of substantially all of our assets, including accounts receivable, deposit accounts, intellectual property, and investment property and equipment. The covenants in our credit facilities may limit our ability to take actions and, in the event that we breach one or more covenants (including the timely delivery of financial statements), our lenders may choose to declare an event of default and require that we immediately repay all amounts outstanding, terminate the commitment to extend further credit and foreclose on the collateral granted to them to collateralize such indebtedness, which includes our intellectual property. In addition, if we fail to meet the required covenants, we will not have access to further draw-downs under our credit facilities.

 We may not be able to secure additional financing on favorable terms, or at all, to meet our future capital needs, which may in turn impair our growth.

 We intend to continue to grow our business, which will require additional capital to develop new features or enhance our platforms and portfolio of websites, create new software products, improve our operating infrastructure, finance working capital requirements, or acquire complementary businesses and technologies. We cannot be certain that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future borrowings will be available to us under our existing credit facility in an amount sufficient to fund our working capital needs. Accordingly, we may need to undertake or seek out additional equity or debt financings to secure additional capital. We cannot be certain that we would be able to locate additional financing on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Any debt financing that we secure in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities. If our cash flows and credit facility borrowings are insufficient to fund our working capital requirements, we may not be able to grow at the rate we currently expect or at all. In addition, in

 the absence of sufficient cash flows from operations, we might be unable to meet our obligations under our credit facility, and we may therefore be at risk of default thereunder. If we raise additional funds through future issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. If we are unable to secure additional funding on favorable terms, or at all, when we require it, our ability to continue to grow our business to react to market conditions could be impaired and our business may be harmed.

 Operational and performance issues with our platform, whether real or perceived, including a failure to respond to technological changes or to upgrade our technology systems, may adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

 We depend upon the sustained and uninterrupted performance of our platform to manage our inventory supply; bid on inventory for each campaign; collect, process and interpret first party data; and optimize campaign performance in real time and provide billing information to our financial systems. If RAMP cannot scale to meet demand, if there are errors in our execution of any of these functions on our platform, or if we experience outages, then our business may be harmed. We may also face material delays in introducing new services, products and enhancements. If competitors introduce new products and services using new technologies or if new industry standards and practices emerge, our existing proprietary technology and systems may become obsolete.

 RAMP is complex and multifaceted, and operational and performance issues could arise both from the platform itself and from outside factors. Errors, failures, vulnerabilities or bugs have been found in the past, and may in the future, be found. Our platform also relies on third-party technology and systems to perform properly, and our platform is often used in connection with computing environments utilizing different operating systems, system management software, equipment and networking configurations, which may cause errors in, or failures of, our platform or such other computing environments. Operational and performance issues with our platform could include the failure of our user interface, outages, errors during upgrades or patches, discrepancies in costs billed versus costs paid, unanticipated volume overwhelming our databases, server failure, or catastrophic events affecting one or more server farms. While we have built redundancies in our systems, full redundancies do not exist. Some failures could shut our platform down completely, others only partially. Partial failures, which we have experienced in the past, could result in unauthorized bidding, cessation of our ability to bid or deliver impressions or deletion of our reporting, in each case resulting in unanticipated financial obligations or impact.

 Operational and performance issues with our platform could also result in negative publicity, damage to our brand and reputation, loss of or delay in market acceptance of our platform, increased costs or loss of revenue, loss of the ability to access our platform, loss of competitive position or claims by clients for losses sustained by them. Alleviating problems resulting from such issues could require significant expenditures of capital and other resources and could cause interruptions, delays or the cessation of our business, any of which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

 We allow our clients to utilize application programming interfaces, or APIs, with MapQuest and for reporting or distribution of services for our other businesses, which could result in outages or security breaches and negatively impact our business, financial condition and operating results.

 The use of APIs by our clients has significantly increased in recent years. Our APIs allow clients to build their consumer finding location services or access features or reporting for some of our other businesses. The increased use of APIs increases security and operational risks to our systems, including the risk for intrusion attacks, data theft, or denial of service attacks. Furthermore, while APIs allow clients greater ease and power in accessing our platform, they also increase the risk of overusing our systems, potentially causing outages. We have experienced system slowdowns due to client overuse of our systems through our APIs. While we have taken measures intended to decrease security and outage risks associated with the use of APIs, we cannot guarantee that such measures will be successful. Our failure to prevent outages or security breaches resulting from API use could result in government enforcement actions against us, claims for damages by consumers and other affected individuals, costs associated with investigation and remediation damage to our reputation and loss of goodwill, any of which could harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

 We operate in a highly competitive environment. If we fail to innovate and make the right investment decisions in our offerings and platform, we may not attract and retain advertisers, and our competitors may gain market share in the markets for our solutions that could adversely affect our business and cause our revenue and results of operations to decline.

 We operate in intensely competitive markets that experience frequent technological developments, changes in industry and regulatory standards, changes in customer requirements and preferences, and frequent new product introductions and improvements by our competitors. Our future success also depends on our ability to effectively respond to evolving threats to consumers, as well as competitive technological developments and industry changes, by developing or introducing new and enhanced solutions on a timely basis. We must constantly innovate and make investment decisions regarding offerings and technology to meet client demand and evolving industry standards. If we are unable to anticipate or react to these continually evolving conditions, or if we make bad decisions regarding investments, we could lose market share and experience a decline in our revenue that could adversely affect our business and operating results. Additionally, if new or existing competitors have more attractive offerings, we may lose customers or customers may decrease their use of RAMP and other software products and services that we provide.

 To compete successfully, we must maintain an innovative research and development effort to develop new solutions and enhance our existing solutions, effectively adapt to changes in the technology or product rights held by our competitors, appropriately respond to competitive strategies, and effectively adapt to technological changes and changes in the ways that our information is accessed, used, and stored by our customers. We have in the past incurred, and will continue to incur, research and development expenses as we focus on organic growth through internal innovation. We believe that we also must continue to dedicate a significant amount of resources to our research and development efforts to decrease our reliance on third parties. If we do not achieve the benefits anticipated from these investments, or if the achievement of these benefits is delayed, our operating results may be adversely affected. Additionally, we must continually address the challenges of dynamic and accelerating market trends and competitive developments. Customers may require features and capabilities that our current solutions do not have. Our failure to develop new solutions and improve our existing solutions to satisfy customer preferences and effectively compete with other market offerings in a timely and cost-effective manner may harm our ability to retain our customers and attract new customers. A loss of customers would adversely impact our business and operating results.

 The diversity of our websites means that we are competitive in many different verticals. As a result, we face a diversity of competitors that directly compete with our offerings, including but not limited to search engine providers, providers of programmatic advertising, content generators and privacy and security software providers. Because we compete in so many different verticals, if any of our competitors gain market share in some markets, it would make it more difficult for us to sell our advertising and could result in increased pricing pressure, increase sales and marketing expenses and loss of market share, which would cause our revenue to decline.

 We compete for advertising spend from our advertisers, and if we are unable to maintain or increase our share of the advertising spend of our advertisers, our business could be harmed.

 We compete for advertising spend with traditional offline media such as television, billboards, radio, magazines and newspapers, as well as online sources such as websites, social media and websites dedicated to providing information comparable to that provided in our websites. Additionally, we compete with other online marketing companies that offer acquisition marketing services similar to that provided by our platform. Our ability to attract and retain advertisers, and to generate advertising revenue from them, depends on a number of factors, including:

 • the ability of our advertisers to earn an attractive return on investment from their spending with us;
 • our ability to increase the number of consumers using our websites;
 • our ability to increase return on investment for advertisers that place advertisements on our platform;

 • our ability to provide a seamless, user-friendly advertising platform for our advertisers;
 • our ability to compete effectively with other media for advertising spending; and
 • our ability to keep pace with changes in technology and the practices and offerings of our competitors.

 We may not succeed in retaining or capturing a greater share of our advertisers' advertising spending compared to alternative channels. If our current advertisers reduce or end their advertising spending with us and we are unable to increase the spending of our other advertisers or attract new advertisers, our revenue and business and financial results would be materially adversely affected.

 In addition, advertising spend remains concentrated in traditional offline media channels. Some of our current or potential advertisers have little or no experience using the Internet for advertising and marketing purposes and have allocated only limited portions of their advertising and marketing budgets to the Internet. The adoption of online marketing may require a cultural shift among advertisers, as well as their acceptance of a new way of conducting business, exchanging information and evaluating new advertising and marketing technologies and services. This shift may not happen at all or at the rate we expect, in which case our business could suffer. Furthermore, we cannot be certain that the market for online marketing services will continue to grow. If the market for online marketing services fails to continue to develop or develops more slowly than we anticipate, the success of our business may be limited, and our revenue may decrease.

 Our results of operations may fluctuate significantly, which could prevent us from meeting our own expectations or security analysts or investor expectations.

 Our revenue and results of operations could vary significantly from period to period and may fail to match expectations as a result of a variety of factors, some of which are outside of our control, including seasonality, fluctuations in digital advertising demand and costs and the number, severity, and timing of threat outbreaks and cyber security incidents. As a result of the potential variations in our revenue and results of operations, period-to-period comparisons may not be meaningful and the results of any one period should not be relied on as an indication of future performance. In addition, our results of operations may not meet our expectations or the expectations of securities analysts and investors, which may adversely affect the trading price of our outstanding securities and may make it more difficult for us to raise capital in the future or pursue acquisitions.

 As our costs increase, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to sustain profitability.

 We have expended significant resources to grow our business in recent years by investing in the scope and breadth of RAMP, spending to acquire or develop software products and websites, growing our number of employees and expanding internationally. We anticipate continued growth would require substantial financial and other resources to, among other things:

 • develop our existing websites, invest in RAMP and our other software products, including by investing in our engineering team, creating, acquiring or licensing new products or features, and improving the availability and security of our platform and product offerings;
 • create new products and services to meet consumer and partner demands;
 • continue to expand internationally by and spend through RAMP by adding inventory and data from countries our clients are seeking;
 • improve our technology infrastructure, including investing in internal technology development and acquiring or licensing outside technologies;
 • cover general and administrative expenses, including legal, accounting, tax and other third party expenses necessary to support a larger organization;
 • cover sales and marketing expenses, including a significant expansion of our direct sales organization;

 • cover expenses related to data collection and consumer privacy compliance, including additional infrastructure, automation and personnel; and
 • explore strategic acquisitions.

 Investing in the foregoing, however, may not yield anticipated returns. Consequently, as our costs increase, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to maintain or increase our historical profitability levels.

 Our advertising business is dependent on advertisers buying mobile, display and video advertising. A decrease in the use of these advertising channels would harm our business, growth prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

 Our advertising business is dependent on advertisers buying mobile, display and video advertising. A decrease in the use of these advertising channels would harm our business, growth prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Historically, our clients have predominantly used our advertising platform to purchase mobile, display and video advertising inventory. We expect that these will continue to be significant channels used by our clients for digital advertising. Should our clients lose confidence in the value or effectiveness of mobile, display and video advertising, the demand for RAMP could decline. We have been, and are continuing to, enhance our social, native, audio and CTV offerings. We refer to the ability to provide offerings across multiple advertising channels as omnichannel. We may not be able to maintain or grow advertising inventory for some of our omnichannels and some of our omnichannel offerings may not gain market acceptance. A decrease in the use of mobile, display and video advertising, or our inability to further penetrate these and other advertising channels, would harm our growth prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

 Our business and prospects would be harmed if changes to the technologies used across our websites or other products and services or new versions or upgrades of operating systems and Internet browsers adversely impact users.

 The user interfaces implemented across our websites and advertising offerings are currently simple and straightforward. In the future, operating system providers, such as Microsoft or Apple, or any other provider of Internet browsers, could introduce new features that would make it difficult to use our websites or interact with our advertising offerings. In addition, Internet browsers for desktop or mobile devices could introduce new features, or change existing browser specifications such that they would be incompatible with our websites or other products and services, or prevent users from accessing our websites. Any changes to technologies, including within operating systems or Internet browsers that make it difficult for users to access our websites or other products and services, may materially adversely impact our business and prospects.

 Our business depends on our customers' continued and unimpeded access to the Internet and the development and maintenance of the global Internet infrastructure. Internet service providers may be able to block, degrade or charge for access to certain of our products, which could lead to additional expenses and the loss of customers.

 Our products and services depend on the ability of users to access the Internet. Currently, this access is provided by companies that have significant market power in the broadband and Internet access marketplace, including incumbent telephone companies, cable companies, mobile communications companies and government-owned service providers any of whom could take actions that degrade, disrupt or increase the cost of user access to our products, which would, in turn, negatively impact our business. In addition, third parties, including operating systems and Internet browser companies, may take steps to further limit the interoperability of our solutions with their own products and services, in some cases to promote their own offerings. This could delay the development of our solutions or our solutions may be unable to operate effectively. This could also result in decreased demand for our solutions, decreased revenue, and harm to our reputation, and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

 Furthermore, the adoption of laws or regulations that adversely affect the growth, popularity or use of the Internet and mobile networks, including laws impacting Internet neutrality, could decrease the demand for our products or offerings, increase our operating costs, require us to alter the manner in which we conduct our business and/or otherwise adversely affect our business.

 Unfavorable global economic conditions, including as a result of political or social conflict or unrest or health and safety concerns related to a public health crisis, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

 Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets, including conditions that are outside of our control, such as the impact of ongoing health and safety concerns from a public health crisis. For example, the recent global financial crisis caused extreme volatility and disruptions in the capital and credit markets, and, in recent months, the global economy has been impacted by increasing interest rates and inflation. Likewise, the capital and credit markets may be adversely affected by fears of war, such as the war between Russia and Ukraine, and the conflict in the Middle East involving Israel and Hamas and the possibility of a wider European or global conflict, and global sanctions imposed in response thereto. A severe or prolonged economic downturn could result in a variety of risks to our business, including diminished liquidity, weakened demand for our software products, RAMP and related products and services or delays in advertiser payments. A weak or declining economy could also strain our media supply channels and reduce the demand for or rates paid for advertising by brands and marketers. Any of the foregoing could harm our business and we cannot anticipate all the ways in which the current global economic crisis and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business.

 We identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to remediate the material weaknesses, or if other material weaknesses are identified, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately, prevent or detect material misstatements due to fraud or error, or file our periodic reports as a public company in a timely manner.

 We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

 The material weaknesses identified were as follows:

 • We did not design and maintain an effective control environment commensurate with our financial reporting requirements. Specifically, we lacked a sufficient number of professionals with an appropriate level of accounting knowledge, training and experience to appropriately analyze, record and disclose accounting matters timely and accurately. Additionally, the limited personnel resulted in an inability to consistently establish appropriate authorities and responsibilities in pursuit of financial reporting objectives, as demonstrated by, among other things, insufficient segregation of duties in our finance and accounting functions.
 • We did not design and maintain effective controls in response to the risks of material misstatement. Specifically, changes to existing controls or the implementation of new controls have not been sufficient to respond to changes to the risks of material misstatement to financial reporting.

 These material weaknesses contributed to the following additional material weaknesses:

 • We did not design and maintain effective controls to timely analyze and record the financial statement effects from complex, non-routine transactions, including acquisitions, dispositions, equity commitments and post-combination compensation arrangements. Specifically, we did not design and maintain effective controls over the application of US GAAP to such transactions, and, as it relates to acquisitions, did not design and maintain effective controls over (i) the review of the inputs and assumptions used in the measurement of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including discounted cash flow analysis to value

 acquired intangible assets at an appropriate level of precision, (ii) the tax impacts of acquisitions to the financial statements, and (iii) conforming of US GAAP and accounting policies of acquired entities to that of the Company. In addition, we did not design and maintain effective controls relating to the oversight and ongoing recording of the financial statement results of the acquired businesses.
 • We did not design and maintain formal accounting policies, procedures and controls to achieve complete, accurate and timely financial accounting, reporting and disclosures, including controls over (i) the preparation and review of business performance reviews, account reconciliations journal entries, and identification of asset groups and (ii) maintaining appropriate segregation of duties. Additionally, we did not design and maintain controls over the classification and presentation of accounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements, including the statement of cash flows.

 This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of the Company's independent registered public accounting firm due to a transition period established by SEC rules and regulations for newly public companies. We are not required to have, or to engage our independent registered public accounting firm to perform, an audit of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting for as long as we are an "emerging growth company" pursuant to the provisions of the JOBS Act.

 We are in the process of, and we are focused on, designing and implementing effective measures to improve our internal control over financial reporting and remediate the material weaknesses. Our remediation efforts to address the identified material weaknesses are ongoing. Our efforts include a number of actions:

 • Assessed the need of additional senior level accounting personnel with applicable technical accounting knowledge, training, and experience in accounting matters, and hired the appropriately skilled resources, continuing to assess the needs within the accounting department to ensure sufficient coverage for accounting and financial reporting;
 • Designing and implementing controls to formalize roles and review responsibilities to align with our team's skills and experience and designing and implementing controls ensuring segregation of duties;
 • Engaged an accounting advisory firm to assist with the documentation, evaluation, remediation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission;
 • Designing and implementing controls to address the financial reporting risks over the accounting for dispositions, acquisitions and other complex, non-routine transactions, including controls over the preparation and review of accounting memoranda addressing these matters, valuations and key assumptions utilized in the valuations, allocation of goodwill to reporting units, tax impacts, and ongoing recording of the financial statement results of the acquired businesses;
 • Designing and implementing formal accounting policies with periodic reviews, procedures and controls supporting our period-end financial reporting process, including controls over the preparation and review of account reconciliations and journal entries, business performance reviews, foreign exchange gains/losses for intercompany transactions, appropriate determination of asset groups for impairment consideration and classification and presentation of accounts and disclosures, including the statement of cash flows;

 We believe the measures described above will facilitate the remediation of the material weaknesses we have identified and will strengthen our internal control over financial reporting. We are committed to continuing to improve our internal control over financial reporting and will continue to review, optimize and enhance our processes, procedures and controls. As we continue to evaluate and work to improve our internal control over financial reporting, we may take additional measures to address control deficiencies, or we may modify, or in appropriate circumstances not complete, certain of the remediation measures described above. These material weaknesses will not be considered remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. Therefore, these material weaknesses have not been remediated as of December 31, 2024.

 If we continue to fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations. If our internal control over financial reporting continues to not be effective, it may adversely affect investor confidence in us and the price of our common stock.

 As a public company, we are subject to the reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The SEC, as required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, has adopted rules requiring certain public companies to include a report of management on the effectiveness of such company's internal control over financial reporting in its annual report. Management has identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. While the material weaknesses identified remain unremediated, or if we identify additional weaknesses or fail to timely and successfully implement new or improved controls, our ability to assure timely and accurate financial reporting may be adversely affected, and we could suffer a loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could negatively impact the trading price of our shares of common stock, result in lawsuits being filed against us by our stockholders, or otherwise harm our reputation. If additional material weaknesses are identified in the future, it could be costly to remediate such material weaknesses, which may adversely affect our results of operations.

 A significant portion of our assets consists of other intangible assets, the value of which may be reduced if we determine that those assets are impaired.

 As of December 31, 2024, the net carrying value of other intangible assets represented $304.7 million, or 66% of our total assets. Indefinite-lived intangible assets, such as goodwill, are evaluated for impairment annually, or more frequently if circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. Finite-lived intangible assets totaling $222.3 million are amortized up to 10 years. Based on our annual goodwill impairment test in the fourth quarter of 2024, we determined our intangible assets were not impaired.

 If future operating performance were to fall below current projections or if there are material changes to management's assumptions, we could be required to recognize additional non-cash charges to operating earnings for other intangible asset impairment, which could be significant.

 We may experience outages and disruptions on RAMP, our websites and other software products if we fail to maintain adequate security and supporting infrastructure as we scale RAMP, websites and other software products, which may harm our reputation and negatively impact our business, financial condition and operating results.

 We rely on our own and third-party computer systems, hardware, software, technology infrastructure and online sites and networks for both internal and external operations that are critical to our business (collectively, "IT Systems"). As we grow our business, we expect to continue to invest in IT systems, including data warehousing, network infrastructure and cloud-based services and database technologies, as well as potentially increase our reliance on open source software. Without these improvements, our operations might suffer from unanticipated system disruptions, slow transaction processing, unreliable service levels, impaired quality or delays in reporting accurate information regarding transactions in our platform, any of which could negatively affect our reputation and ability to attract and retain clients. In addition, the expansion and improvement of our IT systems may require us to commit substantial financial, operational and technical resources, with no assurance that there will be a corresponding increase in our business. If we fail to respond to continuing technological changes or to adequately maintain, expand, upgrade and develop our IT systems in a timely fashion, our growth prospects and results of operations could be adversely affected.

 We face numerous and evolving cybersecurity risks that threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our IT Systems and information, including from diverse threat actors, such as state-sponsored organizations, opportunistic hackers and hacktivists. The steps we take to increase the reliability, integrity and security of our platform, our software products, and our websites as they scale are expensive and complex, and our execution could result in operational failures and increased vulnerability to cyber and ransomware attacks. Such cyber and ransomware attacks could include denial-of-service attacks impacting service availability (including the

 ability to deliver ads) and reliability, social engineering/phishing or the introduction of computer viruses or malware (including ransomware) into our IT Systems with a view to steal confidential or proprietary data or personal information. Cyberattacks are expected to accelerate on a global basis in frequency and magnitude as threat actors are becoming increasingly sophisticated in using techniques and tools—including artificial intelligence—that circumvent security controls, evade detection and remove forensic evidence. Cyber-attacks of increasing sophistication may be difficult to detect and could result in the theft of our intellectual property and data from our platform or other software products. We are also vulnerable to human or technological error, malicious code embedded in open-source software, misconfigurations, "bugs" or other vulnerabilities in our IT Systems or in commercial software that is integrated into our (or our suppliers' or service providers') IT Systems, products or services and unintentional errors or malicious actions by persons with authorized access to our IT Systems that exceed the scope of their access rights, distribute data erroneously, or, unintentionally or intentionally, interfere with the intended operations of our platform, websites and other software products. Moreover, we could be adversely impacted by outages and disruptions in the online platforms of our inventory and data suppliers, such as real-time advertising exchanges, which may harm our reputation and negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any adverse impact to the availability, integrity or confidentiality of our IT Systems or data can result in legal claims or proceedings (such as class actions), regulatory investigations and enforcement actions, fines and penalties, negative reputational impacts that cause us to lose existing or future customers, and/or significant incident response, system restoration or remediation and future compliance costs. Finally, we cannot guarantee that any costs and liabilities incurred in relation to an attack or incident will be covered by our existing insurance policies or that applicable insurance will be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms or at all.

 If we fail to build and maintain our brands, our ability to expand the use of our websites and software products by advertisers and consumers, respectively, may be adversely affected.

 Our future success depends upon our ability to create and maintain brand recognition and a reputation for delivering easy, efficient and personal technology solutions. A failure by us to build our brands and maintain consumer expectations of our brands could harm our reputation and damage our ability to attract and retain consumers, which could adversely affect our business. If consumers do not perceive our portfolio websites or our software products offer a better user experience or offer good value for the services, or if advertisers do not perceive RAMP as a more effective platform, our reputation and the strength of our brand may be adversely affected.

 Some of our competitors have more resources than we do and can spend more advertising their brands and technology solutions. As a result, we are required to spend considerable capital and other resources to create brand awareness and build our reputation. If we are unable to maintain or enhance consumer awareness of our brand cost-effectively, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

 Complaints or negative publicity about our business practices, our product/service offerings, our marketing and advertising campaigns, our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, the integrity of the data that we provide to consumers, data privacy and security issues, and other aspects of our business, whether valid or not, could diminish confidence and visits to our websites, as well as decrease adoption of our software products, and could adversely affect our reputation and business. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain or enhance our brand, and failure to do so would harm our business growth prospects and operating results.

 International expansion subjects us to additional costs and risks that can adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

 International expansion subjects us to many challenges associated with supporting a rapidly growing business across a multitude of cultures, customs, monetary, legal and regulatory systems and commercial infrastructures. We have a limited operating history outside of the United States, and our ability to manage our business and conduct our operations internationally requires considerable attention and resources.

 We currently have account management, inventory, and other personnel in countries within North America, Europe and Asia, and we anticipate expanding our international operations in the future. Some of the countries into

 which we are, or potentially may, expand score unfavorably on the Corruption Perceptions Index, or CPI, of Transparency International. Our teams outside the U.S. are substantially smaller than our teams in the U.S. To the extent we are unable to effectively engage with non-U.S. advertising agencies or companies or international divisions of U.S. agencies or companies due to our limited sales force capacity, or we are unable to secure quality non-U.S. ad inventory and data on reasonable terms due to our limited inventory and data team capacity, we may be unable to effectively grow in international markets.

 • Our international operations subject us to a variety of additional risks, including:
 • increased management, travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs associated with having multiple international operations;
 • long payment cycles;
 • potential complications enforcing contracts and collections;
 • increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities;
 • concerns regarding negative, unstable or changing economic conditions in the countries and regions where we operate;
 • increased administrative costs and risks associated with compliance with local laws and regulations, including relating to privacy and data security;
 • regulatory and legal compliance, including with privacy and cybersecurity laws, anti-bribery laws, import and export control laws, economic sanctions and other regulatory limitations or obligations on our operations;
 • heightened risks of unfair or corrupt business practices and of improper or fraudulent sales arrangements;
 • difficulties in invoicing and collecting in foreign currencies;
 • foreign currency exposure risk;
 • difficulties in repatriating or transferring funds from or converting currencies;
 • administrative difficulties, costs and expenses related to various local languages, cultures and political nuances;
 • varied labor and employment laws, including those relating to termination of employees;
 • reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some countries and practical difficulties of enforcing rights abroad; and
 • compliance with the laws of numerous foreign taxing jurisdictions, including withholding obligations, and overlapping of different tax regimes.

 We may incur significant operating expenses as a result of our international expansion, and it may not be successful. Our international business also subjects us to the impact of global and regional recessions and economic and political instability, differing regulatory requirements, costs and difficulties in managing a distributed workforce, potentially adverse tax consequences in the U.S. and abroad and restrictions on the repatriation of funds to the U.S. In addition, advertising markets outside of the U.S. are not as developed as those within the U.S., and we may be unable to grow our business sufficiently. Our failure to manage these risks and challenges successfully could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

 Future acquisitions, strategic investments or alliances could disrupt our business and harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

 We may in the future explore potential acquisitions of companies or technologies, strategic investments, or alliances to strengthen our business. Even if we identify an appropriate acquisition candidate, we may not be successful in negotiating the terms or obtaining the financing for the acquisition, and our due diligence may fail to

 identify all of the problems, risks, liabilities or other shortcomings or challenges of an acquired business, product or technology, including issues related to intellectual property, product quality or technology infrastructure and architecture, regulatory compliance practices, revenue recognition or other accounting practices or employee or client issues, and other issues including, but not limited to, the following:

 • regulatory requirements or delays;
 • anticipated benefits and synergies may not materialize;
 • diversion of management time and focus from operating our business to addressing acquisition integration challenges;
 • retention of key employees from the acquired company;
 • cultural challenges associated with integrating employees from the acquired company into our organization;
 • integration of the acquired company's products and technology;
 • integration of the acquired company's accounting, management information, human resources and other administrative systems;
 • the need to implement or improve controls, procedures and policies at a business that prior to the acquisition may have lacked effective controls, procedures and policies;
 • coordination of product development and sales and marketing functions;
 • liability for activities of the acquired company before the acquisition, including relating to privacy and data security, patent and trademark infringement claims, violations of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities and other known and unknown liabilities; and
 • litigation or other claims in connection with the acquired company, including claims from terminated employees, users, former stockholders or other third parties.

 Failure to appropriately mitigate these risks or other issues related to such acquisitions and strategic investments could result in reducing or completely eliminating any anticipated benefits of transactions and harm our business, generally. Future acquisitions could also result in dilutive issuances of our equity securities, the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities, amortization expenses or the impairment of goodwill, any of which could harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

 Our future success depends on the continuing efforts of our key employees, and our ability to attract, hire, retain and motivate highly skilled employees in the future.

 Technology companies like ours compete to attract the best talent, and our future success depends on the continuing efforts of our executive officers and key employees, including Mr. Blend, our Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer. We rely on the leadership, knowledge and experience that our executive officers and key employees provide. We also rely on employees in our product development, support and sales teams to attract and keep key clients.

 The market for talent in our key areas of operations, including California, Washington and Ontario, Canada where we have offices, is competitive. As a result, we may incur significant costs to attract and retain employees, including significant expenditures related to salaries and benefits and compensation expenses related to equity awards.

 Employee turnover, including any potential future changes in our management team, could disrupt our business. For instance, in 2021, we replaced both Chief Executive Officer and Chief Technology Officer. Our employees are at-will employees and may terminate their employment with us at any time. The loss of one or more of our executive officers, especially Mr. Blend, our CEO and Co-Founder, or our inability to attract and retain highly skilled employees, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

 We may need to change our pricing models to compete successfully.

 The intense competition we face, in addition to general and economic business conditions, can put pressure on us to change our prices. If our competitors offer deep discounts on certain solutions or provide offerings, we may need to lower prices in order to compete successfully. Similarly, if there is pressure by competitors to raise prices, our ability to acquire new customers and retain existing customers may be diminished. Any such changes may reduce revenue and margins and could adversely affect our financial results.

 We depend on search engines, display advertising, social media, email, content-based online advertising and other online sources to attract consumers to our websites and convert them into sales for our advertisers. If we are unable to drive traffic cost-effectively, our business and financial results may be harmed.

 Our success depends, in part, on our ability to attract online consumers to our portfolio websites and to convert those consumers into sales for our advertisers. We depend, in part, on third-party search engines, display advertising, social media, content-based online advertising and other online sources for our website traffic. We are included in third party search results as a result of both paid search listings, where we purchase placements based on specific search terms, and separately, organic searches listings which depend upon third party search algorithms to index and return the content on our sites within such organic search listing results.

 Search engines, social media platforms and other online sources often revise their algorithms and introduce new advertising products. If one or more of the search engines or other online sources on which we rely for website traffic were to modify its general methodology for how it displays our advertisements, resulting in fewer consumers clicking through to our websites, our business could suffer. In addition, if our online display advertisements are no longer effective or are not able to reach certain consumers due to consumers' use of ad-blocking software, our business could suffer.

 If one or more of the search engines or other online sources on which we rely for purchased listings modifies or terminates its relationship with us, our expenses could rise, we could lose consumer traffic to our websites and marketplaces, and a decrease in consumer traffic to our websites and marketplaces, for any reason, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Consumer traffic to our websites and marketplaces and the volume of sales generated by consumer traffic varies and can decline from time to time. Additionally, even if we are successful in generating traffic to our websites, we may not be able to convert these visits into consumer sales.

 We depend on third-party website publishers for a significant portion of our visitors, and any decline in the supply of media available through these websites or increase in the price of this media could cause our revenue to decline or our cost to reach visitors to increase.

 A portion of our revenue is attributable to visitors originating from advertising placements that we purchase on third party websites. In some instances, website publishers may change the advertising inventory they make available to us at any time and, therefore, impact our revenue. In addition, website publishers may place restrictions on our offerings, which may prohibit advertisements from specific clients or specific industries, or restrict the use of certain creative content. If a website publisher decides not to make advertising inventory available to us, or decides to demand a higher revenue share or places significant restrictions on the use of such inventory, we may not be able to find advertising inventory from other websites that satisfy our requirements in a timely and cost-effective manner. In addition, the number of competing online marketing service providers and advertisers that acquire inventory from websites continues to increase. Consolidation of website publishers could eventually lead to a concentration of desirable inventory on a small number of websites or networks, which could limit the supply of inventory available to us or increase the price of inventory to us. If any of the foregoing occurs, our revenue could decline or our operating costs may increase.

 Our failure to meet content and inventory standards and provide services that our advertisers and inventory suppliers trust could harm our brand and reputation and negatively impact our business, financial condition and operating results.

 We do not provide or control the content of the advertisements that are displayed by content providers we work with, including those provided by Google or Microsoft. Advertisers and inventory suppliers are concerned about being associated with content they consider inappropriate, competitive or inconsistent with their brands, or illegal and they are hesitant to spend money without guaranteed brand security. Consequently, our reputation depends in part on providing services that advertisers and inventory suppliers trust, and we have contractual obligations to meet content and inventory standards. Despite such efforts, our clients may inadvertently purchase inventory that proves to be unacceptable for their campaigns, in which case, we may not be able to recoup the amounts paid to inventory suppliers. Preventing and combating fraud is an industry-wide issue that requires constant vigilance, and we cannot guarantee that we will be successful in doing so. Our clients could intentionally run campaigns that do not meet the standards of our inventory suppliers or attempt to use illegal or unethical targeting practices or seek to display advertising in jurisdictions that do not permit such advertising or in which the regulatory environment is uncertain, in which case our supply of ad inventory from such suppliers could be jeopardized. some of our competitors undertake human review of content, but because our platform is self-service, and because such means are cost-intensive, we do not utilize all means available to decrease this risk. We may provide access to inventory that is objectionable to our advertisers, serve advertising that contains malware, objectionable content or is based on questionable targeting criteria to our inventory suppliers, or be unable to detect and prevent non-human traffic, any one of which could harm our or our clients' brand and reputation, and negatively impact our business, financial condition and operating results.

 If the non-proprietary technology, software, products and services that we use are unavailable, have future terms we cannot agree to, or do not perform as we expect, our business, financial condition and operating results could be harmed.

 We depend on various technology, software, products and services from third parties or available as open source, including for critical features and functionality of our platform, data centers and API technology, payment processing, payroll and other professional services. Identifying, negotiating, complying with and integrating with third-party terms and technology are complex, costly and time-consuming matters. Failure by third-party providers to maintain, support or secure their technology either generally or for our accounts specifically, or downtime, errors or defects in their products or services, could adversely impact our platform, our administrative obligations or other areas of our business. Having to replace any third-party providers or their technology, products or services could result in outages or difficulties in our ability to provide our services. If we are unsuccessful in establishing or maintaining our relationships with our third-party providers or otherwise need to replace them, internal resources may need to be diverted and our business, financial condition and operating results could be harmed.

 Our management team has limited experience managing a public company.

 Most members of our management team have limited experience managing a publicly traded company, interacting with public company investors, and complying with the increasingly complex laws, rules and regulations that govern public companies. As a public company following completion of the Merger, we are subject to significant obligations relating to reporting, procedures and internal controls, and our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage such obligations. These obligations and scrutiny will require significant attention from our management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Legal and Compliance Risks

 Our business could be affected by the enactment of new governmental regulations regarding the Internet.

 To date, government regulations have not materially restricted the use of the Internet in most parts of the world. The legal and regulatory environment pertaining to the Internet, however, is uncertain and may change.

 New laws may be passed, courts may issue decisions affecting the Internet, existing but previously inapplicable or unenforced laws may be deemed to apply to the Internet or regulatory agencies may begin to rigorously enforce such formerly unenforced laws, or existing legal safe harbors may be narrowed, both by U.S. federal or state governments and by governments of foreign jurisdictions. These changes could affect:

 • the liability of online service providers for actions by customers, including fraud, illegal content, spam, phishing, libel and defamation, hate speech, infringement of third-party intellectual property and other abusive conduct;
 • other claims based on the nature and content of Internet materials
 • user data privacy and security issues;
 • consumer protection risks;
 • digital marketing aspects;
 • characteristics and quality of services;
 • our ability to automatically renew the premium subscriptions of our users;
 • cross-border e-commerce issues; and
 • ease of access by our users to our product offerings, including RAMP.

 The adoption of any new laws or regulations, or the application or interpretation of existing laws or regulations to the Internet, could hinder growth in the use of the Internet and online services generally, and decrease acceptance of the Internet and online services as a means of communications, e-commerce and advertising. In addition, such changes in laws could increase our costs of doing business, subject our business to increased liability for non-compliance or prevent us from delivering our services over the Internet or in specific jurisdictions, thereby materially harming our business and results of operations.

 We assess customer needs, and sometimes collect customer contact information to provide other product offerings, which results in us receiving personally identifiable information.

 This information is increasingly subject to legislation and regulation in the United States. This legislation and regulation is generally intended to protect individual privacy and the privacy and security of personal information. We could be adversely affected if government regulations require us to significantly change our business practices with respect to this type of information or if the advertisers RAMP violate applicable laws and regulations.

 Changes in applicable laws and regulations may materially increase our direct and indirect compliance and other expenses of doing business, having a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If there were to be changes to statutory or regulatory requirements, we may be unable to comply fully with or maintain all required licenses and approvals. Regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to grant, renew and revoke licenses and approvals. If we do not have all requisite licenses and approvals, or do not comply with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, the regulatory authorities could preclude or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our activities or monetarily penalize us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 We cannot predict whether any proposed legislation or regulatory changes will be adopted, or what impact, if any, such proposals or, if enacted, such laws could have on our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we are alleged to have failed to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we may be subject to investigations, criminal penalties or civil remedies, including fines, injunctions, loss of an operating license or

 approval, increased scrutiny or oversight by regulatory authorities, the suspension of individual employees, limitations on engaging in a particular business or redress to customers. The cost of compliance and the consequences of non-compliance could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, a finding that we have failed to comply with applicable laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition by exposing us to negative publicity and reputational damage or by harming our customer or employee relationships.

 In most jurisdictions, government regulatory authorities have the power to interpret and amend applicable laws and regulations, and have discretion to grant, renew and revoke the various licenses and approvals we need to conduct our activities. Such authorities may require us to incur substantial costs in order to comply with such laws and regulations. Regulatory statutes are broad in scope and subject to differing interpretation. In some areas of our businesses, we act on the basis of our own or the industry's interpretations of applicable laws or regulations, which may conflict from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. In the event those interpretations eventually prove different from the interpretations of regulatory authorities, we may be penalized or precluded from carrying on our previous activities.

 Litigation could distract management, increase our expenses or subject us to material monetary damages and other remedies.

 We may be involved from time to time in various additional legal proceedings, including, but not limited to, actions relating to breach of contract, breach of federal and state privacy laws, and intellectual property infringement that might necessitate changes to our business or operations. Regardless of whether any claims against us have merit, or whether we are ultimately held liable or subject to payment of damages, claims may be expensive to defend and may divert management's time away from our operations. If any legal proceedings were to result in an unfavorable outcome, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations. Any adverse publicity resulting from actual or potential litigation may also materially and adversely affect our reputation, which in turn could adversely affect our results.

 Companies in the Internet, technology and media industries are frequently subject to allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. We plan to vigorously defend our intellectual property rights and our freedom to operate our business; however, regardless of the merits of the claims, intellectual property claims are often time consuming and extremely expensive to litigate or settle and are likely to continue to divert managerial attention and resources from our business objectives. Successful infringement claims against us could result in significant monetary liability or prevent us from operating our business or portions of our business. Resolution of claims may require us to obtain licenses to use intellectual property rights belonging to third parties, which may be expensive to procure, or we may be required to cease using intellectual property of third parties altogether. Many of our contracts require us to provide indemnification against third-party intellectual property infringement claims, which would increase our defense costs and may require that we pay damages if there were an adverse ruling in any such claims. Any of these events may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

 We are subject to anti-bribery, anti-corruption and similar laws and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal penalties or significant fines and harm our business and reputation.

 We are subject to anti-bribery and similar laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the USA PATRIOT Act and U.S. Travel Act, and possibly other anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption laws have been enforced with great rigor in recent years and are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees and their agents from making or offering improper payments or other benefits to government officials and others in the private sector. As we increase our international sales and business, particularly in countries with a low score on the CPI by Transparency International, and increase our use of third parties, particularly internationally based Network Partners, our risks under these laws will increase. We adopt appropriate policies and procedures and conduct training, but cannot guarantee that improprieties will not occur. Noncompliance with these laws could subject us to investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other

 enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, suspension and/or debarment from contracting with specified persons, the loss of export privileges, reputational harm, adverse media coverage, and other collateral consequences. Any investigations, actions and/or sanctions could have a material negative impact on our business, operating results and financial condition.

 Privacy and data protection laws to which we are subject may cause us to incur additional or unexpected costs, subject us to enforcement actions for compliance failures, or cause us to change RAMP or our business model, which may have a material adverse effect on our business.

 Information relating to individuals and their devices (sometimes called "personal information" or "personal data") is regulated under a wide variety of local, state, national, and international laws and regulations that apply to the collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer (including transfer across national boundaries) and other processing of such data. In addition, there is increasing attention by state and other jurisdictions to regulation in this area. These laws are complex and can be costly to comply with, require significant management time and effort, and could subject us to claims, government enforcement actions, civil and criminal liability or other remedies, including suspension of business operations. These laws may conflict with each other, further complicating compliance efforts. We are currently subject to a variety of, and may in the future become subject to additional, international, federal, state and local laws that are continuously evolving and developing, including laws regarding Internet-based businesses and other businesses that rely on advertising, as well as privacy and consumer protection laws, including the CAN-SPAM Act, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the Communications Decency Act. If we are alleged not to comply with these laws or regulations, we may be required to modify affected products and services, which could require a substantial investment and loss of revenue or cease providing the affected product or service altogether. If we are found to have violated laws or regulations, we may be subject to significant fines, penalties and other losses.

 We typically collect and store IP addresses, other device identifiers (such as unique mobile application identifiers) and email addresses, which are or may be considered personal data or personal information in some jurisdictions or otherwise may be the subject of regulation.

 In the United States, federal, state, and local governments have enacted numerous data privacy and security laws, including data breach notification laws, personal information privacy laws, consumer protection laws (e.g., Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act), and other similar laws (e.g., wiretapping laws). For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, or CCPA, requires businesses to provide specific disclosures in privacy notices and honor requests of California residents to exercise certain privacy rights. The CCPA defines "personal information" broadly enough to include online identifiers provided by individuals' devices, applications, and protocols (such as IP addresses, mobile application identifiers and unique cookie identifiers) and individuals' location data, if there is potential that individuals can be identified by such data and provides for civil penalties of up to $7,500 per violation and allows private litigants affected by certain data breaches to recover significant statutory damages. In addition, the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020, or CRPA, which became operative January 1, 2023, expands the CCPA's requirements, including applying to personal information of business representatives and employees and establishing a new regulatory agency to implement and enforce the law which could result in increased privacy and information security enforcement. Similar laws are now in effect and enforceable in Virginia, Colorado, Connecticut, and Utah, and will soon be enforceable in several other states as well. Additionally, state regulators may exercise greater scrutiny regarding the collection and processing of personal information for purposes of online advertising, marketing, and analytics. These laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing data practices. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, lawsuits, and other claims and penalties, we could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices, which could have an adverse effect on our revenue, our results of operations and financial condition.

 In addition to laws regulating the processing of personal information, we are also subject to regulation with respect to political advertising activities, which are governed by various federal and state laws in the U.S., and national and provincial laws worldwide. For example, in November 2023, EU legislators reached a political agreement regarding a regulation to increase transparency in political advertising – under the proposed rules, political adverts will need to be clearly labelled as such and must indicate the election, referendum or regulatory

 process to which they relate, the identity of the person who paid for them and how much they paid, and whether such advertisements have been targeted. Online political advertising laws are rapidly evolving, and in certain jurisdictions have varying transparency and disclosure requirements. We have already seen publishers impose varying prohibitions and restrictions on the types of political advertising and breadth of targeted advertising allowed on their platforms with respect to advertisements for the 2020 U.S. presidential election in response to political advertising scandals like Cambridge Analytica. The lack of uniformity and increasing requirements on transparency and disclosure could adversely impact the inventory made available for political advertising and the demand for such inventory on RAMP, and otherwise increase our operating and compliance costs. Concerns about political advertising, whether or not valid and whether or not driven by applicable laws and regulations, industry standards, client or inventory provider expectations, or public perception, may harm our reputation, result in loss of goodwill, and inhibit use of RAMP by current and future clients.

 Changes in data residency and cross-border transfer restrictions also impact our operations. For the transfer of personal data from the EU to the United States, like many U.S. and European companies, we have relied upon, and were certified under the EU-U.S. and Swiss-U.S. Privacy Shield Frameworks. The Privacy Shield Framework, however, was struck down in July 2020 by the EU Court of Justice (a decision referred to as "Schrems II") as an adequate mechanism by which EU companies may pass personal data to the United States, and other EU mechanisms for adequate data transfer, such as the standard contractual clauses, were questioned by the Court of Justice and whether and how standard contractual clauses can be used to transfer personal data to the United States is in question. In June 2021, the European Commission published revised standard contractual clauses, and shortly thereafter the European Data Protection Board promulgated guidance on implementation of the new clauses. In October 2022, the White House released an executive order implementing a new EU-U.S. data transfer mechanism, the Trans-Atlantic Data Privacy Framework ("DPF"). The DPF aims to address the concerns raised by the court in Schrems II relating to perceived risks of transferring personal data to the United States by putting in place a new set of "commercial principles" similar to the old Privacy Shield Framework together with new rules governing U.S. intelligence authorities and redress for EU individuals. The European Commission launched an assessment of the DPF's adequacy, which is expected to be completed in 2023. If granted, an adequacy determination would reduce the legal uncertainty of cross-border transfers of personal data. However, until an adequacy determination is granted, the validity of the standard contractual clauses as a transfer mechanism remains uncertain. If all or some jurisdictions within the EU or the United Kingdom determine that the new standard contractual clauses also cannot be used to transfer personal data to the United States and if the DPF is not ultimately adopted, we could be left with no reasonable option for the lawful cross-border transfer of personal data. If left with no reasonable option for the lawful cross-border transfer of personal data, and if we nonetheless continue to transfer personal data from the EU to the United States, that could lead to governmental enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business or cause us to need to establish systems to maintain certain data in the EU, which may involve substantial expense and cause us to divert resources from other aspects of our operations, all of which may adversely affect our business. Other jurisdictions have adopted or are considering cross-border or data residency restrictions, which could reduce the amount of data we can collect or process and, as a result, significantly impact our business.

 We depend on a number of third parties in relation to the operation of our business, a number of which process personal information on our behalf. There can be no assurances that the privacy and security-related measures and safeguards we have put in place in relation to these third parties will be effective to protect us and/ or the relevant personal information from the risks associated with the third-party processing, storage and transmission of such data. Any violation of data or security laws, or of our relevant measures and safeguards, by our third party processors could have a material adverse effect on our business, result in applicable fines and penalties, damage our reputation, and/ or result in civil claims.

 Our communications with consumers are also subject to certain laws and regulations, including the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing ("CAN-SPAM") Act of 2003 and analogous state laws, that could expose us to significant damages awards, fines and other penalties that could materially impact our business. The CAN-SPAM Act and analogous state laws also impose various restrictions on marketing conducted using email. Additional laws, regulations, and standards covering marketing, advertising, and other activities may be or become applicable to our business. As laws and regulations, including FTC enforcement,

 rapidly evolve to govern the use of these communications and marketing platforms, the failure by us, our employees or third parties acting at our direction to abide by applicable laws and regulations could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations or subject us to fines or other penalties.

 Regulatory investigations and enforcement actions could also impact us. In the U.S., the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, uses its enforcement powers under Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (which prohibits "unfair" and "deceptive" trade practices) to investigate companies engaging in online tracking. Other companies in the advertising technology space have been subject to government investigation by regulatory bodies; advocacy organizations have also filed complaints with data protection authorities against advertising technology companies, arguing that certain of these companies' practices do not comply with the GDPR. We cannot avoid the possibility that one of these investigations or enforcement actions will require us to alter our practices. Further, our legal risk depends in part on our clients' or other third parties' adherence to privacy laws and regulations and their use of our services in ways consistent with end user expectations. We rely on representations made to us by clients that they will comply with all applicable laws, including all relevant privacy and data protection regulations. Although we make reasonable efforts to enforce such representations and contractual requirements, we do not fully audit our clients' compliance with our recommended disclosures or their adherence to privacy laws and regulations. If our clients fail to adhere to our expectations or contracts in this regard, we and our clients could be subject to adverse publicity, damages, and related possible investigation or other regulatory activity.

 Adapting our business to privacy laws enacted at the state level and their implementing regulations and to the enhanced and evolving privacy obligations in the EU and elsewhere could continue to involve substantial expense and may cause us to divert resources from other aspects of our operations, all of which may adversely affect our business. Additionally, as the advertising industry evolves, and new ways of collecting, combining and using data are created, governments may enact legislation in response to technological advancements and changes that could result in our having to re-design features or functions of our platform, therefore incurring unexpected compliance cost. Further, adaptation of the digital advertising marketplace requires increasingly significant collaboration between participants in the market, such as publishers and advertisers. Failure of the industry to adapt to changes required for operating under existing and future data privacy laws and user response to such changes could negatively impact inventory, data, and demand. We cannot control or predict the pace or effectiveness of such adaptation, and we cannot currently predict the impact such changes may have on our business.

 Additionally, as the advertising industry evolves, and new ways of collecting, combining and using data are created, governments may enact legislation in response to technological advancements and changes that could result in our having to re-design features or functions of RAMP, therefore incurring unexpected compliance costs.

 These laws and other obligations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing data management practices or the features of RAMP. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, lawsuits and other claims, we could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our products, which could have an adverse effect on our business. We may be unable to make such changes and modifications in a commercially reasonable manner or at all, and our ability to develop new products and features could be limited. All of this could impair our or our clients' ability to collect, use, or disclose information relating to consumers, which could decrease demand for RAMP, increase our costs, and impair our ability to maintain and grow our client base and increase our revenue.

 Failure to comply with current or future laws and regulations relating to AI could adversely affect our business, operations, and financial condition.

 Our data-driven platform may also be subject to laws and evolving regulations regarding the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning ("AI Tools"). The regulatory framework around the development and use of these emerging technologies is rapidly evolving, and many federal, state and foreign government bodies and agencies have introduced and/or are currently considering additional laws and regulations. In October 2023, the President of the United States issued an executive order on the Safe, Secure and Trustworthy Development and Use of AI, emphasizing the need for transparency, accountability and fairness in the development and use of AI Tools.

 Both in the United States and internationally, AI Tools are the subject of evolving review by various governmental and regulatory agencies, including the SEC and the FTC, and changes in laws, rules, directives and regulations governing the use of AI Tools may adversely affect the ability of our business to use or rely on AI Tools. As a result, implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future, and we cannot yet determine the impact future laws, regulations, standards, or perception of their requirements may have on our business. Any actual or perceived failure to comply with evolving regulatory frameworks around the development and use of AI Tools, could adversely affect our brand, reputation, business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 Our success depends, in part, on our ability to access, collect and use first-party data about our users and subscribers. If that access is restricted or otherwise subject to unfavorable regulation, blocked or limited by technical changes on end users' devices and web browsers, or our and our clients' ability to use data on RAMP is otherwise restricted, our performance may decline and we may lose advertisers and revenue.

 Digital advertising mostly relies on the ability to uniquely identify devices across websites and applications, and to collect data about user interactions with those devices for purposes such as serving relevant ads and measuring the effectiveness of ads. Devices are identified through unique identifiers stored in cookies, provided by device operating systems for advertising purposes, or generated based on statistical algorithms applied to information about a device, such as the IP address and device type. We use device identifiers to record such information as when an Internet user views an ad, clicks on an ad, or visits one of our advertiser's websites or applications. We use device identifiers to help us achieve our advertisers' campaign goals, including to limit the instances that an Internet user sees the same advertisement, report information to our advertisers regarding the performance of their advertising campaigns, and detect and prevent malicious behavior and invalid traffic throughout our network of inventory. We also use data associated with device identifiers to help our clients decide whether to bid on, and how to price, an opportunity to place an advertisement in a specific location, at a given time, in front of a particular Internet user. Additionally, our clients rely on device identifiers to add information they have collected or acquired about users into RAMP. Without such data, our clients may not have sufficient insight into an Internet user's activity, which may compromise their and our ability to determine which inventory to purchase for a specific campaign and may undermine the effectiveness of RAMP or our ability to improve RAMP and remain competitive.

 Today, digital advertising, including RAMP, makes significant use of first-party cookies to store device identifiers for the advertising activities described above.

 When we utilize or deploy cookies and similar tracking or recording means, they are usually first-party cookies, which are cookies deployed by us on our own and operated websites or other domains which we operate through RAMP. We rely on the first party data provided to us by consumers and advertisers to improve our product and service offerings and to feed the RAMP data loop in particular, and if we are unable to maintain or grow such data we may be unable to provide consumers with an experience that is relevant, efficient and effective, which could adversely affect our business. Additionally, the regulation of the use of cookies and other current online tracking and advertising practices or a loss in our ability to make effective use of services that employ such technologies could increase our costs of operations and limit our ability to acquire new customers on cost-effective terms and, consequently, materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our business relies on the first party data provided to us by consumers and advertisers through using websites and RAMP. The large amount of information we use in operating our websites and RAMP is critical to the web platform experience we provide for consumers. If we are unable to maintain or grow the data provided to us, the value that we provide to consumers and advertisers using our websites and RAMP may be limited. In addition, the quality, accuracy and timeliness of this information may suffer, which may lead to a negative experience for consumers using our websites and our advertisers using our platform and could materially adversely affect our business and financial results.

 We also rely on our Network Partners to access, collect and use first-party data about our users and subscribers. To the extent that our Network Partners, the applications we make available through the leading app marketplaces and the social media platforms upon which we rely for users and certain related first party data limit or

 increasingly limit, eliminate or otherwise impair our ability to access, collect, process and/or use data about or derived from our users or subscribers, including certain user-profile elements such as IP address, device or browser type, operating system or search query information, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

 Advertising shown on mobile applications can also be affected by blocking or restricting use of mobile device identifiers. Data regarding interactions between users and devices are tracked mostly through stable, pseudonymous advertising identifiers that are built into the device operating system with privacy controls that allow users to express a preference with respect to data collection for advertising, including to disable the identifier. Any failure to ensure these identifiers are properly pseudonymized could require us and our clients to comply with certain obligations with regard to such data. These identifiers and privacy controls are defined by the developers of the platforms through which the applications are accessed and could be changed by the platforms in a way that may negatively impact our business. For example, Apple announced earlier this year that it will require user opt-in before permitting access to Apple's unique identifier, or IDFA. Apple initially targeted this fall for implementing these changes but has pushed that date out until at least early next year. This shift from enabling user opt-out to an opt-in requirement is likely to have a substantial impact on the mobile advertising ecosystem and could harm our growth in this channel.

 As the collection and use of data for digital advertising has received media attention over the past several years, some government regulators, such as the FTC, and privacy advocates have suggested creating a "Do Not Track" standard that would allow Internet users to express a preference, independent of cookie settings in their browser, not to have their online browsing activities tracked. "Do Not Track" has seen renewed emphasis from proponents of the CCPA, and the final proposed regulations (currently pending review and acceptance by the Office of Administrative Law) contemplate browser-based or similar "do not sell" signals. California's new ballot initiative, the CPRA, similarly contemplates the use of technical opt outs for the sale and sharing of personal information for advertising purposes as well as to opt out of the use of sensitive information for advertising purposes and allows for AG rulemaking to develop these technical signals. If a "Do Not Track," "Do Not Sell," or similar control is adopted by many Internet users or if a "Do Not Track" standard is imposed by state, federal, or foreign legislation (such as the proposed ePrivacy Regulation or CCPA regulations), or is agreed upon by standard setting groups, we may have to change our business practices, our clients may reduce their use of RAMP, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

 New requirements relating to automated, browser-based, or one-stop opt-out mechanisms ("OOMs") such as the Global Privacy Control, the forthcoming opt-out mechanism for data brokers established under the California Delete Act, or other OOMs that will be established in the future may result in significantly larger numbers of consumers opting out of having their data used for marketing purposes. This could result in us having less access to consumer data, impacting performance of our services or resulting in loss of business.

 Increased transparency into the collection and use of data for digital advertising introduced both through features in browsers and devices and regulatory requirements, such as the GDPR, the CCPA, "Do Not Track", and ePrivacy, as well as compliance with such requirements, may create operational burdens to implement and may lead more users to choose to block the collection and use of data about them. Adapting to these and similar changes has in the past and may in the future require significant time, resources and expense, which may increase our cost of operation or limit our ability to operate or expand our business.

 Concerns regarding data privacy and security relating to our industry's technology and practices, and perceived failure to comply with laws and industry self-regulation, could damage our reputation and deter current and potential clients from using our products and services.

 Public perception regarding data protection and privacy are significant in the programmatic advertising buying industry. Concerns about industry practices with regard to the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information, whether or not valid and whether driven by applicable laws and regulations, industry standards, client or inventory provider expectations, or the broader public, may harm our reputation, result in loss of goodwill, and inhibit use of RAMP by current and future clients. For example, perception that our practices involve an invasion of

 privacy, whether or not such practices are consistent with current or future laws, regulations, or industry practices, may subject us to public criticism, private class actions, reputational harm, or claims by regulators, which could disrupt our business and expose us to increased liability.

 Risks Related to Intellectual Property

 Our use of "open source" software could adversely affect our ability to protect our proprietary software and subject us to possible litigation.

 We use open source software in connection with our software development. From time to time, companies that use open source software have faced claims challenging the use of open source software and/or compliance with open source license terms. We could be subject to suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source software or claiming non-compliance with open source licensing terms. Some open source licenses require users who distribute software containing open source to make available all or part of such software, which in some circumstances could include valuable proprietary code of the user. While we monitor our use of open source software and try to ensure that none is used in a manner that would require us to disclose our proprietary source code or that would otherwise breach the terms of an open source agreement, such use could inadvertently occur, in part because open source license terms are often ambiguous. Any requirement to disclose our proprietary source code or pay damages for breach of contract could be harmful to our business, results of operations or financial condition, and could help our competitors develop services that are similar to or better than ours.

 Our proprietary rights may be difficult to enforce, which could enable others to copy or use aspects of our technology without compensating us, thereby eroding our competitive advantages and harming our business.

 We rely upon a combination of trade secrets, third-party confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements, additional contractual restrictions on disclosure and use, and trademark, copyright, patent and other intellectual property laws to establish and protect our proprietary rights. These laws, procedures and restrictions provide only limited protection. We currently have "MapQuest", "info.com", "HowStuffWorks", "Infospace", and variants and other marks registered as trademarks or pending registrations in the U.S. and certain foreign countries. We also rely on copyright laws to protect computer programs related to RAMP and our proprietary technologies, although to date we have not registered for statutory copyright protection. We have registered numerous Internet domain names in the U.S. and certain foreign countries related to our business. We endeavor to enter into agreements with our employees, independent contractors and advisors in order to limit access to and disclosure of our proprietary information, as well as to clarify rights to intellectual property associated with our business. Protecting our intellectual property is a challenge, especially after our employees or our contractors end their relationship with us, and, in some cases, decide to work for our competitors. Our contracts with our employees and contractors that relate to intellectual property issues generally restrict the use of our confidential information solely in connection with our services, and strictly prohibit reverse engineering. However, reverse engineering our software or the theft or misuse of our proprietary information could occur by employees or other third parties who have access to our technology. Enforceability of the non-compete agreements that we have in place is not guaranteed, and contractual restrictions could be breached without discovery or adequate remedies. While we have a few legacy patents, we may not be able to obtain any further patents, and our pending applications may not result in the issuance of patents. Any issued patents may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, and any rights granted under these patents may not actually provide adequate defensive protection or competitive advantages to us. Additionally, the process of obtaining patent protection is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner.

 Policing unauthorized use of our technology is difficult. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those of the U.S., and mechanisms for enforcement of our proprietary rights in such countries may be inadequate. If we are unable to protect our proprietary rights (including in particular, the proprietary aspects of RAMP) we may find ourselves at a competitive disadvantage to others who have not incurred the same level of expense, time and effort to create and protect their intellectual property.

 Confidentiality agreements with employees and others may not adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information.

 In order to protect our technologies and processes, we rely in part on confidentiality agreements with our employees, independent contractors and other advisors. These agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential information, including trade secrets, and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets and proprietary information, and in such cases we may not be able to assert our trade secret rights against such parties. To the extent that our employees, contractors or other third parties with whom we do business use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights to related or resulting know-how and inventions. The loss of confidential information or intellectual property rights, including trade secret protection, could make it easier for third parties to compete with our products. In addition, any changes in, or unexpected interpretations of, intellectual property laws may compromise our ability to enforce our trade secret and intellectual property rights. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain protection of our trade secrets or other proprietary information could harm our business, results of operations, reputation and competitive position.

 In addition, a number of aspects of intellectual property protection in the field of artificial intelligence are currently under development, and there is uncertainty and ongoing litigation in different jurisdictions as to the degree and extent of protection warranted for artificial intelligence and machine learning systems and relevant system input and outputs. If we fail to obtain protection for the intellectual property rights concerning our machine learning technologies, or later have our intellectual property rights invalidated or otherwise diminished, our competitors may be able to take advantage of our research and development efforts to develop competing products.

 We may not be able to adequately protect our intellectual property rights.

 Our business depends on our intellectual property, the protection of which is crucial to the success of our business. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of RAMP, our websites, and our other software products or obtain and use information that we consider proprietary.

 We may not be able to discover or determine the extent of any unauthorized use or infringement or violation of our intellectual property or proprietary rights. Third parties also may take actions that diminish the value of our proprietary rights or our reputation. The protection of our intellectual property may require the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets, to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others or to defend against claims of infringement or invalidity. Such litigation could be costly, time-consuming and distracting to management, result in a diversion of resources, the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. These steps may be inadequate to protect our intellectual property. We will not be able to protect our intellectual property if we are unable to enforce our rights or if we do not detect unauthorized use of our intellectual property. Despite our precautions, it may be possible for unauthorized third parties to use information that we regard as proprietary to create product offerings that compete with ours. We also cannot be certain that others will not independently develop or otherwise acquire equivalent or superior technology or other intellectual property rights, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

 Competitors may adopt service names similar to ours, thereby harming our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to user confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of the terms "MapQuest", "info.com", "HowStuffWorks", "Infospace" or any of the other trademarks that we own.

 We currently operate primarily in the United States. To the extent that we determine to expand our business internationally, we will encounter additional risks, including different, uncertain or more stringent laws relating to intellectual property rights and protection.

 We may be sued by third parties for alleged infringement of their trademarks or other intellectual property rights, which would result in additional expense and potential damages.

 There is significant patent and other intellectual property development activity in our industry. Third-party intellectual property rights may cover various aspects of technologies, trademarks, trade names or business methods that we deploy across our platform or businesses, which could prevent us from expanding our offerings or growing our business.

 Our current or future trademarks or trade names may be challenged, opposed, infringed, circumvented or declared generic or descriptive, determined not to be entitled to registration, or determined to infringe trademark rights owned by third-parties. In connection with a previous dispute regarding the use of the "SYSTEM1" trade name, we entered into a Settlement and Co-Existence Agreement regarding our continued use of the "SYSTEM1" trade name in the businesses in which we operate utilizing such trade name.

 Our success also depends on the continual development of RAMP. From time to time, we may receive claims from third parties that RAMP and its underlying technology infringe or violate such third parties' intellectual property rights. To the extent we gain greater public recognition, we may face a higher risk of being the subject of intellectual property claims. The cost of defending against such claims, whether or not the claims have merit, is significant, regardless of whether we are successful in our defense, and could divert the attention of management, technical personnel and other employees from our business operations. Litigation regarding intellectual property rights is inherently uncertain due to the complex issues involved, and we may not be successful in defending ourselves in such matters. Additionally, we have obligations to indemnify our clients or inventory and data suppliers in connection with certain intellectual property claims. If we are found to infringe these rights, we could potentially be required to cease utilizing portions of RAMP. We may also be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology, which could require significant time and expense. Additionally, we could be required to pay royalty payments, either as a one-time fee or ongoing, as well as damages for past use that was deemed to be infringing. If we cannot license or develop technology for any allegedly infringing aspect of our business, we would be forced to limit our service and may be unable to compete effectively. Any of these results could harm our business.

 We face potential liability and harm to our business based on the nature of our business and the content on RAMP.

 Advertising often results in litigation relating to misleading or deceptive claims, copyright or trademark infringement, public performance royalties or other claims based on the nature and content of advertising that is distributed through RAMP. Though we contractually require clients to generally represent to us that their advertisements comply with our ad standards and our inventory providers' ad standards and that they have the rights necessary to serve advertisements through RAMP, we do not independently verify whether we are permitted to deliver, or review the content of, such advertisements. If any of these representations are untrue, we may be exposed to potential liability and our reputation may be damaged. While our clients are typically obligated to indemnify us, such indemnification may not fully cover us, or we may not be able to collect. In addition to settlement costs, we may be responsible for our own litigation costs, which can be expensive.

 We may face risks associated with our use of certain AI Tools.

 We use AI Tools and are making significant investments to continuously improve our use of such technologies. For example we use machine learning algorithms and automated decision making technologies in RAMP to generate ads and identify target customer bases for our clients. There are significant risks involved in developing, maintaining and deploying these technologies and there can be no assurance that the usage of such technologies will always enhance our products or services or be beneficial to our business, including our efficiency or profitability.

 In particular, if AI Tools are incorrectly designed or implemented; trained or reliant on incomplete, inadequate, inaccurate, biased or otherwise poor quality data or on data to which we do have sufficient rights; and/or are adversely impacted by unforeseen defects, technical challenges, cyber security threats or material performance issues, the performance of our products, services, and business, as well as our reputation could suffer or we could incur liability through the violation of laws or contracts to which we are a party or civil claims. Further, our ability to continue to develop or use such technologies may be dependent on access to specific third party software and infrastructure, such as processing hardware or third party artificial intelligence models, and we cannot control the availability or pricing of such third party software and infrastructure, especially in a highly competitive environment. In addition, market acceptance and consumer perceptions of AI Tools is uncertain.

 The market for AI Tools is rapidly evolving and unproven in many industries. We cannot be sure that the market will continue to grow or that it will grow in ways we anticipate. We face significant competition from other companies in our industry in relation to the development and deployment of AI Tools. Those other companies may develop technologies that are similar or superior to ours and/or are more cost-effective and/or quicker to develop and deploy. If we cannot develop, offer or deploy new technologies as effectively, as quickly and/ or as cost-efficiently as our competitors, we could experience a material adverse effect on our operating results, customer relationships and growth.

 Our ability to continue to develop or use AI Tools may be dependent on access to specific third party software and infrastructure, such as processing hardware or third party machine learning models, and we cannot control the availability or pricing of such third party software and infrastructure, especially in a highly competitive environment. Further, certain of the data that we use in developing our machine learning algorithms is licensed from third-parties, and we are dependent upon our ability to obtain necessary data licenses within appropriate time frames and on commercially reasonable terms. Our data suppliers may withhold their data from us in certain circumstances, for example if there is a competitive reason to do so; if we breach our contract with a supplier; if they are acquired by one of our competitors; or if new laws or case law restrict the use or dissemination of the data they provide. Additionally, we could terminate relationships with our data suppliers if they fail to adhere to our data quality, vendor or other standards. If a substantial number of data suppliers were to withdraw or withhold their data from us, or if we sever ties with our data suppliers based on their inability to meet our standards, our ability to provide products and services to our customers, and our revenue prospects, could be materially adversely impacted.

 Risks Related to Our Common Stock and Warrants

 Our issuance of additional shares of common stock, Warrants or other convertible securities may dilute your ownership interest in us and could adversely affect our stock price.

 From time to time in the future, we may issue additional shares of our common stock, Warrants or other securities convertible into common stock pursuant to a variety of transactions, including acquisitions. Additional shares of our common stock may also be issued upon exercise of outstanding stock options and Warrants. The issuance by us of additional shares of our common stock, Warrants or other securities convertible into our common stock would dilute your ownership interest in us and the sale of a significant amount of such shares in the public market could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock and Warrants. Subject to the satisfaction of vesting conditions and the expiration of our lock-up, shares issuable upon exercise of options will be available for resale immediately in the public market without restriction.

 In the future, we expect to obtain financing or to further increase our capital resources by issuing additional shares of our capital stock or offering debt or other equity securities, including senior or subordinated notes, debt securities convertible into equity, or shares of preferred stock. Issuing additional shares of our capital stock, other equity securities, or securities convertible into equity may dilute the economic and voting rights of our existing stockholders, reduce the market price of our common stock and Warrants, or both. Debt securities convertible into equity could be subject to adjustments in the conversion ratio pursuant to which certain events may increase the number of equity securities issuable upon conversion. Preferred stock, if issued, could have a preference with respect to liquidating distributions or a preference with respect to dividend payments that could limit our ability to

 pay dividends to the holders of our common stock. Our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, which may adversely affect the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. As a result, holders of our common stock and Warrants bear the risk that our future offerings may reduce the market price of our common stock and Warrants and dilute their percentage ownership.

 We are an "emerging growth company" and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our common stock and Warrants less attractive to investors.

 We qualify as an "emerging growth company" within the meaning of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act. We have taken advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies or smaller reporting companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on certain executive compensation matters and reduced reporting periods. As a result, stockholders may not have access to certain information they may deem important. We cannot predict whether investors will find our securities less attractive because we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find the securities less attractive as a result of reliance on these exemptions, the trading prices of our securities may be lower than they otherwise would be, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the trading prices of our securities may be more volatile. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (a) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of $1.235 billion or more; (b) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of the initial public offering of Trebia; (c) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (d) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of the prior June 30th in which case we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31.

 Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from complying with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a 1933 Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such an election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition period. Accordingly, when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, could adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard, unless early adoption is permitted by the standard. This may make comparison of us with another public company which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company which has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

 The market price of our common stock and Warrants may be volatile or may change significantly regardless of our operating performance. You may lose some or all of your investment as a result.

 The market price of our common stock and Warrants has fluctuated in the past and may continue to fluctuate. You may not be able to resell your shares at an attractive price due to a number of factors such as those listed in this section and the following:

 • our operating and financial performance and prospects;
 • our quarterly or annual earnings or those of other companies in our industry compared to market expectations;
 • conditions that impact demand for our products;
 • future announcements concerning our business, our customers' businesses or our competitors' businesses;

 • the public's reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;
 • the size of our public float;
 • coverage by or changes in financial estimates by securities analysts or failure to meet their expectations;
 • market and industry perception of our success, or lack thereof, in pursuing our growth strategy;
 • strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings;
 • changes in laws or regulations that adversely affect our industry or us;
 • changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;
 • changes in senior management or key personnel;
 • issuances, exchanges, sales, repurchases or expected issuances, of our capital stock;
 • changes in our dividend policy;
 • failure to adhere to NYSE stock exchange listing standards;
 • adverse resolution of new or pending litigation against us; and
 • changes in general market, economic and political conditions in the United States and global economies or financial markets, including those resulting from natural disasters, terrorist attacks, acts of war and responses to such events.

 These broad market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our common stock and Warrants, regardless of our operating performance. In addition, price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of our common stock and Warrants is low. As a result, you may suffer a loss on your investment.

 In the past, following periods of market volatility, stockholders have instituted securities Class Action litigation. If we were involved in securities litigation, it could have a substantial cost and divert resources and the attention of executive management from our business regardless of the outcome of such litigation.

 There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with the continued listing standards of the NYSE, which could result in the delisting of our securities, limit investors' ability to make transactions in our securities and subject us to additional trading restrictions.

 On January 6, 2025, we received a written notice from NYSE that, because the average closing price for our Class A common stock had fallen below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive trading days, we no longer comply with the minimum share price criteria for continued listing on the NYSE. The NYSE continued listing criteria provide us with a cure period of six months in which to regain compliance. We may regain compliance at any time during the six-month cure period if on the last trading day of any calendar month during the six-month cure period our Class A common stock has a closing share price of at least $1.00 and an average closing share price of at least $1.00 over the 30 trading-day period ending on the last trading day of that month. If we are unable to regain compliance with the $1.00 share price rule within this period, the NYSE may initiate procedures to suspend and delist our Class A common stock.

 If the NYSE delists our Class A common stock or Warrants from trading on its exchange for failure to meet the continued listing standards, we and our securityholders could face significant material adverse consequences including:

 • a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;
 • reduced liquidity for our securities;

 • a determination that our common stock is a "penny stock," which will require brokers trading in our common stock to adhere to more stringent rules, possibly resulting in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our common stock;
 • a limited amount of analyst coverage; and
 • a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

 If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about us, or if they issue unfavorable commentary about us or our industry or downgrade our common stock or Warrants, the price of our common stock and Warrants could decline.

 The trading market for our common stock and Warrants depends, in part, on the research and reports that third-party securities analysts publish about us and the industries in which we operate. We may be unable or slow to attract research coverage, and if one or more analysts cease coverage of us, the price and trading volume of our securities would likely be negatively impacted. If any of the analysts that may cover us change their recommendation regarding our common stock or Warrants adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of our common stock and Warrants would likely decline. If any analyst that may cover us ceases covering us or fails to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause the price or trading volume of our common stock and Warrants to decline. Moreover, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrades our common stock or Warrants, or if our reporting results do not meet their expectations, the market price of our common stock and Warrants could decline.

 The obligations associated with being a public company involve significant expenses and require significant resources and management attention, which may divert from our business operations.

 We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Exchange Act requires that we file annual, quarterly and other current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting. As a result, we have experienced an increase in legal, accounting and other expenses compared to that S1 Holdco incurred prior to the Merger, and we expect to incur these increased costs while we remain a public company. Our entire management team and many of our other employees will need to devote substantial time to compliance and may not effectively or efficiently manage our transition into a public company.

 In addition, the need to establish the corporate infrastructure demanded of a public company may also divert management's attention from implementing our business strategy, which could prevent us from improving our business, results of operations and financial condition. We have made, and will continue to make, changes to our internal control over financial reporting, including IT controls, and procedures for financial reporting and accounting systems to meet our reporting obligations as a public company. However, the measures we take may not be sufficient to satisfy our obligations as a public company. If we do not continue to develop and implement the right processes and tools to manage our changing enterprise and maintain our culture, our ability to compete successfully and achieve our business objectives could be impaired, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur to comply with these requirements. We anticipate that these costs will materially increase our general and administrative expenses.

 These rules and regulations result in our incurring legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified people to serve on our Board of Directors, on our board committees or as executive officers.

 We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future.

 We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of the business, and therefore, do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends on common stock in the foreseeable future. Any future determination related to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors after considering our business prospects, results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements and availability, debt repayment obligations, capital expenditure needs, contractual restrictions, covenants in the agreements governing current and future indebtedness, industry trends, the provisions of Delaware law affecting the payment of dividends and distributions to stockholders and any other factors or considerations the Board of Directors deems relevant.

 You may only be able to exercise the Warrants on a "cashless basis" under certain circumstances, and if you do so, you will receive fewer shares of common stock from such exercise than if you were to exercise such Warrants for cash.

 The Warrant Agreement provides that in the following circumstances holders of Warrants who seek to exercise their Warrants will not be permitted to do so for cash and will, instead, be required to do so on a cashless basis in accordance with Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act: (i) if the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants are not registered under the Securities Act in accordance with the terms of the Warrant Agreement; (ii) if we have so elected and the shares of common stock are at the time of any exercise of a Warrant not listed on a national securities exchange such that they satisfy the definition of "covered securities" under Section 18(b)(1) of the Securities Act; and (iii) if we have so elected and we call the Warrants for redemption. If you exercise your Warrants on a cashless basis, you would pay the Warrant exercise price by surrendering the Warrants for that number of shares of common stock equal to (A) the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of shares of common stock underlying the Warrants, multiplied by the excess of the "Fair Market Value" (as defined in the next sentence) over the exercise price of the Warrants by (y) the Fair Market Value. The "Fair Market Value" is the average closing price of the common stock for the 10 trading days ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the notice of exercise is received by the Warrant agent or on which the notice of redemption is sent to the holders of Warrants, as applicable. As a result, you would receive fewer shares of common stock from such exercise than if you were to exercise such Warrants for cash.

 We may amend the terms of the Warrants in a manner that may have an adverse effect on holders of Warrants with the approval by the holders of at least 65% of the then outstanding Warrants. As a result, the exercise price of your Warrants could be increased, the exercise period could be shortened and the number of shares of common stock purchasable upon exercise of a Warrant could be decreased, all without your approval.

 Our Warrants were issued in registered form under a Warrant Agreement between Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as Warrant agent, and us. The Warrant Agreement provides that the terms of the Warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder for the purpose of curing any ambiguity, or curing, correcting or supplementing any defective provision or adding or changing any other provisions with respect to matters or questions arising under the Warrant Agreement as the parties to the Warrant Agreement may deem necessary or desirable and that the parties deem not to adversely affect the interest of the holders of the Warrants. All other amendments require the approval by the holders of at least 65% of the then-outstanding Warrants, including any change that adversely affects the rights of the registered holders of Warrants. Accordingly, we may amend the terms of the Warrants in a manner adverse to a holder of Warrants if holders of at least 65% of the then outstanding Warrants approve of such amendment. Although our ability to amend the terms of the Warrants with the consent of at least 65% of the then outstanding Warrants is unlimited, examples of such amendments could be amendments to, among other things, increase the exercise price of the Warrants, convert the Warrants into cash or shares, shorten the exercise period or decrease the number of shares of common stock purchasable upon exercise of a Warrant.

 Our Warrant Agreement designates the courts of the State of New York or the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by holders of the Warrants, which could limit the ability of Warrant holders to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.

 Our Warrant Agreement provides that, subject to applicable law, (i) any action, proceeding or claim against us arising out of or relating in any way to the Warrant Agreement, including under the Securities Act, will be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, and (ii) that we irrevocably submit to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction shall be the exclusive forum for any such action, proceeding or claim. We will waive any objection to such exclusive jurisdiction and that such courts represent an inconvenient forum.

 Notwithstanding the foregoing, these provisions of the Warrant Agreement will not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal district courts of the United States are the sole and exclusive forum. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any of our Warrants shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the forum provisions in our Warrant Agreement. If any action, the subject matter of which is within the scope the forum provisions of the Warrant Agreement, is filed in a court other than a court of the State of New York or the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (a "foreign action") in the name of any holder of our Warrants, such holder shall be deemed to have consented to: (x) the personal jurisdiction of the state and federal courts located in the State of New York in connection with any action brought in any such court to enforce the forum provisions (an "enforcement action"), and (y) having service of process made upon such Warrant holder in any such enforcement action by service upon such Warrant holder's counsel in the foreign action as agent for such Warrant holder.

 This choice-of-forum provision may limit a Warrant holder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us, which may discourage such lawsuits. Alternatively, if a court were to find this provision of our Warrant Agreement inapplicable or unenforceable with respect to one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and result in a diversion of the time and resources of our management and Board of Directors.

 We may redeem your unexpired Warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby making your Warrants worth less than what you paid for them.

 We have the ability to redeem outstanding Warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, (a) at a price of $0.01 per Warrant, provided that (i) the last reported sales price of the Class A ordinary shares for any twenty (20) trading days within the thirty (30) trading-day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which notice of the redemption is given (the "Reference Value") equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted for share splits, share capitalizations, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) and (ii) there is an effective registration statement covering the issuance of the Class A ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants, and a current prospectus relating thereto, available throughout the 30-day Redemption Period (as defined in the Warrant Agreement), or (b) provided that the Reference Value equals or exceeds $10.00 per share (as adjusted for share splits, share capitalizations, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like).

 If and when the Warrants become redeemable by us, we may exercise our redemption right even if we are unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. Redemption of the outstanding Warrants could force you to (i) exercise your Warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous for you to do so, (ii) sell your Warrants at the then-current market price when you might otherwise wish to hold your Warrants or (iii) accept the nominal redemption price which, at the time the outstanding Warrants are called for redemption, is likely to be substantially less than the market value of your Warrants.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

 Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

 We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and proprietary information. Our cybersecurity risk management program includes a multi-point cybersecurity incident response plan.

 First, we have designed and assessed our cybersecurity risk management program based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework ("NIST CSF"). This does not imply that we meet any particular technical standards, specifications, or requirements, only that we use the NIST CSF as a guide to help us identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to our businesses and technology infrastructure.

 Our cybersecurity risk management program is integrated into our overall enterprise risk management program, and shares common methodologies, reporting channels and governance processes that apply across the enterprise risk management program to other legal, compliance, strategic, operational, and financial risk areas that we evaluate and address on a regular basis based on a risk-weighted determination.

 Our cybersecurity risk management program includes the following elements:

 • risk assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical systems, information, products, services, and our broader enterprise IT environment;
 • a security team principally responsible for managing: (1) our cybersecurity risk assessment processes, (2) our security controls, and (3) our response to cybersecurity incidents;
 • the use of external experts, where appropriate, to assess, test or otherwise assist with aspects of our security controls;
 • cybersecurity awareness training of our employees, incident response personnel, and senior management;
 • cyber/technology errors & omissions insurance;
 • a cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents and assessment of materiality against external reporting requirements; and
 • a third-party risk management process for service providers, suppliers, and vendors who access our critical systems and data.

 There can be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program and evaluation and security processes, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in adequately protecting our systems, technology infrastructure and proprietary information. We face risks from cybersecurity threats that, if realized and material, are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. See Item 1A, "Risk Factors".

 We have not identified specific risks from known or other broadly publicized cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. We face risks from cybersecurity threats that, if realized and material, are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. See Item 1A, "Risk Factors".

 Cybersecurity Governance

 Our Board of Directors (the "Board) considers evaluating and proactively addressing cybersecurity risk as part of its risk oversight function and has delegated to the Board's Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee (the "Committee") oversight of cybersecurity and other information technology risks facing us and our businesses. The Committee oversees management's implementation of our cybersecurity risk management program.

 The Committee receives regular reports from management on the cybersecurity risks that we evaluate and which we may face in the future. In addition, management updates the Committee as necessary regarding any material cybersecurity incidents, as well as any incidents with lesser impact potential.

 The Committee reports to the full Board regarding its activities, including those related to cybersecurity oversight and assessment. The full Board also receives briefings from management on our cyber risk management program. Board members receive presentations on cybersecurity topics from our Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO"), internal security staff or external experts as part of the Board's continuing education on topics that impact public companies.

 Our management team, including our CISO and Director of Information Technology, is responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats. The information technology team has primary responsibility for our overall cybersecurity risk management program and supervises both our internal cybersecurity personnel and our retained external cybersecurity consultants. Our management team supervises efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include briefings from internal security personnel; threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us; and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in the I.T. environment.

 Item 2. Properties.

 We maintain our principal offices in Los Angeles, California. We also maintain office and data center space in various cities within the United States, Netherlands and Canada. We believe that our facilities are adequate to meet our needs for the immediate future and that, should it be needed, we will be able to secure additional space to accommodate expansion of our operations.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

 We are subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. We believe the ultimate liability, if any, with respect to these actions will not materially affect the consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows reflected in the consolidated financial statements. There can be no assurance, however, that the ultimate resolution of such actions will not materially or adversely affect our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. We accrue for losses when the loss is deemed probable and the liability can reasonably be estimated.

 Information in response to this Item is included in "Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and supplementary data — Note 8, Commitments and Contingencies" and is incorporated by reference into Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

 Our Class A common stock and Warrants are listed on NYSE under the symbols "SST" and "SST.WS," respectively. There is no public trading market for our Class C common stock.

 Holders of Record

 As of February 28, 2025, there were approximately 366 holders of record of our Class A common stock, 67 holders of record of our Class C common stock and 2 holders of record of our Warrants. The actual number of stockholders of our Class A common stock and the actual number of holders of our Warrants is greater than the number of record holders and includes holders of our Class A common stock or Warrants whose shares of Class A common stock or Warrants are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of holders does not include stockholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.

 Dividend Policy

 We have never declared or paid any dividends on our Class A or Class C common stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain any earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent upon then-existing conditions, including our earnings, capital requirements, results of operations, financial condition, business prospects and other factors that our Board of Directors considers relevant. See "Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for additional information regarding our financial condition. In addition, our credit facility contains restrictions on our ability to pay dividends.

 Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

 Our equity compensation plan information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information in Part III, Item 12 — "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

 None

 Repurchase of Equity Securities

 2022 Repurchase Program

 In August 2022, our Board of Directors authorized up to $25 million for the repurchase of our Class A common stock and Warrants (the "2022 Repurchase Program"). During fiscal year 2024 there were no repurchases under the 2022 Repurchase Program and, as of December 31, 2024, we had a remaining balance of approximately $24 million under the 2022 Repurchase Program.

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this section to "the Company," "System1," "we," "us," "our" and other similar terms refer to System1, Inc and its subsidiaries.

 The following discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations of System1 should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion and analysis should also be read together with the section entitled "Organization and description of business" in Part II as of December 31, 2024. In addition to historical information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements. Our actual results may differ significantly from those projected in such forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause future results to differ materially from those projected in such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the sections entitled "Risk Factors" and "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements." in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Company Overview
 We operate an omnichannel customer acquisition platform, delivering high-intent customers to brands, advertisers and publishers.

 We provide our omnichannel customer acquisition platform services through our proprietary responsive acquisition marketing platform ("RAMP"). Operating seamlessly across major advertising networks and advertising category verticals to acquire end-users, RAMP allows us to monetize these acquired end users through our relationships with third party advertisers and advertising networks ("Advertising Partners"). RAMP operates across our network of owned and operated websites, allowing us to monetize user traffic that we source from various acquisition marketing channels, including Google, Meta, Outbrain, and TikTok. RAMP also allows third party advertising platforms and publishers ("Network Partners") to send user traffic to, and monetize end user traffic on, our owned and operated websites or through our monetization agreements.

 Through RAMP, we process daily advertising campaign optimizations and ingest over 12 billion rows of data daily across approximately 40 advertising vertical categories as of December 31, 2024. We are able to efficiently monetize user intent by linking data on consumer engagement, such as first party search data like traffic sources, device type and search queries, with data on monetization rates and advertising spend. This context-enriched data, combined with our proprietary and data science driven algorithms, creates a closed-loop system that is not reliant on personally identifiable information or information obtained through third-party cookies, but which allows RAMP to efficiently match consumer demand with the appropriate advertiser or advertising experience across advertising category verticals.

 We focus on monetizing user traffic acquired by our Network Partners. Since launching, it has expanded to support additional advertising formats across multiple advertising platforms, and has acquired several leading websites, enabling it to control the entire flow of the user acquisition experience, while monetizing user traffic through our network of owned and operated websites. As of December 31, 2024, we own and operate approximately 40 websites, including leading search engines like info.com and Startpage.com, and digital media publishing websites and internet utilities, such as HowStuffWorks, MapQuest, CouponFollow and ActiveBeat.

 Our primary operations are in the United States, and we also have operations in Canada and the Netherlands. Operations outside the United States are subject to risks inherent in operating under different legal systems as well as various political and economic environments. Among the risks are changes in existing tax laws, changes in the regulatory framework in foreign jurisdictions, data privacy laws, possible limitations on foreign investment and income repatriation, government foreign exchange controls, exposure to currency exchange fluctuations and employment laws impacting foreign employees. We do not engage in hedging activities to mitigate our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

 As a result of the current uncertainty in economic activity, including geopolitical developments and other macroeconomic factors such as rising interest rates, inflation and the impact of earlier supply chain disruptions, we are unable to predict the size and duration of the impact on our revenue and our results of operations.

 The Trebia Merger

 On June 28, 2021, we entered into a Business Combination Agreement (as amended on November 30, 2021, January 10, 2022 and January 25, 2022), ("Business Combination Agreement") by and among us, S1 Holdco, LLC ("S1 Holdco") and Total Security Limited, formerly known as Protected.net Group Limited ("Protected"). On January 26, 2022 ("Closing Date"), we consummated the business combination ("Merger") pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement. Following the consummation of the Merger, the combined company was organized via an "Up-C" structure, in which substantially all of the assets and business operations of System1 are held by S1 Holdco.

 Following the Merger, Trebia's ordinary shares and Public Warrants ("Warrants") ceased trading on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE"), and System1, Inc.'s Class A common stock and the public warrants began trading on the NYSE on January 28, 2022 under the symbols "SST" and "SST.WS," respectively.

 Sale of Protected

 On September 6, 2023, we announced that we had received a non-binding indication of intent from Just Develop It Limited ("JDI"), one of our significant shareholders, which is principally owned and managed by certain members of Protected's management team ("Purchasing Parties"), related to the potential acquisition of Protected, which operated our subscription business. Subsequently, on November 30, 2023, we completed the sale of Protected, pursuant to the terms of a share purchase agreement ("Share Purchase Agreement"). Pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement, the Purchasing Parties acquired all of the outstanding preference and ordinary shares of Protected ("Protected Disposition") for total consideration comprised of: (a) $240.0 million in cash, subject to certain adjustments, (b) the return and subsequent cancellation of approximately 29.1 million shares of our Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, owned by JDI and other entities and individuals affiliated with the Purchasing Parties and (c) confirmation from JDI, Protected and the Protected CEO that the financial performance benchmarks related to certain contingent earnout payments based on the future performance of Protected's business in an aggregate amount of up to $60.0 million included in the Business Combination Agreement will, as a result of the Protected Disposition, no longer be achievable.

 The results of operations of our Protected business are presented as net loss from discontinued operations in our consolidated statements of operations for the comparative period presented. Unless otherwise noted, the information contained in this Management Discussion and Analysis relates solely to our continuing operations and does not include the operations of our Protected business (see Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Note 17, Discontinued Operations").

 Reorganization

 On August 1, 2024, we undertook a corporate reorganization, the result of which was that all of the assets and business operations of the Company are now held by System1 Holdings, LLC ("System1 Holdings"), a newly formed intermediate holding company of which we maintain the controlling interest and in which the non-controlling interest is owned by the holders of our Class C common stock. Following the corporate reorganization, (a) System1 Holdings now owns 100% of S1 Holdco, the previous intermediate holding company with the non-controlling interests, and 100% of S1 Media, LLC ("S1 Media"), another new subsidiary formed in connection with the corporate reorganization, (b) S1 Media holds the assets and business operations associated with our owned and operated products businesses, which include NextGen Shopping, Inc. ("CouponFollow"), Startpage and Mapquest, and (c) S1 Holdco holds our remaining assets and business operations associated with our digital advertising businesses, including our proprietary RAMP platform. S1 Holdco and its subsidiaries remain obligors and guarantors under our Term Loan and 2022 Revolving Facility, and System1 Holdings and S1 Media are not parties thereto.

 Components of Our Results of Operations

 We earn revenue by directly acquiring traffic to our owned and operated websites and utilizing our RAMP platform and additional services to monetize end-users for our Advertising Partners. For this revenue stream, we are the principal in the transaction and report revenue on a gross basis for the amounts received from Advertising Partners. We have determined that we are the principal since we direct the use of our owned and operating websites, and as such have risk of loss on the user-traffic that we are acquiring for monetization with our Advertising Partners. Additionally, we maintain the website, provide the content and bear the cost and risk of loss associated with the digital online inventory available on our website.

 Revenue is also earned from revenue-sharing arrangements with our Network Partners related to the use of our RAMP platform and additional services provided to them in order to direct advertising by our Advertising Partners to their digital online inventory. We have determined that we are the agent in these transactions and therefore report revenue on a net basis, because our network partner runs the campaign to acquire user-traffic including managing traffic acquisition cost. We report the revenue generated under our revenue-sharing arrangements on a net basis, based on the difference between amounts received by us from our Advertising Partners, less amounts remitted to the Network Partners based on the underlying revenue-sharing agreements.

 We recognize revenue as we deliver user-traffic to our Advertising Partners based on a cost-per-click, cost-per-action or cost-per-thousand impression basis. The payment terms with our Advertising Partners are typically 30 days.

 Revenue may fluctuate from period to period due to a number of factors including seasonality and the shift in mix of user acquisition sources from Advertising Partners.
 We have two reportable segments:
 • Owned and Operated Advertising ("O&O"); and
 • Partner Network

 Operating Expenses

 We classify our operating expenses into the following categories:

 Cost of revenue (excluding depreciation and amortization). Cost of revenue (excluding depreciation and amortization) primarily consists of traffic acquisition costs, which are the costs to place advertisements to acquire customers to our websites and services, as well as domain name registration costs and licensing costs to provide mapping services to Mapquest.com. We do not pre-pay any traffic acquisition costs, and therefore, such costs are expensed as incurred.

 Salaries and benefits. Salaries and benefits expenses include salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, and employee benefits costs.

 Selling, general, and administrative. Selling, general, and administrative expenses consist of fees for software services, professional services, occupancy costs and travel and entertainment. These costs are expensed as incurred.

 Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expenses are primarily attributable to our capital investment(s) and consist of property and equipment depreciation and amortization of intangible assets with finite lives.

 Other Expenses
 Other expenses consist of the following:

 Interest expense, net. Interest expense consists of interest on our debt and the amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discount.

 Gain on extinguishment of debt. The recognition of the gain from the repurchase of a portion of our Term Loan at a discount. See Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data —Note 9, Debt, Net" for additional information.

 Loss on extinguishment of related-party debt. The recognition of the unamortized portion of the loan fees upon settlement of our related party debt and restructuring of a portion of the cash consideration held back in connection with our CouponFollow acquisition which was converted into a Promissory Note.

 Change in fair value of warrant liabilities. The mark to market of our liability-classified Warrants.

 During 2023 and through July 31, 2024, we were the sole managing member of S1 Holdco and, as a result, consolidate the financial results of S1 Holdco. S1 Holdco is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal and most applicable state and local income tax purposes. As a partnership, S1 Holdco is not subject to U.S. federal and certain state and local income taxes. Any taxable income or loss generated by S1 Holdco is passed through to and included in the taxable income or loss of its members, including us, on a pro rata basis. We are subject to U.S. federal income taxes, in addition to state and local income taxes with respect to its allocable share of any taxable income or loss of S1 Holdco, as well as any stand-alone income or loss generated by us.

 As of August 1, 2024, we are the sole managing member of System1 Holdings and, as a result, consolidate the financial results of System1 Holdings. System1 Holdings is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal and most applicable state and local income tax purposes. As a partnership, System1 Holdings is not subject to U.S. federal and certain state and local income taxes. Any taxable income or loss generated by System1 Holdings is passed through to and included in the taxable income or loss of its members, including us, on a pro rata basis. We are subject to U.S. federal income taxes, in addition to state and local income taxes with respect to its allocable share of any taxable income or loss of System1 Holdings, as well as any stand-alone income or loss generated by us.

 Results of Operations
 The following table sets forth our consolidated results of operations and our consolidated results of operations as a percentage of revenue for the periods presented (in thousands).

 Percentage of Revenue

 Percentage of Revenue

 $
 100%
 $
 100%

 Operating expenses:

 Cost of revenue (excluding depreciation and amortization)
 191,561
 56%
 248,745
 62%

 113,512
 33%
 106,505
 26%

 47,346
 14%
 54,307
 14%

 80,107
 23%
 78,403
 20%

 Total operating expenses
 432,526
 126%
 487,960
 121%

 Operating loss
 (88,601)
 (26)%
 (85,989)
 (21)%

 Other expense (income):

 Interest expense, net
 31,562
 9%
 48,745
 12%

 (20,109)
 (6)%
 —
 —%

 —
 —%
 2,004
 —%

 (2,386)
 (1)%
 (5,109)
 (1)%

 Total other expense, net
 9,067
 3%
 45,640
 11%

 Loss before income tax
 (97,668)
 (28)%
 (131,629)
 (33)%

 (370)
 —%
 (20,371)
 (5)%

 Net loss from continuing operations
 (97,298)
 (28)%
 (111,258)
 (28)%

 Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax
 —
 —%
 (174,327)
 (43)%

 (97,298)
 (28)%
 (285,585)
 (71)%

 Less: Net loss from continuing operations attributable to non-controlling interest
 (22,625)
 (7)%
 (25,531)
 (6)%

 Less: Net loss from discontinued operations attributable to non-controlling interest
 —
 —%
 (32,833)
 (8)%

 Net loss attributable to System1, Inc.
 $
 (74,673)
 (22)%
 $
 (227,221)
 (57)%

 * Percentages may not sum due to rounding

 Revenue and Cost Metrics

 The key non-financial performance metrics we use to evaluate our business, track the effectiveness of our operations and measure our performance are total advertising spend, number of Owned & Operated Advertising sessions ("O&O sessions"), number of Partner Network sessions ("Network sessions"), Owned & Operated Advertising revenue-per-session ("O&O RPS"), Owned & Operated Advertising cost-per-session ("O&O CPS") and Partner Network revenue-per-session ("Network RPS") to track our operations.

 We define total advertising spend as the amount of advertising that is spent by us to acquire traffic to our owned and operated websites. We believe total advertising spend is a relevant measure to gauge the effectiveness of our Company to deploy capital to acquire monetizable traffic to our Owned & Operated websites, which is a key driver of our Owned & Operated reportable segment.

 We define O&O sessions as the total number of monetizable user visits to our Owned & Operated Advertising websites. We define Network sessions as the number of monetizable user visits delivered by our Network Partners to RAMP. Monetizable visits exclude those visits identified by our Advertising Partners as spam, bot, or other invalid traffic.

 We define O&O RPS as O&O revenue divided by O&O sessions. We define Network RPS as Network Partner revenue divided by Network sessions. We believe both O&O RPS and Network RPS are key measures to evaluate our effectiveness in converting monetizable traffic into revenue.

 We define O&O CPS as advertising spend divided by O&O sessions. We believe O&O CPS is a relevant measure to gauge the efficiency of operations and processes in deploying advertising spend, especially when evaluated in combination with total advertising spend.

 The following table presents our revenue by reportable segment (in thousands):

 For The Year Ended December 31,
 Change

 2024
 2023
 ($)
 (%)

 $
 281,930
 $
 328,934
 $
 (47,004)
 (14)%

 61,995
 73,037
 (11,042)
 (15)%

 Total revenue
 $
 $
 $
 (58,046)
 (14)%

 Owned and Operated Advertising revenue decreased by $47.0 million, or 14% compared to the prior comparative period, primarily due to a decreased supply of consumer sessions available to be acquired on certain marketing channels. For the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the prior comparative period, O&O sessions increased 3,355 million to 7,183 million from 3,828 million and O&O RPS decreased by approximately $0.05 from $0.09 to $0.04. The declines in O&O RPS were primarily related to a mix shift to lower revenue per share ("RPS") traffic.

 Partner Network revenue decreased $11.0 million, or 15%, compared to the prior comparative period impacted by instability experienced in the Advertising Partner ecosystem generally starting in the fourth quarter of 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to prior year, sessions increased 4,487 million to 7,777 million from 3,290 million, and Network RPS decreased by approximately $0.01 to $0.01 from $0.02. The declines in Network RPS are primarily due to a mix shift to lower RPS traffic.

 Cost of revenue (excluding depreciation and amortization)

 Cost of revenue (excluding depreciation and amortization) decreased $57.2 million, or 23%, primarily due to a decrease of $47.5 million in our Owned & Operated reportable segment, which was directionally consistent with the decrease in revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to prior year, our O&O CPS decreased $0.04 to $0.02 from $0.06.

 Our chief operating decision maker measures and evaluates reportable segments based on segment operating revenue and adjusted gross profit. We define and calculate adjusted gross profit as revenue less advertising expense incurred to acquire users. The remaining cost of revenue consists of non-advertising expenses such as set-up costs, royalties and fees. We exclude the following items from segment adjusted gross profit: depreciation and

 amortization of property, equipment and leasehold improvements, amortization of intangible assets and, at times, certain other transactions or adjustments.

 The following table presents our adjusted gross profit by reportable segment (in thousands):

 For The Year Ended December 31,
 Change

 2024
 2023
 ($)
 (%)

 $
 108,209
 $
 107,696
 $
 —%

 51,859
 53,420
 (1,561)
 (3)%

 Total adjusted gross profit
 $
 160,068
 $
 161,116
 $
 (1,048)
 (1)%

 See the Revenue and Cost of revenue (excluding depreciation and amortization) discussions above.

 Salaries and benefits expense increased $7.0 million, or 7% compared to the prior comparative period. The increase was primarily due to $17.8 million in CouponFollow share-based compensation expense and $0.9 million in Stock Appreciation Rights ("SARs") Tranche I awards. This was partially offset by a $7.8 million decrease in stock-based compensation due to Replacement Awards fully vesting and a $3.5 million decrease in payroll-related expenses due to a reduction in workforce between the comparative periods.

 Selling, general, and administrative expense decreased $7.0 million, or 13% compared to the prior comparative period. The decrease was primarily due to a $6.8 million decrease in advisory and consulting fees and a decline in bad debt expense of $2.3 million. This decrease was partially offset by a $2.5 million increase due to a class action complaint settlement. See Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Note 8, Commitments and Contingencies" for additional information regarding the class action complaint settlement.

 Depreciation and amortization expense increased $1.7 million, or 2% compared to the prior comparative period primarily due to increased amortization for our continued investment in internally developed software.

 Interest expense, net

 Interest expense, net decreased $17.2 million, or 35%, compared to the prior comparative period primarily due to a lower outstanding debt balance as we repurchased and repaid a portion of our Term loan balance.

 Gain on extinguishment of debt increased $20.1 million compared to the prior comparative period due to the repurchase of our principal debt balances via a Dutch auction and direct buy backs.

 Loss on extinguishment of related-party debt decreased $2.0 million compared to the prior comparative period due to the recognition of the unamortized portion of the loan fees upon settlement of our related party debt and restructuring of a portion of the cash consideration held back in connection with our CouponFollow acquisition which was converted into a Promissory Note, in the prior period.

 Change in fair value of warrant liabilities decreased $2.7 million, or 53% compared to the prior comparative period. The decrease is due to the $2.4 million fair value remeasurement of our warrant liabilities during the current period. Fair value fluctuations are driven by the market value of our public warrants.

 The difference between the effective tax rates for the periods presented and the federal statutory tax rate of 21% was primarily due to the exclusion of non-controlling income (loss), effects of predecessor flow through income allocations, changes in unrecognized tax benefits, valuation allowance and outside basis adjustments.

 Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax

 Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax is comprised of the net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax and only includes direct operating expenses incurred that: (1) are clearly identifiable as costs being disposed of upon completion of the sale, and (2) will not be continued by us on an ongoing basis, goodwill impairment charge, final loss on sale and the results of operations of our subscription business segment, which was sold on November 30, 2023.

 Indirect expenses which supported our subscription business, and which remained as part of the continuing operations following the sale are not reflected in loss from discontinued operations, net of tax.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 We expect existing cash and cash equivalents and cash flows from operating and financing activities to continue to be sufficient to fund our operating and cash commitments for investing and financing activities for at least the next twelve months. Our principal sources of liquidity have historically been from cash received in the Merger, indebtedness available under our credit facilities, other indebtedness, sale of our Protected business segment, and cash flows from operations. Our principal sources of liquidity are expected to be from cash on hand and cash flows from operating and financing activities. Our ability to fund future operating expenses and capital expenditures, and our ability to meet our future debt service obligations, will depend on our ability to execute on our operational strategy and may be affected by our profitability, as well as general economic, financial and other factors which are beyond our control.

 We continue to develop and implement plans to improve our liquidity. Our main focus is executing on our operational strategy, which includes continued focus on expanding the number of advertising partners that are utilizing or integrated with RAMP by continuing to attract and monetize users with commercial intent on our owned and operated web properties and on behalf of our Network Partners as well as optimizing bids and driving higher returns on advertising spend. Additionally, we are focused on our current cost structure by reducing our cash operating expenses and debt service obligations. Adverse macroeconomic conditions have affected, and may in the future affect, the demand for advertising, resulting in fluctuations in the amounts our advertisers spend on advertising, which could have a negative impact on our financial condition and operating results.

 As of December 31, 2024, we had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $63.6 million and $50.0 million available to borrow on our 2022 Revolving Facility. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we had cash outflows of $75.5 million. The principal drivers of our cash outflows were $61.8 million repayment of our Term Loan, $6.2 million of capitalized software development costs and $5.3 million related to net change in operations and working capital.

 Our revenue is dependent on two key Advertising Partners, which are Google and Microsoft. See our concentration with customers discussion at Item 8 "Financial Statements and supplementary data — Note 14, Segment Reporting" for additional information.

 Credit Facilities

 Term Loan

 In connection with the Merger, we entered into a new loan ("Term Loan") and revolving facility ("2022 Revolving Facility" and, together with the Term Loan "Credit Agreement") with Bank of America, N.A. as administrative agent, on January 27, 2022, providing for a 5.5 year Term Loan with an initial principal balance of $400.0 million. A portion of the net proceeds of $376.0 million were used by us to settle the outstanding debt of $172.0 million with Cerberus Business Finance, LLC. The 2022 Revolving Facility provided borrowing availability of up to $50.0 million. As of December 31, 2024, there was no balance outstanding on the 2022 Revolving Facility and principal of $280.1 million was outstanding on the Term Loan. Through December 31, 2025, $5.0 million of the Term Loan is payable quarterly. From March 31, 2026, $7.5 million of the Term Loan is payable quarterly. The Term Loan matures in 2027.

 For every interest period, the interest rate on the Term Loan is the adjusted Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 4.75%. The Term Loan is amortized in quarterly installments on each scheduled payment date. The Term Loan comes with a leverage ratio covenant, which goes into effect only if the utilization on the 2022 Revolving Facility exceeds 35% of the total availability under the 2022 Revolving Facility at each quarter-end starting from the first full quarter after the effective date of the Merger, such that the first lien leverage ratio (as defined in the credit agreement) should not exceed 5.40. The Credit Agreement has certain financial and nonfinancial covenants, including the "springing" leverage ratio covenant described above. The Credit Agreement also requires that we deliver our audited consolidated financial statements to our lenders within 120 days of our fiscal year end, December 31. Should we fail to distribute the financial statements to our lender within 120 days, we have an additional 30 days to cure such default.

 The 2022 Revolving Facility matures in January 2027, and accordingly, it is classified within long-term debt, net on the consolidated balance sheet. The interest rate on the 2022 Revolving Facility is the adjusted SOFR plus 2.5% with an adjusted SOFR floor of 0%. In March 2022, we borrowed $49.0 million under our 2022 Revolving Facility, to fund a portion of the purchase price related to the CouponFollow acquisition. In October 2022, we borrowed the remaining $1.0 million available. In December 2023, we repaid the full $50 million that was outstanding. During 2024 we did not have any borrowings from the 2022 Revolving Facility and at December 31, 2024, there was no outstanding balance.

 We have been able to and expect to be able to continue to make the required payments of principal and interest on the Credit Agreement (as and when due) on a timely basis.

 During 2024, we completed the repurchase of $64.9 million in principal amount of our Term Loan for an aggregate purchase price of $41.6 million (at discount of 64.1% of its par value). Following the repurchases on January 17, 2024 and April 30, 2024, the outstanding principal amount of the Term Loan was $301.3 million and $295.0 million, respectively. We used available cash on hand to fund the repurchase.

 2023 Revolving Note

 On April 10, 2023, we entered into a $20.0 million Revolving Note ("2023 Revolving Note") with trusts established for the benefit of our co-founders ("Lenders"). Each Lender provided a $10.0 million commitment for an aggregate principal of $20.0 million under the 2023 Revolving Note.

 Any borrowed loan amounts outstanding under the 2023 Revolving Note accrue interest at the rate of SOFR plus 3.15%. The maturity date under the 2023 Revolving Note is July 10, 2024 ("Maturity Date") with automatic three-month extensions, unless we or any Lender provides written notice of our election not to extend the 2023 Revolving Note, unless there is an event of default that is then continuing as the time of such extension. The Lenders are also entitled to (i) an unused commitment fee equal to 1.0% per annum of the actual daily amount of total unfunded commitments under the 2023 Revolving Note during the period from the closing date to the maturity date, payable quarterly in arrears and (ii) a closing loan fee equal to 12.0% of each Lender's commitment under the

 2023 Revolving Note, or $2.4 million in total. The closing loan fee was originally payable within 180 days of April 10, 2023, but which payment was subsequently extended to November 30, 2023. The full amount of $2.4 million closing loan fee was paid as of December 31, 2023. Further, this closing loan fee was capitalized in prepaid and other current assets, and amortized on a straight-line basis through the Maturity Date. As of December 31, 2023 there was no balance outstanding on the 2023 Revolver Note, and we terminated the 2023 Revolver Note.

 Senior Unsecured Promissory Note

 On September 6, 2023, we entered into a $5.2 million Senior Unsecured Promissory Note (the "Promissory Note") with the CouponFollow seller and an employee of ours ("Lender"), in order to convert the amount owed to him as a result of the acquisition of CouponFollow into a loan to us (the "Loan"). The amount of the Loan was equal to the amount of the Holdback liability of $5.2 million owed to the Lender.

 The Promissory Note accrues interest at SOFR plus 3.15%. Under the terms of the agreement, the Promissory Note became due and payable immediately upon sale of Protected. Per the terms of the note we (i) must prepay the Loan under certain circumstances, which include consummation of a strategic transaction, the refinancing of the existing credit agreement, the incurrence by us of any indebtedness exceeding $2.5 million, or the sale of any of our assets in excess of $2.5 million; (ii) may prepay the Loan at any time without penalty or interest; and (iii) must make four substantially equal amortization payments on April 1, 2024, May 1, 2024, June 1, 2024, and July 1, 2024, unless there is an event of default, including a continuing event of default on the Credit Agreement, at which point the holder may declare all amounts due immediately. The Lender under the Promissory Note is also entitled to a closing fee equal to 12% of the initial principal amount outstanding under the Promissory Note with 50% paid on October 15, 2023 and the remaining 50% due on December 15, 2023. We recorded expense of approximately $0.6 million within loss on extinguishment of related-party debt on our consolidated statements of operations, which related to the 12% closing fee payable to the Lender. Upon completion of the Protected disposal, the Promissory Note, accrued interest and the remaining 50% of the closing fee was settled.

 Term Note

 On October 6, 2023, we entered into a $2.5 million Term Loan Note ("Term Note") with Openmail2, LLC ("Term Lender"), which is principally owned and managed by trusts established for the benefit of our co-founders.

 The amounts outstanding under the Term Note accrue interest at the rate per annum equal to the SOFR plus 5.75%. The maturity date under the Term Note is December 31, 2024, unless there is an event of default, including a continuing event of default on the credit agreement, at which point the holder may declare all amounts due immediately. We must prepay the Loan under certain circumstances, which include (i) the consummation of a strategic transaction or (ii) upon the full refinancing and termination of the existing credit agreement. The Lender was also entitled to a closing fee equal to 10.0% of the principal amount of the Term Note, payable within 180 days of October 6, 2023. Upon completion of the Protected disposal, the Term Note, accrued interest and closing fee was settled. The previously unamortized portion of the loan fee of $0.2 million was included in loss on extinguishment of related-party debt on our consolidated statements of operations.

 Secured Facility

 On October 6, 2023, Protected, our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary at the time, entered into a Secured Facility Agreement providing for a $10.0 million term loan ("Secured Facility") with a subsidiary of JDI ("Secured Lender"), one of our significant shareholders, which is principally owned and managed by certain members of the Protected management team. Pursuant to the Secured Facility, the Secured Lender provided a $10.0 million commitment to Protected, which amount was (i) drawn down in full on the closing date and (ii) secured by the assets of Protected pursuant to a deed granted in favor of the Secured Lender pursuant to a Debenture between Protected and the Secured Lender, dated October 6, 2023.

 The amounts outstanding under the Secured Facility accrue interest at the rate of 8.5% per annum. The amounts outstanding under the Secured Facility are due upon the earlier of (i) October 6, 2024 or (ii) the date on

 which Protected undergoes a Change of Control. The Secured Lender was also entitled to a closing fee equal to 12.0% the principal amount of the borrowings under the Secured Facility, which was paid in full on the closing date. In addition, Protected agreed to reimburse the Secured Lender for their reasonable and documented costs incurred in connection with the negotiation, documentation and execution of the Secured Facility. Upon completion of the Protected disposal, the Secured Facility, the related loan fee and an early settlement fee were settled. The previously unamortized portion of the loan fee and the early settlement fee for an aggregate amount of $1.4 million was included in net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax on our consolidated statements of operations.

 Cash Flows

 The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented (in thousands):

 Net cash used in operating activities
 $
 (5,255)
 $
 (24,742)

 Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities
 $
 (6,255)
 $
 203,179

 Net cash used in financing activities
 $
 (63,961)
 $
 (74,072)

 Operating Activities

 Our cash flows from operating activities are primarily impacted by growth in our operations, timing of collections from our partners and related payments to our suppliers for advertising inventory and data. We typically pay suppliers in advance of collections from our clients and our collection and payment cycles can vary from period to period. In addition, seasonality may impact cash flows from operating activities on a sequential quarterly basis during the year.

 In the year ended December 31, 2024, cash used in operating activities of $5.3 million resulted primarily from a net loss of $97.3 million, offset by $95.0 million of non-cash items, comprised of $80.1 million depreciation and amortization expense, $15.8 million stock based compensation expense, $17.9 million shared based compensation liability expense and $20.1 million gain on extinguishment of debt. Net cash used for working capital was $2.9 million

 In the year ended December 31, 2023, cash provided by operating activities of $24.7 million resulted primarily from a net loss of $285.6 million, payment of long term earnout liabilities of $20.0 million, a decrease in accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $19.4 million and a noncash tax benefit of $22.3 million. This was partially offset by noncash items including an impairment of goodwill of $115.5 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $105.2 million, and stock-based compensation expense of $53.1 million and a decrease in accounts receivable of $20.9 million and an increase in deferred revenue of $15.3 million.

 Investing Activities

 In the year ended December 31, 2024, cash used in investing activities of $6.3 million resulted primarily from capitalization of software development costs.

 In the year ended December 31, 2023, cash provided by investing activities of $203.2 million resulted primarily from proceeds from the sale of our Protected business segment on November 30, 2023.

 Financing Activities

 Our financing activities consisted primarily of borrowings and repayments of our indebtedness under our credit facilities and redemptions of our Class A common stock.

 In the year ended December 31, 2024, cash used in financing activities of $64.0 million resulted primarily from repayment of principal and interest on the Term Loan.

 In the year ended December 31, 2023, cash used in financing activities of $74.1 million resulted primarily from repayment of the 2022 Revolving Facility of $50.0 million and repayment of our Term Loan of $20.0 million.

 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

 We do not have any relationships with entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities that have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. We did not have any other off-balance sheet arrangements during the periods presented other than the indemnification agreements.

 Contractual Obligations and Known Future Cash Requirements

 Service Agreements

 In June 2021, we entered into a multi-year agreement with a service provider whereby we are contractually obligated to spend $5.0 million annually between July 2023 and June 2026. As of December 31, 2024, we remain contractually obligated to spend a remaining $6.2 million towards this commitment.

 Contingencies

 From time to time, we are subject to contingencies that arise in the ordinary course of business. We record an accrual for a contingency when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. We do not currently believe the resolution of any such contingencies will have a material adverse effect upon our consolidated financial statements.

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

 The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period.

 We believe that the accounting estimates below are most critical to understanding our financial condition and historical and future results of operations. Significant estimates affecting the consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis of the most current and best available information, including historical experience, known trends and other market-specific or other relevant factors that we believe to be reasonable. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates, as there are changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Changes in estimates are recorded in periods when they become known. However, actual results from the resolution of such estimates and assumptions may vary from those used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements.

 Goodwill

 We perform annual impairment testing on goodwill in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year or when events occur or circumstances change that would, more likely than not, reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. We have the option (i) to assess goodwill for possible impairment by performing a qualitative analysis to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount or (ii) to perform the quantitative impairment test. The quantitative impairment test involves comparing the estimated fair value of a reporting unit with its respective carrying amount, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value exceeds the carrying amount, goodwill is considered not to be impaired. If, however, the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the excess, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.

 The fair values of our reporting units are computed through weighting a discounted cash flow model and a reference transaction model which include inputs developed using both internal and market-based data. The key assumptions in a discounted cash flow model include, but are not limited to, the weighted average cost of capital, revenue growth rates (including long-term growth rates), and operating margins. The weighted average cost of capital reflects the increases in market interest rates. The reference transaction model derives indications of value based on mergers and acquisition transactions in the digital advertising industry. Key assumptions in these models include, but are not limited to, the selection of comparable transactions, revenue and "EBITDA" is defined as net income or loss before results from discontinued operations, interest, income tax expense or benefit, and depreciation and amortization multiples and EBITDA margins from those transactions. Unanticipated events or circumstances may occur that could affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results.

 Stock-Based Compensation

 Compensation cost related to stock-based payments is measured based on the fair value of the units issued and recognized in salaries and benefits expenses on our consolidated statement of operations. We have elected to treat stock-based payment awards with time-based service condition(s) only as a single award, with the related compensation expense recognized on a straight-line basis. The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model to value equity in the Predecessor period are based upon the following; (i) The fair value of S1 Holdco's equity was determined by S1 Holdco's Board of Directors, with input from management and contemporaneous valuation reports prepared by a third-party valuation specialist, as the equity was not publicly traded, (ii) The expected term of the award is estimated by considering the contractual term and vesting period of the award, the employees' expected exercise behavior and the post-vesting employee turnover rate. For non-employees, the expected life equals the contractual term of the award, (iii) The risk-free interest rate is based on published U.S. Treasury Department interest rates for the expected term of the underlying award and (iv) The volatility was based on the expected unit price volatility of the underlying units over the expected term of the award which is based upon historical share price data of an index of comparable publicly traded companies.

 Income Taxes

 We are the sole managing member of System1 Holdings and, as a result, consolidate the financial results of System1 Holdings. System1 Holdings is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal and most applicable state and local income tax purposes. As a partnership, System1 Holdings is not subject to U.S. federal and certain state and local income taxes. Any taxable income or loss generated by System1 Holdings is passed through to and included in the taxable income or loss of our members, including us, on a pro rata basis. We are subject to U.S. federal income taxes, in addition to state and local income taxes with respect to our allocable share of any taxable income or loss of System1 Holdings, as well as any stand-alone income or loss generated by us. Various of our subsidiaries are subject to income tax in the United States and in other countries.

 We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities ("DTAs" and "DTLs", as applicable) for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, we determine DTAs and DTLs on the basis of the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities by using enacted tax

 rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on DTAs and DTLs is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

 We recognize DTAs to the extent that we believe that these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, carryback potential if permitted under the tax law, and results of operations. If we determine that we would not be able to realize our DTAs in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we would make an adjustment to the valuation allowance, which would increase the provision for income taxes.

 We record uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process in which (1) it determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of our technical merits and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. We recognize both accrued interest and penalties, when appropriate, in the provision for income taxes on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

 Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

 For information regarding recent accounting pronouncements, see Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies".

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk.

 We have operations within the United States and internationally, and we are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks primarily include interest rate and foreign currency exchange risk.

 Interest Rate Risk

 We are exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates on our Term Loan and 2022 Revolving Facility, both of which accrue interest at a variable rate. The interest rate on our Term Loan is the adjusted Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 4.75%. As of December 31, 2024, $280.1 million was outstanding on our Term Loan. We have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure with respect to our Term Loan. As of December 31, 2024, a hypothetical one percentage point increase or decrease in the variable interest rate of our Term Loan and our 2022 Revolving Facility would result in a corresponding increase or decrease in interest expense of approximately $2.8 million annually. The interest rate on the 2022 Revolving Facility is the adjusted SOFR plus 2.5% with an adjusted SOFR floor of 0%. As of December 31, 2024, we had $50.0 million available on the 2022 Revolving Facility.

 Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

 The majority of our revenue is denominated in U.S. dollars; however, we do own assets, incur liabilities, earn revenue and pay expenses, in countries using currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the Canadian dollar and Euro. Because our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars, we must translate assets and liabilities as well as revenue, income and expenses, into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect during or at the end of each reporting period. Therefore, increases or decreases in the value of the U.S. dollar against other currencies will affect our balance sheet, statements of operations and statement of cash flows. The resulting currency translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss within stockholders' equity. We generally do not mitigate the risks associated with fluctuating exchange rates because we typically incur expenses and generate revenue in these currencies and the cumulative impact of these foreign exchange fluctuations are not deemed material to our financial performance.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

 Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms (PCAOB ID 34 and 238)

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of System1, Inc.

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of System1, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity and cash flows, for the year ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

 Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
 Los Angeles, California

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2024.

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of System1, Inc.

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the consolidated balance sheet of System1, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders' equity and cash flows for the year then ended, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 Basis for Opinion

 These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

 Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
 Los Angeles, California
 March 15, 2024

 We served as the Company's auditor from 2020 to 2024.

 Consolidated Balance Sheets
 (In thousands, except per share amounts)

 ASSETS

 Current assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 63,607
 $
 135,343

 Restricted cash, current
 3,970
 3,813

 Accounts receivable, net
 62,916
 56,093

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 3,984
 6,754

 Total current assets
 134,477
 202,003

 Restricted cash, non-current
 4,294

 Property and equipment, net
 2,104
 3,084

 Internal-use software development costs, net
 14,436
 11,425

 Intangible assets, net
 222,341
 297,001

 Goodwill
 82,407
 82,407

 Operating lease right-of-use assets
 2,644
 4,732

 Other non-current assets

 Total assets
 $
 459,129
 $
 605,470

 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Current liabilities:

 Accounts payable
 $
 10,401
 $
 9,499

 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
 76,200
 59,314

 Operating lease liabilities, current
 2,089
 2,333

 Debt, net
 16,405
 15,271

 Total current liabilities
 105,095
 86,417

 Operating lease liabilities, non-current
 1,365
 3,582

 Long-term debt, net
 255,118
 334,232

 Warrant liability
 2,688

 Deferred tax liability
 6,199
 8,307

 Other non-current liabilities
 6,054

 Total liabilities
 374,133
 436,155

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)

 Stockholders' equity:

 Class A common stock - $ 0.0001 par value; 500,000 shares authorized, 73,653 and 65,855 Class A shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 Class C common stock - $ 0.0001 par value; 25,000 shares authorized, 18,704 and 21,513 Class C shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 Additional paid-in capital
 863,033
 843,112

 Accumulated deficit
 ( 782,335)
 ( 707,662)

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 443)
 ( 181)

 Total stockholders' equity attributable to System1, Inc.
 80,264
 135,278

 Non-controlling interest
 4,732
 34,037

 Total stockholders' equity
 84,996
 169,315

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
 $
 459,129
 $
 605,470

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Operations
 (In thousands, except for per share amounts)

 $
 $

 Operating expenses:

 Cost of revenue (excluding depreciation and amortization)
 191,561
 248,745

 113,512
 106,505

 47,346
 54,307

 80,107
 78,403

 Total operating expenses
 432,526
 487,960

 Operating loss
 ( 88,601)
 ( 85,989)

 Other expense (income):

 Interest expense, net
 31,562
 48,745

 ( 20,109)
 —

 —
 2,004

 ( 2,386)
 ( 5,109)

 Total other expense, net
 9,067
 45,640

 Loss before income tax
 ( 97,668)
 ( 131,629)

 ( 370)
 ( 20,371)

 Net loss from continuing operations
 ( 111,258)

 Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax
 —
 ( 174,327)

 ( 285,585)

 Less: Net loss from continuing operations attributable to non-controlling interest
 ( 22,625)
 ( 25,531)

 Less: Net loss from discontinued operations attributable to non-controlling interest
 —
 ( 32,833)

 Net loss attributable to System1, Inc.
 $
 $
 ( 227,221)

 Amounts attributable to System1, Inc.:

 Net loss from continuing operations
 $
 $
 ( 85,727)

 Net loss from discontinued operations
 —
 ( 141,494)

 Net loss attributable to System1, Inc.
 $
 $
 ( 227,221)

 Basic and diluted net loss per share:

 Continuing operations
 $
 ( 1.07)
 $
 ( 0.94)

 Discontinued operations
 —
 ( 1.54)

 Basic and diluted net loss per share
 $
 ( 1.07)
 $
 ( 2.48)

 Weighted average number of shares outstanding - basic and diluted
 69,554
 91,454

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss
 (In thousands)

 $
 $
 ( 285,585)

 Other comprehensive (loss) income

 Foreign currency translation (loss) income
 ( 500)

 Comprehensive loss
 ( 97,798)
 ( 285,550)

 Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interest
 ( 22,863)
 ( 58,364)

 Comprehensive loss attributable to System1, Inc.
 $
 ( 74,935)
 $
 ( 227,186)

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity
 (In thousands)

 Class A
common stock
 Class C
common stock

 Shares
 Amount
 Shares
 Amount
 Additional Paid-In-Capital
 Accumulated Deficit
 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
 Non-Controlling Interest
 Total Stockholders'Equity

 Balance at December 31, 2022
 91,674
 $
 21,747
 $
 $
 831,566
 $
 ( 439,296)
 $
 ( 260)
 $
 78,650
 $
 470,671

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 227,221)
 ( 58,364)
 ( 285,585)

 Cumulative-effect of adoption of ASU 2016-13
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 327)
 —
 —
 ( 327)

 Issuance of common stock in connection with settlement of incentive plan
 —
 —
 —
 1,818
 —
 —
 ( 160)
 1,658

 Conversion of Class C shares to Class A shares
 —
 ( 234)
 —
 1,048
 —
 —
 ( 1,048)
 —

 Tax receivable agreement liability and deferred taxes arising from LLC interest ownership exchanges and the issuance of common stock from equity incentive plans
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of restricted stock, net of forfeitures and shares withheld for taxes
 2,615
 —
 —
 ( 1,108)
 —
 —
 ( 1,011)
 ( 2,118)

 Common stock cancelled in connection with disposition of business
 ( 29,075)
 ( 3)
 —
 —
 ( 13,570)
 ( 40,818)
 —
 13,571
 ( 40,820)

 Other comprehensive income (loss)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 44)

 Stock-based compensation
 —
 —
 —
 —
 23,072
 —
 —
 2,540
 25,612

 Distribution to members
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 97)
 ( 97)

 Balance at December 31, 2023
 65,855
 $
 21,513
 $
 $
 843,112
 $
 ( 707,662)
 $
 ( 181)
 $
 34,037
 $
 169,315

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 22,625)

 Issuance of common stock in connection with settlement of incentive plan
 —
 —
 —
 2,464
 —
 —
 ( 757)
 1,707

 Conversion of Class C shares to Class A shares
 2,809
 —
 ( 2,809)
 —
 3,291
 —
 —
 ( 3,291)
 —

 Tax receivable agreement liability and deferred taxes arising from LLC interest ownership exchanges and the issuance of common stock from equity incentive plans
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 4,502)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 4,502)

 Issuance of restricted stock, net of forfeitures and shares withheld for taxes
 3,551
 —
 —
 —
 1,583
 —
 —
 ( 2,630)
 ( 1,047)

 Issuance of restricted stock for vested replacement awards
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive income (loss)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 262)
 ( 238)
 ( 500)

 Stock-based compensation
 —
 —
 —
 —
 17,085
 —
 —
 17,348

 Distribution to members
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 27)
 ( 27)

 Balance at December 31, 2024
 73,653
 $
 18,704
 $
 $
 863,033
 $
 ( 782,335)
 $
 ( 443)
 $
 4,732
 $
 84,996

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
 (In thousands)

 Cash Flows from Operating Activities

 $
 $
 ( 285,585)

 Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:

 80,107
 105,208

 Stock-based compensation
 15,763
 53,085

 Impairment of goodwill
 —
 115,483

 Shared-based compensation liabilities
 17,949
 —

 Impairment of assets held for sale
 —
 3,276

 Loss on sale of business
 —
 4,247

 Amortization of debt issuance costs
 3,914
 6,418

 Noncash lease expense
 1,991
 1,680

 ( 2,386)
 ( 5,109)

 Deferred tax benefits
 ( 2,103)
 ( 22,330)

 ( 20,109)
 —

 —
 2,004

 Other, net
 ( 161)
 2,042

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities

 Accounts receivable
 ( 6,802)
 20,857

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 2,846
 5,207

 Accounts payable
 ( 6,796)

 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
 1,992
 ( 19,438)

 Deferred revenue
 ( 364)
 15,273

 Long-term earnout liabilities
 —
 ( 20,000)

 Other non-current liabilities
 ( 1,497)
 ( 264)

 Net cash used in operating activities
 ( 5,255)
 ( 24,742)

 Cash Flows from Investing Activities

 Purchases of property and equipment
 ( 31)
 ( 2,353)

 Capitalized software development costs
 ( 6,224)
 ( 5,607)

 Proceeds from sale of business, net of cash sold

 —
 211,139

 Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities
 ( 6,255)
 203,179

 Cash Flows from Financing Activities

 Proceeds from related-party loan, net of lender fees
 —
 11,278

 Repayments of related party loan, inclusive of lender fees
 —
 ( 2,699)

 Proceeds from 2023 Revolving Note
 —
 64,000

 Repayment of 2023 Revolving Note, inclusive of lender fees
 —
 ( 66,400)

 Repayment of Term Loan
 ( 61,786)
 ( 20,000)

 Repayment of 2022 Revolving Facility
 —
 ( 50,000)

 Payment of acquisition holdback
 —
 ( 1,935)

 Payment of promissory note
 —
 ( 5,156)

 Taxes paid related to net settlement of stock awards
 ( 2,148)
 ( 3,063)

 Distributions to members, net of contributions

 ( 27)
 ( 97)

 Net cash used in financing activities
 ( 63,961)
 ( 74,072)

 Effect of exchange rate changes in cash, cash equivalent and restricted cash
 ( 31)

 Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 ( 75,502)
 104,375

 Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of the period
 143,450
 39,075

 Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of the period
 $
 67,948
 $
 143,450

 Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to the consolidated balance sheets:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 63,607
 $
 135,343

 Restricted cash
 4,341
 8,107

 Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 $
 67,948
 $
 143,450

 Supplemental cash flow information:

 Cash (refunds) paid for income taxes
 $
 ( 1,617)
 $
 7,102

 Cash paid for interest
 $
 30,677
 $
 42,875

 Cash paid for operating lease liabilities
 $
 2,583
 $
 2,141

 Stock-based compensation included in capitalized software development costs
 $
 1,382
 $
 2,008

 Settlement of incentive plan through issuance of common stock
 $
 1,707
 $
 1,658

 Restructuring of holdback liability to promissory note
 $
 —
 $
 5,156

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 1. Organization and Description of Business

 System1, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company", "we", "our" or "us") operate an omnichannel customer acquisition platform, delivering high-intent customers to brands, advertisers and publishers.

 We provide our omnichannel customer acquisition platform services through our proprietary responsive acquisition marketing platform ("RAMP"). Operating seamlessly across major advertising networks and advertising category verticals to acquire end-users, RAMP allows us to monetize such end users through our relationships with third party advertisers and advertising networks ("Advertising Partners"). RAMP operates across our network of owned and operated websites and related products, allowing us to monetize user traffic that we source from various acquisition marketing channels, including Google, Meta, Outbrain, and TikTok. RAMP also allows third party advertising platforms and publishers ("Network Partners"), to send user traffic to, and monetize end user traffic on, our owned and operated websites or through our monetization agreements.

 Our primary operations are in the United States, and we also have operations in Canada and the Netherlands. Operations outside the United States are subject to risks inherent in operating under different legal systems, as well as various political and economic environments. Among these risks are changes in existing tax laws, changes in the regulatory framework in foreign jurisdictions, data privacy laws, possible limitations on foreign investment and income repatriation, government foreign exchange controls, exposure to currency exchange fluctuations and employment laws impacting foreign employees. We do not engage in hedging activities to mitigate our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

 On June 28, 2021, we entered into a Business Combination Agreement (as amended on November 30, 2021, January 10, 2022 and January 25, 2022), ("Business Combination Agreement") by and among us, S1 Holdco, LLC ("S1 Holdco") and Total Security Limited, formerly known as Protected.net Group Limited ("Protected"). On January 26, 2022 ("Closing Date"), we consummated the business combination ("Merger") pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement.

 We, through Total Security Limited, formerly known as Protected.net Group Limited ("Protected"), also provided antivirus software solutions, offering customers a single packaged solution that provides protection and reporting to the end user. On November 30, 2023, we completed the sale of Protected, including our antivirus and consumer privacy software solutions, pursuant to the terms of a share purchase agreement ("Share Purchase Agreement"). Pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement, Just Develop It Limited ("JDI"), one of our significant shareholders, which is principally owned and managed by certain members of the Protected management team ("Purchasing Parties"), acquired all of the outstanding preference and ordinary shares ("Protected Disposition") of Protected for total consideration comprised: (a) $ 240.0 million in cash, subject to certain adjustments, (b) the return and subsequent cancellation of approximately 29.1 million shares of our Class A common stock, par value $ 0.0001 per share, owned by the Purchasing Parties and (c) confirmation from JDI, Protected and the Protected CEO that the financial performance benchmarks related to certain contingent earnout payments (the "Protected Incentive Plan") based on the future performance of Protected's business in an aggregate amount of up to $ 60.0 million contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement related to the Merger, will, as a result of the Protected Disposition, no longer be achievable.

 The results of operations of our Protected business prior to its sale are presented as net loss from discontinued operations in our consolidated statements of operations for all periods presented (see Note 17, Discontinued Operations).

 On August 1, 2024, we undertook a corporate reorganization, the result of which was that all of the assets and business operations of the company are now held by System1 Holdings, LLC ("System1 Holdings"), a newly formed intermediate holding company of which we maintain the controlling interest and in which the non-controlling interest is owned by the holders of our Class C common stock. Following the corporate reorganization, (a) System1 Holdings now owns 100 % of S1 Holdco, LLC ("S1 Holdco"), the previous intermediate holding company with the non-controlling interests, and 100 % of S1 Media, LLC ("S1 Media"), another new subsidiary formed in connection with the corporate reorganization, (b) S1 Media holds the assets and business operations

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 associated with our owned and operated products businesses, which include CouponFollow, Startpage and Mapquest, and (c) S1 Holdco holds our remaining assets and business operations associated with our digital advertising businesses, including our proprietary RAMP platform. S1 Holdco and its subsidiaries remain obligors and guarantors under our Term Loan and 2022 Revolving Facility, and System1 Holdings and S1 Media are not parties thereto.

 We have two reportable segments: Owned and Operated Advertising and Partner Network (see Note 14, Segment Reporting).

 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

 The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of System1, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidation of the financial statements. The accompanying consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP").

 Risks

 We are subject to certain business and operational risks, including competition from alternative technologies, as well as dependence on key Advertising Partners, key employees, key contracts, and growth to achieve our business and operational objectives.

 We recorded revenue of $ 6.6 million from an Advertising Partner and an estimated contra revenue liability of $ 5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, due to certain Network Partners related to traffic sent to our platform by those Network Partners that generated search advertising revenue. We have currently withheld payment to the impacted Network Partners pending our comprehensive ongoing review of whether such traffic generating the search advertising revenue was valid or otherwise complied with the terms of our commercial arrangements with such Network Partners. For any traffic determined to be either invalid or not in compliance with such commercial arrangements, the corresponding amounts may be withheld from our Network Partners as a result of such violations and, in such cases, would be recognized as revenue in the period in which such final determinations are made.

 Use of Estimates

 The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Management's estimates are based on historical information available as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

 Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, valuation of goodwill, intangible assets and long-lived assets, valuation and recognition of stock-based compensation awards and income taxes. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates our estimates compared to historical experience and trends, which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents

 Cash and cash equivalents consist of amounts held as bank deposits. Cash is deposited with high-credit-quality financial institutions and, at times, such balances with any one financial institution may exceed the insurance

 limits of the prevailing regulatory body. Historically, we have not experienced any losses related to these cash balances and we believe that there is minimal risk of expected future losses. However, there can be no assurance that there will not be losses on these deposits.

 Restricted Cash

 Restricted cash as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 primarily related to; (i) cash collateralized letter of credit we maintain in connection with our corporate office lease, (ii) escrow account related to unvested equity awards as of the closing of the Merger that will be cash settled and (iii) escrow account related to the postcombination compensation arrangement related to the CouponFollow acquisition.

 Accounts Receivable, Net

 We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts receivable for expected credit losses. In estimating the required allowance, we take into consideration the overall quality and aging of the receivable portfolio, creditworthiness of customers based on ongoing credit evaluation, the number of customers, specifically identified customer risks, historical write-off experience and the current economic environment, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect our ability to collect from customers. The payment term for our accounts receivable is typically 30 days.

 Property and Equipment, Net

 Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred, while improvements are capitalized. Upon the sale or retirement of property and equipment, the accounts are relieved of the cost and the related accumulated depreciation, and any resulting gain or loss is included in selling, general, and administrative expense on the consolidated statements of operations.

 The estimated useful lives of our property and equipment for purposes of computing depreciation are as follows (in years):

 Computer equipment

 Office equipment

 Furniture, fixtures and equipment

 -

 Leasehold improvements

 Shorter of the remaining lease term or estimated useful life for leasehold improvements.

 Internal-Use Software Development Costs, Net

 Internal-use software development costs are stated at cost, less accumulated amortization. We capitalize certain internal-use software development costs associated with creating and enhancing internally developed software related to our technology infrastructure, including continuing to develop and deploy our RAMP platform. Deployment activities focus on enhancement of our customer acquisition capabilities, including website enhancements and tools for marketing support, and upgrades of dashboards and reporting tools. These costs are comprised of personnel costs, which include salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and employee benefits' expenses for employees who are directly associated with, and who devote significant time to, software projects, as well as services consumed in developing or obtaining the software. Internal-use software development costs that do not meet the qualification for capitalization are expensed as incurred, and are recorded in salaries and benefits expense on the consolidated statement of operations.

 Internal-use software development activities generally consist of three stages: (i) the planning stage, (ii) the application and infrastructure development stage, and (iii) the post-implementation stage. Costs incurred in the planning and post-implementation stages of software development, including costs associated with the post configuration training and repairs and maintenance of the developed technologies, are expensed as incurred. Costs incurred in the application and infrastructure development stage, including significant enhancements and upgrades, are capitalized once the preliminary project stage is completed, management has authorized further funding for the completion of the project, and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will perform as intended. Capitalization ends once a project is substantially complete, and the software and technologies are ready for their intended purpose(s).

 Internal-use software development costs are amortized using a straight-line method over an estimated useful life of three years, commencing when the software is ready for our intended use, which approximates the period over which the expected benefits will be derived. We do not transfer ownership of our software or lease our software to third parties.

 Intangible Assets, Net

 Intangible assets primarily consist of acquired technology, customer relationships and trademarks and trade names. We determine the appropriate useful life based on management's estimate of the applicable intangible asset's remaining economic useful life at the time of acquisition. Intangible assets are generally amortized over their estimated economic useful lives using a straight-line method, which approximates the pattern in which the economic benefits are consumed. The fair value of the intangible assets acquired in a business combination are determined as follows; (i) trademarks using the relief from royalty method under the income-based approach. Key assumptions include forecasted revenue, an estimated royalty rate applicable to the trademarks, and a discount rate; (ii) customer relationships using an excess-earnings method utilizing distributor inputs. Key assumptions include customer attrition rate, revenue growth rate, existing customer revenue, deferred revenue, and a discount rate; and (iii) technology using the excess-earnings method. Key assumptions include forecasted revenue, technology migration rate and a discount rate.

 The estimated useful lives of our intangible assets are as follows (in years):

 Developed technology

 Customer relationships

 -

 Trademarks and trade names

 Other intangibles

 Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

 We assess the recoverability of our long-lived assets when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. Such events or changes in circumstances may include a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which a long-lived asset is being used; significant adverse changes in legal factors or in the business climate that could affect the value of a long-lived asset; an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or development of a long-lived asset; current or future operating or cash flow losses that demonstrate continuing losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset; or a current expectation that, more likely than not, a long-lived asset will be sold or otherwise disposed of significantly before the end of our previously estimated useful life. We perform impairment testing at the asset group level that represents the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. We assess recoverability of our long-lived assets by determining whether the carrying amount of the asset group can be recovered through projected undiscounted cash flows over their remaining useful lives inclusive of an estimated residual value. If the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds the forecasted undiscounted cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized and measured as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value. An impairment loss is recognized in the statement of operations in the

 period in which management determines such impairment has occurr ed. See Note 4, Goodwill, Internal-Use Software Development Costs, Net, and Intangible Assets, Net.

 Goodwill

 We perform annual impairment testing on goodwill in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of a reporting unit may exceed its fair value. We have the option to assess goodwill for possible impairment by performing a qualitative analysis to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount; or to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test.

 The fair values of our reporting units are determined by weighting a discounted cash flow model and a reference transaction model which include inputs developed using both internal and market-based data, or in a disposal transaction based on the best indicator of fair value which might include the proceeds to be received upon sale. Our key assumptions in the discounted cash flow model included, but are not limited to, the weighted average cost of capital, revenue growth rates (including long-term growth rates), and operating margins. The weighted average cost of capital reflect the increases in market interest rates. Our reference transaction model derives indications of value based on mergers and acquisition transactions in the digital advertising industry. Key assumptions in this model include, but are not limited to, the selection of comparable transactions, and the revenue and EBITDA multiples and EBITDA margins from those transactions. Unanticipated events or circumstances may occur that could affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results.

 We completed a quantitative assessment of our Partner Network reporting unit, the only reporting unit with goodwill, and determined it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying amount for fiscal year 2024. See Note 4, Goodwill, Internal-Use Software Development Costs, Net, and Intangible Assets, Net. For our discontinued operations impairments in fiscal year 2023 see Note 17, Discontinued Operations.

 Discontinued Operations

 We present discontinued operations when there is a disposal of a component or a group of components that represents a strategic shift that will have a major effect on operations and financial results. The results of discontinued operations are reported in net income from discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of operations for all periods presented, commencing in the period in which the business is either disposed of or is classified as held for sale, including any gain or loss recognized on closing or adjustment of the carrying amount to fair value less costs to sell. Assets and liabilities related to a business classified as held for sale which also meets the criteria for discontinued operations are segregated in the consolidated balance sheets for the current and prior periods presented. See Note 17, Discontinued Operations.

 Leases

 We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets, operating lease liabilities, current and operating lease liabilities, non-current in our consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property and equipment, other current liabilities, and other non-current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.

 ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we generally use our incremental borrowing rate based on the estimated rate of interest for collateralized borrowing over a similar term of the lease payments at the commencement date. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

 Warrant Liability

 We account for Public Warrants ("Warrants") as liabilities measured at fair value each balance sheet date, with changes in fair value recorded in Change in fair value of warrant liabilities in the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 11, Warrants and Note 12, Fair Value Measurement.

 Fair Value of Financial Instruments

 Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. We measure fair value based on a three-level hierarchy of inputs, maximizing the use of observable inputs, where available, and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument's level within the three-level hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
 The three-level hierarchy of inputs is as follows:

 Level 1: Observable inputs such as unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date;

 Level 2: Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and

 Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. These inputs are based on our own assumptions about current market conditions and require significant management judgment or estimation.

 Financial instruments consist of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and warrant liabilities. Cash equivalents and restricted cash are stated at fair value on a recurring basis. Accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities are stated at their carrying value, which approximates fair value due to the short time to the expected receipt or payment date. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our outstanding debt included a Term Loan, for which fair value was estimated using an observable market quotation (Level 2).

 Our liabilities measured at fair value relate to the Warrant liabilities (Level 1) and share-based liabilities (Level 3).

 Certain assets, including goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets, are also subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis if they are deemed to be impaired as a result of an impairment review. We determine the fair value by applying Level 3 unobservable inputs.

 Foreign Currency

 The functional currency of our wholly-owned subsidiaries is the currency of the primary economic environment in which they operate. Assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars, our reporting currency, using exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date, while revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates during the year. Gains and losses resulting from the translation of our consolidated balance sheets are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are recorded in Total other expense, net on our consolidated statement of operations.

 Non-Controlling Interest

 We report a non-controlling interest representing the economic interest in System1 Holdings held by certain individuals and entities other than us. The non-controlling interest is comprised of certain selling equity holders of System1 Holdings that retained an economic interest through their ownership of Class B units in System1 Holdings, along with the same number of corresponding shares of Class C common stock in us. The non-controlling interest holders may, from time to time, require us to convert all or a portion of their economic interest via a redemption of their Class B units in System1 Holdings together with surrendering their corresponding shares of Class C common stock in us in exchange for shares of Class A common stock on a one -for-one basis. Upon the redemption of Class B Units, our Board of Directors may also elect to settle the non-controlling interest holder's Class B units in cash. We are required to maintain a one -to-one ratio of Class A common stock outstanding to our Class A units in System1 Holdings and Class C common stock to the non-controlling interest's Class B units. As redemptions occur or other transactions result in the issuance or retirement of a share of Class A common stock, System1 Holdings is required to issue or retire a Class A unit in System1 Holdings to maintain in parity with the corresponding number of outstanding shares of Class A common stock. These transactions may result in a change in the total number of units outstanding in System1 Holdings and/or a change in the percentage that we own of System1 Holdings. As a result, any change in ownership that does not result in a change of control is accounted for as an equity transaction and we adjust for the re-allocation of equity between us and our non-controlling interest.

 The following table summarizes the ownership interest in System1 Holdings as of December 31, 2024, based on shares issued and outstanding.

 Units
 (in thousands)

 Ownership
 Percentage

 Class A units of S1 Holdings

 73,675
 79.8
 %

 Class B units of S1 Holdings

 18,695
 20.2
 %

 Revenue Recognition

 We recognize revenue when or as control of the promised services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those services. We determine revenue recognition through the following steps; (i) Identification of a contract with a customer, (ii) Identification of the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) Determination of the transaction price, (iv) Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) Recognition of revenue when or as the performance obligations are satisfied. Revenue recognized from performance obligations satisfied in prior periods is immaterial.

 Advertising

 We earn revenue by directly acquiring traffic to our owned and operated websites and utilizing our RAMP platform and additional services to monetize end-users for our Advertising Partners. For this revenue stream, we have a single performance obligation and have determined that we are the principal in the transaction. Revenue is reported on a gross basis for the amounts received from Advertising Partners. We are the principal since we direct the use of our owned and operated websites, and as such have risk of loss on the user-traffic that we are acquiring

 for monetization with our Advertising Partners. Additionally, we maintain the website, provide the content and bear the cost and risk of loss associated with the digital online inventory available on our website.

 Revenue is also earned from revenue-sharing arrangements with our Network Partners related to the use of our RAMP platform and additional services in order to facilitate the placement of advertising by our Advertising Partners in the Network Partners digital online inventory. For this revenue stream, we have a single performance obligation and have determined that we are the agent in these transaction. Revenue is reported on a net basis, because our network partner runs the campaign to acquire user-traffic, including managing traffic acquisition cost. We report the revenue generated under our revenue-sharing arrangements on a net basis, based on the difference between amounts received by us from our Advertising Partners, less amounts remitted to the Network Partners based on the underlying revenue-sharing agreements.

 Revenue may fluctuate from period to period due to a number of factors including seasonality and the shift in mix of user acquisition sources from Advertising Partners.

 We recognize revenue as we deliver user-traffic to our Advertising Partners based on a cost-per-click or cost-per-thousand impression basis.

 Cost of Revenue

 Cost of revenue primarily consists of traffic acquisition costs, which are the costs to place advertisements to acquire customers to our websites, as well as domain name registration costs and licensing costs to provide mapping services to Mapquest.com. We do not pre-pay any traffic acquisition costs, and therefore, we expense such costs as incurred.

 Salaries and Benefits

 Salaries and benefits expenses include salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and employee benefits costs.

 Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses

 Selling, general, and administrative expenses consist of fees for professional and subscription services, occupancy costs, travel and entertainment. These costs are expensed as incurred.

 Depreciation and Amortization

 Depreciation and amortization expenses are primarily attributable to our capital investments and consist of property and equipment depreciation and amortization of intangible assets with finite lives.

 Stock-Based Compensation

 Stock based compensation expense is recognized in salaries and benefits expenses on our consolidated statement of operations.

 Restricted Stock Units

 For awards granted, the fair value of the related restricted stock units is derived from the market price of our Class A common stock, which is traded on the NYSE. As these awards are subject only to time-based service conditions, we recognize compensation expense for these awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each award, generally three years, and recognize forfeitures as they occur.

 Replacement Awards

 Pursuant to the Merger, we were required to replace certain profits interests awards, the value creation units ("VCU") and Class F Units ("F Units"), with a combination of a restricted stock unit ("RSU") in our shares and a cash award (collectively, "Replacement Awards"). The fair value of the Replacement Awards was derived utilizing the transaction closing price of $ 10.00. The Merger triggered a liquidating event, therefore, the portion of the Replacement Awards issued in connection with the Merger that was associated with services rendered through the date of the Merger was included in the total consideration transferred, with the exception of the unvested awards subject to service vesting conditions where the service condition had not been completed. With regards to the remaining unvested portion of the Replacement Awards, we continue to recognize compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the original requisite service period and recognize forfeitures as they occur. For Replacement Awards forfeited prior to vesting, we recognize accelerated compensation expense for the remaining unvested shares and unpaid cash amount, as the shares of our common stock become issuable and the cash amount becomes payable to the previous investors immediately upon forfeiture.

 Share-based Liability Awards

 In connection with the acquisition of CouponFollow we effected an incentive plan for eligible recipients. See Note 6, Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities.

 We recognize compensation cost for these share-based liability awards with performance and service conditions if and when it is deemed probable that the performance condition will be achieved. The probability of vesting is evaluated at each reporting period taking into consideration actual results to-date and forecasts, and compensation cost is adjusted to reflect the completed portion of the service period with a graded vesting attribution.

 Stock Appreciation Rights

 We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the grant date fair value of each Stock Appreciation Right award granted under the 2024 Stock Appreciation Rights Plan ("2024 SAR Plan"). The expected term is estimated using the simplified method, which is the midpoint between the vesting date and the contractual term. Volatility is based on a blend of the historical volatility of our common stock and the peer-leveraged volatility. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.

 Income Taxes

 We are the sole managing member of System1 Holdings and, as a result, consolidate the financial results of System1 Holdings. System1 Holdings is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal and most applicable state and local income tax purposes. As a partnership, System1 Holdings is not subject to U.S. federal and certain state and local income taxes. Any taxable income or loss generated by System1 Holdings is passed through to and included in the taxable income or loss of its members, including us, on a pro rata basis. We are subject to U.S. federal income taxes, in addition to state and local income taxes with respect to its allocable share of any taxable income or loss of System1 Holdings, as well as any stand-alone income or loss generated by us.

 We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities ("DTAs" and "DTLs", as applicable) for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, we determine DTAs and DTLs on the basis of the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities by using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on DTAs and DTLs is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

 We recognize DTAs to the extent that we believe that these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, carryback potential if permitted under the tax law, and results of operations. If we determine that we would not be able to realize our

 DTAs in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we would make an adjustment to the valuation allowance, which would increase the provision for income taxes.

 We record uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process in which (1) we determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of our technical merits and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than fifty percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. We recognize both accrued interest and penalties, when appropriate, in the provision for income taxes on the consolidated statements of operations.

 Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted

 In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (ASU 2023-07), which requires an enhanced disclosure of significant segment expenses on an annual and interim basis. This guidance was adopted during the year ended December 31, 2024, and for interim periods beginning January 1, 2025. The guidance was applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The adoption of this new accounting pronouncement did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements, see Note 14, Segment Reporting.

 Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

 In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (ASU 2023-09), which improves the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. It also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. This guidance will be effective for the annual periods beginning the year ending December 31, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, the guidance can be applied prospectively or retrospectively. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

 In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), which improves the disclosures about a public business entity's expenses and requires detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense financial statement captions. This guidance will be effective for the annual periods ending December 31, 2027 and interim periods ending December 31, 2028. Early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, the guidance can be applied prospectively or retrospectively. We are evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures

 3. Property and Equipment, Net

 Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

 December 31,

 2024
 2023

 Computer equipment
 $
 $

 Furniture and equipment

 Leasehold improvements
 2,389
 2,511

 Total
 4,060
 4,251

 Less accumulated depreciation
 ( 1,956)
 ( 1,167)

 Property and equipment, net
 $
 2,104
 $
 3,084

 The aggregate depreciation expense related to property and equipment was $ 0.9 million and $ 0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 4. Goodwill, Internal-Use Software Development Costs, Net, and Intangible Assets, Net

 Goodwill

 Goodwill was $ 82.4 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, all of which was attributable to the Partner Network reporting unit.

 Upon classifying Protected as held for sale as of September 30, 2023, we performed a goodwill impairment test on the Subscription reporting unit resulting in a goodwill impairment charge. We recorded an impairment upon the classification of the disposal group as held for sale, see Note 17, Discontinued Operations.

 During the fourth quarter of 2024, we performed our annual impairment test and determined each reporting unit's fair value exceeded its carrying amount. No impairment of goodwill was identified for any of the periods presented relating to continuing operations. There were no events or changes in circumstances subsequent to the fourth quarter assessment that indicate that the carrying amount of a reporting unit may exceed its fair value as of December 31, 2024.

 Internal-use software development costs, net and intangible assets, net

 Internal-use software development costs and intangible assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

 Gross Carrying Amount
 Accumulated Amortization
 Net Carrying Amount

 Internal-use software development costs
 $
 21,393
 $
 ( 6,957)
 $
 14,436

 Intangible assets:

 Developed technology
 $
 196,128
 $
 ( 143,386)
 $
 52,742

 Trademarks and trade names
 236,053
 ( 68,650)
 167,403

 Software
 5,100
 ( 3,616)
 1,484

 Customer relationships
 2,900
 ( 2,188)

 Total
 $
 440,181
 $
 ( 217,840)
 $
 222,341

 Gross Carrying Amount
 Accumulated Amortization
 Net Carrying Amount

 Internal-use software development costs
 $
 13,788
 $
 ( 2,363)
 $
 11,425

 Intangible assets:

 Developed technology
 $
 196,128
 $
 ( 94,354)
 $
 101,774

 Trademarks and trade names
 236,053
 ( 45,050)
 191,003

 Software
 5,100
 ( 2,341)
 2,759

 Customer relationships
 2,900
 ( 1,435)
 1,465

 Total
 $
 440,181
 $
 ( 143,180)
 $
 297,001

 The internal-use software development costs includes construction in progress which is not being amortized of $ 5.0 million and $ 3.5 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Amortization expense for internal-use software development costs and intangible assets were as follows (in thousands):

 Amortization expense for internal-use software development

 $
 4,594
 $
 2,981

 Amortization expense for intangible assets
 $
 74,660
 $
 74,660

 We test our amortizable intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. Our amortizable intangible assets primarily consist of trademarks and trade names and developed technology. During 2024 and 2023, no impairment of our amortizable intangible assets relating to continuing operations was identified.

 As of December 31, 2024, the expected amortization expense associated with our intangible assets and internal-use software development costs was as follows (in thousands):

 2025
 $
 80,767

 2026
 32,415

 2027
 25,746

 2028
 24,846

 2029
 23,600

 Thereafter
 49,403

 Total amortization expense
 $
 236,777

 As of December 31, 2024, the weighted average amortization period for all intangible assets was 7 years.

 5. Leases
 We lease office facilities under noncancelable operating lease agreements. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had leases for office facilities in Los Angeles, California; Bellevue, Washington; and Guelph, Canada.

 The components of lease expense consisted of the following (in thousands):

 Operating lease expense
 $
 2,396
 $
 2,141

 Short-term lease expense

 Variable lease expense

 Total lease expense
 $
 2,808
 $
 2,574

 Variable lease expense is primarily attributable to amounts paid to lessors for common area maintenance and utility charges under our real estate leases.

 Supplemental information related to leases was as follows:

 Weighted average remaining lease terms (in years)
 6.3

 Weighted average discount rate
 5.2 %

 Maturities of our operating leases liabilities by fiscal year are as follows (in thousands):

 2025
 $
 2,223

 2026

 2027

 2028

 2029

 Thereafter

 Total lease payments
 3,903

 Less: Imputed interest
 ( 449)

 Present value of operating lease liabilities
 $
 3,454

 6. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

 Accrued revenue share
 $
 27,656
 $
 16,365

 Accrued marketing expenses
 9,440
 19,737

 Accrued payroll and related benefits
 15,893
 13,751

 Shared-based compensation liability
 17,821
 —

 Other current liabilities
 5,390
 9,461

 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
 $
 76,200
 $
 59,314

 CouponFollow Incentive Plan

 In connection with the acquisition of CouponFollow, we approved and adopted the CouponFollow Incentive Plan, which includes CouponFollow's key employees, including CouponFollow's founder ("Principal Participant" and together collectively "Participants"). The CouponFollow Incentive Plan at the time of acquisition provided for total payments of $ 35.0 million payable at our option in cash or in fully-vested shares of our Class A common stock, up to a maximum of 4.7 million shares, which subjects these awards to ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation and are therefore classified as share-based liabilities. The awards consist of a fixed amount of $ 10.0 million (which vests and is settled in three equal annual installments on December 31, 2022, 2023, and 2024) and performance-based amounts of $ 25.0 million which could be earned by achieving three Tiers of EBITDA targets, representing performance conditions.

 During the first quarter of 2023, we issued 0.4 million shares of Class A Common stock with an aggregate fair value of $ 1.7 million, net of shares withheld for taxes, on the date of settlement to settle the first $ 3.3 million fixed award that vested on December 31, 2022. The settlement is net of a $ 0.6 million adjustment to remeasure the liability to its fair value as of the settlement date. The adjustment represents the difference in fair value between the share-based liability carrying value as of December 31, 2022, and the fair value of the Class A shares issued upon settlement.

 On September 6, 2023, the parties made certain modifications to the CouponFollow Incentive Plan. The restructured CouponFollow Incentive Plan provides for total payments of $ 31.3 million. There was no change to the fixed amount, except for the requirement for the Company to make the last payment in cash. The performance-based amount decreased to $ 21.3 million, with the performance terms changed to allow for achieving three Tiers of EBITDA-target performance conditions over a three calendar year period between each January 1 to December 31 of 2023, 2024 and 2025 (each a "Performance Period" and collectively, "Performance Periods"). These modifications did not result in the recognition of any incremental compensation costs.

 As of December 31, 2023, the business had not achieved any performance conditions nor was it probable that the performance conditions would be met, so no amount was recognized for the performance-based awards.

 During the first quarter of 2024, we issued 1.0 million shares of Class A common stock with an aggregate fair value of $ 1.7 million, net of shares withheld for taxes, on the date of the settlement to settle the second $ 3.3 million fixed award that vested on December 31, 2023. The settlement is net of a $ 0.5 million adjustment to remeasure the liability to its fair value as of the settlement date. The adjustment represents the difference in fair value between the share-based liability carrying value as of December 31, 2023, and the fair value of the Class A shares issued upon settlement.

 During the 2024 Performance Period, the CouponFollow business achieved all performance conditions such that the entire performance-based portion of the award vested or is expected to vest, and accordingly, we recognized a short-term liability in shared-based compensation liability within accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $ 17.8 million for the amount vested as of the year ended December 31, 2024, of which $ 7.8 million was paid in cash in February 2025, and $ 10.0 million is payable 60 days after December 31, 2025. The carrying amount of the share-based liabilities approximates its fair value, determined using Level 3 fair value inputs. The total amount to be earned under the CouponFollow Incentive Plan relating to the performance conditions is $ 21.3 million.

 For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized $ 3.3 million for the third installment of the fixed amount within salaries and benefits expenses on the consolidated statements of operations, which was settled in cash in February 2025.

 If a Participant's continued employment is terminated prior to vesting, with the exception of the Principal Participant as discussed above, we will reverse all cumulative compensation cost recorded for the forfeited award(s). If we elect to settle the payment obligations in shares of our Class A common stock, the number of shares payable under the CouponFollow Incentive Plan will be determined based on the VWAP of our Class A common stock.

 7. Income Taxes

 Domestic and foreign components of our loss before income taxes from continuing operations were as follows (in thousands):

 Domestic
 $
 ( 92,190)
 $
 ( 126,830)

 Foreign
 ( 5,478)
 ( 4,799)

 Loss before income tax
 $
 ( 97,668)
 $
 ( 131,629)

 The components of the income tax provision (benefit) were as follows (in thousands):

 Current:

 Federal
 $
 $
 ( 64)

 State
 ( 662)

 Foreign
 1,297
 1,431

 Total current provision
 $
 1,733
 $

 Deferred:

 Federal
 $
 —
 $
 ( 17,103)

 State
 —
 ( 1,829)

 Foreign
 ( 2,103)
 ( 2,144)

 Total deferred benefit
 ( 2,103)
 ( 21,076)

 $
 ( 370)
 $
 ( 20,371)

 A reconciliation of the statutory tax rate to the effective income tax rate for the periods presented was as follows (in thousands):

 Amount
 %
 Amount
 %

 Income tax (benefit) provision at statutory tax rate
 $
 ( 20,510)
 21.0
 %
 $
 ( 27,642)
 21.0
 %

 State tax, net of federal
 ( 797)
 0.8
 %
 ( 1,718)
 1.3
 %

 Non-Controlling interest
 6,661
 ( 6.8)
 %
 5,865
 ( 4.5)
 %

 Changes in unrecognized tax benefits
 ( 0.8)
 %
 2,320
 ( 1.8)
 %

 Foreign income taxes at different statutory rate
 ( 248)
 0.3
 %
 ( 93)
 0.1
 %

 Investment in partnership basis adjustments
 ( 3,571)
 3.7
 %
 ( 17,627)
 13.4
 %

 Share-based compensation
 1,966
 ( 2.0)
 %
 3,408
 ( 2.6)
 %

 Change in valuation allowance
 15,798
 ( 16.2)
 %
 19,521
 ( 14.8)
 %

 Other
 ( 423)
 0.4
 %
 ( 4,405)
 3.4
 %

 Effective income tax rate
 $
 ( 370)
 0.4
 %
 $
 ( 20,371)
 15.5
 %

 The aggregate amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions were as follows (in thousands):

 Balance at the beginning of the period
 $
 1,850
 $

 Increases (decreases) based on tax positions related to prior periods
 ( 46)

 Increases based on tax positions related to current periods

 1,303

 Balance at the end of the period
 $
 2,532
 $
 1,850

 Interest and penalties related to our unrecognized tax benefits are recorded as components of the provision for income taxes. Interest or penalties accrued for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were not material.

 Due to our full valuation allowance, the total amount of unrecognized benefits that, if recognized, would favorably affect the effective tax by $ 0.8 million (net of Federal benefit) at December 31, 2024.

 We are not currently under examination in any material jurisdiction. It is reasonably possible that, within the next twelve months, statutes of limitation will expire which could have the effect of reducing the balance of unrecognized tax benefits by an immaterial amount.

 The earliest tax years that remain subject to examination in the major tax jurisdictions in which we operate were as follows:

 Tax year

 United States
 2021

 California
 2020

 Netherlands
 2018

 The components of the deferred income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):

 Deferred tax assets:

 Net operating loss and capital loss carryforwards

 $
 6,638
 $
 6,362

 Tax credits
 4,894
 4,289

 Interest expense
 2,346
 3,234

 Investment in partnerships
 24,760
 8,950

 Other

 Total gross deferred tax assets

 38,863
 23,066

 Valuation allowance
 ( 38,616)
 ( 22,658)

 Total net deferred tax assets
 $
 $

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Intangibles
 $
 ( 6,026)
 $
 ( 8,243)

 Other
 ( 420)
 ( 472)

 Total gross deferred tax liabilities

 $
 ( 6,446)
 $
 ( 8,715)

 Net deferred tax liability

 $
 ( 6,199)
 $
 ( 8,307)

 As of December 31, 2024, we had a full valuation allowance on our U.S. federal and state net deferred tax assets as it was more likely than not that those deferred tax assets would not be realized.

 As of December 31, 2024, we had U.S. federal net operating loss carryovers ("NOLs") of $ 25.3 million that may be used indefinitely and various state NOLs that will expire at different times. Uncertainties that may affect the utilization of our tax attributes include future operating results, tax law changes, rulings by taxing authorities regarding whether certain transactions are taxable or deductible and expiration of carryforward periods.

 We had an ownership change and as a result certain federal and state NOLs were limited pursuant to Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (the "Code"). This limitation has been accounted for in calculating our available NOL carryforwards.

 The change in the valuation allowance was comprised of the following (in thousands):

 Balance at the beginning of the period
 $
 22,658
 $
 1,087

 Increases in valuation allowance recorded through earnings
 15,798
 19,521

 Increases in valuation allowance not recorded through earnings
 2,050

 Balance at the end of the period
 $
 38,616
 $
 22,658

 Tax Receivable Agreement

 Pursuant to our election under Section 754 of the Code, we expect to obtain an increase in our share of the tax basis in the net assets of System1 Holdings when LLC interests are redeemed or exchanged by the other members of System1 Holdings. We intend to treat any redemptions and exchanges of LLC interests as direct purchases of LLC interests for U.S. federal income tax purposes. These increases in tax basis may reduce the amounts that would otherwise be paid in the future to various tax authorities.

 On January 27, 2022, we entered into a Tax Receivable Agreement with certain of the then-existing members of System1 Holdings that provides for the payment by us of 85 % of the amount of any tax benefits that are actually realized, or in some cases are deemed to realize, as a result of (i) increases in our share of the tax basis in the net assets of System1 Holdings resulting from any redemptions or exchanges of LLC interests, (ii) tax basis increases attributable to payments made under the Tax Receivable Agreement, and (iii) deductions attributable to imputed interest pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement ("TRA Payments"). We expect to benefit from the remaining 15 % of any tax benefits that we may actually realize.

 We acquired an aggregate of 2.8 million and 0.2 million LLC interests in connection with the redemption of LLC interests in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which resulted in an increase in the tax basis of our investment in System1 Holdings subject to the provisions of the Tax Receivable Agreement. We have recognized a total liability in the amount of $ 5.3 million for the TRA Payments due to the redeeming members, representing 85 % of the aggregate tax benefits we expect to realize from the tax basis increases related to the redemption of LLC interests, after concluding it was probable that such TRA Payments would be paid based on estimates of future taxable income. During the year ended December 31, 2024, inclusive of interest, no payments were made to the parties to the Tax Receivable Agreement. The total amount of TRA Payments due under the Tax Receivable Agreement, was $ 5.3 million and $ 0.8 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Tax Receivable Agreement liabilities are classified within Other non-current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

 8. Commitments and Contingencies

 In June 2023, we entered into a multi-year agreement with a service provider whereby we are contractually obligated to spend $ 5.0 million in each annual period between July 2023 and June 2026. As of December 31, 2024, we remain contractually obligated to spend $ 6.2 million towards this commitment.

 As of December 31, 2024, we had various non-cancelable operating lease commitments for office space which have been recorded as Operating lease liabilities. See Note 5, Leases for additional information regarding lease commitments.

 Litigation

 We are subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. We believe the ultimate liability, if any, with respect to these actions will not materially affect the consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows reflected in the consolidated financial statements. There can be no assurance, however, that the ultimate resolution of such actions will not materially or adversely affect our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. We accrued for losses when the loss is deemed probable and the liability can reasonably be estimated.

 In March 2023, we received a demand letter from counsel for Alta Partners, LLC ("Alta"), which purports to be a holder of certain Warrants of the Company ("Demand Letter"). The Demand Letter alleged, among other claims, that we breached the terms of the Warrant Agreement, and that Alta was entitled to approximately $ 5.7 million in damages, plus prejudgment interest, as a result, and subsequently sent us a draft complaint (the "Complaint") alleging substantially the same claims as those set forth in Alta's Demand Letter. While we denied liability with respect to the claims set forth in the Demand Letter and the Complaint, the parties entered into a Confidential Settlement Agreement ("Settlement Agreement") in October 2023, which contemplated an immaterial settlement payment that was subsequently paid prior to December 31, 2023 consistent with the terms of the Settlement Agreement.

 In October 2023, a putative California class action complaint (the "Complaint") was filed against us and our Protected business regarding alleged violations of California's Auto Renewal Law requirements related to the marketing and sale of its subscription service offerings for anti-virus and ad-blocking software (the "Protected Software") to consumers. The Complaint alleges claims under California's false advertising and unfair competition laws and primarily alleges that the marketing and sales checkout flows for the Protected Software did not clearly and conspicuously disclose that the named plaintiffs set forth in the Complaint were purchasing the Protected Software for a promotional period which would auto-renew after the applicable promotional period. While we dispute the claims alleged, we reached a Settlement Agreement during September 2024 and paid $ 2.5 million during December 2024, presented within Selling, general, and administrative expenses in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024.

 Indemnifications

 In the ordinary course of business, we may provide indemnifications of varying scope and terms to customers, vendors, lessors, investors, directors, officers, employees, and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of our breach of such agreements, services to be provided by us, or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. These indemnifications may survive termination of the underlying agreement and the maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification provisions may not be subject to claims related to these indemnifications. As a result, we believe the estimated fair value of these agreements was immaterial. Accordingly, we have no liabilities recorded for these agreements as of December 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023, respectively.

 9. Debt, Net

 We entered into a term loan ("Term Loan") and revolving facility ("2022 Revolving Facility") with Bank of America, N.A., on January 27, 2022, providing for a 5.5 year term loan with a principal balance of $ 400.0 million and with the net proceeds of $ 376.0 million. The 2022 Revolving Facility provided for borrowing availability of up to $ 50.0 million. As of December 31, 2024, there was no balance outstanding on the 2022 Revolving Facility and principal of $ 280.1 million was outstanding on the Term Loan. Through December 31, 2025, $ 5.0 million of the Term Loan is payable quarterly. From March 31, 2026, $ 7.5 million of the Term Loan is payable quarterly. The Term Loan matures in 2027.

 For every interest period, the interest rate on the Term Loan is the adjusted Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 4.75 %. The Term Loan is amortized in quarterly installments on each scheduled payment date. The Term Loan comes with a leverage covenant, which goes into effect only if the utilization on the 2022 Revolving Facility exceeds 35 % of the $ 50.0 million 2022 Revolving Facility at each quarter-end starting the second quarter 2022, such that the first lien leverage ratio (as defined in the credit agreement) should not exceed 5.40. The facility has certain financial and nonfinancial covenants, including a leverage ratio. The facility also requires that we deliver our audited consolidated financial statements to our lender within 120 days of our fiscal year end, December 31. Should we fail to distribute the financial statements to our lender within 120 days, we are allowed an additional 30 days to cure. We were in compliance with the financial covenants under the Term Loan as of December 31, 2024.

 The interest rate on the 2022 Revolving Facility is the adjusted SOFR plus 2.5 % with an adjusted SOFR floor of 0 %. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, we had $ 50.0 million available on the 2022 Revolving Facility.

 The carrying values of our debt, net of discounts, deferred financing and debt issuance costs were as follows (in thousands):

 Term Loan1,2

 $
 271,523
 $
 349,503

 2022 Revolving Facility
 —
 —

 Total debt, net

 $
 271,523
 $
 349,503

 _______________

 1 Includes unamortized discount of $ 8.1 million and $ 14.7 million, and unamortized loan fees of $ 0.4 million and $ 0.8 million, as of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively, recorded as a reduction of the carrying amount of the debt and amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method.

 2 Estimated fair value of the Term Loan was $ 175.1 million as of December 31, 2024.

 As of December 31, 2024, future minimum principal payments on long-term debt were as follows (in thousands):

 2025
 $
 20,000

 2026
 30,000

 2027
 230,090

 Total future minimum principal payment
 280,090

 Less: current portion
 ( 20,000)

 Long-term portion
 $
 260,090

 During 2024, we completed the repurchase of $ 64.9 million in principal amount of our Term Loan for an aggregate purchase price of $ 41.6 million (at discount of 64.12 % of its par value). Following the repurchases on January 17, 2024 and April 30, 2024, the outstanding principal amount of the Term Loan was $ 301.3 million and $ 295.0 million, respectively. We used available cash on hand to fund the repurchases. Our gain on the repurchase was approximately $ 20.1 million before fees and expenses incurred.

 10. Related-Party Transactions

 2023 Revolving Note

 On April 10, 2023, we entered into a $ 20.0 million Revolving Note ("2023 Revolving Note") with trusts established for the benefit of our co-founders ("Lenders"). Each of the Lenders provided a $ 10.0 million commitment for an aggregate principal of $ 20.0 million under the 2023 Revolving Note.

 Any borrowed loan amounts outstanding under the 2023 Revolving Note accrue interest at the rate per annum equal to the SOFR plus 3.15 %. The Maturity Date under the 2023 Revolving Note is July 10, 2024 ("Maturity Date") with automatic three-month extensions, unless we or any Lenders provide written notice, or unless there is an event of default. The Lenders are also entitled to (i) an unused commitment fee equal to 1.0 % per annum of the actual daily amount of total unfunded commitments under the 2023 Revolving Note during the period from the closing date to the maturity date, payable quarterly in arrears and (ii) a loan fee equal to 12.0 % of each Lenders' commitment under the 2023 Revolving Note, or $ 2.4 million in total, was originally payable within 180 days of April 10, 2023, and subsequently extended to November 30, 2023. Upon completion of the Protected disposal, the 2023 Revolving Note and the related loan fee were settled. The previously unamortized portion of the loan fee of $ 1.2 million was included in loss on extinguishment of related-party debt on our consolidated statements of operations. The 2023 Revolving Note was subsequently terminated in December 2023.

 Senior Unsecured Promissory Note

 On September 6, 2023, we entered into a $ 5.2 million Senior Unsecured Promissory Note (the "Promissory Note") with the CouponFollow seller and an employee of ours ("Lender"), in order to convert the amount owed to him as a result of the acquisition of CouponFollow into a loan to us (the "Loan"). The amount of the Loan was equal to the amount of the Holdback liability of $ 5.2 million owed to the Lender.

 The Promissory Note accrues interest at SOFR plus 3.15 %. Under the terms of the agreement, the Promissory Note became due and payable immediately upon sale of Protected. Per the terms of the note we (i) must prepay the Loan under certain circumstances, which include consummation of a strategic transaction, the refinancing of the existing credit agreement, the incurrence by us of any indebtedness exceeding $ 2.5 million, or the sale of any of our assets in excess of $ 2.5 million; (ii) may prepay the Loan at any time without penalty or interest; and (iii) must make four substantially equal amortization payments on April 1, 2024, May 1, 2024, June 1, 2024, and July 1, 2024, unless there is an event of default, including a continuing event of default on the Credit Agreement, at which point the holder may declare all amounts due immediately. The Lender under the Promissory Note is also entitled to a closing fee equal to 12 % of the initial principal amount outstanding under the Promissory Note with 50 % paid on October 15, 2023 and the remaining 50 % due on December 15, 2023. We recorded expense of approximately $ 0.6 million within loss on extinguishment of related-party debt on our consolidated statements of operations, which related to the 12 % closing fee payable to the Lender. Upon completion of the Protected disposal, the Promissory Note, accrued interest and the remaining 50 % of the closing fee was settled.

 Term Note

 On October 6, 2023, we entered into a $ 2.5 million Term Loan Note ("Term Note") with Openmail2, LLC ("Term Lender"), which is principally owned and managed by trusts established for the benefit of our co-founders.

 The amounts outstanding under the Term Note accrue interest at the rate per annum equal to the SOFR plus 5.75 %. The maturity date under the Term Note is December 31, 2024, unless there is an event of default, including a continuing event of default on the credit agreement, at which point the holder may declare all amounts due immediately. We must prepay the Loan under certain circumstances, which include (i) the consummation of a strategic transaction or (ii) upon the full refinancing and termination of the existing credit agreement. The Term Lender was also entitled to a closing fee equal to 10.0 % of the principal amount of the Term Note, payable within 180 days of October 6, 2023. Upon completion of the Protected disposal, the Term Note, accrued interest and closing fee was settled. The previously unamortized portion of the loan fee of $ 0.2 million was included in loss on extinguishment of related-party debt on our consolidated statements of operations.

 Secured Facility

 On October 6, 2023, Protected, our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary at the time, entered into a Secured Facility Agreement providing for a $ 10.0 million term loan ("Secured Facility") with a subsidiary of JDI ("Secured Lender"), one of our significant shareholders, which is principally owned and managed by certain members of the Protected management team. Pursuant to the Secured Facility, the Secured Lender provided a $ 10.0 million commitment to Protected, which amount was (i) drawn down in full on the closing date and (ii) secured by the assets of Protected pursuant to a deed granted in favor of the Secured Lender pursuant to a Debenture between Protected and the Secured Lender, dated October 6, 2023.

 The amounts outstanding under the Secured Facility accrue interest at the rate of 8.5 % per annum. The amounts outstanding under the Secured Facility are due upon the earlier of (i) October 6, 2024 or (ii) the date on which Protected undergoes a Change of Control. The Secured Lender was also entitled to a closing fee equal to 12.0 % the principal amount of the borrowings under the Secured Facility, which was paid in full on the closing date. In addition, Protected agreed to reimburse the Secured Lender for their reasonable and documented costs incurred in connection with the negotiation, documentation and execution of the Secured Facility. Upon completion of the Protected disposal, the Secured Facility, the related loan fee and an early settlement fee were settled by the sale. The previously unamortized portion of the loan fee and the early settlement fee for an aggregate amount of $ 1.4 million was included in net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax on our consolidated statements of operations.

 Services Agreement

 On June 20, 2023, we engaged with one of our significant shareholders, for management and consulting services. The agreement was terminated in August 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we paid all amounts owed and outstanding, totaling $ 0.1 million.

 11. Warrants

 In June 2020, we issued Warrants. The Warrants may only be exercised for a whole number of shares. No fractional shares will be issued upon exercise of the Warrants. The Warrants became exercisable on April 18, 2022, when the S-1/A registration statement, which was required to be filed under the terms of the Warrant Agreement and the Business Combination Agreement, was declared effective. The Warrants will expire five years from the completion of the Merger, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

 Redemption of Warrants when the Price per Class A common stock equals or exceeds $ 18.00 —We may redeem the outstanding Warrants:

 • in whole and not in part;
 • at a price of $ 0.01 per Public Warrant;
 • upon not less than 30 days' prior written notice of redemption to each warrant holder; and

 • if, and only if, the last reported sale price of the Class A common stock for any 20 trading days within a 30 -trading day period ending three business days before sending the notice of redemption to warrant holders ("Reference Value") equals or exceeds $ 18.00 per share (as adjusted for share splits, share capitalizations, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like).

 Redemption of Warrants When the Price per Class A common stock equals or exceeds $ 10.00 —Once the Warrants become exercisable, we may redeem the outstanding Warrants:

 • in whole and not in part;
 • at $ 0.10 per warrant upon a minimum of 30 days' prior written notice of redemption provided that holders will be able to exercise their Warrants on a cashless basis prior to redemption and receive that number of shares determined by reference to the exhibit in the report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed on March 31, 2022, based on the redemption date and the "fair market value" of the Class A common stock;
 • if, and only if, the Reference Value (as defined above under "Redemption of Warrants When the Price per Class A common stock Equals or Exceeds $ 18.00 ") equals or exceeds $ 10.00 per share (as adjusted for share splits, share dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like); and
 • if the Reference Value is less than $ 18.00 per share (as adjusted for share splits, share dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) the Private Placement Warrants must also be concurrently -called for redemption on the same terms as the outstanding Warrants, as described above.

 If and when the Warrants become redeemable by us, we may exercise our redemption right even if we are unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. However, we will not redeem the Warrants unless an effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering the underlying shares of Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants is effective and a current prospectus relating to those shares of Class A common stock is available throughout the 30 -day redemption period.

 The exercise price and number of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a share dividend, extraordinary dividend or recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, except as described below, the Warrants will not be adjusted for issuances of common stock at a price below our exercise price. Additionally, in no event will we be required to net cash settle the Warrants.

 The Warrants are accounted for as liabilities at fair market value at each reporting period, with changes in the fair value presented as change in fair value of warrant liabilities on the consolidated statements of operations.

 During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no Warrants exercised. The total outstanding Warrants as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 16.8 million.

 12. Fair Value Measurement

 Financial Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Level 1 liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below (in thousands):

 Liabilities:

 Warrants
 $
 $
 2,688

 Fair value of liabilities
 $
 $
 2,688

 There were no Level 3 financial liabilities as of December 31, 2023. There were no transfers in or out of levels for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Nonfinancial Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

 For further information on the fair value assessment of goodwill and impairment charge recorded for the discontinued operation, see Note 4, Goodwill, Internal-Use Software Development Costs, Net, and Intangible Assets, Net and Note 17, Discontinued Operations.

 13. Net Loss Per Share

 For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the basic net loss per share was calculated by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Basic and diluted net loss per share was calculated as follows (in thousands, except per share data):

 Basic and diluted net loss per share

 Net loss from continuing operations attributable to System1, Inc.
 $
 ( 1.07)
 $
 ( 0.94)

 Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax attributable to System1, Inc.
 —
 ( 1.54)

 Basic and Diluted net loss per share
 $
 ( 1.07)
 $
 ( 2.48)

 Numerator:

 Net loss from continuing operations attributable to System1, Inc.
 $
 $
 ( 85,727)

 Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax attributable to System1, Inc.
 —
 ( 141,494)

 Net loss attributable to System1, Inc.
 $
 $
 ( 227,221)

 Denominator:

 Weighted-average common shares outstanding used in computing basic and diluted net loss per share
 69,554
 91,454

 Shares of Class C common stock, RSUs and Warrants outstanding for the year December 31, 2024 and 2023, are considered potentially dilutive of the shares of Class A common stock and are included in the computation of diluted loss per share, except when the effect would be anti-dilutive. For the periods presented in the table above, a total of 16.8 million Warrants were excluded from the computation of net loss per share as the impact was anti-dilutive. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we excluded 21.9 million Stock Appreciation Rights as they are contingently issuable based on certain performance conditions, which were not achieved. See Note 16, Stock-Based Compensation, for additional details.

 We do not consider unvested Class A common stock related to the Replacement Awards as outstanding for accounting purposes as they are subject to continued service requirements or contingencies. These shares are not included in the denominator of the net loss per share calculation until the employee provides the requisite service resulting in the vesting of the award or the contingency is removed, or upon termination of an employee at which point the common stock underlying award becomes issuable to the previous investors. Shares associated with the vested or forfeited Replacement Awards are deemed to be issued and outstanding for accounting purposes on the day of vesting or forfeiture.

 14. Segment Reporting

 We have two operating and reportable segments: Owned and Operated Advertising and Partner Network. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is

 available that is evaluated regularly by the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM"), in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. Our Chief Executive Officer, who is considered to be our CODM, reviews financial information presented on an operating segment basis for purposes of making operating decisions and assessing financial performance. The CODM measures and evaluates reportable segments based on segment adjusted gross profit. The CODM evaluates both potential future, as well as historical budget to actual variances, adjusted gross profit by segment on a quarterly basis to determine the allocation of capital for acquisition marketing, as well as technical and personnel resources. Adjusted gross profit is also used to determine variable compensation expense for certain employees. We have not presented segment assets as our CODM does not use segment assets to evaluate or measure segment performance or allocate resources.

 The tables below include the following operating expenses that are not allocated to the reportable segments presented to our CODM, such as other cost of revenue (total cost of revenue excluding traffic acquisition cost), salaries and benefits, depreciation and amortization and, at times, certain other transactions or adjustments. The CODM does not consider these expenses for the purposes of making decisions to allocate resources among segments or to assess segment performance, however these costs are included in reported consolidated net loss from continuing operations before income tax and are included in the reconciliation that follows.

 The following table summarizes revenue, segment cost of revenue and adjusted gross profit by reportable segments (in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 $
 281,930
 $
 328,934

 61,995
 73,037

 Total revenue
 $
 $

 $
 173,721
 $
 221,238

 10,136
 19,617

 Total segment cost of revenue
 $
 183,857
 $
 240,855

 $
 108,209
 $
 107,696

 51,859
 53,420

 Adjusted gross profit
 160,068
 161,116

 Other cost of revenue

 7,704
 7,890

 113,512
 106,505

 47,346
 54,307

 80,107
 78,403

 Interest expense, net
 31,562
 48,745

 ( 20,109)
 —

 —
 2,004

 ( 2,386)
 ( 5,109)

 Loss before income tax
 $
 ( 97,668)
 $
 ( 131,629)

 The following table summarizes revenue by geographic region (in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 United States
 $
 333,069
 $
 385,847

 Other countries
 10,856
 16,124

 Total revenue
 $
 $

 Concentrations

 The following tables illustrate the concentrations as a percentage of total revenue and total accounts receivable for our key Advertising Partners:

 Concentration of revenue from key Advertising Partners

 2024
 2023

 Google
 %
 %

 Concentration of accounts receivable from key Advertising Partners

 Google
 %
 %

 Microsoft
 %
 %

 Yahoo
 %
 %

 As of December 31, 2024, we had two paid search advertising partnership agreements with Google, and one paid search advertising partnership agreement with Microsoft. The Google agreements are in effect through February 28, 2025 and September 30, 2027. The Google agreement set to expire on February 28, 2025 was extended through February 28, 2027. The agreement with Microsoft (our next largest Advertising Partner by revenue) is in effect through June 30, 2025. Under certain circumstances, each of these agreements may be terminated by either us or the respective Advertising Partner immediately, or with minimal notice.

 15. Stockholders' Equity

 We have two classes of stock, Class A and Class C common stock. The voting rights of each class of our common stock is identical. Holders of Class C common stock have no economic rights, only voting rights.

 We will have at all times, authorized and unissued shares of Class A common stock for the purposes of effecting any redemptions or exchanges.

 We are not permitted to issue additional shares of Class C common stock other than in connection with the valid issuance of System1 Holdings Common Units under the New System1 Holdings Operating Agreement. Holders of Class C common stock may only transfer their Class C common stock to certain permitted transferees, while also simultaneously transferring an equal number of such holder's System1 Holdings Common Units.

 Repurchase Program

 In August 2022, the Company announced that our Board of Directors authorized up to $ 25.0 million for the repurchase of our Class A common stock and Warrants ("2022 Repurchase Program"). During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 we did not repurchase Class A common stock or Warrants. The amount outstanding under the 2022 Repurchase Program is $ 23.9 million.

 16. Stock-Based Compensation

 We are authorized to issue and/or grant restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock options, stock appreciation rights, and other stock-based and cash-based awards under our 2022 Incentive Award Plan ("2022 Plan"). During the year ended December 31, 2024, 1.1 million grant awards were reserved and authorized for issuance and/or grant under the 2022 Plan. In addition, the number of underlying shares authorized for issuance/grant under the 2022 Plan are subject to increase each year on January 1, equal to the lesser of (a) a number of shares equal to 2.5 % of the aggregate number of shares of common stock outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year and (b) such smaller number of shares as is determined by the compensation committee of the board of directors. On January 1, 2025, the number of shares authorized and reserved for grant under the 2022 Plan was increased by 2.3 million shares in accordance with the foregoing provision of the 2022 Plan.

 As described in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, the Replacement Awards continue to vest over the original vesting schedule of the original underlying awards. We recognized stock-based compensation expense for the Replacement Awards of $ 2.2 million and $ 6.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The unrecognized stock-based compensation expense associated with these unvested Replacement Awards was $ 0.2 million as of December 31, 2024, expected to be recognized during the first quarter of 2025.

 We recorded the following stock-based compensation expenses for equity-classified awards (in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Stock-based compensation expense
 $
 15,763
 $
 21,235

 The following summarizes RSU activity:

 Shares
(in thousands)
 Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share

 Unvested as of December 31, 2023
 4,423
 $
 5.41

 Granted
 6,135
 $
 1.42

 Vested
 ( 4,089)
 $
 4.55

 Forfeited
 ( 544)
 $
 3.14

 Unvested as of December 31, 2024
 5,925
 $
 2.08

 The weighted average grant date fair value per share for the restricted stock units granted during the year ended December 31, 2023 was $ 3.04. The weighted average grant date fair value per share for the 3.1 million restricted stock units vested during the year ended December 31, 2023 was $ 8.99.

 At December 31, 2024, we had unrecognized stock-based compensation relating to restricted stock units of approximately $ 9.3 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.9 years.

 Stock Appreciation Rights

 During the year ended December 31, 2024, we adopted the 2024 SAR Plan. The maximum number of Class A common stock that may be issued pursuant to awards of Stock Appreciation Rights ("SARs") granted under the 2024 Plan ("Awards") is 23.8 million shares.

 Financial performance in the 2024 Plan is determined by the achievement of Adjusted EBITDA performance targets, defined as, with respect to any particular period, our net income (loss) before interest expense,

 income taxes, depreciation and amortization expense, stock-based compensation expenses, dividends or other distributions to equity holders, expense associated with revaluation of any warrants, costs associated with acquisitions or dispositions, deferred compensation, management fees, minority interest expense, restructuring charges, impairment and certain segment-specific adjustments, and such other adjustments as may be appropriate to accurately reflect performance, in each case, as determined by the 2024 Plan administrator.

 In July 2024, we granted 22.4 million SARs. Each Award is subject to the employee's continued service through the applicable vesting date (as defined in the SAR Plan). The term of any SARs shall not exceed seven years. The SARs will vest in four equal tranches upon achieving trailing twelve month Adjusted EBITDA targets of $ 50.0 million, $ 60.0 million, $ 70.0 million, and $ 80.0 million.

 Upon exercise, the SARs will be settled in shares of our Class A common stock or in cash at our election. The probability that the award will vest for each of the four tranches will be assessed at the end of every reporting period. If and when the award is deemed probable of vesting, we will recognize stock-based compensation expense for the award on a graded basis through the date of vesting for each individual tranche. Unvested SARs are forfeited upon termination of service.

 We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the grant date fair value of each SARs award granted under the 2024 Plan. The expected term is estimated using the simplified method, which is the midpoint between the vesting date and the contractual term. Volatility is based on a blend of the historical volatility of our common stock and the peer-leveraged volatility. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The following table sets forth the key assumptions used to determine the fair value:

 Input

 Risk-free interest rate
 4.01 % - 4.56 %

 Term (in years)
 2.5 - 7.0

 Volatility factor
 73.18 % - 89.76 %

 Dividend yield
 0.00 %

 The weighted-average grant date fair value of SARs granted during the year ended December 31, 2024 was $ 0.94.

 A summary of our SARs activity is as follows:

 Number of Shares
(in thousands)
 Weighted Average Exercise Price
 Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
 Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)

 Outstanding at January 1, 2024
 —
 $
 —
 —
 $
 —

 Granted
 22,446
 1.44

 Forfeited/canceled
 ( 498)
 1.44

 Outstanding at December 31, 2024

 21,948
 1.44

 Expected to vest as of December 31, 2024

 —
 $
 1.44
 $
 —

 As of December 31, 2024, we determined the performance conditions of the Tranche I SARs awards were probable of being achieved before the fourth anniversary date of the awards. Accordingly, we recognized $ 0.9 million in stock-based compensation expense within equity for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested SARs was $ 3.5 million, expected

 to be recognized over the remaining period of two years. No SARs vested or were exercised for the year ended December 31, 2024.

 17. Discontinued Operations

 Sale of Protected

 On November 30, 2023, we completed the sale of Protected, our subscription reporting unit. Total consideration comprised of: (a) $ 240.0 million in cash, subject to certain adjustments, (b) the return and subsequent cancellation of approximately 29.1 million shares of our Class A common stock, par value $ 0.0001 per share, owned by JDI and other entities and individuals affiliated with the Purchasing Parties and (c) confirmation from JDI, Protected and the Protected CEO that the financial performance benchmarks related to the Protected Incentive Plan, will, as a result of the Protected Disposition, no longer be achievable.

 We used $ 51.0 million of the proceeds from the sale of Protected to repay certain of our outstanding indebtedness, including (i) the mandatory repayment of secured and unsecured obligations totaling $ 18.8 million and intercompany obligations totaling $ 9.6 million and (ii) the voluntary repayment of unsecured obligations (inclusive of certain fees and accrued but unpaid interest) totaling $ 22.7 million. We continue to use the remaining cash proceeds from the sale of Protected for general working capital purposes and to reduce certain of our other existing debt obligations. Additionally, the 29.1 million of Class A common stock returned to us pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement as part of the sale of Protected were subsequently cancelled and are no longer outstanding shares of our capital stock.

 We have determined that the sale of Protected represents a strategic shift that will have a major effect on our results of operations. The Protected business met the criteria to be reported as assets held for sale and discontinued operations on September 30, 2023, and accordingly, all prior comparable periods have been recast to conform to the current period presentation.

 Impairment of the Subscription Reporting Unit (the Protected Business)

 Upon classifying the Protected Business as held for sale, we performed a goodwill impairment test on the Subscription reporting unit resulting in a goodwill impairment charge of $ 115.5 million. This impairment was the result of decreases in long-term forecasts due to recent adverse customer trends and other macroeconomic outcomes. We recorded a further impairment charge of $ 3.3 million upon the classification of the disposal group as held for sale, for a total impairment charge of $ 118.8 million that was recorded in the results of discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2023. There was no tax benefit of this charge for the year ended December 31, 2023.

 There were no assets and liabilities classified as held for sale from discontinued operations as of December 31, 2023.

 The financial results of Protected are presented as loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes in the consolidated statements of operations. The following table presents the summarized discontinued operations consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 $
 190,090

 Operating expenses:

 Cost of revenue (excluding depreciation and amortization)
 161,134

 41,972

 11,546

 26,727

 Impairment of assets held for sale
 3,276

 Impairment of goodwill
 115,483

 Total operating expenses
 360,138

 Operating loss
 ( 170,048)

 Other expense, net

 Loss on sale of business
 4,247

 Loss from discontinued operations before income taxes
 ( 174,843)

 ( 516)

 Net loss from discontinued operations
 $
 ( 174,327)

 The following table presents the significant non-cash items and capital expenditures for the discontinued operations with respect to the subscription business that are included in the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Impairment of assets held for sale
 $
 3,276

 Impairment of goodwill

 $
 115,483

 Loss on sale of business
 $
 4,247

 $
 26,727

 Stock-based compensation
 $
 31,850

 Capital expenditures
 $
 1,739

 Transition Service Agreement

 In connection with a transition service agreement, we agreed to provide certain services for which full reimbursement of cost was provided through November 30, 2024. We were reimbursed $ 4.3 million in costs through the end of the transition service agreement.

 Discontinued Operations Related-Party Transactions

 Payment Processing Agreement

 Protected utilizes multiple credit card payment processors, including Paysafe Financial Services Limited ("Paysafe"). In March 2021, Paysafe completed a merger with Foley Trasimene Acquisition Corp. II ("Foley Trasimene"), a special purpose acquisition company sponsored by entities affiliated with a sponsor of Trebia who was also a member of our Board of Directors. Protected's payment processing agreement with Paysafe was negotiated before the announcements of both (i) the Merger as well as (ii) the business combination between Paysafe and Foley Trasimene. We incurred credit card processing fees related to Paysafe for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $ 14.9 million.

 Office Facilities

 We had an agreement with JDI Property Holdings Limited ("JDIP"), an entity controlled by one of our former directors, which allows us to use space at their property in exchange for GBP 0.1 million per year. The agreement with JDIP terminated concurrently with the sale of Protected.

 Protected Incentive Plan Installment Payments

 In connection with the Merger, we effected an incentive plan for eligible recipients (the "Protected Incentive Plan") providing up to $ 100 million payable in fully-vested shares of our Class A common stock based contingent upon the achievement of the future performance of Protected's business. The incentive plan originally was to be paid out in two tranches based on performance of the business for 2023 and 2024. The first award (2023), consisting of $ 50.0 million of Class A common stock payable in January 2024, was modified to a cash award resulting in $ 20 million of payments in 2022 and 2023 with an additional final $ 10.0 million, payable upon the achievement of certain performance thresholds around marketing spend and operating contribution of Protected are achieved on or before December 31, 2024. On November 30, 2023, none of the performance thresholds have been met, and therefore, none of the additional cash bonus payments have been paid.

 At the closing of the Protected Disposition, JDI, Protected and the Protected CEO confirmed that the financial performance benchmarks related to certain contingent earnout payments based on the future performance of Protected's Business will no longer be achievable. As such, we reversed $ 40.8 million of expense during the year ended December 31, 2023 for the Protected Incentive Plan within loss on sale of business segment of discontinued operations on the consolidated statements of operations.

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

 Pursuant to Rules 13a-15(b) and 15d-15(b) under the Securities Exchange Act, we have evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, due to the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting described below, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in the reports required to be filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in

 the SEC's rules and forms, and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

 Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act.

 Management, including our CEO and CFO, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, management used the criteria described in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"). Based on this assessment, management has concluded that we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 because of the material weaknesses described below.

 We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

 The material weaknesses identified were as follows:

 • We did not design and maintain an effective control environment commensurate with our financial reporting requirements. Specifically, we lacked a sufficient number of professionals with an appropriate level of accounting knowledge, training and experience to appropriately analyze, record and disclose accounting matters timely and accurately. Additionally, the limited personnel resulted in an inability to consistently establish appropriate authorities and responsibilities in pursuit of financial reporting objectives, as demonstrated by, among other things, insufficient segregation of duties in our finance and accounting functions.
 • We did not design and maintain effective controls in response to the risks of material misstatement. Specifically, changes to existing controls or the implementation of new controls have not been sufficient to respond to changes to the risks of material misstatement to financial reporting.

 These material weaknesses contributed to the following additional material weaknesses:

 • We did not design and maintain effective controls to timely analyze and record the financial statement effects from complex, non-routine transactions, including acquisitions, dispositions, equity commitments and post-combination compensation arrangements. Specifically, we did not design and maintain effective controls over the application of US GAAP to such transactions, and, as it relates to acquisitions, did not design and maintain effective controls over (i) the review of the inputs and assumptions used in the measurement of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including discounted cash flow analysis to value acquired intangible assets at an appropriate level of precision, (ii) the tax impacts of acquisitions to the financial statements, and (iii) conforming of US GAAP and accounting policies of acquired entities to that of the Company. In addition, we did not design and maintain effective controls relating to the oversight and ongoing recording of the financial statement results of the acquired businesses.
 • We did not design and maintain formal accounting policies, procedures and controls to achieve complete, accurate and timely financial accounting, reporting and disclosures, including controls over (i) the preparation and review of business performance reviews, account reconciliations journal entries, and identification of asset groups and (ii) maintaining appropriate segregation of duties. Additionally, we did not design and maintain controls over the classification and presentation of accounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements, including the statement of cash flows.

 This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of the Company's independent registered public accounting firm due to a transition period established by SEC rules and regulations for newly public companies. We

 are not required to have, or to engage our independent registered public accounting firm to perform, an audit of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting for as long as we are an "emerging growth company" pursuant to the provisions of the JOBS Act.

 Remediation plan for the material weaknesses

 We are in the process of, and we are focused on, designing and implementing effective measures to improve our internal control over financial reporting and remediate the material weaknesses. Our remediation efforts to address the identified material weaknesses are ongoing. Our efforts include a number of actions:

 • Assessed the need of additional senior level accounting personnel with applicable technical accounting knowledge, training, and experience in accounting matters, and hired the appropriately skilled resources.
 • Designing and implementing controls to formalize roles and review responsibilities to align with our team's skills and experience and designing and implementing controls ensuring segregation of duties;
 • Engaged an accounting advisory firm to assist with the documentation, evaluation, remediation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission;
 • Designing and implementing controls to address the financial reporting risks over the accounting for dispositions, acquisitions and other complex, non-routine transactions, including controls over the preparation and review of accounting memoranda addressing these matters, valuations and key assumptions utilized in the valuations, allocation of goodwill reporting units, tax impacts, and ongoing recording of the financial statement results of the acquired businesses;
 • Designing and implementing formal accounting policies with periodic reviews, procedures and controls supporting our period-end financial reporting process, including controls over the preparation and review of account reconciliations and journal entries, business performance reviews, foreign exchange gains/losses for intercompany transactions, appropriate determination of asset groups for impairment consideration and classification and presentation of accounts and disclosures, including the statement of cash flows.

 We believe the measures described above will facilitate the remediation of the material weaknesses we have identified and will strengthen our internal control over financial reporting. We are committed to continuing to improve our internal control over financial reporting and will continue to review, optimize and enhance our processes, procedures and controls. As we continue to evaluate and work to improve our internal control over financial reporting, we may take additional measures to address control deficiencies, or we may modify, or in appropriate circumstances not complete, certain of the remediation measures described above. These material weaknesses will not be considered remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. Therefore, these material weaknesses have not been remediated as of December 31, 2024.

 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 Throughout the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company undertook remediation measures related to certain previously reported material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting. We completed these remediation measures in the quarter ended December 31, 2024, including testing of the design and concluding on the operating effectiveness of the related controls.

 Specifically, we undertook the following remediation measures:

 1.We enhanced the design of controls over accounting for accrued liabilities, stock-based compensation and equity transactions, including accounting for non-controlling interest. The enhanced controls have operated for a sufficient period of time in order for management to conclude, through testing, that these controls are designed and operating effectively.

 2.We enhanced the design of controls over the accuracy and valuation of goodwill, including the identification and measurement of goodwill impairment. The enhanced controls have operated for a sufficient period of time in order for management to conclude, through testing, that these controls are designed and operating effectively.
 3.We enhanced the design of controls over the accounting for warrants, including the impact of these instruments on earnings per share. The enhanced controls have operated for a sufficient period of time in order for management to conclude, through testing, that these controls are designed and operating effectively.
 4.We enhanced the design of controls over all information technology ("IT") general controls for information systems that are relevant to the preparation of our financial statements. The enhanced controls have operated for a sufficient period of time in order for management to conclude, through testing, that these controls are designed and operating effectively.

 Based on these procedures, we believe that the previously reported material weaknesses related to the above items have been remediated. However, completion of remediation procedures for these material weaknesses does not provide assurance that our modified controls will continue to operate properly or that our financial statements will be free from error. We continue to undertake remediation measures related to the remaining material weaknesses disclosed in the Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting section above.

 Other than the changes disclosed above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B. Other Information.

 Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

 In the quarter ended December 31, 2023, trusts established for the benefit of our co-founders' families each entered into a trading plan intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The trading plan entered into by the trust established for the benefit of our Chief Executive Officer provides for the purchase of an aggregate of $ 2.0 million worth of shares of our Class A common stock during the duration of the plan, which was to terminate on July 15, 2024, subject to early termination for certain specified events set forth in the plan. The plan was terminated during the second quarter of 2024. The trading plan entered into by the trust established for the benefit of our Chief Operating Officer provides for the purchase of an aggregate of $ 3.0 million worth of shares of our Class A common stock during the duration of the plan, which was to terminate on July 15, 2024, subject to early termination for certain specified events set forth in the plan. The plan was terminated according to the dates in the plan.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

 Not applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

 The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation.

 The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

 The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

 The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

 The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

 (a) We have filed the following documents as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

 1. Consolidated Financial Statements
 See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" herein.

 2. Financial Statement Schedules
 No financial statement schedules are provided because the information called for is not required or is shown in the consolidated financial statements of the notes thereto.

 3. Exhibits
 Exhibits required to be filed as part of this report are:

 Incorporated by Reference
 Filed or Furnished Herewith

 Exhibit No.
 Description
 Form
 File No.
 Exhibit
 Filing Date

 2.1(a)
 Business Combination Agreement, dated as of June 28, 2021, by and among Trebia Acquisition Corp., S1 Holdco, LLC, System1 SS Protect Holdings, Inc., and the other parties that are signatory thereto.

 2.1
 6/29/2021

 2.1(b)
 Amendment No. 1 to the Business Combination Agreement, dated as of November 30, 2021, by and among Trebia Acquisition Corp., S1 Holdco, LLC, System1 SS Protect Holdings, Inc., and the other parties that are signatory thereto.

 S-4
 333-260714
 2.2
 12/1/2021

 2.1(c)
 Amendment No. 2 to the Business Combination Agreement, dated January 10, 2022, by and among S1 Holdco, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, System1 SS Protect Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation and the other parties signatory thereto.

 10.1
 1/20/2022

 2.1(d)
 Amendment No. 3 to the Business Combination Agreement, dated January 25, 2022, by and among S1 Holdco, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, System1 SS Protect Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation and the other parties signatory thereto.

 10.1
 1/26/2022

 2.2
 Share Purchase Agreement, dated November 30, 2023, by and among System1, Inc., Orchid Merger Sub II, LLC, Sonic Newco, LLC, JDI Antarctica Limited and JDI Antarctica Sub II Limited

 2.1
 12/4/2023

 3.1
 Certificate of Incorporation of System1, Inc.

 3.1
 2/2/2022

 3.2
 Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of System1, Inc.

 3.1
 3/1/2023

 3.3

 Amendment to the System1, Inc. Certificate of Incorporation

 3.1

 6/11/2024

 4.1
 Warrant Agreement, dated June 19, 2020, by and between Trebia Acquisition Corp. and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent.

 4.1
 6/2/2020

 4.2
 Description of Registrant's Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

 4.2
 6/6/2023

 10.1^
 System1, Inc. 2022 Incentive Award Plan

 10.2
 2/20/2022

 10.2
 Conditional Consent, Waiver and Acknowledgement, dated as of August 30, 2022, by and among System1, Inc., Protected.net Group Limited and Just Develop It Limited.

 10.1
 8/30/2022

 10.3#

 Credit and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of January 27, 2022, among Orchid Finco LLC, System1 Midco, LLC, Orchid Merger Sub II, LLC and the subsidiaries from time to time party thereto, S1 Holdco, LLC, Bank of America, N.A. and the lenders from time to time party thereto.

 10.7
 6/6/2023

 10.4

 Registration Rights Agreement, dated January 27, 2022, by and among System1, Inc. and the other parties that are signatory thereto.

 S-1
 333-262608
 10.3
 2/9/2022

 10.5

 Registration Rights Agreement, dated June 19, 2020, among the Company, the Sponsors and certain other security holders named therein.

 10.2
 6/22/2020

 10.6

 Form of Indemnification Agreement and Advancement Agreement

 10.4
 3/2/2022

 10.7^

 Employment Agreement, dated as of June 15, 2023, between Tridivesh Kidambi and System1, LLC.

 10.1
 6/22/2022

 10.8

 Form of Stockholders Agreement

 S-4/A
 333-260714
 10.3
 12/16/2021

 10.9

 First Amendment to Conditional Consent, Waiver and Acknowledgement

 10.18

 6/6/2023

 10.10

 Second Amendment to Conditional Consent, Waiver and Acknowledgement, dated as of November 30, 2023, by and among System1, Inc., Total Security Limited, Just Develop It Limited, JDI Antarctica Limited and JDI Antarctica Sub II Limited

 10.1
 12/4/2023

 10.11

 System1, Inc. 2024 Stock Appreciation Rights Plan

 10.1

 6/11/2024

 10.12

 First Amendment to System1, Inc. 2024 Stock Appreciation Rights Plan

 10.3

 8/8/2024

 16.1

 Letter of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP dated June 7, 2024

 16.1

 6/7/2024

 19.1

 Insider Trading Policy

 10.26

 3/15/2024

 21.1
 Subsidiaries of Registrant

 X

 23.1
 Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

 X

 23.2
 Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP

 X

 31.1*
 Certification of principal executive officer pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 X

 31.2*
 Certification of principal financial and accounting officer pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 X

 32.1**
 Certification of principal executive officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 X

 32.2**
 Certification of principal financial and accounting officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 X

 97.1*
 Policy for Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation.

 X

 101.INS*

 101.SCH*

 101.CAL*

 101.DEF*

 101.LAB*

 101.PRE*

 104*

 *
 Filed herewith.

 **
 This certification shall not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

 ^
 Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.

 #
 Schedules and exhibits have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Registrant will furnish copies of any such schedules and exhibits to the SEC upon request.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.

 None.

 Signatures

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized, on this 10th day of March, 2025.

 SYSTEM1, INC.

 Date:
 By:
 /s/ Michael Blend

 Michael Blend

 Chief Executive Officer and Director

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 Signatures

 KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Michael Blend and Tridivesh Kidambi, jointly and severally, as his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming that all said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities held on the dates indicated.

 Signature
 Title
 Date

 /s/ Michael Blend
 Chief Executive Officer, Director

 Michael Blend
 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ Tridivesh Kidambi
 Chief Financial Officer

 Tridivesh Kidambi
 (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

 /s/ John Civantos

 John Civantos

 /s/ Dexter Fowler

 Dexter Fowler

 /s/ Caroline Horn

 Caroline Horn

 /s/ Moujan Kazerani

 Moujan Kazerani

 /s/ Tanmay Kumar

 Tanmay Kumar

 /s/ Frank R. Martire, Jr.

 Frank R. Martire, Jr.

 /s/ Taryn Naidu

 Taryn Naidu

 /s/ Jennifer Prince

 Jennifer Prince

 /s/ Charles Ursini

 Charles Ursini

 /s/ Ryan Caswell

 Ryan Caswell