UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 FORM 10-K
 (Mark One)
 Annual report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024
 or
 Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the Transition Period From ________To _______
 Commission file number 0-31164
 Preformed Line Products Company
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Ohio
 34-0676895

 (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 660 Beta Drive
 Mayfield Village, Ohio

 44143

 (Address of Principal Executive Office)
 (Zip Code)

 ( 440) 461 5200

 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Shares, $2 par value per share
 PLPC
 NASDAQ

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange act.
 Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer Smaller Reporting Company Emerging Growth Company
 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No
 The aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2024 was $ 275,665,503 based on the closing price of such common shares, as reported on the NASDAQ National Market System. As of February 21, 2025, there were 4,940,991 common shares of the Company ($2 par value) outstanding.
 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 Portions of the Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 13, 2025 are incorporated by reference into Part III, Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14.

 Page

 Part I.

 Item 1.

 Business

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 4A.

 Information about our Executive Officers

 Part II.

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Require Inspections

 Part III.

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships, Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Part IV.

 Item 15.

 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Forward-Looking Statements
 This Form 10-K and other documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") contain forward-looking statements regarding Preformed Line Products Company's (the "Company") and the Company's management's beliefs and expectations. Any forward-looking statements are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. As a general matter, forward-looking statements are those focused upon future plans, objectives or performance (as opposed to historical items) and include statements of anticipated events or trends and expectations and beliefs relating to matters not historical in nature. Use of words such "anticipates," "believes," "may," "should," "will," "would," "could," "plans," "projects," "expects," "estimates," "predicts," "targets," "forecasts," "intends," "contemplates," and similar words may identify forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements are subject to uncertainties and factors relating to the Company's operations and business environment, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond the Company's control. Such uncertainties and factors could cause the Company's actual results to differ materially from those matters expressed in or implied by such forward-looking statements.
 The following factors, among others, could affect the Company's future performance and cause the Company's actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements made in this report:
 • The overall demand for cable anchoring and control hardware for electrical transmission and distribution lines on a worldwide basis, which has a slow growth rate in mature markets such as the United States ("U.S."), Canada, Australia and Western Europe and may grow slowly or experience prolonged delay in developing regions despite expanding power needs;
 • The potential impact of global economic conditions, including the impact of inflation, tariffs and rising interest rates, on the Company's ongoing profitability and future growth opportunities in the Company's core markets in the U.S. and other foreign countries, which may experience continued or further instability due to political and economic conditions, social unrest, acts of war, military conflict (including the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian and Israeli-Palestinian conflicts), international hostilities or the perception that hostilities may be imminent, terrorism, changes in diplomatic and trade relationships and public health concerns (including viral outbreaks such as COVID-19);
 • The ability of the Company's customers to raise funds needed to build the infrastructure projects their customers require;
 • Technological developments that affect longer-term trends for communication lines, such as wireless communication;
 • The decreasing demand for product supporting copper-based infrastructure due to the introduction of products using new technologies or adoption of new industry standards;
 • The Company's success at continuing to develop proprietary technology and maintaining high quality products and customer service to meet or exceed new industry performance standards and individual customer expectations;
 • The Company's success in strengthening and retaining relationships with the Company's customers, growing sales at targeted accounts and expanding geographically;
 • The extent to which the Company is successful at expanding the Company's product line or production facilities into new areas or implementing efficiency measures at existing facilities;
 • The effects of fluctuation in currency exchange rates upon the Company's foreign subsidiaries' operations and reported results from international operations, together with non-currency risks of investing in and conducting significant operations in foreign countries, including those relating to political, social, economic, trade and regulatory factors;
 • The Company's ability to identify, complete, obtain funding for and integrate acquisitions for profitable growth;
 • The potential impact of consolidation, deregulation and bankruptcy among the Company's suppliers, competitors and customers and of any legal or regulatory claims;
 • The relative degree of competitive and customer price pressure on the Company's products;
 • The cost, availability and quality of raw materials required for the manufacture of products and any tariffs that may be associated with the purchase of these products or components of these products. The Company's supply chain could face disruptions and constraints from inflationary pressures and ongoing wars and military conflicts, which could have a material, adverse effect on the ability to secure raw materials and supplies;
 • Strikes, labor disruptions and other fluctuations in labor costs;
 • Changes in significant government regulations, including those affecting environmental compliance or regulatory or third-party litigation matters;
 • Security breaches or other disruptions to the Company's information technology structure;
 • The telecommunication market's continued deployment of Fiber-to-the-Premises;

 • The impact of any failure to timely implement and maintain adequate financial, information technology and management processes and controls and procedures; and
 • Those factors described under the heading "Risk Factors" on page 9.
 In light of these risks and uncertainties, the Company cautions you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statements that the Company makes in this report speaks only as of the date of such statement, and the Company undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statement or to publicly announce the results of any revision to any of those statements to reflect future events or developments. Comparisons of results for current and any prior periods are not intended to express any future trends or indications of future performance, unless specifically expressed as such, and should only be viewed as historical data.

 Item 1. Business
 Background
 Preformed Line Products Company together with its subsidiaries (the "Company" or "PLP") is an international designer and manufacturer of products and systems employed in the construction and maintenance of overhead, ground-mounted and underground networks for energy, telecommunication, cable, data communication and other similar industries. The Company's primary products support, protect, connect, terminate and secure cables and wires. The Company provides formed wire solutions, connectors, fiber optic and copper splice closures, solar hardware mounting applications, and electric vehicle charging station foundations. The Company's goal is to continue to achieve profitable growth as a leader in the research, innovation, development, manufacture and marketing of technically advanced products and services primarily related to the energy and communications markets.
 The Company serves a worldwide market through strategically located domestic and international manufacturing facilities. Each of the Company's domestic and international manufacturing facilities have obtained or are actively seeking an International Organization of Standardization ("ISO") 9001:2015 Certified Management System Certificate. The ISO 9001:2015 certified management system is a globally recognized certified quality standard for manufacturing and assists the Company in marketing its products throughout the world. The Company's customers include public and private energy utilities and communication companies, cable operators, governmental agencies, contractors and subcontractors, distributors and value-added resellers. The Company is not dependent on a single customer or small group of customers. The Company has one customer accounting for 11.1% of the Company's consolidated revenues.
 The Company's products include:
 • Energy Products
 • Communications Products
 • Special Industries Products
 –Solar Framing and Electric Vehicle Products
 –Inspection Services
 Energy Products are used for supporting, protecting, terminating and splicing transmission and distribution lines as well as bolted, welded, and compressed connectors for substations. PLP offers a full array of products for OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) and ADSS (All Dielectric Self Supporting) fiber optic cables, which are commonly used to monitor and control power networks. Formed wire products are the mainstay of PLP's product offering and such products enjoy an almost universal acceptance in the Company's markets. Formed wire products are based on the principle of forming a variety of stiff wire materials into a helical (spiral) shape. The advantages of using the Company's helical formed wire products are that they are economical, dependable and easy to use. Additional energy product offerings include a wide array of string hardware products, polymer insulators, wildlife protection, substation fittings and motion control devices like spacer dampers. Energy products were approximately 71%, 64%, and 59% of the Company's revenues in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 Communications Products include rugged outside plant (OSP) closures to protect and support wireline and wireless networks, such as fiber optic cable or copper cable, from moisture, environmental hazards and other potential contaminants. The precision engineered OSP closures support many FTTx (Fiber-to-the-X) and 4G/5G applications and are deployed at various points in the network—deadend, middle-mile and last-mile—but primarily are used in modern FTTH (Fiber-to-the-Home) applications. In addition to the OSP closures, the Company supplies demarcation related products that include wall boxes, pre-terminated cabinets, wall plates and passive components that are typically deployed at residences, businesses or MDUs (Multi-dwelling units). The Company supplies formed wire products, utility pole line hardware, motion control products and cable storage devices used to hold, support, protect and terminate various cable types that are used to transfer voice, video or data signals. These communications products serve all segments of the telecommunications industry including but not limited to network operators, broadband service providers, wireless internet service providers, enterprise networks, educational institutions, and electric utilities deploying fiber optics. Communications products were approximately 22%, 29%, and 33% of the Company's revenues in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 Special Industries Products include hardware assemblies, pole line hardware, plastic products, cable dynamics/vibration solutions, interior/exterior connectors, tools, and urethane solutions. They are used by energy, renewable energy, communications, cable and other industries for specialized applications. Also included in Special Industries is the Inspection Services group which provides safe and reliable drone inspection services for utility assets, including transmission and distribution power lines, substations, generation facilities, and communications assets as well as solar framing and electric vehicle (EV) offerings which include mounting solutions for photovoltaic solar applications, including commercial, industrial, utility, and residential applications as well as pre-

 fabricated, precision-engineered EV charging station foundations. Special Industries products were approximately 7%, 7%, and 8% of the Company's revenues in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 International Operations
 The international operations of the Company are essentially the same as its domestic ("PLP-USA") business. The Company manufactures similar types of products in its international plants as are sold domestically, sells to similar types of customers and faces similar types of competition (and in some cases, the same competitors). Sources of supply of raw materials are not significantly different internationally. See Note 15 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information and financial data relating to the Company's international operations that represent reportable segments.
 Sales and Marketing
 The Company markets its products through a direct sales force and manufacturing representatives. The direct sales force is employed by the Company and works with manufacturers' representatives, as well as key direct accounts and distributors who also buy and resell the Company's products. The manufacturers' representatives are independent organizations that represent the Company as well as other complementary product lines. These organizations are paid a commission based on the sales amount they generate.
 Research and Development
 The Company is committed to providing technical leadership through scientific research and product development in order to continue to expand the Company's position as a supplier to the communications and power industries. Research is conducted on a continuous basis using internal experience in conjunction with outside professional expertise to develop state-of-the-art materials for several of the Company's products. These products capitalize on cost-efficiency while offering exacting mechanical performance that meets or exceeds industry standards. The Company's research and development activities have resulted in numerous patents being issued to the Company (see "Patents and Trademarks" below).
 To understand the performance of its products, and enhance the goals of ensuring quality and exceeding customer expectations, the Company has a 38,000-square-foot Research and Engineering Center located at its corporate headquarters in Mayfield Village, Ohio. Using the Research and Engineering Center, engineers and technicians simulate a wide range of external conditions encountered by the Company's products to ensure quality, durability and performance. The work performed in the Research and Engineering Center includes advanced studies and experimentation with various forms of vibration and environmental changes.
 The Research and Engineering Center is one of the most sophisticated in the world in its specialized field. The Research and Engineering Center also has an advanced prototyping technology machine on-site to develop models of new designs where intricate part details are studied prior to the construction of expensive production tooling. Today, the Company's reputation for vibration testing, tensile testing, fiber optic cable testing, environmental testing, field vibration monitoring and third-party contract testing is a competitive advantage. In addition to testing, the work performed at the Company's Research and Development Center continues to fuel product development efforts. The Company's position in the industry is further reinforced by its long-standing leadership role in many key international technical organizations which are charged with the responsibility of establishing industry-wide specifications and performance criteria, including IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), CIGRE (Counsiel Internationale des Grands Reseaux Electriques a Haute Tension), and IEC (International Electromechanical Commission). Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.
 Patents and Trademarks
 The Company applies for patents in the U.S. and other countries, as appropriate, to protect its significant patentable developments. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had in force 68 U.S. patents and 116 international patents in 21 countries and had 41 pending U.S. patent applications and 114 pending international applications. While such domestic and international patents expire from time to time, the Company continues to apply for and obtain patent protection on a regular basis. Patents held by the Company in the aggregate are of material importance in the operation of the Company's business. The Company, however, does not believe that any single patent, or group of related patents, is essential to the Company's business as a whole or to any of its businesses. Additionally, the Company owns and uses a substantial body of proprietary information and numerous trademarks. The Company relies on nondisclosure agreements to protect trade secrets and other proprietary data and technology. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had obtained U.S. registration on 31 trademarks, and 5 trademark applications remained pending. International registrations amounted to 278 registrations in 47 countries, with 5 pending international registrations.
 U.S. patents are issued for terms of 20 years beginning with the date of filing of the patent application. Patents issued by international countries generally expire 20 years after filing. U.S. and international patents are not renewable after expiration of their initial term. U.S. and international trademarks are generally perpetual, renewable in 10-year increments upon a showing of continued

 use. To the knowledge of management, the Company is not subject to any significant allegation or charges of infringement of intellectual property rights by any organization.
 In the normal course of business, the Company occasionally makes and receives inquiries with regard to possible patent and trademark infringement. The extent of such inquiries from third parties has been limited generally to verbal remarks or letters to Company representatives. The Company believes that it is unlikely that the outcome of these inquiries will have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial position.
 Competition
 All of the markets that the Company serves are highly competitive. In each market, the principal methods of competition are price, performance, and service. The Company believes, however, that several factors (described below) provide the Company with a competitive advantage.
 • The Company has a strong and stable workforce. This consistent and continuous knowledge base has afforded the Company the ability to provide superior service to the Company's customers and representatives.
 • The Company's Research and Engineering Center and the engineering departments at the Company's subsidiary operations around the world maintain a strong technical support function to develop unique solutions to customer demands.
 • The Company is vertically integrated both in manufacturing and distribution and is continually upgrading equipment and processes.
 • The Company is sensitive to the marketplace and provides an extra measure of service in cases of emergency, storm damage and other supply delivery situations. This high level of customer service and customer responsiveness is a hallmark of the Company.
 • The Company's domestic and international sales and manufacturing locations ensure close support and proximity to customers worldwide.
 Domestically, there are several competitors for formed wire products. Although it has other competitors in many of the countries where it has operations, the Company has leveraged its expertise and is very strong in the global market. The Company believes that it is the world's largest manufacturer of formed wire products for energy and communications markets. However, the Company's formed wire products compete against other pole line hardware products manufactured by other companies.
 The OSP closure market is one of the most competitive product areas for the Company, with a number of primary competitors and several smaller niche competitors that compete at all levels in the marketplace. The Company believes that it is one of four leading suppliers of OSP closures.
 Sources and Availability of Raw Materials
 The principal raw materials used by the Company are galvanized wire, stainless steel, aluminum covered steel wire, aluminum rod, plastic resins, glass-filled plastic compounds, neoprene rubbers and aluminum castings. The Company also uses certain other materials such as fasteners, packaging materials and fiber communications devices. The Company believes that it has adequate sources of supply for the raw materials used in its manufacturing processes, and it regularly attempts to develop and maintain sources of supply in order to extend availability and encourage competitive pricing of these products.
 Most plastic resins are purchased under contracts to stabilize costs and improve delivery performance and are available from a number of reliable suppliers. Wire and aluminum rods are purchased in standard stock diameters and coils under contracts from a number of reliable suppliers. Contracts have firm prices except for fluctuations of base metals and petroleum prices, which result in surcharges when global demand is greater than the available supply.
 The Company also relies on certain other manufacturers to supply products that complement the Company's product lines, such as ferrous castings, fiber optic cable and connectors and various metal racks. The Company believes there are multiple sources of supply for these products.
 The Company has expanded its supply chain but, in limited circumstances, does rely on sole source manufacturers for certain raw materials. This reliance presents a risk that existing suppliers could go out of business or be unable to meet customer demand. However, there are other potential sources available for these materials, and the Company believes that it could relocate the tooling and processes to other manufacturers if necessary.
 During the twelve months ending December 31, 2024, the previous inflationary headwinds we experienced related to raw materials, specifically plastic resins, aluminum and sand (grit), have generally subsided. Costs related to shipping and freight have similarly fallen from their 2022 peak. Given the uncertainties in the macro-economic environment, we cannot determine if these trends

 will continue. If inflationary pressures persist or new tariffs are sustained, it may require further price adjustments to maintain profit margin and any price increases may have a negative effect on demand.
 Backlog Orders
 Order backlog was approximately $191.0 million at the end of 2024 and $172.6 million at the end of 2023. All customer orders entered are firm at the time of entry. Substantially all of the backlog existing at December 31, 2024 is expected to be shipped to customers in 2025.
 Seasonality
 The Company markets products that are used by utility maintenance and construction crews worldwide. The products are marketed through distributors and directly to end users, who maintain stock to ensure adequate supply for their customers or construction crews. As a result, the Company does not have a wide variation in sales from quarter to quarter.
 People, Planet and Principles
 The Company is subject to extensive and changing federal, state, and local environmental laws, including laws and regulations that (i) relate to air and water quality, (ii) impose limitations on the discharge of pollutants into the environment, (iii) establish standards for the treatment, storage and disposal of toxic and hazardous waste, and (iv) require proper storage, handling, packaging, labeling, and transporting of products and components classified as hazardous materials. Stringent fines and penalties may be imposed for noncompliance with these environmental laws. In addition, environmental laws could impose liability for costs associated with investigating and remediating contamination at the Company's facilities or at third-party facilities at which the Company has arranged for the disposal treatment of hazardous materials.
 The Company believes it is in compliance in all material respects, with all applicable environmental laws and the Company is not aware of any noncompliance or obligation to investigate or remediate contamination that could reasonably be expected to result in a material liability. The Company does not expect to make any material capital expenditures during 2025 for environmental control facilities. The environmental laws continue to be amended and revised, and compliance with future additional environmental requirements could necessitate capital outlays; however, the Company does not believe that these expenditures will ultimately result in a material adverse effect on its financial position or results of operations. Further, regulators in the U.S. and around the world, including the E.U., have been focused on proposing and/or implementing regulations to require certain disclosures related to climate change. If these regulations are ultimately adopted and become applicable to the Company, it could significantly increase the Company's compliance burdens and associated regulatory costs and complexity. The Company cannot predict the precise effect such enacted regulations or future requirements, if they become applicable to the Company, would have on the Company, and continues to monitor proposed and pending regulations. The Company believes that such regulations would affect the industry as a whole.
 Weather events may impact the Company's business by increasing operating costs due to damage to its facilities and distribution systems and disruptions to its manufacturing processes due to the increased frequency and severity of storms, floods, fires, fog, mist, freezing conditions, sea-level rise and other climate-related events. As discussed above, climate related regulatory activity may adversely affect the Company's business and financial results by requiring the Company to reduce its emissions, make capital investments to modernize certain aspects of its operations, purchase carbon offsets, or otherwise pay for its emissions. The Company seeks to address these potential risks in its business continuity planning; however, such events could make it difficult for the Company to deliver products and services to its customers and cause it to incur substantial expense.
 The Company is committed to supporting people and planet initiatives and being a responsible contributor to the environment, its employees, and the communities in which it operates. The Company's locations are focused on efforts to reduce its waste, water and energy consumption through the implementation of such programs as pollution prevention, recycling waste materials in both manufacturing and office facilities, reducing solid waste disposal, reducing harmful air emissions, and implementing alternative energy sources. Some locations have also achieved the ISO-14001: Environmental Management Systems Certification.
 In addition to monitoring and managing compliance with environmental regulations, the Company is also committed to sustainability and environmental protection initiatives. For example, the Company is committed to protecting wildlife by working with utility companies to design and manufacture wildlife protection products that aid in reducing wildlife mortalities from interaction with electric power distribution lines, structures, and equipment. Its Wildlife Protection line of products includes the BIRD-FLIGHT Diverter, RAPTOR PROTECTOR Platform and a Squirrel Deterrent System. The Company is also committed to partnering with its customers to develop innovative products, technologies, and services that meet their needs while mitigating risk to the environment and natural resources. This is evident through the Company's commitment to supporting fiber-optic connectivity, which is more energy efficient than copper cable.
 Additionally, the Company's product offerings bolster grid reliability and efficiency, increase resilience to climate events and enable transitions to new sources of energy and upgrade aging infrastructure. The Company also quickly provides repair products to

 customers in the event of emergencies or natural disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, floods or ice storms. PLP is a trusted supplier when natural disasters occur.
 The Company maintains a tradition of supporting numerous charitable organizations and promoting community involvement. It makes donations to various organizations and encourages employees to do the same by offering matching donations. The Company shares its successes with the communities in which it operates at both a corporate and local level. Donations and investments in enhancing the lives of the people within the communities it impacts are an integral part of who the Company is and how it intends to represent its values.
 Human Capital
 At December 31, 2024, the Company had 3,401 employees, the overwhelming majority of which are full-time employees. Approximately 26% of the Company's employees are located in the U.S.
 The Company views its employees and culture as keys to its success and believes that its employees are its greatest asset. The Company aims to attract and retain employees who will be empowered to have the freedom to make decisions and take actions in the best interest of the Company, while being recognized and accountable for those decisions and actions. The Company focuses on innovation, safety and engagement to develop the best talent.
 The Company's goal is to create a work environment that enables employees to perform in an environment where they feel respected and valued. As a global company with employees in 21 countries, the Company values its broad diversity of cultures, ethnicities, races, languages, religions, sexual and gender orientations and a diverse, open and inclusive work environment. Workplace satisfaction is key to attracting and retaining employees. The Company has built a culture where integrity and honesty guide the decision-making process, while promoting a culture of learning and talent development through tuition reimbursement, training, wellness programs, flexible benefits, and competitive compensation. The Company has also adopted several policies, including the Code of Conduct, which stresses the importance of adhering to laws and contributing to society.
 The Company has always had health and safety as a core value and promotes a culture that engages and empowers its employees to take responsibility for the health and safety of themselves and their co-workers.
 For more information on the risks related to the Company's human capital resources, see Item 1A – Risk Factors.
 Available Information
 The Company maintains an Internet site at  on which the Company makes available, free of charge, the annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company electronically files such material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC. The Company's SEC reports can be accessed through the investor relations section of its Internet site. The information found on the Company's Internet site is not part of this or any other report that is filed or furnished to the SEC.
 The public may read and copy any materials the Company files with or furnishes to the SEC at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F. Street, NE., Washington, DC 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room is available by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. In addition, the SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information filed with the SEC by electronic filers. The SEC's Internet site is  The Company also has a link from its Internet site to the SEC's Internet site. This link can be found on the investor relations page of the Company's Internet site.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors
 The Company's business, operating results, financial condition and cash flows may be affected by a number of factors including, but not limited to those discussed below. Any of these factors could cause the Company's actual results to vary materially from recent results or future anticipated results.
 Industry and Economic Risks
 Due to the Company's dependency on the energy and communication industries, the Company is susceptible to negative trends relating to those industries that could adversely affect the Company's operating results.
 The Company's sales to the energy and communication industries represent a substantial portion of the Company's historical sales. The concentration of revenue in such industries is expected to continue into the foreseeable future. Demand for products to these industries depends primarily on capital spending by customers for constructing, rebuilding, maintaining or upgrading their systems. The amount of capital spending and, therefore, the Company's sales and profitability are affected by a variety of factors, including

 general economic conditions, access by customers to financing, government regulation, demand for energy and cable services, energy prices, technological factors and the ability of our customers to utilize available inventory. As a result, some customers may significantly reduce or delay their spending or may not continue as going concerns, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, as the Company adjusts its business to reflect such changes and uncertainties in the Company's industries and customer demand, the Company has incurred and may in the future incur exit-related costs and impairments of goodwill, definite lived intangible assets and property, fixtures and equipment. These costs and impairments could have a significant negative impact on the Company's operating results for the period in which they are incurred. Consolidation presents an additional risk to the Company in that merged customers will rely on relationships with a source other than the Company. Consolidation may also increase the pressure on suppliers, such as the Company, to sell product at lower prices.
 The intense competition in the Company's markets, particularly communication, may lead to a reduction in sales and earnings.
 The markets in which the Company operates are highly competitive. The level of intensity of competition may increase in the foreseeable future due to anticipated growth in the telecommunication and data communication industries and potential new entrants into the market. The Company's current competitors in the telecommunication and data communication markets are larger companies with significant influence over the distribution network. The Company may not be able to compete successfully against its competitors, many of which may have access to greater financial resources than the Company. In addition, the pace of technological development in the telecommunication market is rapid and these advances (i.e., wireless, fiber optic network infrastructure, etc.) and the ability of the Company's larger competitors or new providers to adapt more efficiently may adversely affect the Company's ability to compete in the telecommunications market. If the Company is unable to continue to compete effectively, its sales and margins could decline and its business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.
 Competitors' introduction of products embodying new technologies or the emergence of new industry standards can render existing products or products under development obsolete or unmarketable and result in lost sales.
 The energy and communication industries are characterized by rapid change in technology and customer requirements. 5G, wireless and other communication technologies currently being deployed may represent a threat to copper, coaxial and fiber optic-based systems by reducing the need and desire for wire-line networks. Future advances or further development of these or other new technologies can render existing products or products under development obsolete or unmarketable, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and financial condition as a result of lost sales.
 Price increases or delayed or decreased availability of raw materials could result in lower earnings.
 The Company's cost of sales may be materially adversely affected by increases in the market prices of the raw materials used in the Company's manufacturing processes. Over the past few years, the Company has experienced temporary inflationary pressures that have impacted its profit margins, primarily due to raw materials increases (specifically, plastic resins, steel, aluminum, petroleum and sand (grit)), coupled with increased freight costs and tariffs. The Company has implemented price increases in the U.S. and internationally to mitigate rising material costs, and additional increases may be needed in the future to maintain profit margins. Price increases may have impacted or could continue to impact the demand for the Company's products. The Company may not be able to pass on further price increases in raw materials to the Company's customers through increases in product prices. In addition, any decrease or delay in the availability of these materials or interruptions generally in the global supply chain could slow production and delivery to the Company's customers. In limited circumstances, the Company relies on sole source suppliers for certain materials and may face challenges or delays in establishing an alternative source. As a result of these factors, the Company's operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.
 The Company's international operations subject the Company to additional business risks that may have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and financial condition.
 International sales account for a substantial portion of the Company's net sales (55%, 48%, and 47% in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively). Due to its international sales, the Company is subject to the risks of conducting business internationally, including unexpected changes in, or impositions of, legislative or regulatory requirements, which could materially adversely affect U.S. dollar sales or operating expenses, tariffs and other barriers and restrictions, potentially longer payment cycles, greater difficulty in accounts receivable collection, reduced or limited protection of intellectual property rights, potentially adverse taxes and the burdens of complying with a variety of international laws and communications standards, including implementing appropriate internal controls. For example, the Company is subject to antitrust and tax requirements, anti-boycott regulations, import/export/customs regulations and other international trade regulations, the USA Patriot Act and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Any new regulatory or trade initiatives, including tariffs, could impact the Company's operations in certain countries. Failure to comply with any such legal requirements could subject the Company to monetary liabilities and other sanctions, which could harm its business, results of operations and financial condition.

 The Company is also subject to foreign currency volatility, which could materially impact the Company's operating results, including the impact of hyper-inflationary conditions in certain economies, particularly where exchange controls limit or eliminate the Company's ability to convert from local currency. The Company's operations are also exposed to general geopolitical risks, such as political and economic instability, social unrest, acts of war, military conflict, international hostilities or the perception that hostilities may be imminent, terrorism and changes in diplomatic and trade relationships, including any retaliatory measures, sanctions or tariffs imposed in response to any acts of war or military conflicts in connection with its operations. Any such disruption could cause delays in the production and distribution of the Company's products and the loss of sales and customers. Moreover, these types of events could negatively impact consumer spending or the economy in the impacted regions or depending upon the severity, globally, or lead to long-term volatility in the currency markets. These risks of conducting business internationally and the instability in global economic conditions may have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and financial condition.
 The Company's financial condition and results could be adversely affected by its level of debt and changes in interest rates.
 Any period of interest rate increases may adversely affect the Company's profitability. In addition, a higher level of floating rate debt would increase the exposure to changes in interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, the Company's total debt, including notes payable, was $28.6 million and the unused availability under its credit facility (the "Facility") was $82.8 million. The interest rate for the Facility is defined as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 1.125% unless the Company's funded debt to Earnings before Interest, Taxes and Depreciation ratio exceeds 2.25 to 1, at which point the SOFR spread becomes 1.500%. The Facility agreement also contains, among other provisions, requirements for maintaining levels of net worth and profitability. These covenants may restrict the Company's operations and prevent it from pursuing opportunities that would otherwise be in the Company's best interest for long-term growth. The Facility is currently scheduled to expire on March 2, 2026. Our ability to make scheduled payments on our debt obligations or enter into a new or extended credit facility depends upon our financial condition and operating performance, which is subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. If we are unable to timely make such payments, establish an extended term for our repayment obligations or establish a new credit facility for future borrowing, our financial condition, operations, liquidity and business prospects would be adversely affected.
 Natural disasters, severe weather, climate change concerns, public health concerns, epidemics or pandemics could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and financial condition.
 Natural disasters, severe weather and the effects of climate change, including increased frequency and severity of storms, floods, fires, fog, mist, freezing conditions, sea-level rise and other climate-related events, and other catastrophic events could disrupt our operations, cause damage to our business operations, our suppliers or our customers; and have an adverse effect on the Company's operations, business and financial condition. Extreme weather conditions could also limit the availability of our resources, increase the costs of our products or cause the installation of our products and systems to be delayed or canceled. Further, legislative and regulatory responses to climate change initiatives could require the Company to incur increased costs, such as costs incurred to purchase carbon offsets or otherwise pay for the Company's emissions, and make additional and significant capital investments in the Company's business.
 The Company also is subject to public health concerns, including viral outbreaks such as the COVID-19 pandemic. As with the disruption experienced with the COVID-19 pandemic, any future viral outbreak or health pandemic could disrupt the global supply chain, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's ability to secure raw materials and supplies and could result in increased costs and the loss of sales and customers. The impact of COVID-19 or any other viral outbreak or health pandemic could potentially exacerbate all the risks discussed and lead to the creation of new risks, any of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and financial condition. The duration and scope of the any future viral outbreak or health pandemic cannot be predicted, and therefore, any anticipated negative financial impact to the Company's operating results cannot be reasonably estimated.
 Business, Operations and Human Capital Risks
 The Company's business could suffer if the Company fails to offer quality products and a high level of customer service, as well as develop and successfully introduce new and enhanced products that meet the changing needs of the Company's customers.
 The Company's reputation and sales rely on its ability to continue to offer high quality products with timely delivery, accompanied by a high level of customer service, particularly in cases of emergency. If changes in the availability of materials or delays in the supply chain or transportation industry, among other factors, negatively impact the Company's ability to meet customer expectations, its sales and profits may suffer. Further, the Company's ability to anticipate changes in technology and industry standards and to successfully develop and introduce new products on a timely basis is a significant factor in the Company's ability to grow and remain competitive. New product development often requires long-term forecasting of market trends, development and implementation of new designs and processes and a substantial capital commitment. The trend toward consolidation of the energy, telecommunications and data communication industries may require the Company to quickly adapt to rapidly changing market conditions and customer requirements. In addition, as the Company expands its offerings in new areas, its success with these products

 and services will depend on its ability to offer quality, reliability and other competitive advantages. Any failure by the Company to anticipate or respond in a cost-effective and timely manner to technological developments or changes in industry standards or customer requirements, or any significant delays in product development or introduction or any failure of new products to be widely accepted by the Company's customers, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and financial condition as a result of reduced net sales.
 The Company may not be able to successfully integrate businesses that it may acquire in the future or complete acquisitions on satisfactory terms, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and financial condition.
 A portion of the Company's growth in sales and earnings has been generated from acquisitions. The Company expects to continue a strategy of identifying and acquiring businesses with complementary products. In connection with this growth strategy, the Company faces certain risks and uncertainties in addition to the risks faced in the Company's day-to-day operations, including the risks pertaining to integrating acquired businesses (including integrating the acquired businesses' internal controls and procedures into our existing control structure), realizing the benefits of acquired technology, expanding exposure to unknown liabilities, utilizing and retaining new personnel and operating in new jurisdictions. Further, internal controls over financial reporting of acquired businesses may not meet required U.S. public company standards. The process of identifying, negotiating and integrating acquisitions can divert substantial time and attention of management and impose unexpected costs. In addition, the Company may incur debt to finance future acquisitions, and the Company may issue securities in connection with future acquisitions that may dilute the holdings of current and future shareholders. Covenant restrictions relating to additional indebtedness could restrict the Company's ability to pay dividends, fund capital expenditures, consummate additional acquisitions and significantly increase the Company's interest expense. Any failure to successfully complete acquisitions or to successfully integrate such strategic acquisitions could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and financial condition.
 The Company may have interruptions in or lose business due to the uncertainty of the global economy, including due to the lack of available funding for the Company's customers.
 The demand for the Company's products is significantly affected by the amount of discretionary business and consumer spending, each of which is impacted by the continued uncertainty of the global economy. The Company's operations have been affected by and could continue to be adversely affected by global economic conditions such as recession, political or social unrest, economic instability, inflation, rising interest rates, acts of war, military conflict, international hostilities or the perception that hostilities may be imminent, terrorism and changes in diplomatic and trade relationships, including any retaliatory measures, sanctions or tariffs imposed in response to any acts of war or military conflicts, public health concerns or otherwise. If these conditions adversely impact the liquidity and financial position of the Company's customers, their demand for the Company's products could decrease and their ability to pay in full and/or on a timely basis may also be impacted. A decline in demand for the Company's products and/or lack of funding to fulfill payment terms could have a negative impact on the Company's operating results and financial condition.
 The Company employs information technology systems to support its business, and any material breach, interruption or failure may adversely impact the Company's business.
 The Company employs information technology systems to support its business. Security breaches and other disruptions to the Company's information technology infrastructure have interfered and, in the future, could interfere with the Company's operations and could also compromise information belonging to the Company and its customers, suppliers and employees, exposing the Company to liability which could adversely impact the Company's business and reputation. In the ordinary course of business, the Company relies on information technology networks and systems, some of which are managed by third parties, to process, transmit and store electronic information, and to manage or support a variety of business processes and activities. Additionally, the Company collects and stores certain data, including proprietary business information, and may have access to confidential or personal information in certain of its businesses that is subject to privacy and security laws, regulations and customer-imposed controls. Despite the Company's cybersecurity measures and oversight of such matters by the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors, which are continuously reviewed and upgraded, the Company's information technology networks and infrastructure and protected data may still be vulnerable to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to attack by hackers or breaches, employee error or malfeasance, power outages, computer viruses, telecommunication or utility failures, systems failures, service providers including cloud services, natural disasters or other catastrophic events. It is possible for such vulnerabilities to remain undetected for an extended period, up to and including several years. In addition, the Company is subject to various data privacy laws in the many jurisdictions in which it operates, which are rapidly changing and require extensive compliance efforts. Any events that compromise the Company's systems or any failures to comply with applicable privacy laws could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability or penalties under privacy laws, disruption in operations, and damage to the Company's reputation, which could adversely affect the Company's business.

 The Company depends on maintaining a skilled workforce, and any interruption in the workforce could negatively impact the Company's operating results and financial condition.
 The Company's ability to sustain and grow its business requires a commitment to hire, retain and develop a highly skilled and diverse management team and workforce. Failure to ensure that the Company has the depth and breadth of personnel with the necessary skill set and experience, failure to compete within and outside the Company's markets to attract and retain employees, the loss of key employees or interruptions in the Company's workforce, including unionization efforts and changes in labor relations, could impede the Company's ability to deliver its growth objectives and execute its strategy. Labor shortages or increased labor-related costs could also directly affect our financial condition. Additionally, the health of the Company's employees is critical, and workplace safety is the Company's top priority.
 The Company continues to develop and invest in human capital through continuing education, work-related certifications, and talent and performance management systems. These efforts directly impact the Company's ability to deliver its growth objectives and execute its strategy, though the Company is susceptible to interruptions in the workforce that could affect the Company's operating results and financial condition.
 A material disruption or unforeseen difficulties with any of our manufacturing facilities could negatively impact our operating results and financial condition.
 The Company operates 25 manufacturing facilities domestically and internationally to strategically serve its worldwide markets. Equipment failures, operational interruptions, natural disasters and other unanticipated disruptions may decrease our ability to manufacture our products in a timely manner at our anticipated cost. Interruptions in our production due to such a disruption may lead to decreasing sales and necessitating capital expenditures, therefore negatively impacting our operating results and financial condition.
 The Company may also face unforeseen difficulties if we decide to build, lease, expand, redesign, relocate or consolidate facilities. Despite planning, a real estate project may entail uncertainties regarding cost, timeliness, personnel and materials, and any of these variables may negatively impact the Company's operating results and financial condition.
 The Company's stock price is subject to volatility.
 The stock market in general is highly volatile. As a result, the market price of the Company's common shares is similarly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to a number of factors, some of which may be beyond the Company's control. These factors include actual or anticipated fluctuations in the Company's operating results; changes in, or the inability to, achieve estimates of, its operating results by analysts, investors or management; analysts' recommendations regarding its stock or its competitors' stock; sales of substantial amounts of its common shares by shareholders; actions or announcements by the Company or its competitors; the maintenance and growth of the value of the Company's brands; litigation; legislation or other regulatory developments affecting the Company or its industry; widespread illness or pandemics; natural disasters; cyber-attacks; terrorist acts; war or other calamities and changes in general market and economic conditions.
 Legal, Tax and Regulatory Risks
 The Company may be adversely impacted by laws, regulations, and litigation.
 The Company is subject to various laws and regulations in the many jurisdictions in which it operates. For example, extensive environmental regulations related to air and water quality, the discharge of pollutants, climate change, the handling of toxic waste and the handling and transport of products and components classified as hazardous impact its daily operations. Various employment and labor laws and regulations govern the Company's relationships with its employees throughout the world and affect operating costs. These laws and regulations relate to matters including employment discrimination, minimum wage requirements, overtime, unemployment tax rates, workers' compensation rates, working conditions, immigration status, tax reporting and other wage and benefit requirements. The introduction of new laws or regulations, or changes in existing laws or regulations, including minimum wage increases, mandated benefits, climate change-related disclosures or other requirements that impose additional obligations on the Company, could increase the costs of doing business. The Trump administration has called for significant changes to U.S. trade, healthcare, immigration and government regulatory policy and has begun implementing policy changes at a rapid pace. Changes to U.S. policy implemented by the U.S. Congress, the Trump administration or any new administration have impacted among other things, the U.S. and global economy, international trade relations, unemployment, immigration, healthcare, taxation, the U.S. regulatory environment, inflation and other areas. Until we know what policy changes are made, whether those policy changes are challenged and subsequently upheld by the court system and how those changes impact our business and the business of our competitors over the long term, we will not know if, overall, we will benefit from them or be negatively affected by them. Further, it is difficult to predict what impact, if any, changes in federal policy, including environmental, immigration, trade and tax policies, will have on our industry, the economy as a whole, consumer confidence and spending. As a result, the nature, timing and impact on our business of potential changes to the current legal and regulatory frameworks are uncertain.
 At any given time, the Company may also be subject to litigation or claims related to its products, suppliers, customers, employees, shareholders, distributors, sales representatives, intellectual property or acquisitions, among other things, the disposition of

 which may have an adverse effect upon the Company's business, financial condition, or results of operation. The outcome of litigation is difficult to assess or quantify. Lawsuits can result in the payment of substantial damages by defendants. If the Company is required to pay substantial damages and expenses as a result of these or other types of lawsuits, the Company's business and results of operations would be adversely affected. Regardless of whether any claims against the Company are valid or whether it is liable, claims may be expensive to defend, may cause reputational harm (particularly where any claims relate to significant harm to persons and property) and may divert time and money away from the Company's operations. Insurance may not be available at all or in sufficient amounts to cover any liabilities with respect to these or other matters. An unfavorable judgment or other liability in excess of the Company's insurance coverage or financial statement accruals for any claims could adversely affect the Company's business and operating results.
 The Company may not be able to successfully manage its intellectual property and may be subject to infringement claims.
 The Company relies on a combination of contractual rights and patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws to establish and protect its proprietary technology. Third parties have challenged and in the future may challenge, invalidate, circumvent, infringe or misappropriate the Company's intellectual property, or such intellectual property may not be sufficient to permit the Company to take advantage of current market trends or otherwise to provide competitive advantages, which could result in costly redesign efforts, discontinuance of certain product offerings or other competitive harm. Others, including its competitors may independently develop similar technology, duplicate or design around the Company's intellectual property, and in such cases, the Company could not assert its intellectual property rights against such parties. The Company may also be subject to costly litigation in the event its technology infringes upon or otherwise violates a third party's proprietary rights. Any claim from third parties may result in a limitation on its ability to use the intellectual property subject to these claims or the requirement to pay a licensing fee or royalty. The Company may be forced to litigate to enforce or determine the scope and enforceability of its intellectual property rights, trade secrets and know-how, which is expensive, could cause a diversion of resources and may not prove successful, especially in countries where such rights are more difficult to enforce. The loss of intellectual property protection or the inability to obtain third party intellectual property could harm its business and ability to compete.
 Tax matters, including changes in tax rates, disagreements with taxing authorities and imposition of new taxes could impact the Company's operating results and financial condition.
 The Company is subject to income taxes in the U.S. (federal and state) and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Tax laws, regulations, and administrative practices in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change, with or without notice, due to economic, political, and other conditions, and significant judgment is required in evaluating and estimating the provision and accruals for these taxes. There are many transactions that occur during the ordinary course of business for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. The Company's effective tax rates could be affected by numerous factors, including but not limited to, intercompany transactions, the relative amount of its foreign earnings, including earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where the Company has lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where the Company has higher statutory rates, losses incurred in jurisdictions for which the Company is not able to realize the related tax benefit, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, changes in its deferred tax assets and liabilities and any related valuation, and changes in the relevant tax, accounting, and other laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations. In addition, many countries are actively pursuing changes to their tax laws applicable to corporate multinationals, which could affect our U.S. federal corporate income tax rate and the tax credits we could receive from foreign income. These future changes could materially affect the Company's financial position and results of operations.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
 The Company does not have any unresolved staff comments.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity
 Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
 The Company has implemented information security programs to, among other actions, assess, identify and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats. These programs include periodic risk assessments, company-wide testing initiatives, periodic phishing tests and annual audits. As the Company assesses its risks and determines how to implement risk management programs, the following factors, among others, are considered: likelihood and severity of risk, impact on the Company and others if a risk materializes, feasibility and cost of controls, and impact of controls on operations and others. The Company also utilizes an independent cybersecurity advisor to provide periodic objective assessments of the Company's capabilities and to conduct advanced attack simulations.
 Further, as of part of the Company's overall information security program, the Company conducts a security awareness program, which includes training that reinforces the Company's security management policies, standards, and practices, as well as the

 expectation that employees comply with these policies, standards and practices. The Company's security awareness program engages personnel through mandatory periodic training on identifying potential cybersecurity risks and protecting the Company's resources and information. The Company also annually engages third parties (as well as its internal audit department) to audit the Company's information security programs. The Company uses a variety of processes to address cybersecurity threats related to the use of third-party technology and services, including pre-acquisition diligence, imposition of contractual obligations, and ongoing monitoring.
 To date, there has not been any previous cybersecurity incident that has materially affected the Company's business strategy, results of operations or financial condition.
 See Item 1A. Risk Factors under the heading of "The Company employs information technology systems to support its business, and any material breach, interruption or failure may adversely impact the Company's business." for additional information on cybersecurity threats that could have a material impact on the Company. The Risk Factors section should be read in conjunction with this Item 1C.
 Cybersecurity Risk Governance and Oversight
 The Company's Board of Directors maintains an active role in the Company's overall enterprise risk oversight to identify and mitigate broader systemic risks. The Audit Committee is responsible for overseeing and reviewing the Company's information security programs, including cybersecurity. The Director of Global Information Systems, who manages information security training and awareness program, updates the Audit Committee periodically regarding information security matters. The findings from the Company's annual third-party and internal information security audits also are reported to the Audit Committee. The Company also actively engages with key vendors and industry participants as part of its efforts, which are reported to the Audit Committee.
 In addition to the Audit Committee's oversight, the full Board of Directors receives periodic updates relating to information security and cyber security risks. The Board of Directors receives an annual report from its independent cybersecurity advisor.
 Through October 2024, the Director of Global Information Systems had oversight responsibilities for PLP's information systems and cyber security, a role he held for 15 years. He attended regular education programs regarding enterprise cybersecurity and supporting technologies. The Director of Global Information Systems reported to the CFO and coordinated with the IT resources across all subsidiary operations to discuss risk management initiatives, testing and training, recent trends and technological developments, and periodic reviews of third-party providers. In October 2024, the Director of Global Information Systems left the Company to pursue other opportunities. During the interim period before a replacement was appointed, the CFO provided more active oversight to address the Director of Global Information System's responsibilities, including reporting to the Audit Committee. The vacancy was filled on February 3, 2025 and the new Director of Global Information Systems joined the Company with over 30 years of professional IT experience where he held Director and Chief Information Officer roles at large global companies and provided technology consulting and cybersecurity services to companies across various industries.

 Item 2. Properties
 Our corporate headquarters is located in Mayfield Village, Ohio, and, at December 31, 2024, the Company maintained 25 manufacturing plants. We also maintain various sales, research and engineering, administrative offices and distribution centers throughout the world. None of these manufacturing plants, administrative offices or distribution centers are individually material to our operations. The facilities are situated in 3 states within the United States and in 19 other countries. We own the majority of our manufacturing plants, and our leased properties consist of manufacturing plants, research and engineering, sales, administrative offices and distribution centers.
 We believe that our properties have been adequately maintained, are in good condition generally and are suitable and adequate for our business as presently conducted. The extent to which we utilize our properties varies by property and from time to time and aligns with manufacturing needs. Most of our manufacturing facilities remain capable of handling volume increases.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings
 Information regarding the Company's current legal proceedings is presented in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
 Not applicable.

 Item 4A. Information about our Executive Officers

 Each executive officer is elected by the Board of Directors, serves at its pleasure and holds office until a successor is appointed, or until the earliest of death, resignation or removal. The following sets forth the name, age and recent business experience for each person who is an executive officer of the Company at March 13, 2025:

 Name
 Age
 Position

 Robert G. Ruhlman
 Executive Chairman

 Dennis F. McKenna
 Chief Executive Officer

 J. Ryan Ruhlman
 President

 John M. Hofstetter
 Executive Vice President – U.S. Operations

 Andrew S. Klaus
 Chief Financial Officer

 John J. Olenik
 Vice President – Research and Engineering

 Tim O'Shaughnessy
 Vice President – Human Resources

 William Koh
 Vice President – Asia-Pacific Region

 Caroline S. Vaccariello
 General Counsel and Corporate Secretary

 Assaad A. Morcos
 Vice President - U.S. Manufacturing

 Robert G. Ruhlman was elected Executive Chairman in January 2024. Prior to that, Mr. Ruhlman served as Chairman since July 2004, as Chief Executive Officer since July 2000 and as President from 1995 to May 2023. Mr. Ruhlman is the father of J. Ryan Ruhlman, the President and a Director of the Company, and of Maegan A. R. Cross, also a Director of the Company.
 Dennis F. McKenna was elected Chief Executive Officer in January 2024. Prior to that, Mr. McKenna served as Chief Operating Officer since January 2019 where he oversaw the manufacturing, production, sales and personnel matters of the organization, and as Executive Vice President – Global Business Development from January 2015 to January 2019, where he expanded his role to include worldwide marketing and business development strategies.
 J. Ryan Ruhlman was elected President of the Company in May 2023 and to the Company's Board of Directors in July 2015. Prior to that, Mr. Ruhlman served as Vice President – Marketing and Business Development since December 2015, which expanded his role to include new acquisition and market opportunities. Prior to that, he was promoted to Director of Marketing and Business Development in January 2015 including responsibilities for Special Industries, Distribution and Transmission Markets, as well as Marketing Communications. Mr. Ruhlman is the son of Robert G. Ruhlman, the Executive Chairman of the Company, and the brother of Maegan A. R. Cross, a Director of the Company.
 John M. Hofstetter was elected Executive Vice President – U.S. Operations in October 2020. Prior to that, Mr. Hofstetter served as Vice President – Sales and Global Communications Markets and Business Development since April 2012.
 Andrew S. Klaus was elected Chief Financial Officer in April 2020. Prior to his employment with the Company, Mr. Klaus served as the Chief Accounting Officer and Vice President, Corporate Controller at Vertiv Holdings Co. since 2017. Mr. Klaus served as the Chief Financial Officer of Consolidated Precision Products Corporation from 2013 to 2017 and Vice President, Corporate Controller for JMC Steel Group (now known as Zekelman Industries, Inc.) from 2007 to 2013.
 John J. Olenik was elected Vice President – Research and Engineering in January 2020. Prior to that, Mr. Olenik was the Company's Director of Engineering since 2013 where he was promoted from his prior role as Engineering Manager of Power Product Development. Mr. Olenik has been with the Company since 1997.
 Tim O'Shaughnessy was elected Vice President – Human Resources in January 2019. Prior to that, Mr. O'Shaughnessy served as the Company's Director of Human Resources since 2017 where he was promoted from his previous role of International Human Resource Manager which he began in 2013. Mr. O'Shaughnessy previously held various roles within the Finance organization since joining the Company in 2005.
 William (Tuan Tie) Koh was elected to Vice President – Asia-Pacific Region in May 2023. Prior to that, Mr. Koh served as Regional Managing Director for TECO Electric and Machinery Co. Ltd., from 2021 to 2023, and Vice President - Asia Pacific at Qualitrol of Fortive Corporation (formerly Danaher Corporation) since 2010.
 Caroline S. Vaccariello was elected General Counsel and Corporate Secretary in January 2007. Prior to that, she served as General Counsel from 2005. She began her legal career as an Associate with Calfee Halter and Griswold, and then worked as Counsel for The Timken Company.
 Assaad A. Morcos was elected Vice President - U.S. Manufacturing effective January 1, 2025. Prior to that, Mr. Morcos served as the Company's Executive Director of Manufacturing since January 2023 where he was promoted from his prior role as Director of Manufacturing. Mr. Morcos has been with the company since 2018.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 Market and dividend information
 The Company's common shares are traded on NASDAQ under the trading symbol "PLPC". The following table sets forth for the periods indicated (i) the high and low closing sale prices per share of the Company's common shares as reported by the NASDAQ and (ii) the amount per share of cash dividends paid by the Company.

 2024
 2023

 Quarter
 High
 Low
 Dividend
 High
 Low
 Dividend

 First
 $
 138.00
 $
 120.23
 $
 0.20
 $
 128.04
 $
 79.29
 $
 0.20

 Second
 135.33
 120.42
 0.20
 172.40
 119.62
 0.20

 Third
 137.87
 112.94
 0.20
 182.06
 151.00
 0.20

 Fourth
 143.56
 121.10
 0.20
 162.36
 110.28
 0.20

 While the Company expects to continue to pay dividends of a comparable amount in the near term, the declaration and payment of future dividends will be made at the discretion of the Company's Board of Directors in light of the needs of the Company. Therefore, there can be no assurance that the Company will continue to make such dividend payments in the future.
 Number of common shareholders
 As of February 19, 2025, the Company had approximately 5,988 shareholders of record.
 Performance Graph
 Historical share price performance should not be relied upon as an indication of future share price performance. The following graph compares the cumulative total return to holders of PLP's common shares against the cumulative total return of the NASDAQ Composite Index and the Hemscott Industry Group 627 (Industrial Electrical Equipment) (the "Peer Group Index") for the five-year period ended December 31, 2024. The comparison of the cumulative total returns for each investment assumes that $100 was invested in PLP's common shares and the respective indices on December 31, 2019 through December 31, 2024 and assumes the reinvestment of dividends.

 2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 2024

 PREFORMED LINE PRODUCTS CO
 100.00
 115.12
 110.12
 143.07
 231.46
 222.39

 NASDAQ MARKET INDEX
 100.00
 144.92
 177.06
 119.45
 172.77
 223.87

 PEER GROUP INDEX
 100.00
 117.89
 140.53
 119.39
 153.64
 163.08

 Repurchases of Equity Securities
 On November 1, 2023, the Board of Directors authorized a new plan to repurchase up to an additional 212,952 of Preformed Line Products Company common shares, resulting in a total of 250,000 shares available for repurchase with no expiration date.

 Period
 Total
Number of
Shares
Purchased
 Average
Price Paid
per Share
 Total Number of
Shares Purchased as
Part of Publicly
Announced Plans or
Programs
 Maximum Number
of Shares that may
yet be Purchased under the Plans or
Programs

 October
 —
 $
 —
 —
 181,757

 November
 2,260
 $
 131.43
 2,260
 179,497

 December
 —
 $
 —
 —
 179,497

 Total
 2,260

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is intended to help the readers of our financial statements better understand our results of operations, financial condition and present business environment. The MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report.

 OVERVIEW
 Preformed Line Products Company (the "Company", "PLPC", "we", "us", or "our") was incorporated in Ohio in 1947. We are an international designer and manufacturer of products and systems employed in the construction and maintenance of overhead and underground networks for the energy, telecommunication, cable operators, information (data communication), and other similar industries. Our primary products support, protect, connect, terminate, and secure cables and wires. We provide helical solutions, connectors, fiber optic and copper splice closures, solar hardware mounting applications, and electric vehicle charging station foundations. We also provide aerial drone inspection services for utility assets including transmission and distribution power lines, substations, and generation facilities. We are respected around the world for quality, dependability and market-leading customer service. Our goal is to continue to achieve profitable growth as a leader in the research, innovation, development, manufacture, and marketing of technically advanced products and services related to energy, communications and cable systems and to take advantage of this leadership position to sell additional quality products in familiar markets. We have sales and manufacturing operations in 20 different countries.
 We report our segments in four geographic regions: PLP-USA (including corporate), The Americas (includes operations in North and South America, excluding PLP-USA), EMEA (Europe, Middle East & Africa) and Asia-Pacific, in accordance with accounting standards codified in Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 280, "Segment Reporting". Each segment distributes a full range of our primary products. Our PLP-USA segment is comprised of our U.S. operations manufacturing our traditional products primarily supporting our domestic energy, telecommunications, solar framing products and inspection services. Our other three segments, The Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific, support our energy, telecommunications, data communication, solar and other products in each respective geographical region.
 The segment managers responsible for each region report directly to the Company's Executive Chairman, who is the chief operating decision maker, and are accountable for the financial results and performance of their entire segment for which they are responsible. The business components within each segment are managed to maximize the results of the entire operating segment and the Company rather than the results of any individual business component of the segment.
 We evaluate segment performance and allocate resources based on several factors primarily based on gross sales and income before income taxes.

 MARKET OVERVIEW
 Our business continues to be concentrated in the energy and communications markets. During the past several years, industry consolidation continued as distributor and service provider integrations occurred in our major markets. There has also been a historical lack of commitment by developed countries to upgrade and strengthen their electrical grids and communication networks despite the growing need. More recently, increasing commodity prices, inflation, tariffs, rising interest rates, transportation costs, and foreign currency fluctuations have led to a challenging operating environment. While these factors generally moderated in 2024, they may continue to provide inherent uncertainty going forward. The increasing need for power generation and efficient communication systems has highlighted the need for bolstering grid reliability, strengthening grid resilience to climate events, upgrading aging infrastructure, enhancing communication networks and transitioning to new sources of energy. Our focused portfolio is well-positioned to respond to these priorities.
 We believe that our leadership position in the domestic energy and communications markets and the ability to deliver reliable products quickly will position us for continued growth as transmission grids and communication networks are enhanced, upgraded and extended.
 Our international business is also mainly concentrated in the energy and communications markets. Historically, our international sales were primarily related to the medium voltage distribution segment of the energy market but have grown through acquisition and new product development to include a significant contribution from the transmission and telecommunications markets.
 We believe that we are well positioned to supply the needs of the world's diverse energy and communication markets as a result of our focused portfolio and strategic operational footprint, including expansion from recent acquisitions and product designs and technologies.

 PREFACE
 The following discussion describes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. For additional discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022, see our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 3, 2023. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). Our discussions of the financial results include non-GAAP measures (e.g., foreign currency impact) to provide additional information concerning our financial results and provide information that we believe is useful to the readers of our financial statements in the assessment of our performance and operating trends.

 Net sales of $593.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased $76.0 million year-over-year, mainly due to the continued inventory destocking occurring primarily in the U.S. markets. The inflationary headwinds we experienced in 2022 and early 2023 related to raw materials, specifically plastic resins, aluminum and sand (grit), have generally subsided. Costs related to shipping and freight have similarly fallen from their 2022 peak. Decreases in these underlying costs along with the impacts of our previous price increases benefited gross margins in 2023 and have not meaningfully impacted the results during the twelve months ending December 31, 2024. If inflationary pressures persist or new tariffs are sustained, it may require further price adjustments to maintain profit margin and any price increases may have a negative effect on demand.
 Our financial statements are subject to fluctuations in the exchange rates of foreign currencies in relation to the U.S. dollar. PLP's foreign currency exchange gains or (losses) were primarily related to translating into U.S. dollars its foreign currency denominated loans, trade receivables and payables from its foreign subsidiaries at the December 2024 year-end exchange rates. The fluctuations of foreign currencies during the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 had an unfavorable impact on net sales of $4.2 million and a favorable impact of $0.4 million, respectively. The effect of currency translation had an unfavorable impact on net income in the year ended December 31, 2024 of $0.7 million and an unfavorable impact of $0.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2023. On a reportable segment basis, the impact of foreign currency translation on net sales and net income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, was as follows:

 Foreign Currency Translation Impact

 Net Sales
 Net Income

 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023

 $
 (5,005)
 $
 1,771
 $
 (803)
 $

 EMEA
 1,738
 1,696
 (101)

 (903)
 (3,042)
 (52)
 (278)

 Total
 $
 (4,170)
 $
 $
 (727)
 $
 (213)

 Although customer destocking efforts in the PLP-USA communications and energy markets have impacted our 2024 results, we believe our business portfolio and our financial position are sound and strategically well-positioned. While PLP-USA sales results were down compared to the period ended December 31, 2023, our international segments had sales amounts comparable with prior year, showing our international footprint provides cyclical benefits. Our cash generation remains strong as evidenced through a significant reduction in debt levels. We remain focused on assessing our global market opportunities and overall manufacturing capacity in conjunction with the requirements of local manufacturing in the markets that we serve. Our continued commitment to manufacturing in the U.S. positions us well for Build America, Buy America requirements of the Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment Program.
 If necessary, we will modify redundant processes and further utilize our global manufacturing network to manage costs, increase sales volume and deliver value to our customers. We have continued to invest in the business to expand into new markets for the Company, evaluate strategic mergers and acquisitions, improve efficiency, develop new products and increase our capacity. Period cost containment has been a priority for the Company in 2024, shown through a reduction in costs and expenses of approximately 8%. Our liquidity remains strong with our bank debt to equity percentage at 6.8%. We can borrow needed funds at a competitive interest rate under our credit facility. A consolidated decrease in debt of $33.7 million as of December 31, 2024 was primarily a result of improved cash conversion and less funding needs for capital expenditures and business acquisitions. See Note 7 "Debt and Credit Arrangements" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information related to our debt position.
 The following table sets forth a summary of the Company's Statements of Consolidated Income and the percentage of net sales for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company's past operating results are not necessarily indicative of future operating results.

 2024
 2023

 $
 593,714
 100.0
 %
 $
 669,679
 100.0
 %
 $
 (75,965)

 403,903
 68.0
 434,831
 64.9
 (30,928)

 GROSS PROFIT
 189,811
 32.0
 234,848
 35.1
 (45,037)

 139,054
 23.4
 150,694
 22.5
 (11,640)

 OPERATING INCOME
 50,757
 8.5
 84,154
 12.6
 (33,397)

 Other income (expense), net
 0.0
 (1,810)
 (0.3)
 1,823

 INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES
 50,770
 8.6
 82,344
 12.3
 (31,574)

 Income taxes
 13,659
 2.3
 19,007
 2.8
 (5,348)

 NET INCOME
 6.3
 9.5
 (26,226)

 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
 (17)
 (0.0)
 (5)
 (0.0)
 (12)

 NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO PREFORMED LINE PRODUCTS COMPANY SHAREHOLDERS
 $
 6.2
 %
 $
 9.5
 %
 $
 (26,238)

 2024 RESULTS OF OPERATIONS COMPARED TO 2023
 Net sales. In 2024, net sales were $593.7 million, a decrease of $76.0 million, or 11%, compared to 2023. Excluding the effect of currency translation, net sales decreased 11% as summarized in the following table:

 2024
 2023
Due to
Excluding
 %

 $
 266,704
 $
 345,613
 $
 (78,909)
 $
 —
 $
 (78,909)
 (23)
 %

 90,280
 86,059
 4,221
 (5,005)
 9,226

 EMEA
 128,241
 135,080
 (6,839)
 1,738
 (8,577)
 (6)

 108,489
 102,927
 5,562
 (903)
 6,465

 $
 593,714
 $
 669,679
 $
 (75,965)
 $
 (4,170)
 $
 (71,795)
 (11)
 %

 The decrease in PLP-USA net sales of $78.9 million, or 23%, was primarily due to lower volumes in communications and energy product sales due to customer destocking efforts. International net sales for the year ended December 31, 2024 were unfavorably affected by $4.2 million when local currencies were converted to U.S. dollars. The following discussion of changes in net sales excludes the effect of currency translation. The Americas net sales of $90.3 million increased $9.2 million, or 11%, primarily due to higher volumes in energy product sales, partially offset by lower communication sales. EMEA net sales of $128.2 million decreased $8.6 million, or 6%, primarily due to lower volume in communications sales, partially offset by increased volumes in energy product sales. Asia-Pacific net sales of $108.5 million increased $6.5 million, or 6%, primarily due to volume increases in energy product sales.
 Gross Profit. Gross profit of $189.8 million for 2024 decreased $45.0 million, or 19%, compared to 2023. Excluding the effect of currency translation, gross profit decreased $43.5 million, or 19%, as summarized in the following table:

 2024
 2023
Due to
Excluding
 %

 Gross profit

 $
 92,969
 $
 138,961
 $
 (45,992)
 $
 —
 $
 (45,992)
 (33)
 %

 28,608
 30,005
 (1,397)
 (1,807)

 EMEA
 36,796
 36,372
 (38)
 —

 31,438
 29,510
 1,928
 (224)
 2,152

 $
 189,811
 $
 234,848
 $
 (45,037)
 $
 (1,569)
 $
 (43,468)
 (19)
 %

 PLP-USA gross profit of $93.0 million decreased by $46.0 million, or 33%, compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to lower sales volumes and unfavorable product mix. International gross profit for the period ended December 31, 2024 was unfavorably impacted by $1.6 million when local currencies were translated to U.S. dollars. The following discussion of gross profit changes excludes the effects of currency translation. The Americas gross profit increased $0.4 million, or 1%, which was primarily the result of higher sales volumes, offset by increased depreciation expense and freight costs. EMEA gross profit decreased nominally, which was primarily driven by decreased sales volumes offset by favorable product mix and favorable resolution of a warranty claim. Asia-Pacific gross profit increased $2.2 million, or 7%, which was primarily driven by favorable product mix.
 Costs and expenses. Costs and expenses of $139.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased $11.6 million, or 8%, when compared to 2023. Excluding the effect of currency translation, costs and expenses decreased $10.9 million, or 7%, as summarized in the following table:

 2024
 2023
Due to
Excluding
 %

 $
 72,593
 $
 79,289
 $
 (6,696)
 $
 —
 $
 (6,696)
 (8)
 %

 18,655
 22,724
 (4,069)
 (799)
 (3,270)
 (14)

 EMEA
 26,090
 28,193
 (2,103)
 (2,360)
 (8)

 21,716
 20,488
 1,228
 (158)
 1,386

 $
 139,054
 $
 150,694
 $
 (11,640)
 $
 (700)
 $
 (10,940)
 (7)
 %

 PLP-USA costs and expenses of $72.6 million decreased $6.7 million, or 8% year-over-year. PLP-USA's decrease was primarily attributable to lower selling costs and lower personnel and professional services costs, primarily as a result of cost containment efforts. International costs and expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 had a favorable impact by $0.7 million when local currencies were translated to U.S. dollars. The following discussion of costs and expenses excludes the effect of currency translation. The Americas costs and expenses of $18.7 million decreased $3.3 million primarily due to a legal settlement in the third quarter of 2023 and the impact of foreign currency remeasurement. EMEA costs and expenses of $26.1 million decreased by $2.4 million primarily due to lower personnel costs and bad debt expenses. Asia-Pacific costs and expenses of $21.7 million increased $1.4 million primarily due to the net impact of the sale of capital assets year over year and foreign currency remeasurement.
 Other (expense) income, net. Other income, net as of the year ended December 31, 2024 was favorable by $1.8 million when compared to Other expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2024 of $1.8 million. The favorable movement was due to higher interest income earned on cash balances in certain international jurisdictions and lower interest expense from reduced debt balances for the year ended December 31, 2024.
 Income taxes. Income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were $13.7 million and $19.0 million based on pre-tax income of $50.8 million and $82.3 million, respectively. The effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 26.9% and 23.1%, respectively. Our effective tax rate increased primarily due to the limitations on the deductibility of compensation and the unfavorable impact from the mix of income earned in jurisdictions with a higher tax rate than the U.S. This was partially offset by a favorable impact from increase in excess tax benefit on share-based compensation. The following items had the most significant impact on the difference between our statutory U.S. federal income tax rate of 21.0%:

 2024
 1.A $2.0 million, or 4.0%, net increase resulting from Non-deductible officers' compensation.
 2.A $1.6 million, or 3.2%, net increase resulting from earnings in jurisdictions with higher tax rates than the U.S. federal statutory rate where such earnings are permanently reinvested.
 3.A $1.6 million, or 3.2%, net decrease resulting from generation of foreign tax credits.
 4.A $1.2 million, or 2.4%, net decrease resulting from other stock compensation.
 5.A $1.2 million, or 2.3%, net increase resulting from the inclusion of Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income.
 2023
 1.A $3.7 million, or 4.5%, net decrease resulting from generation of foreign tax credits.
 2.A $3.0 million, or 3.6%, net increase resulting from the inclusion of Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income.
 3.A $1.8 million, or 2.2%, net increase resulting from earnings in various U.S States.
 4.A $1.7 million, or 2.0%, net increase resulting from earnings in jurisdictions with higher tax rates than the U.S. federal statutory rate where such earnings are permanently reinvested.
 Net income. As a result of the preceding items, net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $37.1 million, compared to $63.3 million for 2023. Excluding the effect of currency translation, net income decreased $25.5 million as summarized in the following table.

 2024
 2023
Due to
Excluding
 %

 Net income (loss)

 $
 13,940
 $
 45,392
 $
 (31,452)
 $
 —
 $
 (31,452)
 (69)
 %

 8,951
 5,755
 3,196
 (803)
 3,999

 EMEA
 7,762
 5,796
 1,966
 1,838

 6,441
 6,389
 (52)

 $
 $
 $
 (26,238)
 $
 (727)
 $
 (25,511)
 (40)
 %

 WORKING CAPITAL, LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
 Management Assessment of Liquidity
 We measure liquidity on the basis of our ability to meet short-term and long-term operating needs, fund additional investments, including acquisitions, and make dividend payments to shareholders. Significant factors affecting the management of liquidity are cash flows from operating activities, capital expenditures, cash dividends, business acquisitions and access to bank lines of credit.
 Our investments include expenditures required for equipment and facilities as well as expenditures in support of our strategic initiatives. In 2024, we used cash of $14.7 million for capital expenditures. At December 31, 2024, we had $57.2 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (collectively "Cash"). Our Cash is held in various locations throughout the world. At December 31, 2024, the majority of our cash is held outside the U.S.
 We expect the majority of accumulated non-U.S. cash balances will remain outside of the U.S. and that we will meet U.S. liquidity needs through future cash flows, use of U.S. cash balances, external borrowings, or some combination of these sources.
 We complete comprehensive reviews of our significant customers and their creditworthiness by analyzing financial statements for customers where we have identified a measure of increased risk. We closely monitor payments and developments that may signal possible customer credit issues. We currently have not identified any potential material impact on our liquidity from customer credit issues.
 Total debt, including notes payable, at December 31, 2024 was $28.6 million. At December 31, 2024, our unused availability under our credit facility (the "Facility") was $82.8 million and our bank debt to equity percentage was 6.8%. The Facility contains,

 among other provisions, requirements for maintaining levels of net worth and profitability. At December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with these covenants.
 Our Asia-Pacific segment had $0.1 million and $0.2 million in restricted cash for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The restricted cash was used to secure bank debt and is included in Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash on the balance sheet.
 On January 19, 2021, the Company received funding for a term loan from PNC Equipment Finance, LLC in the principal amount of $20.5 million for the full amount of the purchase price for a new corporate aircraft. At December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance on the term loan was $12.6 million, of which $2.1 million was classified as current. See Note 7 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.
 We expect that our major source of funding for 2025 and beyond will be our operating cash flows, our existing cash and cash equivalents as well as our Facility agreement. The Facility agreement has an expiration date of March 2, 2026. The Company expects to extend the maturity date of the Facility over the coming year. Except for current earnings in certain jurisdictions, our operating income is deemed to be indefinitely reinvested in foreign jurisdictions. We currently do not intend nor foresee a need to repatriate these funds. We believe our future operating cash flows will be more than sufficient to cover debt repayments, other contractual obligations, capital expenditures and dividends for the next 12 months and thereafter for the foreseeable future. In addition, we believe our borrowing capacity provides substantial financial resources, if needed, to supplement funding of capital expenditures and/or acquisitions. We also believe that we can further expand our borrowing capacity, if necessary; however, we do not believe we would increase our debt to a level that would have a material adverse impact upon results of operations or financial condition.
 Sources and Uses of Cash
 Net Cash provided by operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $67.5 million and $107.6 million, respectively. The $40.1 million decrease was primarily a result of a decrease in net income and decrease in cash from working capital.
 Net Cash used in investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $12.4 million and $44.8 million, respectively. The $32.4 million decrease was primarily a result of decreases in acquisition activity and capital expenditures during the current period.
 Net Cash used in financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $47.8 million and $48.9 million, respectively. The year-over-year change was primarily the result of decreased share repurchases offset by increased net payments of long-term debt.
 We have commitments under operating leases primarily for office and manufacturing space, transportation equipment, office and computer equipment and capital leases, primarily for equipment. See Note 8 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had total outstanding guarantees of $11.3 million. Additionally, certain domestic and foreign customers require the Company to issue letters of credit or performance bonds as a condition of placing an order. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had total outstanding letters of credit of $1.3 million.
 The Company has other borrowing facilities at certain of its foreign subsidiaries, which consist of overdraft lines, working capital credit lines, and facilities for the issuance of letters of credit and short-term borrowing needs. At December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, $8.8 million and $13.3 million were outstanding, of which $8.2 million and $11.4 million were classified as current, respectively. These facilities support commitments made in the ordinary course of business.

 CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
 Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon the consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
 Critical accounting policies are defined as those that are reflective of significant judgment and uncertainties, and potentially may result in materially different outcomes under different assumptions and conditions.
 Revenue Recognition
 Net sales include products and shipping and handling charges, net of estimates for product returns. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring products. All revenue is recognized when the

 Company satisfies the performance obligations under the contract and control of the product is transferred to the customer, primarily based on shipping terms. Revenue for shipping and handling charges are recognized at the time the products are shipped to, delivered to or picked up by the customer. The Company estimates product returns based on historical return rates.
 Allowance for Credit Losses
 We maintain an allowance for credit losses for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. We record estimated allowances for uncollectible accounts receivable based upon the number of days the accounts are past due, the current business environment, and specific information such as bankruptcy or liquidity issues of customers. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required.
 Excess and Obsolescence Reserves
 We provide excess and obsolescence reserves to state inventories at the lower of cost or estimated net realizable value. We identify inventory items that have had no usage or are in excess of the usages over the historical 12 to 24 months. A management team with representatives from marketing, manufacturing, engineering and finance reviews these inventory items, determines the disposition of the inventory and assesses the net realizable value based on their knowledge of the product and market conditions. These conditions include, among other things, future demand for product, product utility, unique customer order patterns or unique raw material purchase patterns, changes in customer and quality issues. If the impact of market conditions deteriorates from those projected by management, additional inventory reserves may be necessary.
 Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
 We record impairment losses on long-lived assets used in operations when events and circumstances indicate that the assets are impaired and the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than the carrying value of those items. Our cash flows are based on historical results adjusted to reflect the best estimate of future market and operating conditions. The net carrying value of assets not recoverable is then reduced to fair value. The estimates of fair value represent the best estimate based on industry trends and reference to market rates and transactions.
 Goodwill
 Goodwill is reviewed for impairment annually on October 1 or more frequently when changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount may be impaired. We may use both quantitative and qualitative approaches when testing goodwill for impairment. For selected reporting units where the qualitative approach is utilized, a qualitative evaluation of events and circumstances impacting the reporting unit is performed to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount. If that determination is made, no further evaluation is necessary. Otherwise, the Company performs a quantitative impairment test on the reporting unit.
 For the quantitative approach, the Company uses a combination of the income approach, which uses a discounted cash flow methodology, and the market approach, which uses comparable market multiples, in computing fair value by reporting unit. The Company then compares the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying value to assess if goodwill has been impaired. The fair value estimates are subjective and sensitive to significant assumptions, such as revenue growth rates, operating margins, the weighted-average cost of capital, and estimated market multiples, of which are affected by expectations of future market or economic conditions. The Company believes that the methodologies, significant assumptions, and weightings used are reasonable and result in appropriate fair values of the reporting units.
 Impairment assessments inherently involve management judgments regarding a number of assumptions. Due to the multiple variables inherent in arriving at the estimates of the reporting unit's fair value, differences in assumptions could have an effect on the estimated fair value of a reporting unit and could result in goodwill impairment charges in a future period.
 Deferred Tax Assets
 Deferred taxes are recognized at currently enacted tax rates for temporary differences between the financial reporting and income tax basis of assets and liabilities and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. We establish a valuation allowance to record our deferred tax assets at an amount that is more-likely-than-not to be realized. In the event we were to determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their recorded amount, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would increase income in the period such determination was made. Likewise, should we determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax assets in the future, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would be charged to expense in the period such determination was made.

 Pension Obligations
 We record obligations and expenses related to a pension benefit plan based on actuarial valuations, which include key assumptions on discount rates, expected returns on plan assets and compensation increases. These actuarial assumptions are reviewed annually and modified as appropriate. The effect of modifications is generally recorded or amortized over future periods. The discount rate of 5.77% at December 31, 2024 reflects an analysis of yield curves as of the end of the year and the schedule of expected cash needs of the plan. The 2025 expected long-term return on plan assets of 4.75% reflects the plan's historical returns and represents our best estimate of the likely future returns on the plan's asset mix. We believe the assumptions used in recording obligations under the plans are reasonable based on prior experience, market conditions and the advice of plan actuaries. However, an increase in the discount rate would decrease the plan obligations and the net periodic benefit cost, while a decrease in the discount rate would increase the plan obligations and the net periodic benefit cost. In addition, an increase in the expected long-term return on plan assets would decrease the net periodic pension cost, while a decrease in expected long-term return on plan assets would increase the net periodic pension cost.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 The Company operates manufacturing facilities and offices around the world and uses fixed and floating rate debt to finance the Company's global operations. As a result, the Company is subject to business risks inherent in non-U.S. activities, including political and economic uncertainty, import and export limitations and market risk related to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. The Company believes that the political and economic risks related to the Company's international operations are mitigated due to the geographic diversity in which the Company's international operations are located.
 Effective July 1, 2018, Argentina was designated as a highly inflationary economy as the projected three-year cumulative inflation rate exceeded 100%. As such, beginning July 1, 2018, the functional currency for the Company's Argentina subsidiary became the U.S. dollar. Revenue from operations in Argentina represented less than 1% of total consolidated net sales for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $0.1 million in foreign currency forward exchange assets and $0.1 million foreign currency forward exchange liabilities outstanding. The Company does not hold derivatives for trading purposes.
 The Company's primary currency rate exposures are related to foreign denominated debt, intercompany debt, forward exchange contracts, foreign denominated receivables and payables and cash and short-term investments. A hypothetical 10% change in currency rates would have a favorable/unfavorable impact on fair values on such instruments of approximately $6.9 million. A hypothetical 10% change in currency rates would have a favorable/unfavorable impact on income before tax of $3.0 million.
 The Company is exposed to market risk, including changes in interest rates. The Company is subject to interest rate risk on its variable rate revolving credit facilities and term notes, which consisted of long-term borrowings of $7.2 million at December 31, 2024. A 100 basis point increase in the interest rate would have resulted in an increase in interest expense of approximately $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.
 Included in the Company's accounting for the defined benefit pension plan (the "U.S. Plan") are assumptions on future discount rates and the expected return on Plan assets. The Company considers current market conditions, including changes in interest rates and Plan asset investment returns. Actuarial assumptions may differ materially from actual results due to changing market, demographic and economic conditions or higher or lower withdrawal rates. These differences may result in a significant impact to the amount of net pension expense or income recorded in the future.
 A discount rate is used to determine the present value of future payments. In general, a pension liability increases as the discount rate decreases and decreases as the discount rate increases. The discount rate used to determine the future benefit obligation was 5.77% and 5.34% at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The discount rate is a significant factor in determining the amounts reported. A 50 basis point change in the discount rate of 5.77% used at December 31, 2024 would have a $1.7 million change on the Plan's projected benefit obligation.
 The Company developed the expected return on Plan assets by considering various factors which include targeted asset allocation percentages, historical returns, and expected future returns. The Company assumed an expected rate of return of 6.25% for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 7.00% for the year ended December 31, 2023. A 50 basis point change in the expected rate of return would have a $0.1 million effect on the Plan's subsequent year's net periodic pension cost.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Preformed Line Products Company
 Opinion on the Financial Statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Preformed Line Products Company (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related statements of consolidated income, comprehensive income, cash flows and shareholders' equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated March 13, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
 Basis for Opinion
 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 Critical Audit Matter
 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosure to which it relates.

 Quantitative Impairment Assessment of Goodwill

 Description of the Matter
 At December 31, 2024, the Company's goodwill was $26.7 million. As discussed in Note 1 and Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements, goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually at the reporting unit level or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. Goodwill is tested for impairment utilizing a combination of the income approach, which uses a discounted cash flow methodology, and the market approach, which uses comparable company market multiples, to estimate the fair value of each reporting unit.
 Auditing management's quantitative goodwill impairment assessment was complex due to the use of valuation methodologies to determine the fair value of a reporting unit. The fair value estimate is impacted by assumptions, such as revenue growth rates and operating margins, which are affected by expectations of future market or economic conditions.

 How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
 We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company's goodwill impairment process. This included controls over management's review of the significant assumptions underlying the fair value determination described above.

 To test the estimated fair value of the Company's reporting unit, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, assessing the valuation methodologies used, testing the assumptions, and testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used by the Company in its analysis. We assessed the historical accuracy of management's estimates and performed sensitivity analyses of assumptions to evaluate the changes in the fair value of the reporting unit that would result from changes in the assumptions. We involved our internal valuation specialists to review the valuation methodologies and certain assumptions. We also assessed the appropriateness of the disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.

 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP
 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2008.
 Cleveland, Ohio

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

 December 31,

 2024
 2023

 (Thousands of dollars, except share and per share data)

 ASSETS

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 $
 57,244
 $
 53,607

 Accounts receivable, net
 111,402
 106,892

 Inventories, net
 129,913
 148,814

 Prepaid expenses
 11,720
 8,246

 Other current assets
 5,514
 7,256

 TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS
 315,793
 324,815

 Property, plant and equipment, net
 195,086
 207,892

 Operating lease, right-of-use assets
 10,117
 11,671

 Goodwill
 26,685
 29,497

 Other intangible assets, net
 9,656
 12,981

 Deferred income taxes
 6,546
 7,109

 Other assets
 9,994
 9,186

 TOTAL ASSETS
 $
 573,877
 $
 603,151

 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Trade accounts payable
 $
 41,951
 $
 37,788

 Notes payable to banks
 7,782
 6,968

 Operating lease liabilities, current
 1,588
 1,671

 Current portion of long-term debt
 2,430
 6,486

 Accrued compensation and other benefits
 25,904
 28,018

 Accrued expenses and other liabilities
 25,503
 27,414

 Dividends payable
 1,293
 1,300

 Income taxes payable
 1,962
 1,672

 TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES
 108,413
 111,317

 Long-term debt, less current portion
 18,357
 48,796

 Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent
 6,538
 7,892

 Deferred income taxes
 3,766
 3,536

 Other noncurrent liabilities
 14,479
 15,454

 SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Common shares – $ 2 par value per share, 15,000,000 shares authorized, 4,913,621 and 4,908,413 issued and outstanding, at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively

 13,752
 13,607

 Common shares issued to rabbi trust, 222,887 and 243,118 shares at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively

 ( 9,575)
 ( 10,183)

 Deferred compensation liability
 9,575
 10,183

 Paid-in capital
 65,093
 60,958

 Retained earnings
 553,179
 520,154

 Treasury shares, at cost, 1,961,772 and 1,894,419 shares at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively

 ( 126,800)
 ( 118,249)

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 82,909)
 ( 60,306)

 TOTAL PREFORMED LINE PRODUCTS COMPANY SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
 422,315
 416,164

 Noncontrolling interest
 ( 8)

 TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
 422,324
 416,156

 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
 $
 573,877
 $
 603,151

 STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED INCOME

 2024
 2023
 2022

 (Thousands of dollars, except per share data)

 $
 593,714
 $
 669,679
 $
 637,021

 403,903
 434,831
 421,841

 GROSS PROFIT
 189,811
 234,848
 215,180

 Selling
 48,722
 51,078
 45,712

 General and administrative
 67,477
 74,643
 70,317

 Research and engineering
 21,923
 22,481
 19,661

 Goodwill impairment
 —
 —
 6,529

 Other operating expense, net
 2,492
 3,600

 139,054
 150,694
 145,819

 OPERATING INCOME
 50,757
 84,154
 69,361

 Other income (expense)

 Interest income
 2,573
 1,811

 Interest expense
 ( 2,221)
 ( 3,905)
 ( 3,214)

 Other (expense) income, net
 6,926

 ( 1,810)
 4,343

 INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES
 50,770
 82,344
 73,704

 Income tax expense
 13,659
 19,007
 19,305

 NET INCOME
 $
 $
 $
 54,399

 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
 ( 17)
 ( 5)
 ( 4)

 NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO PREFORMED LINE PRODUCTS COMPANY SHAREHOLDERS
 $
 $
 $

 AVERAGE NUMBER OF SHARES OF COMMON STOCK OUTSTANDING:

 Basic
 4,908
 4,920
 4,931

 Diluted
 4,947
 4,997
 4,999

 EARNINGS PER SHARE OF COMMON STOCK ATTRIBUTABLE TO PREFORMED LINE PRODUCTS COMPANY SHAREHOLDERS:

 Basic
 $
 7.56
 $
 12.87
 $
 11.03

 Diluted
 $
 7.50
 $
 12.68
 $
 10.88

 STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $
 54,399

 Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:

 9,667
 ( 9,272)

 Pension adjustment, net of tax
 1,004

 Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax
 ( 22,603)
 9,681
 ( 8,268)

 Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests
 ( 17)
 ( 5)
 ( 4)

 COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO PREFORMED LINE PRODUCTS COMPANY SHAREHOLDERS
 $
 14,491
 $
 73,013
 $
 46,127

 STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED CASH FLOWS

 2024
 2023
 2022

 OPERATING ACTIVITIES

 $
 $
 $
 54,399

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operations:

 Depreciation and amortization
 20,830
 18,914
 16,430

 Provision for accounts receivable allowances
 ( 875)
 3,441
 2,169

 Provision for inventory reserves
 4,498
 8,081
 2,352

 Deferred income taxes
 1,084
 ( 2,232)
 ( 2,656)

 Share-based compensation expense
 3,412
 4,948
 4,596

 Goodwill impairment
 —
 —
 6,529

 Gain from company owned life insurance policy
 —
 —
 ( 4,364)

 Loss on exit of business
 —
 —
 1,025

 Gain on sale of property and equipment
 ( 1,748)
 ( 2,478)
 ( 775)

 Other, net

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities

 Accounts receivable
 ( 8,710)
 16,969
 ( 28,049)

 Inventories
 6,784
 ( 4,952)
 ( 36,979)

 Prepaid expenses
 ( 3,988)
 5,961
 5,051

 Trade accounts payable and accrued liabilities
 8,602
 2,302
 6,707

 Accrued income and other taxes
 ( 937)
 2,005

 Contributions to company pension plan
 —
 ( 1,500)
 ( 2,132)

 Other, net
 ( 938)
 ( 4,647)
 ( 247)

 NET CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES
 67,480
 107,642
 26,153

 INVESTING ACTIVITIES

 Capital expenditures
 ( 14,651)
 ( 35,332)
 ( 40,598)

 Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment
 3,454
 2,631
 3,169

 Proceeds from sale of investments
 1,993
 —
 —

 Purchases of investments
 ( 3,154)
 —
 —

 Proceeds from company owned insurance policy
 —
 —
 6,909

 Acquisition of businesses, net of cash
 —
 ( 12,089)
 ( 16,235)

 NET CASH USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES
 ( 12,358)
 ( 44,790)
 ( 46,755)

 FINANCING ACTIVITIES

 Proceeds (payments) of notes payable to banks
 ( 11,081)
 2,214

 Proceeds from long-term debt
 96,410
 169,172
 185,016

 Payments of long-term debt
 ( 130,133)
 ( 186,179)
 ( 155,929)

 Dividends paid
 ( 4,076)
 ( 4,106)
 ( 4,099)

 Proceeds from issuance of common shares
 2,164

 Purchase of common shares for treasury
 ( 226)
 ( 728)
 ( 158)

 Purchase of common shares for treasury from related parties
 ( 8,379)
 ( 18,164)
 ( 5,309)

 Other
 ( 2,473)
 —
 —

 NET CASH (USED IN) PROVIDED BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES
 ( 47,803)
 ( 48,922)
 22,543

 Effects of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 ( 3,682)
 2,438
 ( 1,108)

 Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 3,637
 16,368

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year
 53,607
 37,239
 36,406

 CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH AT END OF YEAR

 $
 57,244
 $
 53,607
 $
 37,239

 STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 (In thousands, except share and per share data)
 Common Shares
 Common
Shares
Issued to
Rabbi Trust
 Deferred
 Compensation Liability

 Paid in
Capital
 Retained
 Earnings

 Treasury
 Shares

 Cumulative Translation Adjustment

 Unrecognized Pension Benefit Cost

 Total
 Preformed Line Products Company Equity

 Noncontrolling Interests

 Total Equity

 Balance at January 31, 2022
 $
 13,185
 $
 ( 10,102)
 $
 10,102
 $
 47,814
 $
 410,673
 $
 ( 93,836)
 $
 ( 56,223)
 $
 ( 5,496)
 $
 316,117
 $
 ( 17)
 $
 316,100

 54,399

 ( 9,272)

 ( 9,272)

 ( 9,272)

 Pension adjustment, net of tax

 1,004
 1,004

 1,004

 Total comprehensive income

 46,127
 46,131

 Share-based compensation

 4,596
 ( 193)

 4,403

 4,403

 Purchase of 73,514 common shares

 ( 5,467)

 ( 5,467)

 ( 5,467)

 Issuance of 83,391 common shares

 1,236

 1,402

 1,402

 Common shares contributed to rabbi trust of 2,248, net

 ( 159)

 —

 —

 Cash dividends declared - $ 0.80 per share

 ( 3,945)

 ( 3,945)

 ( 3,945)

 Balance at December 31, 2022
 $
 13,351
 $
 ( 10,261)
 $
 10,261
 $
 53,646
 $
 460,930
 $
 ( 99,303)
 $
 ( 65,495)
 $
 ( 4,492)
 $
 358,637
 $
 ( 13)
 $
 358,624

 9,667

 9,667

 9,667

 Pension adjustment, net of tax

 Total comprehensive income

 73,013
 73,018

 Share-based compensation

 4,948
 ( 175)

 4,773

 4,773

 Purchase of 135,518 common shares

 ( 18,946)

 ( 18,946)

 ( 18,946)

 Issuance of 126,911 common shares

 2,364

 2,620

 2,620

 Common shares distributed from rabbi trust of 2,268, net

 ( 78)

 —

 —

 Cash dividends declared - $ 0.80 per share

 ( 3,933)

 ( 3,933)

 ( 3,933)

 Balance at December 31, 2023
 $
 13,607
 $
 ( 10,183)
 $
 10,183
 $
 60,958
 $
 520,154
 $
 ( 118,249)
 $
 ( 55,828)
 $
 $
 416,164
 $
 ( 8)
 $
 416,156

 Pension adjustment, net of tax

 Total comprehensive income

 14,491
 14,508

 Share-based compensation

 3,412

 3,412

 3,412

 Purchase of 67,353 common shares

 ( 8,551)

 ( 8,551)

 ( 8,551)

 Issuance of 72,561 common shares

 Common shares distributed from rabbi trust of 20,231, net

 ( 608)

 —

 —

 Cash dividends declared - $ 0.80 per share

 ( 4,069)

 ( 4,069)

 ( 4,069)

 Balance at December 31, 2024
 $
 13,752
 $
 ( 9,575)
 $
 9,575
 $
 65,093
 $
 553,179
 $
 ( 126,800)
 $
 ( 77,536)
 $
 ( 5,373)
 $
 422,315
 $
 $
 422,324

 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 (Tables in thousands of dollars, except share and per share data, unless specifically noted)

 Note 1 - Significant Accounting Policies
 Nature of Operations
 Preformed Line Products Company and subsidiaries (the "Company") is a designer and manufacturer of products and systems employed in the construction and maintenance of overhead and underground networks for the energy, telecommunication, cable operators, data communication and other similar industries. The Company's primary products support, protect, connect, terminate and secure cables and wires. The Company provides helical solutions, connectors, fiber optic and copper splice closures, solar framing applications, and electric vehicle charging station foundations. The Company's customers include public and private energy utilities and communication companies, cable operators, contractors and subcontractors, distributors and value-added resellers. The Company serves its worldwide markets through strategically located domestic and international manufacturing facilities.
 Principles of Consolidation and Noncontrolling Interests
 The accompanying consolidated financial statements, including the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries for which it has a controlling interest, were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") and include the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses of all majority-owned subsidiaries over which the Company exercises control. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation. Noncontrolling interests are presented in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements as if parent company investors (controlling interests) and other minority investors (noncontrolling interests) in partially owned subsidiaries have similar economic interests in a single entity. As a result, investments in noncontrolling interests are reported as equity in our Consolidated Financial Statements. Additionally, the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements include 100% of a controlled subsidiary's earnings, rather than only our share. Transactions between the parent company and noncontrolling interests are reported in equity as transactions between stockholders, provided that these transactions do not create a change in control.
 Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash ("Cash") are stated at fair value and consist of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less or with maturities of more than three months that can be withdrawn early without a significant economic penalty. Restricted cash, which is not material, is included in Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 Accounts Receivable Allowances
 The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Board ("ASC") 326 "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses", the Company uses a current expected credit loss model in order to immediately recognize an estimate of credit losses that are expected to occur over the life of the financial instruments, mainly trade receivables. Additionally, the allowance is based upon identified delinquent accounts, customer payment patterns and other analyses of historical data trends. The Company also maintains an allowance for future sales credits related to sales recorded during the year. The estimated allowance is based on historical sales credits issued in the subsequent year related to the prior year and any significant, preapproved open return good authorizations as of the balance sheet date.
 Inventories
 The Company uses the last-in, first-out ("LIFO") method of determining cost for the majority of its material portion of inventories in PLP-USA. All other inventories are determined by the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") or average cost methods. Inventories are carried at lower of cost or net realizable value. Reserves are maintained for estimated obsolescence or excess inventory based on past usage and future demand.
 Fair Value of Financial Instruments
 FASB ASC 825, "Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments," requires disclosures of the fair value of financial instruments. The estimated fair value of financial instruments was principally based on market prices where such prices were available, and when unavailable, fair values were estimated based on market prices of similar instruments.
 Property, Plant and Equipment and Depreciation

 Property, plant, and equipment is recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation or amortization. Property under finance lease agreements is carried at the present value of lease payments over the lease term less accumulated amortization. Depreciation is based on the estimated service lives of depreciable assets and is calculated using the straight-line method. Fully depreciated assets are retained in property and accumulated depreciation accounts until they are removed from service. The estimated useful lives for assets purchased new are: land improvements, 10 years; buildings, 39 years; building improvements, 5 years to 39 years; machinery and equipment, 3 years to 10 years; tooling, 10 years; and aircraft, 15 years. Appropriate reductions in estimated useful lives are made for property, plant and equipment purchased in connection with an acquisition of a business or in a used condition when purchased.
 Long-Lived Assets
 The Company records impairment losses on long-lived assets used in operations when events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets are impaired and the undiscounted future cash flows estimated to be generated by such assets are less than the carrying value. The Company's cash flows are based on historical results adjusted to reflect the Company's best estimate of future market and operating conditions. The net carrying value of assets not recoverable is then reduced to fair value. The estimate of fair value represents the Company's best estimate based on industry trends and reference to market rates and transactions. The Company did not record an impairment to long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 Goodwill and Other Intangibles
 In accordance with ASC 805, "Business Combinations," the Company uses the acquisition method of accounting to allocate costs of acquired businesses to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the dates of acquisition. The excess costs of acquired businesses over the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recognized as goodwill.
 Goodwill and other intangible assets are generally recorded as a result of a business acquisition. Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value of the tangible and identifiable net assets acquired during a business combination and is not subject to amortization but is subject to annual impairment testing. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment annually on October 1 or more frequently when changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount may be impaired. Such events or changes may include, but are not limited to, a significant deterioration in overall economic conditions, changes in the business climate of the Company's industry, overall performance indicators, a decline in the Company's market capitalization, business reorganization or restructuring or disposal of all or part of a reporting unit.
 Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level, and is based on the net assets for each reporting unit, including goodwill and intangible assets. The Company's reporting units are equivalent to the reportable operating segments, except for the Americas segment which has two reporting units (Canada and Other Americas). Goodwill is assigned to each reporting unit, as this represents the lowest level that constitutes a business and is the level at which management regularly reviews the operating results.
 The Company may use both quantitative and qualitative approaches when testing goodwill for impairment. A qualitative analysis is performed by assessing certain trends and factors, including projected market outlook and growth rates, forecasted and actual sales and gross profit margins, discount rates and other relevant qualitative factors. These trends and factors are compared to, and based on, the assumptions used in the most recent quantitative analysis performed for each reporting unit to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount. If that determination is made, no further evaluation is necessary. Otherwise, the Company performs a quantitative impairment test on the reporting unit.
 For the quantitative approach, the Company uses a combination of the income approach, which uses a discounted cash flow methodology, and the market approach, which uses comparable market multiples, in computing fair value by reporting unit. The Company then compares the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying value to assess if goodwill has been impaired. The fair value estimates are subjective and sensitive to significant assumptions, such as future cash flows, revenue growth rates, operating margins, the weighted-average cost of capital ("WACC"), and estimated market multiples, of which are affected by expectations of future market or economic conditions. The future cash flows are based on the Company's long-term operating plan and a terminal value was used to estimate the reporting unit's cash flows beyond the period covered by the operating plan. The WACC is an estimate of the overall after-tax rate of return required by equity and debt market holders of a business enterprise. The Company believes that the methodologies, significant assumptions, and weightings used are reasonable and result in appropriate fair values of the reporting units.
 Intangible assets with definite lives, consisting primarily of purchased customer relationships, patents, technology, customer backlogs, trademarks and land use rights, are generally amortized over periods from 1 year to 99 years. The Company has no indefinite lived intangible assets other than goodwill. The Company's intangible assets with finite lives are generally amortized over the period in which the economic benefits of the intangibles are consumed, using either a projected cash flow basis method or the straight-line method. The straight-line method is used in circumstances in which it better reflects the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible asset are consumed or otherwise expire compared to using a projected cash flow basis method. An evaluation of the remaining useful life of intangible assets with a determinable life is performed on a periodic basis and when events and circumstances warrant an evaluation. The Company assesses intangible assets with a determinable life for impairment when the

 carrying amount may not be recoverable, consistent with its policy for assessing other long-lived assets. The Company did not record an impairment to intangible assets with finite lives during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 Impairment assessments inherently involve management judgments regarding a number of assumptions such as those described above. Due to the multiple variables inherent in arriving at the estimates of the reporting unit's fair value, differences in assumptions could have an effect on the estimated fair value of a reporting unit and could result in goodwill impairment charges in a future period.
 Revenue Recognition
 Net sales include products and shipping and handling charges, net of estimates for product returns. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring products. All revenue is recognized when the Company satisfies the performance obligations under the contract and control of the product is transferred to the customer, primarily based on shipping terms. Revenue for shipping and handling charges are recognized at the time the products are shipped to, delivered to or picked up by the customer. Payment terms vary by the type and location of the customer and the products offered but are generally short-term in nature. The Company estimates product returns based on historical return rates.
 Research and Development
 Research and development costs for new products are expensed as incurred and are reported on the Statements of Consolidated Income.
 Income Taxes
 Income taxes are computed in accordance with the provisions of FASB ASC 740, "Income taxes" and includes U.S. (federal and state) and foreign income taxes. In the Consolidated Financial Statements, the benefits of a consolidated return have been reflected where such returns have or could be filed based on the entities and jurisdictions included in the financial statements. The Company has elected to recognize Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI") as a period expense in the period the tax is incurred.
 Deferred Tax Assets
 Deferred taxes are recognized at currently enacted tax rates for temporary differences between the financial reporting and income tax basis of assets and liabilities and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the differences between the book and tax basis of particular assets and liabilities and operating loss carryforwards using tax rates in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that the Company believes these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies and results of recent operations. We establish a valuation allowance to record our deferred tax assets at an amount that is more-likely-than-not to be realized. In the event we were to determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their recorded amount, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would increase income in the period such determination was made. Likewise, should we determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax assets in the future, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would be charged to expense in the period such determination was made.
 Uncertain Tax Positions
 We identify tax positions taken on the federal, state, local and foreign income tax returns filed or to be filed. A tax position can include: a reduction in taxable income reported in a previously filed tax return or expected to be reported on a future tax return that impacts the measurement of current or deferred income tax assets or liabilities in the period being reported; a decision not to file a tax return; an allocation or a shift of income between jurisdictions; the characterization of income or a decision to exclude reporting taxable income in a tax return; or a decision to classify a transaction, entity or other position in a tax return as tax exempt. We determine whether a tax position is an uncertain or a routine business transaction tax position that is more-likely-than-not to be sustained at the full amount upon examination.
 Under ASC 740, "Tax Benefits from Uncertain Tax Positions" that reduce our current or future income tax liability are reported in our financial statements only to the extent that each benefit is recognized and measured under a two-step approach. The first step requires us to assess whether each tax position based on its technical merits and facts and circumstances as of the reporting date, is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination. The second step measures the amount of tax benefit that we would recognize in the financial statements based on a cumulative probability approach. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not threshold that is not highly certain is measured based on the largest amount of benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the tax authority, assuming that the tax authority has examined the position and has full knowledge of all relevant information.
 Advertising

 Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and totaled $ 2.5 million in 2024, $ 2.4 million in 2023 and $ 2.7 million in 2022.
 Foreign Currency Translation
 Asset and liability accounts are translated into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect at the date of the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The translation adjustments are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Revenues and expenses are translated at weighted average exchange rates in effect during the period. Transaction gains and losses arising from exchange rate changes on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in income and expensed as incurred. Aggregate transaction losses, including hedge activity, was $ 0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, $ 3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $ 0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Upon sale or substantially complete liquidation of an investment in a foreign entity, the cumulative translation adjustment for that entity is reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss to earnings.
 Effective July 1, 2018, Argentina was designated as a highly inflationary economy as the projected three-year cumulative inflation rate exceeded 100%. As such, beginning July 1, 2018, the functional currency for the Company's Argentina subsidiary became the U.S. dollar. Revenue from operations in Argentina was less than 1 % of total consolidated net sales for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
 Use of Estimates
 The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company's consolidated financial statements include amounts that are based on management's best estimates and judgments. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
 Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to current year presentation.
 Business Combinations
 Upon acquisition of a business, the Company uses the income, market or cost approach (or a combination thereof) for the valuation as appropriate. The valuation inputs in these models and analyses are based on market participant assumptions. Market participants are considered to be buyers and sellers unrelated to the Company in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability.
 The Company uses a discounted cash flow model to measure the fair value of intangible assets. The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the intangible assets include discount rates and certain assumptions that form the basis of future cash flows (such as revenue growth rates, attrition rates, and royalty rates). These assumptions relate to the future performance of the acquired businesses, are forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions.
 Fair value estimates are based on a series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and rely heavily on estimates and assumptions. Management values property, plant and equipment using the cost approach supported where available by observable market data, which includes consideration of obsolescence. Acquired inventories are marked to fair value. For certain items, the carrying value is determined to be a reasonable approximation of fair value based on information available to the Company.
 Derivative Financial Instruments
 The Company operates internationally and enters into intercompany transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Consequently, the Company is subject to market risk arising from exchange rate movements between the dates foreign currency transactions occur and the dates they are settled. The Company currently uses foreign currency forward contracts to reduce the risk related to some of these transactions. These contracts usually have maturities of 90 days or less and generally require an exchange of foreign currencies for U.S. dollars at maturity at rates stated in the contracts. These contracts are not designated as hedging instruments under U.S. GAAP. Accordingly, the changes in the fair value of the foreign currency forward contracts are recognized in each accounting period in "Other operating expense, net" on the Consolidated Statements of Income together with the transaction gain or loss from the related balance sheet position. The Company records the contracts at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company does not hold derivatives for trading purposes.
 Recently Adopted or Issued Accounting Pronouncements
 Adopted
 In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures." This ASU enhances reportable segment disclosures on both an annual and interim basis primarily in regards to the disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM) and included within the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss. In addition, the ASU requires disclosure, by segment, of other items included in the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss, including qualitative information describing the

 composition, nature and type of each item. The ASU also expands disclosure requirements related to the CODM, including how the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss are used to assess segment performance and allocate resources, the method used to allocate overhead for significant segment expenses and others. Lastly, all current required annual segment reporting disclosures under Topic 280 are now effective for interim periods. The ASU is effective for the Company's 2024 fiscal year and interim periods within fiscal years beginning with the Company's 2025 fiscal year. The Company adopted this standard for the year ended December 31, 2024, and applied retrospective changes to all periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. The adoption of this new standard did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements, other than the updated segment disclosures included within Note 15, "Segment Information".
 Not Yet Adopted
 In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures." This ASU enhances income tax disclosures by providing information to better assess how an entity's operations, related tax risks, tax planning and operational opportunities affect its tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. This ASU requires additional disclosures to the annual effective tax rate reconciliation including specific categories and further disaggregated reconciling items that meet the quantitative threshold. Additionally, the ASU requires disclosures relating to income tax expense and payments made to federal, state, local and foreign jurisdictions. This ASU is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU and expects the standard will only impact its income tax disclosures with no material impact to the consolidated financial statements.
 In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2024-03, "Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses." This ASU improves disclosures about a public business entity's expenses and addresses requests from investors for more detailed information about the types of expenses commonly presented in expense captions. Coupled with recent standards that enhanced the disaggregation of revenue and income tax information, the disaggregated expense information required by the amendments in this ASU will enable investors to better understand the major components of an entity's income statement. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU.

 Note 2 - Inventories, Net
 Inventories, net

 December 31,

 2024
 2023

 Raw materials
 $
 75,138
 $
 98,708

 Work-in-process
 12,225
 14,397

 Finished products
 52,792
 46,250

 Inventories, net of excess and obsolete inventory reserve
 140,155
 159,355

 Excess of current cost over LIFO cost
 ( 10,242)
 ( 10,541)

 Inventories at LIFO cost
 $
 129,913
 $
 148,814

 Costs for inventories of certain material, mainly in the U.S., are determined using the LIFO method and totaled approximately $ 46.5 million and $ 60.1 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The net change in LIFO inventories for December 31, 2024 and 2023 resulted in a benefit of $ 0.3 million and $ 2.6 million to Cost of products sold, respectively. The Company's reserves for slow-moving and obsolete inventory at December 31, 2024 and 2023 were $ 17.7 million and $ 17.6 million, respectively.

 Note 3 - Property and Equipment, Net
 Major classes of property, plant and equipment are as follows:

 December 31,

 2024
 2023

 Land and improvements
 $
 20,204
 $
 21,374

 Buildings and improvements
 125,076
 129,369

 Machinery, equipment and aircraft
 252,759
 238,868

 Construction in progress
 10,884
 22,619

 Property, plant and equipment, gross
 408,923
 412,230

 Less accumulated depreciation
 ( 213,837)
 ( 204,338)

 Property, plant and equipment, net
 $
 195,086
 $
 207,892

 Depreciation of property and equipment was $ 20.4 million in 2024, $ 17.0 million in 2023 and $ 14.3 million in 2022.

 Note 4 - Contingent and Other Liabilities
 The Company can be party to a variety of pending legal proceedings and claims arising in the normal course of business, including, but not limited to, litigation relating to employment, workers' compensation, product liability, environmental and intellectual property. The Company has liability insurance to cover many of these claims.
 Although the outcomes of these matters are not predictable with certainty, the Company records a liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. In the event the Company determines that a loss is not probable, but is reasonably possible, and the likelihood to develop what the Company believes to be a reasonable range of potential loss exists, the Company will include disclosure related to such matters. To the extent that there is a reasonable possibility the losses could exceed amounts already accrued, the Company will adjust the accrual in the period in which the determination is made, disclose an estimate of the additional loss or range of loss and if the amount of such adjustment cannot be reasonably estimated, disclose that an estimate cannot be made.
 In November 2016, the Company and its subsidiaries Helix Uniformed Ltd. ("Helix") and Preformed Line Products (Canada) Limited ("PLPC Canada"), were each named, jointly and severally, with each of SNC-Lavalin ATP, Inc. ("SNC ATP"), HD Supply Canada Inc., by its trade names HD Supply Power Solutions and HD Supply Utilities ("HD Supply"), and Anixter Power Solutions Canada Inc. (the corporate successor to HD Supply, "Anixter") and, together with the Company, PLPC Canada, Helix, SNC ATP and HD Supply (the "Defendants"), in a complaint filed by Altalink, L.P. (the "Plaintiff") in the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta in Alberta, Canada in November 2016 (the "Complaint").
 The Complaint stated that the Plaintiff engaged SNC ATP to design, engineer, procure and construct numerous power distribution and transmission facilities in Alberta (the "Projects") and that through SNC ATP and HD Supply (now Anixter), spacer dampers manufactured by Helix were procured and installed in the Projects. The Complaint alleged that the spacer dampers have and may continue to become loose, open and detach from the conductors, resulting in damage and potential injury and a failure to perform the intended function of providing spacing and damping to the Projects. The Plaintiff was seeking damages jointly and severally from the Defendants representing the costs of monitoring and replacing the spacer dampers and remediating property damage, due to alleged defects in the design and construction of, and supply of materials for, the Projects by SNC ATP and HD Supply/Anixter and in the design of the spacer dampers by Helix.
 On September 26, 2023, the Defendants and the Plaintiff entered into a settlement agreement which dismissed the action against all Defendants with prejudice. Net of insurance, the total settlement amount required to be paid by the Company in the fourth quarter of 2023 was $ 4.3 million Canadian dollars ($ 3.2 million US dollars). The settlement reflects the Company's desire to eliminate the burden, expense, distraction and further uncertainties of litigation, and settlement does not constitute an admission of liability, wrongdoing or fault by the Company and its subsidiaries.
 The Company is not a party to any other pending legal proceedings that the Company believes would, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on its financial condition, results of operations or cash flow. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no reserves for known global legal matters.
 For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company included $ 6.7 million of advanced payments by customers for future projects in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

 Note 5 - Pension Plans
 The Company maintains a noncontributory defined benefit pension plan covering eligible U.S. employees (the "U.S. Plan") and a defined contribution plan to provide retirement benefits for employees as well as other foreign defined benefit plans. These plans are maintained and contributions are made in accordance with the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), local statutory law or as determined by the Board of Directors. The plans generally provide benefits based upon years of service and compensation. The Company also established arrangements for certain key employees, which provide for supplemental retirement benefits. The Company's plans are funded except for a U.S. non-qualified plan for certain key employees and certain foreign plans.
 Within the U.S., hourly employees of the Company who meet specific requirements as to age and length and date of service are covered by the U.S. Plan. On December 12, 2012, the Company approved a freeze on further benefit accruals under the U.S. Plan and notified the participants of the freeze on December 19, 2012. Beginning February 1, 2013, participants ceased earning additional benefits under the U.S. Plan and no new participants entered the U.S. Plan. The Company uses a December 31 measurement date for its Plan. In August 2023, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a resolution to terminate the U.S. Plan and preliminary administrative actions have been undertaken to proceed with the termination. There were no contributions to the U.S. Plan during the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company made a $ 1.5 million contribution to the U.S. Plan for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 A summary of the U.S. Plan follows for the year ended December 31:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Service cost
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Interest cost
 1,540
 1,568
 1,185

 Expected return on plan assets
 ( 1,940)
 ( 2,017)
 ( 2,455)

 Recognized net actuarial loss

 Net periodic pension expense (benefit)
 $
 $
 $
 ( 825)

 Components of net periodic pension expense (benefit), other than service cost, are included in other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

 The following tables set forth the changes in benefit obligations, the change in plan assets, the funded status, and amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements for the U.S. Plan at December 31:

 2024
 2023

 Projected benefit obligation at beginning of the year
 $
 29,773
 $
 29,013

 Interest cost
 1,540
 1,568

 Actuarial (gain) loss
 ( 1,557)

 Benefits paid
 ( 1,581)
 ( 1,478)

 Projected benefit obligation at end of year
 $
 28,175
 $
 29,773

 Fair value of plan assets at beginning of the year
 $
 31,896
 $
 29,632

 Actual return on plan assets
 ( 1,221)
 2,242

 Employer contributions
 —
 1,500

 Benefits paid
 ( 1,581)
 ( 1,478)

 Fair value of plan assets at end of the year
 $
 29,094
 $
 31,896

 Pension asset
 $
 ( 919)
 $
 ( 2,123)

 In 2024, in accordance with ASC 715-20, the Company recognized the over-funded status of the U.S. Plan as a non-current asset. The amount recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss related to the U.S. Plan at December 31 is comprised of the following:

 2024
 2023

 Balance at January 1
 $
 $
 ( 4,492)

 Reclassification adjustments:

 Pre-tax amortized net actuarial loss

 Tax benefit
 ( 104)
 ( 110)

 Adjustment to recognize loss on pension asset:

 Pre-tax loss
 ( 1,605)
 ( 445)

 Tax benefit

 ( 1,236)

 Balance at December 31,
 $
 ( 5,373)
 $

 The 2024 reduction on the projected benefit obligation of $ 1.6 million was the result of an increase in the discount rate to 5.77 % from 5.34 % in 2023. There is no prior service cost to be amortized in the future.
 The U.S. Plan had assets in excess of accumulated benefit obligations as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Accumulated benefit obligation
 $
 28,175
 $
 29,773

 Fair market value of assets
 29,094
 31,896

 Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at:
 2024
 2023

 Discount rate
 5.77 %
 5.34 %

 Rate of compensation increase
 n/a
 n/a

 Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost at:
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Discount rate
 5.34 %
 5.55 %
 2.92 %

 Rate of compensation increase
 n/a
 n/a
 n/a

 Expected long-term return on plan assets
 6.25 %
 7.00 %
 6.50 %

 The net periodic pension cost for 2024 was based on a long-term asset rate-of-return of 6.25 %. This rate is based upon management's estimate of future long-term rates of return on similar assets and is consistent with historical returns on such assets.
 At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Plan assets are invested in pooled investment funds which are measured at fair value using the net asset value ("NAV"). The NAV is based on the value of the assets owned by the plan, less liabilities. These pooled assets are not quoted on an active exchange. The fair value of the Plan assets at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 29.1 million and $ 31.9 million, respectively.

 The U.S. Plan weighted-average asset allocations at December 31, 2024 and 2023, by asset category, are as follows:

 Plan assets
at December 31,

 Asset category
 2024
 2023

 Equity securities
 —
 %
 %

 Debt securities

 Cash and equivalents
 —

 %
 %

 Management seeks to maximize the long-term total return of financial assets consistent with the fiduciary standards of ERISA. The ability to achieve these returns is dependent upon the need to accept moderate risk to achieve long-term capital appreciation.
 In recognition of the expected returns and volatility from financial assets, U.S. Plan assets are invested in the following ranges with the target allocation noted below. The Company reassesses the target allocations periodically:

 Range
 Target

 Equities
 — %

 — %

 Fixed Income
 100 %

 100 %

 Cash Equivalents
 — %

 — %

 Investment in these markets is projected to provide performance consistent with expected long-term returns with appropriate diversification. The Company's policy is to fund amounts deductible for federal income tax purposes.
 If the U.S. Plan is not terminated, the benefits expected to be paid out of the U.S. Plan assets in each of the next five years and the aggregate benefits expected to be paid for the subsequent five years are as follows:

 Year
 Pension Benefits

 2025
 $
 1,618

 2026
 1,675

 2027
 1,756

 2028
 1,827

 2029
 1,874

 2030-2034
 10,268

 Other Benefit Plans
 The Company also provides retirement benefits through various defined contribution plans including PLP-USA's Profit Sharing Plan. Expense for these defined contribution plans was $ 8.2 million in 2024, $ 6.6 million in 2023, and $ 6.3 million in 2022.
 The Company also provides retirement benefits through the Supplemental Profit Sharing Plan. To the extent an employee's award under PLP-USA's Profit Sharing Plan exceeds the maximum allowable contribution permitted under existing tax laws, the excess is accrued for (but not funded) under a non-qualified Supplemental Profit Sharing Plan. The Supplemental Profit Sharing Plan allows participants the ability to hypothetically invest their proportionate award into various investment options, which primarily includes mutual funds. The (expense) benefit for the Supplemental Profit Sharing Plan for the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was ($ 0.8) million, $( 0.9) million, and $ 1.3 million, respectively. The Supplemental Profit Sharing Plan unfunded status for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 9.0 million and $ 8.2 million, respectively, and is included in Other noncurrent liabilities.
 The Company also has established nonqualified foreign defined benefit plans, which provide post-employment benefits based on years of service. For the periods ending December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company's benefit obligations related to these unfunded programs were $ 3.1 million and $ 2.9 million, respectively. During 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded benefit costs relating to these programs of $ 0.3 million, $ 0.6 million, and $ 0.2 million, respectively.

 Note 6 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("AOCI")
 The following tables set forth the total changes in AOCI by component, net of tax:

 Year Ended December 31, 2024
 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Unrecognized
Benefit Cost
 Cumulative
Adjustment
 Total

 Unrecognized
Benefit Cost
 Cumulative
Adjustment
 Total

 Balance at January 1
 $
 $
 ( 55,828)
 $
 ( 60,306)
 $
 ( 4,492)
 $
 ( 65,495)
 $
 ( 69,987)

 Other comprehensive income before reclassifications:

 —
 —
 9,667
 9,667

 Loss on pension asset
 ( 1,236)
 —
 ( 1,236)
 —

 Amounts reclassified from AOCI:

 Amortization of defined benefit pension actuarial loss (a)
 —
 —

 Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income
 ( 22,603)
 9,667
 9,681

 Balance at December 31
 $
 ( 5,373)
 $
 ( 77,536)
 $
 ( 82,909)
 $
 $
 ( 55,828)
 $
 ( 60,306)

 (a) This AOCI component is included in the computation of net periodic pension income (costs) as noted in Note 5 – Pension Plans.

 Note 7 - Debt and Credit Arrangements

 December 31,

 2024
 2023

 Short-term debt

 Notes payable to banks

 Thailand Bhat denominated at 4.15 %

 $
 2,599
 $
 2,262

 France Euro denominated at 6.37 %

 —
 2,774

 China Yuan Renminbi denominated at 4.50 %

 —
 1,314

 China Yuan Renminbi denominated at 3.05 %

 —

 China Yuan Renminbi denominated at 3.05 %

 —

 Vietnam Dong denominated at 7.30 %

 —

 Indonesia U.S. Dollar denominated at 5.86 %

 4,086
 —

 Indonesia U.S. Dollar denominated at 6.82 %

 —

 Current portion of long-term debt

 U.S. Dollar denominated at 2.74 %

 2,050
 2,050

 Czech Republic Koruna denominated at 3.00 %

 Indonesia U.S. Dollar denominated at 3.50 %

 —
 4,267

 Brazil Real denominated at 8.30 %

 —

 Czech Republic Koruna denominated at 3.69 %

 Czech Republic Koruna denominated at 1.60 %

 Total short-term debt
 10,212
 13,454

 Long-term debt, including current portion

 U.S. Dollar denominated at 5.76 %, due 2026

 —
 22,653

 U.S. Dollar denominated at 2.74 %, due 2031

 12,642
 14,692

 Brazil Real denominated at 8.30 % due 2025

 1,000

 Poland Zloty denominated at 6.97 % due 2026

 4,390
 7,691

 Australian Dollar denominated at 4.06 %, due 2026

 —
 —

 Austria Euro denominated at 4.58 % due 2026

 1,387

 Indonesia U.S. Dollar denominated at 3.50 % due 2024

 —
 4,267

 New Zealand Dollar denominated at 6.73 % due 2026

 1,779
 2,538

 Czech Republic Koruna denominated at 2.76 % due 2030

 —

 Czech Republic Koruna denominated at 3.00 % due 2025

 Czech Republic Koruna denominated at 3.69 % due 2031

 Czech Republic Koruna denominated at 1.60 % due 2026

 Total long-term debt
 20,787
 55,282

 Less current portion
 ( 2,430)
 ( 6,486)

 Total long-term debt, less current portion
 18,357
 48,796

 Total debt
 $
 28,569
 $
 62,250

 The Company maintains a credit facility (the "Facility") with a capacity of $ 90.0 million that expires March 2, 2026. The Company expects to extend the maturity date of the Facility over the coming year. The interest rate for U.S. borrowing is defined as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 1.125 % unless the Company's funded debt to Earnings before Interest, Taxes and Depreciation ratio exceeds 2.25 to 1, at which point the SOFR spread becomes 1.500 %. At December 31, 2024, the Company had utilized $ 7.2 million with $ 82.8 million available on the Facility. There were no long-term outstanding letters on the Facility as of December 31, 2024. Our bank debt to equity percentage was 6.8 %. The Facility contains, among other provisions, requirements for maintaining levels of net worth and profitability. At December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with these covenants.
 On January 19, 2021, the Company received funding for a term loan from PNC Equipment Finance, LLC in the principal amount of $ 20.5 million for the full amount of the purchase price for a new corporate aircraft. The term of the loan is 120 months at a

 fixed interest rate of 2.74 %. The loan is payable in 119 equal monthly installments, which commenced on March 1, 2021 with a final payment of any outstanding principal and accrued interest due and payable on the final monthly payment date. Of the $ 12.6 million outstanding on this debt facility at December 31, 2024, $ 2.1 million was classified as current. The aircraft has been pledged as collateral against the loan.
 The Company has other borrowing facilities at certain of its foreign subsidiaries, which consist of overdraft lines, working capital credit lines, and facilities for the issuance of letters of credit and short-term borrowing needs. At December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, $ 8.8 million and $ 13.3 million were outstanding, of which $ 8.2 million and $ 11.4 million were classified as current, respectively. These facilities support commitments made in the ordinary course of business.
 The Company's Asia-Pacific segment had $ 0.1 million and $ 0.2 million in restricted cash used to secure bank guarantees as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The restricted cash is shown on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets in Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash.
 Aggregate maturities of long-term debt during the next five years are as follows: $ 2.3 million for 2025, $ 9.3 million for 2026, $ 2.1 for 2027, $ 2.1 million for 2028, $ 2.1 million for 2029, and $ 2.9 million thereafter.
 Interest paid was $ 2.2 million in 2024, $ 3.8 million in 2023, and $ 3.1 million in 2022.
 In March of 2025, the Company entered into 8.0 million or $ 7.7 million of additional term debt arrangements with maturity dates ranging from five to six years and interest rates ranging from 2.50 % to 2.65 %.

 Guarantees and Letters of Credit
 The Company has provided financial guarantees for uncompleted work and financial commitments. The terms of these guarantees vary with end dates ranging from the current year through the completion of such transactions. The guarantees would typically be triggered in the event of non-performance. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had total outstanding guarantees of $ 11.3 million. Additionally, certain domestic and foreign customers require the Company to issue letters of credit or performance bonds as a condition of placing an order. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had total outstanding letters of credit of $ 1.3 million.

 Note 8 - Leases
 The Company regularly enters into leases in the normal course of business. As of December 31, 2024, the leases in effect were related to land, buildings, vehicles, office equipment and other production equipment under operating leases with lease terms of up to 83 years. Some of the Company's leases include one or more renewal options, the exercise of which is generally at the Company's discretion. In addition, certain lease arrangements may be terminated prior to their original expiration date at the Company's discretion. The Company evaluates renewal and termination options at the lease commencement date to determine if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise the option on the basis of economic factors. The weighted average remaining lease term for the Company's operating and financing leases as of December 31, 2024 was 17.9 years and 3.2 years, respectively.
 Lease expense is recognized for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term with variable lease payments recognized in the period those payments are incurred. The components of operating and finance lease costs are recognized in Costs and expenses and Interest expense, respectively, on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company's operating and finance lease costs for the years ended December 31 were as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Components of lease expense:

 Operating lease cost
 $
 2,353
 $
 2,767
 $
 2,538

 Finance lease cost:

 Amortization of right-of-use assets

 Interest on lease liabilities

 Total lease cost
 $
 2,562
 $
 2,903
 $
 2,746

 The discount rate implicit within each lease is often not determinable and, therefore, the Company establishes the discount rate based on its incremental borrowing rate. The incremental borrowing rate for the Company's leases is determined based on lease term and currency in which lease payments are made. The weighted average discount rate used to measure the Company's operating and

 finance lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 was 5.53 % and 6.96 %, respectively. The weighted average discount rate used to measure the Company's operating and finance lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023 was 5.28 % and 3.84 %, respectively.
 Future maturities of the Company's lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:

 Year Ended December 31, 2024

 Operating Leases
 Finance Leases

 2025
 $
 2,083
 $

 2026
 1,728

 2027
 1,171

 2028

 2029 and thereafter
 6,888
 —

 Total lease payments
 12,853

 Less amount of lease payment representing interest
 4,727

 Total present value of lease payments
 $
 8,126
 $

 Amounts recognized as finance lease obligations are reported in Accrued expense and other liabilities and Other noncurrent liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 The Company received sublease income of zero and $ 0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the years ended December 31 were as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Supplemental cash flow information

 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:

 Operating cash flows for operating leases
 $
 2,341
 $
 2,775
 $
 2,528

 Operating cash flows for finance leases

 Financing cash flows for finance leases

 Note 9 - Income Taxes
 Income before income taxes was derived from the following sources:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 United States
 $
 19,476
 $
 57,736
 $
 58,887

 Foreign
 31,294
 24,608
 14,817

 Total income before income taxes
 $
 50,770
 $
 82,344
 $
 73,704

 The components of income taxes for the years ended December 31 are as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Current

 Federal
 $
 2,646
 $
 12,263
 $
 12,529

 Foreign
 9,613
 6,654
 7,346

 State and local
 2,322
 2,086

 12,575
 21,239
 21,961

 Deferred

 Federal
 2,139
 ( 1,866)

 Foreign
 ( 1,507)
 ( 3,326)

 State and local
 ( 377)

 1,084
 ( 2,232)
 ( 2,656)

 Income taxes
 $
 13,659
 $
 19,007
 $
 19,305

 The differences between the provision for income taxes at the U.S. federal statutory rate and the tax shown in the Statements of Consolidated Income for the years ended December 31 are summarized as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Federal tax at statutory rate
 21.0 %
 21.0 %
 21.0 %

 Non-deductible officers' compensation
 4.0
 1.5
 1.4

 Non-U.S. tax rate variances
 3.2
 2.0
 ( 2.4)

 Global intangible low-taxed income
 2.3
 3.6
 0.9

 Other, net
 1.8
 ( 0.4)
 0.7

 Valuation allowance
 0.5
 0.7
 2.9

 State and local taxes, net of federal benefit
 0.5
 2.2
 2.2

 Uncertain tax positions
 0.1
 —
 0.7

 Other Life Insurance Proceeds
 —
 —
 ( 1.2)

 Goodwill Impairment
 —
 —
 2.7

 Other U.S. federal permanent items
 ( 0.1)
 ( 0.2)
 ( 0.1)

 Tax credits
 ( 0.8)
 ( 1.3)
 ( 0.3)

 Other stock compensation
 ( 2.4)
 ( 1.5)
 ( 0.3)

 Foreign tax credits
 ( 3.2)
 ( 4.5)
 ( 2.0)

 Effective income tax rate
 26.9 %
 23.1 %
 26.2 %

 Income tax expense for the periods ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $ 13.7 million, $ 19.0 million, and $ 19.3 million, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rate from 2023 to 2024 was primarily due to the limitations on the deductibility of compensation and the unfavorable impact from the mix of income earned in jurisdictions with a higher tax rate than the U.S. This was partially offset by a favorable impact from increase in excess tax benefit on share-based compensation.
 Income taxes paid in the years ending December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were $ 13.1 million, $ 21.9 million, and $ 14.6 million, respectively.

 Deferred Income Tax Assets and Liabilities
 Deferred income taxes reflect the net effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Deferred tax assets:

 Research and development capitalization
 $
 6,483
 $
 5,522

 Benefit plan reserves
 5,947
 6,200

 Inventory valuation reserves
 3,077
 4,041

 Other accrued expenses
 2,128

 Net operating loss carryforwards
 1,967
 1,940

 Foreign tax credit
 1,337
 1,018

 Allowance for credit losses
 1,298
 1,329

 Accrued compensation and benefits
 1,147
 1,374

 Unrealized foreign exchange

 Gross deferred tax assets
 23,440
 22,710

 Valuation allowance
 ( 2,725)
 ( 2,567)

 Net deferred tax assets
 20,715
 20,143

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Depreciation and other basis differences
 ( 15,179)
 ( 13,382)

 Intangibles
 ( 2,003)
 ( 2,579)

 Other
 ( 753)
 ( 609)

 Deferred tax liabilities
 ( 17,935)
 ( 16,570)

 Net deferred tax assets
 $
 2,780
 $
 3,573

 2024
 2023

 Change in net deferred tax assets:

 Ordinary movement
 $
 ( 1,084)
 $
 2,232

 Deferred tax balances from business acquisitions
 —

 Items of other comprehensive loss

 Currency translation
 ( 79)

 Other
 —
 ( 108)

 Total change in net deferred tax assets
 $
 ( 793)
 $
 2,414

 As of December 31, 2024, various international subsidiaries had gross net operating losses totaling $ 7.9 million, resulting in deferred tax assets of $ 2.0 million. Of the international net operating losses, $ 1.0 million carryforward indefinitely, while the remainder, if not utilized, will expire between 2026 and 2033. It is more likely than not that certain net operating loss carryforwards will not be realized; therefore, we have recorded a valuation allowance of $ 1.2 million against them. The net operating loss carryforwards are subject to various annual limitations under the tax laws of the different jurisdictions.
 The Company considers earnings in our non-U.S. subsidiaries to be permanently reinvested and therefore did not record any associated deferred income taxes on such earnings. Accordingly, the Company intends to continue to invest approximately $ 139.3 million of such earnings, as well as our capital in these subsidiaries, indefinitely outside of the U.S.

 Unrecognized Income Tax Benefits
 The following is a tabular reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions, excluding interest and penalties, for the year ended December 31:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Balance at January 1
 $
 $
 $
 —

 Additions for tax positions of prior years
 —
 —

 Settlements with tax authorities
 —
 ( 72)
 —

 Expiration of statutes of limitations
 —
 —
 —

 Balance at December 31
 $
 $
 $

 The decrease in unrecognized tax benefits from 2022 to 2023 was related to a settlement with foreign tax authorities. The Company records accrued interest as well as penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as part of the provision for income taxes. The accrued interest and penalties related to the gross unrecognized tax benefits, excluded from above, was de minimis in all years presented.
 Preformed Line Products Company and its subsidiaries file income tax return in the United States and various countries around the world. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to United States federal examinations by tax authorities for years before 2020 and foreign, state, and local examinations by authorities for years before 2018.

 Note 10 - Share-Based Compensation
 2016 Incentive Plan
 The Company maintains an equity award program to provide the Company a competitive advantage in attracting, retaining, and motivating officers, employees and directors and to provide an incentive to those individuals to increase shareholder value through long-term incentives directly linked to the Company's performance. The Preformed Line Products Company 2016 Incentive Plan (the "Incentive Plan") was effective upon approval by the Company's Shareholders at the 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders on May 10, 2016. Under the Incentive Plan, certain employees, officers, and directors may be eligible to receive awards of options and restricted stock units (RSUs). The total number of Company common shares reserved for awards under the Incentive Plan is 1,000,000 of which 900,000 common shares have been reserved for RSUs and 100,000 common shares have been reserved for share options. As of December 31, 2024, 77,500 options and 555,865 RSUs have been granted under the Incentive Plan. The Incentive Plan expires on May 10, 2026.
 Restricted Share Units
 For the regular annual grants, a portion of the RSUs is subject to time-based cliff vesting and a portion is subject to vesting based upon the Company's performance over a set period for all participants except the CEO and Executive Chairman. All of the CEO's and Executive Chairman's regular annual RSUs are subject to vesting based upon the Company's performance over a set-year period.
 The RSUs are offered at no cost to the employees, however, the participant must remain employed with the Company until the restrictions on the RSUs lapse. The fair value of RSUs is based on the market price of a common share on the grant date. Dividends declared are accrued.
 A summary of the RSUs for the years ended December 31, 2024 is as follows:

 Restricted Share Awards

 Performance
 and Service
 Required (a)

 Service
Required
 Total
Restricted
Awards
 Weighted-Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value

 Nonvested as of January 1, 2024
 156,477
 24,108
 180,585
 $
 71.61

 Granted
 40,914
 7,040
 47,954
 123.76

 Vested
 ( 50,868)
 ( 13,898)
 ( 64,766)
 69.12

 Forfeited
 —

 Nonvested as of December 31, 2024
 146,523
 17,250
 163,773
 87.86

 (a) Nonvested, performance-based RSUs are reflected above at the maximum performance achievement level.

 For time-based RSUs, the Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award in General and administrative expense in the accompanying Statements of Consolidated Income. Annual compensation expense related to the time-based RSUs for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $ 0.9 million, $ 0.9 million, and $ 0.7 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, there was $ 0.9 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to time-based RSUs that is expected to be recognized over the weighted-average remaining period of approximately 1.4 years.
 For the performance-based RSUs, the number of RSUs in which the participants will vest depends on the Company's level of performance measured by growth in pre-tax income and sales growth over a requisite performance period. Depending on the extent to which the performance criteria are satisfied under the Incentive Plan, the participants are eligible to earn common shares over the vesting period. Performance-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $ 2.4 million, $ 3.8 million, and $ 3.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the remaining performance-based RSUs compensation expense of $ 7.1 million, if maximum performance is achieved, is expected to be recognized over a period of approximately 1.5 years.
 The excess tax benefits from service and performance-based RSUs was $ 3.2 million, $ 2.6 million, and $ 0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This represents the reduction in income taxes otherwise payable during the period attributable to the actual gross tax benefits in excess of the expected tax benefits for restricted shares vested in the current period.
 In the event of a Change in Control (as defined in the Incentive Plan), vesting of the RSUs will be accelerated and all restrictions will lapse. Nonvested performance-based awards are based on a maximum target potential payout. Actual shares awarded at the end of the performance period may be less than the maximum potential payout level depending on achievement of performance-based award objectives.
 To satisfy the vesting of its RSUs, the Company has reserved new shares from its authorized but unissued shares. Any additional granted awards will also be issued from the Company's authorized but unissued shares.
 Deferred Compensation Plan
 The Company maintains a trust, commonly referred to as a rabbi trust, in connection with the Company's deferred compensation plan. This plan allows for two deferrals. First, Directors make elective deferrals of Director fees payable and held in the rabbi trust. The deferred compensation plan allows the Directors to elect to receive Director fees in common shares of the Company at a later date instead of fees paid each quarter in cash. Second, this plan allows certain Company employees to defer restricted shares or RSUs for future distribution in the form of common shares. Assets of the rabbi trust are consolidated, and the value of the Company's stock held in the rabbi trust is classified in Shareholders' equity and generally accounted for in a manner similar to treasury stock. The Company recognizes the original amount of the deferred compensation (fair value of the deferred stock award at the date of grant) as the basis for recognition in common shares issued to the rabbi trust. Changes in the fair value of amounts owed to certain employees or Directors are not recognized as the Company's deferred compensation plan does not permit diversification and must be settled by the delivery of a fixed number of the Company's common shares. As of December 31, 2024, 222,887 shares have been deferred and are being held by the rabbi trust.
 Share Option Awards
 The Incentive Plan permits the grant of 100,000 options to buy common shares of the Company to certain employees at not less than fair market value of the shares on the date of grant. Options issued to date under the Incentive Plan vest 50 % after one year following the date of the grant, 75 % after two years, and 100 % after three years and expire from five to ten years from the date of grant. Shares issued as a result of stock option exercises will be funded with the issuance of new shares.
 The Company utilizes the Black-Scholes option pricing model for estimating fair values of options. The Black-Scholes model requires assumptions regarding the volatility of the Company's stock, the expected life of the stock award and the Company's dividend yield. The Company utilizes historical data in determining these assumptions. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on the U.S. zero coupon Treasury yield in effect at the time of grant. Forfeitures have been estimated to be zero.
 There were 7,500 options granted during the year ended December 31, 2024 and zero and 26,500 options granted in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The fair values for the stock options granted were estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:

 2024
 2022

 Risk-free interest rate
 4.2
 %
 3.1
 %

 Dividend yield
 1.1
 %
 1.3
 %

 Expected life (years)
 5 years
 5 years

 Expected volatility
 38.2
 %
 37.1
 %

 Activity in the Company's Incentive Plan for the year ended December 31, 2024 was as follows:

 Number of
 Shares

 Weighted
 Average
 Exercise Price
 per Share

 Weighted
 Average
 Remaining Contractual
 Term (Years)

 Aggregate
 Intrinsic
 Value

 Outstanding as of January 1, 2024
 22,500
 $
 58.89

 Granted
 7,500
 —

 Exercised
 ( 3,575)
 57.73

 Forfeited
 —
 —

 Outstanding (vested and expected to vest) at December 31, 2024
 26,425
 79.33
 7.8
 $
 1,300

 Exercisable at December 31, 2024
 12,300
 57.96
 6.7
 $

 There were 3,575, 37,800, and 13,150 stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $ 0.2 million, $ 3.5 million, and $ 0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Cash received for the exercise of stock options during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 0.2 million and $ 2.2 million, respectively.
 The Company recorded compensation expense related to the stock options currently vested of $ 0.1 million, $ 0.3 million and $ 0.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The total compensation expense related to the stock options currently unvested as of December 31, 2024 was $ 0.1 million. The total compensation cost related to nonvested awards not yet recognized at December 31, 2024 is expected to be $ 0.5 million over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.6 years.
 The excess tax benefits from stock options for the year ended December 31, 2024 was zero. The excess tax benefits from stock options was $ 2.4 million and less than $ 0.1 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This represents the reduction in income taxes otherwise payable during the period attributable to the actual gross tax benefits in excess of the expected tax benefits for options exercised in the current period.

 Note 11 - Computation of Earnings Per Share
 Basic earnings per share were computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for each respective period. Diluted earnings per share were calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average of all potentially dilutive common shares that were outstanding during the years presented.
 The calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31 was as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Numerator

 $
 $
 $

 Denominator

 Determination of shares (in thousands)

 Weighted-average common shares outstanding
 4,908
 4,920
 4,931

 Dilutive effect – share-based awards

 Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding
 4,947
 4,997
 4,999

 Earnings per common share

 Basic
 $
 7.56
 $
 12.87
 $
 11.03

 Diluted
 $
 7.50
 $
 12.68
 $
 10.88

 For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, 7,500, zero, and 31,500 stock options, respectively, were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share as the effect would have been anti-dilutive.

 Note 12 - Goodwill and Other Intangibles
 The Company's finite and indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of the following:

 December 31, 2024
 December 31, 2023

 Gross Carrying
 Amount

 Accumulated
Amortization
 Gross Carrying
 Amount

 Accumulated
Amortization

 Finite-lived intangible assets

 Patents
 $
 4,806
 $
 ( 4,806)
 $
 4,806
 $
 ( 4,806)

 Land use rights
 ( 122)
 1,109
 ( 307)

 Trademark
 1,910
 ( 1,685)
 1,988
 ( 1,682)

 Technology
 6,582
 ( 3,933)
 7,104
 ( 3,738)

 Customer relationships
 17,399
 ( 11,132)
 19,240
 ( 10,733)

 $
 31,334
 $
 ( 21,678)
 $
 34,247
 $
 ( 21,266)

 Indefinite-lived intangible assets

 Goodwill
 $
 26,685

 $
 29,497

 The aggregate amortization expense for other intangibles with finite lives, ranging from 1 year to 66 years, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $ 1.8 million, $ 1.8 million, and $ 2.2 million, respectively. Amortization expense is estimated to be $ 1.3 million for 2025, 2026, 2027, and 2028, and $ 1.1 million for 2029. The weighted-average remaining amortization period is approximately 11.3 years. The weighted-average remaining amortization period by intangible asset class; land use rights, 65.7 years; trademark, 13.7 years; technology, 6.2 years and customer relationships, 9.0 years.
 The Company may use both quantitative and qualitative approaches when testing goodwill for impairment. For selected reporting units where the qualitative approach is utilized, a qualitative evaluation of events and circumstances impacting the reporting unit is performed to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount. If that determination is made, no further evaluation is necessary. Otherwise, the Company performs a quantitative impairment test on the reporting unit.
 For the quantitative approach, the Company uses a combination of the income approach, which uses a discounted cash flow methodology, and the market approach, which uses comparable market multiples in computing fair value by reporting unit. The Company then compares the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying value to assess if goodwill has been impaired. The fair value estimates are subjective and sensitive to significant assumptions, such as revenue growth rates, operating margins, the WACC, and estimated market multiples, which are affected by expectations of future market or economic conditions. The Company believes that the methodologies, significant assumptions, and weightings used are reasonable and result in appropriate fair values of the reporting units.
 There were no impairment charges recorded in 2024 or 2023. Based on the interim impairment assessment performed as of September 30, 2022, the Asia-Pacific reporting unit's carrying value exceeded its fair value by more than the carrying amount of goodwill, which was caused by both a reduction in forecasted results and an increase in the weighted average cost of capital due to rising interest rates. As a result, the Company recognized a non-cash impairment charge of $ 6.5 million as of September 30, 2022. This charge was identified separately on the Statements of Consolidated Income and impacted income from operations.
 The change in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment is shown in the following table:

 EMEA
 Total

 Balance at January 1, 2023
 $
 3,078
 $
 9,597
 $
 15,329
 —
 $
 28,004

 Acquisitions
 —
 —
 —

 Currency translation
 —
 —
 1,106

 Balance at December 31, 2023
 3,078
 10,582
 15,837
 —
 29,497

 Currency translation
 —
 ( 1,724)
 ( 1,088)
 —
 ( 2,812)

 Balance at December 31, 2024
 $
 3,078
 $
 8,858
 $
 14,749
 $
 —
 $
 26,685

 Impairment assessments inherently involve management judgments regarding a number of assumptions such as those described above. Due to the multiple variables inherent in arriving at the estimates of the reporting unit's fair value, differences in assumptions could have an effect on the estimated fair value of a reporting unit and could result in goodwill impairment charges in a future period.
 The Company's only intangible asset with an indefinite life is goodwill. The Company's goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes.

 Note 13 - Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities
 The Company measures and records certain assets and liabilities at fair value. A fair value hierarchy is used for those assets and liabilities measured at fair value that distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs), and the Company's assumptions (unobservable inputs). The hierarchy consists of the following three levels:
 Level 1 Inputs – Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
 Level 2 Inputs – Observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data.
 Level 3 Inputs – Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data.
 The following table summarizes the Company's assets and liabilities, recorded and measured at fair value, in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 Description
 Balance as of
December 31, 2024
 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for
 Identical Assets or Liabilities
 (Level 1)

 Significant Other Observable Inputs
 (Level 2)

 Significant Unobservable Inputs
 (Level 3)

 Assets:

 Foreign currency forward contracts
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —

 Fixed income investments

 1,142
 1,142
 —
 —

 Total assets
 $
 1,207
 $
 1,142
 $
 $
 —

 Liabilities:

 Foreign currency forward contracts
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —

 Supplemental profit sharing plan
 9,031
 —
 9,031
 —

 Total liabilities
 $
 9,102
 $
 —
 $
 9,102
 $
 —

 Description
 Balance as of December 31, 2023
 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for
 Identical Assets or Liabilities
 (Level 1)

 Significant Other Observable Inputs
 (Level 2)

 Significant Unobservable Inputs
 (Level 3)

 Assets:

 Foreign currency forward contracts
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —

 Total assets
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —

 Liabilities:

 Foreign currency forward contracts
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Supplemental profit sharing plan
 $
 8,222
 $
 —
 8,222
 $
 —

 Total liabilities
 $
 8,222
 $
 —
 $
 8,222
 $
 —

 The Company operates internationally and enters into intercompany transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Consequently, the Company is subject to market risk arising from exchange rate movements between the dates foreign currency transactions occur and the dates they are settled. The Company currently uses foreign currency forward contracts to reduce the risk related to some of these transactions. These contracts usually have maturities of 90 days or less and generally require an exchange of foreign currencies for U.S. dollars at maturity at rates stated in the contracts. These contracts are not designated as hedging instruments under U.S. GAAP. Accordingly, the changes in the fair value of the foreign currency forward contracts are recognized in each accounting period in "Other operating expense - net" on the Consolidated Statements of Income together with the transaction

 gain or loss from the related balance sheet position. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized net losses of $ 0.4 million and $ 0.7 million, respectively, on foreign currency forward contracts.
 The Company has a non-qualified Supplemental Profit Sharing Plan for its executives. The liability for this unfunded Supplemental Profit Sharing Plan was $ 9.0 million at December 31, 2024 and $ 8.2 million at December 31, 2023. These amounts are recorded within Other noncurrent liabilities on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Supplemental Profit Sharing Plan allows participants the ability to hypothetically invest their proportionate award into various investment options, which primarily includes mutual funds. The Company credits earnings, gains and losses to the participants' deferred compensation account balances based on the investments selected by the participants. The Company measures the fair value of the Supplemental Profit Sharing Plan liability using the market values of the participants' underlying investment accounts.
 The Company's fixed income investments as of December 31, 2024 of $ 1.1 million are recorded in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and are valued using the closing price on the active market on which the securities are traded. The unrealized gains for the period ended December 31, 2024 were de minimis.
 The carrying value of the Company's current financial instruments, which include cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and short-term debt, approximates fair value because of the short-term maturity of these instruments.
 At December 31, 2024, the fair value of the Company's long-term debt was estimated using discounted cash flows analysis, based on the Company's current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements that are considered to be Level 2 inputs. Based on the analysis performed, the fair value and the carrying value of the Company's long-term debt are as follows:

 December 31, 2024
 December 31, 2023

 Fair Value

 Carrying Value
 Fair Value
 Carrying Value

 Long-term debt and related current maturities
 $
 17,474
 $
 20,787
 $
 51,786
 $
 55,282

 Note 14 - Revenue
 Revenue recognition
 Sales are recognized when obligations under the terms of the contract are satisfied and control of promised goods or services have transferred to our customers. Control is transferred when the customer has the ability to direct the use of and obtain benefits from the goods or services and is primarily based on shipping terms. Sales are measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring products.
 Net sales include products and shipping and handling charges, net of estimates for product returns. The Company estimates product returns based on historical return rates. Revenue for shipping and handling charges are recognized at the time the products are shipped to, delivered to or picked up by the customer. Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight after control over a product has transferred to a customer are accounted for as fulfillment costs and are included in cost of goods sold.
 Payment terms vary by the type and location of the customer and the products or services offered. Generally, the time between when revenue is recognized, and payment is due is not significant. Sales, value added, and other taxes collected concurrent with revenue are excluded from sales.
 PLP records reductions to sales for returns, and customer and distributor incentives, primarily comprised of rebates, at the time of the initial sale. Rebates are estimated based on sales terms, historical experience, trend analysis, and projected market conditions in the various markets served.
 Sales commissions are expensed when the amortization period is less than a year and are generally not capitalized as they are typically earned at the completion of the contract when the customer is invoiced or when the customer pays PLP.
 Sales of products and services varies by segment and are discussed in Note 15, "Segment Information".

 Disaggregated revenue
 The following table presents the Company's revenues disaggregated by segment and product type:

 Year Ended December 31, 2024

 Product Type
 EMEA

 Energy
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Communications
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Special Industries
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Total
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Product Type
 EMEA

 Energy
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Communications
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Special Industries
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Total
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Credit losses for receivables
 The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. The Company uses a current expected credit loss model in order to immediately recognize an estimate of credit losses that are expected to occur over the life of the financial instruments, mainly trade receivables. Additionally, the allowance is based upon identified delinquent accounts, customer payment patterns and other analyses of historical data trends. Receivable balances are written off against an allowance for credit losses after a final determination has been made. The change in the allowance for credit losses includes expense and net write-offs, which are identified in the following table:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Allowance for credit losses, beginning of period
 $
 8,260
 $
 5,021
 $
 3,091

 (Reductions) additions charged to costs and expenses
 ( 750)
 3,250
 2,108

 Write-offs
 ( 260)
 ( 218)
 ( 122)

 Foreign exchange and other
 ( 292)
 ( 56)

 Allowance for credit losses, end of period
 $
 6,958
 $
 8,260
 $
 5,021

 Note 15 - Segment Information
 The Company reports its segments in four geographic regions: PLP-USA, The Americas, EMEA (Europe, Middle East & Africa) and Asia-Pacific in accordance with accounting standards codified in FASB ASC 280, "Segment Reporting". Each segment distributes a full range of the Company's primary products. The PLP-USA segment is comprised of U.S. operations manufacturing the Company's traditional products primarily supporting domestic energy, telecommunications and special industries products. The other three segments, The Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific support the Company's energy, telecommunications, data communication and special industries products in each respective geographical region.
 The segment managers responsible for each region report directly to the Company's Executive Chairman, who is the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") and are accountable for the financial results and performance of their entire segment for which they are responsible. The business components within each segment are managed to maximize the results of the entire company rather than the results of any individual business component of the segment.
 The amount of each segment's performance reported to the CODM is for purposes of making decisions about allocating resources to the segment and assessing its performance. The Company evaluates segment performance and allocates resources based on several factors primarily based on gross sales and income before income taxes.
 One of the Company's measures of performance has changed since our most recently issued Form 10-K filed on March 8, 2024 from income from continuing operations, net of tax to income before income taxes. The current measure of profit is more closely aligned with the how the CODM manages the business components within each segment. Gross sales continues to be used as a measure of performance by the CODM.

 The CODM uses both gross sales and income before income taxes for each segment predominantly in the annual budget and forecasting process as well as monitoring actual results. The CODM considers forecast-to-actual and actual to prior period variances for both measures when making decisions about the allocation of operating and capital resources to each segment. The CODM also uses segment sales and income before income taxes for the performance of each segment by comparing the results of each segment with one another and in determining the incentive compensation of certain employees.
 The accounting policies of the operating segments are the same as those described in Note 1. We have one customer accounting for 11.1 % of the Company's consolidated revenue, generated within the PLP-USA, The Americas, and Asia-Pacific operating segments In certain circumstances, PLP-USA performs all manufacturing and shipping activity to US-based entities on behalf of EMEA, where the sales order is recorded. These sales and related profits have been reclassified for segment purposes only from EMEA to PLP-USA.
 The following table presents a summary of the Company's reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Financial results for the PLP-USA segment include the elimination of all segments' intercompany profits in inventory.

 Year Ended December 31, 2024

 EMEA
 Total

 Gross sales

 $
 276,792
 $
 98,554
 $
 133,577
 $
 123,585
 $
 632,508

 Intersegment sales

 ( 10,088)
 ( 8,274)
 ( 5,336)
 ( 15,096)
 ( 38,794)

 266,704
 90,280
 128,241
 108,489
 593,714

 Less:

 173,735
 61,672
 91,445
 77,051
 403,903

 Gross profit

 92,969
 28,608
 36,796
 31,438
 189,811

 72,593
 18,655
 26,090
 21,716
 139,054

 Operating income

 20,376
 9,953
 10,706
 9,722
 50,757

 Interest income

 2,139
 2,573

 Interest expense

 ( 911)
 ( 81)
 ( 658)
 ( 571)
 ( 2,221)

 Other (expense) income, net
 ( 27)
 ( 586)

 Income before income taxes
 19,493
 12,152
 10,462
 8,663
 50,770

 Income tax expense

 5,553
 3,201
 2,683
 2,222
 13,659

 Total noncontrolling interest

 —
 —
 —

 Total net income attributable to Preformed Line Products Company shareholders

 $
 13,940
 $
 8,951
 $
 7,762
 $
 6,441
 $

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 EMEA
 Total

 Gross sales
 $
 387,913
 $
 102,404
 $
 110,661
 $
 126,677
 $
 727,655

 Intersegment sales
 ( 9,350)
 ( 16,345)
 ( 8,531)
 ( 23,750)
 ( 57,976)

 378,563
 86,059
 102,130
 102,927
 669,679

 Less:

 239,603
 56,054
 65,758
 73,416
 434,831

 Gross profit
 138,960
 30,005
 36,372
 29,511
 234,848

 79,289
 22,724
 28,193
 20,488
 150,694

 Operating income
 59,671
 7,281
 8,179
 9,023
 84,154

 Interest income
 —
 1,615
 1,811

 Interest expense
 ( 1,991)
 ( 255)
 ( 899)
 ( 760)
 ( 3,905)

 Other income, net

 Income before income taxes
 57,734
 8,777
 7,471
 8,362
 82,344

 Income tax expense
 12,342
 3,022
 1,670
 1,973
 19,007

 Total noncontrolling interest
 —
 —
 —

 Total net income attributable to Preformed Line Products Company shareholders
 $
 45,392
 $
 5,755
 $
 5,796
 $
 6,389
 $

 Year Ended December 31, 2022

 EMEA
 Total

 Gross sales
 $
 375,900
 $
 103,115
 $
 99,406
 $
 122,528
 $
 700,949

 Intersegment sales
 ( 9,081)
 ( 17,915)
 ( 3,280)
 ( 33,652)
 ( 63,928)

 366,819
 85,200
 96,126
 88,876
 637,021

 Less:

 237,650
 53,749
 66,721
 63,721
 421,841

 Gross profit
 129,169
 31,451
 29,405
 25,155
 215,180

 73,941
 16,816
 25,884
 29,178
 145,819

 Operating income
 55,228
 14,635
 3,521
 ( 4,023)
 69,361

 Interest income
 —

 Interest expense
 ( 1,138)
 ( 678)
 ( 664)
 ( 734)
 ( 3,214)

 Other income, net
 6,389
 6,926

 Income before income taxes
 60,479
 14,638
 3,300
 ( 4,713)
 73,704

 Income tax expense
 15,285
 3,218
 1,918
 ( 1,116)
 19,305

 Total noncontrolling interest
 —
 —
 —

 Total net income attributable to Preformed Line Products Company shareholders
 $
 45,194
 $
 11,420
 $
 1,378
 $
 ( 3,597)
 $

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Expenditure for long-lived assets

 $
 6,054
 $
 25,317
 $
 31,012

 2,255
 4,861
 3,702

 EMEA
 4,454
 2,849
 2,247

 1,888
 2,305
 3,637

 Total expenditure for long-lived assets
 $
 14,651
 $
 35,332
 $
 40,598

 Depreciation and amortization

 $
 11,768
 $
 9,270
 $
 7,104

 3,821
 2,702
 2,452

 EMEA
 3,575
 3,493
 3,354

 3,102
 3,449
 3,520

 Total depreciation and amortization
 $
 22,266
 $
 18,914
 $
 16,430

 As of December 31,

 2024
 2023

 Identifiable assets

 $
 245,388
 $
 256,508

 103,456
 111,056

 EMEA
 125,013
 119,741

 100,020
 115,846

 Total identifiable assets
 $
 573,877
 $
 603,151

 Long-lived assets

 $
 119,114
 $
 125,035

 20,446
 24,618

 EMEA
 21,243
 20,780

 34,283
 37,459

 Total long-lived assets

 $
 195,086
 $
 207,892

 Note 16 - Related Party Transactions
 During each year of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company paid approximately $ 0.2 million, $ 0.2 million and $ 0.1 million, respectively, in legal fees to Baker & Hostetler LLP, of which Steven Kestner, a member of our Board of Directors, is a Partner.
 On October 28, 2020, the Board of the Directors of the Company approved the appointment of David C. Sunkle to serve on its Board of Directors effective upon his retirement at December 31, 2020 for a term commencing January 1, 2021. At the annual meeting of shareholders on May 7, 2024, Mr. Sunkle was re-elected to serve on the Board of Directors to a term that expires in 2026. In addition, Mr. Sunkle has a consulting agreement with the Company that expires on December 31, 2025.

 Note 17 - Acquisitions of Businesses
 Acquisition of Pilot Plastics
 On February 1, 2023, the Company acquired substantially all of the assets of Pilot Plastics, headquartered in Akron, Ohio. Pilot Plastics is an injection molding manufacturer and the acquisition expanded the Company's injection molding capabilities and further enhanced the Company's domestic manufacturing footprint. The purchase price was approximately $ 13.8 million, net of cash as of the closing date. The purchase price was subject to a holdback of approximately $ 1.7 million, which was paid in February 2025. To fund the Pilot Plastics acquisition, the Company borrowed on the Facility.
 The acquisition of Pilot Plastics is accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires the assets acquired and liabilities assumed to be recognized at their respective fair values on the acquisition date. The process of estimating the fair values of certain tangible assets, and assumed liabilities requires the use of judgment in determining the appropriate assumptions and estimates. The table below summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed on the acquisition date.

 Final Allocation

 Accounts receivable
 $

 Inventory

 Property, plant and equipment and other assets
 13,628

 Accounts payable
 ( 1,299)

 Other current liabilities
 ( 71)

 Total identifiable net assets
 13,813

 Total consideration, net of cash received
 $
 13,813

 Due to the consideration transferred equaling the fair value of the assets acquired, no residual goodwill was recognized.
 All measurement period adjustments were completed within a year from the acquisition date, and such adjustments did not have a material impact on the Company's results of operations and financial position.

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 The Company's Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer have concluded based on their review thereof that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) or Rule 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, were effective as of December 31, 2024.
 Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 The management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). The Company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
 Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements and even when determined to be effective, can only provide reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.
 Management, with the participation of the Company's Executive Chairman and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013).
 Based upon its assessment, management concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.
 The effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, who expressed an unqualified opinion as stated in their report, a copy of which is included below.
 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 There have not been any changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Preformed Line Products Company
 Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 We have audited Preformed Line Products Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Preformed Line Products Company (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the COSO criteria.
 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related statements of consolidated income, comprehensive income, cash flows and shareholders' equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) and our report dated March 13, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
 Basis for Opinion
 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
 Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP
 Cleveland, Ohio

 Item 9B. Other Information
 None.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Require Inspections
 None.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
 The information required by this Item 10 is incorporated by reference to the information under the captions "Corporate Governance – Board Composition", "Corporate Governance – Election of Directors", "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Compliance", "Corporate Governance – Code of Conduct," "Corporate Governance – Board Committees and Meetings – Audit Committee" and "Compensation Policies and Risk – Insider Trading Policies and Procedures" in the Company's Proxy Statement, for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 13, 2025 (the "Proxy Statement"). Information relative to executive officers of the Company is contained in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation
 The information set forth under the caption "Directors and Executive Officers Compensation", other than under the caption "Pay versus Performance", "Compensation Policies and Risk", and "Clawback Policy" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
 Other than the information required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K the information set forth under the caption "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference. The information required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K is set forth immediately below.
 Repurchase of equity securities
 There were no equity compensation plans not approved by security holders during the year ended December 31, 2024. The approved transactions for the year ended December 31, 2024 are as follows.

 (a)
 (b)
 (c)

 Number of
securities to be
issued upon
exercise of
outstanding
options, warrants
and rights
 Weighted-average
exercise price of
outstanding
options, warrants
and rights
 Number of securities
remaining available
for future issuance
under equity
compensation plans
(excluding securities
reflected in column a)

 Plan Category
 (1)
 (1)
 (2)

 Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
 190,198
 $
 79.33
 366,635

 (1) Of these shares, 163,773 were issued in the form of restricted stock units, which have no exercise price. Accordingly, such shares were not included in the weighted average exercise price. For further detail, refer to Note 10, "Share-Based Compensation."
 (2) Under the Incentive Plan, up to 900,000 of the 1,000,000 shares initially authorized may be issued in the form of restricted shares or units. See Note 10 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information relating to the Incentive Plan.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships, Related Transactions and Director Independence
 The information set forth under the captions "Transactions with Related Persons" and "Election of Directors" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 The information set forth under the captions "Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm", "Audit Fees", "Audit-Related Fees", "Tax Fees" and "All Other Fees" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
 (a)Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 00 42)
 Financial Statements and Schedule

 Page
 Financial Statements

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Statements of Consolidated Income

 Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income

 Statements of Consolidated Cash Flows

 Statements of Consolidated Shareholders' Equity

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Page
 Schedule

 II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

 (b)Exhibits

 Exhibit
 Number

 Exhibit

 3.1
 Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to the Company's Registration Statement on Form 10).

 3.2
 Amended and Restated Code of Regulations of Preformed Line Products Company (incorporated by reference to the Company's Registration Statement on Form 10).

 3.3
 Amendment to the Amended and Restated Code of Regulations of Preformed Line Products Company, effective May 10, 2016 (incorporated by reference to the Company's Registration Statement on Form 10).

 4.1
 Description of Specimen Share Certificate (incorporated by reference to the Company's Registration Statement on Form 10).

 4.2
 Description of the Registrant's Securities Registered Under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (incorporated by reference to the Company's 10-K filed for the year ended December 31, 2019)

 10.1
 Preformed Line Products Company 1999 Employee Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company's Registration Statement on Form 10).*

 10.2
 Preformed Line Products Company Executive Life Insurance Plan – Summary (incorporated by reference to the Company's Registration Statement on Form 10).*

 10.3
 Preformed Line Products Company Supplemental Profit Sharing Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company's Registration Statement on Form 10).*

 10.4
 Preformed Line Products Company 2016 Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company's 10-K filing for the year ended December 31, 2020).

 10.5
 Preformed Line Products Company Amended and Restated Long Term Incentive Plan of 2008 (incorporated by reference to Appendix A of the Company's Definitive Proxy Statement filed on March 11, 2011).*

 10.6
 Deferred Shares Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company's 8-K current report filing dated August 21, 2008).

 10.7
 Amended and Restated Loan Agreement dated September 24, 2015 between the Company and PNC Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to the Company's 10-K filing for the year ended December 31, 2015).

 10.8
 Amendment to Amended and Restated Loan Agreement dated November 6, 2015 between the Company and PNC Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to the Company's 10-K filing for the year ended December 31, 2015).

 10.9
 Preformed Line Products Company 2016 Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company's 10-K filing for the year ended December 31, 2020).

 10.1
 Promissory Note dated June 27, 2016, between the Company and PNC Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to the Company's Form 10-Q filing for the quarter ended June 30, 2016).

 10.11
 Amendment No. 2 to Amended and Restated Loan Agreement dated August 22, 2016 between the Company and PNC Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to the Company's Form 10-Q filing for the quarter ended September 30, 2016).

 10.12
 Amended and Restated Line of Credit Note dated August 22, 2016 between the Company and PNC Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to the Company's Form 10-Q filing for the quarter ended September 30, 2016).

 10.13
 Amended and Restated Line of Credit Note dated March 13, 2018 between the Company and PNC Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to the Company's Form 10-Q filing for the quarter ended March 31, 2018).

 10.14
 Amendment No. 3 to Amended and Restated Line of Credit Note dated March 13, 2018 between the Company and PNC Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to the Company's Form 10-Q filing for the quarter ended March 31, 2018).

 10.15
 Term Note April 25, 2019 between the Company and PNC Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to the Company's 10-Q filing for the quarter ended March 31, 2019).

 10.16
 Joinder and Amendment No. 5 to Amended and Restated Line of Credit Note dated April 25, 2019 between the Company and PNC Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to the Company's 10-Q filing for the quarter ended March 31, 2019).

 10.17
 Amended and Restated Loan Agreement, dated April 17, 2020, between the Company and PNC Bank, National Association Joinder and Amendment No. 5 to Amended and Restated Line of Credit Note dated April 25, 2019 between the Company and PNC Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to the Company's 10-Q filing for the quarter ended June 30, 20 20).

 10.18
 Promissory Note dated December 31, 2020, between the Company and PNC Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to the Company's 10-K filing for the year ended December 31, 2020).

 10.19
 Amended and Restated Loan Agreement, dated March 2, 2022, between the Company and PNC Bank, National Association Joinder, (incorporated by reference to the Company's 10-K filing for the year ended December 31, 2021).

 10.20
 Amendment No. 12 to Amended and Restated Line of Credit Note, dated March 2, 2022, between the Company and PNC Bank, National Association, (incorporated by reference to the Company's 10-K filing for the year ended December 31, 2021).

 10.21
 Amendment No. 13 to Amended and Restated Line of Credit Note, dated August 31, 2022, between the Company and PNC Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to the Company's 10-Q filing for the quarter ended September 30, 2022).

 14.1
 Preformed Line Products Amended Company Code of Conduct (incorporated by reference to the Company's 10-K filed for the year ended December 31, 2019)

 Preformed Line Products Company Insider Trading Policy as of February 13, 2025, filed herewith.

 Subsidiaries of Preformed Line Products Company, filed herewith.

 23.1
 Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, filed herewith.

 31.1
 Certification of the Principal Executive Officer, Robert G. Ruhlman, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, filed herewith.

 31.2
 Certification of the Principal Accounting Officer, Andrew S. Klaus, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, filed herewith.

 32.1
 Certification of the Principal Executive Officer, Robert G. Ruhlman, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, furnished.

 32.2
 Certification of the Principal Accounting Officer, Andrew S. Klaus, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, furnished.

 97.1
 Preformed Line Products Company Clawback Policy adopted on August 2, 2023 (incorporated by reference to the Company's 10-K filed for the year ended December 31, 2023).

 101.INS

 101.SCH

 101.CAL

 101.DEF

 101.LAB

 *Indicates management contracts or compensatory plan or arrangement.

 SIGNATURES
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 Preformed Line Products Company

 /s/ Robert G. Ruhlman

 Robert G. Ruhlman

 Executive Chairman

 (principal executive officer)

 /s/ Andrew S. Klaus

 Andrew S. Klaus

 Chief Financial Officer

 (principal financial and accounting officer)

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacity and on the dates indicated.

 /s/ Robert G. Ruhlman

 Robert G. Ruhlman

 Executive Chairman

 /s/ Glenn E. Corlett

 Glenn E. Corlett

 /s/ Matthew D. Frymier

 Matthew D. Frymier

 /s/ Michael E. Gibbons

 Michael E. Gibbons

 /s/ Steven Kestner

 R. Steven Kestner

 /s/ Richard R. Gascoigne

 Richard R. Gascoigne

 /s/ Ryan Ruhlman

 J. Ryan Ruhlman

 /s/ Meagan A. R. Cross

 Maegan A. R. Cross

 /s/ David C. Sunkle

 David C. Sunkle

 SCHEDULE II – VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
 Year Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

 For the year ended December 31, 2024:
 Balance at beginning of

 Additions
charged to
costs and
expenses
 Deductions
 Other
 additions or deductions

 Balance at
 end of

 Allowance for credit losses
 $
 8,260
 $
 ( 750)
 $
 ( 260)
 $
 ( 292)
 $
 6,958

 Reserve for credit memos
 ( 396)
 ( 9)

 Slow-moving and obsolete inventory reserves
 17,579
 5,447
 ( 4,427)
 ( 877)
 17,722

 Accrued product warranty
 1,278
 ( 25)
 ( 82)
 1,459

 Foreign net operating loss tax carryforwards
 1,940
 ( 627)
 ( 131)
 1,967

 For the year ended December 31, 2023:
 Balance at beginning of

 Additions
charged to
costs and
expenses
 Deductions

 Other
 additions or deductions (a)

 Balance at
 end of

 Allowance for credit losses
 $
 5,021
 $
 3,250
 $
 ( 218)
 $
 $
 8,260

 Reserve for credit memos
 ( 310)

 Slow-moving and obsolete inventory reserves
 10,835
 9,950
 ( 3,427)
 17,579

 Accrued product warranty
 1,111
 ( 70)
 1,278

 Foreign net operating loss tax carryforwards
 2,722
 ( 466)
 ( 683)
 1,940

 For the year ended December 31, 2022:
 Balance at beginning of

 Additions
charged to
costs and
expenses
 Deductions

 Other
 additions or deductions (a)

 Balance at
 end of

 Allowance for credit losses
 $
 3,091
 $
 2,108
 $
 ( 122)
 $
 ( 56)
 $
 5,021

 Reserve for credit memos
 ( 161)
 ( 5)

 Slow-moving and obsolete inventory reserves
 10,636
 4,001
 ( 3,813)
 10,835

 Accrued product warranty
 1,635
 ( 931)
 1,111

 Foreign net operating loss tax carryforwards
 3,550
 1,812
 ( 2,169)
 ( 471)
 2,722