UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 FORM 10-K
 (Mark One)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024
 OR

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from to
 Commission file number 000-23661
 ROCKWELL MEDICAL, INC.
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Delaware
 38-3317208

 (State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

 30142 S. Wixom Road, Wixom, Michigan

 48393

 (Address of principal executive offices)
 (Zip Code)

 ( 248) 960 9009
 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of Each Class:
 Trading Symbol(s):
 Name of each exchange on which registered:

 Common Stock, par value $.0001
 RMTI
 Nasdaq Capital Market

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
 (None)
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b 2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No
 The aggregate market value of the registrant's voting and non voting common equity held by non affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2024 (computed by reference to the closing sales price of the registrant's Common Stock as reported on The Nasdaq Capital Market on such date) was $ 53,981,386.
 Number of shares outstanding of the registrant's Common Stock, par value $0.0001, as of March 14, 2025: 34,056,920 shares.

 Documents Incorporated by Reference
 Portions of the registrant's definitive Proxy Statement pertaining to the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which the Registrant intends to file pursuant to Regulation 14A with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the Registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, are herein incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10 K.

 Page

 Item 1. Business.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

 Item 2. Properties.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

 Item 6. Reserved.

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

 Item 9. Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

 Item 9B. Other Information.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.

 SIGNATURES

 Forward Looking Statements
 We make, or incorporate by reference, "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties and include information about our current expectations and possible or assumed future results of our operations. When we use words such as "may," "might," "will," "should," "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "estimate," "continue," "could," "plan," "potential," "predict," "forecast," "project," "intend," or similar expressions, or make statements regarding our intent, belief, or current expectations, we are making forward-looking statements. Our forward looking statements also include, without limitation, statements about our liquidity and capital resources; our ability to continue as a going concern; our ability to successfully negotiate a contract extension and/or future volume commitments by DaVita; our ability to successfully integrate acquisitions; our ability to raise additional capital; our ability to successfully implement certain cost containment and cost-cutting measures; our ability to achieve profitability; our ability to successfully execute on our business strategy; and statements regarding our anticipated future financial condition, operating results, cash flows and business plans. Because these forward-looking statements are based on estimates and assumptions that are subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control or are subject to change, actual results could be materially different from the anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by any forward-looking statements. Such business, economic and competitive uncertainties include:
 • our ability to fill the revenue gap resulting from the lost DaVita business;
 • any change in our customers' interest in buying bundled products that include concentrates;
 • any further increases in raw material, labor, fuel or other input costs, particularly if we are unable to pass these cost increases along to our customers;
 • our ability to negotiate favorable agreements with customers and obtain and/or retain major customers and distributors;
 • the duration over which our cash balances will fund our operations;
 • our ability to grow our business;
 • our expectations for generating revenue or becoming profitable on a sustained basis;
 • our ability to obtain additional financing and raise capital as necessary to fund operations or pursue business opportunities;
 • our expectations regarding our ability to enter into marketing and other partnership agreements, including amendments to our existing agreements;
 • our ability to comply with affirmative and negative covenants under our Loan and Security Agreement (the "Loan Agreement") with Innovatus Life Sciences Lending Fund I, LP, ("Innovatus");
 • the effects of macroeconomic conditions, geopolitical events and pandemics on patients, our customers and distributors, and our business, including manufacturing operations and suppliers;
 • the availability of adequate reimbursement for our products from insurance companies and the government;
 • our ability to use existing inventory before shelf life expiration;
 • the safety and efficacy of our products;
 • our expectations regarding the timing of submissions to, and decisions made by, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA"), and other regulatory agencies, including foreign regulatory agencies;
 • our estimates regarding the capacity of manufacturing and other facilities to support our products;
 • our ability to compete against other companies;
 • our ability to attract and retain key personnel;
 • our expectations for increases or decreases in expenses;
 • our expectations for incurring capital expenditures to expand our manufacturing capabilities;
 • our expectations regarding the effect of changes in accounting guidance or standards on our operating results;
 • the impact of any cybersecurity breaches or cyber crime that we, our vendors or our customers may experience;
 • the impact of healthcare reform laws and other government laws and regulations;

 • the impact of potential shareholder activism; and
 • those factors identified in this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the headings "Risk Factors" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and in other filings we periodically make with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

 You should evaluate all forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the documents we incorporate by reference, in the context of these risks, uncertainties and other factors. Other factors not currently anticipated may also materially and adversely affect our results of operations, cash flows, business, prospects and financial position.

 Readers should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements, which are based on information available to us on the date of this report or, if made elsewhere, as of the date made. We do not undertake, and expressly disclaim, any intention to update or alter any statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise except as required by law.

 Item 1. Business.
 Unless otherwise indicated in this Annual Report on Form 10-K "we," "our," "us," "the Company," "Rockwell," "Rockwell Medical," and other similar terms refer to Rockwell Medical, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries. You are advised to read this Annual Report on Form 10-K in conjunction with other reports and documents that we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). In particular, please read our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the SEC in connection with our 2025 annual meeting of stockholders, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and any current reports on Form 8-K that we may file from time to time. You can access free of charge on our website copies of these reports as soon as practicable after they are electronically filed with the SEC. The SEC also maintains a website on the internet that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers, such as us, that file electronically with the SEC.
 CENTRISOL, CitraPure, Dri-Sate, RenalPure, RENASOL, SteriLyte, and Triferic are registered trademarks of Rockwell Medical. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains references to our trademarks and trademarks belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this Annual Report, including logos, artwork, and other visual displays, may appear without the or TM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies' trade names or trademarks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other company.
 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
 Rockwell Medical is a healthcare company that develops, manufactures, commercializes, and distributes a portfolio of hemodialysis products for dialysis providers worldwide.
 The Company is a leading supplier of liquid and dry, acid and bicarbonate concentrates for dialysis patients in the United States. Hemodialysis is the most common form of end-stage kidney disease treatment and is usually performed in freestanding outpatient dialysis centers, hospital-based outpatient centers, skilled nursing facilities, or a patient's home. This represents a large market opportunity for which we believe Rockwell's products are well-positioned to meet the needs of patients.
 Rockwell manufactures hemodialysis concentrates under current Good Manufacturing Practices ("cGMP") regulations at its three facilities in Michigan, South Carolina, and Texas and manufactures dry acid concentrate mixers at its facility in Iowa. Additionally, through its asset acquisition of customer relationships, equipment and inventory related to the manufacturing and sale of hemodialysis concentrates products from Evoqua Water Technologies in July 2023, the Company manufactured hemodialysis concentrates under a contract manufacturing agreement ("CMA") with a third-party contract manufacturing organization ("CMO") in Minnesota until the CMA expired on December 31, 2024. Since the CMA's expiration, the Company only manufactures Rockwell Medical hemodialysis concentrates through its own facilities. Prior to the expiration of the CMA, the Company transitioned customer relationships acquired through the Purchase Agreement (as defined below) over to Rockwell Medical's hemodialysis concentrates products.
 Rockwell delivers the majority of its hemodialysis concentrates products and mixers to dialysis clinics throughout the United States and internationally utilizing its own delivery trucks and third-party carriers. Rockwell has developed a core expertise in manufacturing and delivering hemodialysis concentrates and has built a longstanding reputation for reliability, quality, and excellent customer service.
 Rockwell was incorporated in the state of Michigan in 1996 and re-domiciled to the state of Delaware in 2019. Our headquarters is located at 30142 Wixom Road, Wixom, Michigan 48393. Our telephone number is (248) 960-9009 and our website is  We have included our website in this Annual Report on Form 10-K solely as an inactive textual reference, and content from or that can be accessed through our website is not part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 SIGNIFICANT 2024 HIGHLIGHTS
 Rockwell Medical's key developments from 2024 include:

 • In January 2024, we amended and restated our loan and security agreement (the "Amendment") with Innovatus. Under the terms of the Amendment, Rockwell Medical reduced the interest rate on, and extended the loan maturity date for, the term loans from March 2025 to January 2029. The Amendment provided an option for the Company to make interest-only payments for 30 months, or up to 36 months if certain conditions were met. The Company satisfied those conditions and will now make interest-only payments for the full 36 months.
 • In March 2024, we achieved the 'Great Place to Work' certification from Great Place to Work for the second year in a row.
 • In April 2024, we expanded our distribution capabilities in the western U.S. by entering into a product purchase agreement with one of the largest health systems in the Mountain West region.
 • In April 2024, we expanded our geographic footprint by distributing our hemodialysis concentrates products in the Dominican Republic and Bermuda through BioNuclear and Atlantic Medical International, respectively.
 • In May 2024, Tim Chole was promoted to Chief Commercial Officer.
 • In June 2024, we maintained our membership on the Russell Microcap Index for the second year in a row.
 • In August 2024, we launched a convenience pack, which includes two 1-gallon pre-mixed containers of one of our hemodialysis concentrate products, RenalPure or SteriLyte, offering a number of advantages for home patients and acute facilities.
 • In August 2024, we partnered with HydroCare, a leading provider of state-of-the-art dialysis water systems to healthcare facilities globally, to purchase and install our dry acid concentrate mix system in dialysis water rooms.
 • In August 2024, we renewed our supply agreement with aQua Dialysis and expanded our distribution to all aQua Dialysis Texas-based clinics.
 • In August 2024, we executed a distribution agreement with Nipro Medical Corporation ("Nipro") through which we will supply Nipro with our liquid and dry acid and bicarbonate hemodialysis concentrates, as well as our dry acid concentrates mixer, for which Nipro has the right to distribute our products globally, excluding the U.S.
 • In September 2024, we announced that we entered into a product purchase agreement with one of the leading at-home and acute care dialysis providers in the U.S.
 • In September 2024, we were named a Fortune 'Best Workplaces in Manufacturing & Production' in the small & medium category.
 • In September 2024, we entered into a distribution agreement with Nephro Group Dialysis Centers ("Nephro"), the largest dialysis provider in the Philippines, under which we will be Nephro's exclusive supplier for all dry hemodialysis concentrates products, including CitraPure acid and RenalPure bicarbonate.
 • In December 2024, Jesse Neri was promoted to Chief Financial Officer.
 • In December 2024, we entered into a multi-year product purchase agreement with the world's leading provider of dialysis products and services.
 OUR STRATEGY
 Rockwell Medical is focused on innovative, long-term growth strategies that deliver exceptional value to the healthcare system and provide a positive impact on the lives of hemodialysis patients.
 In 2022, Rockwell undertook a strategic review of its business to identify short- and long-term value drivers that would improve the Company's financial position, maximize revenue, and unlock the value of its manufacturing and distribution capabilities. The Company focused its efforts on growing its revenue-generating hemodialysis concentrates business, pausing further investment in capital-intensive pharmaceutical development programs, and achieving profitability.
 In connection with this strategic review, we discontinued our New Drug Applications ("NDAs") in the U.S. for Triferic (dialysate) and Triferic AVNU in the fourth quarter of 2022. Sustaining Triferic commercially in the U.S. resulted in losses to Rockwell annually. Triferic, which was indicated to maintain hemoglobin in patients undergoing hemodialysis, was launched into a very competitive marketplace with well-entrenched products and a lack of consensus regarding unmet medical needs for dialysis patients with anemia. The NDAs for Triferic and its approved presentations were not discontinued for safety reasons, but instead were discontinued due to its limited market adoption, unfavorable reimbursement, and the absence of interest from other companies to license or acquire Triferic despite Rockwell's significant effort to partner the program.

 In the fourth quarter of 2022, we reacquired the distribution rights to our hemodialysis concentrates products from Baxter Healthcare Corporation ("Baxter") and terminated the exclusive distribution agreement dated October 2, 2014 (as amended, the "Distribution Agreement") through which Baxter was our exclusive agent for commercializing our hemodialysis concentrate and ancillary products in the U.S. to clinics other than DaVita and various foreign countries. Under the Distribution Agreement, Rockwell manufactured all hemodialysis concentrates products and provided customer service and order delivery to

 nearly all U.S. customers. Following the reacquisition of these rights, we sold, and continue to sell, our hemodialysis concentrates products directly to dialysis clinics throughout the U.S. and around the world. Additionally, Rockwell was able to independently price its products, eliminate costs associated with manufacturing covenants, improve manufacturing efficiencies and realize the full benefits from those improvements, and develop, in-license, or acquire new products to develop a broader kidney care products portfolio. For the reacquisition of our distribution rights, we were required to pay Baxter a fee which was paid in two equal installments on January 1, 2023 and April 1, 2023.

 In July 2023, the Company executed and consummated the transactions contemplated by an Asset Purchase Agreement (the "Purchase Agreement") with Evoqua Water Technologies LLC ("Evoqua") (the "Evoqua Asset Acquisition"). As part of the Purchase Agreement, the Company purchased customer relationships, equipment and inventory from Evoqua, which were related to the manufacturing and sale of hemodialysis concentrates products, all of which were manufactured under a CMA with a third-party CMO. Total consideration was $17.4 million, comprising a cash payment at closing of $12.4 million (inclusive of transaction costs) and two $2.5 million deferred payments. On July 12, 2024, the Company and Evoqua executed an amendment to the Purchase Agreement (the "First Amendment"), which stipulated that the first deferred payment would be partially offset by $0.3 million to reimburse the Company for certain expenses incurred following the close of the Evoqua Asset Acquisition and split the first deferred payment into four quarterly installments to be paid through April 2025. The First Amendment also split the second deferred payment into four quarterly installments to be paid from July 2025 through April 2026. The CMA expired December 31, 2024, after which the Company discontinued CENTRISOL and RENASOL and will only manufacture Rockwell Medical hemodialysis concentrates from its own facilities, which the Company believes will reduce its overall production costs. During 2024, the Company transitioned customers acquired through the Purchase Agreement over to Rockwell Medical's hemodialysis concentrates products.
 Rockwell Medical continues to focus on driving growth and identifying opportunities that have the potential to improve the Company's performance so we can serve more patients, clinics, and major medical centers around the world.
 OUR BUSINESS
 Rockwell's mission is to provide dialysis clinics and the patients they serve with the highest quality products supported by the best customer service in the industry.
 Hemodialysis is the most common form of end-stage kidney disease treatment and is typically performed in freestanding outpatient dialysis centers, hospital-based outpatient centers, skilled nursing facilities, or a patient's home. Our hemodialysis concentrates products are used to sustain a patient's life by removing toxins and balancing electrolytes in a dialysis patient's bloodstream.
 Rockwell's products are vital to vulnerable patients with end-stage kidney disease. We are an established leader in manufacturing and delivering high-quality hemodialysis concentrates and dialysates, along with certain ancillary products, to dialysis providers and distributors in the United States and abroad. All of our concentrate products are manufactured according to the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation ("AAMI") guidelines and cGMP regulations. Our concentrate products are diluted with purified water on-site at the clinic in the dialysis machine, creating dialysate, which works to clean the patient's blood.
 A key element of our dialysis business strategy going forward is to improve the strength of our concentrates business. We believe we can achieve this by growing our business through the addition of new customers, expanding our territory coverage, increasing the efficiency by which we produce our products, and pricing our products appropriately to drive profitability.
 Our Products:
 Most hemodialysis patients receive dialysis treatment three times per week, or approximately 156 times per year. Most patients who have their dialysis treatment performed at a free-standing clinic have significant and irreversible loss of kidney function. These are commonly referred to as "chronic" dialysis patients. Patients who undergo dialysis in hospitals for temporary loss of kidney function are typically referred to as "acute" dialysis patients. The small percentage of chronic dialysis patients who receive their treatment at home are referred to as "home" dialysis patients. In each setting, a dialysis machine dilutes concentrated solution, such as Rockwell's concentrate products, with purified water. The resulting solution is called dialysate. Dialysate is pumped through an artificial kidney or filter (called a dialyzer) while the patient's blood is pumped through a semi-permeable membrane inside the dialyzer in the opposite direction the dialysate is flowing. The dialysate can exchange bicarbonate, sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium into the patient's blood, while removing fluid and waste. Dialysate generally contains dextrose, sodium chloride, calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium bicarbonate, and citric acid or acetic acid. The patient's physician chooses the proper concentrations required for each patient based on such patient's needs.

 In addition to using concentrate products during every in-center treatment, a dialysis provider also uses other products, such as blood tubing, fistula needles, dialyzers, drugs, specialized component kits, dressings, cleaning agents, filtration salts, and other supplies, some of which we sell.
 CitraPure Citric Acid Concentrate
 Rockwell Medical's CitraPure concentrate is citric acid-based and 100% acetate-free. CitraPure is packaged as a liquid acid concentrate in 55-gallon drums and one-gallon jugs sold in cases of four. CitraPure is also packaged as a dry powder acid concentrate to be used exclusively with Rockwell Medical's Dry Acid Concentrate Mixer. Each case of dry product produces 25 gallons of CitraPure liquid acid concentrate.
 Dri-Sate Acid Concentrate
 Rockwell Medical's Dri-Sate concentrate is an acetic acid-based product. Dri-Sate is packaged as a dry powder acetic acid concentrate to be used exclusively with Rockwell Medical's Dry Acid Concentrate Mixer. Each case of Dri-Sate dry product produces 25 gallons of RenalPure liquid acetic acid concentrate.
 RenalPure Acid Concentrate
 Rockwell Medical's RenalPure concentrate is an acetic acid-based product. RenalPure is packaged as a liquid acid concentrate in 55-gallon drums and in one-gallon jugs (sold in cases of two and four).
 RenalPure Bicarbonate Concentrate
 Rockwell Medical's RenalPure bicarbonate concentrate is a dry powder mixed on-site at the clinic and is packaged in bulk and individual treatment sizes.
 SteriLyte Bicarbonate Concentrate
 Rockwell Medical's SteriLyte bicarbonate is a liquid packaged in one-gallon jugs (sold in cases of two and four) and is mainly used in acute care settings.
 CENTRISOL and RENASOL Hemodialysis Concentrates
 CENTRISOL hemodialysis concentrates consist of acid and bicarbonate formulations suitable for 45X dilution three-stream hemodialysis devices. RENASOL acid and bicarbonate concentrates are compatible with 36X dilution devices. CENTRISOL and RENASOL liquid acids are packaged in 55-gallon drums or in one-gallon jugs (sold in cases of four). CENTRISOL and RENASOL bicarbonate concentrates are packaged as liquid in one-gallon jugs (sold in cases of four) or as dry powder in bulk and individual treatment sizes.
 In July 2023, the Company acquired the hemodialysis concentrates business from Evoqua. Under the terms of the agreement, Rockwell Medical acquired Evoqua's concentrates business which included all contracts, intellectual property, U.S. Food and Drug Administration 510(k) clearances, and assets primarily associated with, and related to, Evoqua's concentrates business nationwide, including CENTRISOL and RENASOL liquid and powder bicarbonate and liquid acid. Effective December 31, 2024, the Company discontinued CENTRISOL and RENASOL in conjunction with the termination of its contract manufacturing agreement with a third-party contract manufacturing organization and transitioned customers over to Rockwell Medical's hemodialysis concentrates products.
 Dry Acid Concentrate Mixer
 Rockwell Medical's Dry Acid Concentrate Mixer is designed and 510(k) approved exclusively for Rockwell Medical's CitraPure and Dri-Sate dry acid products and enables the clinic to mix acid concentrate on-site. Clinics using our dry acid concentrate products realize numerous advantages, including lower cost per treatment, reduced storage space requirements, reduced number of deliveries and more flexibility in scheduling deliveries, while enabling us to reduce distribution and warehousing costs.

 Ancillary Products
 We offer essential ancillary products to select customers including 5% acetic acid cleaner, citric acid descaler, water softener salt pellets, and other supplies used by hemodialysis providers.
 Market Opportunity:
 Rockwell is the leading supplier of liquid bicarbonate concentrates and the second largest supplier of acid and dry bicarbonate concentrates for dialysis patients in the United States. Based on an independent research report that the Company commissioned from L.E.K. Consulting LLC in 2022, the hemodialysis concentrates market in the U.S. is projected to grow to approximately $560 million by 2028, up from $450 million in 2024. This is driven primarily by an increasing number of patients suffering from end-stage kidney disease. Hemodialysis concentrates represent a large market opportunity for which we believe Rockwell's products are well-positioned to meet the needs of patients. Rockwell is a leading supplier that has the scalability to manufacture and deliver to the more than 12,000 individual purchasing facilities (including outpatient dialysis clinics and hospitals) in the United States along with select international markets.
 Sales and Marketing:
 Rockwell Medical's commercial organization supports the Company's vision to focus its efforts on enhancing its revenue-generating business and driving the Company towards sustainable profitability. The Company concentrates its efforts on increasing the Company's market share, broadening its product portfolio, right-sizing the Company's product pricing, improving gross margins, and growing the business through organic and inorganic growth and other business development opportunities.
 The Company also has a three-year co-promotion services agreement, which was announced in June 2023, with B. Braun Medical Inc. ("B. Braun"), a leader in renal therapies, including innovative, high-quality products for hemodialysis. As part of the agreement, Rockwell designates B. Braun as an independent, non-exclusive representative to promote the Company's hemodialysis concentrates products to dialysis providers in the United States with a focus on the west coast. All terms of the sale of any Rockwell product, including price, delivery schedule, and other terms and conditions, are set by Rockwell at the Company's sole discretion. All orders are directed to, and processed by, Rockwell. B. Braun receives a fee for any sales generated by its promotional efforts.
 Dialysate concentrates accounted for 100% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024, of which approximately 90.9% was to distributors and customers for use in the United States.
 Customers:
 We currently operate in one market segment, the hemodialysis market, which involves the manufacturing, sale and distribution of hemodialysis products to hemodialysis clinics, including dialysis concentrates, dialysis kits and other ancillary products used in the dialysis process.
 Rockwell's customer mix is diverse, with most customer sales concentrations under 10%. However, one customer, DaVita, accounted for 45% of our total net product sales in 2024 and 47% of our total net product sales in 2023. Our accounts receivable from DaVita was $1.7 million and $2.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. No other current customer accounted for more than 10% of sales in any of the last two years.
 On September 18, 2023, Rockwell and DaVita entered into an Amended and Restated Products Purchase Agreement (the "Amended Agreement"), which amended and restated the Product Purchase Agreement, dated July 1, 2019, as amended, under which the Company supplies DaVita with certain dialysis concentrates. Under the Amended Agreement, the Company and DaVita agreed to an increase in product pricing, effective September 1, 2023 and a one-time payment of $0.4 million to Rockwell on or after December 1, 2023. The term of the Amended Agreement was scheduled to expire on December 31, 2024. Prior to the expiration, the Company received written notice from DaVita, notifying the Company that DaVita intended to extend the term of the Amended Agreement through December 31, 2025 (the "Extension Term"). Product pricing was increased for the Extension Term. However, DaVita subsequently indicated that it will completely transition to another supplier by mid-2025, subject to further discussions between Rockwell and DaVita, which are ongoing and include considerations of a potential contract extension and/or future volume commitments by DaVita to Rockwell. While there can be no assurance that these discussions will yield a successful outcome for Rockwell, the Company is continuing to work closely with DaVita to support its clinics and its patients. See "Material Agreements" below for more information on the Amended Agreement.

 In December 2024, the Company entered into a product purchase agreement (the "Fresenius Agreement") with Fresenius Medical Care NA ("Fresenius"), the world's leading provider of dialysis products and services, under which the Company will supply Fresenius with the Company's liquid bicarbonate hemodialysis concentrates product, SteriLyte. The Fresenius Agreement will remain in effect for three years with the option to renew for two additional one-year periods.
 In August 2024, the Company entered into a distribution agreement with Nipro, a subsidiary of Nipro Corporation Japan and a leader in the global healthcare and medical device industry, under which Rockwell Medical will supply Nipro with the Company's liquid and dry acid and bicarbonate hemodialysis concentrates, as well as its dry acid concentrates mixer, for which Nipro has the right to distribute the Company's products globally, excluding the United States. The Nipro Agreement will remain in effect for two years with the option to extend the agreement for an additional one-year period. Nipro is the primary distributor of our dialysis concentrates in certain countries in Latin America.
 In 2024, Rockwell Medical also entered into several other multi-year product purchase agreements, which include supply and purchasing commitments from certain parties. These agreements were with, but not limited to: HydroCare, a leading provider of state-of-the-art dialysis water systems to healthcare facilities globally; Nephro Group Dialysis Centers, the largest dialysis provider in the Philippines; one of the largest health systems in the Mountain West region of the United States; BioNuclear, a distributor of Rockwell's hemodialysis concentrates products within the Dominican Republic; and Atlantic Medical International, Bermuda's leading supplier of medical products and equipment for the acute and continuing care markets.
 We supply dialysis concentrates to distributors serving a number of foreign countries, primarily in the Americas and the Pacific Rim.
 The majority of our international sales in each of the last two years were sales to domestic distributors that were resold to end users outside the United States. Our total international sales, including sales made through domestic distributors for resale outside the United States, aggregated 9% of our overall sales in both 2024 and 2023.
 Our major customers are important to our business, financial condition and results of operations. The loss of any significant accounts could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 See Item 1A "Risk Factors" for a discussion of certain risks related to our key customers and a discussion of certain risks related to our foreign sales.
 Competition:
 In the United States, our principal competitors for concentrate products are Fresenius and Nipro.
 Fresenius is a vertically integrated manufacturer and marketer of dialysis devices, drugs and supplies and operator of dialysis clinics, which has substantially greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing, and research and development resources than we do. Fresenius, through its Fresenius Kidney Care division, operates approximately 2,600 clinics and treats approximately 37% of the in-center hemodialysis patients in the United States. Fresenius also manufactures and sells a full range of renal products, including dialysis machines, dialyzers, concentrates, and other supplies used in hemodialysis. Fresenius services clinics owned by others with its products where it commands a market leading position in its key product lines. Fresenius manufactures its concentrates in its own regional manufacturing facilities. Fresenius and Rockwell are the two major dialysis concentrate suppliers in the United States.
 Nipro provides the dialysis marketplace with hemodialysis systems, dialyzers, AVF needles, bloodline tubing sets, concentrates and other renal accessories. Since it was established in 1996, Nipro has expanded its presence in the United States through acquisitions and organic growth.
 Quality Assurance and Control:
 We have established a Quality Management System ("QMS"), which defines systems and procedures used to assure quality in the design, manufacture, and delivery of our finished device products.
 We operate under FDA regulations and place significant emphasis on providing quality products and services to our customers. We have established an organizational structure and quality system procedures to ensure our device products are designed and produced to meet both product quality requirements and FDA requirements. The Grapevine, Texas facility is certified to ISO 13485:2016. Dialysis products are manufactured and tested using validated equipment and defined process

 controls to ensure rigorous conformance to specifications. To assure quality and consistency of our dialysis concentrates, analytical testing is performed using validated instrument methods to verify that the chemical properties and microbial limits of each product lot comply with the specifications required by industry standards. Our concentrates are labeled per FDA's Labeling and Packaging Control Requirements, including a Unique Device Identifier ("UDI") code, to ensure traceability of distributed products. Our quality program activities also include qualification and ongoing assessments of suppliers of raw materials, packaging components, services and finished goods, and quality management reviews designed to inform management of key issues that may affect the quality of products, assess the effectiveness of our quality systems, and identify areas for improvement.
 The raw materials and packaging materials for our hemodialysis concentrates, the components for our hemodialysis kits and the ancillary hemodialysis products we distribute are generally available from several potential suppliers. The raw materials for our concentrate products consist primarily of chemical ingredients which meet or exceed the requirements of United States Pharmacopeia ("USP"). Key raw materials used in our hemodialysis concentrates include USP grade sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, dextrose, citric acid, glacial acetic acid, and sodium bicarbonate. Key packaging components include drums, bottles, caps, film/bags, boxes, and labels. We generally negotiate pricing and approximate material quantities for our chemicals on an annual basis and utilize blanket purchase orders with monthly release schedules to meet our needs for production.
 See Item 1A "Risk Factors" for a discussion of certain risks related to our key suppliers.
 Distribution and Delivery Operations:
 The majority of our domestic dialysis concentrate products are delivered through our subsidiary, Rockwell Transportation, Inc., which operates a fleet of trucks used to deliver products to our customers.
 MATERIAL AGREEMENTS
 Products Purchase Agreement with DaVita
 On September 18, 2023, Rockwell and DaVita entered into the Amended Agreement, which amended and restated the Product Purchase Agreement, dated July 1, 2019, as amended, under which the Company supplies DaVita with certain dialysis concentrates. Under the Amended Agreement, the Company and DaVita agreed to an increase in product pricing, effective September 1, 2023 and a one-time payment of $0.4 million to Rockwell on or after December 1, 2023. The term of the Amended Agreement was scheduled to expire on December 31, 2024. Prior to the expiration, the Company received written notice from DaVita that DaVita intended to extend the term of the Amended Agreement through December 31, 2025 (the "Extension Term"). Product pricing was increased for the Extension Term. However, DaVita subsequently indicated that it will completely transition to another supplier by mid-2025, subject to further discussions between Rockwell and DaVita, which are ongoing and include discussions of a potential contract extension and/or future volume commitments by DaVita to Rockwell. While there can be no assurance that these discussions will yield a successful outcome for Rockwell, the Company is continuing to work closely with DaVita to support its clinics and its patients.
 Product License Agreements
 We are party to a Licensing Agreement between the Company and Charak, LLC ("Charak") dated January 7, 2002 (the "2002 Agreement") that grants the Company exclusive worldwide rights to certain patents and information related to our Triferic products. On October 7, 2018, we entered into a Master Services and IP Agreement (the "Charak MSA") with Charak and Dr. Ajay Gupta, who is the former Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer of the Company. Pursuant to the Charak MSA, the parties entered into three additional agreements described below related to the license of certain soluble ferric pyrophosphate ("SFP") intellectual property owned by Charak, as well as an employment agreement. The Charak MSA provided for a payment of $1,000,000 to Dr. Gupta, payable in four quarterly installments of $250,000 each on October 15, 2018, January 15, 2019, April 15, 2019 and July 15, 2019, and reimbursement for certain legal fees incurred in connection with the Charak MSA. As of December 31, 2019, all payments under the Charak MSA were paid.
 Pursuant to the Charak MSA, the aforementioned parties entered into an Amendment, dated as of October 7, 2018 (the "Charak Amendment"), to the 2002 Agreement, under which Charak granted the Company an exclusive, worldwide, non-transferable license to commercialize SFP for the treatment of patients with renal failure. The Charak Amendment amends the royalty payments due to Charak under the 2002 Agreement such that the Company is liable to pay Charak royalties on net sales by the Company of products developed under the license, which includes the Company's Triferic product, at a specified rate until December 31, 2021 and thereafter at a reduced rate from January 1, 2022 until February 1, 2034. In addition, the Company

 is required to pay Charak a percentage of any sublicense income during the term of the agreement, which amount shall not be less than a minimum specified percentage of net sales of the licensed products by the sublicensee in jurisdictions where there exists a valid patent claim, on a country-by-country basis, and not be less than a lower rate of the net sales of the licensed products by the sublicensee in jurisdictions where there exists no valid patent claim, on a country-by-country basis.
 Also pursuant to the Charak MSA, the Company and Charak entered into a Commercialization and Technology License Agreement Triferic IV, dated as of October 7, 2018 (the "IV Agreement"), under which Charak granted the Company an exclusive, sublicensable, royalty-bearing license to SFP for the purpose of commercializing certain intravenous-delivered products incorporating SFP for the treatment of iron disorders worldwide for a term that expires on the later of February 1, 2034 or upon the expiration or termination of a valid claim of a licensed patent. The Company is liable to pay Charak royalties on net sales by the Company of products developed under the license at a specified rate until December 31, 2021. From January 1, 2022 until February 1, 2034, the Company is liable to pay Charak a base royalty at a reduced rate on net sales and an additional royalty on net sales while there exists a valid claim of a licensed patent, on a country-by-country basis. The Company shall also pay to Charak a percentage of any sublicense income received during the term of the IV Agreement, which amount shall not be less than a minimum specified percentage of net sales of the licensed products by the sublicensee in jurisdictions where there exists a valid claim, on a country-by-country basis, and no be less than a lower rate of the net sales of the licensed products by the sublicensee in jurisdictions where there exists no valid claim, on a country-by-country basis.
 Also pursuant to the Charak MSA, the Company and Charak entered into a Technology License Agreement TPN Triferic, dated as of October 7, 2018 (the "TPN Agreement"), pursuant to which Charak granted the Company an exclusive, sublicensable, royalty-bearing license to SFP for the purpose of commercializing worldwide certain Total Parenteral Nutrition ("TPN") products incorporating SFP. The license grant under the TPN Agreement continues for a term that expires on the later of February 1, 2034 or upon the expiration or termination of a valid claim of a licensed patent. During the term of the TPN Agreement, the Company is liable to pay Charak a base royalty on net sales and an additional royalty on net sales while there exists a valid claim of a licensed patent, on a country-by-country basis. The Company shall also pay to Charak a percentage of any sublicense income received during the term of the TPN Agreement, which amount shall not be less than a minimum royalty on net sales of the licensed products by the sublicensee in jurisdictions where there exists a valid claim, on a country-by-country basis, and not be less than a lower rate of the net sales of the licensed products by the sublicensee in jurisdictions where there exists no valid claim, on a country-by-country basis.
 GOVERNMENT REGULATION
 We are regulated by the FDA under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (the "FD&C Act"), as well as by other federal, state and local agencies. We hold several FDA product clearances for medical devices.
 The testing, manufacture and sale of our hemodialysis concentrates and the ancillary products we distribute are subject to regulation by numerous governmental authorities, principally the FDA and corresponding state and foreign agencies. Under the FD&C Act, and FDA regulations, the FDA regulates the pre-clinical and clinical testing, manufacture, labeling, distribution and marketing of medical devices and drugs. Noncompliance with applicable requirements can result in, among other things, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, failure of the government to grant pre-market clearance or pre-market approval for devices, withdrawal of marketing clearances or approvals and criminal prosecution.
 Medical Device Approval and Regulation
 Pursuant to its authority under the FD&C Act, the FDA has jurisdiction over medical devices. The FDA regulates, among other things, the research, design, development, preclinical and clinical testing, manufacturing, safety, effectiveness, packaging, labeling, storage, recordkeeping, pre-market clearance or approval, adverse event reporting, marketing, promotion, sales, distribution and import and export of medical devices. Unless an exemption applies, each new or significantly modified medical device requires either a premarket notification to the FDA requesting permission for commercial distribution under Section 510(k) of the FD&C Act, also referred to as a 510(k) clearance, or FDA approval of a premarket approval application ("PMA").
 Device Classification
 Under the FD&C Act, medical devices are classified into one of three classes—Class I, Class II or Class III—depending on the degree of risk associated with each medical device and the extent of control needed to provide reasonable assurances with respect to safety and effectiveness.

 Class I includes devices with the lowest risk to the patient and are those for which safety and effectiveness can be reasonably assured by adherence to General Controls, which require compliance with the applicable portions of the FDA's Quality System Regulation ("QSR"), facility registration and product listing, reporting of adverse events and malfunctions, and appropriate, truthful and non-misleading labeling and promotional materials. Some Class I devices also require premarket clearance by the FDA through the 510(k) premarket notification process described below. Most Class I products are exempt from the premarket notification requirements.
 Class II devices are those that are subject to the General Controls, as well as Special Controls as deemed necessary by the FDA to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the device. These Special Controls can include performance standards, patient registries, FDA guidance documents, and post-market surveillance. Most Class II devices are subject to premarket review and clearance by the FDA. Premarket review and clearance by the FDA for Class II devices is accomplished through the 510(k) premarket notification process.
 Class III devices include devices deemed by the FDA to pose the greatest risk such as life-supporting or life-sustaining devices, or implantable devices, in addition to those deemed novel and not substantially equivalent following the 510(k) process. The safety and effectiveness of Class III devices cannot be reasonably assured solely by the General Controls and Special Controls described above. Therefore, these devices are subject to the PMA application process, which is generally more costly and time-consuming than the 510(k) process. Through the PMA application process, the applicant must submit data and information demonstrating reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of the device for its intended use to the FDA's satisfaction.
 510(k) Pathway
 To obtain 510(k) clearance, a premarket notification must be submitted under Section 510(k) of the FD&C Act demonstrating that the proposed device is "substantially equivalent" to a predicate device. A predicate device is a legally-marketed device that is not subject to premarket approval, i.e., a device that was legally marketed prior to May 28, 1976 (pre-amendments device) and for which a PMA is not required, a device that has been reclassified from Class III to Class II or I, or a device that was found substantially equivalent through the 510(k) process. To be "substantially equivalent," the proposed device must have the same intended use as the predicate device, and either have the same technological characteristics as the predicate device or have different technological characteristics and not raise different questions of safety or effectiveness than the predicate device. Clinical data is sometimes required to support substantial equivalence. The FDA's 510(k) clearance pathway usually takes from three to 12 months from the date the notification is submitted, but it can take considerably longer, depending on the extent of FDA's requests for additional information and the amount of time a sponsor takes to fulfill them. After a 510(k) is submitted, the FDA determines whether to accept it for substantive review. If it lacks necessary information for substantive review, the FDA will refuse to accept the 510(k) submission. If it is accepted for filing, the FDA begins a substantive review. By statute, the FDA is required to complete its review of a 510(k) premarket notification within 90 days of receiving the 510(k) submission. As a practical matter, clearance often takes longer, and clearance is never assured.
 Although many 510(k) premarket notifications are cleared without clinical data, the FDA may require further information, including clinical data, to make a determination regarding substantial equivalence, which may significantly prolong the review process. If the FDA agrees that the device is substantially equivalent to a predicate device, it will grant clearance to commercially market the device. If the FDA determines that the device is not "substantially equivalent" to a predicate device, or if the device is automatically classified into Class III, the device sponsor must then fulfill the much more rigorous premarketing requirements of the PMA process, or seek reclassification of the device through the de novo process.
 After a device receives 510(k) clearance, any modification, including modification to or deviation from design, manufacturing processes, materials, packaging and sterilization that could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or that would constitute a new or major change in its intended use, may require a new 510(k) clearance or, depending on the modification, could require a PMA application. The FDA requires each manufacturer to make this determination initially, but the FDA can review any such decision and can disagree with a manufacturer's determination. If the FDA requires a new 510(k) clearance or approval of a PMA application for any modifications to a previously-cleared product, the applicant may be required to cease marketing or recall the modified device until clearance or approval is received. In addition, in these circumstances, the FDA can impose significant regulatory fines or penalties for failure to submit the requisite 510(k) or PMA application(s).
 Medical device types that the FDA has not previously classified as Class I, II, or III are automatically classified into Class III regardless of the level of risk they pose. The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 established a new route to market for low to moderate risk medical devices that are automatically placed into Class III due to the absence of a

 predicate device, called the "Request for Evaluation of Automatic Class III Designation," or the de novo classification procedure.
 The de novo classification procedure allows a manufacturer whose novel device is automatically classified into Class III to request down-classification of its medical device into Class I or Class II on the basis that the device presents low or moderate risk, rather than requiring the submission and approval of a PMA application. Prior to the enactment of the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act of 2012 (the "FDASIA"), a medical device could only be eligible for de novo classification if the manufacturer first submitted a 510(k) premarket notification and received a determination from the FDA that the device was not substantially equivalent. The FDASIA streamlined the de novo classification pathway by permitting manufacturers to request de novo classification directly without first submitting a 510(k) premarket notification to the FDA and receiving a not substantially equivalent determination. Under the FDASIA, the FDA is required to classify the device within 120 days following receipt of the de novo application, though in practice the process may take significantly longer. If the manufacturer seeks reclassification into Class II, the manufacturer must include a draft proposal for Special Controls that are necessary to provide a reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of the medical device. In addition, the FDA may reject the reclassification petition if it identifies a legally marketed predicate device that would be appropriate for a 510(k) or determines that the device is not low to moderate risk or that General Controls would be inadequate to control the risks and Special Controls cannot be developed.
 PMA Pathway
 A PMA must be submitted if a device cannot be cleared through the 510(k) clearance or de novo process. A PMA must be supported by extensive data, including, but not limited to, technical information, preclinical data, clinical trial data, manufacturing data, and labeling, to demonstrate to the FDA's satisfaction the safety and efficacy of the device for its intended use.
 Following receipt of a PMA, the FDA conducts an administrative review to determine whether the application is sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review. If it is not, the agency will refuse to file the PMA. If it is, the FDA will accept the application for filing and begin the review. The FDA, by statute and by regulation, has 180 days to review a filed PMA, although the review of an application more often occurs over a significantly longer period of time. During this review period, the FDA may request additional information or clarification of information already provided, and the FDA may issue a major deficiency letter to the applicant, requesting the applicant's response to deficiencies communicated by the FDA. The FDA considers a PMA or PMA supplement to have been voluntarily withdrawn if an applicant fails to respond to an FDA request for information (e.g., major deficiency letter) within a total of 360 days. Before approving or denying a PMA, an FDA advisory panel may review the PMA at a public meeting and provide the FDA with the committee's recommendation on whether the FDA should approve the submission, approve it with specific conditions, or not approve it. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory panel, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions. Prior to approval of a PMA, the FDA may conduct a bioresearch monitoring inspection of the clinical trial data and clinical trial sites, and a QSR inspection of the manufacturing facility and processes. The FDA can delay, limit, or deny approval of a PMA for many reasons, including:
 • the device may not be shown safe or effective to the FDA's satisfaction;
 • the data from preclinical studies and/or clinical trials may be found unreliable or insufficient to support approval;
 • the manufacturing process or facilities may not meet applicable requirements; and
 • changes in FDA approval policies or adoption of new regulations may require additional data.
 If the FDA evaluation of a PMA is favorable, the FDA will issue either an approval letter or an approvable letter. The latter usually contains a number of conditions that must be met in order to secure final approval of the PMA. When and if those conditions have been fulfilled to the satisfaction of the FDA, the agency will issue a PMA approval letter authorizing commercial marketing of the device, subject to the conditions of approval and the limitations established in the approval letter. If the FDA's evaluation of a PMA or manufacturing facilities is not favorable, the FDA will deny approval of the PMA or issue a not approvable letter. The FDA also may determine that additional tests or clinical trials are necessary, in which case the PMA approval may be delayed for several months or years while the trials are conducted and data are submitted in an amendment to the PMA, or the PMA is withdrawn and resubmitted when the data are available. The PMA process can be expensive, uncertain, and lengthy and a number of devices for which the FDA approval has been sought by other companies have never been approved by the FDA for marketing.
 New PMAs or PMA supplements may be required for modifications to the manufacturing process, equipment or facility, quality control procedures, sterilization, packaging, expiration date, labeling, device specifications, components, materials or design of a device that has been approved through the PMA process. PMA supplements often require submission of the same

 type of information as an initial PMA, except that the supplement is limited to information needed to support any changes from the device covered by the approved PMA and may or may not require as extensive technical or clinical data or the convening of an advisory panel, depending on the nature of the proposed change.
 In approving a PMA, as a condition of approval, the FDA may also require some form of postmarket studies or postmarket surveillance, whereby the applicant follows certain patient groups for a number of years and makes periodic reports to the FDA on the clinical status of those patients when necessary to protect the public health or to provide additional or longer term safety and effectiveness data for the device. The FDA may require postmarket surveillance for certain devices approved under a PMA or cleared under a 510(k) notification, such as implants or life-supporting or life-sustaining devices used outside a device user facility, devices where the failure of which would be reasonably likely to have serious adverse health consequences, or devices expected to have significant use in pediatric populations. The FDA may also approve a PMA with other post-approval conditions intended to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the device, such as, among other things, restrictions on labeling, promotion, sale, distribution, and use.
 Clinical Trials
 Clinical trials are almost always required to support a PMA and are sometimes required for a 510(k) premarket notification. In the United States, these trials often require submission of an application for an investigational device exemption ("IDE") if the investigation involves a significant risk device. Some types of studies deemed to present "non-significant risk" are deemed to have an approved IDE—without affirmative submission of an IDE application to the FDA—once certain requirements are addressed and institutional review board ("IRB") approval is obtained. The IDE application must be supported by appropriate data, such as animal and laboratory testing results, showing that it is safe to test the device in humans and that the testing protocol is scientifically sound. The IDE must be approved in advance by the FDA for a specified number of patients, unless the product candidate is deemed a non-significant risk device and is eligible for more abbreviated IDE requirements. Clinical trials for a significant risk device may begin once the IDE application is approved by the FDA and appropriate IRBs at the clinical trial sites. Submission of an IDE will not necessarily result in the ability to commence clinical trials, and although the FDA's approval of an IDE allows clinical testing to go forward for a specified number of subjects, it does not bind the FDA to accept the results of the trial as sufficient to prove the product's safety and efficacy, even if the trial meets its intended success criteria.
 All clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with the FDA's IDE regulations that govern investigational device labeling, prohibit promotion, and specify an array of recordkeeping, reporting and monitoring responsibilities of study sponsors and study investigators. Clinical trials must further comply with the FDA's Good Clinical Practices ("GCP") requirements for IRB approval and for informed consent and other human subject protections. Required records and reports are subject to inspection by the FDA. The results of clinical testing may be unfavorable, or, even if the intended safety and efficacy success criteria are achieved, may not be considered sufficient for the FDA to grant marketing approval or clearance of a product candidate.
 Postmarket Requirements—U.S.
 After the FDA permits a device to enter commercial distribution, numerous regulatory requirements continue to apply. These may include, as applicable:
 • establishment registration and device listing with the FDA;
 • the FDA's QSR, which requires manufacturers, including third-party manufacturers, to follow stringent design, testing, production, control, supplier/contractor selection, complaint handling, documentation and other quality assurance procedures during all aspects of the manufacturing process;
 • labeling regulations, unique device identification requirements and FDA prohibitions against the promotion of products for uncleared, unapproved or off-label uses;
 • advertising and promotion requirements;
 • Restrictions on sale, distribution or use of a device;
 • PMA annual reporting requirements;
 • PMA approval or clearance of a 510(k) for certain product modifications;
 • medical device reporting regulations, which require that manufacturers report to the FDA if their device may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or malfunctioned in a way that would likely cause or contribute to a death or serious injury if the malfunction were to recur;
 • medical device correction and removal reporting regulations, which require that manufacturers report to the FDA field corrections and product recalls or removals if undertaken to reduce a risk to health posed by the device or to remedy a violation of the FD&C Act that may present a risk to health;

 • recall requirements, including a mandatory recall if there is a reasonable probability that the device would cause serious adverse health consequences or death;
 • an order of repair, replacement or refund;
 • device tracking requirements; and
 • post-market surveillance regulations, which apply when necessary to protect the public health or to provide additional safety and effectiveness data for the device.
 Additionally, manufacturers are subject to unannounced or unscheduled inspections by the FDA to determine compliance with the QSR, which cover the methods and the facilities and controls for the design, manufacture, testing, production, processes, controls, quality assurance, labeling, packaging, handling, storage, and distribution of finished devices intended for human use. The QSR also requires, among other things, maintenance of a device master file, device history file, and complaint files. Manufacturers are also subject to periodic scheduled inspections by the FDA. A failure to maintain compliance with the QSR requirements could result in the shut-down of, or restrictions on, manufacturing operations and the recall or seizure of products. The discovery of previously unknown problems with products, including unanticipated adverse events or adverse events of increasing severity or frequency, whether resulting from the use of the device within the scope of its clearance or approval or off-label by a physician in the practice of medicine, could result in restrictions on the device, including the removal of the product from the market or voluntary or mandatory device recalls. In addition, the FDA can issue warning letters, impose injunctions, suspend regulatory clearance or approvals, ban certain medical devices, detain or seize adulterated or misbranded medical devices, order repair, replacement or refund of these devices, and require notification of health professionals and others with regard to medical devices that present unreasonable risks of substantial harm to the public health. The FDA may also initiate action for civil penalties and/or criminal prosecution of such violations.
 There are also certain requirements of state, local, and foreign governments that we must comply with in the manufacturing and marketing of our products. We maintain customer complaint files, record lot numbers of products, and conduct periodic audits to assure compliance with applicable regulations. We place special emphasis on customer training and advise all customers that device operation should be undertaken only by qualified personnel. In addition to laws and regulations in the United States, we are subject to a variety of laws and regulations in other jurisdictions governing, among other things, any commercial sales and distribution of our product candidates.
 Other Government Regulations
 The federal and state governments in the United States, as well as many foreign governments, from time to time explore ways to reduce medical care costs through health care reform. Due to uncertainties regarding the ultimate features of reform initiatives and their enactment and implementation, we cannot predict what impact any reform proposal ultimately adopted may have on the pharmaceutical and medical device industry or on our business or operating results. Our activities are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations regarding occupational safety, laboratory practices, and environmental protection and may be subject to other present and possible future local, state, federal and foreign regulations. We do not expect that compliance with these regulations, including environmental laws, will have a material adverse impact on our financial condition.
 In August 2022, Congress passed the Inflation Reduction Act ("IRA"), which authorizes the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to negotiate prices of certain drugs with participating manufacturers in federal healthcare programs. The IRA provides Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ("CMS") with significant new authorities intended to curb drug costs and to encourage market competition. For the first time, CMS will be able to directly negotiate prescription drug prices and to cap out-of-pocket costs. Each year, CMS will select and negotiate a preset number of high-spend drugs and biologics that are covered under Medicare Part B and Part D that do not have generic or biosimilar competition. On August 29, 2023, HHS announced the list of the first ten drugs subject to price negotiations. These price negotiations occurred in 2024. In January 2025, CMS announced a list of 15 additional Medicare Part D drugs that will be subject to price negotiations. The IRA also provides a new "inflation rebate" covering Medicare patients that took effect in 2023 and is intended to counter certain price increases in prescriptions drugs. The inflation rebate provision requires drug manufacturers to pay a rebate to the federal government if the price for a drug or biologic under Medicare Part B and Part D increases faster than the rate of inflation. Notwithstanding these provisions, the IRA's impact on commercialization and competition remains largely uncertain.
 Other restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations may include the following:
 • the federal Physician Self-Referral Law, which prohibits a physician from making referrals for certain designated health services payable by Medicare to an entity with which he or she (or an immediate family member) has a financial relationship, and prohibits the entity from presenting or causing to be presented claims to Medicare for those referred services;

 • the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, to induce, or in return for, either the referral of an individual, or the purchase or recommendation of an item or service for which payment may be made under any federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The term remuneration has been interpreted broadly to include anything of value. The U.S. government has interpreted this law broadly to apply to the marketing and sales activities of medical device manufacturers;
 • the federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including the False Claims Act ("FCA"), which prohibits, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid or other federal healthcare programs that are false or fraudulent. Moreover, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the FCA;
 • the federal Civil Monetary Penalties Law, which prohibits, among other things, offering or transferring remuneration to a federal healthcare beneficiary that a person knows or should know is likely to influence the beneficiary's decision to order or receive items or services reimbursable by the government from a particular provider or supplier;
 • the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA"), which, in addition to privacy protections applicable to healthcare providers and other entities, prohibits, among other things, executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program and making false statements relating to healthcare matters;
 • the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act which requires certain applicable manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under certain federal healthcare programs, to monitor and report to CMS, certain payments and other transfers of value to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors); certain other healthcare providers, including physician assistants and nurse practitioners, and teaching hospitals; as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members;
 • U.S. federal consumer protection and unfair competition laws, which broadly regulate marketplace activities that potentially harm customers; and
 • state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to item or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers, state laws requiring device companies to comply with specific compliance standards, restrict payments made to healthcare providers and other potential referral sources, and report information related to payments and other transfers of value to healthcare providers or marketing expenditures, and state laws related to insurance fraud in the case of claims involving private insurers.
 The approval procedures for the marketing of our products in foreign countries vary from country to country, and the time required for approval may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. We generally depend on our foreign distributors or marketing partners to obtain the appropriate regulatory approvals to market our products in those countries, which may or may not require additional testing for products that have received FDA approval.
 However, since medical practice and governmental regulations differ across regions, further testing may be needed to support market introduction in some foreign countries. Some foreign regulatory agencies may require additional studies involving patients located in their countries. Even after foreign approvals are obtained, further delays may be encountered before products may be marketed. Issues related to import and export can delay product introduction. Many countries require additional governmental approval for price reimbursement under national health insurance systems.
 PATENTS, TRADEMARKS AND TRADE SECRETS
 We have several trademarks and service marks used on our products and in our advertising and promotion of our products, and we have applied for registration of such marks in the United States and foreign countries. Most such applications have resulted in registration of such trademarks and service marks.

 As of December 31, 2024 we owned or had the rights to, 4 issued U.S. patents. Patents owned or licensed by us include claims to ferric pyrophosphate citrate ("FPC") in both dialysate and IV compositions, formulations and methods of making and parenteral nutritional compositions, including Triferic. We have allowed several Charak-licensed and Company-owned patents and applications that are not material to our business to lapse.

 United States
 Foreign

 Description
 Issued
 Expiration
 Pending
 Issued
 Expiration
 Pending

 Triferic (IV and Dialysate)
 2027 - 2036
 —
 —
 —

 Triferic (TPN)
 2030
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 —
 —
 —

 See Item 1A "Risk Factors" for a discussion of certain risks related to our intellectual property.
 Human Capital
 As of December 31, 2024, we had 244 employees, substantially all of whom are full time employees. Our arrangements with our employees are not governed by any collective bargaining agreement. Our employees are employed on an "at will" basis.
 Our key human capital management objectives are to identify, recruit, integrate, retain and motivate our new and existing employees. We believe that our compensation and benefit programs are appropriately designed to attract and retain qualified talent. Employees receive an annual base salary and are eligible to earn a performance-based merit increase and cash bonuses. To create and maintain a successful work environment, we offer a comprehensive package of additional benefits that support the physical and mental health and wellness of all of our employees and their families. Additionally, we grant equity awards to enable directors, officers, senior and manager-level employees to share in the performance of the Company.
 We are committed to a safe workplace for our employees and have implemented health and safety management processes into our operations.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors.

 Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk and there can be no assurance that our future results will meet expectations. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, before purchasing our common stock. If we are unable to successfully address these risks and challenges, our business, financial condition, results of operations, or prospects could be materially and adversely affected. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations would likely suffer. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could fall, and you may lose all or part of the money you paid to buy our common stock. It is not possible to predict or identify all such risks; our operations could also be affected by factors, events or uncertainties that are not presently known to us or that we currently do not consider to present significant risks to our operations. Therefore, you should not consider the following risks to be a complete statement of all the potential risks or uncertainties that we face. Moreover, some of the factors, events and contingencies discussed below may have occurred in the past, but the disclosures below are not representations as to whether or not the factors, events or contingencies have occurred in the past, and instead reflect our beliefs and opinions as to the factors, events or contingencies that could materially and adversely affect us in the future.

 RISK FACTOR SUMMARY

 • The loss of our largest customer will negatively impact our revenue, and we may not be able to replace that lost revenue with new business.
 • Our A&R Loan Agreement (as defined below) with Innovatus contains certain covenants that could adversely affect our operations and, if an event of default were to occur, we could be forced to repay the outstanding indebtedness sooner than planned and possibly at a time when we do not have sufficient capital to meet this obligation. The occurrence of any of these events could cause a significant adverse impact on our business, prospects and share price.
 • Our existing capital resources may not be adequate to finance our operating cash requirements beyond the length of time that we have estimated and additional capital that we may need to operate or expand our business may not be available.

 • We have limited capital resources and will likely need additional funding to operate and expand our business. If we are unable to raise additional capital on attractive terms, or at all, we may be unable to grow our operations.
 • We face competition in the concentrates market and have large competitors with substantial resources.
 • Our business is highly regulated, resulting in additional expense and risk of noncompliance that can materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
 • Our business operations may subject us to numerous commercial disputes, claims, lawsuits and/or investigations.
 • Our business could be adversely affected by economic downturns, inflation, increases in interest rates, natural disasters, public health crises, cybercrime, political crises, geopolitical events, such as the crisis in Ukraine and the Middle East, or other macroeconomic conditions, which could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

 RISKS RELATED TO OUR FINANCIAL POSITION

 The loss of our largest customer will negatively impact our revenue, and we may not be able to replace that lost revenue with new business.

 In the fall of 2024, we were notified by our largest customer that it would be moving a substantial portion (and possibly all) of its business to another concentrates supplier in 2025. We expect this customer to complete this transition no later than mid-2025, and there can be no expectation there will be continued sales to this customer beyond this point. We believe that this will result in the loss of almost half of our sales volume and $34 million in revenue compared to 2024. While we are currently endeavoring to increase our sales to other customers and expand our product portfolio to fill this gap, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in doing so. Failure to replace this lost business will likely result in a substantial decrease in our revenue and a decrease in our profit. In addition, we will need to restructure our operations to reduce our overhead in the short term, which could impact our ability to expand our business in the longer term should we be able to attract enough business to replace the revenue gap left by the loss.

 Our A&R Loan Agreement with Innovatus contains certain covenants that could adversely affect our operations and, if an event of default were to occur, we could be forced to repay the outstanding indebtedness sooner than planned and possibly at a time when we do not have sufficient capital to meet this obligation. The occurrence of any of these events could cause a significant adverse impact on our business, prospects and share price.

 In March 2020, we entered into the Loan Agreement with Innovatus to make certain term loans to the Company in the aggregate principal amount of up to $35 million. Net draw down proceeds at closing were approximately $21 million, net of estimated fees and expenses. On January 2, 2024, we amended and restated the Loan Agreement (the "A&R Loan Agreement") to provide for the continuation of term loans initially borrowed under the Loan Agreement, in an aggregate outstanding principal amount of $8.0 million as of the effective date and $8.5 million as of December 31, 2024.

 Pursuant to the A&R Loan Agreement, we have pledged substantially all of our assets and the assets of our subsidiary, Rockwell Transportation, Inc., and have agreed that we may not sell or assign rights to our patents and other intellectual property without the prior consent of Innovatus. Additionally, the Loan Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and affirmative covenants, subject to customary carve outs, and includes financial covenants related to liquidity and actual hemodialysis products revenue (measured on a biannual basis). The A&R Loan Agreement also contains negative covenants that, among other things, restrict our ability to:

 • incur additional indebtedness;
 • grant liens;
 • make distributions, including dividends;
 • enter into a merger or consolidation;
 • alter the business of the Company; or
 • sell all or a portion of the Company's property, business or assets.

 These terms of the A&R Loan Agreement could prevent us from taking certain actions without the consent of our lenders, which may limit our flexibility in operating our business and our ability to take actions that might be advantageous to us and our stockholders, placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors who have less leverage and who therefore may be able to take advantage of opportunities that our leverage prevents us from exploiting. These covenants could also limit our ability to make needed capital expenditures or otherwise conduct necessary or desirable business activities. If we cannot maintain compliance with the covenants under our A&R Loan Agreement, we may trigger an event of default. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be adversely affected by events beyond our control. For example, on November 10, 2022, we entered into the Second Amendment to Loan Agreement under which we: (i) prepaid an aggregate principal amount

 of $5.0 million in outstanding term loans in one installment on November 14, 2022; and (ii) agreed to make interest-only payments until September 2023 (at which time we resumed scheduled debt payments) in consideration for certain modifications to the financial covenants under the Loan Agreement. The A&R Loan Agreement requires that we make interest-only payments for thirty months, or up to thirty-six months if certain conditions are met. Those conditions were satisfied in 2024, and the Company may make interest only payments for thirty-six months. The loan will mature on January 1, 2029, unless repaid earlier. The A&R Loan Agreement includes a financial covenant that requires actual consolidated revenue from the sale and supply of hemodialysis products for the trailing six-month period (ended on the date when tested), to be not less than 85.0% of the projections for the same period and, beginning with the quarter ending September 30, 2024, actual consolidated revenue from the sale and supply of hemodialysis products for the trailing six-month period (ended on the date when tested), to be not less than 80.0% of the projections for the same period. Because those projections were submitted prior to our becoming aware of DaVita's intention to completely transition its business to another supplier by mid-2025, we may not be able to satisfy this covenant if we are unable to acquire enough new business to increase our revenue or cure a breach by submitting revised projections in accordance with the A&R Loan Agreement. Our inability to satisfy this financial covenant or cure any breach would constitute an event of default. The A&R Loan Agreement also includes a liquidity covenant that requires us to maintain minimum liquidity of the greater of (x) our three-month cash burn or (y) the sum of $1.5 million and the aggregate amount of capital lease payments required to be made during the succeeding 12 months (or during a continuing event of default, the aggregate amount of capital lease payments required to be made during the entire term of such capital leases). Although we are currently in compliance with all reporting and financial covenants, there can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to maintain compliance in the future.

 The A&R Loan Agreement also includes customary events of default, including, among other things, a change of control or a failure to comply with certain of the covenants in the A&R Loan Agreement. Upon the occurrence and continuation of an event of default, all amounts due under the A&R Loan Agreement become (in the case of a bankruptcy event), or may become (in the case of all other events of default and at the option of Innovatus), immediately due and payable.

 If an event of default under the A&R Loan Agreement should occur, we could be required to immediately repay the outstanding indebtedness. If we are unable to repay this debt, the lenders would be able to foreclose on the secured collateral, including our cash accounts, and take other remedies permitted under the A&R Loan Agreement. Even if we are able to repay the indebtedness on an event of default, the repayment of these sums may significantly reduce our working capital and impair our ability to operate as planned. The occurrence of any of these events could cause a significant adverse impact on our business and financial condition.

 We have limited capital resources and will likely need additional funding to operate and expand our business. If we are unable to raise additional capital on attractive terms, or at all, we may be unable to sustain our operations.

 We have limited capital resources, a cumulative deficit of approximately $397.7 million since inception and we may incur further losses. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $21.6 million of cash, cash equivalents and investments available-for-sale, and working capital of $22.9 million. Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was approximately $4.2 million. While we expect to have sufficient capital through 12 months from the date of this filing, there is uncertainty beyond that period.

 Our ability to fund our planned activities will be dependent upon our ability to acquire new customers, execute on business development plans, raise additional capital, control our costs and maintain or increase our gross margin on sales. These factors are subject to significant risks and uncertainties and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in raising additional capital, controlling costs and restructuring our customer relationships. If we are unable to achieve one or all of these objectives, we may be forced to implement further cost-saving measures that could have a negative impact on our activities. If we are unable to increase our revenues and decrease our expenses or raise any required capital, we may be forced to curtail our activities and, ultimately, cease operations. In addition, our day-to-day operations depend in part on the amount of credit our suppliers will extend to us. If we are unable to maintain a favorable financial position, that credit may be curtailed, which could significantly impact our operations. Even if we are able to raise sufficient capital, such financings may only be available on unattractive terms, or result in significant dilution of stockholders' interests and, in such event, the market price of our common stock may decline.

 Our existing capital resources may not be adequate to finance our operating cash requirements for the length of time that we have estimated and additional capital that we may need to operate or expand our business may not be available.

 Our forecast of the period of time through which our existing capital resources will be adequate to support our current operations is a forward-looking statement that involves risks and uncertainties. The actual amount of funds we will need to operate is subject to many factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include, but are not limited to:

 • our ability to enter into new contracts and negotiate favorable terms with current and future customers;
 • our ability to increase our prices to keep up with inflation;
 • whether we experience significant input costs for, or disruptions to, the manufacturing or distribution of our products;
 • whether we expand into new territories; and
 • whether we develop and launch new product offerings.

 If we are required to raise additional capital to fund our operations, such equity financings may be dilutive to our stockholders and newly issued securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing is limited by the terms of our Securities Purchase Agreement with DaVita, dated as of April 6, 2022, pursuant to which they invested in our convertible preferred stock. Specifically, until DaVita owns less than 50% of its investment, the Company may only incur additional debt in the form of a purchase money loan, a working capital line of up to $5 million or to refinance existing debt, unless DaVita consents.

 Debt financing, if available, may involve significant cash payment obligations and covenants that restrict our ability to operate as a business. If our operations require substantial cash resources in the future in excess of our liquid resources on hand and if our cash flows are not sufficient to support financing through unsecured indebtedness, we may not be able to obtain debt financing, and our capital financing options may become limited.

 Regardless of whether we seek to raise additional working capital through the sale of equity securities or the incurrence of indebtedness, if we do not have sufficient funds available to run our concentrates business and pursue business opportunities, our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

 Our revenue growth and profitability projections are based on various assumptions that may not come to fruition.

 Our revenue growth and profitability projections are subject to many assumptions regarding our future operations, including that we are successful in expanding to new territories, that we successfully license and launch new product offerings, that we are able to add new profitable business, increase our prices to keep up with inflation, and that we do not experience significant disruptions to the manufacturing or distribution of our products, among other assumptions. If we are unsuccessful in one or more of those efforts, we may not be able to achieve our projected growth and profitability.

 RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS

 We face competition in the concentrates market and have large competitors with substantial resources.

 The primary competitors in the market for our concentrates products are Fresenius, a large, diversified healthcare company headquartered in Germany with global operations, and Nipro, a large medical equipment manufacturing company headquartered in Japan with U.S. operations, each of which has financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing, research and management resources substantially greater than ours. We may not be able to successfully compete with these companies. Both companies have historically used product bundling and low pricing for concentrates as a competitive strategy to capture market share for their broader renal product portfolios. We may be at a disadvantage in competing against these strategies to sell concentrates products since we do not have a broader renal product portfolio to use as leverage when negotiating contracts. Furthermore, Fresenius is vertically integrated and is the largest provider of dialysis services in the United States, treating approximately 37% of all U.S. in-center hemodialysis patients through its clinics. Fresenius has routinely acquired our customers, and it may acquire more of our customers in the future. In addition to Fresenius, Nipro may be seeking to increase its market share of the domestic concentrates market, which, if successful, could have an impact upon our market share and profitability. In addition, certain national medical products distributors have recently expanded their logistical capabilities to reach the outpatient dialysis space, which may also have an impact on the competitive landscape.

 A few customers account for a substantial portion of the end user sales of our concentrate products. The loss of any of these customers could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

 Sales of our medical device products are highly concentrated among a few customers. As noted above, one customer accounted for nearly half of our sales in each of the last three years and for a substantial number of the clinics we serve, and that customer notified us in the fall of 2024 that it would be moving a substantial portion of its business to another concentrates supplier. We had experienced further concentration with regard to that customer through the Evoqua Acquisition. We have other large customers, both domestic and international, that account for a significant remaining portion of our remaining business. The loss of any of these significant customers could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

 Market dynamics in our concentrates business have resulted in fluctuating volumes that could lead to the implementation of cost-saving measures that would have a material and adverse effect on our business.

 Volumes have fluctuated in our concentrates business due to the reduction in patient census and cost saving measures by our customers, including switching to single-use bicarbonate canisters. If these volumes decrease substantially, we may be forced to further consolidate our operations and curtail our activities to lower our fixed costs. While our fixed costs would be reduced by such actions, we may not be able to realize the full amount of that reduction if our variable costs (such as transportation) increase and we are unable to pass along those increases to our customers. In addition, a consolidation or restructuring of our business could lead to significant one-time costs related to exiting operations. Such a consolidation could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 If our customers move back to entering into long-term bundled product contracts with suppliers, our business could suffer.

 The hemodialysis business experiences market cycles of customers seeking bundled and unbundled product offerings. Several of our competitors offer broad renal product portfolios and utilize a bundling approach when contracting with dialysis providers and hospitals. While the dialysis customer base currently seems to be moving away from restrictive bundled contracts, which has improved market access for Rockwell, there have been cycles in the past in which purchasing bundled products was in favor. We do not currently have a full renal product portfolio to leverage as a comprehensive or bundled offering to providers, as we do not sell dialysis machines, certain dialysis machine-related disposables, nor certain pharmaceutical products used as part of dialysis treatments. If the current cycle shifts toward providers preferring longer-term agreements across a wide range of dialysis-related products, our business could suffer due to lost sales.

 We have been, and may continue to be, materially and adversely affected by increases in raw material, labor and transportation costs and may be unable to recover certain costs due to provisions in our contracts that limit price increases, and we may lose other customers due to price sensitivity.

 A significant portion of our costs relate to chemicals and other raw materials and transportation, which are out of our control, and we may not be able to recover a portion of such costs due to provisions in our agreements with our customers that cap price increases. The costs of chemicals and other raw materials are subject to price volatility based on supply and demand (including any volume discounts based on our manufacturing needs) and are highly influenced by the overall level of economic activity in the United States and abroad,which may be affected by changes in U.S. trade policies, including tariffs and other trade restrictions or the threat of such actions. In addition, labor costs have been steadily rising, and our manufacturing process is labor intensive, which increases our costs to produce our products.

 These costs have tended to rise from year to year and are likely to continue to rise in the future. In the past year, raw materials costs have increased significantly, due to short supply and excess demand. In addition, in some areas, we have a single source of raw materials, which makes us particularly sensitive to cost increases. Transportation also comprises a significant portion of our costs. In the past, we have been adversely affected by a general shortage in commercial truckers in the United States and significant increases in labor and fuel costs. In addition, there has, in the past, been a nationwide shortage of diesel fuel in the United States, which we use to run our delivery trucks. Such a shortage has, and in the future may again result in, an increase in the cost of diesel fuel or lack of availability of diesel fuel and we would need to find another way to deliver our products to clinics. If we are unable to do so, we could be in breach of our contracts. In addition, any increase in the use of third-party freight would significantly increase our costs, which we may not be able to pass on to our customers.

 We expect that if we continue to be subject to the limitations on price increases in our contracts, increasing costs and decreasing volumes may continue to negatively impact our profit margins and materially and adversely affect our financial position.

 A portion of our customers do not have contracts with us and buy products strictly on a purchase order basis. Others are under contract, but the agreements may not contain purchasing minimums. In addition, if we do have contracts with our customers, some allow for price increases only once per year. In situations where we are able to increase prices to keep up with our costs, we may lose customers if such customers are unwilling to pay higher prices. That would result in lost revenue for the Company and may negatively impact our financial position and results of operations.

 Unfavorable weather, economic conditions or supply shortages could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

 Our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by general weather conditions, as well as conditions in the United States and global economy and in the global financial markets. A severe weather or other geological event in our locations or those of our suppliers, or prolonged economic downturn or persistent inflation have and could continue to result in a variety of risks to our business, including our ability to recover our costs or to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, weather-related events may jeopardize our ability to deliver our products as required by our contracts. A weak or declining United States or global economy, or changes in U.S. trade policies, including tariffs and other trade restrictions or the threat of such actions, could also strain our suppliers, possibly resulting in supply disruption. In addition, due to macro-economic conditions in the global economy (including inflation), there have been shortages in raw materials, parts and fuel that we need to run our business. For example, from time to time, our suppliers have experienced shortages in bicarbonate and acid, which are components of our dialysis concentrates, and parts needed for our equipment to make certain of our products. Diesel fuel has also been in short supply in the United States at times and our delivery trucks run on diesel. While we have been able to minimize the impact of these disruptions to date, there can be no assurance that we will continue being able to do so. Any of the foregoing could harm our business, and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the current economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business.

 Our production and other processes are somewhat manual, which introduces risk of error and may result in rising production costs.

 The production of our hemodialysis concentrates products is somewhat manual and involves considerable unskilled labor. The manual nature of production can introduce the risk of error. In addition, manual processes involving high amounts of labor can result in significant production costs. Many of our products are "made to order," which can further increase production costs as we have to frequently change production runs. Unless we are able to further automate our production processes, our costs may continue to increase and we may be unable to recover those rising costs or may lose customers altogether, which could negatively impact on our financial position.

 Our business depends on government funding of health care, and changes could impact our ability to be paid in full for our products, increase prices or cause consolidation in the dialysis provider market.

 Medicare and Medicaid fund the majority of dialysis costs in the United States. Many dialysis providers receive most of their funding from the U.S. government and are supplemented by payments from private health care insurers. These providers depend on Medicare and Medicaid funding to be viable businesses. Changes to health insurance and reimbursement by Congress or the executive branch may have a negative impact on Medicare and Medicaid funding and on reimbursement protocols. If Medicare and Medicaid funding were to materially decrease, dialysis providers would be severely impacted, increasing our risk of not being paid in full. An increase in our exposure to uncollectible accounts could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

 Since 2011, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ("CMS") has continued to modify reimbursement policies for dialysis under the end-stage renal disease ("ESRD") prospective payment system, with reimbursements generally falling short of covering the increasing cost of dialysis care, resulting in economic pressure on dialysis providers. We anticipate that dialysis providers will continue to seek ways to reduce their costs per treatment due to these reimbursement policies, which could reduce our sales and profitability and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

 Federal and state healthcare reform measures could be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, or change the methods used by Medicare and Medicaid to reimburse providers, including the "bundled" payment model. Any such reforms could potentially impact reimbursement by Medicare and Medicaid programs for dialysis and could negatively affect the ability of certain individuals to obtain coverage.

 As a result of these changes to Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement, the dialysis provider industry may continue to consolidate. This may result in increased purchasing leverage for providers across all dialysis product categories and increased pricing pressure on all suppliers to the industry.

 Our medical device products are life sustaining and any failure to supply them to our customers and resulting scrutiny related to such circumstances could negatively impact our reputation and stock price.

 Our hemodialysis concentrates products are critical to sustain the lives of patients who need them. Routine business actions we take under our contractual arrangements with purchasers or individual clinics, such as price increases or discontinuation of supply to customers who fail to pay us on time or at all, could mean that our customers may need to find alternative sources of supply and may not be able to serve their patients. This may result in increased governmental or other scrutiny on our business. Such actions could also result in reputational harm to us and have a negative impact on our stock price.

 We may not be successful in expanding our business or in our business development efforts related to in-licensing, acquisitions or other business collaborations. Even if we are able to enter into business development arrangements, they could have a negative impact on our business and our profitability.

 We may seek to make further acquisitions or enter into business development arrangements in our concentrates business to expand our customer base or geographic footprint. In addition, as part of our business strategy, we may seek to acquire or in-license products or product candidates that we believe are a complementary fit with our business, as well as other product or product candidates that we believe have substantial development potential. We may not be able to identify such opportunities. If we do, the negotiation of such arrangements can be a lengthy, complex and expensive process and there can be no assurance that any such negotiations will be completed on a timely basis or at all or result in an arrangement that will enable us to effectively integrate, develop and launch such products or product candidates effectively.

 In addition, the market potential for new products or product candidates is highly uncertain and evaluation of such potential requires significant judgment and assumptions. There is a significant risk that any new product may not be able to be brought to market as profitably as expected or at all. If the results of any new product initiative are materially worse than expected, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

 We have in-licensed rights to certain patents that cover Triferic. If we fail to remain in compliance with these license agreements, we could forfeit the rights to these patents, which could result in our noncompliance with those partnership agreements.

 We have acquired rights to certain patents under license agreements, including from an affiliate of Dr. Ajay Gupta, our former Chief Scientific Officer. These in-licensed patents, if granted, cover Triferic AVNU and have other claims that could cover Triferic. If we fail to remain in compliance with the terms of these license agreements, including due diligence obligations relating to our efforts to develop and commercialize licensed products in certain markets, we could be found to be in breach of these license agreements. If this was to happen, the licensor could terminate the license agreement in certain circumstances, causing us to forfeit our rights to the licensed patents. This could potentially subject us to expensive and protracted litigation. Any of these occurrences could significantly harm our results of operations.

 Our business and operations would suffer in the event of a security breach, system failure, invasion, corruption, destruction or interruption of our or our business partners' critical information technology systems or infrastructure.

 In the ordinary course of business, we and our business partners store sensitive data, including intellectual property and proprietary information related to our business, our customers and our business partners, on our information technology systems. Despite the implementation of security measures, these systems are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, cyber-attacks, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication, electrical and other system failures due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. We could experience a business interruption, monetary loss, intentional theft of confidential information or reputational damage, including damage to key customer and partner relationships, from system failures, espionage attacks, malware, ransomware or other cyber-attacks. Such cyber-security breaches may compromise our system infrastructure or lead to data leakage, either internally or at our contractors or consultants. Cybersecurity incidents, including phishing attacks and attempts to misappropriate or compromise confidential or proprietary information or sabotage enterprise IT systems, are becoming increasingly frequent and more sophisticated. Cybersecurity incidents increasingly involve the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning to launch more automated, targeted, and coordinated attacks on targets. The information and data processed and stored in our technology systems, and those of our strategic partners, contract research organizations, contract manufacturers, suppliers, distributors or other third parties for which we depend to operate our business, may be vulnerable to loss, damage, denial-of-service, unauthorized access or misappropriation.

 To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, including protected health information or personal data of employees or former employees, we could be subject to legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws and regulations governing the protection of health and other personally identifiable information and related regulatory penalties. In any such event, our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

 Our future success depends on our ability to retain executives and key employees and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel in the future.

 We are highly dependent on the operations, sales, product development, and business development expertise of the principal members of our management, operations and sales team. We have hired executive-level employees who are leading our development and operational initiatives. Although we have entered into employment agreements with our executives and key employees, each of them may terminate their employment with us at any time. We do not maintain "key person" insurance for any of our executives or other employees.

 Recruiting and retaining qualified manufacturing, sales and marketing, and functional personnel is critical to our success. The loss of the services of our executive officers or other key employees could seriously harm our ability to successfully implement our business strategy. Furthermore, replacing executive officers and key employees may be difficult and may take an extended period of time due to the overall state of the labor pool and the difficulty finding the specialized skills we require. Competition to hire from this limited pool is intense, and we may be unable to hire, train, retain or motivate these key personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous medical device, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel.

 Finding production associates for our manufacturing facilities and truck drivers for our transportation division has also presented challenges for us. There is similarly a great deal of competition for these workers. This competition has resulted in increasing compensation costs as we attempt to attract and retain workers.

 We use hazardous materials, and any claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of these materials could be time consuming or costly.

 We use hazardous materials, which could be dangerous to human health and safety or the environment. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. Federal, state and local laws and regulations govern the use, generation, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and wastes. Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations may be expensive, and current or future environmental laws and regulations may impair the operation of our business and any development or expansion efforts.

 In addition, we cannot entirely eliminate the risk of accidental injury or contamination from these materials or wastes. If one of our employees was accidentally injured from the use, storage, handling or disposal of these materials or wastes, the medical costs related to his or her treatment would be covered by our workers' compensation insurance policy. However, we do not carry specific hazardous waste insurance coverage and our property and casualty and general liability insurance policies specifically exclude coverage for damages and fines arising from hazardous waste exposure or contamination. Accordingly, in the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for damages or penalized with fines in an amount exceeding our resources, and our clinical trials or regulatory approvals could be suspended, or operations otherwise affected.

 RISKS RELATED TO LEGAL AND REGULATORY

 Our business is highly regulated, resulting in additional expense and risk of noncompliance that can materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

 Our business is highly regulated. The testing, manufacture, distribution, sale and delivery of the products we manufacture directly, or that are manufactured by or for our distribution partners, are subject to extensive regulation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") and by other federal, state and foreign authorities, including, with respect to our transportation operations, the U.S. Department of Transportation ("DOT"). Before medical devices, such as our concentrate products or the bicarbonate cartridge we distribute, can be commercially marketed in the United States, the FDA must give either premarket approval or 510(k) clearance. After a product is approved, regulatory authorities may impose significant restrictions on a product's indicated uses or marketing or requirements for potentially costly post-marketing studies. In addition, manufacturers and their facilities are required to comply with extensive FDA requirements, including ensuring that quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to current good manufacturing practices ("cGMP") and applicable state laws. As

 such, we and our distribution partners are subject to continual review and periodic inspections to assess compliance with cGMP and state laws. For example, in 2024, the FDA conducted a routine cGMP inspection of one of our manufacturing facilities and issued observations. The Company performed corrective actions and resolved the issue. While the finding was not serious, management expended time and effort on the correction. Accordingly, we and our partners must continue to expend time, money and effort in all areas to achieve and maintain regulatory compliance. We are also required to report certain adverse reactions and production problems, if any, to applicable regulatory authorities.

 If non-compliant inventory is sold or if a regulatory agency determines that we are not compliant with any applicable regulatory requirements, we may be subject to warnings from, or enforcement action by, state and federal government authorities, which may include penalties, fines, injunctions, recall or seizure of products, suspension of production, denial of future regulatory approvals, withdrawal or suspension of existing regulatory approvals, operating restrictions, injunctions and criminal prosecution. If regulatory sanctions are applied, the value of our Company and our operating results could be materially and adversely affected. For example, such actions could cause our customers to doubt the safety or efficacy of our products, which could adversely impact our business. Even a voluntary Class III recall, which is a recall of products for a defect that is unlikely to result in adverse health consequences, can have an adverse impact on the Company due to the costs of the recall or the reactions of customers.

 Our failure to comply with applicable regulations could also result in product liability litigation against us. In addition, our failure to comply with applicable regulations with respect to our concentrates products could constitute a breach of our Amended and Restated Products Purchase Agreement with DaVita (the "Amended Agreement"), providing DaVita with various remedies that would be material and adverse to us. Moreover, changes in applicable regulatory requirements could significantly increase the costs of our operations, which we may not be able to recover under our fixed price contracts.

 Our business operations may subject us to numerous commercial disputes, claims, lawsuits and/or investigations.

 Operating in the medical device industry involves numerous commercial relationships, complex contractual arrangements, uncertain intellectual property rights, potential product liability and other aspects that create heightened risks of disputes, claims, lawsuits and investigations. In particular, we may face claims related to the safety of our products, intellectual property matters, employment matters, tax matters, commercial disputes, competition, sales and marketing practices, environmental matters, personal injury, insurance coverage and acquisition or divestiture related matters. A counterparty may assert claims that we do not believe are meritorious, but we nonetheless need to defend. In addition, any commercial dispute, claim, lawsuit or investigation may divert our management's attention away from our business, we may incur significant expenses in addressing or defending any commercial dispute, claim or lawsuit or responding to any investigation, and we may be required to pay damage awards or settlements or become subject to equitable remedies that could adversely affect our operations and financial results.

 We may become the target of litigation, which is costly and time-consuming to defend.

 We have in the past been subject to litigation and it is possible that legal proceedings could be brought against us in the future based upon decisions we make regarding our strategy or otherwise. Litigation can be costly and time-consuming, and the results of complex legal proceedings are difficult to predict. These lawsuits assert types of claims that, if resolved against us, could give rise to substantial damages, and an unfavorable outcome or settlement of these lawsuits, or any future lawsuits, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or stock price. Even if any future lawsuits are not resolved against us, the costs of defending such lawsuits may be material to our business and our operations. Moreover, these lawsuits may divert our Board and our management's attention from the operation of our business.

 Our products may have or have had undesirable side effects, and our product liability insurance may not be sufficient to protect us from material liability or harm to our business.

 We sell hemodialysis concentrates that are used in dialysis procedures in the United States and foreign countries. In addition, prior to its discontinuation, we marketed and sold Triferic in the United States for four years and prior to that, engaged in clinical trials to support the submission of the NDA for approval. If patients experience side effects from the use of our hemodialysis concentrates or experienced side effects from Triferic and the statutes of limitation and repose have not expired, such side effects may result in litigation against us by private litigants.

 Although we maintain product liability insurance, we cannot be sure that such insurance would be sufficient to protect us against liabilities associated with any of these events in view of our expanding business or otherwise, or that such insurance will remain available at economical levels. We may have significant legal expenses that are not covered by insurance. In addition, our reputation could be damaged by such sanctions or product liability litigation and that could harm our business

 reputation and marketing ability. Any such sanctions or litigation could also hurt our ability to retain product liability insurance or make such insurance more expensive. In any such event, our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

 We could be found to be infringing intellectual property rights of third parties, which could prevent us from selling products and could require us to pay significant damages and compel us to defend against litigation. We may be subject to claims that our employees or directors have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

 It is possible that we may infringe on intellectual property rights of others without being aware of the infringement. If a third party believes that one of our products infringes on the third party's patent, it may sue us even if we have received our own patent protection for the technology. If we infringe the rights of a third party, we could be prevented from manufacturing and selling products, forced to pay damages, compelled to license technology from the party claiming infringement and lose the opportunity to license our technology to others and collect royalty payments, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. If we are prevented from selling any of our concentrate or ancillary products due to a patent infringement or if our ability to sell any of our concentrate or ancillary products due to a patent infringement is materially and adversely affected, DaVita may be entitled to terminate our Amended Agreement.

 As is common in the medical device industry, we engage the services of consultants to assist us in the development of our products. Many of these consultants were previously employed at, may have previously been or are currently providing consulting services to, other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. As such, the Company advises consultants not to disclose, or use trade secrets, or proprietary information of their former employers or their former or current customers. Although no claims against us are currently pending, we may be subject to claims that these consultants or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers or their former or current customers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and day-to-day business operations.

 Many of our employees and certain of our directors were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees and directors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees or directors have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee's or director's former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

 Our business could be impacted as a result of actions by activist stockholders, including as a result of a potential proxy contest for the election of directors at our annual meeting.

 We were subjected to a proxy contest at our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which resulted in the negotiation of changes to the Board and the incurrence of substantial costs. A future proxy contest would require us to incur significant legal fees and proxy solicitation expenses and require significant time and attention by management and the Board. The potential of a proxy contest could interfere with our ability to execute our strategic plan, give rise to perceived uncertainties as to our future direction, adversely affect our relationships with customers, suppliers, investors, prospective and current team members and others, result in the loss of potential business opportunities or make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

 We may also be subject, from time to time, to other legal and business challenges in the operation of our company due to actions instituted by activist stockholders. Responding to such actions, which may include publicity campaigns and, potentially, litigation, could be costly and time-consuming, divert the time and attention of our Board and management from our business, interfere with our ability to execute our strategic plan, give rise to perceived uncertainties as to our future direction, adversely impact our lobbying efforts, adversely affect our relationships with customers, suppliers, prospective and current team members and others, result in the loss of potential business opportunities or make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results. We cannot predict, and no assurances can be given as to, the outcome or timing of any matters relating to actions by activist stockholders or the ultimate impact on our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

 RISKS RELATED TO OUR COMMON STOCK

 The market price of our common stock has fluctuated in the past, and is likely to continue to be volatile, which could subject us to litigation.

 The market price of our common stock has fluctuated and is likely to be subject to further wide fluctuations in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, such as those in this "Risk Factors" section and others including:

 • the reporting of sales, operating results and cash resources;
 • announcements by commercial partners or competitors of new commercial products, clinical progress or the lack thereof, significant contracts, commercial relationships or capital commitments;
 • the entry into, or termination of, key agreements, including key commercial partner agreements;
 • the loss of key customers;
 • changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;
 • the loss of key employees;
 • changes in estimates or recommendations by securities analysts, if any, who cover our common stock;
 • issues in manufacturing our products;
 • the initiation of, material developments in, or conclusion of litigation to enforce or defend any of our intellectual property rights or defend against the intellectual property rights of others; and
 • the introduction of technological innovations or new therapies that compete with our products.

 In addition, third parties may engage in trading strategies that result in intentional volatility to and control over our stock price. Moreover, the stock markets in general have experienced substantial volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of individual companies. These broad market fluctuations may also adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

 In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company's securities, stockholders have often instituted class action securities litigation against those companies. Such litigation, if instituted, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management attention and resources, which could significantly harm our profitability and reputation.

 Shares eligible for future sale may affect the market price of our common stock.

 Any future sales by us of substantial amounts of our common stock, or the possibility of such sales, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and also impair our ability to raise capital through an offering of our equity securities in the future. In the future, we may issue additional shares or warrants in connection with investments or for other purposes considered advisable by our Board. Any substantial sale of our common stock may have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock and may dilute the economic value and voting rights of existing stockholders.

 In addition, as of December 31, 2024, there were 695,749 shares issuable upon the exercise of then-outstanding and exercisable stock options, 1,190,498 shares issuable upon the exercise of then-outstanding stock options that were not yet exercisable, and 3,984,484 shares issuable upon the exercise of then-outstanding and exercisable warrants. The market price of the common stock may be depressed by the potential exercise of these options and warrants and the sale of the underlying common stock. The holders of these options and warrants are likely to exercise them when we would otherwise be able to obtain additional capital on more favorable terms than those provided by the options and warrants.

 We may fail to qualify for continued listing on Nasdaq, which could make it more difficult for our stockholders to sell their shares.

 We are required to satisfy the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq to maintain such listing, including, among other things, the maintenance of a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share. In 2021, we received a notice from Nasdaq that we were not in compliance with the minimum bid price requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1) for continued listing on The Nasdaq Global Market and were unable to regain compliance in the time allotted by Nasdaq. As a result, we moved our listing to The Nasdaq Capital Market and effected an 11-for-1 reverse stock split in May 2022 to regain compliance. While we have been in compliance with the minimum closing bid price requirement since that time, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement going forward.

 If our common stock were delisted by Nasdaq, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

 • a limited availability of market quotations for our common stock;
 • reduced liquidity with respect to our common stock;
 • a determination that our shares are "penny stock," which will require brokers trading in our shares to adhere to more stringent shares, and which may limit demand for our common stock among certain investors;
 • a limited amount of news and analyst coverage for our company; and
 • a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

 Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards to offset potential taxable income and related income taxes that would otherwise be due may be limited.

 We have substantial net operating loss carryforwards ("NOLs") available to reduce future taxable income. Our ability to use our NOLs to offset potential future taxable income and related income taxes that would otherwise be due is dependent upon our generation of future taxable income before the expiration dates of the NOLs. In addition to uncertainty regarding our future profitability, our use of the NOLs may be subject to annual limitations under the "ownership change" provisions of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which may result in the expiration of some or all of the NOLs before they can be used. In general, an "ownership change" occurs if, during a rolling three-year period, there is a greater than 50% change in the percentage ownership of the corporation by 5% owners (and persons treated as 5% owners), as defined in Section 382 and related regulations. We may experience an ownership change in the future as a result of future changes in our stock ownership. The inability to use our NOLs to reduce federal taxable income could result in increased future tax liability to us and reduce the cash that would otherwise be available to our business.

 We do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future.

 Since inception, we have not paid any cash dividend on our common stock and do not anticipate paying such dividends in the foreseeable future. The payment of dividends is within the discretion of our Board of Directors and depends upon our earnings, capital requirements, financial condition and requirements, future prospects, restrictions in future financing agreements, business conditions and other factors deemed relevant by the Board. We intend to retain earnings and any cash resources to finance our operations. Therefore, it is highly unlikely we will pay cash dividends.

 If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they publish negative evaluations, the price of our common stock could decline.

 The trading market for our common stock may be impacted by the availability or lack of research and reports that third-party industry or financial analysts publish about us. There are many large, publicly traded companies active in the medical device and biopharmaceutical industry, which may mean it will be less likely that we receive widespread analyst coverage.

 Furthermore, if one or more of the analysts who do cover us downgrade our stock, our stock price would likely decline. If we do not receive adequate coverage by reputable analysts that have an understanding of our business and industry, we could fail to achieve visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline.

 GENERAL RISK FACTORS

 Our business could be adversely affected by economic downturns, inflation, increases in interest rates, natural disasters, public health crises, political crises, geopolitical events, such as the crisis in Ukraine and the Middle East, or other macroeconomic conditions, which could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

 The global economy, including credit and financial markets, has experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including, among other things, diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, supply chain shortages, increases in inflation rates, higher interest rates, and uncertainty about political and economic stability. The Federal Reserve has raised interest rates multiple times in response to concerns about inflation and it may raise them again. Higher interest rates, coupled with reduced government spending and volatility in financial markets, may increase economic uncertainty and affect consumer spending. Similarly, the ongoing military conflict between Russia and

 Ukraine and the conflict in the Middle East have created extreme volatility in the global capital markets and may have further global economic consequences, including disruptions of the global supply chain. Any such volatility and disruptions may adversely affect our business or the third parties on whom we rely. If the equity and credit markets deteriorate, including as a result of political unrest or war, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more costly, more dilutive, or more difficult to obtain in a timely manner or on favorable terms, if at all. Increased inflation rates can adversely affect us by increasing our costs, including labor and employee benefit costs.

 We have experienced and may in the future experience disruptions as a result of such macroeconomic conditions and the occurrence of natural disasters and public health crises, including delays or difficulties in manufacturing sufficient quantities of materials. If we fail to maintain inventory or deliver product as a result of such delays or difficulties, we could breach our agreements. In addition, tariffs imposed on goods coming into the U.S., or tariffs imposed by other countries on goods coming into those countries, could adversely impact our ability to import the products we sell, or ability to sell our products internationally. Any one or a combination of these events could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

 Our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and Delaware law could prevent a third party from acquiring us (even if an acquisition would benefit our stockholders), may limit the ability of our stockholders to replace our management and limit the price that investors might be willing to pay for shares of our common stock.

 Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or of discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire, control of us. These provisions could delay or prevent a change in control of the company and could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. These provisions, among other things:

 • establish a staggered Board divided into three classes serving staggered three-year terms, such that not all members of the board will be elected at one time;
 • authorize our Board to issue new series of preferred stock without stockholder approval and create, subject to applicable law, a series of preferred stock with preferential rights to dividends or our assets upon liquidation, or with superior voting rights to our existing common stock;
 • disallow our stockholders to fill vacancies on our board;
 • establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our Board or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at our annual stockholder meetings;
 • permit our Board to establish the number of directors between three and fifteen;
 • provide that stockholders can remove directors only for cause and only upon the approval of not less than a majority of all outstanding shares of our voting stock;
 • require the approval of not less than a majority of all outstanding shares of our voting stock to amend our bylaws and specific provisions of our certificate of incorporation; and
 • limit the jurisdictions in which certain stockholder litigation may be brought.

 We are not subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which could negatively affect your investment.

 We elected in our certificate of incorporation to not be subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law ("Section 203"). In general, Section 203 prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a "business combination" with an "interested stockholder" for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. A "business combination" includes a merger, asset sale or other transaction resulting in a financial benefit to the interested stockholder. An "interested stockholder" is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns (or, in certain cases, within three years prior, did own) 15% or more of the corporation's voting stock. This may make us more vulnerable to takeovers that are completed without the approval of our Board and/or without giving us the ability to prohibit or delay such takeovers as effectively.

 Our certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

 Our certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, another state court or a federal court located within the State of Delaware) is the exclusive forum for any claims that are based upon a violation of a duty by a current or former director, officer, employee or stockholder in such capacity, or as to which the Delaware General Corporation Law confers jurisdiction upon the Court of Chancery. This provision would not apply to claims brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any have exclusive jurisdiction. This choice of forum provisions may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees. If a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
 Not applicable.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

 The Company's management (the "Management") and the Company's board of directors (the "Board") recognize the critical importance of maintaining the trust and confidence of our investors, employees, customers, partners, and vendors. The Board is actively involved in the oversight of the Company's risk management program, and cybersecurity represents an important component of the Company's overall approach to enterprise risk management ("ERM"). The Company's cybersecurity policies, standards, processes, and practices are fully integrated into the Company's ERM program and are informed by recognized frameworks established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology ("NIST"); and other applicable industry standards. In general, the Company seeks to address cybersecurity risks through a comprehensive, cross-functional approach that is focused on preserving the confidentiality, security, and availability of the information that the Company collects and stores by identifying, preventing, mitigating, and remediating cybersecurity threats and effectively responding to cybersecurity incidents when they occur.
 In the ordinary course of our business, we collect, use, store, and transmit digitally confidential, sensitive, proprietary, and personal information. The secure maintenance of this information and our information technology ("IT") systems is important to our operations and business strategy. To this end, we have implemented processes designed to assess, identify, and manage risks from potential unauthorized occurrences on or through our IT systems that may result in adverse effects on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of these systems and the data residing therein. These processes are managed and monitored by our Director of Technology and Information Systems and supported by our outsourced IT managed services provider, under the supervision of our Chief Corporate Affairs Officer, and include mechanisms, controls, technologies, systems, and other processes designed to prevent or mitigate data loss, theft, misuse, or other security incidents or vulnerabilities affecting the data and maintain a stable and secure information technology environment.
 Our Chief Corporate Affairs Officer, who reports directly to the Chief Executive Officer, and our Director of Technology and Information Systems, who has three decades of experience managing and leading cybersecurity oversight, together with our other executive officers, are responsible for assessing and managing cybersecurity risks. Each member of Management holds undergraduate and graduate degrees in their respective fields and have extensive experience managing risks at the Company and at similar companies, including risks arising from cybersecurity threats. In the last fiscal year, the Company has not identified any risks from known cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. If we were to experience a material cybersecurity incident in the future, such incidents are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. For more information regarding cybersecurity risks that we face and potential impacts on our business related thereto, see the risk factor titled, "Our business and operations would suffer in the event of a security breach, system failure, invasion, corruption, destruction or interruption of our or our business partners' critical information technology systems or infrastructure."

 Risk Management and Strategy

 Rockwell Medical believes that the Company maintains an IT and security program appropriate for a company its size, taking into account its operations and risks. As one of the critical elements of the Company's overall ERM approach, the Company's cybersecurity program is focused on the following key areas:

 Governance

 The Board's oversight of cybersecurity risk management is supported by the Audit Committee of the Board (the "Audit Committee"), which regularly interacts with the Company's Chief Corporate Affairs Officer. The Board, as a whole and at the Audit Committee level, has oversight for the most significant risks facing the Company and for the Company's processes to identify, prioritize, assess, manage, and mitigate those risks. The Audit Committee, which is composed solely of independent directors, has been designated by the Company's Board to oversee cybersecurity risks. The Audit Committee and the Board receive updates on cybersecurity and IT matters and related risk exposures from the Company's Chief Corporate Affairs Officer and other members of Management on cybersecurity risks on at least a semi-annual basis.

 Collaborative Approach

 The Company has implemented a comprehensive, cross-functional approach to identifying, preventing, and mitigating cybersecurity threats and incidents, while also implementing controls and processes that provide for the prompt escalation of certain cybersecurity incidents so that decisions regarding the public disclosure and reporting of such incidents can be made by Management in a timely manner.

 Information Security

 The Company implements organizational, administrative, and technical measures based on commercially reasonable procedures using industry standard information security measures prescribed for use by NIST, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and other generally recognized industry standards, in each case, designed to safeguard the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our infrastructure and data and the resiliency of our operations. Additionally, we perform information security maturity assessments and penetration testing quarterly for our IT infrastructure, and conduct vulnerability scans across key assets, core infrastructure, and endpoints to identify potential vulnerabilities and potential cybersecurity events. We assess and prioritize the remediation of vulnerabilities and other cybersecurity risks identified through these activities, using a risk-based approach.

 Technical Safeguards

 The Company deploys technical safeguards that are designed to protect the Company's information systems from cybersecurity threats, including firewalls, intrusion prevention and detection systems, anti-malware functionality and access controls, which are evaluated and improved through vulnerability assessments and cybersecurity threat intelligence.

 Incident Response and Recovery Planning

 The Company has established and maintains a comprehensive cybersecurity incident response plan ("IRP") which establishes a framework designed to enable us to respond to cybersecurity incidents in a consistent, timely, and effective manner. Our IRP outlines procedures for identifying, reporting, investigating, assessing, and responding to cybersecurity incidents, including incident response team formation, roles and responsibilities by department, and communication and escalation protocols. Depending on the severity of the cybersecurity incident, the Company's IRP contemplates escalation to Management and the Audit Committee and/or the full Board, as well as periodic briefings on developments related to the incident response. We review and update our IRP annually and have conducted training of key team members regarding the IRP.

 Third-Party Risk Management

 The Company maintains a comprehensive, risk-based approach to identifying and overseeing cybersecurity risks presented by third parties, including vendors, service providers and other external users of the Company's systems, as well as the systems of third parties that could adversely impact our business in the event of a cybersecurity incident affecting those third-party systems.

 Education, Awareness and Training

 The Company provides regular, mandatory cybersecurity training as a means to equip the Company's personnel with effective tools to address cybersecurity threats, and to communicate the Company's evolving information security policies, standards, processes and practices. We conduct continuous automated phishing simulation campaigns which can trigger additional training for personnel on how to recognize social engineering attempts (e.g., phishing, smishing, vishing, etc.). We

 track performance on phishing exercises to help us monitor the awareness of our employees and inform future training priorities.

 Risk and Readiness Assessments

 The Company engages in the periodic assessment and testing of the Company's policies, standards, processes and practices that are designed to address cybersecurity threats and incidents. These efforts include a wide range of activities, including audits, assessments, tabletop exercises, threat modeling, vulnerability testing and other exercises focused on evaluating the effectiveness of our cybersecurity measures and planning. The Company regularly engages third parties to perform assessments on our cybersecurity measures, including information security maturity assessments, audits and independent reviews of our information security control environment and operating effectiveness. The results of such assessments, audits and reviews are reported to the Audit Committee and the Board, and the Company adjusts its cybersecurity policies, standards, processes and practices as necessary based on the information provided by these assessments, audits and reviews.

 Insurance

 We maintain information security risk insurance coverage to mitigate potential losses in the event of a business disruption.

 For more information regarding cybersecurity risks that we face and potential impacts on our business related thereto, see the risk factor titled, "Our business and operations would suffer in the event of a security breach, system failure, invasion, corruption, destruction or interruption of our or our business partners' critical information technology systems or infrastructure."

 Item 2. Properties.
 We lease a 51,000 square foot facility and a 17,500 square foot facility in Wixom, Michigan under a lease expiring in August 2027. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the lease for the Wixom facilities was extended by three years to August 2027, which was accounted for as a lease modification. As a result of this modification, the operating lease right of use asset and lease liabilities increased by $1.5 million. We also lease two other manufacturing facilities, a 51,000 square foot facility in Grapevine, Texas under a lease expiring in December 2025 and a 57,000 square foot facility in Greer, South Carolina under a lease expiring in February 2026. In addition, Rockwell occupied 4,100 square feet of office space in Hackensack, New Jersey. This lease was subleased on December 15, 2021 and expired on October 31, 2024.
 We use each of our facilities to manufacture and warehouse our products. All such facilities and their contents are covered under various insurance policies which management believes provide adequate coverage. We use the office space in Wixom, Michigan as our principal administrative office. We believe that our existing leased properties are adequate and suitable for the conduct of our business and that our capital resources are sufficient to purchase, lease or construct any additional facilities required to meet our expected long-term growth needs. We expect that we may need additional manufacturing capacity and distribution facilities to meet our business requirements and anticipate they will be available on commercially available terms.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
 We may be involved in certain routine legal proceedings from time to time before various courts and governmental agencies. We cannot predict the final disposition of such proceedings. We regularly review legal matters and record provisions for claims considered probable of loss. The resolution of these pending proceedings is not expected to have a material effect on our operations or consolidated financial statements in the period in which they are resolved. Information pertaining to legal proceedings is provided under the heading "Litigation" in Note 15, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements and is incorporated by reference herein.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
 Market Information
 Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the trading symbol "RMTI".
 Holders
 As of February 28, 2025, there were 45 holders of record of our common stock.
 Dividend Policy
 Our Board of Directors has discretion whether or not to pay dividends. Among the factors our Board of Directors considers when determining whether or not to pay dividends are our earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, future business prospects and business conditions. We have never paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain earnings, if any, to finance the development and expansion of our operations.

 Item 6. Reserved.

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current plans, forecasts, estimates and beliefs and involve risks and uncertainties. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future. Our actual results, outcomes and the timing of events could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in the section titled "Forward-Looking Statements" and "Risk Factors." We urge you to consider these factors carefully in evaluating the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report. Forward-looking statements are not historical facts, reflect our current views with respect to future events, and apply only as of the date made. We do not intend, and undertake no obligation, to update these forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Unless the context requires otherwise, references to "we," "our," "us," "the Company," "Rockwell," "Rockwell Medical," and other similar terms refer to Rockwell Medical, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries.
 Overview
 Rockwell Medical is a healthcare company that develops, manufactures, commercializes, and distributes a portfolio of hemodialysis products for dialysis providers worldwide.
 The Company is a leading supplier of liquid and dry, acid and bicarbonate concentrates for dialysis patients in the United States. Hemodialysis is the most common form of end-stage kidney disease treatment and is typically performed in freestanding outpatient dialysis centers, hospital-based outpatient centers, skilled nursing facilities, or a patient's home. This represents a large market opportunity for which we believe Rockwell's products are well-positioned to meet the needs of patients.
 Rockwell manufactures hemodialysis concentrates at its facilities in Michigan, South Carolina, and Texas. The Company delivers the majority of its hemodialysis concentrates products and mixers to dialysis clinics throughout the United States and internationally, utilizing its own delivery trucks and third-party carriers. Rockwell has developed a core expertise in manufacturing and delivering hemodialysis concentrates, and has built a longstanding reputation for reliability, quality, and excellent customer service.
 Rockwell provides the hemodialysis community with products controlled by a Quality Management System regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA"). Rockwell is ISO 13485 Certified and adheres to current Good

 Manufacturing Practices ("cGMP") and the Association for Advancement of Medical Instrumentation ("AAMI") standards.
 On July 10, 2023, the Company executed and consummated the transactions contemplated by an Asset Purchase Agreement (the "Purchase Agreement") with Evoqua Water Technologies LLC ("Evoqua") (the "Evoqua Asset Acquisition"). Subject to the terms and conditions of the Purchase Agreement, at the closing of the transaction (the "Closing"), the Company purchased customer relationships, equipment and inventory from Evoqua, which were related to the manufacturing agreement ("CMA") with a third-party contract manufacturing organization ("CMO") located in Minnesota. Total consideration was $17.4 million, comprising a cash payment at Closing of $12.4 million (inclusive of transaction costs) and two $2.5 million deferred payments. On July 12, 2024, the Company and Evoqua executed an amendment to the Purchase Agreement (the "First Amendment"), which stipulated that the first deferred payment would be partially offset by $0.3 million to reimburse the Company for certain expenses incurred following the close of the Evoqua Asset Acquisition and split the first deferred payment into four quarterly installments to be paid through April 2025. The First Amendment also split the second deferred payment into four quarterly installments to be paid from July 2025 through April 2026. See Note 4 to our consolidated financial statments included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. The CMA with the CMO expired on December 31, 2024 after which the Company will only manufacture Rockwell Medical hemodialysis concentrates through its own facilities. Prior to the expiration of the CMA, the Company transitioned customer relationships acquired through the Purchase Agreement over to Rockwell Medical's hemodialysis concentrates products.
 On August 7, 2023, Rockwell was informed by Wanbang Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. ("Wanbang"), the Company's commercialization partner in China for Triferic, that the main efficacy results of Wanbang's clinical trial for Triferic (dialysate) compared with placebo were not obtained and Wanbang will not bring the product forward to registration. As a result, the remaining $2.1 million of deferred license revenue was recorded into revenue, and the related portion of long-term inventory of $1.1 million was reserved.
 On September 18, 2023, Rockwell and DaVita, Inc. ("DaVita") entered into an Amended and Restated Products Purchase Agreement (the "Amended Agreement"), which amended and restated the Product Purchase Agreement, dated July 1, 2019, as amended, under which the Company supplies DaVita with certain dialysis concentrates. Under the Amended Agreement, the Company and DaVita agreed to an increase in product pricing, effective September 1, 2023 and a one-time payment of $0.4 million to Rockwell on or after December 1, 2023. The term of the Amended Agreement was scheduled to expire on December 31, 2024. Prior to the expiration, the Company received written notice from DaVita, notifying the Company that DaVita intended to extend the term of the Amended Agreement through December 31, 2025 (the "Extension Term"). Product pricing was increased for the Extension Term. DaVita subsequently indicated that it will completely transition to another supplier by mid-2025, subject to further discussions between Rockwell and DaVita, which are ongoing. We believe that this will result in the loss of almost half of our sales volume and $34 million in revenue compared to 2024. See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10 K for additional information.
 On January 2, 2024, the Company's Loan and Security Agreement (the "Loan Agreement") with Innovatus Life Sciences Lending Fund I, LP ("Innovatus") was amended to include, among other things, an interest-only period for 30 months, or up to 36 months if certain conditions are met, and extend the maturity date to January 1, 2029. The Company satisfied those conditions and will now make interest-only payments for the full 36 months. See Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.
 On August 21, 2024, the Company entered into a distribution agreement with Nipro Medical Corporation ("Nipro"), a subsidiary of Nipro Corporation Japan and a leader in the global healthcare and medical device industry, under which Rockwell Medical supplies Nipro with the Company's liquid and dry acid and bicarbonate hemodialysis concentrates, as well as its dry acid concentrates mixer, for which Nipro has the right to distribute the Company's products globally, excluding the United States. The Nipro Agreement will remain in effect for two years with the option to extend the agreement for an additional one-year period. Nipro is the primary distributor of our dialysis concentrates in certain countries in Latin America.
 On December 16, 2024, the Company entered into a product purchase agreement (the "Fresenius Agreement") with Fresenius Medical Care NA ("Fresenius"), the world's leading provider of dialysis products and services, under which the Company supplies Fresenius with the Company's liquid bicarbonate hemodialysis concentrates product, SteriLyte. The Fresenius Agreement will remain in effect for three years with the option to renew for two additional one-year periods.
 Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2024, Rockwell Medical entered into several other multi-year product purchase agreements, which include supply and purchasing commitments from certain parties. These agreements were with, but not limited to: HydroCare, a leading provider of state-of-the-art dialysis water systems to healthcare facilities globally; Nephro Group Dialysis Centers, the largest dialysis provider in the Philippines; one of the largest health systems in the Mountain West region of the United States; BioNuclear, a distributor of Rockwell's hemodialysis concentrates products within

 the Dominican Republic; and Atlantic Medical International, Bermuda's leading supplier of medical products and equipment for the acute and continuing care markets.

 Results of Operations
 The following table summarizes our operating results for the periods presented below (dollars in thousands):

 For the Year Ended December 31,

 2024
 % of Revenue
 2023
 % of Revenue
 % Change

 Net Sales
 $
 101,489
 $
 83,612
 21.4
 %

 Cost of Sales
 84,005
 82.8
 %
 74,908
 89.6
 %
 12.1
 %

 Gross Profit
 17,484
 17.2
 %
 8,704
 10.4
 %
 100.9
 %

 Research and Product Development
 —
 %
 1,107
 1.3
 %
 (98.3)
 %

 Selling and Marketing
 2,749
 2.7
 %
 2,125
 2.5
 %
 29.4
 %

 General and Administrative
 14,108
 13.9
 %
 12,142
 14.5
 %
 16.2
 %

 Operating Income (Loss)
 $
 0.6
 %
 $
 (6,670)
 (8.0)
 %
 (109.1)
 %

 Net Sales

 During the year ended December 31, 2024, our net sales were $101.5 million compared to net sales of $83.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. Product revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $101.4 million compared to product revenue of $79.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase of $21.6 million was primarily due to $6.2 million from customers added through the Evoqua Asset Acquisition, $6.4 million from a special large order of premium-priced product by DaVita, as well as $9.1 million of increased sales and price increases to existing customers. Net sales of non-product revenue were not material during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $3.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, which was the result of $2.3 million and $1.5 million of deferred license revenue recognition related to the terminations of distribution and license agreements with Wanbang and Baxter Healthcare Corporation ("Baxter") (respectively, the "Wanbang Agreement" and the "Baxter Distribution Agreement") during the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Cost of Sales and Gross Profit

 Cost of sales during the year ended December 31, 2024 was $84.0 million, resulting in gross profit of $17.5 million, compared to cost of sales of $74.9 million and a gross profit of $8.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. Gross profit increased by $8.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 driven by $9.6 million of improved gross margin to existing customers driven primarily by price increases, $1.8 million from a special large order of premium-priced product by DaVita, partially offset by $1.5 million and $1.1 million of gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2023 associated with deferred license revenue recognition related to the terminations of the Baxter Distribution Agreement and the Wanbang Agreement, respectively.

 Research and Product Development Expense

 Research and product development expenses were $19,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared with $1.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease of $1.1 million is due to the decision to pause all research and development related to Triferic in 2023. Approximately 37% of research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 were comprised of severance costs.

 Selling and Marketing Expense

 Selling and marketing expenses were $2.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared with $2.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase of $0.6 million is primarily due to higher employee compensation expenses.

 General and Administrative Expense

 General and administrative expenses were $14.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared with $12.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The $2.0 million increase was primarily due to $1.5 million of additional compensation expense, $0.2 million of increased administrative costs and $0.3 million increase in amortization of intangible assets.

 Other Expense

 Total other expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $1.1 million and $1.8 million, respectively, which was driven by interest expense of $1.3 million and $2.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, related to our debt facility (See Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our debt facility), partially offset by $0.1 million and $0.2 million of interest income, respectively, as well as realized gains on available-for-sale of investments of $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 Since inception, we have incurred significant net losses and have funded our operations primarily through revenue from commercial products, proceeds from the issuance of debt and equity securities and payments from partnerships. On December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $397.7 million and stockholders' equity of $32.6 million. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $21.6 million of cash, cash equivalents and investments available-for-sale, and working capital of $22.9 million. Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was approximately $4.2 million.
 On July 10, 2023, Armistice Capital Master Fund Ltd. ("Armistice") exercised its warrant to purchase 9,900,990 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $1.39 per share (the "Prior Warrant") and the Company received gross proceeds of approximately $13.8 million. See Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K for further details.
 On July 10, 2023, the Company completed the Evoqua Asset Acquisition. Total consideration was $17.4 million, comprising a cash payment at Closing of $12.4 million (inclusive of transaction costs) and two $2.5 million deferred payments. On July 12, 2024, the Company and Evoqua executed the First Amendment, which stipulated that the first deferred payment would be partially offset by $0.3 million to reimburse the Company for certain expenses incurred following Closing and split the first deferred payment into four quarterly installments to be paid through April 2025. The First Amendment also split the second deferred payment into four quarterly installments to be paid from July 2025 through April 2026. See Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.
 The actual amount of cash that we will need to execute our business strategy is subject to many factors, including, but not limited to the ability to meet our revenue forecasts, including those from DaVita, as well as the costs associated with our manufacturing and transportation operations related to our concentrate business. We may elect to raise capital in the future through one or more of the following: (i) equity and/or debt raises through the equity and capital markets, though there can be no assurance that we will be able to secure additional capital or funding on acceptable terms, or if at all; and (ii) strategic transactions, including potential alliances and collaborations focused on markets outside the United States, as well as potential combinations (including by merger or acquisition) or other corporate transactions. In addition, any debt financing is limited by the terms of our Securities Purchase Agreement with DaVita. Specifically, until DaVita holds less than 50% of its original investment in the Company's Convertible Series X Preferred Stock, the Company may only incur additional debt in the form of a purchase money loan, a working capital line of up to $5 million or to refinance existing debt, unless DaVita consents.
 We believe our ability to fund our activities in the long term will be highly dependent upon (i) our ability to execute on the growth strategy of our hemodialysis concentrates business and maintain sales with existing customers, (ii) our ability to achieve sustained profitability, including successfully reducing expenses to account for the lost DaVita business, and (iii) our ability to identify, develop, in-license, or acquire new products in developing our renal care product portfolio. All of these strategies are subject to significant risks and uncertainties such that there can be no assurance we will be successful in achieving them. If we are unsuccessful in executing our business plan and we are unable to raise the required capital, we may be forced to curtail all of our activities and, ultimately, cease operations. Even if we are able to raise sufficient capital, such financings may only be available on unattractive terms, or result in significant dilution of stockholders' interests and, in such event, the market price of our common stock may decline.

 Management evaluated its going concern by reviewing the Company's operational plans, which include executing on the projected financial information, including price increases, acquisition of new customers, projected growth of margins and cost containment activities. Based on the currently available working capital and expectation of the ability of management to execute on the Company's operational plans noted above, management believes the Company currently has sufficient funds to meet its operating requirements for at least the next twelve months from the date of the filing of this report. Additionally, the Company's plans may include raising capital, if needed, by using the $21.1 million remaining under our Sales Agreement, dated April 8, 2022, with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. acting as sales agent (as amended, the "ATM facility"), which provides for the offer and sale of up to an aggregate of $25.0 million of shares of the Company's common stock through the sales agent, or other methods or forms of financings, subject to existing limitations.
 On January 2, 2024 the Loan Agreement was amended to include, among other things, an interest only period for 30 months, or up to 36 months if certain conditions are met, and extend the maturity date to January 1, 2029. The Company is subject to certain covenants and cure provisions under its Loan Agreement with Innovatus. As of December 31, 2024, the Company is in compliance with all covenants. The Loan Agreement includes a financial covenant that requires actual consolidated revenue from the sale and supply of hemodialysis products for the trailing six-month period (ended on the date when tested), to be not less than 85.0% of the projections for the same period and, beginning with the quarter ending September 30, 2024, actual consolidated revenue from the sale and supply of hemodialysis products for the trailing six-month period (ended on the date when tested), to be not less than 80.0% of the projections for the same period. Because those projections were submitted prior to our becoming aware of DaVita's intention to completely transition its business to another supplier by mid-2025, we may not be able to satisfy this covenant if we are unable to acquire enough new business to increase our revenue or cure a breach by submitting a new financial plan under which the Company is expected to break even on a cash flow basis prior to Maturity Date in accordance with the A&R Loan Agreement. While we believe we will be able to take actions to satisfy this financial covenant, there can be no assurances. Our inability to satisfy this financial covenant or cure any breach would constitute an event of default. See Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

 Global Economic Considerations
 The global macroeconomic environment is uncertain and could be negatively affected by, among other things, changes in U.S. trade policies, including tariffs and other trade restrictions or the threat of such actions, instability in the global capital and credit markets, recent bank failures in the United States, supply chain weaknesses, and instability in the geopolitical environment, including as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Middle East conflict and other political tensions, and the occurrence of natural disasters and public health crises. Such challenges have caused, and may continue to cause, recession fears, rising interest rates, foreign exchange volatility and inflationary pressures. At this time, the Company is unable to quantify the potential effects of this economic instability on our future operations.
 Rockwell has utilized a range of financing methods to fund its operations in the past; however, current conditions in the financial and credit markets may limit the availability of funding, refinancing, or increase the cost of funding. Due to the rapidly evolving nature of the global situation, it is not possible to predict the extent to which these conditions could adversely affect the Company's liquidity and capital resources in the future.
 Cash Provided By (Used In) Operating Activities

 Net cash provided by operating activities was $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to net cash used in operating activities of $9.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The change in cash provided by operating activities during the current period as compared to cash used in operating activities in the prior period was primarily due to (i) a decrease in net loss of approximately $8.0 million, (ii) an increase in cash provided by changes in current balance sheet accounts in the ordinary course of business of approximately $5.7 million, primarily due to increases of $7.3 million from accounts receivable, net and $3.8 million from deferred license revenue, partially offset by decreases of $2.1 million from accounts payable and $1.5 million from inventory and (iii) an increase in cash provided from non-cash adjustments.
 Cash Used In Investing Activities

 Net cash used in investing activities was $4.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. The net cash used was due to $5.9 million in purchases of our available-for-sale investments and $1.0 million for the purchase of equipment, offset by proceeds from the sale of our available-for-sale investments of $2.0 million.
 Net cash used in investing activities was $3.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The net cash used was primarily due to the $12.4 million of cash paid in connection with the Evoqua Asset Acquisition, $5.7 million in purchases

 of our available-for-sale investments and $0.3 million for the purchase of equipment, offset by proceeds from the sale of our available-for-sale investments of $15.3 million.
 Cash Provided By Financing Activities

 Net cash provided by financing activities was $7.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. The net cash provided by financing activities was primarily due to the gross proceeds from the issuance of common stock in connection with the ATM facility of $10.2 million, partially offset by the cash paid in connection with the Evoqua Asset Acquisition of $1.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2024.

 Net cash provided by financing activities was $11.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The net cash provided by financing activities was primarily due to the net proceeds from issuance of equity securities of $14.9 million, primarily comprised of gross proceeds from the issuance of common stock of $13.8 million in connection with Armistice's exercise of the Prior Warrant, offset by payments on the Company's debt, short term note payable, and finance leases which aggregated $3.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments

 We generally expect to satisfy our material cash requirements, including contractual obligations and commitments, with cash on hand and cash provided by operating activities. See Notes 14, 15, 16, and 17 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K for further details.

 Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgments
 Our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These accounting principles require us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets, liabilities, and contingencies. All significant estimates, judgments and assumptions are developed based on the best information available to us at the time made and are regularly reviewed and updated when necessary. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Changes in estimates are reflected in our financial statements in the period of change based upon on going actual experience, trends, or subsequent realization depending on the nature and predictability of the estimates and contingencies.
 Certain accounting estimates, including those concerning revenue recognition, impairments of long lived assets, and deferred consideration are considered to be critical in evaluating and understanding our financial results because they involve inherently uncertain matters and their application requires the most difficult and complex judgments and estimates. These are described below. For further information on our accounting policies, see Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 Revenue Recognition
 The Company recognizes revenue under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The core principle of the standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The following five steps are applied to achieve that core principle:
 • Step 1: Identify the contract with the customer
 • Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract
 • Step 3: Determine the transaction price
 • Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract
 • Step 5: Recognize revenue when the company satisfies a performance obligation
 Taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction, that are collected by us from a customer, are excluded from revenue.
 Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight related to contracts with customers are accounted for as a fulfillment cost and are included in cost of sales when control of the goods transfers to the customer.
 Deferred License Revenue - Upfront fees received under distribution and license agreements have been deferred as a contract liability. For all existing distribution and license agreements, the distribution and license agreement is not a distinct

 performance obligation from the underlying product sales. In instances where regulatory approval of the product has not been established and we do not have sufficient experience with the foreign regulatory body to conclude that regulatory approval is probable, the revenue for the performance obligation is recognized over the term of the license agreement (over time recognition). Conversely, when regulatory approval already exists or is probable, revenue is recognized at the point in time that the estimated product sales under the agreement occur.
 Impairment of Long-lived Assets
 Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Impairment losses on long-lived assets, such as real estate and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets, are recognized when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by such assets are less than their carrying value and, accordingly, all or a portion of such carrying value may not be recoverable. Impairment losses are then measured by comparing the fair value of assets to their carrying amounts. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no impairments of long-lived assets.
 Goodwill and Intangible Assets
 Goodwill is the excess of purchase price over the fair value of identified net assets of businesses acquired. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are measured at their respective fair values as of the acquisition date. We do not amortize goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives.
 We review goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets at least annually for possible impairment. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for possible impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit or the indefinite-lived intangible assets below their carrying values.
 Intangible assets with definite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Intangible assets subject to amortization are reviewed for potential impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that carrying amounts may not be recoverable.
 Definite-lived intangible assets consist of our customer relationships intangible asset recorded in connection with the Evoqua Asset Acquisition, which is being amortized over 20 years.

 New Accounting Pronouncements
 New accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board or other standard setting bodies that are adopted by us as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, we believe that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations upon adoption. For further discussion on recent accounting pronouncements, please see Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10 K for additional information.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

 Per §229.305 of Regulation S-K, the Company, designated a Smaller Reporting Company as defined in §229.10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K, is not required to provide the disclosure required by this Item.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
 The consolidated financial statements of the Registrant and other information required by this item are set forth beginning on page F 1 immediately following the signature page hereof and incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 9. Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

 We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure material information required to be disclosed in our reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required financial disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, we recognized that a control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within a company have been detected. Management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

 Under the supervision of and with the participation of our management, including the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2024. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024. Additionally, the Company's management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has concluded that the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report are fairly stated, in all material respects, in accordance with generally accepting accounting principles in the United States for each of the periods presented herein.
 Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. We maintain internal control over financial reporting designed to provide reasonable, but not absolute, assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Therefore, internal control over financial reporting determined to be effective provides only reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
 Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, our management evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making their assessment of internal control over financial reporting, our management used the criteria described in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.
 Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

 As a non-accelerated filer, we are not required to provide an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting issued by the Company's independent registered public accounting firm.

 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) identified in management's evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2024, that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B. Other Information.

 (a) Appointment of Principal Accounting Officer

 Effective March 19, 2025, the Company's Controller, Nicholas Fanslau, age 40, has, in addition to his current responsibilities, assumed the role of principal accounting officer. Mr. Fanslau will not receive any additional compensation related to this appointment.

 Prior to joining the Company in April 2024, Mr. Fanslau served in various roles of increasing responsibility at Chubb for nearly fifteen years, including as Vice President of Global Consolidations from June 2017 to May 2021 and Vice President of SEC Reporting from June 2021 to March 2024. Mr. Fanslau has a B.A. in Accounting from the University of Notre Dame.

 Mr. Fanslau has no familial relationships with any executive officer or director of the Company. There have been no transactions in which the Company has participated and in which Mr. Fanslau had a direct or indirect material interest that would be required to be disclosed under Item 404(a) of Regulation S-K.

 (b) Trading Arrangements

 Director and executive officer trading arrangements

 The following table provides information concerning Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements adopted during the three months ended December 31, 2024, by any director or any executive officer who is subject to the filing requirements of Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These trading arrangements are intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c). No non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements were adopted by any director or executive officer during the fourth quarter of 2024. In addition, no Rule 10b5-1 or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements were terminated by any director or executive officer in the fourth quarter of 2024.

 Name
 Title
 Adoption Date
 Duration(a)

 Number of shares to be sold

 Jesse Neri
 SVP and CFO
 12/13/2024
 April 1, 2025 - January 5, 2026
 3,544.00

 aSubject to compliance with Rule 10b5-1, duration could cease earlier than the final date shown above to the extent that the aggregate number of shares to be sold under the trading arrangement have been sold.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

 Not applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
 The information required by this Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to information in our proxy statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "2025 Proxy Statement"), which we expect to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, including under headings "Election of Directors," "Directors Continuing in Office," "Executive Officers," "Corporate Governance" and, as applicable, "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports."
 Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
 We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our directors, employees and officers, including our principal executive officer, our principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and persons performing similar functions. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available on our website at www.rockwellmed.com. To the extent required by applicable rules, future material amendments or waivers relating to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics will be disclosed on our web site referenced in this paragraph within four business days following the date of such amendment or waiver.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation.
 The information required by this Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference to information in our 2025 Proxy Statement, including under headings "Compensation of Executive Officers" and "Director Compensation."

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
 The information required by this Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference to information in our 2025 Proxy Statement, including under heading "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" and "Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans."
 Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
 The following table summarizes our compensation plans, including individual compensation arrangements, under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance as of December 31, 2024:

 Plan Category
 Number of securities
to be issued upon
exercise of
outstanding options and
restricted stock units
 Weighted average
exercise price of
outstanding options
 Number of securities
remaining available for
future issuance under
(excluding securities
reflected in column (a))

 (a)
 (b)
 (c)

 Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (1)
 1,848,242
 $
 4.70
 294,686

 Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders (2)
 623,204
 $
 2.53
 —

 Total
 2,471,446
 $
 3.98
 294,686

 (1)Consists of 1,263,043 stock options with a weighted average exercise price of $4.70, 584,309 restricted stock units issued at $1.72 and 890 restricted stock awards issued at $62.70.
 (2)Consists of 623,204 stock options with a weighted average exercise price of $2.53.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence.
 The information required by this Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference to information in our 2025 Proxy Statement, including under headings "Independence" and "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions."

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
 The information required by this Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference to information in our 2025 Proxy Statement, including under heading "Independent Accountants."

 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.
 (a) The financial statements and schedule filed herewith are set forth on the Index to Financial Statements and Schedule of the separate financial section of this annual report, which is incorporated herein by reference.
 (b) Exhibits
 The following documents are filed as part of this report or were previously filed and incorporated herein by reference to the filing indicated.

 3.1
 Certificate of Incorporation, dated as of August 28, 2019 (Exhibit 3.3 to the Company's Form 8-K filed August 30, 2019).

 3.2
 Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation of Rockwell Medical, Inc. related to the Reverse Stock Split, dated May 12, 2022 (Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on May 13, 2022).

 3.3
 Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series X Convertible Preferred Stock (Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on April 8, 2022).

 3.4
 Amended and Restated Bylaws (Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed November 14, 2022).

 4.1
 Description of Securities (Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Form 10-K filed on April 8, 2022)

 4.2
 Form of Warrant (Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on September 25, 2020).

 4.3
 Form of Pre-Funded Warrant (Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on September 25, 2020).

 4.4
 Form of Warrant to Purchase Common Stock for Innovatus (Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed March 20, 2020).

 4.5
 Form of Pre-Funded Warrant (Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on June 2, 2022).

 4.6
 Form of PIPE Warrant (Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on June 2, 2022).

 4.7
 Form of PIPE Pre-Funded Warrant (Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on June 2, 2022).

 4.8
 Common Stock Purchase Warrant, dated July 10, 2023, issued to Armistice Capital Master Fund Ltd. (Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on August 14, 2023).

 4.9
 Form of January 2024 Warrant to Purchase Common Stock issued to Innovatus Life Sciences Lending Fund I, LP (Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on January 8, 2024).

 10.1
 Third Amendment to and Restatement of Loan and Security Agreement, dated January 1, 2024, by and among the Company, Rockwell Transportation, Inc., Innovatus Life Sciences Lending Fund I, LP and the lenders party thereto (Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on January 8, 2024).

 10.2
 Sales Agreement, dated April 8, 2022, between Rockwell Medical, Inc. and Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (Exhibit 1.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on April 8, 2022).

 10.3
 Securities Purchase Agreement, dated April 6, 2022, by and between the Company and DaVita, Inc. (Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on May 16, 2022).

 10.4
 RD Securities Purchase Agreement, dated May 30, 2022, by and between the Company and the Purchaser signatory therein (Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on June 2, 2022).

 10.5
 PIPE Securities Purchase Agreement, dated May 30, 2022, by and between the Company and the Purchaser signatory therein (Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on June 2, 2022).

 10.6
 Letter Agreement, dated July 10, 2023, by and between Rockwell Medical, Inc. and Armistice Capital Master Fund Ltd. (Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on August 14, 2023).

 10.7
 Registration Rights Agreement, dated June 2, 2022, by and between the Company and the Holder signatory thereto (Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on June 2, 2022).

 10.8+
 Licensing Agreement, dated January 7, 2002, by and among the Company, Charak LLC and Dr. Ajay Gupta (Exhibit 10.18 to the Company's Form 10 KSB filed April 1, 2002).

 10.9
 Amending Agreement, dated January 16, 2006, by and among the Company, Charak LLC and Dr. Ajay Gupta (Exhibit 10.13 to the Company's Form 10 KSB filed March 21, 2006).

 10.10
 Master Services and IP Agreement, dated October 7, 2018, by and among the Company, Charak, LLC and Dr. Ajay Gupta (Exhibit 10.34 Company's Form 10-K filed on March 18, 2019).

 10.11
 Amendment to License Agreement, dated October 7, 2018, by and among the Company, Charak, LLC and Dr. Ajay Gupta (Exhibit 10.35 to the Company's Form 10-K filed on March 18, 2019).

 10.12
 Commercialization and Technology License Agreement IV Triferic, dated October 7, 2018, by and among the Company, Charak, LLC and Dr. Ajay Gupta (Exhibit 10.36 to the Company's Form 10-K filed on March 18, 2019).

 10.13
 Technology License Agreement TPN Triferic, dated October 7, 2018, by and among the Company, Charak, LLC and Dr. Ajay Gupta (Exhibit 10.37 to the Company's Form 10-K filed on March 18, 2019).

 10.14
 Asset Purchase Agreement dated July 10, 2023 by and between Rockwell Medical, Inc. and Evoqua Water Technologies LLC (Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on August 14, 2023).

 10.15
 Amendment No. 1 to Asset Purchase Agreement, dated July 12, 2024, by and between Rockwell Medical, Inc., and Evoqua Water Technologies LLC (Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on July 15, 2024).

 10.16+
 Amended and Restated Products Purchase Agreement dated September 18, 2023 by and between Rockwell Medical, Inc. and DaVita Inc. (Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on November 14, 2023).

 10.17*
 Rockwell Medical, Inc. Amended and Restated 2007 Long Term Incentive Plan, as amended effective May 21, 2015 (Appendix to the Company's Proxy Statement for the 2015 Annual Meeting of Shareholders filed on April 13, 2015).

 10.18*
 Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement (2007 Long Term Incentive Plan) (Director Version) (Exhibit 10.22 to the Company's Form 8 K filed December 20, 2007).

 10.19*
 Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement (2007 Long Term Incentive Plan) (Employee Version) (Exhibit 10.23 to the Company's Form 8-K filed December 20, 2007).

 10.20*
 Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement (2007 Long Term Incentive Plan) (Director Version) (Exhibit 10.62 to the Company's Form 10-K filed February 29, 2016).

 10.21*
 Form of Performance Share Award Agreement March 2017 (Director Version) (Exhibit 10.65 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed May 9, 2017).

 10.22*
 Rockwell Medical, Inc. Amended and Restated 2018 Long Term Incentive Plan (Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on August 14, 2023).

 10.23*
 Form of Stock Option Agreement (2018 Long Term Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on November 14, 2022).

 10.24*
 Form of Contingent Option Agreement for Directors (2018 Long Term Incentive Plan) (Exhibit 10.76 to the Company's Form 8-K filed March 21, 2018).

 10.25*
 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement Employee Version (2018 Long Term Incentive Plan).

 10.26*
 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement Director Version (2018 Long Term Incentive Plan).

 10.27*
 Rockwell Medical, Inc. Short Term Incentive Plan (Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on November 14, 2022).

 10.28*
 Form of Indemnification Agreement (Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed August 30, 2019).

 10.29*
 Stock Appreciation Right Agreement, dated September 5, 2017, by and between the Company and John G. Cooper (Exhibit 10.71 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed November 8, 2017).

 10.30*
 Employment Agreement, dated June 21, 2022, between Rockwell Medical, Inc. and Mark Strobeck (Exhibit 10.7 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on August 15, 2022).

 10.31*
 Employment Agreement dated July 21, 2021 between Rockwell Medical, Inc. and Megan Timmins (Exhibit 10.30 to the Company's Form 10-K filed on March 21, 2024).

 10.32*
 Employment Agreement, dated as of October 16, 2023, between the Company and Jesse Neri (Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on December 12, 2024).

 10.33
 Rockwell Medical, Inc. Amended and Restated Clawback Policy (Exhibit 10.31 to the Company's Form 10-K filed on March 21, 2024).

 10.34
 Rockwell Medical, Inc. Statement of Company Policy Prohibiting Insider Trading (Exhibit 10.32 to the Company's Form 10-K filed on March 21, 2024).

 21.1
 List of Subsidiaries (Company's Form 10-K filed on March 31, 2021).

 23.1#
 Consent of EisnerAmper LLP.

 31.1#
 Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a 14(a).

 31.2#
 Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a 14(a).

 32.1#
 Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.2#
 Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.

 101.INS

 101.SCH

 101.CAL

 101.DEF

 101.LAB

 101.PRE

 * Indicates management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements.
 + Certain confidential portions of this exhibit were omitted by means of marking such portions with asterisks because the identified confidential portions (i) are not material and (ii) would be competitively harmful if publicly disclosed.
 # Filed herewith

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.
 None.

 SIGNATURES
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 ROCKWELL MEDICAL, INC. (Registrant)

 By:
 /s/ Mark Strobeck

 Mark Strobeck, Ph. D.

 President and Chief Executive Officer

 Date:

 POWER OF ATTORNEY
 KNOW BY ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Mark Strobeck and Megan Timmins, and each of them, with full power of substitution and resubstitution and full power to act without the other, as his true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent to act in his or her name, place and stead and to execute in the name and on behalf of each person, individually and in each capacity stated below, and to file, any and all documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing, ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them or their and his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.
 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 SIGNATURE
 TITLE
 DATE

 /s/ Mark Strobeck
 President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)

 Mark Strobeck, Ph. D.

 /s/ Jesse Neri
 Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)

 Jesse Neri

 /s/ Nicholas Fanslau

 Controller (Principal Accounting Officer)

 Nicholas Fanslau

 /s/ Robert S. Radie
 Director and Chairman of the Board

 Robert S. Radie

 /s/ John G. Cooper

 John G. Cooper

 /s/ Joan Lau

 Joan Lau, Ph. D.

 /s/ Allen R. Nissenson

 Allen R. Nissenson, M.D.

 /s/ Mark H. Ravich

 Mark H. Ravich

 /s/ Andrea Heslin Smiley

 Andrea Heslin Smiley

 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 PAGE

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - EisnerAmper LLP (PCAOB Identification Number 274)

 F- 2

 Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2024 and 202 3

 F- 4

 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 202 3

 F- 5

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 202 3

 F- 6

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 202 3

 F- 7

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 202 3

 F- 8

 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

 F- 9 – F-33

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of
 Rockwell Medical, Inc.

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Rockwell Medical, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023,and the consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

 Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matter

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Evaluation of Liquidity and Going Concern given loss of Major Customer

 As disclosed in Notes 2 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company received notice that its largest customer, DaVita Inc., which accounted for approximately 45% of 2024 net sales, will transition to another supplier by mid-2025. Management has evaluated the impact of this expected loss of net sales on its ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plan as disclosed in Note 2 includes available cash, cash equivalents and investments available-for-sale of approximately $21.6, as of December 31, 2024, along with increasing prices with some of its customers, acquisition of new customers, projected growth of margins and cost containment activities, to meet its operating requirements for at least the next twelve months from the date of this report all of which are significant assumptions in the Company's evaluation of going concern.

 We identified the evaluation of the Company's ability to continue as a going concern as a critical audit matter as there is especially challenging auditor judgment with respect to the assessment of available liquidity and ability to continue as a going concern for at least the next twelve months from the date of this report.

 Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included assessing the design of the controls related to the liquidity and going concern assessment with respect to the impact on future available liquidity given the loss of sales to DaVita, Inc. We reviewed the revised 2025 forecast of purchases received from DaVita, Inc. and sensitized managements available liquidity forecast through the first quarter of 2026 assuming no DaVita, Inc. sales in 2025 and no price increases, new customers, growth of margins or cost containment activities from 2024, noting sufficient available liquidity for at least twelve months from the issuance of the date of this report.

 /s/ EisnerAmper LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2023.

 EISNERAMPER LLP
 West Palm Beach, Florida

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
 (In thousands, except share and par value amounts)

 2024
 2023

 ASSETS

 Cash and Cash Equivalents
 $
 15,662
 $
 8,983

 Investments Available-for-Sale
 5,940
 1,952

 Accounts Receivable, net of a reserve of nil for 2024 and $ 81 for 2023

 8,291
 10,901

 Inventory, net
 5,778
 5,871

 Prepaid and Other Current Assets
 1,359
 1,063

 Total Current Assets
 37,030
 28,770

 Property and Equipment, net
 5,785
 6,402

 Inventory - Non-Current

 Right of Use Assets - Operating, net
 3,215
 2,713

 Right of Use Assets - Financing, net
 1,344
 1,903

 Intangible Assets, net
 10,207
 10,759

 Goodwill

 Other Non-Current Assets

 Total Assets
 $
 59,208
 $
 52,173

 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Accounts Payable
 $
 2,869
 $
 4,516

 Accrued Liabilities
 6,275
 7,149

 Deferred Consideration - Current
 2,371
 2,500

 Lease Liabilities - Operating - Current
 1,566
 1,381

 Lease Liabilities - Finance - Current

 Deferred License Revenue - Current

 Insurance Financing Note Payable

 Customer Deposits

 Total Current Liabilities
 14,091
 16,637

 Lease Liabilities - Operating - Long-Term
 1,699
 1,433

 Lease Liabilities - Finance - Long-Term
 1,530

 Term Loan - Long-Term, Net of Issuance Costs
 8,472
 8,293

 Deferred License Revenue - Long-Term

 Deferred Consideration - Long-Term
 1,000
 2,500

 Long Term Liability - Other
 —

 Total Liabilities
 26,622
 30,882

 Commitments and Contingencies (See Note 15)

 Stockholders' Equity:

 Preferred Stock, $ 0.0001 par value, 2,000,000 shares authorized, 15,000 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023

 —
 —

 Common Stock, $ 0.0001 par value, 170,000,000 shares authorized, 34,056,920 and 29,130,607 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 Additional Paid-in Capital
 430,207
 418,487

 Accumulated Deficit
 ( 397,678)
 ( 397,198)

 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 ( 1)

 Total Stockholders' Equity
 32,586
 21,291

 Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
 $
 59,208
 $
 52,173

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 (In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

 2024
 2023

 Net Sales
 $
 101,489
 $
 83,612

 Cost of Sales
 84,005
 74,908

 Gross Profit
 17,484
 8,704

 Research and Product Development
 1,107

 Selling and Marketing
 2,749
 2,125

 General and Administrative
 14,108
 12,142

 Operating Income (Loss)
 ( 6,670)

 Other Expense:

 Realized Gain on Investments

 Interest Expense
 ( 1,254)
 ( 2,301)

 Interest Income

 Total Other Expense, net
 ( 1,088)
 ( 1,769)

 $
 $

 Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders - Basic and Diluted
 $
 ( 0.03)
 $
 ( 0.37)

 Weighted Average Number of Shares of Common Stock Outstanding - Basic and Diluted
 31,058,539
 23,322,915

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
 (In thousands)

 2024
 2023

 $
 $

 Reclassification of Realized Gain on Available-for-Sale Investments Included in Net Loss
 ( 25)
 —

 Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Available-for-Sale Investments
 ( 159)

 Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments
 ( 5)
 ( 5)

 Comprehensive Loss
 $
 ( 425)
 $
 ( 8,603)

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
 (In thousands, except share amounts)

 PREFERRED STOCK
 COMMON STOCK
 ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL
 ACCUMULATED
DEFICIT
 ACCUMULATED
OTHER
COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME (LOSS)
 TOTAL
STOCKHOLDERS'
EQUITY

 SHARES
 AMOUNT
 SHARES
 AMOUNT

 Balance as of January 1, 2023
 15,000
 $
 —
 12,163,673
 $
 $
 402,701
 $
 ( 388,759)
 $
 $
 14,106

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Unrealized Loss on Available-for-Sale Investments
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 159)
 ( 159)

 Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 5)
 ( 5)

 Vesting of Restricted Stock Units Issued, net of taxes withheld
 —
 —
 125,000
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of Common Stock in connection with exercise of Prior Warrant and Pre-Funded Warrants, net of offering costs
 —
 —
 16,200,990
 13,718
 —
 —
 13,720

 Issuance of Common Stock, net of Issuance Costs / At-the-market offerings
 —
 —
 640,944
 —
 1,136
 —
 —
 1,136

 Stock-based Compensation
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Balance as of December 31, 2023
 15,000
 —
 29,130,607
 418,487
 ( 397,198)
 ( 1)
 21,291

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Reclassification of Realized Gains on Available-for-Sale Debt Instrument Investments Included in Net Income
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 25)
 ( 25)

 Unrealized Gain on Available-for-Sale Investments
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 5)
 ( 5)

 Fair Value of Warrant Related to Debt Financing
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of common stock, net of offering costs/At-The-Market
 —
 —
 4,718,923
 —
 10,172
 —
 —
 10,172

 Vesting of Restricted Stock Units Issued, net of taxes withheld
 —
 —
 201,348
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of common stock upon exercise of options
 —
 —
 6,042
 —
 —
 —

 Stock-based Compensation
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,292
 —
 —
 1,292

 Balance as of December 31, 2024
 15,000
 $
 —
 34,056,920
 $
 $
 430,207
 $
 ( 397,678)
 $
 $
 32,586

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 (In thousands)

 2024
 2023

 Cash Flows From Operating Activities:

 $
 $

 Adjustments To Reconcile Net Loss To Net Cash Provided By (Used In) Operating Activities:

 Depreciation and Amortization
 2,180
 1,444

 Stock-based Compensation
 1,292

 Increase in Inventory Reserves
 1,098

 Non-cash Lease Expense from Right of Use Assets
 1,960
 2,010

 Amortization of Debt Financing Costs and Accretion of Debt Discount and Premium
 1,107

 Loss on Disposal of Assets
 —

 Realized Gain on Sale of Investments
 ( 74)
 ( 321)

 Changes in Assets and Liabilities:

 Accounts Receivable, net
 2,610
 ( 4,642)

 Inventory
 ( 332)
 1,176

 Prepaid and Other Assets
 1,410

 Accounts Payable
 ( 1,647)

 Lease Liabilities
 ( 1,452)
 ( 1,465)

 Accrued and Other Liabilities
 ( 1,034)
 ( 376)

 Deferred License Revenue
 ( 46)
 ( 3,810)

 Changes in Operating Assets and Liabilities
 ( 1,527)
 ( 7,244)

 Cash Provided By (Used In) Operating Activities
 4,202
 ( 9,412)

 Cash Flows From Investing Activities:

 Purchase of Investments Available-for-Sale
 ( 5,858)
 ( 5,701)

 Sale of Investments Available-for-Sale
 2,003
 15,301

 Purchase of Equipment
 ( 1,011)
 ( 284)

 Cash Paid in Connection with Evoqua Asset Acquisition
 —
 ( 12,361)

 Cash Used In Investing Activities
 ( 4,866)
 ( 3,045)

 Cash Flows From Financing Activities:

 Payments on Debt
 —
 ( 2,000)

 Payments on Insurance Financing Note Payable
 ( 646)
 ( 992)

 Payments on Finance Lease Liabilities
 ( 558)
 ( 522)

 Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock
 10,181
 14,861

 Offering Costs from Issuance of Common Stock
 —
 ( 5)

 Deferred Consideration Paid in Connection with Evoqua Asset Acquisition

 ( 1,629)
 —

 Cash Provided By Financing Activities
 7,348
 11,342

 Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash and Cash Equivalents
 ( 5)
 ( 4)

 Increase (Decrease) In Cash and Cash Equivalents
 6,679
 ( 1,119)

 Cash and Cash Equivalents At Beginning Of Year
 8,983
 10,102

 Cash and Cash Equivalents At End Of Year
 $
 15,662
 $
 8,983

 Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information:

 Cash Paid for Interest
 $
 $
 1,209

 Supplemental Disclosure of Noncash Investing and Financing Activities:

 Issuance of Warrant in connection with the Third Amendment as Debt Issuance Costs
 $
 $
 —

 Right of Use Assets - Operating Obtained in Exchange for Lease Liabilities - Operating
 $
 2,012
 $
 —

 Change in Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Investments Available-for-Sale
 $
 $
 ( 159)

 Deferred Consideration from Evoqua Asset Acquisition
 $
 —
 $
 5,000

 Increase in Prepaid Assets from Insurance Financing Note Payable
 $
 $

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Note 1. Description of Business
 Rockwell Medical, Inc. (the "Company", "Rockwell", or "Rockwell Medical") is a healthcare company that develops, manufactures, commercializes, and distributes a portfolio of hemodialysis products for dialysis providers worldwide.

 Rockwell is a leading supplier of liquid and dry, acid and bicarbonate concentrates for dialysis patients in the United States. Hemodialysis is the most common form of end-stage kidney disease treatment and is usually performed at freestanding outpatient dialysis centers, at hospital-based outpatient centers, at skilled nursing facilities, or in a patient's home.

 Rockwell provides the hemodialysis community with products controlled by a Quality Management System regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA"). Rockwell manufactures hemodialysis concentrates at its facilities in Michigan, South Carolina and Texas and manufactures its dry acid concentrate mixers at its facility in Iowa. Rockwell delivers the majority of its hemodialysis concentrates products and mixers to dialysis clinics throughout the United States and internationally utilizing its own delivery trucks and third-party carriers.

 On July 10, 2023, the Company executed and consummated the transactions contemplated by an Asset Purchase Agreement (the "Purchase Agreement") with Evoqua Water Technologies LLC ("Evoqua") (the "Evoqua Asset Acquisition"). Subject to the terms and conditions of the Purchase Agreement, at the closing of the transaction (the "Closing"), the Company purchased customer relationships, equipment and inventory from Evoqua, which were related to its manufacturing and selling of hemodialysis concentrates products, all of which are manufactured under a contract manufacturing agreement with a third-party organization. See Note 4 for further detail.

 In addition to its primary focus on hemodialysis concentrates, Rockwell also has a proprietary parenteral iron product, Triferic (ferric pyrophosphate citrate ("FPC")), which is indicated to maintain hemoglobin in adult patients with hemodialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease. While Rockwell has discontinued commercialization of Triferic in the United States, the Company had established international partnerships with companies and sought to develop and commercialize Triferic outside the United States and was working closely with these international partners to develop and commercialize Triferic in their respective regions. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Triferic development effort was terminated resulting in an acceleration of the corresponding deferred license revenue (see Note 10) and a reserve on the non-current inventory (see Note 7). Additionally, Rockwell continues to evaluate the viability of its FPC platform and FPC's potential to treat iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, and acute heart failure.

 Rockwell was incorporated in the state of Michigan in 1996 and re-domiciled to the state of Delaware in 2019. Rockwell's headquarters is located at 30142 Wixom Road, Wixom, Michigan 48393.

 Note 2. Liquidity and Going Concern Considerations
 Since inception, Rockwell has incurred significant net losses and has funded its operations primarily through revenue from commercial products, proceeds from the issuance of debt and equity securities and payments from partnerships. At December 31, 2024, Rockwell had an accumulated deficit of approximately $ 397.7 million and stockholders' equity of $ 32.6 million. As of December 31, 2024, Rockwell had approximately $ 21.6 million of cash, cash equivalents and investments available-for-sale, and working capital of $ 22.9 million. Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $ 4.2 million.
 Management evaluated its going concern by reviewing the Company's operational plans which include executing on the projected financial information including expected purchases by DaVita (see Note 3 and Note 6), price increases, acquisition of new customers, projected growth of margins and cost containment activities. Based on the currently available working capital and expectation of the ability of management to execute on the Company's operational plans noted above, management believes the Company currently has sufficient funds to meet its operating requirements for at least the next twelve months from the date of the filing of this report. Additionally, the Company's plans may include raising capital, if needed, by using the $ 21.1 million remaining on its ATM facility or other methods or forms of financings, subject to existing limitations. If the Company attempts to obtain additional debt or equity financing, the Company cannot assume such financing will be available on favorable terms, if at all.

 The Company is subject to certain covenants and cure provisions under its Loan Agreement (as defined below in Note 17) with Innovatus Life Sciences Lending Fund I, LP ("Innovatus"), which, on January 2, 2024, was amended to include, among other things, an interest only period for 30 months, or up to 36 months if certain conditions are met, and to extend the maturity date to January 1, 2029 (See Note 17 for further detail). The Company satisfied those conditions and will now make interest-only payments for the full 36 months. As of December 31, 2024, the Company is in compliance with all covenants.

 Global Economic Conditions - Risks and Uncertainties
 The global macroeconomic environment is uncertain, and could be negatively affected by, among other things, changes in U.S. trade policies, including tariffs and other trade restrictions or the threat of such actions, instability in the global capital and credit markets, recent bank failures in the United States, supply chain weaknesses, and instability in the geopolitical environment, including as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Middle East conflict and other political tensions, and the occurrence of natural disasters and public health crises. Such challenges have caused, and may continue to cause, recession fears, rising interest rates, foreign exchange volatility and inflationary pressures. At this time, the Company is unable to quantify the potential effects, if any, of this economic and political instability on its future operations.
 Rockwell has utilized a range of financing methods to fund its operations in the past; however, current conditions in the financial and credit markets may limit the availability of funding, refinancing or increase the cost of funding. Due to the rapidly evolving nature of the global situation, it is not possible to predict the extent to which these conditions could adversely affect the Company's liquidity and capital resources in the future.

 Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 Basis of Presentation
 The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Rockwell Transportation, Inc. and Rockwell Medical India Private Limited. Rockwell Medical India Private Limited was formed in 2020 for the purpose of conducting certain commercial activities in India. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
 Use of Estimates
 The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The most significant accounting estimates inherent in the preparation of the financial statements include estimates associated with revenue recognition, impairments of long lived assets, and deferred consideration.
 Revenue Recognition
 The Company recognizes revenue under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB"). The core principle of the revenue standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The following five steps are applied to achieve that core principle:
 • Step 1: Identify the contract with the customer
 • Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract
 • Step 3: Determine the transaction price
 • Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract
 • Step 5: Recognize revenue when the company satisfies a performance obligation
 Taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction, that are collected by Rockwell from a customer, are excluded from revenue.
 Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight related to contracts with customers are accounted for as a fulfillment cost and are included in cost of sales when control of the goods transfers to the customer.

 Nature of goods and services
 The following is a description of principal activities from which the Company generates its revenue. For a discussion of significant market segments and customers, see Note 6.
 Product Sales
 The Company accounts for individual products and services separately if they are distinct (i.e., if a product or service is separately identifiable from other items and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer). The consideration, including any discounts, is allocated between separate products and services based on their stand-alone selling prices. The stand-alone selling prices are determined based on the cost plus margin approach.
 Drug and dialysis concentrate products are sold directly to dialysis clinics and to wholesale distributors in both domestic and international markets. Distribution and license agreements for which upfront fees are received are evaluated upon execution or modification of the agreement to determine if the agreement creates a separate performance obligation from the underlying product sales. For all existing distribution and license agreements, the distribution and license agreement is not a distinct performance obligation from the product sales. In instances where regulatory approval of the product has not been established and the Company does not have sufficient experience with the foreign regulatory body to conclude that regulatory approval is probable, the revenue for the performance obligation is recognized over the term of the license agreement (over time recognition). Conversely, when regulatory approval already exists or is probable, revenue is recognized at the point in time that control of the product transfers to the customer.
 For the majority of the Company's international customers, the Company recognizes revenue when the customer takes control at the shipping point, which is generally the Company's plant or warehouse. For other customers, the Company recognizes revenue based on when the customer takes control of the product upon delivery. The amount of revenue recognized is based on the purchase order less returns and adjusted for any rebates, discounts, chargebacks or other amounts paid to customers estimated at the time of sale. Customers typically pay for the product based on customary business practices with payment terms averaging 30 days, while a small subset of customers have payment terms averaging 60 days.
 Deferred License Revenue
 The Company received upfront fees under five distribution and license agreements that have been deferred as a contract liability and presented on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as deferred license revenue. The amounts received from Wanbang Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. ("Wanbang"), Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. ("Sun Pharma"), Jeil Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. ("Jeil Pharma") and Drogsan Pharmaceuticals ("Drogsan Pharma") are recognized as revenue over the estimated term of the applicable distribution and license agreement as regulatory approval was not received and the Company did not have sufficient experience in China, India, South Korea and Turkey, respectively, to determine that regulatory approval was probable as of the execution of the agreement. The amounts received from Baxter Healthcare Corporation ("Baxter") were deferred and recognized as revenue at the point in time the estimated product sales under the agreement occurred. During the year ended December 31, 2023, all remaining deferred revenue relating to the distribution and license agreements with Wanbang and Baxters was recognized as revenue. For additional information related to the Company's deferred license revenue, see Note 10.
 Product Purchase Agreement
 On September 18, 2023, Rockwell and DaVita entered into the Amended Agreement, which amends and restates the Product Purchase Agreement, dated July 1, 2019, as amended, under which the Company supplies DaVita with certain dialysis concentrates. Under the Amended Agreement, the Company and DaVita agreed to an increase in product pricing, effective September 1, 2023 and a one-time payment of $ 0.4 million to Rockwell on or after December 1, 2023. The term of the Amended Agreement expired on December 31, 2024. Prior to the expiration, the Company received written notice from DaVita, notifying the Company that DaVita intended to extend the term of the Amended Agreement through December 31, 2025 (the "Extension Term"). Product pricing was increased for the Extension Term. However, DaVita subsequently indicated that it will completely transition to another supplier by mid-2025, subject to further discussions between Rockwell and DaVita, which are ongoing and include a potential contract extension and/or future volume commitments by DaVita to Rockwell. There can be no assurances that these discussions will yield a successful outcome for Rockwell.

 Disaggregation of revenue
 Revenue is disaggregated by primary geographical market, major product line, and timing of revenue recognition.

 In thousands
 Year Ended December 31, 2024

 Products By Geographic Area
 Total
 U.S.
 Rest of World

 Drug Revenues

 License Fee – Over time
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Total Drug Products
 —

 Concentrate Products

 Product Sales – Point-in-time
 101,443
 92,258
 9,185

 Total Concentrate Products
 101,443
 92,258
 9,185

 Net Revenue
 $
 101,489
 $
 92,258
 $
 9,231

 In thousands
 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Products By Geographic Area
 Total
 U.S.
 Rest of World

 Drug Revenues

 License Fee – Over time
 $
 2,338
 $
 —
 $
 2,338

 Total Drug Products
 2,338
 —
 2,338

 Concentrate Products

 Product Sales – Point-in-time
 79,802
 72,871
 6,931

 License Fee – Over time
 1,472
 1,472
 —

 Total Concentrate Products
 81,274
 74,343
 6,931

 Net Revenue
 $
 83,612
 $
 74,343
 $
 9,269

 Contract balances
 The following table provides information about receivables, contract assets, and contract liabilities from contracts with customers.

 In thousands
 December 31, 2024
 December 31, 2023
 January 1, 2023

 Accounts Receivable, net
 $
 8,291
 $
 10,901
 $
 6,259

 Contract Liabilities, which are included in deferred license revenue
 $
 $
 $
 4,331

 There were no other material contract assets recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company does not generally accept returns of its concentrate products and no material reserve for returns of concentrates products was established as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.
 The contract liabilities primarily relate to upfront fees under distribution and license agreements with Wanbang, Sun Pharma, Jeil Pharma, and Drogsan Pharma.
 Transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations
 For each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized $ 46,000 and $ 3.8 million as revenue from amounts classified as contract liabilities (i.e., deferred license revenue) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 Revenue expected to be recognized in any future year related to remaining performance obligations, excluding revenue pertaining to contracts that have an original expected duration of one year or less, contracts where revenue is recognized as invoiced and contracts with variable consideration related to undelivered performance obligations, totaled $ 0.0 million and $ 0.5 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The amount relates primarily to upfront payments and consideration received from customers that are received in advance of the customer assuming control of the related products. The Company

 applies the practical expedient in ASC 606, paragraph 606-10-50-14 and does not disclose information about remaining performance obligations that have original expected durations of one year or less.
 Cash and Cash Equivalents
 The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of 90 days or less at acquisition to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include cash held in banks, money market mutual funds and unrestricted certificates of deposit. The Company's cash and cash equivalents exceeds the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured limits. The Company has not experienced any credit losses for amounts in excess of insured limits. Currently, the Company does not reasonably believe a significant risk of credit loss exists.
 Fair Value Measurement
 The Company applies the guidance issued with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements, which provides guidance on the development and disclosure of fair value measurements. Under this accounting guidance, fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability.
 The accounting guidance classifies fair value measurements in one of the following three categories for disclosure purposes:
 Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
 Level 2: Inputs other than Level 1 prices for similar assets or liabilities that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.
 Level 3: Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity and values determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation.
 Investments – Available for Sale
 The Company determines the appropriate classification of its investments in equity and debt securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such determination at each balance sheet date. Marketable equity securities that are bought principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses recognized in earnings. Marketable debt securities classified as available for sale securities are carried at fair market value, with the unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, included in the determination of comprehensive income (loss) and reported in stockholders' equity.
 The Company may be exposed to credit losses through its available-for-sale debt securities. Unrealized losses or impairments resulting from the amortized cost basis of any available-for-sale debt security exceeding its fair value are evaluated for identification of credit and non-credit related factors. Any difference between the fair value of the debt security and the amortized cost basis not attributable to credit related factors are reported in other comprehensive income. A credit-related impairment is recognized as an allowance on the balance sheet with a corresponding adjustment to earnings. When evaluating the investments for impairment at each reporting period, the Company reviews factors such as the extent of the unrealized loss, current and future economic market conditions and the economic and financial condition of the issuer and any changes thereto.
 Realized gains or losses resulting from the sale of these securities are determined based on the specific identification of the securities sold.
 Accounts Receivable
 Accounts receivable are stated at invoice amounts. The carrying amount of trade accounts receivable is reduced by an allowance for credit losses that reflects our best estimate of accounts that may not be collected. The Company reviews outstanding trade accounts receivable balances and based on its assessment of expected collections, the Company estimates the portion, if any, of the balance that may not be collected based on future forecasts, historical loss information, and current economic conditions. All accounts or portions thereof deemed to be uncollectible are written off to the allowance for credit losses and credit loss expense.

 Inventory
 Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined on the first in first out (FIFO) method. Inventory that is not expected to be converted to cash over the next year is classified as non-current. The Company's policy is to reserve for its drug product inventory that it determines is unlikely to be sold to, or if sold, unlikely to be utilized by its customers on or before its expiration date.
 Property and Equipment
 Property and equipment is recorded at cost and is depreciated using the straight line method over the useful lives of the assets, which range from three to ten years. Expenditures for routine maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight line method over the shorter of the useful lives or the related lease term.
 Impairment of Long-lived Assets and Goodwill
 Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Impairment losses on long-lived assets are recognized when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by such assets are less than their carrying value and, accordingly, all or a portion of such carrying value may not be recoverable. Impairment losses are then measured by comparing the fair value of assets to their carrying amounts. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no impairments of long-lived assets.
 Rockwell reviews goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets at least annually for possible impairment. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for possible impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit or the indefinite-lived intangible assets below their carrying values. Rockwell completed its annual impairment tests as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and determined that no adjustment for impairment of goodwill or intangible assets was required during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 Goodwill and Intangible Assets
 Goodwill is the excess of purchase price over the fair value of identified net assets of businesses acquired. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are measured at their respective fair values as of the acquisition date. Goodwill was $ 0.9 million at both December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 Definite-lived intangible assets consist of our customer list associated with the Evoqua Asset Acquisition and license fees related to the technology, intellectual property and marketing rights for Triferic covered under certain issued patents. Definite-lived intangible assets have been capitalized and are being amortized over their useful life.
 Income Taxes
 Rockwell accounts for income taxes in accordance with the provisions of ASC 740 10, Income Taxes. A current tax liability or asset is recognized for the estimated taxes payable or refundable on tax returns for the year. Deferred tax liabilities or assets are recognized for the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between book and tax accounting and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. A valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets if the Company determine it to be more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will not be realized.
 The effects of tax positions are generally recognized in the financial statements consistent with amounts reflected in returns filed, or expected to be filed, with taxing authorities. For tax positions that the Company considers to be uncertain, current and deferred tax liabilities are recognized, or assets derecognized, when it is probable that an income tax liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability is reasonably estimable, or when it is probable that a tax benefit, such as a tax credit or loss carryforward, will be disallowed by a taxing authority. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits related to current tax positions is insignificant. The Company recognizes interest and penalties accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense.

 Research and Product Development
 The Company recognizes research and product development expenses as incurred. The Company incurred product development and research costs related to the commercial development, patent approval and regulatory approval of new products aggregating approximately $ 19,000 and $ 1.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 Stock-Based Compensation
 Service-Based Stock Unit Awards
 The Company expenses stock-based compensation to employees and non-employees over the requisite service period based on the grant-date fair value of the awards. The Company estimates the fair value of stock option grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based awards represent management's best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management's judgment. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense on its options granted under the Company's equity compensation plans to its directors and officers, and its employees (See Note 13).
 Market and Performance-Based Stock Unit Awards
 In addition to awards with service-based vesting conditions, the Company has granted performance share units with market and performance conditions, to certain of its executives. The fair value of awards with performance conditions are based on the fair value of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of awards with market conditions are based on a Monte Carlo simulation model. Assumptions and estimates utilized in the calculation of the fair value of the market awards include the risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, average closing price, expected volatility based on the historical volatility of the Company, and the remaining period of the award.
 The awards with performance conditions vest and result in issuance, at settlement, of common stock for each recipient based upon the recipient's continued employment with the Company through the settlement date of the award and the Company's achievement of specified milestones. The requisite service period of the awards with performance conditions is generally 1 - 2 years. In the case of awards with performance conditions, the Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense based on the grant date fair value of the award when achievement of the underlying performance-based targets become probable.
 The awards with market conditions vest and result in the issuance of common stock based upon the recipient's continuing employment with the Company through the settlement date of the award related to the market capitalization criteria. The fair value related to the awards with market conditions is recorded as stock-based compensation expense over the period from date of grant to the settlement date regardless of whether the market capitalization is achieved.
 Leases
 The Company accounts for its leases under ASC 842, Leases. Under this guidance, arrangements meeting the definition of a lease are classified as operating or finance leases and are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as both a right-of-use asset and lease liability, calculated by discounting fixed lease payments over the lease term at the rate implicit in the lease or the Company's incremental borrowing rate. Lease liabilities are increased by interest and reduced by payments each period, and the right-of-use assets are amortized over the lease term. For operating leases, interest on the lease liability and the amortization of the right-of-use asset result in straight-line expense over the lease term. Variable lease expenses, if any, are recorded when incurred.
 In calculating the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, the Company elected the practical expedient to combine lease and non-lease components. Additionally, the Company excludes short-term leases having initial terms of 12 months or less as an accounting policy election and recognizes rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
 Commitments and Contingencies
 In the normal course of business, the Company may become subject to loss contingencies, such as legal proceedings and claims arising out of its business, including government investigations. An accrual for a loss contingency is recognized when it is probable that an asset had been impaired or a liability had been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company expenses legal costs associated with loss contingencies as they are incurred.

 Loss Per Share
 ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, requires dual presentation of basic and diluted earnings per share ("EPS"), with a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of the basic EPS computation to the numerator and denominator of the diluted EPS computation. Basic EPS excludes dilution. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that are then shared in the earnings of the entity.
 Basic income (loss) per share ("EPS") is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, excluding the effects of any potentially dilutive securities. Diluted EPS gives effect to the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock, using the more dilutive of the two-class method and the if-converted method in the period of earnings. The two-class method is an earnings allocation method that determines income (loss) per share (when there are earnings) for common stock and participating securities. The if-converted method assumes all convertible securities are converted into common stock. Diluted EPS excludes all dilutive potential shares of common stock if their effect is anti-dilutive.
 The Company's potentially dilutive securities include stock options, restricted stock awards and units, convertible preferred stock and warrants. The following table includes the potential shares of common stock that were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

 As of December 31,

 2024
 2023

 Warrants to Purchase Common Stock
 3,984,484
 3,793,388

 Options to Purchase Common Stock
 1,886,247
 1,328,621

 Convertible Preferred Stock
 1,391,045
 1,363,636

 Unvested Restricted Stock Units
 584,309
 258,885

 Unvested Restricted Stock Awards

 Total
 7,846,976
 6,745,421

 The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted EPS:

 2024
 2023

 Numerator:

 $
 $

 Accretion of Series X Preferred Stock
 ( 302)
 ( 150)

 Net Loss Attributable to Common Stockholders
 $
 ( 782)
 $
 ( 8,589)

 Denominator

 Weighted Average Number of Shares of Common Stock Outstanding - Basic and Diluted
 31,058,539
 23,322,915

 Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders - Basic and Diluted
 $
 ( 0.03)
 $
 ( 0.37)

 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
 Accumulated other comprehensive income includes all changes in equity during a period except those that resulted from investments by or distributions to the Company's stockholders. Accumulated other comprehensive income refers to revenues, expenses, gains and losses that are included in comprehensive income, but excluded from net income as these amounts are recorded directly as an adjustment to stockholders' equity. Accumulated other comprehensive income consists of unrealized gains and losses on available for sale investment in debt securities and foreign currency translation adjustments.
 Adoption of Recent Accounting Pronouncements and New Accounting Pronouncements
 The Company continually assesses any new accounting pronouncements to determine their applicability. When it is determined that a new accounting pronouncement affects the Company's financial reporting, the Company undertakes a study

 to determine the consequences of the change to its consolidated financial statements and assures that there are proper controls in place to ascertain that the Company's consolidated financial statements properly reflect the change.
 In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which updates reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses and information used to assess segment performance. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 on January 1, 2024, and the information presented in Note 6 reflects the enhanced disclosures.
 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which updates income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. This ASU also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is in the process of determining the effect this ASU will have on the consolidated financial statements.
 In November 2024, the FASB issued ASC 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which is intended to provide more detailed information about specified categories of expenses (purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation and amortization) included in certain expense captions presented on the consolidated statement of operations. This new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments may be applied either (1) prospectively to financial statements issued for periods after the effective date of this ASU or (2) retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. The Company is currently assessing the impact this ASU will have on the consolidated financial statements and footnote disclosures.

 Note 4. Asset Acquisition
 On July 10, 2023, the Company completed the Evoqua Asset Acquisition. At the Closing, the Company purchased customer relationships, equipment and inventory from Evoqua, which were related to manufacturing and selling of hemodialysis concentrates products, all of which are manufactured under a contract manufacturing agreement with a third-party organization.
 Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, total consideration was $ 17.4 million, comprising a cash payment at Closing of $ 12.4 million (inclusive of transaction costs) and two $ 2.5 million deferred payments. On July 12, 2024, the Company and Evoqua executed an amendment to the Purchase Agreement (the "First Amendment"), which stipulated that the first deferred payment would be partially offset by $ 0.3 million to reimburse the Company for certain expenses incurred following the close of the Evoqua Asset Acquisition and split the first deferred payment into four quarterly installments to be paid through April 2025. The First Amendment also split the second deferred payment into four quarterly installments to be paid from July 2025 through April 2026. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company paid the first two installments of the first deferred payment totaling $ 1.3 million. The remaining installments due within the next twelve months are included as Deferred Consideration - Current on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
 The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition, as the acquired assets did not meet the definition of a business as defined by ASC 805, Business Combinations.

 The purchase price was allocated, on a relative fair value basis, to the assets acquired at the July 10, 2023 acquisition date as follows (table in thousands):

 Consideration

 Cash Payment
 $
 12,233

 Deferred Consideration
 5,000

 Transaction Costs

 Total Consideration
 $
 17,361

 Assets Acquired

 Customer Relationships Intangible Asset
 $
 11,035

 Equipment
 5,093

 Inventory
 1,233

 Total Assets Acquired
 $
 17,361

 The fair value of the customer relationships intangible asset was determined using a multi-period excess earnings method, a form of the income approach, which incorporates the estimated future cash flows to be generated from the customer base. Key assumptions included discounted cash flows, estimated life cycle and customer attrition rates. Customer relationships are being amortized over a period of 20 years. Given the recency of the purchase of the equipment in which the assets were recorded at relative fair value, the Company determined the fair value of the equipment using a cost approach, which considered assumptions over the equipment's current replacement cost and useful life. Inventory was purchased directly from the contract manufacturer holding the inventory, which approximated fair value.
 During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded amortization of its customer relationship intangible asset of $ 0.6 million, resulting in a net intangible asset of $ 10.2 million as of December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded amortization of its customer relationship intangible asset of $ 0.3 million.
 Estimated future amortization expense on the Company's customer relationships intangible asset as of December 31, 2024 is as follows (table in thousands):

 Year ending December 31:

 2025
 $

 2026

 2027

 2028

 2029

 Thereafter
 7,447

 Total
 $
 10,207

 Note 5. Investments - Available-for-Sale
 Investments available-for-sale consisted of the following as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (table in thousands):

 December 31, 2024

 Amortized Cost
 Unrealized Gain
 Unrealized Loss
 Accrued Interest
 Fair Value

 Available-for-Sale Securities

 Debt Securities
 $
 5,880
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 5,940

 December 31, 2023

 Amortized Cost
 Unrealized Gain
 Unrealized Loss
 Accrued Interest
 Fair Value

 Available-for-Sale Securities

 Debt Securities
 $
 1,948
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 1,952

 The fair value of investments available-for-sale are determined using quoted market prices from daily exchange-traded markets based on the closing price as of the balance sheet date and are classified as a Level 1 measurement under ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements.
 During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company sold the investments outstanding as of December 31, 2023 for a realized gain of $ 0.1 million, which is included in realized gain on available-for-sale investments on the consolidated statements of operations.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company's remaining available-for-sale securities are U.S. Department of the Treasury bonds and are all due within one year.

 Note 6. Segment Reporting, Significant Market Segments and Customers

 Operating segments are defined as components of an entity about which discrete financial information is evaluated regularly by the Company's Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. Rockwell operates in one market segment, the hemodialysis market, which involves the manufacture, sale and distribution of hemodialysis products to hemodialysis clinics, including pharmaceutical, dialysis concentrates, dialysis kits and other ancillary products used in the dialysis process. Accordingly, the Company has one reportable segment. The Company has a single management team that reports to the Chief Executive Officer, the Company's CODM, who comprehensively manages the entire Company. The accounting policies of the segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies.

 The CODM assesses performance for the segment and decides how to allocate resources based on net loss that also is reported on the statements of operations and comprehensive loss as net loss. The CODM uses net loss to monitor budget and forecast versus actual results in assessing segment performance, as well as cash forecast models, in order to evaluate operating results and performance in deciding how to allocate resources. The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheets as total assets.

 The Company's significant segment expenses for its one segment for the year ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 consisted of the following (table in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Net Sales
 $
 101,489
 $
 83,612

 Cost of Sales
 84,005
 74,908

 Gross Profit
 17,484
 8,704

 Employee Compensation
 9,452
 8,067

 Administrative Costs
 7,424
 7,307

 Operating Income (Loss)
 ( 6,670)

 Other Expense:

 Realized Gain on Investments

 Interest Expense
 ( 1,254)
 ( 2,301)

 Interest Income

 Total Other Expense, net
 ( 1,088)
 ( 1,769)

 $
 $

 Significant Market Segments and Customers

 Rockwell's customer mix is diverse, with most customer sales concentrations under 10%, however, one customer, DaVita, accounted for approximately 45 % of Rockwell's total net product sales in 2024 and 47 % of its total net product sales in 2023. Rockwell's accounts receivable from DaVita were approximately 20 % and 19 % of the total net consolidated accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. For additional information regarding the Company's contracts with DaVita, see Notes 3 and 10.
 DaVita is important to Rockwell's business, financial condition and results of operations. The loss of any significant accounts could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. No other current customer accounted for more than 10% of sales in any of the last two years.
 The majority of Rockwell's international sales in each of the last two years were sales to domestic distributors that were resold to end users outside the United States. Rockwell's sales to foreign customers and distributors accounted for approximately 9 % of its total sales in 2024 and 2023.

 Note 7. Inventory
 Components of inventory, net of reserves as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (table in thousands):

2024
2023

 Inventory - Current Portion

 Raw Materials
 $
 3,010
 $
 2,250

 Work in Process

 Finished Goods
 2,401
 3,270

 Total Current Inventory
 5,778
 5,871

 Inventory - Long Term(1)

 Total Inventory
 $
 5,956
 $
 6,049

 __________
 1.Represents inventory related to Triferic raw materials, which is expected to be utilized for the Company's international
 partnerships, net of a reserve of $ 1.1 million related to the termination of the development of Triferic in Wanbang in
 August 2023 as a result of the failure to demonstrate efficacy when compared with a placebo in its phase III clinical

 studies.
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, Rockwell had total current concentrate inventory aggregating $ 6.2 million and $ 5.9 million, respectively, against which Rockwell had reserved $ 0.5 million and an immaterial amount, respectively.

 Note 8. Property and Equipment
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company's property and equipment consisted of the following (table in thousands):

2024
2023

 Machinery and Equipment
 $
 11,973
 $
 11,131

 Information Technology & Office Equipment
 1,845
 1,845

 Leasehold Improvements
 1,562
 1,423

 Laboratory Equipment

 Total Property and Equipment
 16,187
 15,206

 Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization
 ( 10,402)
 ( 8,804)

 Property and Equipment, net
 $
 5,785
 $
 6,402

 Depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 1.6 million and $ 1.2 million, respectively.

 Note 9. Accrued Liabilities
 Accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following (table in thousands):

2024
2023

 Accrued Compensation and Benefits
 $
 2,744
 $
 2,413

 Accrued Unvouchered Receipts
 1,417
 1,663

 Accrued Manufacturing Expense
 1,064

 Accrued Workers Compensation

 Other Accrued Liabilities
 1,336
 1,755

 Total Accrued Liabilities
 $
 6,275
 $
 7,149

 Note 10. Deferred License Revenue

 In October 2014, the Company entered into an exclusive distribution agreement with Baxter, which had a term of 10 years, and received an upfront fee of $ 20 million. Under the exclusive distribution agreement, Baxter distributed and commercialized Rockwell's hemodialysis concentrates products and provided customer service and order delivery to nearly all U.S. customers. The upfront fee was recorded as deferred license revenue and was being recognized based on the proportion of product shipments to Baxter in each period, compared with total expected sales volume over the term of the distribution agreement. On November 9, 2022, Rockwell incurred a fee to Baxter, which was reflected as a reduction to revenue on the consolidated statements of operations, and was payable in two equal installments on January 1, 2023 and April 1, 2023, to reacquire its distribution rights to its hemodialysis concentrates products from Baxter and terminated the distribution agreement. Exclusivity and other provisions associated with the distribution agreement terminated November 9, 2022 and the remaining operational elements of the agreement terminated December 31, 2022. To ensure that customer needs continued to be met after January 1, 2023, Rockwell agreed to provide certain services to a group of Baxter's customers until March 31, 2023, and Baxter and Rockwell worked together to transition customers' purchases of Rockwell's hemodialysis concentrates through that date. Following the reacquisition of these rights, Rockwell is now unrestricted in its ability to sell its hemodialysis concentrates products to dialysis clinics throughout the United States and around the world. The Company recognized the remaining deferred revenue of $ 1.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2023.
 The remaining agreements with Sun Pharma, Jeil Pharmaceutical, and Drogsan Pharmaceuticals comprise the current and long-term portions of deferred license revenue on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Note 11. Insurance Financing Note Payable
 On June 4, 2024, the Company entered into a short-term note payable with a principal amount of $ 0.7 million, bearing interest at a rate of 7.89 % per annum to finance various insurance policies, which required an upfront payment of $ 0.2 million. Principal and interest payments related to this note began on July 3, 2024 and will be paid in 10 equal monthly payments of $ 0.1 million, with the final payment due on April 3, 2025. As of December 31, 2024, the balance of the insurance financing note payable was $ 0.3 million.
 On June 3, 2023, the Company entered into a new short-term note payable for $ 0.7 million, bearing interest at 9.59 % per annum to finance various insurance policies. Principal and interest payments related to this note began on July 3, 2023 and are paid on a straight-line amortization over nine months with the final payment due on March 3, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, the Company's insurance note payable balance was $ 0.2 million. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company's insurance financing note payable balance was paid in full.

 Note 12. Stockholders' Equity
 Preferred Stock
 On April 6, 2022, the Company and DaVita entered into the Securities Purchase Agreement (the "SPA"), which provided for the issuance by the Company of up to $ 15 million of preferred stock to DaVita, which was issued to DaVita during 2022 and, by virtue, made DaVita a related party.

 The Series X Preferred Stock was issued for a price of $ 1,000 per share (the "Face Amount"), subject to accretion at a rate of 1 % per annum, compounded annually. If the Company's common stock trades above $ 22.00 for a period of 30 calendar days, the accretion will thereafter cease. As of December 31, 2024, the Series X Preferred Stock accreted a total of $ 0.3 million.

 The Series X Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible to common stock at a rate equal to the Face Amount, divided by a conversion price of $ 11.00 per share (subject to adjustment for future stock splits, reverse stock splits and similar recapitalization events). As a result, each share of Series X Preferred Stock will initially convert into approximately 91 shares of common stock. DaVita's right to convert to common stock is subject to a beneficial ownership limitation, which is initially set at 9.9 % of the outstanding common stock, which limitation may be reset (not to exceed 19.9 %) at DaVita's option and upon providing prior written notice to the Company. In addition, any debt financing is limited by the terms of our SPA with DaVita. Specifically, until DaVita holds less than 50 % of its original investment in the Company's Series X Convertible Preferred Stock, the Company may only incur additional debt in the form of a purchase money loan, a working capital line of up to $ 5 million, or refinance existing debt, unless DaVita consents.
 Additionally, the Series X Preferred Stock has a deemed liquidation event and redemption clause which could be triggered if the sale of all or substantially all of the Company's assets relating to the Company's dialysis concentrates business line. Since the Series X Preferred Stock may be redeemed if certain assets are sold at the option of the holder, but is not mandatorily redeemable and the sale of the assets that would allow for redemption is within the control of the Company, the preferred stock has been classified as permanent equity and initially recognized at fair value of $ 15 million (the proceeds on the date of issuance) less issuance costs of $ 0.1 million, resulting in an initial value of $ 14.9 million. The Company will assess at each reporting period whether conditions have changed to now meet the mandatory redemption definition which could trigger liability classification.
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 2,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $ 0.0001 par value per share, authorized and 15,000 shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding.
 Common Stock
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 170,000,000 shares of common stock, $ 0.0001 par value per share, authorized and 34,056,920 and 29,130,607 shares issued and outstanding, respectively.

 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company reserved for issuance the following shares of common stock related to the potential exercise of employee stock options, unvested restricted stock, convertible preferred stock, and all other warrants (collectively, "common stock equivalents"):

 As of December 31,

 Common Stock and Common Stock Equivalents:
 2024
 2023

 Common Stock
 34,056,920
 29,130,607

 Options to Purchase Common Stock
 1,886,247
 1,328,621

 Unvested Restricted Stock Awards

 Unvested Restricted Stock Units
 584,309
 258,885

 Convertible Preferred Stock
 1,391,045
 1,363,636

 Warrants to Purchase Common Stock
 3,984,484
 3,793,388

 Total
 41,903,896
 35,876,028

 Controlled Equity Offering

 On April 8, 2022, the Company entered into the Sales Agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. as Agent, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell from time to time up to $ 12.2 million of shares of Company's common stock through the Agent. This agreement expired on October 8, 2024 and, upon the effectiveness of the new registration statement on October 21, 2024, was deemed terminated. On November 13, 2024, in connection with the new registration statement, the Company filed a prospectus supplement covering the offer and sale of an aggregate offering price of up to $ 25.0 million of shares of the Company's common stock through the Agent (as amended, the "ATM facility"). The offering and sale of such shares has been registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

 During the year ended December 31, 2024, 4,718,923 shares were sold pursuant to the Sales Agreement for net proceeds of $ 10.2 million. Approximately $ 21.1 million remains available for sale under the ATM facility.
 Warrants

 On May 30, 2022, the Company entered into the Registered Direct Purchase Agreement with the Purchaser, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold, in a registered direct offering (the "Offering"), 844,613 shares of its common stock at price of $ 1.39 per share, and pre-funded warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 7,788,480 shares of common stock (the "Pre-Funded Warrants" and the shares of common stock underlying the Pre-Funded Warrants, the "Warrant Shares"). The purchase price of each Pre-Funded Warrant was equal to the price at which a share of common stock was sold to the public in the Offering, minus $ 0.0001, and the exercise price of each Pre-Funded Warrant was $ 0.0001 per share. The Registered Direct Purchase Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and agreements of the Company and the Purchaser and customary indemnification rights and obligations of the parties.
 During the year ended December 31, 2023, 6,300,000 Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase common stock were exercised at an exercise price of $ 0.0001 per share, which resulted in gross proceeds to the Company of $ 630. As of December 31, 2023, no Pre-Funded Warrants remained outstanding.

 On July 10, 2023, the Company entered into a letter agreement (the "Letter Agreement") with Armistice Capital Master Fund Ltd. ("Armistice"), which held a warrant (the "Prior Warrant") to purchase 9,900,990 shares of common stock of the Company (the "Common Stock") with an exercise price of $ 1.39 per share, offering Armistice the opportunity to exercise the Prior Warrant for cash, provided the Prior Warrant was exercised for cash on or prior to 5:00 P.M. Eastern Time on July 10, 2028 (the "End Date"). In addition, Armistice would receive a "reload" warrant (the "Reload Warrant") to purchase 3,750,000 shares of Common Stock with an exercise price of $ 5.13 per share, the closing price as reported by the Nasdaq Capital Market on July 7, 2023. The Reload Warrant may be exercised at all times prior to the 54 months' anniversary of its issuance date. The Prior Warrant and the Reload Warrant both provide that a holder (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the Prior Warrant or the Reload Warrant to the extent that the holder would own more than 9.99 % of the Company's outstanding Common Stock immediately after exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of such warrant. To the extent the exercise of the Prior Warrant would result in Armistice holding more than 9.99 % of the Company's outstanding Common Stock, such shares of Common Stock in excess of 9.99 % will be held in abeyance.

 Armistice exercised the Prior Warrant on July 10, 2023, and the Company received gross proceeds of approximately $ 13.8 million.

 Third Amendment

 As discussed in Note 17, on January 2, 2024, the Company entered into the Third Amendment of its Loan and Security Agreement with Innovatus. In connection with the execution of the Third Amendment, the Company issued to Innovatus a warrant to purchase 191,096 shares of the Company's common stock with an exercise price of $ 1.83 per share. The warrant may be exercised on a cashless basis and is immediately exercisable through January 2, 2029. The number of shares of common stock for which the warrant is exercisable and the exercise price are subject to certain proportional adjustments as set forth in the Third Amendment. The warrant is equity-classified with a fair value of approximately $ 0.2 million at issuance, which was treated as a debt issuance cost and will be amortized through interest expense over the remaining contractual term of the Term Loan.

 The fair value of the warrant at the issuance date was calculated using the Black-Scholes pricing model and include the following assumptions:

 Expected Stock Price Volatility
 85.00 %

 Risk-free Interest Rate
 3.93 %

 Term (years)
 5.0

 Dividend Yield
 0 %

 Note 13. Stock-Based Compensation

 The Board of Directors adopted the 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan ("2018 LTIP") on January 29, 2018 as a replacement for the Company's prior 2007 Long Term Incentive Plan. As of December 31, 2024, the maximum number of shares of common stock with respect to which awards may be issued under the 2018 LTIP, as amended and restated, was 2,618,182. As of December 31, 2024, the 2018 LTIP had 294,686 shares of common stock available for grant. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (the "Committee") is responsible for the administration of the 2018 LTIP, including the grant of stock based awards and other financial incentives including performance based incentives to employees, non employee directors and consultants.
 The Company's stock option agreements under the 2018 LTIP allow for the payment of the exercise price of vested stock options either through cash remittance in exchange for newly issued shares, or through non cash exchange of previously issued shares held by the recipient for at least six months in exchange for our newly issued shares. The 2018 LTIP also allows for the retention of shares in payment of the exercise price and income tax withholding. The latter method results in no cash being received by the Company but also results in a lower number of total shares being outstanding subsequently as a direct result of this exchange of shares. Shares returned to the Company in this manner are retired.
 The Company recognized total stock-based compensation expense during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 as follows (table in thousands):

 Year Ended December 31,

 2024
 2023

 Service Based Awards:

 Restricted Stock Units
 $
 $

 Stock Option Awards

 Total
 $
 1,292
 $

 Performance Based Restricted Stock Awards
 A summary of the Company's performance based restricted stock awards during the year ended December 31, 2024 is as follows:

 Performance Based Restricted Stock Awards
 Number of Shares
 Weighted Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value

 Unvested at January 1, 2024

 $
 62.70

 Unvested at December 31, 2024

 $
 62.70

 Performance-based restricted stock awards are measured based on their fair value on the date of grant and amortized over the vesting period of 20 months. As of December 31, 2024, there is no unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to performance-based restricted stock awards.
 Service Based Restricted Stock Units
 A summary of the Company's service based restricted stock units during the year ended December 31, 2024 is as follows:

 Service Based Restricted Stock Units
 Number of Shares
 Weighted Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value

 Unvested at January 1, 2024

 258,885
 $
 1.83

 Granted
 541,656
 $
 1.77

 Vested
 ( 216,232)
 $
 2.15

 Unvested at December 31, 2024

 584,309
 $
 1.72

 The fair value of service based restricted stock units are measured on the date of grant and amortized over the vesting period. The vesting periods range from 1 to 3 years. As of December 31, 2024, the unrecognized stock-based compensation expense was $ 0.5 million which is expected to be recognized over the next 1.2 years.
 Service Based Stock Option Awards
 The fair value of the service based stock option awards granted for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were based on the following assumptions:

 2024
 2023

 Exercise Price
 $ 1.39 - $ 3.49

 $ 1.37 - $ 2.83

 Expected Stock Price Volatility
 81.8 %

 81.6 % - 81.8 %

 Risk-free Interest Rate
 4.08 % - 4.45 %

 3.41 % - 4.84 %

 Term (Years)
 5.61 - 5.62

 4.0 - 6.0

 A summary of the Company's service based stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2024 is as follows:

 Service Based Stock Option Awards
 Shares
Underlying
Options
 Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
 Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term
 Aggregate
 Intrinsic
 Value
 (in $1,000's)

 Outstanding at January 1, 2024

 1,328,621
 $
 5.22

 Granted
 584,410
 $
 1.46

 Forfeited
 ( 16,052)
 $
 1.84

 Exercised
 ( 6,042)
 $
 1.49

 Expired
 ( 4,690)
 $
 50.52

 Outstanding at December 31, 2024

 1,886,247
 $
 3.98
 8.0
 $

 Exercisable at December 31, 2024

 695,749
 $
 7.78
 7.2
 $

 The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the closing price of the Company's common stock at the date indicated and the exercise price of the stock options that had strike prices below the closing price.
 The weighted average grant date fair value for service based stock option awards during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 1.03 and $ 1.09, respectively.
 As of December 31, 2024, total stock-based compensation expense related to unvested options not yet recognized totaled approximately $ 0.6 million which is expected to be recognized over the next 2.8 years.

 Note 14. License Agreements
 Product License Agreements

 The Company is a party to a Licensing Agreement between the Company and Charak, LLC ("Charak") dated January 7, 2002 (the "2002 Agreement"), that grants the Company exclusive worldwide rights to certain patents and information related to its Triferic product. On October 7, 2018, the Company entered into a Master Services and IP Agreement (the "Charak MSA") with Charak and Dr. Ajay Gupta, a former Officer of the Company. Pursuant to the MSA, the parties entered into three additional agreements described below related to the license of certain soluble ferric pyrophosphate ("SFP") intellectual property owned by Charak, as well as an employment agreement. As of December 31, 2023 the Company had accrued $ 0.1 million relating to certain IP reimbursement expenses and certain sublicense royalty fees, which was included within accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company evaluated the accrual and determined that the estimated liability was no longer required and, as a result, the accrual was written off as of December 31, 2024.
 Pursuant to the Charak MSA, the aforementioned parties entered into an Amendment, dated as of October 7, 2018 (the "Charak Amendment"), to the 2002 Agreement, under which Charak granted the Company an exclusive, worldwide, non-transferable license to commercialize SFP for the treatment of patients with renal failure. The Charak Amendment amends the royalty payments due to Charak under the 2002 Agreement such that the Company is liable to pay Charak royalties on net sales by the Company of products developed under the license, which includes the Company's Triferic product, at a specified rate until December 31, 2021 and thereafter at a reduced rate from January 1, 2022 until February 1, 2034. Additionally, the Company is required to pay Charak a percentage of any sublicense income during the term of the agreement, which cannot be less than a minimum specified percentage of net sales of the licensed products by the sublicensee in jurisdictions where there exists a valid claim, on a country-by-country basis, and can be no less than a lower rate of the net sales of the licensed products by the sublicensee in jurisdictions where there exists no valid claim, on a country-by-country basis.
 Also pursuant to the Charak MSA, the Company and Charak entered into a Commercialization and Technology License Agreement IV Triferic, dated as of October 7, 2018 (the "IV Agreement"), under which Charak granted the Company an exclusive, sub-licensable, royalty-bearing license to SFP for the purpose of commercializing certain intravenous-delivered products incorporating SFP for the treatment of iron disorders worldwide for a term that expires on the later of February 1, 2034 or upon the expiration or termination of a valid claim of a licensed patent. The Company was liable to pay Charak royalties on net sales by the Company of products developed under the license at a specified rate until December 31, 2021. From January 1, 2022 until February 1, 2034, the Company is liable to pay Charak a base royalty at a reduced rate on net sales and an additional royalty on net sales while there exists a valid claim of a licensed patent, on a country-by-country basis. The Company shall also pay to Charak a percentage of any sublicense income received during the term of the IV Agreement, which amount shall not be less than a minimum specified percentage of net sales of the licensed products by the sublicensee in jurisdictions where there exists a valid claim, on a country-by-country basis, and not be less than a lower rate of the net sales of the licensed products by the sublicensee in jurisdictions where there exists no valid claim, on a country-by-country basis.
 Also pursuant to the Charak MSA, the Company and Charak entered into a Technology License Agreement TPN Triferic, dated as of October 7, 2018 (the "TPN Agreement"), pursuant to which Charak granted the Company an exclusive, sub-licensable, royalty-bearing license to SFP for the purpose of commercializing worldwide certain TPN products incorporating SFP. The license grant under the TPN Agreement continues for a term that expires on the later of February 1, 2034 or upon the expiration or termination of a valid claim of a licensed patent. During the term of the TPN Agreement, the Company is liable to pay Charak a base royalty on net sales and an additional royalty on net sales while there exists a valid claim of a licensed patent, on a country-by-country basis. The Company shall also pay to Charak a percentage of any sublicense income received during the term of the TPN Agreement, which amount shall not be less than a minimum royalty on net sales of the licensed products by the sublicensee in jurisdictions where there exists a valid claim, on a country-by-country basis, and not be less than a lower rate of the net sales of the licensed products by the sublicensee in jurisdictions where there exists no valid claim, on a country-by-country basis.
 The potential milestone payments are not yet considered probable, and no milestone payments have been accrued as of December 31, 2024.

 Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies
 Insurance
 The Company evaluates various kinds of risk that it is exposed to in its business. In its evaluation of risk, the Company evaluates options and alternatives to mitigating such risks. For certain insurable risks, Rockwell acquires insurance policies to protect against potential losses or to partially insure against certain risks. For the Company's subsidiary, Rockwell Transportation, Inc., Rockwell previously maintained a partially self-insured workers' compensation policy. Under the policy, its self insurance retention was $ 350,000 per occurrence and $ 618,000 in aggregate coverage for the policy year ending June 1, 2024. There were no claims paid or accrued as of December 31, 2024 for the policy year ended June 1, 2024. Estimated loss and additional future claims of approximately $ 176,000 have been reserved and accrued for the year ended December 31, 2024.
 As of December 31, 2024, approximately $ 0.4 million was held in cash collateral and escrow by the insurance carrier for workers' compensation insurance. At December 31, 2024, amounts held in cash collateral and escrow are included in prepaid expenses and other non-current assets in the consolidated financial statements.
 Litigation

 The Company may be involved in certain routine legal proceedings from time to time before various courts and governmental agencies. The Company cannot predict the final disposition of such proceedings. The Company regularly reviews legal matters and record provisions for claims considered probable of loss. The resolution of these pending proceedings is not expected to have a material effect on its operations or consolidated financial statements in the period in which they are resolved.

 Note 16. Leases
 Rockwell leases its production facilities and administrative offices as well as certain equipment used in its operations including leases on transportation equipment used in the delivery of its products. The lease terms range from monthly to six years. Rockwell occupies a 51,000 square foot facility and a 17,500 square foot facility in Wixom, Michigan under a lease expiring in August 2027. During March 2024, the lease for the Wixom facilities was extended by three years to August 2027, which was accounted for as a modification. As a result of the modification, the operating lease right of use asset and lease liabilities increased by $ 1.5 million. Rockwell also occupies two other manufacturing facilities, a 51,000 square foot facility in Grapevine, Texas under a lease expiring in December 2025, and a 57,000 square foot facility in Greer, South Carolina under a lease expiring February 2026. In addition, Rockwell occupied 4,100 square feet of office space in Hackensack, New Jersey. This lease was subleased on December 15, 2021 and expired on October 31, 2024.

 The following summarizes quantitative information about the Company's operating and finance leases (dollars in thousands):

 For the year ended December 31,

 2024
 2023

 Operating leases

 Operating Lease Cost
 $
 1,608
 $
 1,672

 Variable Lease Cost

 Operating Lease Expense
 2,116
 2,169

 Finance leases

 Amortization of Right-Of-Use Assets

 Interest on Lease Obligations

 Finance Lease Expense

 Short-term Lease Rent Expense

 Total Rent Expense
 $
 2,810
 $
 2,898

 Other information

 Operating Cash Flows from Operating Leases
 $
 1,753
 $
 1,777

 Operating Cash Flows from Finance Leases
 $
 $

 Financing Cash Flows from Finance Leases
 $
 $

 Weighted-average Remaining Lease Term – Operating Leases
 2.4
 2.3

 Weighted-average Remaining Lease Term – Finance Leases
 2.5
 3.5

 Weighted-average Discount Rate – Operating Leases
 6.3
 %
 6.5
 %

 Weighted-average Discount Rate – Finance Leases
 6.4
 %
 6.4
 %

 Future minimum rental payments under operating and finance lease agreements are as follows (table in thousands):

 Operating
 Finance

 Year ending December 31, 2025
 $
 1,716
 $

 Year ending December 31, 2026
 1,075

 Year Ended December 31, 2027

 Year Ended December 31, 2028
 —

 Total
 3,503
 1,653

 Less Present Value Discount
 ( 238)
 ( 123)

 Operating and Finance Lease Liabilities
 $
 3,265
 $
 1,530

 Note 17. Loan and Security Agreement
 On March 16, 2020, the Company and Rockwell Transportation, Inc., as Borrowers, entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the "Loan Agreement") with Innovatus, as collateral agent and the lenders party thereto, pursuant to which Innovatus, as a lender, agreed to make certain term loans to the Company in the aggregate principal amount of up to $ 35.0 million (the "Term Loans"). Funding of the first $ 22.5 million tranche was completed on March 16, 2020. The Company is no longer eligible to draw on additional tranches, which were tied to the achievement of certain milestones. Net draw down proceeds were $ 21.2 million with closing costs of $ 1.3 million. The Company also owes an additional fee equal to 4.375 % of the funded amount of the Term Loans, or $ 1.0 million (such additional fee, the "Final Fee") at maturity. The Company is accreting up to this Final Fee premium with a charge against interest expense on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

 In connection with each funding of the Term Loans, the Company was required to issue to Innovatus a warrant (the "Warrants") to purchase a number of shares of the Company's common stock equal to 3.5 % of the principal amount of the relevant Term Loan funded divided by the exercise price. In connection with the first tranche of the Term Loans, the Company issued a Warrant to Innovatus, exercisable for an aggregate of 43,388 shares of the Company's common stock at an exercise price of $ 18.15 per share. The Warrant may be exercised on a cashless basis and is immediately exercisable through the seventh anniversary of the applicable funding date. The number of shares of common stock for which the Warrant is exercisable and the

 associated exercise price are subject to certain proportional adjustments as set forth in such Warrant. The Company evaluated the warrant under ASC 470, Debt, and recognized an additional debt discount of approximately $ 0.5 million based on the relative fair value of the base instruments and warrants. The Company calculated the fair value of the warrant using the Black-Scholes model.

 The Term Loan was scheduled to mature on March 16, 2025, and bore interest at the greater of (i) Prime Rate (as defined in the Loan Agreement) and (ii) 4.75 %, plus 4.00 % with an initial interest rate of 8.75 % per annum. The Company had the option, under certain circumstances, to add 1.00 % of such interest rate amount to the then outstanding principal balance in lieu of paying such amount in cash.

 On January 2, 2024, the Company entered into the Third Amendment to and Restatement of the Loan and Security Agreement (the "Third Amendment") with Innovatus, dated January 1, 2024. The Third Amendment provides for the continuation of term loans initially borrowed under the Loan Agreement amounting to $ 8.0 million as of January 1, 2024. The Company will make interest-only payments on the Term Loans for 36 months as certain conditions in the Third Amendment were met. The Company will make equal monthly payments of principal, together with applicable interest, in arrears, starting on February 1, 2027. The Term Loans will mature on January 1, 2029, unless earlier repaid. Effective on January 1, 2024, the Term Loans bore interest equal to the sum of (i) the greater of (a) Prime Rate (as defined in the Third Amendment) and (b) 7.50 % plus (ii) 3.50 %. At the Company's option, 2.00 % of the interest due on any applicable interest payment date during the interest-only period may be paid in-kind by adding such amount to the then outstanding principal balance of the Term Loans. The Term Loans may be voluntarily prepaid in full (but not partially) at any time, upon at least seven business days' prior notice. In connection with any voluntary prepayment or satisfaction of the Term Loans prior to the maturity date (including any acceleration), the Company will pay all accrued and unpaid interest and all other amounts due in connection with the Term Loans, together with: (x) a prepayment fee (the "Prepayment Fee") equal to: (i) 6.0 % of the principal amount of the Term Loans prepaid if the payment is made before January 1, 2025, (ii) 2.0 % of the principal amount of the Term Loans prepaid if the payment is made after January 1, 2025 but on or before January 1, 2026, (iii) 1.0 % of the principal amount of the Term Loans prepaid if the payment is made after January 1, 2026 but on or before January 1, 2027, or (iv) 0 % of the principal amount of the Term Loans prepaid if the payment is made after January 1, 2027 through maturity; and (y) the Final Fee. The Term Loans will be mandatorily prepaid upon a change in control of the Company, or upon any early termination/acceleration of the Term Loans. In the event of a mandatory prepayment of the Term Loans, the Company shall be required to pay the Prepayment Fee (if applicable), as well as the Final Fee. The Third Amendment Final Fee shall be due and payable at maturity if it has not previously been paid in full in connection with a prepayment of the Term Loans. The Third Amendment was treated as a modification for accounting purposes.

 The Third Amendment contains various financial covenants and customary representations and warranties and affirmative and negative covenants, subject to exceptions as described in the Third Amendment. The Company's ability to comply with the covenants under the Third Amendment may be adversely affected by events beyond its control. If the Company is unable to comply with the covenants under the Third Amendment, it would pursue all available cure options in order to regain compliance. However, the Company may not be able to mutually agree with Innovatus on appropriate remedies to cure a future breach of a covenant, which could give rise to an event of default. As of December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Third Amendment. The Loan Agreement includes a financial covenant that requires actual consolidated revenue from the sale and supply of hemodialysis products for the trailing six-month period (ended on the date when tested), to be not less than 85.0 % of the projections for the same period and, beginning with the quarter ending September 30, 2024, actual consolidated revenue from the sale and supply of hemodialysis products for the trailing six-month period (ended on the date when tested), to be not less than 80.0 % of the projections for the same period. Because those projections were submitted prior to the loss of a substantial amount of business from DaVita, we may not be able to satisfy this covenant if we are unable to acquire enough new business to increase our revenue. Our inability to satisfy this financial covenant would constitute an event of default.

 In connection with the execution of the Third Amendment, on January 2, 2024, the Company issued a warrant to purchase shares of the Company's common stock. The warrant is equity-classified with a fair value of $ 0.2 million at issuance, which was treated as a debt issuance cost and will be amortized through interest expense over the remaining contractual term of the Term Loan. For additional information, see Note 12.

 The effective interest rate is 11.0 % as of December 31, 2024. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, interest expense amounted to $ 1.0 million and $ 1.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance of the Term Loan was $ 8.5 million, net of unamortized issuance costs and discount of $ 0.5 million and unrecognized premium accretion of $ 0.2 million, and including $ 0.1 million related to a fee resulting from the Third Amendment, and paid-in-kind interest of $ 0.2 million.

 The Loan Agreement is secured by all assets of the Company and Rockwell Transportation, Inc. and contains customary representations and warranties and covenants, subject to customary carve outs, and initially included financial covenants related to liquidity and sales of Triferic.

 The following table reflects the schedule of principal payments on the Term Loan as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

 Year
 Principal Payments

 2025
 $
 —

 2026
 1,373

 2027
 $
 3,295

 2028
 3,295

 2029 (Inclusive of Final Fee)
 1,259

 Total Debt Maturities
 9,222

 Unamortized Issuance Costs, Discount and Premium, net
 ( 750)

 Term Loan - Long-Term, net of issuance costs
 $
 8,472

 Note 18. Income Taxes
 The U.S. and foreign components of pretax loss are as follows:

 Year Ended December 31,

 2024
 2023

 Pretax (Loss) Income

 U.S.
 $
 $
 ( 8,444)

 Foreign
 —

 Total Pretax Loss
 $
 $

 A reconciliation of income tax expense at the statutory rate to income tax expense at our effective tax rate is as follows (dollars in thousands):

 Year Ended December 31,

 2024
 2023

 Tax Benefit Computed of Pretax Loss
 $
 ( 101)
 $
 ( 1,772)

 Changes in Tax Laws
 —
 —

 Foreign Income Tax Expense
 —
 —

 Effect of Change in Valuation Allowance
 1,772

 Total Income Tax Expense
 $
 —
 $
 —

 The details of the net deferred tax asset are as follows (dollars in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Deferred tax assets:

 Net Operating Loss Carryforward
 $
 71,423
 $
 72,612

 Stock Based Compensation
 4,584
 7,856

 General Business Credit
 6,872
 6,872

 Research & Experimental Expenses

 Inventories

 Accrued Expenses

 Deferred License Revenue

 Other Deferred Tax Assets
 1,974
 1,989

 Total Deferred Tax Assets
 85,855
 90,448

 Deferred Tax Liabilities:

 Goodwill & Intangible Assets

 Prepaid Expenses

 Book over Tax Depreciation

 Total Deferred Tax Liabilities

 Subtotal
 85,263
 89,973

 Valuation Allowance
 ( 85,263)
 ( 89,973)

 Net Deferred Tax Asset
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Deferred tax assets result primarily from net operating loss carryforwards. For federal tax purposes, we have net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $ 320.7 million of which approximately $ 192.1 million began expiring in 2024 and will continue to expire through 2039.

 In assessing the potential for realization of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. The Company recognized no income tax expense or benefit for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 as a result of a full valuation allowance against the net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The valuation allowance decreased by $ 4.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. Considered together with the Company's limited history of operating income and its net losses in 2024 and 2023, management has placed a full valuation allowance against the net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 The Company accounts for its uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740 10, Income Taxes and the amount of unrecognized tax benefits related to tax positions is not significant at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company has not been under tax examination in any jurisdiction for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company completed an audit by the Internal Revenue Services for the 2021 tax year resulting in no adjustments. Tax examination years of 2022 and 2023 remain open. A recent IRC Section 382 study has not been performed, which could limit the value of the Company's net operating losses.