UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 FORM 10-K
 ___________________________________
 (Mark One)
 x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024
 OR
 o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM _________ TO _________
 Commission File Number 001-38971
 (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

 Delaware
 83-4109918

 (State or other jurisdiction of
 incorporation or organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer
 Identification No.)

 2000 S Colorado Blvd, Suite 2-825
 Denver, Colorado

 80222

 (Address of principal executive offices)
 (Zip Code)

 Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (866) 777-8235
 ___________________________________
 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of Each Class:
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered:

 Shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value
 SPRU

 New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No x

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes o No x
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer
 o
 Accelerated filer
 o

 Non-accelerated filer
 x
 Smaller reporting company
 x

 Emerging growth company
 o

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. o

 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o

 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o
 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x
 The aggregate market value of the Registrant's voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant as of June 30, 2024 based on the closing price of the Registrant's common stock as reported by the New York Stock Exchange of $3.65 per share, was approximately $ 55.0 million. Shares of common stock beneficially owned by each executive officer, director and holders of more than 5% of the Registrant's common stock have been excluded as such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.
 As of March 24, 2025, 18,078,238 shares of the Registrant's common stock, $0.0001 par value, were outstanding.

 PAGE

 Item 1.

 Business

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary

 CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

 This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 that relate to future events or our future financial performance including, but not limited to, statements regarding our plans, strategies and prospects, both business and financial, our growth plans, future financial and operating results, costs and expenses, the outcome of contingencies, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, cost savings, business strategies, and other statements that are not historical facts. Forward-looking statements generally are characterized by the use of certain words or phrases (and their derivatives) such as "anticipate," "believe," "could," "expect," "intend," "may," "opportunity," "plan," "goals," "target" "predict," "potential," "estimate," "should," "will," "would," "continue," "likely," and similar expressions that predict or indicate future events or trends or that are not statements of historical matters. These statements are based upon our current plans and strategies, management's assumptions and expectations about future events, and market conditions, which management believes are reasonable as of the date of this report, and reflect our current assessment of the risks and uncertainties related to its business and are made as of the date of this report. Although we believe that our expectations with respect to forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions within the bounds of our existing knowledge of our business and operation, there can be no assurance that actual future results, performance or achievements of, or trends affecting, us will not differ materially from any future results, performance, achievements or trends expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical results or the forward-looking statements contained herein, including but not limited to:
 • Uncertainties relating to the solar energy industry and the risk that sufficient additional demand for home solar energy systems may not develop or take longer to develop than we anticipate.
 • Disruptions to our solar monitoring systems could negatively impact our revenues and increase our expenses.
 • Warranties provided by the manufacturers of equipment for our assets and maintenance obligations may be inadequate to protect us.
 • The solar energy systems we own or may acquire may have a limited operating history and may not perform as we expect, including as a result of unsuitable solar and meteorological conditions.
 • Problems with performance of our solar energy systems may cause us to incur expenses, may lower the value of our solar energy systems, and may damage our market reputation.
 • Developments in technology or improvements in distributed solar energy generation and related technologies or components may materially adversely affect demand for our offerings.
 • We could be harmed by a material reduction in the retail price of traditional utility generated electricity, electricity from other sources or renewable energy credits.
 • We may fail to manage our growth effectively, grow by expanding our market penetration, or execute and consummate business plans in anticipated time frames.
 • We may not be able to identify strategic acquisition or strategic relationship opportunities, we may not be able to complete strategic acquisitions or strategic relationships, or we may experience difficulties in integrating strategic acquisitions.
 • We may not be able to develop and market new products and services.
 • We may require additional financing to support the development of our business and implementation of our growth strategy.
 • We are subject to risks relating to our outstanding debt, including risks relating to rising interest rates and the risk that we may not have sufficient cash flow to pay our debt.
 • We may be adversely affected by the impact of natural disasters and other events beyond our control, such as hurricanes, wildfires, or pandemics.
 • We are subject to cybersecurity risks.

 • We are subject to risks relating to general economic, financial, legal, political, and business conditions and changes in domestic and foreign markets.
 • Governmental investigations, litigation, complaints, other claims, or adverse publicity may cause us to incur significant expense, hinder execution of business and growth strategy, or impact the price of our common stock.
 • Changes in tax laws may materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.
 • Our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes may be limited in connection with business combinations or other ownership changes.
 • We are subject to risks associated with construction, regulatory compliance, risks relating to changes in, and our compliance with, laws and regulations affecting our business, and other contingencies.
 • Violations of export control and/or economic sanctions laws and regulations to which we are subject could have a material adverse effect on our business operations, financial position, and results of operations.
 • Our insurance coverage may not be adequate to protect us from all business risks.
 • We face competition from traditional energy companies as well as solar and other renewable energy companies.
 All forward-looking statements should be considered in the context of the risks and other factors described above and in Item 1A under the heading "Risk Factors", which are not exhaustive. Other sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, such as the description of our business set forth in Item 1 and our Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations set forth in Item 7 describe additional factors that could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. New risk factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible to predict all such risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all such risk factors on its business or the extent to which any factor or combination of factors may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance. You should not put undue reliance on these statements, which speak only as of the date hereof, and you are urged to consider all risks, uncertainties, and any other factors in evaluating any forward-looking statement made by the Company. All forward-looking statements attributable to Spruce Power or persons acting on its behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the foregoing cautionary statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

 This report includes certain registered trademarks, including trademarks that are the property of Spruce Power and its affiliates. This report also includes other trademarks, service marks, and trade names owned by Spruce Power or other persons. All trademarks, service marks, and traded names included herein are the property of their respective owners. Use or display by us of other parties' trademarks, trade dress, or products in this report is not intended to, and does not, imply a relationship with, or endorsements or sponsorship of, us by the trademark or trade dress owners.

 Unless the context provides otherwise, all references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the "Company", "Spruce Power", "we", "our", and "us" refer to Spruce Power Holding Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, including Legacy Spruce Power after the acquisition of Legacy Spruce Power on September 9, 2022. Depending on the context, references to "Spruce Power" may also include the historical business of Legacy Spruce Power prior to September 9, 2022.

 Item 1. Business
 Company Overview
 Spruce Power Holding Corporation and its subsidiaries ("Spruce Power") is a leading owner and operator of distributed solar energy assets across the United States (the "U.S."), offering subscription-based services to approximately 85,000 home solar assets and customer contracts, making renewable energy more accessible to everyone. We are engaged in the ownership and maintenance of home solar energy systems for homeowners in the U.S.
 Our primary customers are homeowners and our core solar service offerings to these customers generate revenues primarily through (i) the sale of electricity generated by our home solar energy systems to homeowners pursuant to long-term Customer Agreements (as defined below) which require the homeowners to make recurring monthly payments, (ii) third party contracts to sell solar renewable energy credits ("SRECs") generated by our home solar energy systems for contracted prices, and (iii) the servicing of third party-owned solar energy systems through our Spruce Pro servicing platform, which is contracted to offer portfolio managed services to over 60,000 systems owned by third parties, as well as to our portfolio of home solar energy systems (the "Portfolio"). These portfolio managed services include (a) billing and collections/asset recovery, (b) account support services, (c) financial asset management, (d) homeowner support and servicing technology, (e) asset operations, and (f) transaction and execution services related to SRECs. Our Spruce Pro brand, launched in the first quarter of 2024, expands our prior existing residential servicing platform to the commercial solar market, offering third-party owners a range of services for residential, commercial, and industrial assets.
 In addition to our core solar service offerings, we generate cash flows and earn interest income from customer contracts related to a master lease agreement described below.
 We hold subsidiary fund companies, defined below as the Funds, that own and operate portfolios of home solar energy systems, which are subject to solar lease agreements ("SLAs") and power purchase agreements ("PPAs", together with the SLAs, "Customer Agreements") with residential customers who benefit from the production of electricity generated by our Portfolio, which may qualify for subsidies, renewable energy credits and other incentives as provided by various states and local agencies. These benefits have generally been retained by our subsidiaries that own the systems, with the exception of the investment tax credit ("ITCs") under Section 48 of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, which were generally passed through to the various financing partners of the solar energy system portfolios.
 Corporate History and Background

 Historically, as XL Fleet Corp. ("XL Fleet"), we provided fleet electrification solutions for commercial vehicles in North America, offering our systems for vehicle electrification (the "Drivetrain" business) and offering and installing charging stations to enable customers to develop charging infrastructure required for electrified vehicles (the "XL Grid" business). In early 2022, we performed a strategic review of our overall business operations, which resulted in (i) the sale of our Drivetrain and XL Grid businesses in January 2023, which are both presented as discontinued operations in our consolidated financial statements, and (ii) the decision to pursue merger and acquisition ("M&A") opportunities. On September 9, 2022, we acquired 100% of the membership interests of Legacy Spruce Power, which was one of the largest privately held owner and operator of home solar energy systems in the U.S. at the time of the transaction. In November 2022, following the acquisition of Legacy Spruce Power, we changed our corporate name from "XL Fleet Corp." to "Spruce Power Holding Corporation." Additionally, we changed our ticker symbol from "XL" to "SPRU."

 On October 6, 2023, we filed an Amendment to our Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the "Amended Certificate of Incorporation") to effect a 1-for-8 reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the "Reverse Stock Split").

 In the first quarter of 2023, we completed the acquisition of all issued and outstanding interests in SS Holdings 2017, LLC and its subsidiaries ("SEMTH") from certain funds managed by HPS Investment Partners, LLC, pursuant to a membership interest purchase and sale agreement as of that date (the "SEMTH Acquisition"). The SEMTH related asset includes a 20-year use rights to customer payment streams of approximately 22,500 customer contracts (the "SEMTH Master Lease"). Subsequently on August 18, 2023, we acquired approximately 2,400 home solar assets and customer contracts, with an average remaining contract life of approximately 11 years, from a publicly traded, regulated utility company (the "Tredegar Acquisition").

 In the fourth quarter of 2024, we completed the acquisition of a residential solar portfolio consisting of approximately 9,800 home solar assets and long-term Customer Agreements, with an average remaining contract life of over 11 years, from a publicly traded energy services company (the "NJR Acquisition").

 With the completion of the NJR Acquisition, we have, in the aggregate, 14 portfolios of home solar assets and customer contracts with a combined capacity of approximately 514 MWdc. In the aggregate, as of December 31, 2024, we offered subscription-based services and owned the cash flows from approximately 85,000 home solar assets and customer contracts.

 Corporate Strategy

 We believe the combination of our existing customer base and proven servicing platform related to our Customer Agreements, together with our capital resources and relationships, gives us the ability to take advantage of rapid growth in distributed solar and battery storage services, while creating a path to more predictable revenues, profits and cash flow for our shareholders. Our corporate strategy has three key elements:

 Leveraging the Spruce Power platform to become a leading provider of subscription-based solutions for distributed energy resources

 We have more than a decade of experience owning and operating rooftop solar systems, as well as energy efficiency upgrades. We believe our proven platform for managing home solar can be extended to other categories of distributed energy resources, and by leveraging our platform, we intend to grow our revenues by providing subscription-based solutions for rooftop solar and energy storage and other future energy-related products to homeowners and businesses. We are focused on delivering best-in-class customer service, with investment into process and platform improvement for on-site monitoring, customer billing and working with qualified partners for field services.

 Profitably growing return on assets by focusing on channels with the lowest customer acquisition cost

 We seek to grow our customer revenues by focusing on those channels that have lowest customer acquisition costs and the ability to increase return on assets, including acquiring existing systems from other companies or investment funds, selling additional services to existing customers, selling services to new customers online and partnering with selected independent installers to provide a subscription-based solution for their customers. Historically we have grown our number of residential customers through acquisitions, while also organically developing our Spruce Pro servicing platform.

 Increasing shareholder value by delivering predictable revenues, profits and cash flow

 By focusing on subscription-based solutions with long-term customer contracts, we seek to generate consistent revenues, profits and cash flow from our residential customers and by leveraging our Spruce Pro servicing platform for portfolio managed services.

 Customer Operations

 We have more than a decade of experience servicing our Portfolio and also certain systems owned by third parties. A noteworthy differential is our in-house capabilities which include customer billing and collections, account management services, customer support, systems monitoring and maintenance, and portfolio accounting and financial reporting. We have made progress in elevating our customer service and continue to invest resources in our goal of becoming best-in-class customer experience. Our in-house capabilities and operations infrastructure has established a scalable platform where we are able to continually improve profitability through growth while reducing incremental operational costs.

 Corporate Development

 Our corporate growth strategy provides a unique differential from our competitors. While our competitors lose future long-term value creation for short-term cash flow by selling new solar systems outright directly to consumers, we focus on long-term positive cash flow. We have a dedicated corporate development ("M&A") team that has historically been successful in acquiring high quality portfolios of solar energy systems that are already in operation and have existing long-term contracts with homeowners. Our in-house M&A team focuses on acquiring operating home solar energy systems "in-bulk" from other companies, and such approach has enabled us to achieve step-change growth while minimizing our customer acquisition costs. Our M&A team also brings significant experience in renewable energy credit markets, and other tax incentives programs, which enables additional value creation alongside our acquisition strategy.
 Competition

 Distributed solar generation is a capital-intensive, evolving business with numerous industry participants. While our solar generation portfolios are currently contracted, we may compete in the future primarily on the basis of price of electricity, quality of service and low/no carbon energy. We consider the long-term contracted profile of our solar generation assets, among other strengths discussed below, as competitive advantages. Distributed solar generation is a growing industry in the U.S. and diverse in terms of industry structure, and as such, there is a wide variation in terms of the capabilities, resources, nature and identity in the companies we compete with depending on the market. In residential distributed solar generation, customers' needs are met through long-term bilateral contracts, which supply power and maintenance services.

 We also compete with other companies to acquire operating portfolios of home solar energy systems with stable contracted cash flows. We consider our primary competitors for opportunities in North America as other solar companies with vertically integrated business models, existing solar servicing companies, purely finance focused organizations and regulated utility holding companies. We believe we are well-positioned to execute our strategy over the long term based on the following competitive strengths:

 Our management and operational expertise

 We benefit from our Management's seasoned experience in industry (renewables, utilities and financial services), corporate development and customer focused, cost-efficient operations.

 Contracted assets with stable cash flows

 The contracted nature and diversification of off-takers in our Portfolio of home solar assets supports stable long-term cash flows. Home solar assets in our Portfolio are contracted under long-term contracts, which generally provide for lease payments or production-based power purchase payments over the contract term. Our home solar asset portfolios have a total weighted average remaining contract term of approximately 11 years as of December 31, 2024.

 Geographic and resource diversification

 With the SEMTH, Tredegar and NJR Acquisitions, our Portfolio of approximately 85,000 home solar systems and customer contracts is geographically diverse across 18 states in the U.S., which reduces exposure to localized weather events, natural disasters, regional underperformance, and adverse regulatory actions and provides a more stable stream of cash flows over the long term when compared to a non-diversified portfolio.

 Flexible customer service platforms

 We utilize scalable, cost-effective customer service platforms and systems in our operations, which support efficient integration and service of acquired portfolios and third party owned portfolios. These service platforms also provide our customers with self-service options to make payments and other services.

 Competitiveness of renewable energy

 Renewable energy technology has improved in recent years. Solar energy generation is becoming one of the lowest cost energy generation technologies in many regions in the U.S., which is expected to lead to significant growth in the renewable energy industry. Solar technology is improving as solar cell efficiencies improve and installation costs are declining.
 Intellectual Property

 Generally, the solar generation business is not dependent on intellectual property. Within our residential business, we utilize licensed software, which enables our organization to efficiently manage our Portfolio. The success of our business depends, in part, on our ability to maintain and protect our proprietary information, license agreements and other contractual provisions, processes and know-how.

 Human Capital Management

 With our mission of "Powering Our Customers' Clean and Efficient Energy use, for a Sustainable Future", we believe that starts with our employees. We aim to attract top talent by building a culture upon our values of coordination, purpose-driven and results oriented. We make investments in talent management and employee engagement initiatives, in order to foster a culture of belonging and inclusion. As of December 31, 2024, we had 165 full time employees primarily located in Colorado, Texas, and New Jersey. As of December 31, 2024, no employees were covered by collective bargaining agreements, and we have not experienced any work stoppages.

 To develop, attract, and retain personnel, we establish an environment of learning, purpose, inclusion, and opportunity and our leadership continually looks for ways to improve. We do this by implementation of several training programs, which includes our internally developed educational platform, Spruce University, to nurture an environment of learning, employee development, and talent retention. Bi-annually, we are committed to enhancing our senior leadership with curriculums to promote and develop teamwork and accountability.

 Attraction and retention of key employees contributes to our ability to remain competitive, and we have comprehensive rewards programs to help ensure we are compensating and rewarding our employees in line with market practice, providing a competitive benefits program, paid time off, retirement 401(k) matching, education assistance, internally developed trainings, and flexibility through programs like our floating holidays. Our ongoing support of our employees' financial, health, and wellness needs will continue to be essential.
 Government Regulations

 Although we are not regulated as a public utility in the U.S. under applicable federal, state, or other local regulatory regimes where we conduct business, we compete primarily with regulated utilities. As a result, we maintain a team that focuses on the key regulatory and legislative issues impacting the entire industry.

 Certain of our portfolio managed services are subject to stringent and complex federal, state and local laws, including regulations governing the occupational health and safety of our employees and wage regulations. For example, we are subject to the requirements of the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act, as amended ("OSHA"), the U.S. Department of Transportation ("DOT"), and comparable state laws that protect and regulate employee health and safety. We endeavor to maintain compliance with applicable DOT, OSHA, and other comparable government regulations.

 Interconnection permission from any applicable local primary electric utility is already granted upon acquisition of existing home solar systems. Depending on the size of the solar energy system and local law requirements, interconnection permission is provided by the local utility to our customers upon initial installation. In almost all cases, interconnection permissions are issued on the basis of a standard process which has been pre-approved by the local public utility commission or other regulatory body with jurisdiction over net metering policies. As such, no additional regulatory approvals are required once interconnection permission is given.

 We may be required to make certain disclosures to our homeowner customers regarding the solar energy system and the terms of the applicable agreements and/or record a notice against the title to the real property on which the electricity is generated and against the title to any adjacent real property on which the electricity will be used. The notice does not constitute a title defect, lien or encumbrance against the real property. We may also be subject to laws and regulations related to interactions with consumers, including those pertaining to sales and trade practices, privacy and data security, equal protection, consumer financial and credit transactions, consumer collections, mortgages and re-financings, home or business improvements, trade and professional licensing, warranties and customer solicitation protocols, as well as specific regulations pertaining to solar installations.

 Our collection activities are regulated in all the states where we operate. As such, we maintain collection agency licenses in the states in which we operate, as required by law, and we are subject to regulatory examination of such collection activities on a regular basis.

 As noted in the Risk Factors section below, we also have received subpoenas from the state attorneys general offices for the states of Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, and Texas regarding, among other things, certain sales, marketing, billing, and operations protocols. We are responding to the subpoenas and otherwise are cooperating with these state investigations and intend to continue to do so until they are resolved.

 Government Incentives
 Federal, state, and local government bodies provide incentives to owners, distributors, system integrators, and manufacturers of solar energy systems to promote solar energy in the form of rebates, tax credits, payments for renewable energy credits associated with renewable energy generation, and exclusion of solar energy systems from property tax assessments. These incentives enable us to lower the price we charge customers for energy from, and to lease, our solar energy systems, helping to catalyze customer adoption of solar energy as an alternative to utility-provided power. In addition, for some investors, the acceleration of depreciation creates a valuable tax benefit that reduces the overall cost of the solar energy system and increases the return on investment. The federal government currently offers an ITC under Section 48(a) of the Internal Revenue Code for the installation of certain energy properties, including solar power facilities owned for business purposes.
 Inflation Reduction Act
 The Inflation Reduction Act ("IRA") was enacted August 16, 2022. This legislative package includes major policy initiatives enacted to enhance the clean energy industry. While there are numerous federal, state, and local government incentives that benefit our business, some adverse actions, interpretations, or determinations of new or existing laws or regulations could have a negative impact on our business. Congress could revise or eliminate certain provisions in the IRA, or the current presidential administration could take steps that delay distribution of funds or recognition of tax benefits provided by the IRA, any of which could negatively impact our business. Federal agencies may also issue tax guidance or regulations that could negatively impact our business or prevent certain businesses from participating.
 Corporate Information

 Our principal executive offices are located at 2000 S Colorado Blvd, Suite 2-825, Denver, Colorado, and our telephone number is (866) 777-8235. Our website address is www.sprucepower.com and the information contained in, or that can be accessed through our website, is not, and should not be considered, part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 Information Available on the Internet
 Our website address is www.sprucepower.com, to which we regularly post copies of our press releases as well as additional information about us. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports, are available free of charge through the Investor Relations section of our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials have been electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). The SEC maintains an internet site ( that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. We include our website address in this Annual Report on Form 10-K only as an inactive textual reference. Information contained on our website does not constitute a part of this report or our other filings with the SEC.

 Summary of Risk Factors

 Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those highlighted in the section below entitled "Risk Factors," that represent challenges that we face in connection with the successful implementation of our strategy and growth of our business. The occurrence of one or more of the events or circumstances described in the section entitled "Risk Factors," alone or in combination with other events or circumstances, may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Such risks include, but are not limited to:

 Risks Related to the Solar Energy Industry

 • The solar energy industry may not develop to the size or at the rate we expect, which could cause an adverse effect on our business, and we face competition from traditional energy companies and solar and other renewable energy companies.
 • Improvements in distributed solar energy generation and related technologies or components may materially adversely affect our ability to retain customers.
 • Our solar energy systems depend heavily on suitable solar and meteorological conditions, so seasonality fluctuations and effects of climate change could adversely affect our results of operations.
 • We typically bear the risk of loss and cost of maintenance, repair, and removal on solar energy systems owned by our subsidiaries, and warranty or product liability claims or accidents could adversely affect our business.
 • Our solar energy systems' value at the end of the Customer Agreement term may be lower than projected, which may adversely affect our financial performance, results of operation, and valuation.
 • Increases in cost or reduction in supply of solar energy system components due to tariffs or trade restrictions could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 • A material reduction in the retail price of traditional utility generated electricity or electricity from other sources could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 Risks Related to Our Business Operations

 • We may not realize the anticipated benefits of past or future investments, strategic transactions, or acquisitions, and integration of these acquisitions may disrupt our business and management.
 • If we fail to manage our recent and future growth effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of customer service, adequately address competitive challenges, or develop, produce, or sell our products or services successfully.
 • We may be unsuccessful in introducing or executing on new service offerings or in penetrating new markets, which could adversely affect our business.
 • If financing is not available on acceptable terms, it could materially adversely affect our business growth.
 • We do not directly control certain costs related to our business, which could put us at a disadvantage.
 • Our growth and performance depend in part on the success of our relationships with third parties, including our servicing partners.
 • Our operating results and ability to grow may fluctuate, which could make our future performance difficult to predict and cause our operating results to fall below expectations.
 • The loss or transition of key employees or senior management, such as our recent Chief Executive Officer transition, or our inability to attract and retain qualified personnel, could adversely affect our business.
 • Rising interest rates could adversely affect our financial condition, and our use of hedging strategies to mitigate interest rate risk may not be effective.
 • We are exposed to the credit risk of our customers and payment delinquencies on our accounts receivable.
 • Our employees and independent contractors may engage in improper activities, which could have an adverse effect on our business and operating results.
 • Any unauthorized intrusions into or through our systems or those of our third-party service providers could harm our reputation, subject us to litigation and financial harm, and adversely impact our business.
 • If we fail to timely and responsibly implement, adopt, and innovate in response to technological developments, it could adversely impact our ability to compete, financial condition, and operating results.
 • Unfavorable publicity could adversely affect our business.
 • We are subject to legal proceedings and litigation and have been, and may in the future be, named as a defendant in legal proceedings, which like many litigation matters, could result in substantial damages and other related costs and require management-level attention.

 Risks Related to Regulation

 • Our business depends in part on the regulatory treatment of third-party owned solar energy systems.
 • We become subject to new regulations for our solar service offerings.

 • Compliance with applicable laws and requirements can be costly, and noncompliance with such requirements may result in potentially significant monetary penalties, operational delays, negative publicity, investigations, litigation, or otherwise adversely affect our business.
 • Electric utility policies and regulations may present barriers to the purchase and use of solar energy systems, which could adversely impact our business.
 • We have received subpoenas from states attorneys general requesting information about our business. These investigations could result in fines, penalties, or damages and may divert Management's time and attention from our business.

 Risks Related to Our Financial Performance

 • Failure to remediate any of our previously identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, the identification of additional material weaknesses, or failure to maintain an effective system of internal control may cause our common stock's trading price to decline.
 • We have a history of losses, and we expect to incur significant expenses and continuing losses.
 • Servicing our existing debt requires a significant amount of cash to satisfy payment obligations. We may not have sufficient cash flow to service our debt, and we may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.

 Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities

 • We have no current plans to declare a dividend in the foreseeable future.
 • We are a "smaller reporting company" and avail ourselves of reduced disclosure requirements.
 • Our common stock may be subject to delisting from the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE").
 • The price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile.
 • We may issue additional shares of equity securities without stockholder approval, diluting existing stockholders' interest and potentially depressing our common stock's market price.
 • Our Certificate of Incorporation contains anti-takeover and exclusive forum provisions that could adversely affect the rights of our stockholders.
 • We are subject to risks associated with proxy contests and other actions of activist stockholders.

 1A. Risk Factors
 Risk Factors

 An investment in our securities is speculative and involves a high degree of risk. Before deciding whether to invest in our securities, you should consider carefully the risks described below, together with other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the other information and documents we file with the SEC. The occurrence of any of the following risks could have a material and adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects, as well as our ability to accomplish our strategic objectives. As a result, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations, financial condition, results of operations and stock price.

 Risks Related to the Solar Energy Industry

 The solar energy industry is an emerging market which is constantly evolving and may not develop to the size or at the rate we expect, which could cause an adverse effect on our business

 The distributed home solar energy market is at a relatively early stage of development and is a constantly evolving market. The solar energy industry is still developing and maturing, and as such, we cannot be certain that the market will grow to the size or at the rate we expect. Any future growth of the solar energy market and the success of our solar service offerings depend on many factors beyond our control, including recognition and acceptance of the solar service market by consumers, the pricing of alternative sources of energy, a favorable regulatory environment, the continuation of expected tax benefits and other incentives, and our ability to provide our solar service offerings cost effectively. If the markets for solar energy do not develop to the size or at the rate we expect, or demand for distributed home solar energy systems fails to develop sufficiently, our business may be adversely affected.

 Many factors may affect the demand for solar energy systems, including the following:

 • availability, substance and magnitude of solar support programs including government targets, subsidies, incentives, renewable portfolio standards and residential net metering rules;

 • the relative pricing of other conventional and non-renewable energy sources, such as natural gas, coal, oil and other fossil fuels, wind, utility-scale solar, nuclear, geothermal and biomass;

 • performance, reliability and availability of energy generated by solar energy systems compared to conventional and other non-solar renewable energy sources;

 • availability and performance of energy storage technology, the ability to implement such technology for use in conjunction with solar energy systems and the cost competitiveness such technology provides to customers as compared to costs for those customers reliant on the conventional electrical grid; and

 • general economic conditions and the level of interest rates.

 Solar energy has yet to achieve broad market acceptance and depends in part on continued support in the form of rebates, tax credits, and other incentives from federal, state and local governments. If this support diminishes materially, our ability to obtain external financing on acceptable terms, or at all, could be materially adversely affected. These types of funding limitations could lead to inadequate financing support for the anticipated growth in our business, to renew financing for the acquisitions that we have completed, or to provide financing for acquisitions that we identify in the future. We cannot be certain if historical growth rates reflect future opportunities or whether growth anticipated by us will be realized. Furthermore, growth in home solar energy depends in part on macroeconomic conditions, retail prices of electricity and customer preferences, each of which can change quickly. Declining macroeconomic conditions, including in the job markets, commodity markets, and residential real estate markets, could contribute to instability and uncertainty among customers and impact their financial wherewithal, credit scores and ultimately, their demand for home solar energy systems or interest in entering into long-term contracts, even if such contracts would generate immediate and long-term savings.

 Furthermore, market prices of retail electricity generated by utilities or other energy sources could decline for a variety of reasons, as discussed further below. Any such declines in macroeconomic conditions, changes in retail prices of electricity or changes in customer preferences would adversely impact our business.

 Our solar partners or suppliers may be unwilling or unable to fulfill their respective warranty and other contractual obligations. Warranty claims, product liability claims or accidents against us could adversely affect our business

 We agree to maintain the solar energy systems during the length of the term of our Customer Agreements, which are typically 20 years. We are exposed to any liabilities arising from the solar energy systems' failure to operate properly and are generally under an obligation to ensure each solar energy system remains in good condition during the term of the Customer Agreement. We are the beneficiary of the manufacturers' and system installers' warranty coverage, typically of 20 years for equipment warranties and five to ten years for workmanship warranties. In the event that such warranty providers file for bankruptcy, cease operations or otherwise become unable or unwilling to fulfill their warranty or related maintenance obligations, we may not be adequately protected by such warranties or maintenance obligations. Even if such warranty providers fulfill their obligations, the warranty or maintenance obligations may not be sufficient to protect us against all of our losses. These warranties are subject to liability and other limits. If we seek warranty protection and a warranty provider is unable or unwilling to perform its warranty obligations, whether as a result of its financial condition, its ability to act in a timely manner, or otherwise, or if the term of the warranty or maintenance obligation has expired or a liability limit has been reached, there may be a reduction or loss of protection for the affected assets, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, it is possible that the solar energy systems could cause injuries or property damage due to product malfunctions, defects or other causes. The solar energy systems or their components could also be subject to recalls either due to production defects or malfunctions, which could be expensive to resolve and may divert management's attention. In addition, product liability claims, injuries, defects or other problems experienced by other companies could lead to unfavorable market conditions to the industry as a whole and may have an adverse effect on our ability to expand our portfolio of customer agreements and related solar energy systems, which could affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Our failure to accurately predict future liabilities related to material quality or performance expenses could result in unexpected volatility in our financial condition. Due to the long estimated useful life of our solar energy systems, we have been required to make assumptions and apply judgments regarding a number of factors, including our anticipated rate of warranty claims and the durability, performance and reliability of our solar energy systems. We made these assumptions based on the historic performance of similar solar energy systems or on accelerated life cycle testing. Our assumptions could prove to be materially different from the actual performance of our solar energy systems, causing us to incur substantial expense to repair or replace defective solar energy systems in the future or to compensate customers for solar energy systems that do not meet their performance guarantees. Equipment defects, serial defects or operational deficiencies also would reduce our revenue from Customer Agreements since the customer payments under such Customer Agreements are dependent on solar energy system production or would require us to make refunds under performance guarantees. Any widespread product failures or operating deficiencies may damage our market reputation and adversely impact our financial results.

 Developments in technology or improvements in distributed solar energy generation and related technologies or components may materially adversely affect our ability to retain customers

 Significant developments in technology, such as advances in distributed solar power generation, energy storage solutions such as batteries, energy storage management systems, the widespread use or adoption of fuel cells for residential or commercial properties or improvements in other forms of distributed or centralized power production may materially and adversely affect our ability to retain customers and otherwise affect our business. Future technological advancements may result in reduced prices to consumers or more efficient solar energy systems than those available today, and we may not be able to adopt these new technologies as quickly as our competitors or on a cost-effective basis. This could result in current customer dissatisfaction, resulting in customers switching to competitor service providers who provide these new technologies more quickly or more cost-effectively.

 Due to the length of our Customer Agreements, the solar energy system deployed on a customer's residence may be outdated prior to the expiration of the term of the related Customer Agreement, reducing the likelihood of renewal of our Customer Agreement at the end of the applicable term and possibly increasing the occurrence of customers seeking to terminate or cancel their Customer Agreements or customer defaults. If current customers become dissatisfied with the price they pay for their solar energy system under our Customer Agreements relative to prices that may be available in the future or if customers become dissatisfied by the output generated by their solar energy systems relative to future solar energy system production capabilities, or both, this may lead to customers seeking to terminate or cancel their Customer Agreements or to higher rates of customer default and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, recent technological advancements may impact our business in ways we do not currently anticipate. Any failure by us to adopt or have access to new or enhanced technologies or processes, or to react to changes in existing technologies, could result in product obsolescence or the loss of competitiveness of and decreased consumer retention for our solar energy services, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Our solar energy systems depend heavily on suitable solar and meteorological conditions, which may be impacted by the effects of climate change. Seasonality fluctuations and effects of climate change could adversely affect our results of operations

 The energy produced and the revenue and cash receipts generated by a solar energy system depend on suitable solar, atmospheric and weather conditions, all of which are beyond our control. Furthermore, our systems could be damaged by severe weather or natural catastrophes, such as hurricanes, freezes, hailstorms, tornadoes, fires or earthquakes. Shifts in weather are difficult to predict and may not be immediately apparent, and the impact of these changes is difficult to quantify from period to period. Our economic model and projected returns on our solar energy systems require achievement of certain production results from our systems and, in some cases, we guarantee these results to our consumers. There can be no assurance we will be successful in implementing effective strategies to counter these shifts in weather. If the solar energy systems underperform for any reason, our business could suffer. For example, the amount of revenue we recognize in a given period and the amount of our obligations under the performance guarantees of our Customer Agreements are dependent in part on the amount of energy generated by solar energy systems under such Customer Agreements. Furthermore, climate change could exacerbate the frequency and severity of weather events in all areas where we operate. Climate change or other factors could also cause prevailing weather patterns to materially change in the future, making it harder to predict the average annual amount of sunlight striking each location where our solar energy systems are. Potential negative effects of climate change include, among others, a temporary decrease in solar availability in certain locations, disruptions in transmission grids and delays or reductions in new installations. These or other effects could make our solar energy systems less economical overall or make individual solar energy systems less economical. Any of these effects on meteorological conditions could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We typically bear the risk of loss and the cost of maintenance, repair and removal on solar energy systems that are owned by our subsidiaries and included in tax equity vehicles

 We typically bear the risk of loss and are generally obligated to cover the cost of maintenance, repair and removal for any of our solar energy systems. Under our Customer Agreements, we agree to operate and maintain the solar energy system for a fixed fee calculated to cover our future expected maintenance costs. If our solar energy systems require an above-average amount of repairs or if the cost of repairing the solar energy systems is higher than our estimate, we would need to perform such repairs without additional compensation. If our solar energy systems are damaged as the result of a natural disaster beyond our control, losses could exceed or be excluded from our insurance policy limits and we could incur unforeseen costs that could harm our business and financial condition. We may also incur significant costs for taking other actions in preparation for, or in reaction to, such events. We purchase property insurance with industry standard coverage and limits to protect against such risk, but such coverage may not cover our losses.

 The value of our solar energy systems at the end of the associated term of the Customer Agreement may be lower
 than projected, which may adversely affect our financial performance, results of operation and valuation

 We depreciate the costs of our solar energy systems over their estimated useful life of 30 years. At the end of the initial term of the Customer Agreement, we may choose to remove the solar energy systems at no cost to the customer, or customers may choose to purchase their solar energy systems, ask to remove the system at our cost, or renew their Customer Agreements. Customers may choose not to renew or purchase for any reason, including pricing, decreased energy consumption, relocation of residence, or switching to a competitor product. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict how future environmental regulations may affect the costs associated with the removal, disposal or recycling of our solar energy systems. If the residual value of the solar energy systems is less than we expect at the end of the Customer Agreement, we may be required to accelerate the recognition of all or some of the remaining unamortized costs. This could materially impair our results of operations.

 Increases in the cost or reduction in supply of solar energy system components due to tariffs or trade restrictions
 imposed by the U.S. government could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of
 operations

 China is a major producer of solar products. Certain solar cells, modules, laminates and panels from China are subject to various U.S. anti-dumping and countervailing duty rates, depending on the exporter supplying the product, imposed by the U.S. government as a result of determinations that the U.S. was materially injured as a result of such imports being sold at less than fair value. If alternative sources are not available on competitive terms, our servicers may be required to purchase these products from manufacturers in China. In addition, tariffs on solar cells, modules and inverters in China may put upward pressure on prices of these products in other jurisdictions, which could reduce our ability to offer competitive pricing to customers. The anti-dumping and countervailing duties are subject to annual review and may be increased or decreased. Furthermore, under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, the Office of the United States Trade Representative has imposed and raised, and may continue to raise, tariffs on certain imports from China, including certain solar products, and such additional tariffs on certain Chinese solar products have been imposed during the first quarter of 2025. Since these tariffs impact the purchase price of solar products, these tariffs raise the cost associated with purchasing these solar products from China and reduce the competitive pressure on providers of solar products not subject to these tariffs. The U.S. government also has imposed various trade restrictions on Chinese entities determined to be acting contrary to U.S. foreign policy and national security interests. Although we maintain policies and procedures designed to maintain compliance with applicable governmental laws and regulations, these and other similar trade restrictions that may be imposed against Chinese entities in the future may have the effect of restricting the global supply of, and raising prices for, certain solar products, which could increase the overall cost of solar energy system maintenance and reduce our ability to offer competitive pricing in certain markets.

 We cannot predict what additional actions the U.S. may adopt with respect to tariffs or other trade regulations or what actions may be taken by other countries in retaliation for such measures. The tariffs described above, the adoption and expansion of trade restrictions, the occurrence of a trade war or other governmental action related to tariffs, trade agreements or related policies have the potential to adversely impact our suppliers' supply chains and access to equipment and products, as well as our costs and ability to economically serve certain markets. If additional measures are imposed or other negotiated outcomes occur, the ability of our suppliers to purchase these products on competitive terms or to access specialized technologies from other countries could be further limited, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 We face competition from traditional energy companies as well as solar and other renewable energy companies

 The solar energy industry is highly competitive and continually evolving as participants strive to distinguish themselves within their markets and compete with large utilities. We face competition from established utilities that supply energy to customers by traditional means. Utilities generally have substantially greater financial, technical, operational, and other resources than we do. As a result, utilities may be able to devote more resources to the research, development, or promotion of their products or respond more quickly to evolving industry standards and changes in market conditions than we can. Furthermore, these competitors are able to devote substantially more resources and funding to regulatory and lobbying efforts. Utilities could also offer other value-added products or services that could help them compete with us. Regulated utilities also are increasingly seeking approval to "rate-base" their own solar energy system businesses. Rate-basing means that utilities would receive guaranteed rates of return for their solar energy system businesses. Our competitiveness would be significantly harmed if more utilities receive such permission since we do not receive guaranteed profits for our solar service offerings.

 We compete with solar companies with vertically integrated business models, including maintenance services. If
 the integrated approach of our competitors is successful, it may limit our ability to acquire solar energy systems. Solar companies with vertically integrated business models could also offer other value-added products or services that could help them to compete with us. Larger competitors may also be able to access financing at a lower cost of capital than we are able to obtain. We also compete with solar companies with business models similar to our own, and we may also face competition from new entrants into the market. Some of these competitors may have a higher degree of brand name recognition, differing business or pricing strategies, lower barriers to entry into the solar market, and greater capital resources than we have, as well as extensive knowledge of our target markets.

 We have historically provided our solar services to residential customers and have begun, and intend to continue, to expand to other markets. There is intense competition in the solar energy sector in the markets in which we operate and the markets in which we intend to operate. As new entrants continue to enter into these markets, and as we enter into new markets, we may be unable to grow or maintain our operations and we may be unable to compete with companies that have already established themselves in those markets.

 As the solar industry grows and evolves, we will continue to face existing competitors as well as new competitors who are not currently in the market (including those resulting from the consolidation of existing competitors) and new technologies. Our failure to adapt to changing market conditions, to compete successfully with existing or new competitors and to adopt new or enhanced technologies could limit our growth and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 A material reduction in the retail price of traditional utility generated electricity or electricity from other sources
 could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations

 Decreases in the retail price of electricity from electric utilities or from other energy sources, could harm our ability to offer competitive pricing and could harm our business. The price of electricity from utilities could decrease as a result of:

 • the construction of a significant number of new power generation plants, including nuclear, coal, natural gas, or renewable energy technologies;

 • the construction of additional electric transmission and distribution lines;

 • a reduction in the price of natural gas or other natural resources;

 • energy conservation technologies that provide less expensive energy, including storage; and

 • utility rate adjustments and customer class cost reallocation.

 A reduction in utility electricity prices would make our solar service offerings less attractive. If the retail price of energy available from utilities were to decrease due to any of these or other reasons, we would be at a competitive disadvantage. As a result, we may be unable to maintain our customers and our growth would be limited.

 Risks Related to Our Business Operations

 We may not realize the anticipated benefits of past or future investments, strategic transactions, or acquisitions, and integration of these acquisitions may disrupt our business and management

 We have in the past and may in the future, acquire solar portfolios, companies, products or technologies or enter into other strategic transactions. For example, in March 2023, we completed the SEMTH Acquisition acquiring approximately 22,500 customer contracts; in August 2023, we completed the Tredegar Acquisition acquiring 2,400 home solar assets and contracts; and in November 2024, we completed the NJR Acquisition acquiring 9,800 solar energy systems. We may not realize the anticipated benefits of past or future investments, strategic transactions or acquisitions, and these transactions involve numerous risks that are not within our control. These risks include the following, among others:

 • failure to satisfy the required conditions and otherwise complete a planned acquisition or other strategic transaction on a timely basis or at all;

 • legal or regulatory proceedings, if any, relating to a planned acquisition or other strategic transaction and the outcome of such legal proceedings;

 • difficulty in assimilating the operations, systems and personnel of the acquired company;

 • difficulty in effectively integrating the acquired technologies or products with our current products and technologies;

 • difficulty in maintaining controls, procedures and policies during the transition and integration;

 • disruption of our ongoing business and distraction of our Management and employees from other opportunities and challenges due to integration issues;

 • difficulty integrating the acquired company's accounting, management information and other administrative systems;

 • inability to retain key technical and managerial personnel of the acquired business;

 • inability to retain key customers, vendors and other business partners of the acquired business;

 • inability to achieve the financial and strategic goals for the acquired and combined businesses;

 • incurring acquisition-related costs or amortization costs for acquired intangible assets that could impact our results of operations;

 • significant post-acquisition investments which may lower the actual benefits realized through the acquisition;

 • potential failure of the due diligence processes to identify significant issues with product quality, legal and financial liabilities, among other things;

 • moderating and anticipating the impacts of inherent or emerging seasonality in acquired customer agreements; and

 • potential inability to obtain, or obtain in a timely manner, approvals from governmental authorities, which could delay or prevent such acquisitions.

 Our failure to address these risks, or other problems encountered in connection with our past or future investments, strategic transactions or acquisitions, could cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of these acquisitions or investments, cause us to incur anticipated liabilities, and harm our business generally. Future acquisitions could also result in dilutive issuances of our equity securities, the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities, amortization expenses, incremental expenses or the write-off of any related goodwill, any of which could harm our financial condition or results of operations, and the trading price of our common stock could decline.

 If we fail to manage our recent and future growth effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of customer service, or adequately address competitive challenges

 We have experienced growth in recent periods, and we intend to continue such efforts to expand our business. This growth has placed, and any future growth may continue to place, a significant strain on our management, operational and financial infrastructure. Our growth requires our management to devote a significant amount of time and effort to maintain and expand our relationships with customers and other third parties, acquire new customers and otherwise manage our expansion. In addition, our current and planned operations, personnel, information technology, and other systems and procedures might be inadequate to support our future growth and may require us to make additional unanticipated investments in our infrastructure. Our success and ability to further scale our business will depend, in part, on our ability to manage these changes in a cost-effective and efficient manner. If we cannot manage our growth, we may be unable to take advantage of market opportunities, execute our business strategies, or respond to competitive pressures. This could also result in declines in quality or customer satisfaction, increased costs, difficulties in introducing new solar service offerings, or other operational difficulties. Any failure to effectively manage growth could adversely impact our business, operating results, financial condition, and reputation.

 We may be unsuccessful in introducing or executing on new service offerings or in penetrating new markets, which could adversely affect our business

 Our success and ability to compete depend on the service offerings that we have developed or may develop in the future. There is a risk that the service offerings that we have developed or may develop may not meet the demands of our customers or target markets, do not achieve market acceptance, or that the marketing of the services may not be as successful as anticipated. If we fail to introduce new service offerings that meet the demands of our customers or target markets or do not achieve market acceptance, or if we fail to penetrate new markets, our business could be adversely affected.

 We may require additional financing to support the development of our business and implementation of our growth strategy, and if financing is not available to us on acceptable terms when needed, our ability to continue to grow our business could be materially adversely affected

 We may require additional capital investment in the future to fund operations and support strategic initiatives. There can be no assurance that we will have access to the capital we need on favorable terms when required or at all. Additional financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us. If we are unable to obtain needed financing on acceptable terms, we may not be able to implement our business plan, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. If we raise additional funds through the sale of equity, convertible debt or other equity-linked securities, our shareholders' ownership will be diluted. We may issue securities that have rights, preferences and privileges senior to our common stock.

 We do not directly control certain costs related to our business, which could put us at a disadvantage relative to companies who have a vertically integrated business model

 We do not have direct control over the costs our suppliers charge for the components of solar energy systems or the costs of maintaining such systems. This may lead us to charge higher prices than our competitors with a vertically integrated business model, causing us to be unable to maintain or increase market share.

 Our growth and performance depend in part on the success of our relationships with third parties, including our servicing partners

 Our growth depends in part on developing or expanding our relationships with third parties. Among other things, our business depends on attracting and retaining new and existing servicing partners. Negotiating relationships with our servicing partners, investing in due diligence efforts with potential servicing partners, training such servicing partners and monitoring them for compliance with our standards require significant time and resources and may present greater risks and challenges than expanding our internal servicing teams. If we are unsuccessful in establishing or maintaining our relationships with these third parties, our ability to grow our business and address our market opportunity could be impaired. Even if we are able to establish and maintain these relationships, we may not be able to execute on our goal of leveraging these relationships to meaningfully expand our business, brand recognition, and customer base, which could limit our growth potential and our opportunities to generate significant additional revenue or cash flows. In the event that any of our third-party servicers fails to perform its servicing duties, or experiences a termination or cancellation event under the applicable servicing agreement, or we otherwise experience an interruption in that third party servicer's performance, we may incur additional costs associated with obtaining a replacement servicer and seeking recovery of amounts owed to us. In such an event, there can be no assurance that a replacement servicer could be retained in a timely manner or at comparable cost to us, and any servicing transfer can result in data input errors, misdirected notices, and other issues.

 Our operating results and our ability to grow may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year, which could make our future performance difficult to predict and could cause our operating results for a particular period to fall below expectations

 Our quarterly and annual operating results and our ability to grow are difficult to predict and may fluctuate significantly in the future. We have experienced seasonal and quarterly fluctuations in the past and expect to experience such fluctuations in the future. In addition to the other risks described in this "Risk Factors" section, the following factors could cause our operating results to fluctuate:

 • significant fluctuations in customer demand for our services;

 • expiration, reduction, or initiation of any governmental rebates or incentives;

 • our ability to continue to expand our operations and the amount and timing of expenditures related to this expansion;

 • announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, join ventures or capital-raising activities, or commitments;

 • changes in our pricing policies or terms or those of our competitors, including centralized electric utilities;

 • actual or anticipated developments in our competitors' businesses, technology, or the competitive landscape; and

 • natural disasters or other weather or meteorological conditions.

 For these or other reasons, the results of any prior quarterly or annual periods should not be relied upon as indications of our future performance.

 The loss or transition of key members of senior management or key employees, or our inability to attract and retain qualified personnel, could adversely affect our business

 Our success depends, in part, on our ability to retain our key personnel. The loss of any of our key personnel could have an adverse effect on our business. Most recently, we completed a Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") transition in April 2024. Management transitions may create uncertainty and involve a diversion of resources and management attention, be disruptive to our daily operations or impact public or market perception, any of which could negatively impact our ability to operate effectively or execute our strategies and result in a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

 Our success also depends, in part, on our continuing ability to identify, hire, attract, train, develop and retain other highly qualified personnel. Experienced and highly skilled employees are in high demand and competition for these employees can be intense, and our ability to hire, attract and retain them depends on our ability to provide competitive compensation. We may not be able to attract, assimilate, develop or retain qualified personnel in the future, and our failure to do so could adversely affect our business, including the execution of our global business strategy. Any failure by Management and our employees to perform as expected may have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

 Our performance may be negatively impacted by our recent CEO transition

 On April 12, 2024, we announced that the chairman of our board of directors, Christopher Hayes, had been named President and CEO to replace our prior President and CEO. There are a number of risks associated with a CEO transition, any of which may harm us. If the new CEO is unsuccessful at leading the management team or is unable to articulate and execute our strategy and vision, our business may be harmed, and our stock price may decline. If we do not successfully manage our CEO transition, it could be viewed negatively by our customers, employees or investors and could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and operating results. With the change in leadership, there is a risk to retention of other members of senior management, as well as to continuity of business initiatives, plans, and strategies through the transition period and if we are unable to execute an orderly transition, our business may be adversely affected.

 Management has limited experience in operating a public company. If we fail to manage our growth effectively, we may not be able to develop, produce, make or sell our products or services successfully

 Our executive officers have limited experience in the management of a publicly traded company. Management may not successfully or effectively manage a public company that is subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under federal securities laws. Management's limited experience in dealing with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies could be a significant disadvantage in that it is likely that an increasing amount of their time may be devoted to these activities, which will result in less time being devoted to the management and our growth. Any failure to manage our growth effectively could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition.

 Additionally, we may not have adequate personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience and training in the accounting policies, practices or internal control over financial reporting required of public companies in the U.S. The development and implementation of the standards and controls necessary for us to achieve the level of accounting standards required of a public company in the U.S. may require costs greater than expected. Competition for individuals with this experience is intense, and we may not be able to attract, integrate, train, motivate or retain additional highly qualified personnel. The failure to attract, integrate, train, motivate and retain these additional employees could seriously harm our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

 Rising interest rates could raise our cost of capital and may adversely affect our financial condition

 We have $730.6 million of long-term debt outstanding as of December 31, 2024, which are secured by our solar assets, and the majority of which is variable rate debt. Increases in interest rates could result in an increase in our interest expense under our variable-rate borrowings and the costs of refinancing existing indebtedness or obtaining new debt, including debt to finance future acquisitions. Although we use interest rate swap contracts to mitigate the market risk associated with rising interest rates, including on our existing variable-rate debt, significant increases in interest rates or continued higher interest rates may still increase our cost of capital and may make it more difficult for us to finance our business.

 Our use of hedging strategies to mitigate our interest rate risk may not be effective and may adversely affect our net income, comprehensive income, liquidity, and book value per common share

 We use interest rate swap contracts to help mitigate increased financing costs due to adverse changes in interest rates on our syndicated term loans, which are recognized on the balance sheet at their fair values. Our hedging activity will vary in scope based on, among other things, our forecast of future interest rates, our acquisition activity, the actual and implied level and volatility of interest rates, and source and terms of financing used. No hedging strategy can completely insulate us from the interest rate risk to which we are exposed. Interest rate swaps may fail to protect or could adversely affect our results of operations, book value, and liquidity due to, among other things:

 • available derivative financial instruments may not correspond directly with the interest rate risk from which we seek protection;

 • the value of the derivative financial instruments is adjusted from time to time in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") to reflect changes in fair value and the related adjustments will impact our earnings, shareholders' equity, and book value;

 • the credit quality of the counterparty owing money on the derivative financial instrument may be downgraded to such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell, assign, or otherwise modify our side of the transaction; and

 • the counterparty owing money in the transaction may default on its obligation to pay.

 Derivative financial instruments can be traded on an exchange or administered through a clearing house or under bilateral agreements between us and a counterparty. Our bilateral hedging agreements expose us to increased counterparty risk, and we may be at risk of loss of any collateral held by a hedging counterparty if the counterparty becomes insolvent or files for bankruptcy. Additionally, if a counterparty fails to perform under the hedging agreements, our operating liquidity and financial performance could be materially and adversely affected.

 We are exposed to the credit risk of our customers and payment delinquencies on our accounts receivable

 We have long-term, contractual relationships with our customers, which require them to make payments throughout the term of their contract. Consequently, we are subject to the credit risk of our customers and we expect that the risk of customer defaults may increase as we continue to grow our business. Our future exposure may exceed the amount of reserves that we establish in the future. If we experience increased customer credit defaults, our business and revenue could be adversely affected. During an economic downturn or during periods of rising inflation and interest rates, the risk of customer defaults may increase, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Our employees and independent contractors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulations, which could have an adverse effect on our business and operating results

 We are exposed to the risk that our employees and independent contractors may engage in misconduct or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless or negligent conduct or other activities that violate laws and regulations, including production standards, U.S. federal and state fraud, abuse, data privacy and security laws, other similar non-U.S. laws or laws that require the true, complete, and accurate reporting of financial information or data. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. In addition, we are subject to the risk that a person or government could allege such fraud or other misconduct, even if none occurred. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results, including, without limitation, the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, disgorgement, integrity oversight and reporting obligations to resolve allegations of non-compliance, imprisonment, other sanctions, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings and curtailment of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.

 Any security breach, unauthorized access or disclosure, or theft of data, including personal information, we, our third party service providers, or our suppliers gather, store, transmit or use, or other hacking, cyber-attack, phishing attack, and unauthorized intrusions into or through our systems or those of our third-party service providers could harm our reputation, subject us to claims, litigation, and financial harm and have an adverse impact on our business

 In the ordinary course of business, we, our third-party service providers and our suppliers receive, store, transmit and use proprietary, confidential and sensitive data, including the personal information of customers, such as names, addresses, email addresses, credit information and other housing and energy use data, as well as the personal information of our employees. Any unauthorized disclosure of such proprietary, confidential or sensitive data, including personal information, whether through a breach of our systems or those of our third-party service providers or suppliers by an unauthorized party, including, but not limited to hackers, threat actors, sophisticated nation-states or nation-state-supported actors, or through the personnel theft, or misuse of information, or otherwise, could harm our business. In addition, we, our third party service providers and our suppliers may be subject to a variety of evolving threats, such as computer malware (including as a result of advanced persistent threat intrusions), ransomware, malicious code (such as viruses or worms), social engineering (including spear phishing and smishing attacks), telecommunications failures, natural disasters and extreme weather events, general hacking, and other similar threats.

 Cybersecurity incidents have become more prevalent and could occur on our systems and those of our third parties in the future. Our team members who work remotely pose increased risks to our information technology systems and data, since many of them utilize less secure network connections outside our premises.

 Applicable data privacy and security obligations may require us to notify relevant stakeholders, including affected individuals, customers, regulators and investors, of security incidents. Such disclosures are costly, and the disclosure or the failure to comply with such requirements could lead to adverse consequences. Inadvertent disclosure of confidential data or unauthorized access by a third party could result in future claims or litigation arising from damages suffered by those affected, government enforcement actions (for example, investigations, fines, penalties, audits and inspections), additional reporting requirements and/or oversight, indemnification obligations, reputational harm, interruptions in our operations, financial loss and other similar harms. In addition, we could incur significant costs in complying with the multitude of federal, state, and local laws, and applicable independent security control frameworks, regarding the unauthorized disclosure of personal information. Although we have not experienced a material information security breach in the past and have developed systems and processes to prevent or detect security breaches and protect the confidential information we receive, store, transmit, and use, we cannot assure that such measures will provide adequate security. Finally, any perceived or actual unauthorized disclosure of such information, unauthorized intrusion, or other cyberthreat could harm our reputation, substantially impair our ability to attract and retain customers, interrupt our operations and have an adverse impact on our business.

 We rely on third-party service providers and technologies to operate critical business systems to process sensitive information in a variety of contexts, including, without limitation, cloud-based infrastructure, encryption and authentication technology, employee email, and other functions. Our ability to monitor these third parties' information security practices is limited, and these third parties may not have adequate information security measures in place. If our third-party service providers experience a security incident or other interruption, we could experience adverse consequences. While we may be entitled to damages if our third-party service providers fail to satisfy their privacy or security-related obligations to us, any award may be insufficient to cover our damages, or we may be unable to recover such award.

 Our contracts may not contain limitations of liability, and even where they do, there can be no assurance that limitations of liability in our contracts are sufficient to protect us from liabilities, damages, or claims related to our data privacy and security obligations. While we currently maintain cybersecurity insurance, such insurance may not be sufficient to cover us against claims, and we cannot be certain that cybersecurity insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all, or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim.

 Information technology systems are a critical component of our long-term competitive strategy, and if we fail to timely and responsibly implement, adopt, and innovate in response to rapidly evolving technological developments, including the use of artificial intelligence ("AI"), our ability to compete, financial condition, and operating results could be adversely impacted

 Our ability to compete effectively requires our continued investment in technology to ensure we provide ongoing value to our current and potential customers and operate efficiently. However, there are many new uncertainties in newly emerging technologies and if we are unable to integrate and introduce new technologies and services effectively, our ability to compete may be adversely affected and our business could be materially harmed. Whether we compete effectively may also be impacted by our ability to accurately anticipate and effectively respond to the risks and opportunities presented by the disruptions and developments of emerging and newly available technologies, including AI. We may not be successful in anticipating or responding to these developments on a timely and cost-effective basis, and if the rate at which we adopt and the ways in which we apply new technologies lags or differs negatively in meaningful ways from our competitors, our business could be adversely affected. New and emerging technologies present a number of risks and incorporating them into our information technology infrastructure and services responsibly is important to maintaining and strengthening our competitive position in the market.

 Unfavorable publicity could adversely affect our business

 Recent negative publicity has adversely affected, and may in the future affect, our industry, brand, reputation, and stock price, which may make it difficult for us to attract and retain employees, partners and customers, reduce confidence in our services, harm investor confidence and the market price of our securities, and invite legislative and regulatory scrutiny, litigation and government investigations. Negative publicity may result from allegations of fraud, improper business practices, employee misconduct or any other matters that could give rise to litigation and/or governmental investigations. Unfavorable publicity relating to us or those affiliated with us has and may in the future adversely affect public perception of the entire company. Adverse publicity and its effect on overall public perceptions of our brand, or our failure to respond effectively to adverse publicity, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

 We are subject to legal proceedings and litigation and have been, and may in the future be, named as a defendant in legal proceedings, including certain stockholder class actions, which like many litigation matters, could result in substantial damages and other related costs and may require management-level attention

 Beginning on March 8, 2021, two putative class action complaints were filed in the federal district court for the Southern District of New York against us and certain of our current officers and directors. The cases were consolidated as In re XL Fleet Corp. Securities Litigation, Case No. 1:21-cv-02171, a lead plaintiff was appointed in June 2021. On July 20, 2021, an amended complaint was filed alleging that certain public statements made by the defendants between October 2,
 2020, and March 2, 2021, violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. Following negotiations with a mediator, in September 2023, we and the plaintiffs agreed on a settlement in principle in the aggregate amount of $19.5 million (the "Settlement Amount"), and on December 6, 2023, the lead plaintiff and the defendants entered into a stipulation and agreement of settlement requiring us to pay the Settlement Amount to resolve the class action litigation and the related legal fees and administration costs. On April 30, 2024, the New York Court approved a final settlement. The Settlement Amount was offset by approximately $4.5 million of related loss recoveries from our directors and officers liability insurance policy with third parties, which was paid out in February 2024. We paid the $15.0 million net settlement amount to the settlement claims administrator in February 2024.

 On September 20, 2021, and October 19, 2021, two class action complaints were filed in the Delaware Court of Chancery against certain of our current officers and directors, and the sponsor of our special purpose acquisition company merger, Pivotal Investment Holdings II LLC. The actions were consolidated, and a consolidated amended complaint was filed on January 31, 2022, alleging various breaches of fiduciary duty, and aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duty, for purported actions relating to the negotiation and approval of the December 21, 2020, merger and organization of XL Hybrids, Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Legacy XL") to become XL Fleet, and purportedly materially misleading statements made in connection with the merger. On August 19, 2022, defendants moved to dismiss the second amended complaint, which was granted in part and denied in part on June 9, 2023. The parties then engaged in discovery. On November 13, 2024, we filed a stipulation and settlement agreement seeking court approval to settle this matter in full for $4.75 million. On March 26, 2025, the court approved the stipulation and settlement agreement.

 In 2021, we received requests for information, including a subpoena, from the SEC related to, among other things, the XL Fleet business combination with Legacy XL and the related private investment in public equity financing, our sales pipeline and revenue projections, purchase orders, suppliers, California Air Resources Board approvals, fuel economy from our Power Drive products, customer complaints, and disclosures and other matters in connection with the foregoing. In September 2023, the SEC simultaneously filed and settled administrative proceedings alleging violations of the federal securities laws. Specifically, the settlement order requires that we: (i) cease and desist from committing or causing any violations and any future violations of Sections 17(a)(2) and 17(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), Sections 13(a) and 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") and Rules 12b-20, 13a-11, and 14a-9 thereunder, and (ii) pay, a civil money penalty in the amount of $11.0 million to the SEC, which has been paid.

 These legal proceedings and any other similar or related legal proceedings or investigations are subject to inherent uncertainties, and the actual costs to be incurred relating to these matters will depend upon many unknown factors. The outcome of these legal proceedings is uncertain, and we could be forced to expend significant resources in the defense of these actions, and we may not prevail. Monitoring and defending against legal actions is time-consuming for our Management and staff, and may detract from our ability to fully focus our internal resources on our business activities. We are also generally obligated, to the extent permitted by law, to indemnify our current and former directors and officers who are named as defendants in these and similar actions. We currently cannot estimate the possible costs stemming from these matters, and we also cannot be certain how long it may take to resolve them or the possible amount of any potential sanctions, penalties, or damages that we may incur. It is possible that we could, in the future, incur judgments or enter into settlements of claims for monetary damages. An adverse outcome in these matters that results in significant sanctions could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow, results of operations, financial position, or our stock price.

 We may need to defend ourselves against patent, copyright or trademark infringement claims or trade secret misappropriation claims, which may be time-consuming and cause us to incur substantial costs and could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results

 Companies, organizations, or individuals, including our competitors, may own or obtain patents, trademarks or other proprietary rights that would prevent or limit our ability to make, use, develop or sell our home solar and other products and services, which could make it more difficult for us to operate our business. We may receive inquiries from patent, copyright or trademark owners inquiring whether we infringe upon their proprietary rights. We may also be the subject of allegations that we have misappropriated their trade secrets or other proprietary rights. Companies owning patents or other intellectual property rights relating to battery packs, electric motors, or electronic power management systems may allege infringement or misappropriation of such rights. In response to a determination that we have infringed upon or misappropriated a third party's intellectual property rights, we may be required to do one or more of the following:

 • cease development, sales or use of our products that incorporate the asserted intellectual property;

 • pay substantial damages;

 • obtain a license from the owner of the asserted intellectual property right, which license may not be available on reasonable terms or at all; or

 • redesign one or more aspects of an applicable product or service.

 A successful claim of infringement or misappropriation against us could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Any litigation or claims, whether valid or invalid, could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources.

 Risks Related to Regulation

 Our business depends in part on the regulatory treatment of third-party owned solar energy systems

 Retail sales of electricity by third parties such as us face regulatory challenges in some states and jurisdictions, including states and jurisdictions we intend to enter where the laws and regulatory policies have not historically embraced competition to the service provided by the vertically integrated centralized electric utility. Some of the principal challenges pertain to whether third-party owned solar energy systems qualify for the same levels of rebates or other non-tax incentives available for customer owned solar energy systems, whether third-party owned solar energy systems are eligible at all for these incentives and whether third-party owned solar energy systems are eligible for net metering and the associated significant cost savings. Furthermore, in some states and utility territories third parties are limited in the way they may deliver solar energy to their customers. These regulatory constraints may, for example, give rise to various property tax issues.

 Changes in law and reductions in, eliminations of, or additional requirements for, benefits such as rebates, tax incentives, and favorable net metering policies decrease the attractiveness of new solar energy systems to distributed home solar power companies and the attractiveness of solar energy systems to customers, which could reduce our acquisition opportunities. Net metering has helped to enable the growth of distributed generation solar energy systems in the U.S., and net metering programs have been subject to legislative and regulatory scrutiny in some states and territories. Net metering and related policies concerning distributed generation have also received attention from federal legislators and regulations. Such a loss or reduction in benefits, incentives, and favorable net metering policies could also adversely impact our access to capital and reduce our willingness to pursue solar energy systems due to higher operating costs or lower revenues.

 We are not currently regulated as a utility under applicable laws, but we may be subject to regulation as a utility
 in the future or become subject to new federal and state regulations for any additional solar service offerings we
 may introduce in the future

 Most federal, state and municipal laws do not currently regulate us as a utility. As a result, we are not subject to the various regulatory requirements applicable to U.S. utilities. However, federal, state, local or other applicable regulations could place significant restrictions on our ability to operate our business and execute our business plan by prohibiting or otherwise restricting our sale of electricity. If we become subject to the same regulatory authorities as utilities in other states or if new regulatory bodies are established to oversee our business, our operating costs could materially increase and we may not be able to execute on our business plans.

 Compliance with occupational safety and health and environmental requirements can be costly and noncompliance with such requirements may result in potentially significant monetary penalties, operational delays and adverse publicity

 The ongoing operations and maintenance of solar energy systems requires individuals hired by us or third-party contractors, potentially including our employees, to work at heights with complicated and potentially dangerous electrical systems. There is substantial risk of serious injury or death if proper safety procedures are not followed. Certain of our operations are subject to regulation under OSHA and Wage and Hour Division, DOT regulations, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and equivalent state and local laws that protect and regulate employee health and safety and the environment. Changes to these requirements, or stricter interpretation or enforcement of existing laws or regulations, could result in increased costs. If we fail to comply with applicable occupational safety and health and environmental regulations, we may be subject to civil or criminal enforcement and be required to pay substantial penalties, incur significant capital expenditures, or suspend or limit operations. Since individuals hired by us or on our behalf to perform ongoing operations and maintenance of our solar energy systems, including third-party contractors, are compensated on a per project basis, they are incentivized to work more quickly than servicers compensated on an hourly basis. While we have not experienced a high level of injuries to date, this incentive structure may result in higher injury rates than others in the industry and could accordingly expose us to increased liability. Individuals hired by or on behalf of us may have workplace accidents and receive citations from OSHA regulators for alleged safety violations, resulting in fines. Any such accidents, citations, violations, injuries or failure to comply with industry best practices may subject us to adverse publicity, damage our reputation and competitive position and adversely affect our business.

 A failure to comply with laws and regulations relating to interactions by us with current or prospective customers, including consumer protection laws, could result in negative publicity, claims, investigations, and litigation and adversely affect our business

 Our business substantially focuses on Customer Agreements and transactions with residential customers. We offer leases, loans and other products and services to consumers by contractors in our networks, who utilize sales people employed by or engaged as third-party service providers of such contractors. We must comply with numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations that govern matters relating to interactions with residential consumers, including those pertaining to consumer protection, marketing and sales, privacy and data security, consumer financial and credit transactions, mortgages and refinancings, home improvement contracts, warranties, and various means of customer solicitation. These laws and regulations are subject to change and to potentially differing interpretations. Additionally, various federal, state and local legislative and regulatory bodies may initiate investigations, which can lead to enforcement actions, expand current laws or regulations, or enact new laws and regulations regarding these matters. Changes in these laws or regulations or their interpretation could dramatically affect how we do business, acquire customers, manage and use information collected from and about current and prospective customers and the costs associated therewith. As a result, we are subject to a constantly evolving consumer protection environment that is difficult to predict and may affect our business. While we have developed policies and procedures designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations, no assurance is given that our compliance policies and procedures will be effective. Failure to comply with these laws and with regulatory requirements applicable to our business could subject us to, among other things, damages, class action lawsuits, enforcement actions, civil and criminal liability, settlements, changes in business practices, increased compliance costs, and reputational damage that may harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 Electric utility policies and regulations, including those affecting electric rates, may present regulatory and economic barriers to the purchase and use of solar energy systems that may significantly reduce demand for electricity from our solar energy systems and adversely impact our ability to acquire new solar service agreements

 Federal, state, and local government statutes and regulations concerning electricity heavily influence the market for our solar service offerings and are constantly evolving. These statutes, regulations, and administrative rulings relate to, among other things, electricity pricing, net metering, consumer protection, incentives, taxation, competition with utilities, and the interconnection of homeowner-owned and third party-owned solar energy systems to the electrical grid. These statutes and regulations are constantly evolving. In the U.S., governmental authorities and state public service commissions that determine utility rates, rate structures, and the terms and conditions of electric service continuously modify these regulations and policies. These regulations and policies could result in a significant reduction in the potential demand for electricity from our solar energy systems and could adversely impact our ability to acquire new solar service agreements.

 In addition, many utilities, their trade associations, and fossil fuel interests in the country, which have significantly greater economic, technical, operational and political resources than us, are currently challenging solar-related policies, which may have the effect of reducing the competitiveness of residential solar energy. Any adverse changes in solar-related policies could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 We are subject to U.S. and foreign anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws and regulations. We could face criminal liability and other serious consequences for violations, which could harm our business

 We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act and possibly other anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in countries in which we conduct or will conduct activities. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees, agents, contractors, and other collaborators from authorizing, promising, offering or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or anything else of value to recipients in the public or private sector. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, agents, contractors, and other collaborators, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. Any violations of the laws and regulations described above may result in substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties, imprisonment, the loss of export or import privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm, and other consequences.

 We are, and may become, subject to stringent and evolving laws, regulations, rules, contractual obligations, industry standards, policies, and other obligations related to data privacy and security. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation and could result in claims, increased costs of operations, or otherwise harm our business

 Personal privacy and data security have become significant issues and the subject of rapidly evolving regulation and
 expectations. Federal, state, and local government bodies or agencies have in the past adopted, and may in the future
 adopt more laws and regulations affecting data privacy. Interpretations and enforcement of these laws continue to
 evolve. Changes to interpretations or enforcement strategies could create a range of new compliance obligations,
 which could cause us to incur additional costs. If interpretations or enforcement of these laws deviate significantly in
 the future, those costs could become even more severe. Any inability to adequately address privacy and security
 concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable privacy and data protection laws, regulations and policies,
 could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit acquisitions, and adversely affect our
 business. Furthermore, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, the laws, regulations, and
 policies that are applicable to our business may limit the use and adoption of, and reduce the overall demand for, our
 services. If we are not able to adjust to changing laws, regulations, and standards related to privacy or security, our
 business may be harmed. Moreover, as noted above, we are also subject to the possibility of security breaches, some
 of which may result in a violation of these laws.

 We have received subpoenas from states attorneys general requesting information about our business. These investigations could result in fines, penalties or damages and may divert Management's time and attention from our business

 We have received subpoenas from certain state attorneys general requesting information about our business. These investigations could result in fines, penalties, or damages and may divert Management's time and attention from our business. Specifically, we have received subpoenas from the attorneys general offices for the states of Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, and Texas regarding, among other things, certain sales, marketing, billing, and operations practices. We are timely responding to these subpoenas, and otherwise are cooperating with the states in connection with these investigations, each of which have involved requests for a substantial volume of documents. While we cannot now predict the outcome of these matters, it is possible that these investigations may result in a fine, penalty, or injunction which may impact our ability to operate in these states.

 Risks Related to Our Financial Performance

 We previously identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting that continue to exist, and our management has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2024. If we fail to remediate these material weaknesses, or if we identify additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal control in the future, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations and the trading price of our common stock may decline

 A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, management identified several material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting. Further, we have concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2024 due to the existence of material weaknesses, including certain material weaknesses that were previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, and we have also concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2024 due to material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, all as described in Part II, Item 9A. "Controls and Procedures."

 As of the date of this Form 10-K, our remediation efforts are ongoing for the material weaknesses identified in Part II, Item 9A. "Controls and Procedures." We cannot assure that additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not arise or be identified in the future. We intend to continue our control remediation activities and to continue to improve our operational, information technology, financial systems, and infrastructure procedures and controls, as well as to continue to expand, train, retain, and manage our personnel who are essential to effective internal controls. In doing so, we will continue to incur expenses and expend management time on compliance-related issues. We may be unable to hire or retain such personnel, including qualified accounting and financial reporting personnel. Although we are working to remedy the ineffectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting, there can be no assurance as to when the remediation plan will be fully implemented, the aggregate cost of implementation or whether the remediation plan will be adequate and effective. Until our remediation plan is fully implemented, our management will continue to devote significant time and attention to these efforts. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, or any measures we may take in the future, will be sufficient to avoid potential future material weaknesses.

 If our remediation efforts are insufficient to address the identified deficiencies, or if additional deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting are discovered or occur in the future, our consolidated financial statements may contain material misstatements, and we could be required to restate our financial results. Moreover, because of the inherent limitations of any control system, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis, or at all.

 We have a history of losses, and we expect to incur significant expenses and continuing losses

 We incurred net losses of $70.5 million and $65.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We believe that we will continue to incur operating and net losses through the near future. We completed the acquisition of Legacy Spruce Power and discontinued and disposed of our legacy businesses, and as a result our future net income or loss will depend upon the implementation of our strategy to expand our business. We expect the rate at which we will incur future losses will depend on a number of factors, including:

 • Costs which may be incurred in connection with the implementation of our business strategy;

 • Costs related to our general and administrative functions to support our public company obligations; and

 • Acquisition and integration of other solar energy portfolios or businesses.

 We will incur portions of the costs and expenses from these efforts before we receive the expected incremental revenues with respect thereto, as such, we expect losses in future periods. In addition, we may find that these efforts are more expensive than we currently anticipate or that these efforts may not result in revenues, which would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and further increase our losses.

 We have generated significant net operating loss carryforwards (or "NOLs") as a result of the losses that we have historically incurred which, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, can be used to offset future taxable income subject to certain limitations under the Internal Revenue Code and related regulations of the U.S. Treasury. Our ability to use our NOLs will depend on the amount of taxable income generated in future periods. In addition, the use of NOLs and other carryforwards to offset taxable income is subject to various limitations if we undergo an "ownership change" as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. [As of December 31, 2024, we have recorded a full valuation allowance against our NOLs and we can offer no assurance when, or if, we may be able to use our NOLs to offset taxable income.]

 Servicing our existing debt requires a significant amount of cash to satisfy payment obligations. We may not have sufficient cash flow to service our debt, and we may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful

 We have $730.6 million of long-term debt outstanding as of December 31, 2024, as discussed in more detail in the section titled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our consolidated financial statements, both included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our ability to make scheduled principal payments, to pay interest on or to refinance our indebtedness depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. We may not have sufficient cash flow in the future to service our debt. As a result, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring debt, or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to timely repay or otherwise refinance our indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations and negatively impact our financial condition and prospects. Furthermore, we expect to incur additional debt in the future, and increases in our existing debt obligations would further heighten the debt related risk discussed above. In addition, we may not be able to enter into new debt instruments on acceptable terms or at all. If we were unable to satisfy the terms under existing or new instruments, or obtain waivers or forbearance from our lenders, or if we were unable to obtain refinancing or new financings for our working capital, equipment and other needs on acceptable terms if and when needed, our business would be adversely affected.

 Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities

 We have no current plans to declare a dividend in the foreseeable future

 We have no current plans to declare any cash dividends to holders of our common stock in the foreseeable future. Consequently, investors may need to rely on sales of their shares after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment.

 We are a "smaller reporting company" and will be able to avail ourselves of reduced disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies, which could make our common stock less attractive to investors

 We are a "smaller reporting company," as defined in the Exchange Act, and we currently take, and in the future, intend to continue to take, advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not "smaller reporting companies," including reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile. We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer a "smaller reporting company." We will remain a "smaller reporting company" until (a) the aggregate market value of our outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter is $75 million or more and we reported annual net revenues as of our most recently completed fiscal year is $100 million or more, or (b) the aggregate market value of our outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter is $700 million or more, regardless of annual revenue.

 If our stock price declines, our common stock may be subject to delisting from the New York Stock Exchange

 If the average closing price of our common stock is less than $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive trading days, we may receive a letter from the staff of the NYSE stating that our common stock will be delisted unless we are able to regain compliance with the NYSE listing criteria requiring that we maintain an average closing price for our common stock of at least $1.00 per share. The average closing price of our common stock was below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive trading days in 2022 and 2023, to which we received notices of non-compliance from the NYSE on October 20, 2022 and March 28, 2023. On October 6, 2023, following stockholder approval, we filed the Amended Certificate of Incorporation to effect the Reverse Stock Split. Although, subsequent to the Reverse Stock Split, we were able to regain compliance because the average closing price for our common stock was subsequently at least $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive trading days, we cannot guarantee that our stock price will continue to trade above $1.00 per share or otherwise meet the NYSE listing requirements and therefore our common stock may in the future be subject to delisting. The continuing effect of the Reverse Stock Split on the market price of our common stock cannot be predicted with any certainty, and the history of similar reverse stock splits for companies in like circumstances is varied. If our common stock is delisted, this would, among other things, substantially impair our ability to raise additional funds and could result in a loss of institutional investor interest and fewer development opportunities for us.

 The price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile

 The price of our common stock has fluctuated, and may continue to fluctuate, due to a variety of factors, including:

 • actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly and annual results and those of other public companies in our industry;

 • our failure to meet market expectations for our performance;

 • mergers and strategic alliances in the industry in which we operate;

 • market prices and conditions in the industry in which we operate;

 • changes in laws or government regulations applicable to our business;

 • substantial sales of our common stock;

 • issuance of new or updated research reports from securities analysts or failure of securities analysts to maintain coverage of us;

 • announcement or expectation of additional equity or debt financing efforts;

 • the public's reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;

 • actual or perceived data privacy or security incidents;

 • potential or actual military conflicts or acts of terrorism;

 • announcements concerning us or our competitors;

 • the general state of the securities markets;

 • threatened or actual lawsuits, investigations, or other legal proceedings;

 • any significant change in our management;

 • short-selling activity related to our common stock;

 • general economic conditions including instability in financial markets and bank failures, and slow or negative growth of our markets; and

 • the other factors described in these "Risk Factors".

 These market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. In addition, we believe there has been and may continue to be substantial trading in derivatives of our common stock, including short selling activity or related similar activities, which are beyond our control, and which may be beyond the full control of the SEC and Financial Institutions Regulatory Authority or "FINRA". While the SEC and FINRA rules prohibit some forms of short selling and other activities that may result in stock price manipulation, such activity may nonetheless occur without detection or enforcement. There can be no assurance that should there be any illegal manipulation in the trading of our stock, it will be detected, prosecuted or successfully eradicated. Significant short selling market manipulation could cause our common stock trading price to decline, to become more volatile, or both.

 We may issue additional shares of common stock, preferred stock, or other equity securities, including under our equity incentive plan, without stockholder approval, which would dilute existing stockholders' interest and may depress the market price of our common stock

 We may issue a substantial number of additional shares of common stock, preferred stock, or other equity securities, including under our 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2020 Plan"), without stockholder approval. As of December 31, 2024, we had options, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), and warrants outstanding that would require us to issue up to an aggregate of 3,251,368 shares of our common stock. We also have the ability to issue up to 324,696,266 shares of common stock under the 2020 Plan. Pursuant to the 2020 Plan, the number of shares available for issuance automatically increases annually on the first day of each fiscal year during the period beginning with the fiscal year immediately following the fiscal year during which the 2020 Plan is first approved by our stockholders, and ending on the second day of fiscal year 2030, in an amount equal to the lesser of: (a) 5% of the number of outstanding shares of common stock on such date; and (b) an amount determined by the plan administrator. Any such issuance of additional shares of common stock, preferred stock, or other equity securities:

 • may significantly dilute the equity interests of our existing stockholders;

 • may subordinate the rights of holders of common stock if equity securities are issued with rights senior to those afforded our common stock;

 • may adversely affect the amount of cash available per share, including for payment of dividends (if any) in the future;

 • could cause the relative voting strength of each previously outstanding share of common stock to be diminished;

 • could cause a change in control if a substantial number of shares of our common stock are issued, which may affect, among other things, our ability to use our net operating loss carry forwards, if any, and could result in the resignation or removal of our present officers and directors; and

 • may adversely affect the market price for our common stock.

 Our Certificate of Incorporation contains anti-takeover provisions that could adversely affect the rights of our stockholders

 Our Certificate of Incorporation contains provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions, including, among other things:

 • provisions that authorize our Board of Directors, without action by our stockholders, to issue additional shares of common stock and preferred stock with preferential rights determined by our Board of Directors;

 • provisions that permit only a majority of our Board of Directors to call stockholder meetings and therefore do not permit stockholders to call stockholder meetings;

 • provisions that impose advance notice requirements, minimum shareholding periods and ownership thresholds, and other requirements and limitations on the ability of stockholders to propose matters for consideration at stockholder meetings;

 • provisions limiting stockholders' ability to act by written consent; and

 • a staggered board whereby our directors are divided into three classes, with each class subject to retirement and re-election once every three years on a rotating basis.

 These provisions could have the effect of depriving our stockholders of an opportunity to sell their common stock at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. With our staggered Board of Directors, at least two annual or special meetings of stockholders will generally be required in order to effect a change in a majority of our directors. Our staggered Board of Directors can discourage proxy contests for the election of our directors and purchases of substantial blocks of our shares by making it more difficult for a potential acquirer to gain control of our Board of Directors in a relatively short period of time.

 Our Certificate of Incorporation provides, subject to limited exceptions, that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for certain stockholder litigation matters, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or stockholders

 Our Certificate of Incorporation provides, to the fullest extent permitted by law, that derivative actions brought in our name, actions against directors, officers and employees for breach of fiduciary duty and other similar actions may be brought only in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware and, if brought outside of Delaware, the stockholder bringing the suit will be deemed to have consented to service of process on such stockholder's counsel except any action (A) as to which the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery within ten days following such determination), (B) which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than the Court of Chancery, (C) for which the Court of Chancery does not have subject matter jurisdiction, or (D) any action arising under the Securities Act, as to which the Court of Chancery and the federal district court for the District of Delaware shall have concurrent jurisdiction. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the forum provisions in the Certificate of Incorporation.

 This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that we find favorable for disputes with our or any of our directors, officers, other employees, or stockholders, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. We cannot be certain that a court will decide that this provision is either applicable or enforceable, and if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our Certificate of Incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, our may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.

 Our Certificate of Incorporation provides that the exclusive forum provision will be applicable to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.

 We are subject to risks associated with proxy contests and other actions of activist stockholders

 Publicly traded companies have increasingly become subject to campaigns by activist investors advocating corporate actions such as governance changes, financial restructurings, increased borrowings, special dividends, stock repurchases or even sales of assets or entire companies to third parties or the activists themselves. We received a notice dated April 17, 2024 from Clayton Capital Appreciation Fund, L.P. and its affiliates, Clayton Partners LLC, the JSCC Family Trust, and Jason Stankowski (collectively, "Clayton"), which owned approximately 2.1% of our outstanding shares at the time of submission, purporting to nominate a slate of two candidates for election as directors at our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. On June 21, 2024, we entered into a Cooperation Agreement with Clayton (the "Cooperation Agreement") pursuant to which, among other things, we agreed to increase the size of our Board from six to seven directors and to take all necessary actions to appoint Clara Nagy McBane to our Board to fill the directorship resulting from the increase in the size of our Board and Clayton agreed to certain customary standstill provisions that will remain in effect until the date that is the earlier of (i) the date Clayton receives notice that we will not nominate Ms. McBane for re-election to our Board at the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, (ii) immediately following the closing of the polls on the election of directors at the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, (iii) August 31, 2025 if the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders has not been held by that date, and (iv) in the event that any party materially breaches the Cooperation Agreement, the date that is 30 calendar days following written notice of such breach from the non-breaching party, if such breach (if capable of being cured) has not been cured by such date, or, if impossible to cure within 30 calendar days, such party has not taken substantive action to correct by such date.

 A proxy contest or related activities on the part of activist stockholders could adversely affect our business for a number of reasons, including, without limitation, the following:

 • responding to proxy contests and other actions by activist stockholders can be costly and time-consuming, disrupting our operations and diverting the attention of our Board of Directors, management and our employees;

 • perceived uncertainties as to our future direction may result in the loss of potential business opportunities and may make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel, business partners, customers and others important to our success, any of which could negatively affect our business and our results of operations and financial condition;

 • actions by activist stockholders may be exploited by our competitors, cause concern to our current or potential customers and make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel;

 • if nominees advanced by activist stockholders are elected or appointed to our Board of Directors with a specific agenda, it may adversely affect our ability to effectively and timely implement our strategic plans or to realize long-term value from our assets, and this could in turn have an adverse effect on our business and on our results of operations and financial condition; and

 • proxy contests may cause our stock price to experience periods of volatility.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity

 Cybersecurity Strategy, Policy and Procedures

 We recognize the importance of assessing, identifying, and managing material risks associated with cybersecurity threats, as such term is defined within Item 106(a) of Regulation S-K. These risks include, among other things, operational risks, intellectual property theft, fraud, extortion, harm to employees or customers and violation of data privacy or security laws. We utilize information technology ("IT") that enables our teams to access both operational and financial performance data in real time, while at the same time, helping to identify and prevent cybersecurity threats and risks.

 Risk Management and Strategy

 Risk Management

 Our cybersecurity risk management program is integrated into our overall enterprise risk management ("ERM") framework, and shares common methodologies, reporting channels, and governance processes that apply across the ERM framework to other areas, including legal, compliance, strategic, operational, and financial risk. We assess and identify cybersecurity risk to the organization by:

 • Employing a cybersecurity policy that sets forth a protocol for assessing, testing, identifying and preventing security risks;

 • Conducting assessments of risk likelihood and magnitude from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification or destruction of IT systems and the related information processes, storage, or transmission;

 • Training personnel on security risks and how to identify and prevent such risks;

 • Performing risk analysis and security assessments that document the results of the assessment for use and review;

 • Overseeing and identifying any risk from cyber threats associated with any third-party service provider;

 • Ensuring security controls are assessed for effectiveness, implemented correctly and operating as intended; and

 • Continuously scanning for vulnerabilities and remedying vulnerabilities in accordance with the associated risk.

 Cybersecurity is among the risks identified for Board-level oversight, with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors responsible for overseeing our policies, practices, and assessments with respect to cybersecurity. Our Audit Committee and Board of Directors receive regular updates throughout the year on cybersecurity from our Finance, Risk and Sustainability (the "FRS") Committee, which is tasked with risk management, data protection, and monitoring compliance with our cybersecurity policy and also responsible for assessing and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats. The FRS Committee is comprised of our Chief Financial Officer, Chief Legal Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Senior Vice President of IT, and VP of Corporate Development. Our cybersecurity risk management and strategy processes are led by our Senior Vice President of IT and our Chief Legal Officer, who collectively have extensive prior work experience and expertise over multiple decades developing and managing information security and cybersecurity strategy and programs and managing operational risk and incident response strategies.

 Each member of our Board of Directors and Audit Committee also receives a quarterly report on cybersecurity matters and related risk exposures, and when the report is discussed during an Audit Committee meeting, the chair of the Audit Committee reports on related matters to our Board of Directors. Our Audit Committee also receives regular updates on our cybersecurity posture throughout the year, as appropriate.

 Monitoring

 In accordance with our cybersecurity policy, we have established a monitoring strategy and program which includes:

 • Defined security metrics to be monitored;

 • Performance of security control assessments on an ongoing basis;

 • Engaging third party security consultants to, among other things, conduct periodic reviews of our cybersecurity program, which is overseen by the FRS Committee, for identifying any cybersecurity threats;

 • Addressing results of both internal and third-party cybersecurity analyses and reporting security status to the executive team;

 • Monitoring information systems to detect attacks and indicators of potential attacks; and

 • Identification of unauthorized use of information system resources.

 Data Protection

 We have also implemented procedures set forth in our cybersecurity policy that secure sensitive data in our possession, which include:

 • Establishing policies governing data security;

 • Monitoring data access throughout the organization;

 • Providing annual security training and awareness;

 • Protecting sensitive data through encryption techniques; and

 • Designing and implementing systems to include backup and recoverability principles, such as periodic data backups and safeguards in the case of a disaster.

 Incident Management Plan

 Our cybersecurity policy includes an incident management plan ("IMP"), which consists of the following processes:

 • The development, documentation, review and testing of security procedures and incident management procedures, which are regularly re-assessed, updated and tested;

 • The FRS Committee reviews any identified matters by assessment, verification and classification of incidents to determine affected stakeholders and appropriate parties for contact;

 • The FRS Committee notifies the Board of Directors and the Audit Committee;

 • The FRS Committee consults with outside experts, if determined that the incident rises to a significant level;

 • The FRS Committee initiates containment by making tactical changes to the computing environment to mitigate active threats based on currently known information;

 • The FRS Committee establishes the root cause of incidents, identification and evidence collection from all affected machines and logs sources, threat intelligence and other information sources;

 • IT personnel recovers and restores normal business functionality, which includes the reversal of any damage caused by the incident and responding as needed; and

 • The FRS Committee reviews the closure of each incident and conducts a "lessons learned" analysis to improve prevention and ensure the IMP and cybersecurity plans are more efficient and effective.

 We have faced and continue to face cybersecurity risks in connection with the conduct of our business. Although we do not believe such risks have materially affected us, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition, to date, we have, from time to time, experienced threats to and breaches of our data and systems, including malware and computer virus attacks.

 Notwithstanding the extensive approach we take to cybersecurity, we may not be successful in preventing or mitigating a cybersecurity incident that could have a material adverse effect on us. While we maintain cybersecurity insurance, the costs related to cybersecurity threats or disruptions may not be fully insured. For more information about the cybersecurity risks we face, see the risk factor entitled "Any security breach, unauthorized access or disclosure, or theft of data, including personal information, we, our third party service providers, or our suppliers gather, store, transmit or use, could harm our reputation, subject us to claims, litigation, and financial harm and have an adverse impact on our business" within Item 1A. Risk Factors.

 Item 2. Properties

 Our corporate headquarters is located in leased office space in Denver, Colorado. Our Chief Executive Officer and several key members of the leadership team are located in Denver. We also lease office space in Houston, Texas, where our accounting and finance, human resources, customer operations, asset operations and business development, and information technology functions are located.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings

 See Note 16. Commitments and Contingencies in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for a description of our material pending legal proceedings.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

 Not Applicable.

 Information About Our Executive Officers
 The executive officers of the Company as of the date of this filing are as follows:

 Name
 Age

 Principal Occupation During the Past Five Years

 Christopher Hayes(1)

 Chief Executive Officer and President of the Company since April 2024, and a director of the Company since December 2020. From January 2023 to April 2024, Mr. Hayes served as the Chair of the Board of the Company. From August 2019 until December 2020, Mr. Hayes served as a member of the Board of the Company's predecessor, XL Hybrids Inc. From August 2016 to January 2017, Mr. Hayes served as the Senior Vice President of Edison Energy, LLC, an indirect subsidiary of Edison International, a publicly traded energy and power markets company, following Edison's acquisition of Altenex, a renewable energy procurement company co-founded by Mr. Hayes in 2011. Most recently, Mr. Hayes served as managing partner and director of Alturus, a sustainable infrastructure investment company he co-founded in 2018. The Board believes that Mr. Hayes' knowledge of our business as its CEO allows him to provide important insights to the Board on the Company, its business, and its potential strategic priorities.

 Chief Financial Officer and Head of Sustainability of the Company since May 2023. Prior thereto, Senior Vice President, Finance and Accounting of the Company since February 2022; prior thereto Chief Financial Officer of Spruce Holding Company 1 LLC, Spruce Holding Company 2 LLC and Spruce Holding Company 3 LLC, which were acquired by the Company on September 9, 2022 (collectively, "Spruce Power"). Prior to joining Spruce Power, Finance Manager of Cornerstone Building Brands, a building products manufacturer, from November 2013 to November 2018.

 Chief Legal Officer of the Company since February 2023; prior thereto General Counsel of Spruce Power from January 2019 to February 2023, Deputy General Counsel of Spruce Power from January 2018 to January 2019, and Interim General Counsel of Spruce Power from July 2017 to January 2018.

 1.Christopher Hayes, who served as Chair of the Board in fiscal year 2023 became President and Chief Executive Officer as of April 12, 2024, replacing Christian Fong who served as Chief Executive Officer from February 1, 2023 until April 12, 2024.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Market Information

 Our common stock is currently listed on the NYSE under the symbol "SPRU."

 Holders

 As of March 24, 2025, there were approximately 49 holders of record of our common stock. This figure does not include shareholders whose certificates are held in the name of their broker-dealers or other nominees.
 Dividends
 We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock to date. We may retain future earnings, if any, for future operations, expansion and debt repayment and have no current plans to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions, and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends may be limited by covenants of any existing and future outstanding indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur. We do not anticipate declaring any cash dividends to holders of our common stock in the foreseeable future.
 Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
 See Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K regarding information about securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans.
 Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
 We had no sales of unregistered equity securities during the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that were not previously reported in a Current Report on Form 8-K or Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 In May 2023, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program for the repurchase of up to $50.0 million of our outstanding common stock through May 15, 2025 (the "Repurchase Program"). The Repurchase Program authorizes the Company to effect repurchases through open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, Rule 10b5-1 trading plans and/or Rule 10b-18 trading plans, and other means. We are not obligated to repurchase any specific number of shares or dollar amount and may discontinue the Repurchase Program at any time. The timing, number, and purchase price of share repurchases, if any, will be determined by the Company's management in its discretion and will depend on a number of factors, including the market price of the shares, general market and economic conditions, and other alternatives available to the Company.
 The following table provides information with respect to shares of our common stock we repurchased under the Repurchase Program during the three months ended December 31, 2024:

 Period
 Total Number
of Shares Purchased
 Average Price Paid
per Share
 Total Number
 of Shares Purchased as
 Part of Publicly
 Announced Plans or
 Programs(1)

 Approximate Dollar Value
 of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased
 Under the Plans or Programs (in '000s)

 October 1 - October 31, 2024
 —
 $
 —
 —
 $
 44,694

 November 1 - November 30, 2024
 —
 $
 —
 —
 $
 44,694

 December 1 - December 31, 2024
 $
 2.91
 $
 43,847

 (1) The Repurchase Program was approved by our Board of Directors in May 2023 and authorizes the repurchase of up to $50.0 million of our outstanding common stock through May 15, 2025.
 The IRA introduced a 1% excise tax on all stock repurchases effective January 2023. In relation to the Repurchase Program, this excise tax had no material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 Future share repurchases under our Repurchase Program are subject to the business judgment of our Board of Directors or Management, taking into consideration our historical and projected results of operations, financial condition, cash flows, capital requirements, covenant compliance, current economic environment and other factors considered relevant. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $43.8 million available under the Repurchase Program. Refer to Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" within this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our share repurchases.

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 The following discussion and analysis provides information which our Management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of our financial condition and results of operations. This discussion and analysis should be read together with our results of operations and financial condition and the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical financial information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Refer to the section entitled "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements." Actual results and timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under "Risk Factors" or elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 Certain figures, such as interest rates and other percentages, included in this section have been rounded for ease of presentation. Percentage figures included in this section have not in all cases been calculated on the basis of such rounded figures but on the basis of such amounts prior to rounding. For this reason, percentage amounts in this section may vary slightly from those obtained by performing the same calculations using the figures in our consolidated financial statements or in the associated text. Certain other amounts that appear in this section may similarly not sum due to rounding.

 Company Overview
 We are a leading owner and operator of distributed solar energy assets across the U.S., offering subscription-based services to approximately 85,000 home solar assets and customer contracts, making renewable energy more accessible to everyone. We offer asset management and operating and maintenance services, and are contracted to service approximately 60,000 systems owned by third parties, as well as to our Portfolio, through our Spruce Pro servicing platform. Refer to Item 1, "Business" within this Annual Report for additional information on our corporate history and background.
 Subsequent to the acquisition of Legacy Spruce Power, we performed an evaluation of personnel and processes of various corporate functions to optimize our future corporate structure and implemented certain restructuring actions. As a result of exiting the Drivetrain business and the restructuring actions, we recognized severance charges of approximately $0.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, all of which were paid in 2023. These severance charges are included in selling, general and administrative expenses within our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023. There were no severance costs associated with restructuring charges during the year ended December 31, 2024.
 Operating Highlights
 For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, our revenues totaled $82.1 million and $79.9 million, respectively, while our net loss attributable to stockholders was $70.5 million and $65.8 million, respectively. Our 2024 financial performance was significantly impacted by fluctuations in the value of our hedging portfolio, impairment of our goodwill, variations in our operations and maintenance costs, and legal settlements during fiscal year 2024 and, due to the completion of the NJR Acquisition in November 2024, our fiscal year 2024 financial performance does not reflect the full incremental impact of this acquisition on our financial results. See the section titled "Results of Operations" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information on our operating results for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 We focus on three core pillars in our operations:
 • Ensure an industry leading customer experience. For the year ended December 31, 2024, our customer satisfaction score improved to 83% compared to 74% for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 • Deliver operational excellence in our clean energy portfolio for customers and communities. Combined portfolio generation was approximately 515 thousand MWh of power for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to 417 thousand MWh of power for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 • Execute on our growth and capital strategies. As of December 31, 2024, we owned cash flows from approximately 85,000 home solar assets and customer contracts across 18 U.S. states with an average remaining contract life of approximately 11 years compared to approximately 75,000 home solar assets and customer contracts with an average remaining contract life of approximately 12 years as of December 31, 2023.
 Certain information above constitutes key operating metrics that we use to evaluate our operations, measure our performance and identify trends in our business. Some of our key operating metrics are estimates that are based on our management's beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to management. Although we believe we have a reasonable basis for each of these estimates, we caution that these estimates are based on a combination of assumptions that may prove to be inaccurate over time, and any inaccuracies could be material to our actual results when compared to our calculations. See the section titled "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information. Furthermore, other companies may calculate these operating metrics differently than we do now or in the future, which would reduce their usefulness as a comparative measure.
 Recent Developments

 Capital Investments, Acquisitions and Divestitures

 In January 2023, we completed the sale of our legacy operations, including the Drivetrain and XL Grid businesses, each for an immaterial amount. Both businesses are presented as discontinued operations within our consolidated financial statements.

 In March 2023, we completed the acquisition of all the issued and outstanding interests of SEMTH to acquire the rights of the SEMTH Master Lease. Total consideration for the SEMTH Acquisition included approximately $23.0 million of cash, net of cash received, and the assumption of $125.0 million of outstanding senior indebtedness (the "SP4 Facility") held by SEMTH at the close of the acquisition.

 In August 2023, we completed the Tredegar Acquisition acquiring 2,400 home solar assets and contracts for approximately $20.9 million. The Tredegar Acquisition was funded by proceeds from the concurrent issuance of the SP2 Facility Amendment (defined below).

 In November 2024, we completed the NJR Acquisition acquiring 9,800 solar energy systems for approximately $132.5 million, pursuant to an asset purchase agreement (the "APA"). The NJR Acquisition was funded by proceeds from the concurrent issuance of the SP5 Facility (defined below) and $22.7 million of our cash. Under the APA, we may be obligated to acquire approximately 200 additional solar energy systems, subject to those systems having achieved operational milestones. Assuming those milestones are achieved, the aggregate purchase consideration payable with respect to these additional solar energy systems would be approximately $5.0 million pursuant to the APA. Subsequently, in 2025, the Company has acquired 83 of these additional solar energy systems, in the aggregate, for approximately $1.5 million in cash. We are unable to anticipate the ultimate outcome of these additional solar energy systems that we may be obligated to acquire.

 SP2 Facility Amendment

 In August 2023, we entered into a second amendment to our existing non-recourse credit agreement with SVB (the "SP2 Facility Amendment"), resulting in incremental term loans of approximately $21.4 million, of which proceeds were primarily used to fund the Tredegar Acquisition. In addition, we entered into an interest rate swap agreement to hedge the floating rate of the incremental SP2 Facility term loans, which included a notional amount of $17.6 million, a fixed rate of 4.24%, and a maturity date of January 31, 2032.
 SET Facility and SP4 Facility
 In June 2024, we entered into a non-recourse credit agreement with Barings GPSF LLC (the "SET Facility"), which provided a fixed interest term loan of $130.0 million. We used the proceeds from the SET Facility to fully repay the outstanding balance on the SP4 Facility of $125.0 million. In connection with the repayment of the SP4 Facility, we settled the related interest rate swap contracts.

 SP5 Facility

 In November 2024, we entered into a non-recourse credit agreement with Banco Santander, S.A., New York (the "SP5 Facility"), which provided a term loan of approximately $109.8 million, of which proceeds were used to partially fund the NJR Acquisition described above. In addition, we entered into an interest rate swap agreement to hedge the floating rate of the SP5 Facility, which included a notional amount of $87.9 million, a fixed rate of 3.98%, and a maturity date of May 17, 2033.

 Common Share Repurchase Program

 In May 2023, our Board of Directors approved the Repurchase Program for the repurchase of up to $50.0 million of our outstanding common stock through May 15, 2025. The Repurchase Program authorizes the Company to effect repurchases through open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, Rule 10b5-1 trading plans and/or Rule 10b-18 trading plans, and other means. We are not obligated to repurchase any specific number of shares or dollar amount and may discontinue the Repurchase Program at any time. The timing, number and purchase price of share repurchases, if any, will be determined by the Company's management in its discretion and will depend on a number of factors, including the market price of shares, general market and economic conditions, and other alternatives available to the Company. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we repurchased 0.3 million and 0.8 million shares, respectively, of common stock under the Repurchase Program, for a total purchase price of $0.9 million and $5.4 million, respectively, inclusive of transaction costs.

 Reverse Stock Split

 On October 6, 2023, we effected the Reverse Stock Split with respect to our issued and outstanding shares of common stock. Excluding the par value and the number of authorized shares of our common stock, all share, per share amounts, and the values of our common stock outstanding and related effect on additional paid in capital included in this Form 10-K have been retrospectively presented as if the Reverse Stock Split had been effective from the beginning of the earliest period presented. No fractional shares of our common stock were issued in connection with the Reverse Stock Split. In late October 2023, certain stockholders entitled to fractional shares of our common stock, upon the Reverse Stock Split, received aggregate cash payments of approximately $0.01 million in lieu of receiving fractional shares.

 Reportable Segments

 Segment reporting is based on the management approach, following the method Management organizes our reportable segments for which separate financial information is made available to and evaluated regularly by our chief operating decision maker ("CODM") in allocating resources and in assessing performance. Our CODM is our Chief Executive Officer. Our CODM does not evaluate operating segments using segment asset information. As of December 31, 2024, we have one reportable segment, which constitutes selling electricity to homeowners and providing related services to the homeowners, as well as to third-party owners.

 Key Factors Affecting Operating Results

 We are a leading owner and operator of distributed solar energy assets across the U.S., offering subscription-based services to owners of home solar assets and customer contracts. Additionally, we provide servicing functions for our assets and customers, as well as for other institutional owners of home solar energy systems. Our operating results and ability to grow our business over time could be impacted by certain factors and trends that affect our industry, as well as elements of our strategy, including the following factors, as well as the risk factors and other factors set forth under "Risk Factors" or elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

 Development of Distributed Energy Assets

 Our future growth depends significantly on our ability to acquire operating home solar energy systems "in-bulk" from other companies. Industry data suggests there is a substantial existing base of operating home solar energy systems, providing us the opportunity to pursue acquisitions. Over the long-term, our continued ability to pursue acquisitions will be dependent on development of distributed energy assets, namely home solar energy systems, by third parties. This development may be impacted by numerous factors that influence homeowner demand for home solar energy systems including but not limited to macroeconomic dynamics, utility rates, climate change impacts and government policy and incentives.

 Availability of Financing

 Our ability to raise capital from third parties at reasonable terms is a critical element in supporting ownership of our existing home solar energy assets as well as enabling our future growth. We have historically utilized non-recourse, project-level debt as a primary source of capital for acquisitions. Our ability to raise debt either as means to refinance existing indebtedness or for future acquisitions may be impacted by general macroeconomic conditions, the health of debt capital markets, the interest rate environment and general concerns over its industry or specific concerns over our business.

 Results of Operations
 Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

 The results of operations related to our Drivetrain and XL Grid businesses, which were determined to be discontinued operations in the fourth quarter of 2022, are presented as net loss from discontinued operations in our consolidated statements of operations.
 Information with respect to the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are presented below:

 2024
 2023
 $
Change
 %
Change

 (in thousands, except per share amounts)

 $
 82,107
 $
 79,859
 $
 2,248
 %

 Operating expenses:

 Cost of revenues - solar energy systems depreciation
 23,377
 23,823
 (446)
 (2)
 %

 16,597
 13,990
 2,607
 %

 Selling, general and administrative expenses
 58,889
 56,122
 2,767
 %

 Litigation settlements, net
 7,384
 27,465
 (20,081)
 (73)
 %

 Gain on asset disposal
 (2,504)
 (4,724)
 2,220
 (47)
 %

 —
 %

 Total operating expenses
 132,500
 116,676
 15,824
 %

 Loss from operations
 (50,393)
 (36,817)
 (13,576)
 %

 Other (income) expense:

 Interest income
 (22,758)
 (19,534)
 (3,224)
 %

 Interest expense, net
 40,232
 41,936
 (1,704)
 (4)
 %

 Other expense, net
 2,211
 3,268
 (1,057)
 (32)
 %

 Net loss from continuing operations
 (70,078)
 (62,487)
 (7,591)
 %

 Net income (loss) from discontinued operations
 (4,123)
 4,148
 (101)
 %

 (70,053)
 (66,610)
 (3,443)
 %

 Less: Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests
 (779)
 1,215
 (156)
 %

 Net loss attributable to stockholders
 $
 (70,489)
 $
 (65,831)
 $
 (4,658)
 %

 Revenues increased by $2.2 million, or 3%, to $82.1 million in 2024 as compared to 2023. The increase was primarily due to increased PPA revenues of $2.4 million due to a full year in 2024 reflecting the Tredegar Acquisition, which was completed in August 2023. Revenues related to our Drivetrain and XL Grid operations are included in net loss from discontinued operations.

 Cost of Revenues — Solar Energy Systems Depreciation

 Cost of revenues - solar energy systems depreciation decreased by $0.4 million, or 2%, to $23.4 million in 2024 as compared to 2023. The decrease in cost of revenue - solar energy systems depreciation was primarily due to the finalization of purchase price accounting in 2023, offset by incremental depreciation related to the NJR Acquisition in 2024.
 Cost of Revenues — Operations and Maintenance

 Cost of revenues - operations and maintenance increased by $2.6 million, or 19%, to $16.6 million in 2024 as compared to 2023. The increase in cost of revenue - operations and maintenance was primarily due to increased operations and maintenance costs related to third party services. Cost of revenues - operations and maintenance related to our Drivetrain and XL Grid operations are included in net loss from discontinued operations.
 Selling, General and Administrative
 Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $2.8 million, or 5%, to $58.9 million in 2024. The increase was primarily due to increased compensation expenses in 2024 relating to higher headcount and one-time severance costs of $1.9 million recognized upon separation of our former President and Chief Executive Officer from us effective April 12, 2024, partially offset by decreases in professional service costs. Selling, general and administrative expenses related to our Drivetrain and XL Grid businesses are included in net loss from discontinued operations.
 Litigation Settlements, Net

 Litigation settlements, net decreased by $20.1 million, or 73%, to $7.4 million in 2024. The decrease related to costs incurred in 2023 associated with settlements of the SEC inquiry, shareholder lawsuits, and other Legacy XL legal matters, partially offset by additional settlement costs, net of related insurance recoveries from third parties, associated with various settled and ongoing legal proceedings in 2024. See Note 16. Commitments and Contingencies in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for a description of our material pending legal proceedings.
 Impairment of Goodwill

 Impairment of goodwill increased by $28.8 million, or 100%, to $28.8 million in 2024 due to the full impairment of our goodwill during the third quarter of 2024 resulting from a continuous decline in our stock price and market capitalization.
 Interest Income
 Interest income of $22.8 million in 2024 relates to $16.8 million of interest income from the SEMTH Master Lease and $6.0 million of interest earned on investments in U.S. Treasury securities. In comparison, interest income of $19.5 million for 2023 relates to $11.5 million of interest income from the SEMTH Master Lease and $8.0 million of interest earned on investments in U.S. Treasury securities. The SEMTH assets were acquired in March 2023, and as such, earned interest income for a full year in 2024.
 Interest Expense, Net
 Interest expense, net of $40.2 million for 2024 primarily relates to (i) $52.2 million of interest expense related to the principal amounts of our outstanding non-recourse debt and (ii) $6.0 million related to the amortization of debt discount and deferred financing costs, both partially offset by $18.0 million of net realized gains from settlements of our interest rate swaps.
 In comparison, interest expense, net of $41.9 million for 2023 primarily related to (i) $49.6 million of interest expense related to the principal amounts of our debt instruments and (ii) $5.9 million related to the amortization of debt discount and deferred financing costs, both partially offset by $13.7 million of net realized gains from settlements of our interest rate swaps.
 Interest expense related to the principal amounts of our outstanding non-recourse debt increased in 2024 as compared to 2023 primarily due to new debt entered into as part of the NJR Acquisition in November 2024. See Note 8. Non-Recourse Debt in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further information on our debt. Interest expense, net is also impacted by the fluctuations in the settlements of our interest rate swaps, which we use to convert variable rates on our non-recourse debt into fixed recourse obligations and are subject to interest-rate risk. See Note 9. Interest Rate Swaps in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further information on our interest rate swaps.

 Other Expense, Net
 Other expense, net of $2.2 million for 2024 consists of $2.7 million of unrealized losses from the change in fair value of interest rate swaps, partially offset by $0.5 million of other income, net, while other expense, net of $3.3 million for 2023 primarily consisted of $4.8 million of unrealized losses from the change in fair value of interest rate swaps, partially offset by $1.3 million of other income, net and $0.2 million of change in fair value of warrant liabilities.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 As of December 31, 2024, we had working capital of $76.9 million, including cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash of $109.1 million. We had net losses attributable to stockholders of $70.5 million and $65.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 Our principal sources of liquidity include cash and cash equivalents and cash flows from operations. We receive cash from certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries specifically related to the portfolio servicing fees provided for under the relevant servicing agreements between us and the subsidiaries, as well as reimbursement for any expenses we pay on behalf of those subsidiaries, which are allowed under certain agreements related to those subsidiaries. Our cash requirements depend on many factors, including the execution of our business strategy. We may be required to utilize our cash to support certain current and future operations of our wholly owned subsidiaries. We remain focused on carefully managing costs, including capital expenditures, maintaining a strong balance sheet, and ensuring adequate liquidity. Our primary cash needs are debt servicing, acquisition of solar energy portfolios, operating expenses, and working capital to support the growth in our business. Working capital is impacted by the timing and extent of our business needs. See below discussions under "Cash Flows Summary" for the impact of our operations and M&A transactions on our cash balances during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 As of December 31, 2024, our debt balance was $705.3 million, net of $21.9 million of unamortized fair value adjustment and $3.3 million of unamortized deferred financing costs, all of which is non-recourse project-level debt. Our debt consists of four senior debt facilities and two subordinate facilities, of which the earliest maturity date is April 2026. For additional information on our debt, refer to Note 8. Non-Recourse Debt included within the accompanying audited consolidated financial statements.
 Based on our current liquidity, we believe that our current cash and cash equivalents, together with the future cash generated from our operations, will be sufficient to satisfy the cash requirements of our current operations for the next 12 months. We continually evaluate our cash needs to raise additional funds or seek alternative sources to invest in growth opportunities and other purposes. We expect that we will continue to be dependent on financing from outside parties to complete future acquisitions, and we may invest our own cash in such future acquisitions. If financing is not available to us on acceptable terms if and when needed, we may not be able to achieve further growth or complete identified acquisition opportunities.
 Cash Flows Summary
 Presented below is a summary of our operating, investing and financing cash flows:

 2024
 2023

 Net cash provided by (used in)

 Continuing operating activities
 $
 (41,686)
 $
 (31,714)

 Discontinued operating activities
 (125)
 (1,947)

 Continuing investing activities
 (101,412)
 (17,060)

 Discontinued investing activities
 —

 Continuing financing activities
 79,349
 (16,807)

 Discontinued financing activities
 —

 Net change in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash
 $
 (63,793)
 $
 (67,203)

 Cash Flows Used in Operating Activities
 Operating cash inflows include cash from the sale of solar energy power generated by our home solar energy systems and the servicing of long-term agreements for other institutional owners of home solar energy systems. These operating cash inflows are primarily offset by operating expenses, operating lease payments and interest payments on our outstanding debt. The related cash flows for Drivetrain and XL Grid businesses are reflected as discontinued operating activities for the years presented.
 The net cash used in continuing operating activities in 2024 was $41.7 million and consists of our corporate costs and certain other costs that were not allocated to our discontinued operations. Cash used in continuing operations increased in 2024 compared to 2023 by $10.0 million primarily due to increases in operations and maintenance costs and compensation expenses in 2024 relating to higher headcount and one-time severance costs discussed above.
 The net cash used in continuing operating activities in 2023 was $31.7 million, which primarily consisted of normal operating expenses, decreased stock-based compensation expenses and change in fair value of derivative instruments, offset primarily by increases in depreciation expense, accrued expenses and other current liabilities and interest income related to the SEMTH Master Lease.
 Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities
 The net cash used in continuing investing activities in 2024 was $101.4 million, which primarily relates to $132.8 million of net cash paid for the NJR Acquisition in 2024, partially offset by $25.6 million of proceeds from our investments under the SEMTH Master Lease, and $6.1 million of proceeds from the sale of certain solar energy systems.
 The net cash used in continuing investing activities in 2023 was $17.1 million, which primarily related to $43.1 million of aggregate cash net cash paid for acquisitions during 2023, consisting of $23.0 million for the SEMTH Acquisition and $20.1 million, net for the Tredegar Acquisition, partially offset by $20.2 million of proceeds from our investments under the SEMTH Master Lease, and $6.3 million of proceeds from the sale of solar energy systems.
 Cash Flows Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities
 The net cash provided by continuing financing activities in 2024 was $79.3 million, which primarily relates to $155.9 million for the repayment of non-recourse long-term debt, including the full repayment of $125.0 million for the SP4 Facility, and $3.4 million of payments for related deferred financing costs, both offset by $239.8 million of proceeds from the issuance of non-recourse long-term debt under the SET and SP5 Facilities in 2024.
 The net cash used in continuing financing activities in 2023 was $16.8 million, which primarily related to $32.8 million for the repayment of long-term debt and $5.4 million of shares repurchased under our Repurchase Program, partially offset by $21.4 million of proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt under the SP2 Facility Amendment to fund the Tredegar Acquisition.

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

 Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Our most critical accounting policies and estimates are those most important to the portrayal of its financial condition and results of operations and which require us to make its most difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates regarding matters that are inherently uncertain. Although Management believes that its estimates and assumptions are reasonable, they are based on information available when they are made and, therefore, may differ from estimates made under different assumptions or conditions. We have identified the following as the most critical accounting policies and judgments.

 Our significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, included in accompanying audited consolidated financial statements, and should be reviewed in connection with the following discussion of accounting policies that require difficult, subjective and complex judgments.
 Acquisitions
 All acquisitions, regardless of whether a business combination or asset acquisition, are evaluated to determine whether the acquired entity is a variable interest entity ("VIE"), including an evaluation of whether there is sufficient equity at risk.

 Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. The purchase price of a business combination is measured at the estimated fair value of the assets acquired, equity instruments issued and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date. Any noncontrolling interests acquired are also initially measured at fair value. Costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition are expensed as incurred to selling, general and administrative expense. Goodwill is recognized if the aggregate fair value of the total purchase consideration and the noncontrolling interests is in excess of the aggregate fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

 Asset acquisitions are measured based on the cost to us, including transaction costs. Asset acquisition costs, or the consideration transferred, are assumed to be equal to the fair value of the net assets acquired. If the consideration transferred is cash, measurement is based on the amount of cash paid to the seller, as well as transaction costs incurred. Consideration given in the form of non-monetary assets, liabilities incurred or equity instruments issued is measured based on either the cost to us or the fair value of the assets or net assets acquired, whichever is more clearly evident. The cost of an asset acquisition is allocated to the assets acquired based on their estimated fair values. Goodwill is not recognized in an asset acquisition. We concluded that the SEMTH, Tredegar and NJR Acquisitions do not individually meet the definition of a business or variable interest entity.

 The fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and rely heavily on estimates and assumptions. Significant estimates include, but are not limited to, discount rates and forecasted cash flows. These estimates are inherently uncertain and unpredictable.
 Revenue Recognition
 Our revenue is derived from our home solar energy Portfolio and servicing platform, which primarily generates revenue through the sale to homeowners of power generated by the home solar energy systems pursuant to long-term agreements. Pursuant to Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606 defined below, we have elected the "right to invoice" practical expedient, and revenues for the performance obligations related to energy generation and servicing revenue are recognized as services are rendered based upon the underlying contractual arrangements. Previously, we also derived revenue from the Drivetrain operations which generated revenue from the sales of hybrid electric powertrain systems, and the XL Grid operations which generated revenues through turnkey energy efficiency, renewable technology and other energy solutions. As of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Drivetrain business and XL Grid business are reported as discontinued operations.
 Energy generation
 Customers purchase solar energy from us under PPAs or SLAs, both defined above. Revenue is recognized from contracts with customers as performance obligations are satisfied at a transaction price reflecting an amount of consideration based upon an estimated rate of return which is expressed as the solar rate per kilowatt hour or a flat rate per month as defined in the customer contracts.
 • PPA revenues - Under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606") issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, PPA revenue is recognized when generated based upon the amount of electricity delivered as determined by remote monitoring equipment at solar rates specified under the PPAs.

 • SLA revenues - We have SLAs, which do not meet the definition of a lease under ASC 842, Leases, and are accounted for as contracts with customers under ASC 606. Revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract term as the obligation to provide continuous access to the solar energy system is satisfied. The amount of revenue recognized may not equal customer cash payments due to the performance obligation being satisfied ahead of cash receipt or evenly as continuous access to the solar energy system has been provided. The differences between revenue recognition and cash payments received are reflected in deferred rent assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Certain SLAs contain provisions to provide customers a performance guarantee that each solar energy system will achieve certain specified minimum solar energy production output. If the solar energy system does not produce the guaranteed production amount, we are obligated to pay a performance guarantee calculated as the product of (a) the shortfall production amount and (b) guaranteed rate per kWh as defined in the SLA.

 Solar renewable energy credit revenues

 We enter into contracts with third parties to sell SRECs generated by the solar energy systems for fixed prices. Certain contracts that meet the definition of a derivative may be exempted as normal purchase or normal sales transactions ("NPNS"). NPNS are contracts that provide for the purchase or sale of something other than a financial instrument or derivative instrument that will be delivered in quantities expected to be used or sold over a reasonable period in the normal course of business. Certain SREC contracts meet these requirements and are designated as NPNS contracts. Such SRECs are exempted from the derivative accounting and reporting requirements, and we recognize revenues in accordance with ASC 606. We recognize revenue for SRECs based on pricing predetermined within the respective contracts at a point in time when the SRECs are transferred. As SRECs can be sold separate from the actual electricity generated by the renewable-based generation source, we account for the SRECs it generates from its solar energy systems as governmental incentives and do not consider those SRECs output of the underlying solar energy systems. We classify these SRECs as inventory held until sold and delivered to third parties. As we did not incur costs to obtain these governmental incentives, the inventory carrying value for the SRECs was $0 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

 Investment related to SEMTH master lease agreement and interest income
 We account for our investment related to the SEMTH master lease agreement in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 325-40, Investments—Other—Beneficial Interests in Securitized Financial Assets. We recognize accretable yield as interest income over the life of the related beneficial interest using the effective yield method, which is reflected within interest income in our consolidated statements of operations. On a recurring basis, we evaluate changes in the cash flows expected to be collected from the cash flows previously projected, and when favorable or adverse changes are deemed other than temporary, we prospectively update our expected cash flows accordingly.
 Impairment of long-lived assets
 We review long-lived assets, such as property and equipment, and intangible assets with definite lives, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that an asset group's carrying amount may not be recoverable. We group assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities and evaluate the asset group against the sum of the undiscounted future cash flows. If the undiscounted cash flows do not indicate the carrying amount of the asset group is recoverable, an impairment charge is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value. There were no long-lived asset impairment charges during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 Goodwill
 Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair market value of net tangible and identifiable intangible assets of acquired businesses. Goodwill is not amortized but instead is annually tested for impairment, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may be impaired.
 We perform our annual goodwill impairment assessment on October 1 of each fiscal year, or more frequently if events or circumstances arise which indicate that goodwill may be impaired. An assessment can be performed by first completing a qualitative assessment on our single reporting unit. We can also bypass the qualitative assessment in any period and proceed directly to the quantitative impairment test and then resume the qualitative assessment in any subsequent period. Qualitative indicators that may trigger the need for annual or interim quantitative impairment testing include, among other things, deterioration in macroeconomic conditions, declining financial performance, deterioration in the operational environment, or an expectation of selling or disposing of a portion of the reporting unit. Additionally, a significant change in business climate, a loss of a significant customer, increased competition, a sustained decrease in share price, or a decrease in estimated fair value below book value may trigger the need for interim impairment testing of goodwill. If we believe that, as a result of our qualitative assessment, it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is required.
 The quantitative test involves comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recorded as a reduction to goodwill with a corresponding charge to earnings in the period the goodwill is determined to be impaired. The income tax effect associated with an impairment of tax-deductible goodwill is also considered in the measurement of the goodwill impairment. Any goodwill impairment is limited to the total amount of goodwill. We evaluate the fair value of our reporting unit using the market and income approach. Under the market approach, we use multiples of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") or revenues of comparable guideline public companies by selecting a population of public companies with similar operations and attributes. Using this guideline public company data, a range of multiples of enterprise value to EBITDA or revenue is calculated. The income approach of computing fair value is based on the present value of the expected future economic benefits generated by the asset or business, such as cash flows or profits which will then be compared to its book value.

 During the quarter ended September 30, 2024, we performed an assessment based on certain indicators that the carrying amount of our goodwill may be impaired due to a continuous decline in our stock price and market capitalization and performed a quantitative test using a market approach resulting in an impairment of goodwill during the period. We also performed a quantitative test using the income approach, as discussed above, which also resulted in such impairment. As a result, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $28.8 million, which fully impaired our goodwill, within the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024. There was no goodwill impairment charge during the year ended December 31, 2023.
 Valuation of deferred tax assets
 We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method under which deferred tax liabilities and assets are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities and net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred income taxes are provided for the temporary differences arising between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, and net operating loss carry-forwards and credits. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of changes in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations in the period in which the enactment rate changes. The ultimate recovery of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the amount and timing of future taxable income and other factors such as the taxing jurisdiction in which the asset is to be recovered. Deferred tax assets are reduced through the establishment of a valuation allowance if, based on available evidence, it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
 A high degree of judgment is required to determine if, and the extent to which, valuation allowances should be recorded against deferred tax assets. We have provided valuation allowances as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 aggregating $100.0 million and $74.9 million, respectively, against such assets based on our assessment of past operating results, estimates of future taxable income and the feasibility of tax planning strategies. Although we believe that our approach to estimates and judgments as described herein is reasonable, actual results could differ and we may be exposed to increases or decreases in income taxes that could be material.

 Redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests

 Noncontrolling interests represent third-party interests in the net assets of certain consolidated subsidiaries. We consolidate any VIE of which we are the primary beneficiary. We formed or acquired VIEs which are partially funded by tax equity investors in order to facilitate the funding and monetization of certain attributes associated with solar energy systems. The typical condition for a controlling financial interest ownership is holding a majority of the voting interests of an entity; however, a controlling financial interest may also exist in entities, such as VIEs, through arrangements that do not involve controlling voting interests. A variable interest holder is required to consolidate a VIE if that party has the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. We do not consolidate a VIE in which we have a majority ownership interest when we are not considered the primary beneficiary. We evaluate our relationships with the VIEs on an ongoing basis to determine if we are the primary beneficiary.

 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our investments in Volta Solar Owner II, LLC and ORE F4 HoldCo, LLC (collectively, the "Funds") were each determined to be a VIE upon investment. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we had investments in the Funds and Level Solar Fund IV LLC (collectively, the "Prior Funds"), which were individually determined to be VIEs upon investment. During 2023, we purchased 100% of the membership interests in Level Solar Fund IV LLC and it ceased being a VIE upon purchase.

 We considered the provisions within the contractual arrangements that grant us power to manage and make decisions that affect the operation of the VIEs, including determining the solar energy systems contributed to the VIEs, and the operation and maintenance of the solar energy systems. We consider the rights granted to the other investors under the contractual arrangements to be more protective in nature rather than substantive participating rights. As such, we were determined to be the primary beneficiary, and the assets, liabilities and activities of the Funds and Prior Funds (before any ceased being a VIE) were consolidated by us. The distribution rights and priorities for the Funds and Prior Funds (before any ceased being a VIE) as set forth in their respective operating agreements differ from the underlying percentage ownership interests of the members. As a result, we allocate income or loss to the noncontrolling interest holders of the Funds and Prior Funds (before any ceased being a VIE) utilizing the hypothetical liquidation of book value ("HLBV") method, in which income or loss is allocated based on the change in each member's claim on the net assets at the end of each reporting period, adjusted for any distributions or contributions made during such periods. The HLBV method is commonly applied to investments where cash distribution percentages vary at different points in time and are not directly linked to an equity member's ownership percentage.

 The HLBV method is a balance sheet-focused approach. Under this method, a calculation is prepared at each reporting date to determine the amount that each member would receive if the entity were to liquidate all of its assets and distribute the resulting proceeds to its creditors and members based on the contractually defined liquidation priorities. The difference between the calculated liquidation distribution amounts at the beginning and the end of the reporting period, after adjusting for capital contributions and distributions, is used to derive each member's share of the income or loss for the period. Factors used in the HLBV calculation include U.S. GAAP income (loss), taxable income (loss), capital contributions, ITCs, distributions and the stipulated targeted investor return specified in the subsidiaries' operating agreements. Changes in these factors could have a significant impact on the amounts that investors would receive upon a hypothetical liquidation. The use of the HLBV method to allocate income (loss) to the noncontrolling interest holders may create volatility in the consolidated statements of operations as the application of HLBV can drive changes in net income or loss attributable to noncontrolling interests from period to period. We classify certain noncontrolling interests with redemption features that are not solely within our control outside of permanent equity in the consolidated balance sheets. Redeemable noncontrolling interests are reported using the greater of the carrying value at each reporting date as determined by the HLBV method or the estimated redemption value at the end of each reporting period. Estimating the redemption value of the redeemable noncontrolling interests requires the use of significant assumptions and estimates, such as projected future cash flows. Subsequent to the purchase of 100% of the membership interests in Level Solar Fund IV in 2023, we had no redeemable noncontrolling interest as of December 31, 2023.

 Interest Rate Swaps

 We utilize interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risk on existing and planned future debt issuances. These swaps are not designated as cash flow hedges or fair value hedges. The fair value of the interest rate swaps are calculated by discounting the future net cash flows to the present value based on the terms and conditions of the agreements and the forward interest rate curves. As these inputs are based on observable data and valuations of similar instruments, the interest rate derivatives are primarily categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of interest rate swaps are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. Realized gains and losses on interest rate swaps are recognized in interest expense, net on the consolidated statements of operations. Unrealized gains and losses on interest rate swaps are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations and as a non-cash reconciling item in operating activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows.

 New and Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

 Refer to Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements, included below in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information under this item.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
 Our consolidated financial statements are presented beginning on page F-1 following this caption.

 Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Page No.

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for Deloitte & Touche LLP (PCAOB ID No. 34)

 F- 2

 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023

 F- 4

 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

 F- 6

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

 F- 7

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

 F- 8

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Spruce Power Holding Corporation

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Spruce Power Holding Corporation (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows, for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

 Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matter

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Revenue – Refer to Note 2 to the Financial Statements

 Critical Audit Matter Description

 The Company's revenue is primarily derived from the sale of solar energy to residential homeowners pursuant to long-term agreements, the rental of solar equipment to residential homeowners pursuant to long-term agreements, and the sale of solar renewable energy credits to third parties. The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

 We identified revenue as a critical audit matter as it required an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve senior members of the engagement team.

 How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

 Our audit procedures to evaluate revenue included the following, among others:

 • We obtained the Company's assessment regarding the application of ASC 606 for contracts related to energy generation, both the sale of solar energy and the rental of solar equipment, and solar renewable energy credits.

 We evaluated the Company's assessment of the application of ASC 606 for contracts related to energy generation, both the sale of solar energy and the rental of solar equipment, and solar renewable energy credits.
 For certain types of revenue, we obtained management representations regarding the conclusion of when control transfers under ASC 606.

 • We obtained the Company's assessment of whether there have been significant changes in facts or circumstances that require a reassessment of the accounting treatment under ASC 606.
 We evaluated the Company's assessment of any significant changes in facts or circumstances, including the Company's policy related to the collectability of consideration, under ASC 606.
 We tested the mathematical accuracy of the impact to revenue of any significant changes under ASC 606.

 • We performed procedures, including test of details and substantive analytical procedures, to test revenue recorded for energy generation, both the sale of solar energy and the rental of solar equipment, and solar renewable energy credits.

 /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

 Houston, TX

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2023.

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 (In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
 2024
 2023

 Assets

 Current assets

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 72,802
 $
 141,354

 Restricted cash
 36,346
 31,587

 Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $ 0.8 million and $ 1.7 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 15,010
 9,188

 Interest rate swap assets, current
 6,258
 11,333

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 6,014
 9,879

 Total current assets
 136,430
 203,341

 Investment related to SEMTH master lease agreement
 136,942
 143,095

 Property and equipment, net
 589,014
 484,406

 Interest rate swap assets, non-current
 18,414
 16,550

 Intangible assets, net
 8,957
 10,196

 Deferred rent assets
 3,717
 2,454

 Right-of-use assets, net
 4,750
 5,933

 Goodwill
 —

 Other assets

 Long-term assets of discontinued operations
 —

 Total assets
 $
 898,479
 $
 895,021

 Liabilities, noncontrolling interests and stockholders' equity

 Current liabilities

 Accounts payable
 $
 $
 1,120

 Non-recourse debt, current
 28,310
 27,914

 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
 28,125
 40,634

 Deferred revenue, current
 1,194

 Lease liability, current
 1,166

 Current liabilities of discontinued operations
 —

 Total current liabilities
 59,569
 71,712

 Non-recourse debt, non-current
 677,021
 590,866

 Deferred revenue, non-current
 2,790
 1,858

 Lease liability, non-current
 4,848
 5,731

 Warrant liabilities
 —

 Unfavorable solar renewable energy agreements, net
 4,134
 6,108

 Interest rate swap liabilities, non-current

 Other long-term liabilities
 3,540
 3,047

 Long-term liabilities of discontinued operations

 Total liabilities
 752,327
 680,352

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 16)

 Stockholders' equity:

 Common stock, $ 0.0001 par value; 350,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2024 and 2023; 19,403,262 and 18,311,054 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024, respectively, and 19,093,186 and 18,292,536 issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023, respectively

 Additional paid-in capital
 478,366
 475,654

 Accumulated deficit
 ( 328,377)
 ( 257,888)

 Treasury stock at cost, 1,092,208 shares and 800,650 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 ( 6,277)

 Noncontrolling interests
 2,438
 2,325

 Total stockholders' equity
 146,152
 214,669

 Total liabilities, noncontrolling interests and stockholders' equity
 $
 898,479
 $
 895,021

 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 (In thousands, except per share and share amounts)
 2024
 2023

 $
 82,107
 $
 79,859

 Operating expenses:

 Cost of revenues - solar energy systems depreciation
 23,377
 23,823

 16,597
 13,990

 Selling, general and administrative expenses
 58,889
 56,122

 Litigation settlements, net
 7,384
 27,465

 Gain on asset disposal
 ( 2,504)
 ( 4,724)

 —

 Total operating expenses
 132,500
 116,676

 Loss from operations
 ( 50,393)
 ( 36,817)

 Other (income) expense:

 Interest income
 ( 22,758)
 ( 19,534)

 Interest expense, net
 40,232
 41,936

 Change in fair value of warrant liabilities
 ( 17)
 ( 239)

 Change in fair value of interest rate swaps
 2,753
 4,816

 Other income, net
 ( 525)
 ( 1,309)

 Net loss from continuing operations
 ( 70,078)
 ( 62,487)

 Net income (loss) from discontinued operations
 (including loss on disposal of $ 3,083 for the year ended December 31, 2023)

 ( 4,123)

 ( 70,053)
 ( 66,610)

 Less: Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests
 ( 779)

 Net loss attributable to stockholders
 $
 ( 70,489)
 $
 ( 65,831)

 Net loss from continuing operations per share, basic and diluted
 $
 ( 3.79)
 $
 ( 3.40)

 Net income (loss) from discontinued operations per share, basic and diluted
 $
 —
 $
 ( 0.22)

 Net loss attributable to stockholders per share, basic and diluted
 $
 ( 3.82)
 $
 ( 3.58)

 Weighted-average shares outstanding, basic and diluted
 18,470,926
 18,391,436

 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity

 Year Ended December 31, 2024

 Common Stock
 Additional
Paid-In
Capital
 Accumulated
Deficit
 Treasury Stock
 Non controlling Interests
 Total Stockholders'
Equity

 (In thousands, except share data)
 Amount
 Amount

 Balance at December 31, 2023
 19,093,186
 $
 $
 475,654
 $
 ( 257,888)
 800,650
 $
 $
 2,325
 $
 214,669

 Issuance of restricted stock
 310,076
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Share repurchases
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 853)
 —
 ( 853)

 Stock-based compensation expense, net
 —
 —
 2,712
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,712

 —
 —
 —
 ( 70,489)
 —
 —
 ( 70,053)

 Capital distributions to noncontrolling interests
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 323)
 ( 323)

 Balance at December 31, 2024
 19,403,262
 $
 $
 478,366
 $
 ( 328,377)
 1,092,208
 $
 ( 6,277)
 $
 2,438
 $
 146,152

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
 Common Stock
 Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 Accumulated
Deficit
 Treasury Stock
 Non controlling Interests
 Total Stockholders'
Equity

 (In thousands, except share data)
 Amount
 Amount

 Balance at December 31, 2022
 $
 18,046,903
 $
 $
 473,289
 $
 ( 193,342)
 —
 $
 —
 $
 8,942
 $
 288,891

 Exercise of stock options
 —
 489,436
 —
 1,004
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,004

 Purchase accounting measurement period adjustments
 —
 —
 ( 1,813)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 5,490)
 ( 7,303)

 Issuance of restricted stock
 —
 531,029
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of common stock
 —
 25,818
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Share repurchases
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 800,650
 —

 Cumulative-effect adjustment of ASC 326 adoption
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,285
 —
 —
 —
 1,285

 Stock-based compensation expense, net
 —
 —
 —
 2,885
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,885

 Buyout of redeemable noncontrolling interests
 ( 55)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Capital distributions to noncontrolling interests
 ( 134)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 345)
 ( 345)

 Equity related to buyout of redeemable noncontrolling interest
 ( 139)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Net income (loss)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 65,831)
 —
 —
 ( 782)
 ( 66,613)

 Balance at December 31, 2023
 $
 —
 19,093,186
 $
 $
 475,654
 $
 ( 257,888)
 800,650
 $
 $
 2,325
 $
 214,669

 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 (In thousands)
 2024
 2023

 Operating activities:

 $
 ( 70,053)
 $
 ( 66,610)

 Add back: Net (income) loss from discontinued operations
 ( 25)
 4,123

 Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:

 Stock-based compensation, net
 2,712
 2,885

 Bad debt expense
 1,386
 1,841

 Amortization of deferred revenue
 ( 1,193)
 ( 91)

 Depreciation and amortization expense
 21,284
 21,586

 —

 Accretion expense

 Change in fair value of interest rate swaps
 2,753
 4,816

 Change in fair value of warrant liabilities
 ( 17)
 ( 239)

 Interest income related to SEMTH master lease agreement
 ( 16,823)
 ( 11,486)

 Gain on disposal of assets
 ( 2,504)
 ( 4,724)

 Change in operating right-of-use assets

 Amortization of debt discount and deferred financing costs
 6,026
 5,863

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

 Accounts receivable, net
 ( 3,490)

 Deferred rent assets
 ( 1,263)
 ( 828)

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 3,707
 ( 2,390)

 Other assets

 Accounts payable
 ( 133)
 ( 1,784)

 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
 ( 15,571)
 13,624

 Other long-term liabilities
 ( 9)

 Deferred revenue
 2,506
 1,064

 Net cash used in continuing operating activities
 ( 41,686)
 ( 31,714)

 Net cash used in discontinued operating activities
 ( 125)
 ( 1,947)

 Net cash used in operating activities

 ( 41,811)
 ( 33,661)

 Investing activities:

 Proceeds from sale of solar energy systems
 6,091
 6,297

 Proceeds from investment related to SEMTH master lease agreement
 25,614
 20,239

 Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired
 ( 132,763)
 ( 43,097)

 Purchases of other property and equipment
 ( 354)
 ( 499)

 Net cash used in continuing investing activities
 ( 101,412)
 ( 17,060)

 Net cash provided by discontinued investing activities
 —

 Net cash used in investing activities

 ( 101,412)
 ( 16,735)

 Financing activities:

 Proceeds from issuance of non-recourse debt
 239,842
 21,396

 Payment of deferred financing costs
 ( 3,374)
 ( 391)

 Repayments of non-recourse debt
 ( 155,943)
 ( 32,843)

 Repayments under financing leases
 —
 ( 165)

 Proceeds from issuance of common stock
 —

 Proceeds from exercise of stock options
 —
 1,004

 Share repurchases
 ( 853)

 Capital distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests
 ( 323)
 ( 479)

 Buyout of redeemable non-controlling interest
 —
 ( 55)

 Net cash provided by (used in) continuing financing activities
 79,349
 ( 16,807)

 Net cash provided by discontinued financing activities
 —

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

 79,430
 ( 16,807)

 Net change in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash:
 ( 63,793)
 ( 67,203)

 Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period
 172,941
 240,144

 Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period
 $
 109,148
 $
 172,941

 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:

 Cash paid for interest
 $
 35,060
 $
 37,482

 Supplemental disclosures of noncash investing and financing information:

 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease liability
 $
 —
 $

 Settlement of operating lease liability
 $
 —
 $

 Settlement of finance lease liability
 $
 —
 $

 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Note 1. Organization and Description of Business

 Description of Business

 Spruce Power Holding Corporation and its subsidiaries ("Spruce Power" or the "Company") is a leading owner and operator of distributed solar energy assets across the United States (the "U.S."), offering subscription-based services to approximately 85,000 home solar assets and customer contracts, making renewable energy more accessible to everyone. The Company is engaged in the ownership and maintenance of home solar energy systems for homeowners in the U.S.

 The Company's primary customers are homeowners and its core solar service offerings to these customers generate revenues primarily through (i) the sale of electricity generated by its home solar energy systems to homeowners pursuant to long-term Customer Agreements as defined below, which require the homeowners to make recurring monthly payments, (ii) third party contracts to sell solar renewable energy credits ("SRECs") generated by the Company's home solar energy systems for contracted prices, and (iii) the servicing of third-party owned solar energy systems through the Company's Spruce Pro servicing platform, which is contracted to offer portfolio managed services to third party owners, as well as to the Company's portfolio of home solar energy systems (the "Portfolio"). These portfolio managed services include (a) billing and collections/asset recovery, (b) account support services, (c) financial asset management, (d) homeowner support and servicing technology, (e) asset operations, and (f) transaction and execution services related to SRECs.

 In addition to the Company's core solar service offerings, the Company generates cash flows and earns interest income from customer contracts related to the SEMTH Master Lease, defined below.
 The Company holds subsidiary fund companies, defined below as the Funds, that own and operate the Company's portfolio of home solar energy systems, which are subject to solar lease agreements ("SLAs") and power purchase agreements ("PPAs", together with the SLAs, "Customer Agreements") with residential customers who benefit from the production of electricity generated by the Company's Portfolio, which may qualify for subsidies, renewable energy credits and other incentives as provided by various states and local agencies. These benefits have generally been retained by the Company's subsidiaries that own the systems, with the exception of the investment tax credit ("ITCs") under Section 48 of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, (the "IRC"), which were generally passed through to the various financing partners of the solar energy systems.
 Corporate History and Discontinued Operations
 Historically, as XL Fleet Corp. ("XL Fleet"), the Company provided fleet electrification solutions for commercial vehicles in North America, offering its systems for vehicle electrification (the "Drivetrain" business) and offering and installing charging stations to enable customers to develop charging infrastructure required for electrified vehicles (the "XL Grid" business). In early 2022, the Company performed a strategic review of its overall business operations, which resulted in (i) the sale of the Company's Drivetrain and XL Grid businesses in January 2023, and (ii) the decision to pursue merger and acquisition ("M&A") opportunities. On September 9, 2022, the Company acquired 100 % of the membership interests of Spruce Holding Company 1 LLC, Spruce Holding Company 2 LLC, Spruce Holding Company 3 LLC and Spruce Manager LLC (collectively and together with their subsidiaries, "Legacy Spruce Power") (See Note 3. Business Combinations), which was one of the largest privately held owner and operator of home solar energy systems in the U.S. at the time of the transaction. In November 2022, following the acquisition of Legacy Spruce Power, the Company changed its corporate name from "XL Fleet Corp." to "Spruce Power Holding Corporation." Additionally, the Company changed its ticker symbol from "XL" to "SPRU."

 After the acquisition of Legacy Spruce Power, the Company also commenced a review of its XL Grid business to evaluate its strategic fit with Legacy Spruce Power, and in the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company entered into a non-binding letter of intent for the sale of World Energy Efficiency Services, LLC ("World Energy") for an immaterial amount. The divestiture of World Energy closed in January 2023 and the Company subsequently ceased its XL Grid operations.

 Both the Drivetrain and XL Grid operations are presented as discontinued operations in the consolidated financial statements.

 In the first quarter of 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of all issued and outstanding interests in SS Holdings 2017, LLC and its subsidiaries ("SEMTH") from certain funds managed by HPS Investment Partners, LLC, pursuant to a membership interest purchase and sale agreement as of that date (the "SEMTH Acquisition"). The SEMTH related asset includes a 20-year use rights to customer payment streams of approximately 22,500 customer contracts (the "SEMTH Master Lease"). Subsequently on August 18, 2023, the Company acquired approximately 2,400 home solar assets and customer contracts, with an average remaining contract life of approximately 11 years, from a publicly traded, regulated utility company (the "Tredegar Acquisition").

 In the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of a residential solar portfolio consisting of approximately 9,800 home solar assets and customer contracts, with an average remaining contract life of over 11 years, from a publicly traded energy services company (the "NJR Acquisition").

 With the completion of the NJR Acquisition, the Company has, in the aggregate, 14 portfolios of rooftop solar Customer Agreements. In the aggregate, as of December 31, 2024, the Company offered subscription-based services and owned the cash flows from approximately 85,000 home solar assets and customer contracts.

 Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 Basis of consolidated financial statement presentation
 The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") and include the accounts of its wholly owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities ("VIEs"), for which the Company was the primary beneficiary. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the Company's presentation as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 and such reclassifications had no effect on the Company's previously reported financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
 On March 28, 2023, the Company was notified by the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE") that it was not in compliance with certain listing requirements since the average closing price of its common stock was less than $1.00 over a consecutive 30 day trading period. Subsequently, on October 6, 2023, the Company effected a 1-for-8 reverse stock split with respect to its issued and outstanding shares of common stock (the "Reverse Stock Split"). Excluding the par value and the number of authorized shares of the Company's common stock, all share, per share amounts, and the values of the common stock outstanding and related effect on additional paid in capital included in this Form 10-K have been retrospectively presented as if the Reverse Stock Split had been effective from the beginning of the earliest period presented.
 Use of estimates
 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the balance sheet date, as well as reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. The Company's most significant estimates and judgments involve (i) deferred income taxes, (ii) warranty reserves, (iii) valuation of stock-based compensation, (iv) valuation of warrant liability, (v) the useful lives of certain assets and liabilities, (vi) the allowance for current expected credit losses, (vii) valuation of business combinations, including the fair values and useful lives of acquired assets and assumed liabilities, and the fair value of purchase consideration of asset acquisitions, and (viii) valuation of goodwill. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such differences could be material to the Company's financial statements.
 Variable interest entities

 The Company consolidates any variable interest entity ("VIE") of which it is the primary beneficiary. The Company formed or acquired VIEs which are partially funded by tax equity investors in order to facilitate the funding and monetization of certain attributes associated with solar energy systems. The typical condition for a controlling financial interest ownership is holding a majority of the voting interests of an entity; however, a controlling financial interest may also exist in entities, such as VIEs, through arrangements that do not involve controlling voting interests. A variable interest holder is required to consolidate a VIE if that party has the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company does not consolidate a VIE in which it has a majority ownership interest when the Company is not considered the primary beneficiary. The Company evaluates its relationships with the VIEs on an ongoing basis to determine if it is the primary beneficiary.

 The Company's initial investment in Level Solar Fund IV LLC ("Level Solar Fund IV") and similar investments in the Funds as defined below (collectively, the "Prior Funds") were each determined to be a VIE upon investment. During 2023, the Company purchased 100 % of the membership interests in Level Solar Fund IV and it ceased being a VIE upon purchase and as of December 31, 2023. The Company's initial investments in Volta Solar Owner II, LLC and ORE F4 HoldCo, LLC (collectively, the "Funds") were determined to be VIEs and remained as such as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. See Note 14. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Noncontrolling Interests.

 The Company considered the provisions within the contractual arrangements that grant it power to manage and make decisions that affect the operation of the VIEs, including determining the solar energy systems contributed to the VIEs, and the operation and maintenance of the solar energy systems. The Company considers the rights granted to the other investors under the contractual arrangements to be more protective in nature rather than substantive participating rights. As such, the Company was determined to be the primary beneficiary and the assets, liabilities and activities of the Funds and Prior Funds were consolidated by the Company.

 Redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests

 The distribution rights and priorities for the Funds and Prior Funds (before any ceased being a VIE) as set forth in their respective operating agreements differ from the underlying percentage ownership interests of the members. As a result, the Company allocates income or loss to the noncontrolling interest holders of the Funds and Prior Funds (before any ceased being a VIE) utilizing the hypothetical liquidation of book value ("HLBV") method, in which income or loss is allocated based on the change in each member's claim on the net assets at the end of each reporting period, adjusted for any distributions or contributions made during such periods. The HLBV method is commonly applied to investments where cash distribution percentages vary at different points in time and are not directly linked to an equity member's ownership percentage.

 The HLBV method is a balance sheet-focused approach. Under this method, a calculation is prepared at each reporting date to determine the amount that each member would receive if the entity were to liquidate all of its assets and distribute the resulting proceeds to its creditors and members based on the contractually defined liquidation priorities. The difference between the calculated liquidation distribution amounts at the beginning and the end of the reporting period, after adjusting for capital contributions and distributions, is used to derive each member's share of the income or loss for the period. Factors used in the HLBV calculation include U.S. GAAP income (loss), taxable income (loss), capital contributions, ITCs, capital distributions and the stipulated targeted investor return specified in the subsidiaries' operating agreements. Changes in these factors could have a significant impact on the amounts that investors would receive upon a hypothetical liquidation.

 The Company classifies certain noncontrolling interests with redemption features that are not solely within the Company's control outside of permanent equity in the consolidated balance sheets. Redeemable noncontrolling interests are reported using the greater of the carrying value at each reporting date as determined by the HLBV method or the estimated redemption value at the end of each reporting period. Estimating the redemption value of the redeemable noncontrolling interests requires the use of significant assumptions and estimates, such as projected future cash flows. Subsequent to the purchase of 100 % of the membership interests in Level Solar Fund IV in 2023, the Company had no redeemable noncontrolling interest as of December 31, 2023.

 Cash and cash equivalents
 The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include cash held in banks, money market accounts and U.S. Treasury securities. Cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates fair value due to their short-term nature. The Company's cash and cash equivalents are placed with large financial institutions, and at times exceed federally insured limits. To date, the Company has not experienced any credit loss relating to its cash and cash equivalents.
 Concentration of credit risks and revenue
 Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents. At times, the Company may hold cash balances at a single bank in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation deposit insurance limit of $250,000. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had cash in excess of the federal deposit insurance limit. The Company believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk on cash and cash equivalents as most of the balances are invested in treasury bills, which are government backed securities.
 As of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no customers that represented at least 10% of the Company's revenues or its accounts receivable balances.

 Restricted cash

 Restricted cash held at December 31, 2024 and 2023 of $ 36.3 million and $ 31.6 million, respectively, primarily consists of cash that is subject to restriction due to provisions in the Company's financing agreements and the operating agreements of the Funds. The carrying amount reported in the consolidated balance sheets for restricted cash approximates its fair value.

 The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash reflected on the consolidated balance sheets to the total amounts shown within the consolidated statements of cash flows for each year:

 2024
 2023

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 72,802
 $
 141,354

 Restricted cash
 36,346
 31,587

 Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 $
 109,148
 $
 172,941

 Accounts receivable, net
 Accounts receivable primarily represent amounts due from the Company's customers. Accounts receivable is recorded net of allowance for expected credit losses in accordance with the current expected credit losses standard, which is determined by the Company's assessment of the collectability of customer accounts based on the best available data at the time of the assessment. Management reviews the allowance by considering factors such as historical experience, contractual term, aging category and current economic conditions that may affect customers. The following table presents the changes in the allowance for credit losses recorded against accounts receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheets:

 2024
 2023

 $
 1,693
 $
 12,164

 Impact of ASC 326 adoption
 —
 ( 1,285)

 Write-off of uncollectible accounts
 ( 2,322)
 ( 11,447)

 Provision recognized upon valuation of assets acquired

 —

 Provision for current expected credit losses
 1,386
 1,841

 $
 $
 1,693

 Derivative instruments and hedging activities
 The Company utilizes interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risk on existing and planned future debt issuances. The fair value of all derivative instruments are recognized as assets or liabilities at the balance sheet date on the consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of the interest rate swaps are calculated by discounting the future net cash flows to the present value based on the terms and conditions of the agreements and the forward interest rate curves. As these inputs are based on observable data and valuations of similar instruments, the interest rate derivatives are primarily categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
 Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 Prepaid expenses and other current assets include prepaid insurance, prepaid rent, and supplies, which are expected to be recognized or realized within the next 12 months.

 Investment related to SEMTH master lease agreement and interest income
 The Company accounts for its investment related to the SEMTH, as defined below, master lease agreement in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 325-40, Investments—Other—Beneficial Interests in Securitized Financial Assets. The Company recognizes accretable yield as interest income over the life of the related beneficial interest using the effective yield method, which is reflected within interest income in the consolidated statements of operations in the amount of $ 16.8 million and $ 11.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. On a recurring basis, the Company evaluates changes in the cash flows expected to be collected from the cash flows previously projected, and when favorable or adverse changes are deemed other than temporary, the Company prospectively updates its expectation of cash flows to be collected and recalculates the amount of accretable yield for the related beneficial interest.
 Favorable or adverse changes deemed other than temporary are accounted for as a change in estimate in conformity with ASC 250, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections, with the amount of periodic accretion adjusted over the remaining life of the master lease agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company revised its estimated cash flows expected to be collected related to the SEMTH master lease agreement, and as a result, recognized additional accretable yield of $ 1.8 million within interest income in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company estimates approximately $ 3.0 million of additional interest income per year over the life of the related beneficial interest.
 Property and equipment, net
 Property and equipment, net consists of solar energy systems and other property and equipment.

 Solar energy systems, net

 Solar energy systems, net consists of home solar energy systems which are subject to long-term Customer Agreements and asset retirement costs ("ARC"). Solar energy systems are recorded at their fair value upon acquisition, while ARCs are capitalized as part of the carrying amount of the solar energy systems and depreciated over the remaining useful life. Subsequently, any impairment charges that may arise are recognized and the impairment loss reduces the carrying amount of the asset to its recoverable amount. For all acquired systems, the Company calculates depreciation using the straight-line method over the remaining useful life as of the acquisition date based on a 30-year useful life from the date the asset was placed in service. When a solar energy system is sold or otherwise disposed of, a gain (or loss) is recognized for the amount of cash received in excess of the net book value of the solar energy system (or vice versa), at which time the related solar energy system is removed from the consolidated balance sheets.
 Other property and equipment, net
 Other property and equipment, net is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, or if acquired in a business combination, at fair value as of the date of acquisition. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method, based upon the following estimated useful lives:

 Equipment
 5 years

 Furniture and fixtures
 3 years

 Computer and related equipment
 2 years

 Software
 2 years

 Vehicles
 5 years

 Leasehold improvements
 Lesser of useful life of the asset or remaining life of the lease

 Leasehold improvements are capitalized, while replacements, maintenance and repairs, which do not improve or extend the life of the respective asset, are expensed as incurred. When property and equipment is retired or otherwise disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and any gain or loss on the disposition is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations as a component of other income, net.
 Intangible assets, net

 The Company's intangible assets include solar renewable energy credit agreements, performance based incentive agreements, and a trade name. The Company amortizes its intangible assets that have finite lives based on the pattern in which the economic benefit of the asset is expected to be utilized. The useful life of the Company's intangible assets generally range between three years and 30 years. The useful life of intangible assets are assessed and assigned based on the facts and circumstances specific to the assets. The Company recognizes the amortization of (i) solar renewable energy credit agreements and performance based incentive agreements as a reduction to revenue and (ii) the trade name as amortization expense within selling, general and administrative expenses.
 Impairment of long-lived assets
 The Company reviews long-lived assets, such as property and equipment and intangible assets with definite lives, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that an asset group's carrying amount may not be recoverable. The Company groups assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities and evaluates the asset group against the sum of the undiscounted future cash flows. If the undiscounted cash flows do not indicate the carrying amount of the asset group is recoverable, an impairment charge is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value. There were no long-lived asset impairment charges during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 Leases
 The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease, or contains a lease, at the inception of the arrangement and evaluates whether the lease is an operating lease or a finance lease at the commencement date. The Company's assessment is based on: (i) whether the contract involves the use of a distinct identified asset, (ii) whether the Company obtained the right to substantially all the economic benefit from the use of the asset throughout the period, and (iii) whether the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset.
 The Company recognizes lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities for operating and finance leases with initial terms greater than 12 months. ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an asset for the lease term, while lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make the related lease payments. The ROU assets for all leases are recognized based on the present value of fixed lease payments over the lease term at the lease commencement date. The lease liabilities of all leases are calculated as the present value of fixed payments not yet paid at the measurement date, however subsequent to the measurement date, the finance lease liabilities are presented at amortized cost using the effective interest method.
 The Company generally uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate for leases unless an interest rate is implicitly stated in the leases. The Company's incremental borrowing rate is determined using a portfolio approach based on the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments on a collateralized basis over a similar term. The lease term for all of the Company's leases includes the noncancelable period of the lease, in addition to any additional periods covered by either the Company's option to extend the lease, which the Company is reasonably certain to exercise, or the option to extend the lease controlled by the lessor. All ROU assets are reviewed periodically for impairment.

 Lease expense for operating leases consists of the lease payments plus any initial direct costs and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Lease expense for finance leases consists of the amortization of the asset on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term or its useful life and interest expense determined on an amortized cost basis, with the lease payments allocated between a reduction of the lease liability and interest expense. Variable lease payments that are not based on an index or a rate, such as common area maintenance fees, taxes and insurance, are expensed as incurred.
 Asset retirement obligations

 Asset retirement obligations ("ARO") can arise from contractual or regulatory requirements to perform certain asset retirement activities at the time the solar energy systems are to be disposed. The Company recognizes AROs at the point an obligating event takes place. The liability is initially measured at fair value based on the present value of estimated removal costs and subsequently adjusted for changes in the underlying assumptions and accretion expense. The corresponding ARCs are considered retired when permanently taken out of service, such as, through a sale or disposal. The Company may revise the ARO based on actual experiences, changes in certain customer-specific estimates and other cost estimate changes. If there are changes in estimated future costs, those changes will be recorded as either a reduction or addition in the carrying amount of the remaining unamortized ARC and the ARO will either increase or decrease in depreciation and accretion expense amounts prospectively. Inherent in the calculation of the fair value of AROs are numerous assumptions and judgments, including the ultimate settlement amounts, inflation factors, credit adjusted discount rates, and timing of settlement. The following is a roll forward of the Company's ARO:

 2024
 2023

 $
 3,033
 $
 —

 Additions

 2,733

 Accretion expense

 $
 3,536
 $
 3,033

 Asset acquisitions
 The Company accounts for assets acquired based on the consideration transferred by the Company, including direct and incremental transaction costs incurred by the Company as a result of the acquisition. An asset acquisition's cost or the consideration transferred by the Company is assumed to be equal to the fair value of the net assets acquired. If the consideration transferred is cash, measurement is based on the amount of cash the Company paid to the seller, as well as transaction costs incurred by the Company. Consideration given in the form of nonmonetary assets, liabilities incurred or equity interests issued is measured based on either the cost to the Company or the fair value of the assets or net assets acquired, whichever is more clearly evident. The cost of an asset acquisition is allocated to the net assets acquired based on their estimated relative fair values. The Company engages third-party appraisal firms to assist in the fair value determination, however management is responsible for, and ultimately determines the fair value. Goodwill is not recognized in an asset acquisition.
 Business combinations
 The Company accounts for the acquisition of a business using the acquisition method of accounting. Amounts paid to acquire a business are allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values at the date of acquisition. The Company engages third-party appraisal firms to assist in the fair value determination, which management uses to determine the fair value. The Company determines the fair value of purchase price consideration, including contingent consideration, and acquired intangible assets based on valuations received from the appraisal firm that used information and assumptions provided by Management. The Company allocates any excess purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired to goodwill. The results of operations of acquired businesses are included in the Company's financial statements from the date of acquisition forward. Acquisition-related costs are expensed in periods in which the costs are incurred.
 Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair market value of net tangible and identifiable intangible assets of acquired businesses. Goodwill is not amortized, however it is annually tested for impairment, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may be impaired. The Company has historically recorded goodwill in connection with its business combinations.

 The Company performs its annual goodwill impairment assessment on October 1 of each fiscal year, or more frequently if events or circumstances arise which indicate that goodwill may be impaired. An assessment can be performed by first completing a qualitative assessment of the Company's single reporting unit. The Company can also bypass the qualitative assessment in any period and proceed directly to the quantitative impairment test and then resume the qualitative assessment in any subsequent period. Qualitative indicators that may trigger the need for annual or interim quantitative impairment testing include, among other things, deterioration in macroeconomic conditions, declining financial performance, deterioration in the operational environment, or an expectation of selling or disposing of a portion of the reporting unit. Additionally, a significant change in business climate, a loss of a significant customer, increased competition, a sustained decrease in share price, or a decrease in estimated fair value below book value may trigger the need for interim impairment testing of goodwill.
 If the Company believes that, as a result of its qualitative assessment, it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is required. The quantitative test involves comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recorded as a reduction to goodwill with a corresponding charge to earnings in the period the goodwill is determined to be impaired. The income tax effect associated with an impairment of tax-deductible goodwill is also considered in the measurement of the goodwill impairment. Any goodwill impairment is limited to the total amount of goodwill.

 The Company evaluates the fair value of the Company's reporting unit using the market and income approach. Under the market approach, the Company uses multiples of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") or revenues of the comparable guideline public companies by selecting a population of public companies with similar operations and attributes. Using this guideline public company data, a range of multiples of enterprise value to EBITDA or revenue is calculated. The income approach of computing fair value is based on the present value of the expected future economic benefits generated by the asset or business, such as cash flows or profits which will then be compared to its book value. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded a charge of $ 28.8 million to fully impair its goodwill within the consolidated statements of operations. There was no goodwill impairment charge during the year ended December 31, 2023. See Note 12. Goodwill for further information on the Company's determination relating to impairment of goodwill.
 Warranties

 Customers who purchased the Company's Drivetrain systems were provided limited-assurance-type warranties for equipment and work performed under the contracts. The warranty period typically extends for three years following transfer of control of the equipment. The warranties solely relate to correction of product defects during the warranty period, which is consistent with similar warranties offered by competitors. Customers of XL Grid were provided limited-assurance-type warranties for a term of one year for installation work performed under its contracts.

 The Company accrued the estimated cost of product warranties for unclaimed charges based on historical experiences and expected results. Should product failure rates and material usage costs differ from these factors, estimated revisions to the estimated warranty liability will be required. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded product warranty liabilities and adjusts the balances as required. Warranty expense is recorded as a component of discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of operations. With the Company's exit from the Drivetrain business and the subsequent sale of World Energy, the Company will not enter into any additional warranty obligations and expects the existing warranty obligation to expire in 2025.

 The following is a roll forward of the Company's accrued warranty liability:

 2024
 2023

 $
 $
 1,125

 Transfer of inventory to servicers
 —
 ( 498)

 Accrual related to World Energy
 —
 ( 25)

 Warranty fulfillment charges
 ( 386)
 —

 $
 $

 The Company's warranty liability is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

 Warrant liabilities

 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had outstanding private warrants, which are related to the December 2020 merger and organization of legacy XL Hybrids Inc. to become XL Fleet. With the merger, the Company assumed private placement warrants to purchase 529,167 shares of common stock, with an exercise price of $ 92.00 per share (the "Private Warrants"). The Private Warrants do not meet the criteria for equity classification and must be recorded as liabilities. As the Private Warrants met the definition of a derivative, they were measured at fair value at inception and at each reporting date with changes in fair value recognized in the consolidated statements of operations. The Private Warrants were valued using a Black-Scholes model, with significant inputs consisting of risk-free interest rate, remaining term, expected volatility, exercise price, and the Company's stock price (See Note 11. Fair Value Measurements).

 Unfavorable solar renewable energy agreements

 The Company amortizes its unfavorable solar renewable energy agreements that have finite lives based on the pattern in which the economic benefit of the liability is relieved. The useful life of the Company's liabilities generally range between three years and six years. The useful life of these liabilities are assessed and assigned based on the facts and circumstances specific to the agreement. The Company recognizes the amortization of unfavorable solar renewable energy agreements as revenues in the consolidated statements of operations.

 Contingencies

 When it is probable that a loss has occurred and the loss amount can be reasonably estimated, the Company records liabilities for loss contingencies. In certain cases, the Company may be covered by one or more corporate insurance policies, resulting in insurance loss recoveries. When such recoveries are in excess of a loss recognized in the Company's financial statements, the Company recognizes a gain contingency at the earlier of when the gain has been realized or when it is realizable, however when the Company expects recovery of proceeds up to the amount of the loss recognized, a receivable, which offsets the related loss contingency, is recognized when realization of the claim for recovery is determined to be probable.

 Fair value measurements
 The fair value of the Company's financial assets and liabilities reflects Management's estimate of amounts that the Company would have received in connection with the sale of the assets or paid in connection with the transfer of the liabilities in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. For assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis, a three-level hierarchy of measurements based upon observable and unobservable inputs is used to arrive at fair value. Observable inputs are developed based on market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company's assumptions about valuation based on the best information available in the circumstances. Depending on the inputs, the Company classifies each fair value measurement as follows:
 • Level 1: Observable inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that are accessible at the measurement date.
 • Level 2: Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted market prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted market prices in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
 • Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
 In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy must be determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. An assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and consideration of factors specific to the asset or liability.

 The Company's financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, net, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, non-recourse debt, and interest rate swaps. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of those instruments. See Note 11. Fair Value Measurements for additional information on assets and liabilities measured at fair value.
 Stock-based compensation
 The Company grants stock-based awards to certain employees, directors and non-employee consultants. Awards issued under the Company's stock-based compensation plans include stock options and restricted stock units. For transactions in which the Company obtains employee services in exchange for an award of equity instruments, the cost of the services are measured based on the grant date fair value of the award. The Company recognizes the cost over the period during which an employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award, known as the requisite service period (usually the vesting period). Costs related to plans with graded vesting are generally recognized using a straight-line method.
 Stock Options
 The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock-based awards and recognizes the compensation cost on a straight line basis over the requisite service period of the awards for employees, which is typically the four-year vesting period of the award, and effective contract period specified in the award agreement for non-employees. The fair value of common stock is determined based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on the NYSE at each award grant date.

 The determination of the fair value of stock-based payment awards utilizing the Black-Scholes model is affected by the stock price and a number of assumptions, including expected volatility, expected life, risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. The Company does not have a significant history of trading its common stock as it was not a public company until December 21, 2020, and as such expected volatility was estimated using historical volatilities of comparable public entities. The expected life of the awards is estimated based on a simplified method, which uses the average of the vesting term and the original contractual term of the award. The risk-free interest rate assumption is based on observed interest rates appropriate for the expected life of the awards. The dividend yield assumption is based on history and expectation of paying no dividends. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur.

 Restricted Stock Units

 Restricted stock units generally vest over the requisite service periods (vesting on a straight–line basis). The fair value of a restricted stock unit award is equal to the closing price of the Company's common stock on the NYSE on the grant date. The Company accounts for the forfeiture of equity awards as they occur.
 The Company's revenue is derived from its home solar energy portfolio and servicing platform, which primarily generates revenue through the sale to homeowners of power generated by the home solar energy systems pursuant to long-term agreements. Pursuant to ASC 606 defined below, the Company has elected the "right to invoice" practical expedient for PPA and servicing revenues, and revenues for the performance obligations related to energy generation and servicing revenue are recognized as services are rendered based upon the underlying contractual arrangements.
 The following table presents the detail of the Company's revenues as reflected within the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 2024
 2023

 PPA revenues
 $
 38,391
 $
 36,360

 SLA revenues
 28,978
 28,462

 Solar renewable energy credit revenues
 7,205
 7,219

 Government incentives

 Servicing revenues

 Intangibles amortization, unfavorable solar renewable energy agreements
 3,097
 3,593

 Other revenue
 3,233
 3,204

 Total
 $
 82,107
 $
 79,859

 Energy generation
 Customers purchase solar energy from the Company under PPAs or SLAs, both defined above. Revenue is recognized from contracts with customers as performance obligations are satisfied at a transaction price reflecting an amount of consideration based upon an estimated rate of return which is expressed as the solar rate per kilowatt hour or a flat rate per month as defined in the customer contracts.
 • PPA revenues - Under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606") issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB"), PPA revenue is recognized when generated based upon the amount of electricity delivered as determined by remote monitoring equipment at solar rates specified under the PPAs.

 • SLA revenues - The Company has SLAs, which do not meet the definition of a lease under ASC 842, Leases, and are accounted for as contracts with customers under ASC 606. Revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract term as the obligation to provide continuous access to the solar energy system is satisfied. The amount of revenue recognized may not equal customer cash payments due to the performance obligation being satisfied ahead of cash receipt or evenly as continuous access to the solar energy system has been provided. The differences between revenue recognition and cash payments received are reflected as deferred rent assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Certain SLAs contain provisions to provide customers a performance guarantee that each solar energy system will achieve certain specified minimum solar energy production output. If the solar energy system does not produce the guaranteed production amount, the Company is obligated to pay a performance guarantee calculated as the product of (a) the shortfall production amount and (b) guaranteed rate per kWh as defined in the SLA.

 Solar renewable energy credit revenues

 The Company enters into contracts with third parties to sell SRECs generated by the solar energy systems for fixed prices. Certain contracts that meet the definition of a derivative may be exempted as normal purchase or normal sales transactions ("NPNS"). NPNS are contracts that provide for the purchase or sale of something other than a financial instrument or derivative instrument that will be delivered in quantities expected to be used or sold over a reasonable period in the normal course of business. Certain SREC contracts meet these requirements and are designated as NPNS contracts. Such SRECs are exempted from the derivative accounting and reporting requirements, and the Company recognizes revenues in accordance with ASC 606. The Company recognizes revenue for SRECs based on pricing predetermined within the respective contracts at a point in time when the SRECs are transferred. As SRECs can be sold separate from the actual electricity generated by the renewable-based generation source, the Company accounts for the SRECs it generates from its solar energy systems as governmental incentives and does not consider those SRECs output of the underlying solar energy systems. The Company classifies these SRECs as inventory held until sold and delivered to third parties. As the Company did not incur costs to obtain these governmental incentives, the inventory carrying value for the SRECs was $ 0 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Government incentives

 The Company participates in residential solar investment programs, which offer a performance-based incentive ("PBI") for certain of its solar energy systems that are associated with the programs ("eligible systems"). PBIs are accounted for under ASC 606 and are earned based upon the actual electricity produced by the eligible systems.

 Servicing revenues

 The Company earns operating and maintenance revenue from third-party solar fund customers at pre-determined rates for various operating and maintenance and asset management services as specified in Maintenance Service Agreements ("MSAs"). The MSAs contain multiple performance obligations, including routine maintenance, nonroutine maintenance, renewable energy certificate management, inventory management, delinquent account collections and customer account management.

 Other revenue

 Other revenue relates to revenue generating activities that do not fall into the Company's primary revenue categories discussed above, including uniform commercial code revenues, other fees charged to the Company's customers pursuant to the Company's long-term Customer Agreements and servicing contracts, and other miscellaneous revenue and income.

 Deferred revenue

 Deferred revenue consists of amounts for which the criteria for revenue recognition have not yet been met and includes prepayments received for unfulfilled performance obligations that will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the respective customer agreements. Deferred revenue, in the aggregate, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 4.0 million and $ 2.7 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized revenues of $ 0.2 million and $ 0.1 million related to deferred revenue as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Cost of revenues - solar energy systems depreciation

 Cost of revenues - solar energy systems depreciation consists of the depreciation expense relating to the solar energy systems.

 Cost of revenues - operations and maintenance primarily consists of costs of third parties used to service the Company's systems and any cost associated with meter swaps.

 Income taxes

 The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method under which deferred tax liabilities and assets are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities and net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred income taxes are provided for the temporary differences arising between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, and net operating loss carry-forwards and credits. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of changes in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations in the period in which the enactment rate changes. The ultimate recovery of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the amount and timing of future taxable income and other factors, such as the taxing jurisdiction in which the asset is to be recovered. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are reduced through the establishment of a valuation allowance if, based on available evidence, it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
 Uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return are accounted for using the more likely than not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement. The determination as to whether the tax benefit will more likely than not be realized is based upon the technical merits of the tax position as well as consideration of the available facts and circumstances. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the Company's tax returns.
 In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to regular audits by U.S. federal and state and local tax authorities. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to federal, state or local tax examinations by tax authorities in its major jurisdictions for tax years prior to 2020. However, net operating loss carryforwards remain subject to examination to the extent they are carried forward and impact a year that is open to examination by tax authorities.
 The Company did not recognize any tax related interest or penalties during the periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, however, would record any such interest and penalties as a component of the provision for income taxes.

 There has historically been no federal or state provision for income taxes since the Company has historically incurred net operating losses and maintains a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized no provision for income taxes, consistent with its losses incurred and the valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. As a result, the Company's effective income tax rate was 0 % for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Net income (loss) per share

 Basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, without consideration for potentially dilutive securities. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock and potentially dilutive securities outstanding during the period determined using the treasury stock and if-converted methods. For purposes of the diluted income (loss) per share calculation, stock options, restricted stock units, restricted stock unit awards and warrants are considered to be potentially dilutive securities. Potentially dilutive securities are excluded from the calculation of diluted income (loss) per share when their effect would be anti-dilutive.

 Segment reporting

 Segment reporting is based on the management approach, following the method that management organizes the Company's reportable segments for which separate financial information is made available to, and evaluated regularly by, the Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") in allocating resources and in assessing performance. The Company is organized and managed as a single operating and reportable segment, on a consolidated basis, which engages in the sole business of providing solar energy and related services to its customers, and as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had one operating and reportable segment. See Note 22. Segment Information for further information.
 Related parties
 A party is considered to be related to the Company if the party directly or indirectly or through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with the Company. Related parties also include principal owners of the Company, its management, the board of directors, members of the immediate families of principal owners of the Company, its management, the board of directors and other parties with which the Company may deal with if one party controls or can significantly influence the management or operating policies of the other to an extent that one of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests. A party which can significantly influence the management or operating policies of the transacting parties or that has an ownership interest in one of the transacting parties and can significantly influence the other to an extent that one or more of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests is also a related party.
 SEC Climate Disclosure Rule
 In March 2024, the SEC issued final rules requiring public entities to disclose certain climate-related information in their registration statements and annual reports. The rules will be effective for non-accelerated filers and smaller reporting companies commencing with the fiscal year beginning on or after January 1, 2027. In April 2024, the SEC issued an administrative stay of the implementation of these rules, pending judicial review. In February 2025, the SEC issued a request that the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit not schedule the case for oral argument in order to allow time for the SEC to determine next steps in light of certain changes. The Company is evaluating the impact of the final rules on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted
 In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvement to Reportable Segment Disclosures, ("ASU 2023-07"), which requires enhanced disclosures for reportable segments, primarily in relation to significant segment expenses, even in the event an entity has a single reportable segment in accordance with Topic 280. ASU 2023-07 was effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted this ASU as of December 31, 2024 and has retrospectively applied its requirements to all prior periods based on the significant segment expense categories identified and disclosed in its consolidated financial statements in the period of adoption. See Note 22. Segment Information.
 Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

 In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) ("ASU 2024-03"), which requires enhanced detailed disclosures about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense line items of entities. Subsequent to issuance of ASU 2024-03, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01 of the same topic to clarify the effective date of ASU 2024-03, stating that all public entities are required to adopt the disclosure requirements in the first annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company will adopt this ASU as of December 31, 2027 and will prospectively apply its requirements to expense disclosures presented in the notes to the consolidated financial statements in the period of adoption.
 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, ("ASU 2023-09"), which requires enhancements regarding the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company will adopt this ASU as of December 31, 2025 and will prospectively apply its requirements to income tax disclosures presented in the notes to the consolidated financial statements in the period of adoption.

 Note 3. Business Combination
 Legacy Spruce Power

 On September 9, 2022 (the "Acquisition Date"), the Company acquired Legacy Spruce Power for $ 32.6 million, which consisted of cash payments of $ 61.8 million less cash and restricted cash acquired of $ 29.2 million. Management evaluated which entity should be considered the accounting acquirer in the transaction by giving consideration to the form of consideration transferred, the composition of the equity holders, the composition of voting rights of the Board of Directors, continuity of management structure, and size of the respective organizations. Based on the evaluation of the applicable factors, Management noted that all factors, with the exception of the relative size of organization, were indicators that the Company was the acquiring entity resulting in Management's conclusion that for accounting purposes, the Company acquired Legacy Spruce Power.

 The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination. The Company allocated the Legacy Spruce Power purchase price to tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values as of the Acquisition Date. The excess of the purchase price over those fair values was recorded as goodwill.

 The Company's evaluations of the facts and circumstances available as of the Acquisition Date, to assign fair values to assets acquired and liabilities assumed, remained ongoing subsequent to the Acquisition Date. As the Company completed further analysis of assets including solar systems, intangible assets, as well as noncontrolling interests and debt, additional information on the assets acquired and liabilities assumed became available. Changes in information related to the value of net assets acquired changed the amount of the purchase price initially assigned to goodwill, and as a result, the fair values set forth below were subject to adjustments as additional information was obtained and valuations completed. These provisional adjustments were recognized during the reporting period in which the adjustments were determined. The Company finalized its purchase price allocation as of September 8, 2023.

 Accounting for business combinations requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially at the Acquisition Date, including the Company's estimates of the fair value of solar systems, production based incentives, solar renewable energy agreements, non-controlling interest, trade name and debt, where applicable. The Company believes the assumptions and estimates are based on information obtained from the management of the acquired companies and are inherently uncertain. Critical estimates in valuing solar systems under the income approach include future expected cash flows and discount rate. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results.

 The following table summarizes the purchase price allocation of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisition of Legacy Spruce Power, as adjusted, during the measurement period:

 Initial Purchase Price Allocation
 Measurement Period Adjustments
 Updated Purchase Price Allocation

 Total purchase consideration:

 Cash, net of cash acquired, and restricted cash
 $
 32,585
 $
 —
 $
 32,585

 Allocation of consideration to assets acquired and liabilities assumed:

 Accounts receivable, net
 10,995
 —
 10,995

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 6,768
 ( 2,405)
 4,363

 Solar energy systems
 406,298
 89,268
 495,566

 Other property and equipment
 —

 Intangible assets
 —

 Interest rate swap assets
 26,698
 —
 26,698

 Right-of-use asset
 3,279
 ( 328)
 2,951

 Other assets
 ( 102)

 Goodwill
 158,636
 ( 129,879)

 Accounts payable
 ( 2,620)
 ( 22)
 ( 2,642)

 Unfavorable solar renewable energy agreements
 —
 ( 10,500)
 ( 10,500)

 Accrued expenses
 ( 13,061)
 ( 241)
 ( 13,302)

 Lease liability
 ( 3,382)
 ( 3,340)

 Long-term debt
 ( 510,002)
 2,772
 ( 507,230)

 Other liabilities
 ( 335)
 ( 43)

 Redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests
 ( 51,384)
 39,123
 ( 12,261)

 Total assets acquired and liabilities assumed
 $
 32,585
 $
 —
 $
 32,585

 As reflected in the preceding table, as a result of third party valuation reports received in the first quarter of 2023, the Company adjusted solar energy systems and intangible assets with corresponding changes to goodwill. In the first quarter of 2023, due to a change in the provisional amounts assigned to intangible assets and solar energy systems, the Company recognized $ 0.4 million of revenue, $ 1.9 million of depreciation expense and $ 0.4 million of trade name amortization, of which $ 0.5 million of revenue, $ 0.9 million of depreciation expense and $ 0.3 million of trade name amortization related to the previous year.

 During the first quarter of 2023, the Company adjusted the fair value of its noncontrolling interest and its redeemable noncontrolling interest in the Company's financials, which resulted in related downward revision of $ 5.5 million and upward revision of $ 0.2 million, respectively. Additional paid in capital was also downward revised by $ 1.8 million, which included the fair value adjustment associated with the purchase of 100 % of the membership interests in Ampere Solar Owner IV, LLC, ORE F5A HoldCo, LLC, ORE F6 HoldCo, LLC, RPV Fund 11 LLC and RPV Fund 13 LLC, Sunserve Residential Solar I, LLC's and Level Solar Fund III, LLC in 2022.

 The gross intangibles acquired are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives as follows:

 Asset
 Liability
 Estimated Life (in years)

 Solar renewable energy agreements
 $
 $
 10,500
 3 to 6

 Performance based incentives agreements
 3,240
 —

 Trade name
 8,400
 —

 Total intangibles acquired
 $
 $
 10,500

 The weighted-average useful life of the intangibles identified above is approximately 16 years, which approximates the period over which the Company expects to gain the estimated economic benefits.

 Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired. Goodwill is primarily attributable to the Company's ability to leverage and use its existing capital and access to capital markets along with Legacy Spruce Power's established operations and M&A capabilities to grow the Spruce Power business. See Note 12. Goodwill for further information on the Company's determination relating to the Company's impairment of goodwill.

 Note 4. Acquisitions
 SEMTH Master Lease Agreement
 In furtherance of its growth strategy, on March 23, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of all the issued and outstanding interests in SEMTH from certain funds, pursuant to a membership interest purchase and sale agreement dated March 23, 2023 (the "SEMTH Acquisition"). The SEMTH related asset includes 20 -year use rights to customer payment streams of approximately 22,500 home SLAs and PPAs (the "SEMTH Master Lease"). The Company acquired SEMTH for approximately $ 23.0 million of cash, net of cash received, and assumed $ 125.0 million of outstanding senior indebtedness (See Note 8. Non-Recourse Debt) and interest rate swaps with Deutsche Bank AG, New York Bank (See Note 9. Interest Rate Swaps) held by SEMTH and its subsidiaries at the close of the acquisition.
 The Company concluded that SEMTH does not meet the definition of a business or VIE. The purchase of SEMTH's future revenue has been accounted for as an acquisition of financial assets. Under the acquisition method, the purchase price was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their relative fair value. All fair value measurements of assets acquired and liabilities assumed were based on significant estimates and assumptions, including Level 3 (unobservable) inputs, which require judgment. Estimates and assumptions include the projected timing and amount of future cash flows, discount rates reflecting risk inherent in future cash flows and future utility prices.
 For the purposes of establishing the fair value of the Company's investment in the SEMTH Master Lease, its analysis considered cash flows beginning in March 2023 (the effective date of the transaction). The Company estimated the fair value of its investment in the SEMTH Master Lease to be approximately $ 146.9 million on the transaction date.
 Tredegar Acquisition
 On August 18, 2023, the Company acquired approximately 2,400 home solar assets and contracts from a publicly traded, regulated utility company for $ 20.9 million (the "Tredegar Acquisition"). The home solar assets acquired have an average remaining contract life of approximately 11 years. The Tredegar Acquisition was funded by term loans from the concurrent amendment of the Company's existing debt facility as of the acquisition date (See Note 8. Non-Recourse Debt).

 The Tredegar Acquisition has been accounted for as an acquisition of assets, wherein the total consideration paid was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their relative fair value. The Company's determination of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed was based on an independent third-party valuation, which involved significant estimates and assumptions, including Level 3 (unobservable) inputs, using the income method approach to value long-lived assets. The Company engages third-party appraisal firms to assist in the fair value determination, however management is responsible for, and ultimately determines the fair value. The Company estimated the fair value of the Tredegar Acquisition to be approximately $ 21.2 million, inclusive of transaction costs of $ 0.3 million, of which $ 19.6 million was allocated to the solar energy systems.
 NJR Acquisition
 On November 22, 2024, the Company acquired approximately 9,800 solar energy systems from the subsidiary of a publicly traded, regulated utility company for $ 132.5 million (the "NJR Acquisition") pursuant to an asset purchase agreement (the "APA"). The solar energy systems acquired have an average remaining contract life of approximately 11 years. The NJR Acquisition was funded in part by the proceeds from the concurrent issuance of the SP5 Facility, as defined below (See Note 8. Non-Recourse Debt) and $ 22.7 million of the Company's cash balances.
 Under the APA, the Company may be obligated to acquire approximately 200 additional solar energy systems, subject to those systems having achieved operational milestones. Assuming those milestones are achieved, the aggregate purchase consideration payable with respect to these additional solar energy systems would be approximately $ 5.0 million pursuant to the APA, subject to adjustment thereof. Subsequently in 2025, the Company has acquired 83 of these additional solar energy systems, in the aggregate, for approximately $ 1.5 million in cash. The Company is unable to anticipate the ultimate outcome of these additional solar energy systems that it may be obligated to acquire.
 The NJR Acquisition has been accounted for as an acquisition of assets, wherein the total consideration paid was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their relative fair value. The Company's determination of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed was based on an independent third-party valuation, which involved significant estimates and assumptions, including Level 3 (unobservable) inputs, using the income method approach to value long-lived assets. The Company engages third-party appraisal firms to assist in the fair value determination, however management is responsible for, and ultimately determines the fair value. The Company estimated the fair value of the NJR Acquisition to be approximately $ 132.5 million, inclusive of transaction costs of $ 0.3 million, all of which was allocated to the solar energy systems.

 Note 5. Property and Equipment, Net
 Property and equipment, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 2024
 2023

 Solar energy systems
 $
 641,245
 $
 513,526

 Less: Accumulated depreciation
 ( 52,817)
 ( 29,594)

 Solar energy systems, net
 $
 588,428
 $
 483,932

 Equipment
 $
 —
 $

 Furniture and fixtures

 Computers and related equipment

 Software
 —

 Leasehold improvements

 Gross other property and equipment

 Less: Accumulated depreciation
 ( 319)
 ( 429)

 Other property and equipment, net
 $
 $

 Property and equipment, net
 $
 589,014
 $
 484,406

 Depreciation expense related to solar energy systems is included within cost of revenues - solar energy systems depreciation within the consolidated statements of operations, and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 23.4 million and $ 23.8 million, respectively. Depreciation expense related to other property and equipment is included within selling, general and administrative expenses within the consolidated statements of operations, and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 0.2 million and $ 0.4 million, respectively.

 Note 6. Intangible Assets, Net
 The following table presents the detail of intangible assets, net as recorded in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 2024
 2023

 Intangible assets:

 Solar renewable energy agreements
 $
 $

 Performance based incentives agreements
 3,240
 3,240

 Trade name
 8,400
 8,400

 Gross intangible assets

 Less: Accumulated amortization
 ( 3,023)
 ( 1,784)

 Intangible assets, net
 $
 8,957
 $
 10,196

 Amortization of intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $ 1.2 million, of which $ 0.5 million and $ 0.7 million were recorded within revenues and selling, general and administrative expenses, respectively. Amortization of intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $ 1.8 million, of which $ 0.8 million and $ 1.0 million were recorded within revenues and selling, general and administrative expenses, respectively.

 As of December 31, 2024, expected amortization of intangible assets for each of the five succeeding fiscal years and thereafter is as follows:

 2024

 2025
 $
 1,126

 2026
 1,122

 2027

 2028

 2029

 Thereafter

 4,048

 Total

 $
 8,957

 Note 7. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 2024
 2023

 Accrued interest
 $
 8,454
 $
 8,587

 Professional fees
 2,998
 2,386

 Accrued contingencies (See Note 16 Commitments and Contingencies)

 6,859
 21,300

 Accrued compensation and related benefits
 4,408
 3,237

 Accrued expenses, other
 2,378
 2,293

 Accrued taxes, stock-based compensation
 1,138

 Accrued operating and maintenance
 1,890
 2,079

 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities

 $
 28,125
 $
 40,634

 Note 8. Non-Recourse Debt

 The following table provides a summary of the Company's non-recourse debt as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 Due
 2024
 2023

 SVB Credit Agreement, SP1 Facility (1)

 April 2026
 $
 196,240
 $
 214,803

 Second SVB Credit Agreement, SP2 Facility (1)

 May 2027
 78,018
 85,231

 KeyBank Credit Agreement, SP3 Facility (1)

 November 2027
 53,830
 58,962

 Second KeyBank Credit Agreement (1)

 April 2030
 162,691
 162,725

 Deutsche Bank Credit Agreement, SP4 Facility
 August 2025
 —
 125,000

 Barings GPSF Credit Agreement, SET Facility

 April 2042
 130,000
 —

 Banco Santander Credit Agreement, SP5 Facility

 November 2027
 109,842
 —

 Less: Unamortized fair value adjustment (1)

 ( 21,948)
 ( 27,600)

 Less: Unamortized deferred financing costs
 ( 3,342)
 ( 341)

 Total non-recourse debt

 705,331
 618,780

 Less: Non-recourse debt, current
 ( 28,310)
 ( 27,914)

 Non-recourse debt, non-current
 $
 677,021
 $
 590,866

 (1) In connection with the acquisition of Legacy Spruce Power effective September 9, 2022, the Company assumed long-term debt instruments valued at approximately $ 507.2 million as of that date. In connection with accounting for the business combination, the Company adjusted the carrying value of this long-term debt to its fair value as of the Acquisition Date. This fair value adjustment resulted in a reduction of the carrying value of the debt by $ 35.2 million. This adjustment to fair value is being amortized to interest expense over the life of the related debt instruments using the effective interest method. Amortization expense for the fair value adjustment and deferred financing costs for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 6.0 million and $ 5.9 million, respectively.

 SVB Credit Agreement

 The SVB Credit Agreement (the "SP 1 Facility"), executed with Silicon Valley Bank ("SVB"), a division of First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company, includes a debt service reserve letter of credit (the "SP 1 LC") with related amounts outstanding of $ 15.6 million and $ 6.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Amounts outstanding under the SP 1 LC bear interest of 2.38 % per annum and unused amounts bear interest at 0.50 % per annum. The term loans under the SP 1 Facility require quarterly principal payments, paid a month in arrears, with the remaining balance due in a single payment in April 2026 and bear interest at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (the "SOFR") plus the applicable margin. The applicable margin is 2.25 % per annum for the first three years, 2.375 % per annum from the third anniversary through the sixth anniversary and 2.5 % per annum starting on the sixth anniversary. The effective interest rate on the SP 1 Facility was 7.16 % and 7.96 % as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 The obligations of the Company under the SP 1 Facility are secured by substantially all of the assets and equity interest in certain of the Company's subsidiaries. The SP 1 Facility requires the Company to be in compliance with various covenants, including debt service coverage ratios and as of December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with the required covenants under the SP 1 Facility.

 Second SVB Credit Agreement

 The Second SVB Credit Agreement (the "SP 2 Facility") includes a debt service reserve letter of credit (the "SP 2 LC"). Amounts outstanding under the SP 2 LC bear interest of 2.30 % per annum and unused amounts bear interest at 0.50 % per annum. The term loans under the SP 2 Facility require quarterly principal payments, mature in April 2027 and bear interest at the SOFR plus the applicable margin. The applicable margin is 2.30 % per annum for the first three years, 2.425 % per annum from the third anniversary through the sixth anniversary and 2.55 % per annum starting on the sixth anniversary.

 On August 18, 2023, the Company entered into a second amendment to the SP2 Facility with SVB, which provided the Company (i) incremental term loans with a principal amount of approximately $ 21.4 million, of which proceeds were primarily used to fund the Tredegar Acquisition (See Note 4. Acquisition) and (ii) incremental letters of credit in the aggregate amount of approximately $ 2.7 million (collectively, the "SP2 Facility Amendment"). Excluding the aforementioned amounts, all other terms of the original SP2 Facility remain unchanged. The SP2 Facility Amendment was treated as a debt modification under ASC 470-50, Debt—Modifications and Extinguishments. The Company also incurred $ 0.4 million of deferred financing costs, which is being amortized to interest expense over the term of the loan. Related unamortized deferred financing costs were $ 0.9 million as of December 31, 2024.

 Amounts outstanding under the SP 2 LC, as amended, were $ 6.0 million and $ 7.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The effective interest rate on the SP 2 Facility was 7.25 % and 8.04 % as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The obligations of the Company under the SP 2 Facility are secured by substantially all of the assets and equity interest in certain of the Company's subsidiaries. The SP 2 Facility requires the Company to be in compliance with various covenants, including debt service coverage ratios, and as of December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with the required covenants under the SP 2 Facility.

 Key Bank Credit Agreement

 The Key Bank Credit Agreement (the "SP 3 Facility"), executed with KeyBank National Association, includes a debt service reserve letter of credit (the "SP 3 LC") with related amounts outstanding of $ 4.1 million and $ 4.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Amounts outstanding under the SP 3 LC bear interest of 3.00 % per annum. The term loans under the SP 3 Facility require quarterly principal payments, mature in November 2027 and bear interest at the SOFR plus the applicable margin. The applicable margin is 3.00 % per annum for the first three years, 3.125 % per annum from the third anniversary through the fifth anniversary and 3.25 % per annum starting on the fifth anniversary. The effective interest rate on the SP 3 Facility was 7.86 % and 8.66 % as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 The obligations of the Company under the SP 3 Facility are secured by substantially all of the assets and equity interest in certain of the Company's subsidiaries. The SP 3 Facility requires the Company to be in compliance with various covenants, including debt service coverage ratios, and as of December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with those required covenants under the SP 3 Facility.

 Second Key Bank Credit Agreement

 The Second Key Bank Credit Agreement, executed with Key Bank National Association as the administrative agent and certain third parties as the lenders, includes term loans which require quarterly interest payments, mature in April 2030 and bear interest at 8.25 % per annum. The effective interest rate on term loans under the Second Key Bank Agreement was 8.25 % as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The obligations of the Company under the Second Key Bank Agreement are secured by substantially all of the assets and equity interest in certain of the Company's subsidiaries. The Second Key Bank Credit Agreement requires the Company to be in compliance with various covenants, including debt service coverage ratios, and as of December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with those required covenants under the Second Key Bank Credit Agreement.

 Deutsche Bank Credit Agreement

 As part of the acquisition of SEMTH (See Note 4. Acquisition) in March 2023, the Company assumed debt with Deutsche Bank AG, New York Bank ("Deutsche Bank"). Prior to the SEMTH Acquisition, SET Borrower 2022, LLC ("SET Borrower"), a wholly owned subsidiary of SEMTH, entered into a credit agreement effective June 10, 2022 (the "Closing Date") with Deutsche Bank as the facility agent, which consisted of a term loan of $ 125.0 million (the "SP4 Facility") and is collateralized by all of the assets and property of SET Borrower. The term loan bears interest at the SOFR rate, plus the applicable margin. For the period from the Closing Date through the first twelve months, the applicable margin is 2.25 % per annum, 2.50 % for the following six months, and 2.75 % for the next six months, and 3.00 % through the maturity date. The term loan required quarterly payments, which began on August 17, 2022, and if the outstanding loan balance exceeded the borrowing base on a calculation date, the remaining balance would become due in a single payment in August 2025.

 On June 26, 2024, the Company fully repaid the outstanding balance on the SP4 Facility of $ 125.0 million using proceeds from the SET Facility, as defined below. The repayment of the SP4 Facility was treated as a debt extinguishment under ASC 470-50, Debt—Modifications and Extinguishments. In connection with the repayment of the SP4 Facility, the Company settled the related interest rate swap contracts (see Note 9. Interest Rate Swaps for further discussion).

 Barings GPSF Credit Agreement

 On June 26, 2024, Spruce SET Borrower 2024, LLC (the "SET Borrower"), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a non-recourse Credit Agreement with Barings GPSF LLC, which provided a fixed interest term loan in the aggregate principal amount of $ 130.0 million (the "SET Facility"). The proceeds of the SET Facility were primarily used to repay the SP4 Facility discussed above. The SET Borrower incurred approximately $ 2.1 million of deferred financing costs related to the SET Facility, which are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the anticipated debt servicing period. The SET Facility matures on April 17, 2042 and requires quarterly interest payments at 6.89 % per annum beginning August 2024. The effective interest rate on the SET Facility as of December 31, 2024 was 6.89 %. Effective December 26, 2027, the SET Facility requires additional interest to be accrued on any outstanding aggregate principal or unpaid accrued interest.

 The SET Facility is collateralized by all of the assets and property of the SET Borrower. The SET Facility requires the SET Borrower to be in compliance with various covenants, and the SET Borrower was in compliance with the required covenants under the SET Facility as of December 31, 2024.

 Banco Santander Credit Agreement

 On November 22, 2024, Spruce Power 5 Borrower 2024, LLC (the "SP5 Borrower"), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a non-recourse credit agreement with Banco Santander, S.A., New York, which provided for a 3-year term loan facility in the aggregate principal amount of approximately $ 109.8 million (the "SP5 Facility"), of which proceeds were used to fund the NJR Acquisition. The SP5 Facility matures on November 22, 2027 and requires quarterly interest payments with the remaining balance due in a single payment on November 22, 2027. Borrowings under the SP5 Facility bear interest at a variable rate equal to the SOFR as administered by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York plus a margin of 2.15 % from the original closing date through the end of the 24th month after the original closing date, and 2.75 % from the beginning of the 25th month after the original closing date until the date all principal and accrued and unpaid interest has been paid in full. The effective interest rate on the SP5 Facility as of December 31, 2024 was 6.48 %.

 The SP5 Facility is collateralized by all of the assets and property of the SP5 Borrower. The SP5 Facility requires the SP5 Borrower to be in compliance with various covenants, and the SP5 Borrower was in compliance with the required covenants under the SP5 Facility as of December 31, 2024.

 As of December 31, 2024, the principal maturities of the Company's debt were as follows:

 2024

 2025
 $
 28,310

 2026
 189,989

 2027
 219,631

 2028
 —

 2029
 —

 Thereafter

 292,691

 Total

 $
 730,621

 Note 9. Interest Rate Swaps
 The purpose of the Company's swap agreements is to convert the floating interest rate on its credit agreements (discussed above) to a fixed rate. In connection with the acquisition of Legacy Spruce Power, the Company assumed interest rate swaps from agreements Legacy Spruce Power executed with four financial institutions.
 As part of the SEMTH Acquisition in 2023, the Company assumed interest rate swaps related to the SP4 Facility, which were settled concurrently with the full repayment of the SP4 Facility in June 2024 and resulted in a gain of approximately $ 3.6 million within interest expense, net during the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company also completed the early settlement of certain interest rate swaps, which resulted in a gain of approximately $ 1.6 million within interest expense, net during the year ended December 31, 2024.
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the notional amount of the interest rate swaps covered approximately 91 % and 95 % of the balance of the Company's floating rate term loans, respectively.
 As of December 31, 2024, the following interest rate swaps are outstanding (in thousands):

 #
 Notional Amount
 Fixed Rate
 Effective Date
 Maturity Date
 Total Fair Value Asset (Liability)

 $
 11,339
 0.78
 %
 $
 1,094

 11,339
 0.75
 %
 1,107

 11,339
 0.73
 %
 1,116

 4,092
 1.57
 %

 7,161
 1.62
 %

 7,161
 1.56
 %

 7,161
 1.59
 %

 35,514
 2.39
 %
 1,827

 35,514
 2.33
 %
 1,894

 20,294
 2.34
 %
 1,073

 35,514
 2.36
 %
 1,864

 25,569
 0.69
 %
 07/31/2032
 3,343

 25,569
 0.73
 %
 07/31/2032
 3,296

 16,414
 2.83
 %
 07/12/2022
 04/30/2032

 40,487
 0.40
 %
 07/12/2022
 10/31/2031
 5,172

 16 (1)

 17,631
 4.24
 %
 08/18/2023
 01/31/2032
 ( 188)

 17 (2)

 87,874
 3.98
 %
 11/22/2024
 05/17/2033
 ( 54)

 $
 399,972
 $
 24,287

 (1) The amount reflects the swap related to the SP2 Facility Amendment transacted concurrently with the Tredegar Acquisition to hedge the floating rate of the incremental term loan (See Note 8. Non-Recourse Debt).
 (2) The amount reflects the swap related to the SP5 Facility transacted concurrently with the NJR Acquisition to hedge the floating rate of the term loan (See Note 8. Non-Recourse Debt).

 During the year ended December 31, 2024, the aggregate impact of the Company's interest rate swaps in the consolidated statements of operation was $ 15.2 million, of which $ 2.8 million related to unrealized losses and $ 18.0 million related to realized gains, which is recognized within interest expense, net in the consolidated statements of operation.

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the aggregate impact of the Company's interest rate swaps in the consolidated statements of operation was $ 8.9 million, of which $ 4.8 million related to unrealized losses and $ 13.7 million related to realized gains, which is recognized within interest expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations.

 See Note 11. Fair Value Measurements for further information on the Company's determination of the fair value of its interest rate swaps.

 Note 10. Right-of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities
 The Company's operating leases primarily relate to office space. The Company's related ROU assets and lease liabilities are comprised of the following as of each period end:

 2024
 2023

 Operating leases:

 ROU assets
 $
 4,750
 $
 5,933

 Lease liability, current
 1,166

 Lease liability, non-current
 4,848
 5,731

 Other information related to leases is presented below:

 2024
 2023

 Other information:

 Operating lease cost
 $
 1,606
 $
 1,451

 Variable lease cost

 Sublease income

 Operating cash flows from operating ROU assets
 2,285
 1,969

 Initial recognition of operating ROU assets
 —

 Remeasurement of operating ROU assets
 —
 1,280

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company (i) recognized $ 0.9 million of operating ROU assets and lease liabilities due to a new lease for the relocation of its corporate office in September 2023, (ii) remeasured its operating ROU assets due to changes in the lease terms of certain underlying leases, resulting in an aggregate increase in the related ROU assets and lease liabilities of approximately $ 1.3 million, and (iii) settled certain operating leases, which were either terminated or assumed by a third party, in the amount of approximately $ 0.4 million (presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows) and a related net gain of less than $ 0.1 million included within gain on asset disposal in the consolidated statements of operations.
 In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company purchased the equipment related to its existing finance leases for approximately $ 0.1 million, thereby settling all outstanding finance lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023. The Company also recognized a related loss of approximately $ 0.1 million included within gain on asset disposal in the consolidated statements of operations.

 2024
 2023

 Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating leases (in months)
 61.5
 68.3

 Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases
 7.2
 %
 7.2
 %

 As of December 31, 2024, the annual minimum lease payments of the Company's operating lease liabilities were as follows:

 2024

 2025
 $
 1,267

 2026
 1,205

 2027
 1,257

 2028
 1,396

 2029
 1,196

 Thereafter

 Total future minimum lease payments, undiscounted
 6,914

 Less: Imputed interest
 ( 1,174)

 Present value of future minimum lease payments
 $
 5,740

 Note 11. Fair Value Measurements
 The Company uses various assumptions and methods in estimating the fair values of its financial instruments.
 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
 The Private Warrants were valued using a Black-Scholes model, pursuant to the inputs provided in the table below:

 Assumptions for Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

 Input
 December 31, 2024
 December 31, 2023

 Risk-free rate
 4.16
 %
 4.24
 %

 Remaining term in years
 0.98
 1.98

 Expected volatility
 53.7
 %
 82.0
 %

 Exercise price
 $
 92.00
 $
 92.00

 Fair value of common stock
 $
 2.97
 $
 4.42

 The Company's interest rate swaps are not traded on a market exchange and the fair values are determined using a valuation model based on a discounted cash flow analysis. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the interest rate swap agreements and uses observable market-based inputs, including estimated future SOFR interest rates. The fair value of the Company's interest rate swap is the net difference in the discounted future fixed cash payments and the discounted expected variable cash receipts. The variable cash receipts are based on the expectation of future interest rates and are observable inputs available to a market participant. The interest rate swap valuation is classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
 The fair value of the Company's non-recourse debt as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 723.8 million and $ 628.2 million, respectively.

 The following table sets forth the Company's assets and liabilities which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy:
 Fair Value Measurements as of
 December 31, 2024

 Level I
 Level II
 Level III
 Total

 Asset:

 Interest rate swaps
 $
 —
 $
 24,672
 $
 —
 $
 24,672

 Money market accounts
 72,142
 —
 —
 72,142

 Total
 $
 72,142
 $
 24,672
 $
 —
 $
 96,814

 Liabilities:

 Interest rate swaps
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Total
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Fair Value Measurements as of
 December 31, 2023

 Level I
 Level II
 Level III
 Total

 Asset:

 Interest rate swaps
 $
 —
 $
 27,883
 $
 —
 $
 27,883

 Money market accounts
 21,475
 —
 —
 21,475

 U.S. Treasury securities
 108,964
 —
 —
 108,964

 Total
 $
 130,439
 $
 27,883
 $
 —
 $
 158,322

 Liabilities:

 Private Warrants
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $

 The following is a roll forward of the Company's Level 3 liability instruments:

 2024
 2023

 $
 $

 Fair value adjustments – Private Warrants

 ( 17)
 ( 239)

 Fair value adjustments and settlements of liability, net – World Energy (1)

 —
 ( 151)

 $
 —
 $

 (1) Related to discontinued operations.

 Note 12. Goodwill
 During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company identified indicators that the carrying amount of goodwill may be impaired due to a continuous decline in the Company's stock price and market capitalization. The Company performed a quantitative test using a market approach and an income approach, which both resulted in an impairment of goodwill. As such, the Company recorded a charge of $ 28.8 million to fully impair the Company's goodwill within the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024. There was no goodwill impairment charge during the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Note 13. Stock-Based Compensation Expense
 Stock-based compensation expense for stock options and restricted stock units for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 2.7 million and $ 2.9 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, there was $ 7.6 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options and restricted stock units which is expected to be recognized over the remaining vesting periods, with a weighted-average period of 2.6 years.
 Stock Options
 The Company grants stock options to certain employees that will vest over a period of one to four years. A summary of stock option award activity for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

 Options

 Weighted Average
Exercise Price
 Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term

 Outstanding at December 31, 2022

 761,408
 $
 11.12
 2.7

 Granted
 —
 —

 Exercised
 ( 489,436)
 1.94

 Cancelled or forfeited
 ( 78,816)
 51.48

 Outstanding at December 31, 2023

 193,156
 $
 17.89
 5.8

 Granted
 295,229
 3.75

 Exercised
 —
 —

 Cancelled or forfeited
 —
 —

 Outstanding at December 31, 2024

 488,385
 $
 9.34
 7.5

 Exercisable at December 31, 2024

 192,985
 $
 17.86
 4.8

 The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 0.1 million and $ 0.3 million, respectively. Cash received from options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $ 0.0 million and $ 0.9 million, respectively.
 During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company granted 295,229 stock options to its President and Chief Executive Officer (the "CEO") upon his appointment to such positions effective April 12, 2024. There were no stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2023.
 The fair value of stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2024 was measured with the following assumptions:

 2024

 Expected volatility
 71.3 - 78.4 %

 Expected term (in years)

 Risk-free interest rate
 4.5 %

 Expected dividend yield
 0.0
 %

 Restricted Stock Units
 The Company grants restricted stock units to certain employees that will generally vest over a period of four years. The fair value of restricted stock unit awards is estimated by the fair value of the Company's common stock at the date of grant. Restricted stock units activity during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

 Number of
 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share

 Non-vested, at December 31, 2022

 1,229,089
 $
 10.40

 Granted
 693,506
 6.36

 Vested
 ( 531,029)
 12.55

 Cancelled or forfeited
 ( 289,471)
 10.10

 Non-vested, at December 31, 2023

 1,102,095
 $
 7.74

 Granted
 2,125,297
 3.44

 Vested
 ( 310,076)
 6.65

 Cancelled or forfeited
 ( 683,500)
 5.16

 Non-vested, at December 31, 2024

 2,233,816
 $
 4.60

 During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company granted restricted stock unit awards of 88,636 shares of common stock to the CEO upon his appointment effective April 12, 2024. In addition, upon the separation of the prior President and Chief Executive Officer ("Former CEO") from the Company effective April 12, 2024, 97,994 and 244,267 restricted stock units awarded to the Former CEO were vested and forfeited, respectively. The Company recorded $ 0.5 million of expense related to the 97,994 vested awards during the year ended December 31, 2024.
 Former CEO's Ladder Restricted Stock Unit Award
 In connection with the acquisition of Legacy Spruce Power and his appointment as the Company's President effective September 9, 2022, the Company granted to its Former CEO a restricted stock unit award (the "Ladder RSUs") of 208,333 shares of common stock. The Ladder RSUs were to vest in 10 % increments on the dates the Plan administrator certifies the applicable milestone stock prices have been achieved or exceeded, provided that the Former CEO remained employed on the date of certification and such achievement occurs within ten years of the date of the grant.
 The Company used a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model to determine the fair value of the award as of the Acquisition Date, which was accounted for as a liability until the separation of the Former CEO effective April 12, 2024. The following inputs were used in the simulation: grant date stock price of $ 9.36 per share, annual volatility of 85.0 %, risk-free interest rate of 3.3 % and dividend yield of 0.0 %. For each tranche, a fair value was calculated as well as a derived service period which represents the median number of years it is expected to take for the Ladder RSUs to meet their corresponding milestone stock price excluding the simulation paths that result in the Ladder RSUs not vesting within the 10 -year term of the agreement. Each tranche's fair value would have been amortized ratably over the respective derived service period.
 The fair value and derived service period of each tranche was as follows:

 Stock Price Tranche
 Fair Value
 Derived Service Period (in years)

 $ 25.84
 $ 8.88
 1.72

 42.96
 8.48
 2.71

 60.00
 8.24
 3.30

 77.12
 7.92
 3.70

 94.16
 7.76
 4.11

 111.28
 7.52
 4.42

 128.32
 7.28
 4.64

 145.44
 7.12
 4.78

 162.48
 6.96
 5.00

 179.60
 6.80
 5.10

 The Company recognized no expense related to the Ladder RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2024, and recognized approximately $ 0.5 million related to the Ladder RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2023. Upon separation of the Former CEO from the Company effective April 12, 2024, the Ladder RSUs were terminated and the Company recorded a gain of $ 0.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2024.

 Note 14. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest and Noncontrolling Interests
 In August 2023, the Company purchased the remaining membership interests in Level Solar Fund IV for approximately $ 0.1 million, thereby owning 100 % of the membership interests and eliminating its only remaining redeemable noncontrolling interest upon the purchase.
 The following table summarizes the Company's noncontrolling interests as of December 31, 2024:

 Tax Equity Entity
 Date Class A Member Admitted

 ORE F4 Holdco, LLC
 August 2014

 Volta Solar Owner II, LLC
 August 2017

 The tax equity entities were structured at inception so that the allocations of income and loss for tax purposes will flip at a future date. The terms of the tax equity entities' operating agreements contain allocations of taxable income (loss), Section 48(a) ITCs and cash distributions that vary over time and adjust between the members on an agreed date (referred to as the flip date). The operating agreements specify either a date certain flip date or an internal rate of return ("IRR") flip date. The date certain flip date is based on the passage of a fixed period of time as defined in the operating agreements for each entity. The IRR flip date is the date on which the tax equity investor has achieved a contractual rate of return. From inception through the flip date, the Class A members' allocation of taxable income (loss) and Section 48(a) ITCs is generally 99 % and the Class B members' allocation of taxable income (loss) and Section 48(a) ITCs is generally 1 %. After the related flip date (or, if the tax equity investor has a deficit capital account, typically after such deficit has been eliminated), the Class A members' allocation of taxable income (loss) will typically decrease to 5 % (or, in some cases, a higher percentage if required by the tax equity investor) and the Class B members' allocation of taxable income (loss) will increase by an inverse amount.

 The historical redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests are comprised of Class A units, which represent the tax equity investors' interest in the tax equity entities. Both the Class A members and Class B members may have call options to allow either member to redeem the other member's interest in the tax equity entities upon the occurrence of certain contingent events, such as bankruptcy, dissolution/liquidation and forced divestitures of the tax equity entities. Additionally, the Class B members may have the option to purchase all Class A units, which is typically exercisable at any time during the periods specified under their respective governing documents, and, in regards to the tax equity entities historically classified as redeemable noncontrolling interests, they had the contingent obligation to purchase all Class A units if the Class A members exercise their right to withdraw, which is typically exercisable at any time during the three-month period commencing upon the applicable flip date. The Company had no redeemable noncontrolling interests as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 Total assets on the consolidated balance sheets include $ 36.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and $ 38.0 million as of December 31, 2023 of assets held by the Company's VIEs, which can only be used to settle obligations of the VIEs.
 Total liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets include $ 0.8 million as of December 31, 2024 and $ 0.8 million as of December 31, 2023 of liabilities that are the obligations of the Company's VIEs.

 Note 15. Restructuring

 As a result of exiting the Drivetrain business and related corporate restructuring actions, the Company recognized severance charges of approximately $ 0.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, all of which were paid in 2023. The severance charges are included in selling, general and administrative expenses within the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023, and the following table summarizes the activity during the period for the Company's restructuring liability:

 Year Ended December 31,

 2023

 $
 3,428

 Employee termination charges

 Payments made during the period
 ( 4,147)

 $
 —

 The Company recognized no severance charges during the year ended December 31, 2024.

 Note 16. Commitments and Contingencies
 Legal Proceedings
 The Company is periodically involved in legal proceedings and claims arising in the normal course of business, including proceedings relating to intellectual property, employment and other matters. Management believes the outcome of these proceedings, as outlined below, will not have a significant adverse effect on the Company's financial position, operating results, or cash flows.
 Securities Class Action Proceedings

 On March 8, 2021, two putative securities class action complaints were filed against the Company, and certain of its current and former officers and directors in the federal district court for the Southern District of New York. Those cases were ultimately consolidated under C.A. No. 1:21-cv-2002, and a lead plaintiff was appointed in June 2021. On July 20, 2021, an amended complaint was filed alleging that certain public statements made by the defendants between October 2,

 2020, and March 2, 2021, violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. Following negotiations with a mediator, in September 2023, the Company and the plaintiffs agreed on a settlement in principle in the aggregate amount of $ 19.5 million (the "Settlement Amount"), and on December 6, 2023, the lead plaintiff and the defendants entered into a stipulation and agreement of settlement requiring the Company to pay the Settlement Amount to resolve the class action litigation and the related legal fees and administration costs. On April 30, 2024, the New York Court approved a final settlement of the Class Action Litigation. The Settlement Amount was offset by approximately $ 4.5 million of related loss recoveries from the Company's directors and officers liability insurance policy with third parties, which was paid out in February 2024. The Company paid the $ 15.0 million net settlement amount to the settlement claims administrator in February 2024.
 On September 20, 2021, and October 19, 2021, two class action complaints were filed in the Delaware Court of Chancery against certain of the Company's current officers and directors, and the Company's sponsor of its special purpose acquisition company merger, Pivotal Investment Holdings II LLC. These actions were consolidated as in re XL Fleet Corp. (Pivotal) Stockholder Litigation, C.A. No. 2021-0808, and an amended complaint was filed on January 31, 2022. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint on May 13, 2022, and on July 11, 2022, plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint. The second amended complaint alleges various breaches of fiduciary duty against the Company and/or its officers, several allegedly misleading statements made in connection with the merger, and aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duty in connection with the negotiation and approval of the December 21, 2020 merger and organization of XL Hybrids, Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Legacy XL") to become XL Fleet Corp. On August 19, 2022, defendants moved to dismiss the second amended complaint, which was granted in part and denied in part on June 9, 2023. The parties then engaged in discovery. On November 13, 2024, the Company filed a stipulation and settlement agreement seeking court approval to settle this matter in full for $ 4.75 million, which is currently accrued for as of December 31, 2024 (See Note 7. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities). On March 26, 2025, the court approved the stipulation and settlement agreement.
 Shareholder Derivative Actions

 On June 23, 2022, the Company received a shareholder derivative complaint filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, captioned Val Kay derivatively on behalf of nominal defendant XL Fleet Corp., against all current directors and former officers and directors, C.A. No. 1:22-cv-10977. The action was filed by a shareholder purportedly on XL Fleet Corp.'s behalf, and raises claims for contribution, as well as claims for breach of fiduciary duty, waste of corporate assets, unjust enrichment, and abuse of control. In March 2023, two shareholder derivative actions were filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, namely Reali v. Griffin, et al., C.A. No. 1:23-cv-00289 and Tucci v. Ledecky, et al., C.A. 1:23-cv-00322. These actions were consolidated and captioned In re Spruce Power Holding Corporation Shareholder Derivative Litigation, C.A. No. 1:23-cv-00289. In August 2023, an additional derivative action was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, captioned Boyce v. Ledecky, et al., C.A. No. 1:23-cv- 8591 (collectively, the "Derivative Matters").

 On December 8, 2023, the parties reached a settlement-in-principle to settle, the Derivative Matters. The court granted preliminary approval of the settlement on May 1, 2024, and final approval in full on August 8, 2024. The settlement provides for certain corporate governance enhancements and no monetary payments. On August 14, 2024, the court awarded attorney fees of $ 1.0 million, which were paid in September 2024.

 State Attorney Generals' Investigations

 The Company has been asked to provide information and documents in response to subpoenas and other requests for information from certain state attorneys general offices regarding, among other things, its sales, marketing, billing, and operations practices. Specifically, the Company has received subpoenas from the attorneys general for the states of Connecticut, New Jersey, New York and Texas. The Company has been timely responding to the states' information requests and otherwise cooperating with these investigations and intends to continue to do so until they are resolved. At this time, the Company is unable to estimate potential losses, if any, related to these matters.

 Securities and Exchange Commission Civil Enforcement Action
 On January 6, 2022, the Company received a subpoena from the Division of Enforcement of the SEC requesting, among other things, information and documents concerning the XL Fleet Corp. business combination with Legacy XL, the Company's sales pipeline and revenue projections, California Air Resources Board approvals, and other related matters. In June 2023, the SEC proposed an Offer of Settlement for the purpose of resolving the proposed SEC action against the Company. Following negotiations with the SEC staff, in September 2023, the Company reached a settlement with the SEC pursuant to which the Company did not admit or deny the SEC's allegations regarding the above-referenced issues. In connection with the settlement, in October 2023, the Company (among other things) paid a civil monetary penalty of $ 11.0 million which, subject to the discretion of the SEC, will be made available to eligible legacy shareholders through a Fair Fund, termed and administered by the SEC.
 US Bank

 On February 9, 2023, US Bank, through its affiliate, Firstar Development, LLC ("Firstar"), filed a motion for summary judgment in lieu of a complaint in New York Supreme Court (the trial level in New York) alleging that the Company failed to fulfill its reimbursement obligations under a 2019 tax recapture guaranty agreement between the parties arising from the alleged recapture by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") of tax credits taken by Firstar as an investor in the Company's subsidiary, Ampere Solar Owner I, LLC. On May 23, 2023, the Company reached a settlement agreement with Firstar, as the plaintiff, for $ 2.3 million whereby the plaintiff discharged all claims filed against the Company.

 BMZ USA, Inc.

 On February 11, 2022, BMZ USA Inc. ("BMZ"), a battery manufacturer, sued XL Hybrids for breach of contract, alleging that XL Hybrids failed to timely purchase the full allotment of batteries required under a certain master supply agreement between the parties. In January 2024, BMZ obtained a judgment for $ 3.9 million against XL Hybrids, Inc. In June 2024, BMZ sought to enforce the judgement against the Company in Massachusetts Trial Court and that enforcement action was dismissed in March 2025. The Company believes it is probable that BMZ will seek to enforce the judgement in another jurisdiction and currently estimates the potential loss to be approximately $ 1.2 million, which has been accrued for as of December 31, 2024 (See Note 7. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities).

 ITC Recapture Provisions

 The IRS may disallow and recapture some, or all, of the ITCs due to improperly calculated basis after a project was placed in service ("Recapture Event"). If a Recapture Event occurs, Spruce Power is obligated to pay the applicable Class A Member a recapture adjustment, which includes the amounts the Class A Members are required to repay the IRS, including interest and penalties, as well as any third-party legal and accounting fees incurred by the Class A Members in connection to the Recapture Event, as specified in the operating agreements. Such a payment by Spruce Power to the Class A Members are not to be considered a capital contribution to the fund per the operating agreements, nor would it be considered a distribution to the Class A Members. With the exception of the tax matter related to Ampere Solar Owner I noted above, a Recapture Event was not deemed to be probable by the Company, therefore no accrual has been recorded as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Plastic Omnium

 Plastic Omnium is the assignee of the contractual rights of Actia Corp. under a certain battery purchase order between XL Hybrids and Actia Corp. On March 17, 2023, Plastic Omnium sued Legacy XL and the Company for breach of contract, alleging that Legacy XL ordered a total of 1,000 batteries from Plastic Omnium, paid for 455 of those batteries, and then reneged on 545 of those products. While Plastic Omnium admits it never actually delivered the remaining 545 products, it claims it purchased materials to complete the order, and as a result, Legacy XL and the Company are liable for at least approximately $ 2.5 million. The Company reached a settlement in principle to settle the matter for $ 1.25 million, which was paid in December 2024.

 Parker-Hannifin

 On March 11, 2024, the Company filed a lawsuit against Parker-Hannifin for a declaratory judgment, captioned

 XL Hybrids, Inc. v. Parker-Hannifin Corporation, No. 1:24-cv-10894-WGY (D. Mass, removed from Mass. State Court No. 2484-CV-00661). The case related to a contract for the purchase of motors designed, produced and manufactured by Parker-Hannifin for XL Hybrids, Inc. which was executed in July 2019. On April 5, 2024, Parker-Hannafin filed counterclaims, alleging that XL Hybrids, Inc. and the Company were in breach of the contract. On November 1, 2024, the
 parties reached a settlement in principle to settle the matter for $ 0.5 million, which was accrued for as of December 31, 2024, and subsequently paid in January 2025 (See Note 7. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities).

 Master SREC Purchase and Sale Agreement

 The Company has forward sales agreements, which are related to a certain number of SRECs, to be generated from the Company's solar energy systems located in Maryland, Massachusetts, Delaware, and New Jersey to be sold at fixed prices over varying terms of up to 20 years. In the event the Company does not deliver such SRECs to the counterparty, the Company could be forced to pay additional penalties and fees as stipulated within the contracts.

 Guarantees

 In connection with the acquisition of RPV Holdco 1, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, guaranty agreements were established in May 2020 by and between Spruce Holding Company 1, LLC, Spruce Holding Company 2, LLC, and Spruce Holding Company 3, LLC ("Spruce Guarantors") and the investor members in certain of the Funds. The Spruce Guarantors entered into guarantees in favor of the tax equity investors wherein they guaranteed the payment and performance of Solar Service Experts, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, under the Spruce Power 2 Maintenance Services Agreement and the Class B Member under the Limited Liability Company Agreement ("LLCA"). These guaranties are subject to a maximum of the aggregate amount of capital contributions made by the Class A Member under the LLCA.

 Indemnities and Guarantees

 During the normal course of business, the Company has made certain indemnities and guarantees under which it may be required to make payments in relation to certain transactions. The duration of the Company's indemnities and guarantees varies, however the majority of these indemnities and guarantees are limited in duration. Historically, the Company has not been obligated to make significant payments for such obligations, does not anticipate future payments, and as such, no reserve has been established and no other liabilities have been recorded for these indemnities and guarantees as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Insurance Claims and Recoveries related to Maui Fires

 In August 2023, a series of wildfires broke out in Hawaii, predominantly on the island of Maui, resulting in real and personal property and natural resource damage, personal injuries and loss of life and widespread power outages. The Company assessed the impact of these wildfires on its home solar systems and customer contracts in the area and wrote off $ 0.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, which is reflected within gain on asset disposal within the consolidated statements of operations. Subsequently, the Company received $ 0.2 million related to the insurance recoveries during the year ended December 31, 2024, which is also reflected within gain on asset disposal within the consolidated statements of operations.

 Note 17. Stockholders' Equity
 Common Stock
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had 350,000,000 authorized shares of common stock. The holders of common stock are entitled to vote on all matters and are entitled to the number of votes equal to the number of shares of common stock held. Common stockholders are entitled to dividends when and if declared by the Board of Directors.

 The following shares of common stock are issued and outstanding or unvested as of December 31, 2024:

 Warrants
 529,167

 Restricted stock units
 2,233,816

 Stock options
 488,385

 Total
 3,251,368

 Reverse Stock Split
 On October 6, 2023, the Company effected the Reverse Stock Split. Prior to the effective time of the Reverse Stock Split, the Company had 151,441,768 and 145,595,792 shares of common stock issued and outstanding, respectively, and upon the Reverse Stock Split, the Company had approximately 18,930,196 and 18,199,449 shares of common stock issued and outstanding, respectively. The par value and the number of authorized shares of the common stock were not adjusted in connection with the Reverse Stock Split. The value of the Company's common stock outstanding and the related effect on additional paid in capital, all references to stock options, restricted stock units, private warrants, per share data, and related information contained within these consolidated financial statements have been retrospectively adjusted to reflect the effect of the Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented. Subsequent to the Reverse Stock Split, each stockholder's percentage ownership interest in the Company and proportional voting power remained unchanged.

 No fractional shares of the Company's common stock were issued in connection with the Reverse Stock Split. In late October 2023, certain stockholders entitled to fractional shares as a result of the Reverse Stock Split received aggregate cash payments of approximately $ 0.01 million in lieu of receiving fractional shares.
 Share Repurchase Program

 In May 2023, the Company's Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program for the repurchase of up to $ 50.0 million of the Company's outstanding common stock through May 15, 2025 (the "Repurchase Program"). The Repurchase Program authorizes the Company to effect repurchases through open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, Rule 10b5-1 trading plans and/or Rule 10b-18 trading plans, and other means. The Company is not obligated to repurchase any specific number of shares or dollar amount and may discontinue the Repurchase Program at any time. The timing, number and purchase price of share repurchases, if any, will be determined by the Company's management in its discretion and will depend on a number of factors, including the market price of shares, general market and economic conditions, and other alternatives available to the Company

 During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company repurchased 0.3 million shares and 0.8 million shares of common stock under the Repurchase Program in open market transactions at a weighted-average price of $ 2.93 and $ 6.77 per share for an aggregate purchase price of $ 0.9 million and $ 5.4 million, respectively, inclusive of transaction costs. As of December 31, 2024, $ 43.8 million remained available for future share repurchases under the Repurchase Program.

 Note 18. Net Loss Per Share
 The following is a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used to calculate basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 (Amounts in thousands, except share data)
 2024
 2023

 Numerator:

 Net loss attributable to stockholders
 $
 ( 70,489)
 $
 ( 65,831)

 Denominator:

 Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted
 18,470,926
 18,391,436

 Net loss attributable to stockholders per share, basic and diluted
 $
 ( 3.82)
 $
 ( 3.58)

 For the years presented, potentially dilutive outstanding securities, which include stock options, restricted stock units and warrants, have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as their effect would be anti-dilutive for each year presented. As such, the weighted average number of common shares outstanding used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per share are the same for each year presented.

 Note 19. Income Taxes
 Net deferred income tax assets consist of the following components as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 2024
 2023

 Deferred tax assets (liabilities):

 Net operating loss carryforwards
 $
 142,819
 $
 114,028

 Accrued settlements
 1,870
 5,216

 Pass-through equity interests
 8,029
 8,830

 Fair market value adjustments
 ( 8,746)
 ( 12,763)

 Tax credit carryforwards
 1,643
 1,643

 Reserves
 3,773
 3,429

 Stock-based compensation
 1,962
 2,350

 Depreciation and amortization
 ( 69,118)
 ( 55,130)

 Interest expense carryforward
 17,020
 6,979

 Right of use assets

 Other
 ( 156)

 Total deferred tax assets, net
 100,007
 74,868

 Less valuation allowance
 ( 100,007)
 ( 74,868)

 Net deferred tax assets
 $
 —
 $
 —

 A reconciliation of the provision for income taxes with the amounts computed by applying the statutory Federal income tax rate to income before provision for income taxes is as follows:

 2024
 2023

 U.S. federal statutory rate
 21.0
 %
 21.0
 %

 State taxes, net of federal benefit
 8.7
 %
 6.4
 %

 Change in fair value of warrant liability
 —
 %
 0.1
 %

 Option and RSU expense
 —
 %
 0.4
 %

 Goodwill impairment
 ( 1.9)
 %
 —
 %

 Other
 ( 1.9)
 %
 ( 8.6)
 %

 True-up to prior years' return
 9.5
 %
 7.8
 %

 Change in valuation allowance
 ( 35.4)
 %
 ( 9.2)
 %

 Purchase accounting
 —
 %
 ( 17.9)
 %

 Effective tax rate
 —
 %
 —
 %

 The Company utilizes an asset and liability approach for financial accounting and reporting for income taxes. The provision for income taxes is based upon income or loss after adjustment for those permanent items that are not considered in the determination of taxable income. Deferred income taxes represent the tax effects of differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of the Company's assets and liabilities at the enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse.
 The Company evaluates the recoverability of deferred tax assets and establishes a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Management makes judgments as to the interpretation of the tax laws that might be challenged upon an audit and cause changes to previous estimates of tax liability. In Management's opinion, adequate provisions for income taxes have been made. If actual taxable income by tax jurisdiction varies from estimates, additional allowances or reversals of reserves may be necessary.
 Tax benefits are recognized only for tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by tax authorities. The amount recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon settlement. A liability for "unrecognized tax benefits" is recorded for any tax benefits claimed in the Company's tax returns that do not meet these recognition and measurement standards. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, no liability for unrecognized tax benefits was required to be reported.
 The Company has provided a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets since realization of any future benefit from deductible temporary differences and net operating loss cannot be sufficiently assured. Management of the Company has evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon the reliability of its deferred tax assets, which are comprised principally of net operating loss carryforwards and research and development credits. Under the applicable accounting standards, Management has considered the Company's history of losses and concluded that it is more likely than not that the Company will not recognize the benefits of federal and state deferred tax assets. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company increased its valuation allowance by $ 25.1 million and $ 5.5 million, respectively.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had federal and state net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards of $ 523.3 million and $ 525.7 million, respectively, of which approximately $ 31.3 million of the federal NOL carryforward will expire at various dates commencing on 2029 and through 2037 and approximately $ 492.0 million were generated between the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2024 and have an indefinite life. At December 31, 2024, the Company had federal tax credits of approximately $ 1.6 million. These federal tax credits are available to reduce future taxable income and expire at various dates commencing 2031 through 2041.

 Utilization of the NOLs and tax credit carryforwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation under Section 382 of the IRC due to ownership change limitations that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future. These ownership changes may limit the amount of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income and tax, respectively. The Company has not determined whether an ownership change under section 382 has occurred or whether such limitation exists.

 The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various states. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2020. The Company follows a comprehensive model for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure in consolidated financial statements of uncertain tax positions that have been taken or expected to be taken on a tax return. No liability related to uncertain tax positions is recorded in the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Note 20. Defined Contribution Plan
 The Company has adopted a 401(k) plan to provide all eligible employees a means to accumulate retirement savings on a tax-advantaged basis. The 401(k) plan requires participants to be at least 21 years old. In addition to the traditional 401(k), eligible employees are given the option of making an after- tax contribution to a Roth 401(k) or a combination of both. Plan participants may make before-tax elective contributions up to the maximum percentage of compensation and dollar amount allowed under the IRC. Participants are allowed to contribute, subject to IRS limitations on total annual contributions from 1 % to 90 % of eligible earnings. The plan provides for automatic enrollment at a 3 % deferral rate of an employee's eligible wages. The Company provides safe harbor matching contributions equal to 100 % on the first 3 % of an employee's eligible earnings deferred and an additional 50 % on the next 2 % of an employee's eligible earnings deferred. Employee elective deferrals and safe harbor matching contributions are 100 % vested at all times.
 In connection with the acquisition of Legacy Spruce Power, the Company adopted the Spruce Power 401(k) plan, which contains features similar to those of the XL Fleet Corp. 401(k) plan, except that (i) participants are allowed to contribute, subject to IRS limitations, on total annual contributions from 1 % to 80 % of eligible earnings and (ii) the safe harbor non-elective contribution is equal to 3 % of employee's compensation.
 The Company recognized expenses related to its 401(k) plans of approximately $ 1.0 million and $ 0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Note 21. Discontinued Operations
 The following table provides supplemental details of the Company's discontinued operations contained within the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 2024
 2023

 Net income (loss) from discontinued operations:

 Drivetrain
 $
 $
 ( 4,123)

 XL Grid

 XL Grid had no activity during the year ended December 31, 2024. The following table presents financial results of XL Grid operations for the year ended December 31, 2023:

 Year Ended December 31,

 2023

 $

 Operating expenses:

 Selling, general, and administrative expenses

 Gain on asset disposal
 ( 742)

 Total operating expenses

 Net loss from discontinued operations
 $
 —

 Drivetrain

 The following table presents financial results of Drivetrain operations:

 2024
 2023

 $
 $

 Operating expenses:

 (Gain) loss on asset disposal
 ( 81)
 4,071

 Other (income)
 —
 ( 12)

 Total operating expenses
 4,165

 Net income (loss) from discontinued operations
 $
 $
 ( 4,123)

 The following table presents aggregate carrying amounts of assets and liabilities of discontinued operations contained within the consolidated balance sheets:

 2024
 2023

 Assets from discontinued operations:

 Drivetrain
 $
 —
 $

 Total assets from discontinued operations
 $
 —
 $

 Liabilities from discontinued operations:

 Drivetrain
 $
 $

 Total liabilities from discontinued operations
 $
 $

 Note 22. Segment Information

 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company has one reportable segment, which sells electricity to homeowners and provides related services to the homeowners, as well as to third party owners.

 The Company's CODM is its CEO who is focused on strategic planning aimed at generating revenue and monetizing the Company's home solar energy systems and its ability to provide top-tier related servicing solutions to its customers and third-parties. The CEO is provided on a quarterly basis with the Company's consolidated segment expenses as presented within the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, which the CEO utilizes to assess the Company's performance and for making decisions about resource allocation. The following table presents the Company's significant segment expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 2024
 2023

 $
 82,107
 $
 79,859

 Cost of revenues - solar energy systems depreciation
 23,377
 23,823

 16,597
 13,990

 Selling, general and administrative expenses
 58,889
 56,122

 Interest expense, net
 40,232
 41,936

 Litigation settlements, net
 7,384
 27,465

 —

 Other segment items
 ( 23,076)
 ( 16,867)

 $
 ( 70,053)
 $
 ( 66,610)

 No segment asset information is presented in these consolidated financial statements since the CEO does not review segment information at a different level or category other than that presented on the Company's consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Note 23. Subsequent Events
 In January 2025, a series of wildfires broke out in the Los Angeles area of California, resulting in real and personal property and natural resource damage, personal injuries and loss of life. The Company is currently assessing the impact of these wildfires on its home solar systems in the area; however, the Company has not been able to validate the extent of the related damages due to limited access to the area. The Company does not expect this event to have a material impact on its financial position, operating results or cash flows.

 Management has reviewed all events subsequent to December 31, 2024 and prior to the filing of these consolidated financial statements, and except as referenced within the notes to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has determined there have been no events that have occurred that would require adjustments or disclosures within the consolidated financial statements.

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

 The term "disclosure controls and procedures" is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as "controls and other procedures of an issuer that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act are recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms." The Company's disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that material information relating to the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries is accumulated and communicated to its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

 The Company's management, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2024. Based upon that evaluation, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of that date, due to the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting described below.

 Notwithstanding, after giving full consideration to these material weaknesses, and the additional analyses and other procedures that were performed to ensure that the Company's consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K were prepared in accordance with GAAP, management has concluded that our consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods disclosed in conformity with GAAP.

 Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. As defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Company's financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Due to its inherent limitations, the Company's internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements, including the possibility of human error, the circumvention or overriding of controls, or fraud. Effective internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 based on the criteria established by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations ("COSO") Framework. A material weakness is a deficiency or combination of deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

 On November 22, 2024, the Company completed the NJR Acquisition. The total assets and revenues of NJR represented 15% and 3%, respectively, of our consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company's management has excluded NJR from its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, because it was not practical for management to conduct an assessment of internal control over financial reporting in the period between the date the acquisition was completed and the date of management's assessment.

 As a result of the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting described below, Management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, the Company's internal control over financial reporting was ineffective.

 Material Weaknesses in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 As previously disclosed in Part II, Item 9A. "Controls and Procedures" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, and in Part I, Item 4. "Controls and Procedures" in the Company's Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2024, June 30, 2024, and September 30, 2024, as of those dates, the Company did not design and maintain effective controls and identified certain material weaknesses in the control environment and certain control activities.

 Control Environment

 As of December 31, 2024, Management has concluded that the Company did not maintain an effective control environment based on the criteria established in the COSO Framework, and its relevant components, which resulted in deficiencies that constituted material weaknesses, either individually or in the aggregate.

 The Company determined that it failed to support a strong culture of internal controls and maintain a sufficient complement of qualified personnel to perform control activities. This contributed to the Company's failure to: (i) design and implement certain risk-mitigating internal controls; and (ii) consistently operate the Company's internal controls. The control environment material weakness contributed to material weaknesses within our system of internal control over financial reporting in the Control Activities component of the COSO Framework.

 Control Activities

 The Company did not maintain effective control activities based on the criteria established in the COSO Framework. The Company identified control deficiencies as of December 31, 2024 that constitute material weaknesses from the lack of effectively designed and implemented controls related to revenue recognition, including the review of contracts upon inception and/or acquisition and the accounting for revenue recognition under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

 Remediation Actions and Status

 A material weakness cannot be considered remediated until the applicable internal controls have been designed, implemented, have operated for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that those controls are operating effectively over a sustained period of financial reporting cycles.

 Remediation of Previously Reported Material Weaknesses in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 Review and Approval of Manual Journal Entries, including Segregation of Duties

 As previously disclosed, the Company had not designed and maintained effective controls in connection with the review and approval of manual journal entries, including implementing appropriate segregation of duties. Throughout 2024, the Company performed the following to remediate this material weakness:

 • The Company developed comprehensive policies and processes, including workflows within its accounting system, related to review and approval of journal entries. These policies and processes are designed so that all manual journal entries require an appropriate level of approval, including multiple levels of approval where warranted;
 • The Company hired additional personnel with specialized skill sets required to support the updated manual journal entry review and approval processes; and
 • The Company separated responsibilities for preparation and review of journal entries and account reconciliations and implemented appropriate segregation of duties in the design of its controls.

 The Company completed the testing of the design and operating effectiveness of the new procedures and controls and, based on the results of this testing, as of December 31, 2024, the Company concluded that the controls are adequately designed, implemented and have operated effectively for a sufficient period of time to remediate the previously reported material weakness related to the review and approval of manual journal entries, including segregation of duties.

 Complex Transactions, including Accounting for Business Combinations and the Company's Investment related to the SEMTH Master Lease Agreement and the related Interest Income

 As previously disclosed, the Company had not designed and maintained effective controls in connection with complex transactions, inclusive of accounting for business combinations and the Company's investment related to the SEMTH Master Lease Agreement and the related interest income. Throughout 2024, to remediate this material weakness, the Company designed and implemented controls to address the identification, accounting, review and reporting of complex and/or non-routine transactions. The Company has designed and implemented control activities, including controls related to the review of inputs and assumptions, that apply to portfolio acquisitions and other complex transactions.

 The Company completed the testing of the design and operating effectiveness of the new procedures and controls and, based on the results of this testing, as of December 31, 2024, the Company concluded that the controls are adequately designed, implemented and have operated effectively for a sufficient period of time to remediate the previously reported material weakness described above.

 2025 Remediation Plan

 The Company is committed to supporting a strong culture of internal controls by designing, implementing and maintaining internal controls over financial reporting to maintain a strong internal control environment. In connection with the unremediated material weaknesses in internal control discussed above, management, with the oversight of the Audit Committee, has taken and continues to take comprehensive actions to fully remediate the identified material weaknesses.

 The Company's comprehensive remediation plan includes the following:

 • The Company developed and presented a training program educating control owners concerning financial statement risk and principles of the Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by COSO (the "COSO Framework"), and continues to invest in additional training opportunities related to the COSO Framework;
 • The Company created an internal control department specifically focused on oversight of the Company's internal control over financial reporting through the establishment of structures, reporting lines, and appropriate authorities and responsibilities for professionals within the Company;
 • The Company is designing and implementing controls related to billing and revenue recognition of its revenue contracts, in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This includes a combination of manual and automated controls as the Company has increased and is continuing to increase the use of automated controls to help mitigate the risk associated with manual intervention and human error.

 During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company made significant progress hiring qualified personnel with specialized skill sets to further bolster the Company's ability to provide an appropriate level of oversight activities related to internal control over financial reporting. These personnel have significantly contributed to the remediation efforts related to previously disclosed material weakness in control activities.

 Management believes that the Company is making significant progress toward achieving the effectiveness of its internal controls and disclosure controls and that, in many cases, the Company is making significant progress regarding the testing and evaluation of the operating effectiveness of controls related to the identified, unremediated material weaknesses. However, as the Company continues to evaluate and work to remediate the control deficiencies that resulted in a material weakness related to revenue recognition, the Company may determine that additional measures or time are required to address the issues fully, or that the Company will need to modify or otherwise adjust the remedial actions described above.

 The actions that Management is taking are subject to ongoing Management review, as well as Audit Committee oversight. Management will continue to assess the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting and take steps to remediate the known material weaknesses expeditiously.

 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 Other than the remediation of certain of the material weaknesses discussed above, there have been no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B. Other Information
 Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements
 During the three months ended December 31, 2024, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) informed us of the adoption or termination of any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or any non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K of the Securities Act of 1933).
 Executive Severance Plan

 On November 5, 2024, the Compensation Committee of the Board approved the Executive Severance Plan, effective August 6, 2024, and its application to Christopher Hayes, our Chief Executive Officer. The Compensation Committee will consider applying the plan to other executives upon Mr. Hayes' recommendation. A description of the Executive Severance Plan is included in Item 11 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The description of the Executive Severance Plan is qualified by reference to the full text of the Executive Severance Plan, which is filed as Exhibit 10.25 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is incorporated by reference herein.

 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders

 We currently plan to hold our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "2025 Annual Meeting") on June 24, 2025. The time and location of the 2025 Annual meeting, and the matters to be considered, will be as set forth in our definitive proxy statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting to be filed with the SEC.

 Because the expected date of the 2025 Annual Meeting is more than 30 days prior to the anniversary of the Company's 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, we are informing stockholders of the due dates for submissions of qualified stockholder proposals and stockholder director nominations.

 A stockholder proposal for inclusion in our proxy statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting pursuant to Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act must have been received no later than February 24, 2025, which was the deadline disclosed in our 2024 proxy statement and we consider a reasonable time before we will begin printing and mailing proxy materials.

 A stockholder proposal or director nomination (including nominations pursuant to Rule 14a-19 under the Exchange Act) outside of Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act and pursuant to our Bylaws must have been received by the Company not later than April 10, 2025.

 In addition to our Bylaws, a stockholder shall also comply with all applicable requirements of state law and of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations thereunder.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
 Not applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance
 Our Executive Officers

 The information concerning our executive officers required by this Item 10 is included in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the caption "Information About Our Executive Officers."

 Our Board of Directors

 Our Board of Directors (the "Board") currently consists of seven members, classified into three classes (Classes A, B, and C) as follows: (i) John P. Miller and Eric Tech are Class A directors, (ii) Kevin Griffin, Christopher Hayes, and Clara Nagy McBane are Class B directors, and (iii) Jonathan J. Ledecky and Ja-chin Audrey Lee are Class C directors.

 Set forth below is information regarding each of the seven members of the Board of Directors of the Company (the "Board") as of the date of this filing. A brief biography of each person who serves as a director follows the table.

 Name
 Age
 Position with the Company

 Christopher Hayes(1)

 Chief Executive Officer, President and Chair of the Board

 Eric Tech

 Kevin Griffin

 Jonathan J. Ledecky

 John P. Miller

 Ja-chin Audrey Lee, Ph. D.

 Clara Nagy McBane

 (1) Christopher Hayes' biography and qualifications are discussed in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K under "Information About Our Executive Officers".

 Eric Tech has served as a member of the Board since December 2021 and served as Chief Executive Officer of the Company from December 1, 2021 until February 1, 2023. Mr. Tech brings nearly 35 years of automotive and mobility industry experience to the Company. From 2006 through 2018, he held senior leadership positions of increasing responsibility at Navistar International Corporation, a global manufacturer and marketer of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles and parts, finishing his career there as Senior Vice President of Corporate Development. The Board believes that, as former Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Tech is uniquely positioned to provide valuable insights on Company activities and potential strategic priorities, and his prior experience enables him to bring extensive knowledge of and insights into corporate development, strategy, and mergers and acquisitions.

 Kevin Griffin has served as a member of the Board since April 2019. Mr. Griffin founded MGG Investment Group in 2014 and serves as the Managing Partner, Chief Executive Officer, and Chief Investment Officer of the firm. In this capacity, Mr. Griffin is responsible for overseeing all strategic vision of the firm, including leading the Investment Committee and the investment process from origination through portfolio monitoring. Prior to launching MGG Investment Group, Mr. Griffin was a Managing Director with Highbridge Principal Strategies (now HPS Partners), where he was a senior member of the Specialty Lending Platform and a member of the Highbridge Credit Committee. In Addition, Mr. Griffin was part of Fortress Investment Group in charge of originating and underwriting investment opportunities for the Drawbridge Special Opportunities Fund. His experience also includes the Head of Private Investing for Octavian Funds, American Capital (one of the first publicly traded BDCs), and at Houlihan Lokey Howard & Zukin's Investment Banking Division. Mr. Griffin also serves on the board of directors of KLDiscovery, which was formerly a public company until 2024. The Board believes that Mr. Griffin's extensive business, investment, and mergers and acquisitions background provides significant benefits to the Board, including when analyzing and assessing acquisition opportunities.

 Jonathan J. Ledecky has served as a member of the Board since our inception. From inception until December 2020, Mr. Ledecky served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Company. Mr. Ledecky has been a co-owner of the National Hockey League's New York Islanders franchise since October 2014. He also serves as an Alternate Governor on the Board of Governors of the NHL and as President of NY Hockey Holdings LLC. Mr. Ledecky has also served as chairman of Ironbound Partners Fund, LLC, a private investment management fund, since March 1999. He has served as Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Yale Transaction Finders Inc. since March 2022. He served as President and Chief Financial Officer and as a director of Newtown Lane Marketing, Incorporated from October 2015 until it consummated its merger with Cyxtera Cybersecurity, Inc. (d/b/a AppGate), a cybersecurity company, in October 2021. He continued to serve as a director of AppGate, Inc. until July 2024. He served as the President and Chief Operating Officer and as a director of Northern Star Acquisition Corp. from September 2020 until it consummated an initial business combination with Barkbox, Inc., an omnichannel brand serving dogs across the four key categories of play, food, health, and home, in June 2021 (NYSE: BARK). He continued to serve as a director Bark, Inc. from such date until November 2022. From November 2020 to December 2024, he served as the President, Chief Operating Officer, and a director of each of Northern Star Investment Corp. II, Northern Star Investment Corp. III, and Northern Star Investment Corp. IV, each a blank check company that was unable to consummate an initial business combination and dissolved. From October 2020 until December 2023, he also served as chairman of the board of directors of Pivotal Investment Corporation III, a blank check company that was unable to consummate an initial business combination and dissolved. From August 2018 to December 2019, he served as chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Pivotal Acquisition Corp. (NYSE: PVT), a blank check company that consummated an initial business combination with KLDiscovery Inc., a leading global provider of eDiscovery, information governance, and data recovery solutions to corporations, law firms, insurance companies, and individuals, in December 2019. Mr. Ledecky served as a director of KLDiscovery until June 2021. The Board believes that Mr. Ledecky's lengthy history of acquisitions and his knowledge of emerging market opportunities provides a dynamic voice to Board discussions and deliberations.

 John P. Miller has served as a member of the Board since March 2022. Mr. Miller has over 40 years of broad-based executive management experience in the transportation, manufacturing, and distribution industries in both public and private equity companies. From 2017 to 2021, he served as Chief Executive Officer of Power Solutions International (NASDAQ: PSIX), a leader in the design, engineering, and manufacturing of a broad range of advanced, emission-certified engines and power systems. Prior to Power Solutions, from 2008 to 2016, Mr. Miller served in operational and financial management positions of increasing responsibility at Navistar International Corporation, a global manufacturer and marketer of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles and parts, including as Senior Vice President of Operations and Corporate Finance. Mr. Miller has served on the board of directors of Capstone Green Energy Holdings, Inc. (OTC: CGEH) since February 2024. The Board believes that Mr. Miller brings extensive expertise in financial management and strategic planning, which is especially valuable to the Board as continued exploration of short- and longer-term growth strategies occurs.

 Ja-chin Audrey Lee, Ph. D. has served as a member of the Board since April 2024. Dr. Lee is a clean energy executive with 20 years of experience in the private and public sectors. She is a strategic leader pioneering the next generation of energy solutions with expertise at the intersection of technology, product, and market development. Since 2021, Dr. Lee has served as Senior Director of Datacenter Energy Partnerships at Microsoft Corporation, where she leads a global strategic function that conducts energy system analysis, identifies risk and opportunities to decarbonize and secure power capacity for datacenters, develops the business case for energy technology solution integration, creates external partnership models, collaborates across internal datacenter development functions, and develops playbooks for implementation and scaling. From 2017 to 2020, she served as Vice President of Energy Services at Sunrun Inc., a leading provider of residential solar systems, where she helped steer the company's transition to a leading distributed, behind-the-meter solar, storage, and energy services company. She serves on the board of directors of Redaptive, Inc., an Energy-as-a-Service provider that funds and installs energy-saving and energy-generating equipment. Dr. Lee volunteered as Co-Chair and Co-Founder of Clean Energy for Biden and currently serves on the Clean Energy for America Education Fund. Dr. Lee also serves on the governing board of the Linux Foundation Energy, a non-profit that provides a community to build shared digital investments to transform the energy sector. She previously served on the board of directors of ArcLight Clean Transition Corp. (NASDAQ: ACTC) until its merger with Proterra Inc. in June 2021. The Board believes that Dr. Lee's substantial experience in the renewable energy industry and with critical power solutions allow her to bring extensive knowledge and insights into the Company's business and growth strategies.

 Clara Nagy McBane has served as a member of the Board since June 2024. Ms. McBane is the founder and Chief Executive Officer of Ventura Energy, which was formed in 2021 and is a developer of behind-the-meter and community scale solar and energy storage systems. Since 2024, Ms. McBane has also served as the Chief Executive Officer of Ventura Energy Partners. From 2019 until 2022, she served as Senior Vice President of Business Development, U.S. at Source Global, PBC, which provides off-grid, renewable drinking water to communities, homes, corporate campuses, hotels, islands without infrastructure, remote work sites, and other applications. Prior to working at Source Global, PBC, Ms. McBane served as Director of Business Development at Advance Microgrid Solutions (which was sold to Fluence Energy, Inc.) from 2018 to 2019. Ms. McBane has worked in the renewables industry for the last 14 years and is an expert in renewable energy finance and operations. With a background in renewable energy development, infrastructure resilience, and complex technical sales, Ms. McBane has a proven track record of building and scaling organizations. She has originated, developed, and operated renewable energy assets globally, including solar, energy storage, and hydroelectric projects, which provides her with a deep understanding of energy markets, regulatory landscapes, and sustainable infrastructure investments. The Board believes that Ms. McBane brings a unique combination of entrepreneurial leadership, technical expertise, and strategic business development experience to the Board, as well as extensive experience in the renewables industry.

 There are no family relationships among any of the directors or executive officers of the Company.

 Cooperation Agreement

 Pursuant to a Cooperation Agreement, dated as of June 21, 2024 (the "Cooperation Agreement"), between the Company and Clayton Capital Appreciation Fund, L.P. and Clayton Partners LLC (collectively, "Clayton"), the Board appointed Ms. McBane as a director on June 21, 2024 to serve as a Class B director with a term expiring at the Company's 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "2025 Annual Meeting") and to hold office until her successor has been duly elected and qualified or until her earlier death, resignation, or removal. The Company also agreed to appoint Ms. McBane to the Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee.

 The Cooperation Agreement includes various terms, conditions, and provisions, including that the Company shall consider nominating Ms. McBane for re-election to the 2025 Annual Meeting in good faith and in the same manner the Board considers the nomination of all incumbent directors. Under the Cooperation Agreement, subject to certain exceptions, Clayton agreed to vote at each of the Company's annual meetings of stockholders all of its beneficially owned shares of the Company's common stock in accordance with the Board's recommendation with respect to all nominations and other proposals submitted to stockholders at such annual meetings. In addition, the Cooperation Agreement provides for certain customary standstill provisions that restrict Clayton from, among other things, engaging in any solicitation of proxies with respect to the voting securities of the Company or acquiring any securities of the Company that would result in Clayton having beneficial ownership of more than 14.9% of the Company's common stock. Unless otherwise mutually agreed to in writing by each party, the Cooperation Agreement will remain in effect until the date that is the earlier of (i) the date Clayton receives notice that the Company will not nominate Ms. McBane for re-election to the Board at the 2025 Annual Meeting, (ii) immediately following the closing of the polls on the election of directors at the 2025 Annual Meeting, (iii) August 31, 2025 if the 2025 Annual Meeting has not been held by that date, and (iv) in the event that any party materially breaches the Cooperation Agreement, the date that is 30 calendar days following written notice of such breach from the non-breaching party, if such breach (if capable of being cured) has not been cured by such date, or, if impossible to cure within 30 calendar days, such party has not taken substantive action to correct by such date.
 Other than the Cooperation Agreement, there are no arrangements or understandings between any director or executive officer and any other person pursuant to which such director or executive officer was or is to be appointed
 Corporate Governance

 Committees of our Board

 The Board has the following standing committees: Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Each committee's charter is available on our website at www.sprucepower.com under About > Investors > Governance > Documents & Charters.

 The current members of the Company's Audit Committee are John P. Miller (Chair), Jonathan J. Ledecky, and Clara Nagy McBane. John P. Miller is an audit committee financial expert, under SEC rules as determined by the Board. All members of the Audit Committee are independent under the New York Stock Exchange listing standards and the heightened independence requirements applicable to audit committee members under SEC rules. All members of the Audit Committee are also financially literate in accordance with the New York Stock Exchange listing standards.

 Code of Ethics

 The Company has a Corporate Code of Conduct and Whistleblower Policy (the "Code of Conduct") that applies to all of our employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or control or persons performing similar functions, and employees. The Code of Conduct is available on our website at www.sprucepower.com under About > Investors > Governance > Documents & Charters.

 We intend to provide any required disclosure of an amendment to or waiver from our Code of Conduct that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions, on our website at www.sprucepower.com promptly following the amendment or waiver. We may elect to disclose any such amendment or waiver in a report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC either in addition to or in lieu of the website disclosure.

 Insider Trading Policy

 The Company has adopted insider trading policies and procedures governing the purchase, sale, and/or other dispositions of the Company's securities by directors, officers and employees, and the Company itself, that are reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and any listing standards applicable to the Company. The Company's Insider Trading Policy prohibits our employees, including officers, and directors from pledging or engaging in hedging or similar transactions in the Company's securities, including but not limited to, prepaid variable forwards, equity swaps, collars, exchange funds, puts, calls, and short sales. The Company's Insider Trading Policy is attached to this Annual Report on Form 10-K as Exhibit 19.1.
 Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports

 Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires the Company's directors and executive officers, and persons who own more than 10% of a registered class of the Company's common stock, to file with the SEC initial reports of ownership and reports of changes in ownership of the Company's common stock and other equity securities. To the Company's knowledge, based solely on a review of the reports filed for the fiscal year and related written representations, the Company believes that all of our executive officers and directors filed the required reports on a timely basis under Section 16(a), except for Kevin Griffin, Jonathan Ledecky, John Miller, Ja-chin Audrey Lee, and Clara Nagy McBane, who each reported one transaction late on a Form 4; Eric Tech, who reported three transactions late on one Form 4; Jonathan Norling and Sarah Weber Wells, who each reported one transaction late on a Form 4; and Christian Fong, a former executive officer and director, who reported two transactions late on two Form 4s.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation
 Executive Officer Compensation1

 This section explains our executive compensation program for our named executive officers ("NEOs") and the decisions made with respect to the compensation of our NEOs in 2024. This section also describes the process of the Company's Compensation Committee (the "Compensation Committee") and Board for making compensation decisions, as well as the rationale for specific decisions related to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

 Our NEOs for 2024 were:

 1 The Company qualifies as a "smaller reporting company" under the rules promulgated by the SEC, and have elected to comply with the disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies.

 Name
 Position

 President and Chief Executive Officer

 Christian Fong(1)

 Former President and Chief Executive Officer

 Chief Financial Officer

 Chief Legal Officer

 (1) Mr. Fong was appointed as President on September 9, 2022 and became Chief Executive Office on February 1, 2023. Effective April 12, 2024, Mr. Fong was replaced by Mr. Hayes as President and Chief Executive Officer.

 Compensation Practices & Policies

 We believe the following practices and policies within our program promote sound compensation governance and are in the best interests of our stockholders and executives:

 What We Do
 What We Don't Do

 •

 Maintain anti-hedging and anti-pledging policies
 •

 No tax gross ups

 •

 Provide for "double-trigger" equity award vesting and severance benefits upon a change in control
 •

 No repricing or exchange of underwater options without stockholder approval

 •

 Use an independent compensation consultant
 •

 No option or stock appreciation rights granted below fair market value

 •

 No supplemental executive retirement plans

 What Guides our Program

 Executive Compensation Philosophy and Objectives

 Our executive compensation philosophy is driven by the following guiding principles that underpin the critical connections between performance, long-term value creation, talent management, compensation governance, and our cultural values:

 • Competitively Positioned: Target compensation should be competitive with that being offered to individuals in comparable roles at other companies with which the Company competes for talent to ensure that we employ the best people to lead our success.

 • Performance-Driven and Stockholder-Aligned: A meaningful portion of total compensation should be variable and linked to the achievement of specific short- and long-term performance objectives and designed to drive stockholder value creation.

 • Responsibly Governed: Decisions about compensation should be guided by appropriate governance standards and rigorous processes that encourage prudent decision-making.

 Elements of Pay: Total Direct Compensation

 Our executive compensation philosophy is supported by the following principal elements of pay:

 Pay Element
 How It's Paid
 Purpose

 Base Salary
 Cash (Fixed)
 Provides a competitive base salary rate relative to similar positions in the market and enables the Company to attract and retain critical executive talent, rewards overall performance by our executive officers and provides a degree of financial stability for each of our executive officers.

 Annual Incentives
 Cash (Variable)
 Reward executives for delivering on annual strategic objectives that we believe contribute to the creation of stockholder value and help us attract and retain critical executive talent.

 Long-Term Incentives
 Equity (Variable)
 Help us attract and retain executive talent, which we believe helps drive the creation of stockholder value.

 Executive Compensation Decision-Making Process

 The Role of the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee oversees the executive compensation program for our NEOs. The Compensation Committee is comprised of independent, non-employee members of the Board. The Compensation Committee works closely with its independent consultant and management to examine the effectiveness of the Company's executive compensation program throughout the year. Details of the Compensation Committee's authority and responsibilities are specified in its charter, which may be accessed at our website at  The Compensation Committee makes all final compensation and equity award decisions regarding our NEOs, except for the CEO, whose compensation is determined by the independent members of the Board, based upon the recommendation of the Compensation Committee.

 The Role of Management. Members of our management team attend regular meetings where executive compensation, Company and individual performance, and competitive compensation levels and practices are discussed and evaluated. However, they do not participate in discussions about their own pay. Only Compensation Committee members vote on decisions regarding NEO compensation. The CEO reviews his recommendations pertaining to other executives' (non-NEOs) pay with the Compensation Committee, providing transparency and oversight. Decisions on non-NEO pay are made by the CEO. The CEO does not participate in the deliberations of the Compensation Committee or Board regarding his own compensation. Independent members of the Board make all final determinations regarding CEO compensation.

 The Role of the Independent Consultant. The Compensation Committee engages an independent compensation consultant to provide expertise on competitive pay practices, program design, and an objective assessment of any inherent risks of any programs. Pursuant to authority granted to it under its charter, the Compensation Committee has Meridian Compensation Partners, LLC ("Meridian") as its independent consultants. Meridian report directly to the Compensation Committee and did not provide any additional services to management. The Compensation Committee has conducted an independence assessment of Meridian in accordance with SEC rules.

 The Role of Peer Group Companies. The Compensation Committee strives to set a competitive level of total compensation for each NEO as compared with executive officers in similar positions at peer companies. For purposes of setting 2024 compensation levels, the Compensation Committee did not reference a specific peer group or conduct formal benchmarking, but subjectively took into account publicly available data of similarly sized and situated companies and industry specific survey data. This market data was not the sole determinant in setting pay levels for the NEOs. Actual pay levels can be above or below the targeted levels depending on the Compensation Committee's subjective evaluation of factors such as experience, individual or company performance, tenure, employee potential, unique skills, criticality of the position to the Company, and other factors. In general, the Compensation Committee desires to balance general internal and external equity and reserves the right to use discretion to deviate when necessary to recruit employees and/or retain the right talent.

 2024 Executive Compensation Program in Detail

 Base Salary

 Base salary represents annual fixed compensation and is a standard element of compensation necessary to attract and retain executive leadership talent. Base salary also rewards overall performance and provides a degree of financial stability for our NEOs. In making base salary decisions, the Compensation Committee considers the CEO's recommendations, as well as each NEO's position and level of responsibility within the Company. The Compensation Committee (and the Board with respect to the CEO) takes into account factors such as competitive market data as well as individual performance, experience, tenure, internal equity, and employee potential. The Compensation Committee did not assign relative weighting to these factors when determining the base salary of any NEO, but the Compensation Committee made subjective determinations that the amounts of base salary were appropriate considering all of these factors collectively.

 Annual Incentives

 The 2024 Short-Term Incentive Compensation Plan ("STIC") provided our NEOs the opportunity to earn a performance-based annual cash bonus. The STIC is administered by the Compensation Committee with input from our Chief Executive Officer. Under the STIC, each NEO's target annual bonus opportunity is expressed as a percentage of the NEO's base salary and is established based on the NEO's level of responsibility and his or her ability to impact overall results. These targets were established based on recommendations from our independent consultant. Target award opportunities for 2024 were as follows:

 Name
 2024 Base Salary
 Bonus Target (% of Base Salary)
 Bonus at Target ($)

 $
 %
 $

 Christian Fong(1)

 $
 %
 $

 Sarah Weber Wells(2)

 $
 345,000
 %
 $
 172,500

 Jonathan M. Norling(3)

 $
 315,000
 %
 $
 157,500

 (1) Mr. Fong ceased serving as the Company's President and Chief Executive Officer as of April 12, 2024. As discussed below, upon his separation, Mr. Fong was eligible for severance per the terms of his employment agreement, including 1.5 times his target bonus.

 (2) Ms. Wells' base salary increased to $345,000 effective as of November 24, 2024.

 (3) Mr. Norling's base salary increased to $315,000 effective as of February 4, 2024.

 The Compensation Committee selected organizational performance measures for all NEOs and departmental performances for all NEOs other than the Chief Executive Officer. Each NEO's target annual bonus opportunity was weighted among these measures, and each NEO's performance was used to determine the NEO's eligibility for the annual bonus payment. Under the terms of the STIC, cash payments may range from 0% to 200% of each NEO's target annual bonus opportunity. The Compensation Committee has the discretion to increase or decrease an annual bonus award in light of considerations it deems relevant and appropriate.

 Organizational Performance Measures. The selected organizational performance objectives for 2024 and their respective weightings are outlined below:

 Corporate Profitability
 %

 Operations & Servicing Excellence
 %

 Reporting Accuracy & Timeliness
 %

 Total
 %

 The selected corporate profitability measures for 2024 and their threshold, target, stretch, and maximum performance levels are outlined below:

 Corporate Performance Measure
 Threshold
 Target
 Stretch
 Maximum

 Adjusted Free Cash Flow(1)

 $
 2,700,000
 $
 5,400,000
 $
 10,000,000
 $
 15,000,000

 New Business Net Revenue
 $
 1,600,000
 $
 3,200,000
 $
 5,000,000
 $
 15,000,000

 Systems/Contracts Owned
 74,730
 85,000
 90,000
 95,000

 (1) The Company defines Adjusted Free Cash Flow as Operating EBITDA less project finance debt service, platform capital expenditures, and other non-cash items. Project finance debt service represents principal and interest payments, including sweeps where applicable, on the Company's non-recourse, project finance debt facilities. Other non-cash items represent miscellaneous non-cash income or expense associated with our various operating portfolios of residential solar assets. We define Operating EBITDA as Adjusted EBITDA plus proceeds from investment in master lease agreement, net, proceeds from buyouts / prepayments and interest earned on cash investments. Proceeds from investment in lease agreement, net, represent cash flows from the Company's Spruce Power 4 Portfolio, which holds the 20-year use rights to customer payment streams of approximately 22,500 solar lease and power purchase agreements, net of servicing costs. Proceeds from buyouts / prepayments represent cash inflows from the early buyout of customer solar contracts and cash inflows from the prepayment of customer solar contracts. Interest earned on cash investments represent cash interest received on investments in money market funds / U.S. Treasury securities. We defined EBITDA as our consolidated net income (loss) and adding back interest expense, net, income taxes, and depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA excludes certain identified items that we do not consider to be part of our ongoing business.

 The selected operations & servicing excellence objectives for 2024 involved (1) the PPA lease portfolio's adjusted gross collections, (2) average customer care satisfaction ratings, and (3) the portfolio technology build-out.

 The selected reporting accuracy & timeliness objectives for 2024 related to the Company's internal and external reporting.

 Departmental Performance Measures. Departmental performance measures are respective to each NEO's department(s) of responsibility in the Company. The average of the weighted scores of each NEO's respective department(s) is used to measure the NEO's departmental performance.

 The selected departmental performance objectives for 2024, respective to NEO Sarah Weber Wells, weightings are outlined below:

 Accounting
 %

 Financial Planning & Analysis
 %

 Treasury
 %

 Internal Audit
 %

 Total
 %

 The selected departmental performance objectives for 2024, respective to NEO Jonathan Norling, weightings are outlined below:

 Legal
 %

 Asset Disposition
 %

 Total
 %

 STIC Results. In determining bonus target achievement, the Compensation Committee measured results against goals, and additionally considered other events that occurred during the fiscal year, for which NEO leadership was critical, as well as each NEO's performance. The payouts under the STIC to our NEOs for 2024 performance were approved in February 2025 at the following levels:

 Name
 Actual Bonus Value
 Percentage of Target Bonus

 $
 %

 Christian Fong
 $
 —
 —
 %

 $
 163,358
 %

 $
 100,000
 %

 Long-Term Equity Incentives

 In 2024, the Compensation Committee determined that all long-term equity incentives would be granted in the form of restricted stock units ("RSUs"), with a four-year vesting schedule of 25% per year on the anniversary date of grant. The Compensation Committee believes that RSUs best align the interests of award recipients with those of our stockholders based on recommendations from our independent consultant. The long-term nature of the RSUs creates performance and retention incentives for recipients.

 The Company continues to evolve as a business and recognizes that the structure of our equity program must evolve with the transition of our business strategy. The Compensation Committee continues to evaluate its approach to long-term equity incentive compensation and is committed to putting forth a program that aligns the interest of our executives and stockholders each year.

 The 2024 awards for each NEO were as follows:

 Name
 Options
 Options Grant Date Fair Value(1) ($)

 RSUs
 RSUs Grant Date Fair Value(2) ($)

 295,229
 $
 773,500
 88,636
 $
 296,391

 Christian Fong(3)

 —
 —
 278,340
 $
 1,007,591

 —
 —
 119,020
 $
 430,852

 —
 —
 119,020
 $
 430,852

 (1) Reflects the grant date fair value of such award computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718.

 (2) Individual award amounts reflect the grant date fair values of such awards computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718.

 (3) Of the 278,340 RSUs that were awarded to Mr. Fong on April 1, 2024, 97,994 vested on May 10, 2024, and the remainder of the RSUs were cancelled given his separation from the Company on April 12, 2024.

 Other Benefits and Perquisites

 Our NEOs are eligible to participate in our employee benefit plans, including medical, dental, vision, and life insurance plans, in each case on the same basis as all of our other employees. The Company pays premiums for the life insurance for all employees, including our NEOs. The Company generally does not provide perquisites or personal benefits.

 401(k) Plan and Employee Stock Purchase Plan

 The Company maintains a 401(k) plan that provides eligible employees with an opportunity to save for retirement on a tax advantaged basis. Eligible employees are able to defer eligible compensation up to certain Code limits, which are updated annually. The Company provides for safe harbor matching contributions equal to 100% on the first 3% of an employee's eligible earnings deferred and an additional 50% on the next 2% of an employee's eligible earnings deferred. Employee elective deferrals and safe harbor matching contributions are 100% vested at all times. The 401(k) plan is intended to be qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code, with the related trust intended to be tax exempt under Section 501(a) of the Code. As a tax-qualified retirement plan, contributions to the 401(k) plan are deductible by us when made, and contributions and earnings on those amounts are not generally taxable to the employees until withdrawn or distributed from the 401(k) plan.

 Impact of Tax and Accounting

 The Company regularly considers the various tax and accounting implications of our compensation plans. When determining the amount of long-term incentives and equity grants to executives and employees, the compensation costs associated with the grants are reviewed, as required by FASB ASC Topic 718.

 While considering tax deductibility as only one of several considerations in determining compensation, the Audit Committee believes that the tax deduction limitation should not compromise its ability to structure compensation programs that provide benefits to the Company that outweigh the potential benefit of a tax deduction, and therefore, may approve compensation that is not deductible for tax purposes.
 Policies and Practices Related to the Grant of Certain Equity Awards

 Our long-term incentive compensation does not currently include regular stock option grants. In fiscal 2024, such compensation consisted solely of RSUs. Outside of the annual grant cycle, we may make RSU or stock option awards in connection with a new hire package, retention grant or severance package. Equity awards, including stock options, are not granted in anticipation of the release of material non-public information, and the release of material non-public information is not timed on the basis of option or other equity grant dates. Consistent with this practice, during fiscal 2024, we awarded stock options to Mr. Hayes on the day he became our President and CEO in the period beginning four business days before our filing of a periodic report on Form 10-K. Pursuant to SEC Rules, we are providing the following information relating to such stock options awarded to Mr. Hayes:

 Name
 Grant date
 Number of securities underlying the award
 Exercise price of the award ($/Sh)
 Grant date fair value of the award ($)
 Percentage change in the closing market price of the securities underlying the award between the trading day ending immediately prior to the disclosure of material nonpublic information and the trading day beginning immediately following the disclosure of material nonpublic information (%)

 April 12, 2024
 295,229
 $
 3.75
 $
 773,500
 (3.98)

 2024 Summary Compensation Table

 The following table sets forth information regarding the compensation to our NEOs for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Name and principal position
 Year
 Salary ($)
 Bonus ($)(3)

 Stock Awards ($)(1)

 Option Awards($)(2)

 Nonequity incentive plan compensation ($)
 All Other Compensation ($)(4)

 Total ($)

 President and CEO(5)

 2024
 450,000
 296,391
 773,500
 —
 26,875
 2,196,766

 Christian Fong(7)

 2024
 266,355
 —
 1,007,591
 —
 —
 808,537
 2,082,483

 Former President and CEO(6)

 2023
 —
 —
 —
 17,900
 1,317,900

 2024
 315,577
 163,358
 430,852
 —
 —
 11,539
 921,326

 Chief Financial Officer and Head of Sustainability
 2023
 285,346
 120,000
 403,380
 —
 13,579
 822,305

 2024
 313,269
 100,000
 430,852
 —
 —
 —
 844,121

 Chief Legal Officer
 2023
 297,462
 150,000
 429,110
 —
 6,250
 882,822

 (1) Amounts shown in this column reflect the grant date fair value for restricted stock units granted during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 to our NEOs, computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, based on the closing price of the Company's stock on the date of grant. The amounts for 2023 now reflect the grant date fair value for restricted stock units granted during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

 (2) Amounts shown in this column reflect the grant date fair value for options granted during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 to our NEOs, calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based on assumptions set forth in Note 13 to the Company's financial statements in its Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 (3) The amounts in this column reflect the amount earned under the STIC in 2023 and 2024. In each case, these amounts were paid in the year following the year in which the performance criteria were achieved. For fiscal year 2023, amounts were previously reported for amounts the Company paid to the NEOs in 2023 for 2022 performance under the STIC. The amounts for 2023 now reflect the amount earned for 2023 performance under the STIC to be consistent with reporting guidelines and for comparison purposes.

 (4) For fiscal year 2024, includes (i) $26,875 paid to Mr. Hayes in connection with his Board service prior to becoming the CEO; (ii) $808,537 paid to Mr. Fong in connection with his separation from the Company in accordance with his employment agreement; and (iii) an $11,539 Company contribution to Ms. Wells' 401(k) plan.

 (5) Mr. Hayes was appointed as the Company's President and CEO effective as of April 12, 2024.

 (6) Mr. Fong ceased serving as the Company's President and CEO effective as of April 12, 2024.

 (7) On April 1, 2024, Mr. Fong was awarded 278,340 RSUs. Of this amount, 97,994 vested on May 10, 2024, and the remainder of the RSUs were cancelled given his separation from the Company on April 12, 2024.

 Outstanding Equity Awards at 2024 Fiscal Year-End

 The following table shows certain information with respect to unexercised options and unvested restricted stock units held by our NEOs as of December 31, 2024.

 Outstanding Equity Awards at 2024 Fiscal Year-End

 Option Awards
 Stock Awards

 Name
 Number of securities underlying unexercised options (#) exercisable
 Number of securities underlying unexercised options (#) unexercisable
 Equity incentive plan awards: Number of securities underlying unexercised unearned options (#)
 Option exercise price ($)
 Option expiration date
 Number of shares or units of stock that have not vested (#)
 Market value of shares or units of stock that have not vested ($)(1)

 Equity incentive plan awards: Number of unearned shares, units or other rights that have not vested (#)
 Equity incentive plan awards: Market or payout value of unearned shares, units or other rights that have not vested ($)

 —
 —
 295,229(2)

 3.75
 April 12, 2024
 —
 —
 —
 —

 1,968
 —
 —
 54.48
 May 25, 2031
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 113.36
 February 25, 2031
 —
 —
 —
 —

 35,801
 —
 —
 2.16
 April 21, 2030
 —
 —
 —
 —

 11,934
 —
 —
 1.92
 May 3, 2028
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 88,636(3)

 $
 263,249
 —
 —

 Christian Fong
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 185,960(4)

 $
 552,301
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 198,739(5)

 $
 590,255
 —
 —

 (1) The amounts in this column represent the aggregate fair market value of restricted stock unit awards as of December 31, 2024, based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on December 31, 2024, which was $2.97.

 (2) Scheduled to vest 25% per year on April 12, 2025, April 12, 2026, April 12, 2027, and April 12, 2028.

 (3) Of these shares, 21,159 shares vest on each of April 14, 2025, April 12, 2026, April 12, 2027, and April 12, 2028.

 (4) Of these shares, 29,755 shares vest on each of April 1, 2025, April 1, 2026, April 1, 2027, and April 1, 2028; 15,188 shares vest on each of April 3, 2025, April 3, 2026, and April 3, 2027; and 10,689 shares vest on each of September 9, 2025 and September 9, 2026.

 (5) Of these shares, 29,755 shares vest on each of April 1, 2025, April 1, 2026, April 1, 2027, and April 1, 2028; 16,156 shares vest on each of April 3, 2025, April 3, 2026, and April 3, 2027; and 15,625 shares vest on each of September 9, 2025 and September 9, 2026.

 Employment Agreements and Severance Agreements

 In connection with Mr. Hayes' appointment as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, Mr. Hayes and the Company entered into a CEO Offer Letter (the "Hayes Offer Letter") on April 12, 2024, under which Mr. Hayes' service to the Company as its President and Chief Executive Officer commenced on April 12, 2024 and will continue until terminated by the Company or Mr. Hayes. The Hayes Offer Letter provides for (a) an initial annual base salary of $650,000 and (b) an annual cash bonus opportunity with a target of 100% of his base salary to be based on achieving annual performance metrics determined by the Board or as may be payable by the Board in its discretion.

 Mr. Hayes was also awarded equity awards effective on April 12, 2024 valued at 170% of his initial base salary, with 70% of such equity awards being in the form of stock options to purchase shares of the Company's common stock and 30% of such equity awards being in the form of RSUs. These equity awards vest in equal annual installments over four years following April 12, 2024, subject to Mr. Hayes' continued service on the applicable vesting date.

 Mr. Hayes is eligible to participate in the employee benefits offered by the Company in accordance with the applicable terms of the benefit program, plan or arrangement.

 The Hayes Offer Letter requires Mr. Hayes to comply with certain non-disclosure, non-competition and non-solicitation covenants.

 Mr. Hayes is eligible for severance benefits and payments under the Executive Severance Plan discussed below.

 Christian Fong

 Until April 12, 2024, Mr. Fong was employed by the Company under an Executive Employment Agreement originally entered into on September 9, 2022 (the "Fong Employment Agreement"). The Company employed Mr. Fong as the Company's President and CEO until April 12, 2024, and in 2024, paid Mr. Fong an annual base salary of $650,000. Pursuant to the Fong Employment Agreement, Mr. Fong was eligible to receive an annual cash bons pursuant to the Company's bonus plan offered to Company executives, with a target bonus equal to 100% of his then-current base salary. The annual performance bonus would be based on achieving annual performance metrics determined by the Compensation Committee (or Board) in its sole discretion. The Fong Employment Agreement also provided that Mr. Fong would be entitled, during his employment, to participate in and be covered the health and welfare benefit plans and programs maintained by the Company for the benefit of its employees.

 On April 12, 2024, the Company and Mr. Fong entered into an Executive Separation Agreement (the "Fong Separation Agreement"). Pursuant to the Fong Separation Agreement, Mr. Fong was eligible for severance per the terms of the Fong Employment Agreement, subject to Mr. Fong's execution of a separation agreement and release of claims. Under the Fong Employment Agreement, Mr. Fong received the following severance benefits: (a) continuing payments in an amount equal to the sum of eighteen months of his then-current annual base salary of $650,000 and 1.5 times his target bonus, payable ratably over an eighteen month period (less all customary and required taxes and employment related deductions), (b) acceleration of unvested equity grants with time-based vesting that would have vested during the twelve month period following April 12, 2024, and (c) a lump sum payment equal to COBRA premiums at active employee rates for eighteen months, which Mr. Fong is obligated to repay to the Company to the extent he obtains subsequent medical coverage and has unused months of COBRA coverage.

 Ms. Wells, who currently serves as Chief Financial Officer of the Company, is subject to an at-will employment offer letter dated October 25, 2018. The offer letter contemplates an annual base salary and certain other benefits, as subsequently amended effective June 13, 2024. For fiscal year 2024, Ms. Wells' base salary was $315,000 until November 11, 2024, when her salary was increased to $345,000.

 In the event the Company terminates Ms. Wells' employment without cause (not including any termination of employment due to death or disability), and provided that such termination is a "separation from service" under Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, (the "Code") then Ms. Wells is entitled to a lump sum separation payment equal to twelve months of her current base salary and a prorated target bonus (if separation is after October 1st of the current year, full target bonus is paid), less applicable withholdings, subject to her signing and not revoking a release of claims.

 If a change of control of the Company occurs and (a) within a period of twenty-four months following the change of control, or (b) within a period of ninety days preceding the change of control if the termination is related to the change of control, Ms. Wells' employment is terminated without cause, or she terminates her employment for good reason, then in addition to normal wages, Ms. Wells shall receive: (a) payments in an amount equal to the sum of eighteen months of the then-current base salary and a prorated target bonus (if the change of control is after October 1st of the current year, full target bonus is paid), with the sum payable ratably over an eighteen month period, less all customary and required taxes and employment-related deductions, in accordance with the Company's normal payroll practices (provided such payments shall be made at least monthly), (b) full vesting of any and all equity awards outstanding as of the date of her termination, and (c) a COBRA payment payable ratably over a twelve month period (and Ms. Wells shall have a duty to inform the Company of a subsequent medical coverage to which she is entitled, with repayment to the Company of COBRA premiums for unused months of coverage).

 "Change of Control" means the occurrence of any of the following events: (i) any "Person" (as such term is used in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) or group of Persons (other than the Company or its affiliates) becomes the "Beneficial Owner" (as defined in Rule 13d-3 under said Act), directly or indirectly, of securities of the Company representing fifty percent (50%) or more of the total voting power represented by the Company's then outstanding voting securities (the "Outstanding Company Voting Securities") (excluding for this purpose any such voting securities held by the Company, or any affiliate, parent or subsidiary of the Company, or by any employee benefit plan of the Company) pursuant to a transaction or a series of related transactions (but excluding any bona fide financing event in which securities are acquired directly from the Company); (ii) the consummation of a merger or consolidation of the Company with any other entity, other than a merger or consolidation (a) that results in the Outstanding Company Voting Securities immediately prior thereto continuing to represent either by remaining outstanding or by being converted into voting securities of the surviving entity) at least fifty percent (50%) of the combined voting power of the Outstanding Company Voting Securities (or such surviving entity or, if the Company or the entity surviving such merger is then a subsidiary, the ultimate parent thereof) outstanding immediately after such merger or consolidation, or (b) immediately following which the individuals who comprise the Board immediately prior thereto constitute at least a majority of the board of directors (or other managing body) of the entity surviving such merger or consolidation or, of the Company or the entity surviving such merger is then a subsidiary, the ultimate parent thereof, or (iii) the sale or disposition by the Company or all or substantially all of the Company's assets, other than (a) a sale or disposition by the Company of all or substantially all of the Company's assets to an entity, at least fifty percent (50%) of the combined voting power of the voting securities of which are owned directly or indirectly by stockholders of the Company following the completion of such transaction in substantially the same proportions as their ownership of the Company immediately prior to such sale or (b) a sale or disposition of all or substantially all of the Company's assets immediately following which the individuals who comprise the Board immediately prior thereto constitute at least a majority of the board of directors (or other managing body) of the entity to which such assets are sold or disposed or, if such entity is a subsidiary, the ultimate parent thereof; provided that, in each case, a transaction will not be deemed a Change of Control unless the transaction qualifies as a change in control event within the meaning of Code Section 409A.

 "Cause" means (i) Ms. Wells' material breach of any agreement between her and the Company, (ii) Ms. Wells' continued failure to perform any material duty or responsibility specified in the description of her duties set forth in any agreement between her and the Company, reasonably assigned to her by the Company, or otherwise owed to the Company, (iii) Ms. Wells' conviction of, or her plea of "guilty" or "no contest" to, a felony under the laws of the United States or any State or her conviction of, or your plea of "guilty" or "no contest" to, any other crime involving moral turpitude or fraud, (iv) Ms. Wells' gross misconduct, commission of an act of moral turpitude, embezzlement, gross negligence, willful malfeasance, or willful violation of any law, rule, regulation, written agreement or final cease-and-desist order applicable to the Company or its business which causes or could be expected to cause harm to the Company, (v) Ms. Wells' failure to cooperate in good faith with a governmental or internal investigation of the Company or its directors, officers or employees, if the Company has requested her cooperation, (vi) Ms. Wells' material failure to comply with the Company's written policies or rules, as they may be in effect from time to time.

 "Good Reason" means (i) material reduction in duties or responsibilities, (ii) material reduction in pay levels or programs, and (iii) relocation more than 50 miles from current working location.

 Jonathan Norling

 Mr. Norling has an Amended and Restated At-Will Employment, Confidential Information, Invention Assignment, and Arbitration Agreement (the "Norling Employment Agreement") that was effective as of March 15, 2019 and amended and restated as of January 1, 2022.

 Pursuant to the Norling Employment Agreement, if Mr. Norling is terminated by the Company without cause or by Mr. Norling for good reason, Mr. Norling is entitled to a one-time lump sum "Termination Payment" equal to the sum of (i) three months' of his regular base pay and benefits, less applicable withholdings and deductions, (ii) any unpaid bonus awarded to him prior to the employment termination (including without limitation any amounts awarded pursuant to the Company's short term incentive compensation plan or long term compensation plan), (iii) any bonus to which he would have been entitled under the Company's short term incentive compensation plan or other agreement had Mr. Norling remained employed by the Company as of the date such bonus would have been awarded, pro-rated to the termination date, and (iv) if the employment termination is by the Company without cause and the Company does not provide Mr. Norling with at least 30 days' advance notice of such employment termination, a one-time lump sum "Notice Differential Payment," less applicable withholdings and deductions. The Notice Differential Payment is an amount equal to the difference between (a) the base salary that Mr. Norling earns between the date the Company provides notice of termination without cause and the last date of his employment, and (b) the base salary and benefits that Mr. Norling would have received if the Company had given him 30 days' advance notice of termination without cause.

 If Mr. Norling's employment is terminated by the Company without cause in the event of his death or disability, the Company shall pay Mr. Norling or his heirs an amount equal to one-half of the Termination Payment and one-half of the Notice Differential Payment that would be owed to him.

 As a condition of receiving the Termination Payment, Mr. Norling must sign a separation agreement, which shall include a release of all claims.

 "Cause" means Mr. Norling (i) has committed an act involving fraud, dishonesty, disloyalty, or a conflict of interest against the Company, (ii) has been convicted of or enters into a pleas of nolo contendere to any felony or a misdemeanor involving honesty, integrity, moral turpitude, or unethical conduct, (iii) has engaged in misconduct that results or could have resulted in serious injury (monetary or otherwise) to the Company or is detrimental to the Company's business reputation, or goodwill, (iv) in carrying out Mr. Norling's assigned duties, has engaged in negligence that results in material injury, monetary or otherwise, to the Company, (v) uses illegal drugs or becomes intoxicated by alcohol or drugs in a manner that adversely affects his ability to perform his duties, (vi) fails to cooperate in any respect with any investigation or inquiry authorized by the Company or conducted by a governmental authority related to the Company's business, (vii) fails to comply in any respect with any written or oral direction of the Company that relates to the performance of his duties that he can physically perform, (viii) has violated any of the Company's written policies or rules, or (ix) fails to perform or uphold in any material respect any duty under the Norling Employment Agreement.

 "Good Reason" means (i) a material diminution in Mr. Norling's base salary, (ii) a material diminution in Mr. Norling's authority, duties and responsibilities, (iii) a material breach by the Company of any of its covenants or obligations, in each case to Mr. Norling under the Norling Employment Agreement, or (iv) the relocation of the geographic location of Mr. Norlin's principal place of employment by more than 50 miles from the location of his principal place of employment as of the effective date of the Norling Employment Agreement.

 Executive Severance Plan

 Effective August 6, 2024, the Company adopted an Executive Severance Plan, which provides severance payments and benefits if employment with the Company terminates under certain circumstances specified in the Plan. Participants include the CEO and other executives as recommended by the CEO and approved by the Board or Compensation Committee.

 The Executive Severance Plan provides that if the Company terminates a participant's employment without "Cause" or the participant resigns for "Good Reason" at any time other than the 24-month period beginning on the date of a change in control or within a period of 90 days preceding the change in control (the "Change in Control Period"), the participant is entitled to: (1) 1.5 times for the CEO or 1.0 times for other executives (the "Normal Multiplier") the participant's then-current base salary plus the full amount of the participant's then-current annual target bonus; (2) full vesting in any unvested equity awards with time-based vesting held by the participant under the Company's then-current outstanding equity incentive plans that would have vested during the period of months equal to the product of (a) the Normal Multiplier and (b) 12 (the "Severance Period"); and (3) continue participating in the Company's health benefits for the Severance Period, as follows: (a) such continued benefits shall be subject to the participant's timely election of continuation coverage under COBRA, (b) the Company will pay the Company contribution and the participant shall be required to pay the employee contribution directly or as a reimbursement to the participant at the Company's sole discretion, (c) the participant's right to receive such health benefits will terminate if and when the participant secures alternative health benefits from a new employer, or if and when the participant otherwise becomes ineligible for future coverage under COBRA; and (4) the Company shall be required to provide these health benefits only to the extent that the Company continues offering an employee health benefits plan and to the extent that the Company is not required to provide and pay for such post-termination coverage to other employees to avoid a violation of applicable nondiscrimination requirements.

 If a participant's employment is determined without Cause or the participant resigns for Good Reason during the Change in Control Period, the participant is entitled to: (1) 2.0 times for the CEO or 1.5 times for other executives (the "CIC Multiplier") the participant's then-current base salary plus the full amount of the participant's then-current annual target bonus; (2) a pro-rata portion of the participant's annual target bonus for the calendar year in which such termination occurs based on the period worked by the participant during such calendar year prior to termination; (3) continue participating in the Company's health benefits for 18 months, as follows: (a) such continued benefits shall be subject to the participant's timely election of continuation coverage under COBRA, (b) the Company will pay the Company contribution directly or as a reimbursement to the participant at the Company's sole discretion, (c) the participant's right to receive further health benefits shall termination if and when the participant secures alternative health benefits from a new employer, or if and when the participant otherwise becomes ineligible for further coverage under COBRA, and (d) the Company shall be required to provide these health benefits only to the extent that the Company continues offering an employee health benefits plan and to the extent that the Company is not required to provide and pay for such post-termination coverage to other employees to avoid a violation of applicable nondiscrimination requirements; (4) professional outplacement services up to $25,000; and (5) full vesting of any outstanding unvested equity awards held by the participant under the Company's then-current outstanding equity incentive plans (with any equity awards with performance conditions vesting based on target performance).

 If a participant's employment terminates as a result of disability or death, the participant is eligible to receive: (1) a pro-rata portion of the participant's target bonus for the calendar year in which such termination occurs based on the period worked by the participant during such calendar year prior to termination; and (2) in the case of the participant's termination of employment as a result of disability, full vesting in any and all equity awards with time-based vesting that would have vested during the 12-month period following the termination date, and in the case of the participant's death, full vesting of all equity awards (with any equity awards with performance conditions vesting based on target performance). In the case of disability, the participant also remains eligible for vesting of any equity awards with performance conditions outstanding on the date of such termination.

 In each case, to be eligible for severance payments or benefits under the Executive Severance Plan, the participant or the participant's designated beneficiary or estate, as applicable, must execute and not revoke a valid separation and general release, and the participant must comply with certain restrictive covenants, including confidentiality, non-competition, and non-solicitation.

 A participant is entitled to the following upon termination of employment whether or not the participant is eligible for severance payments or benefits under the Executive Severance Plan: (1) the portion of the participant's base salary that has accrued prior to termination and not yet been paid; (2) the portion of the participant's prior-year annual bonus that has been earned prior to termination and has not yet been paid; (3) the amount of any expenses properly incurred by the participant on behalf of the Company in accordance with Company policy prior to such termination and not yet reimbursed; and (4) the amount of the participant's vacation time that has accrued prior to termination and has not yet been used.

 For purposes of the Executive Severance Plan, "Cause" means a participant's: (i) willful misconduct or gross negligence with respect to any material aspect of the Company's business; (ii) refusal to follow the lawful directions of the Company employee to whom the participant reports or, in the case of the CEO, the Board; (iii) breach of a fiduciary duty owed to the Company or its shareholders; (iv) any act of fraud, embezzlement or other material dishonesty with respect to the Company; (v) conviction, plea of nolo contendere, guilty plea, or confession to a crime based upon an act of fraud, embezzlement or dishonesty or to a felony or crime of moral turpitude; (vi) habitual abuse of alcohol or any controlled substance or reporting to work under the influence of alcohol or any controlled substance (other than a controlled substance that participant is properly taking under a current prescription), (vii) misappropriation by the participant of any material assets or any business opportunities of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates; (viii) a material failure to comply with the Company's written policies or rules, as they may be in effect from time to time during participant's employment, including policies and rules prohibiting discrimination or harassment; or (ix) a material breach of any restrictive covenants agreement or any other written agreement between the Company or one of its subsidiaries and the participant, provided that the participant will have 30 days after notice from the Company to cure a failure or breach under (vi), (viii) and (ix), to the extent reasonably curable.

 For purposes of the Executive Severance Plan, "Good Reason" means the occurrence of any of the following events without the participant's consent: (i) a material reduction of the participant's base salary or annual target bonus as in effect immediately prior to the reduction; (ii) a material reduction in the participant's authority, duties or responsibilities (other than in connection with a change in control in which the participant retains authority over the Company's business that is similar to the pre-change in control authority other than such reductions as are typical when becoming a senior executive of an acquirer's subsidiary or that relate to ceasing to be a senior executive of a publicly traded corporation), (iii) a change in the geographic location of the place where the participant principally performs services for the Company by more than 50 miles from its existing location (other than in connection with business travel); or (iv) in the case of the CEO, the Board's failure to re-nominate Participant for a seat on the Board, provided that, within 30 days of the first occurrence of the event that the participant believes constitutes Good Reason, the participant notifies the Company in writing of the event, the Company fails to correct the act or omission within 30 days after receiving the participant's written notice and the participant actually terminates their employment within 60 days after the date the Company receives the participant's notice.

 Director Compensation

 No member of our Board who is also a member of management receives cash, equity or other non-equity compensation for service on our Board. Our non-employee director compensation is designed to align compensation with our business objectives and the creation of stockholder value, while enabling us to attract, retain, incentivize, and reward directors who contribute to our long-term success.

 Non-Employee Director Compensation

 Annual Equity Award. Each non-employee director receives a $150,000 annual equity award comprised solely of RSUs. The chair of our Board receives an additional $25,000 annual equity award comprised solely of RSUs. The awards are granted on the date of each annual meeting of stockholders at which the non-employee director is elected to our Board or continues to serve as a director. Each grant vests in full on the first anniversary of the grant date.

 Initial Equity Award. Upon initial election to our Board, each new non-employee director receives an initial equity award equal to 150% of the annual equity award comprised of RSUs. The initial equity award vests in equal installments on the first, second and third anniversary of the date of the grant.

 Annual Cash Retainer. Each non-employee director receives an annual cash retainer of $50,000 for his or her service on our Board, and the chair of our Board receives an additional $20,000 cash retainer. Each member of the Audit, Compensation, and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees receives an annual cash retainer of $10,000, $7,500, and $5,000, respectively. In addition, the chair of each of the Audit, Compensation, and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees will receive an additional cash retainer of $20,000, $15,000, and $10,000, respectively. The annual cash retainers, as applicable, are payable in quarterly installments, in arrears, at the end of each calendar quarter for the duration of such non-employee director's service on our Board or committee.

 2024 Director Compensation

 Name
 Fees earned or paid in cash ($)
 Stock awards ($)
 Total ($)

 (a)
 (b)
 (c)
 (d)

 Eric Tech
 52,047
 150,002
 202,049

 Kevin Griffin
 76,250
 169,999
 246,249

 Jonathan J. Ledecky
 63,750
 150,002
 213,752

 John P. Miller
 120,751
 150,002
 270,753

 Ja-chin Audrey Lee, Ph. D
 44,986
 375,001
 419,987

 Clara Nagy McBane
 32,967
 375,002
 407,969

 (a) Mr. Hayes and Mr. Fong are not included in this table. Neither Mr. Hayes nor Mr. Fong were separately compensated for their Board service for any period of time in which they were employed by the Company. Mr. Hayes' and Mr. Fong's executive compensation, including Mr. Hayes' compensation for his Board service for the period of time in which he was not employed by the Company, are included under "Executive Compensation" above.

 (b) The amounts in this column reflect Board fees earned for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

 (c) The amounts in this column reflect the grant date fair value of grants of RSUs to each non-employee director on August 12, 2024, calculated in accordance with ASC Topic 718, based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on the grant date. As of December 31, 2024, Mr. Tech held 48,232 unvested RSUs and 52,738 vested options, Mr. Griffin held 54,662 unvested RSUs and 2,414 vested stock options, Mr. Ledecky held 48,232 unvested RSUs and 2,414 vested stock options, Mr. Miller held 54,281 unvested RSUs, Ms. Lee held 115,396 unvested RSUs, and Ms. McBane held 118,987 unvested RSUs.

 (d) The amounts in this column reflect total compensation received by each non-employee director for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management

 The following table sets forth, as of March 11, 2025, certain information with respect to (a) the beneficial ownership of our common stock held by (i) each of our directors, (ii) each of our named executive officers, and (iii) all of our current directors and executive officers as a group, and (b) stockholders known to us to beneficially own more than 5% of our common stock. For purposes of this table, beneficial ownership has been determined in accordance with the provisions of Rule 13d-3 of the Exchange Act. In general, beneficial ownership includes any shares of common stock as to which the individual has sole or shared voting or investment power. The Company deemed shares of our common stock that may be acquired by an individual or group within 60 days of March 11, 2025 pursuant to the exercise of options or warrants or the vesting of restricted stock units to be outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of such individual or group, but those shares are not deemed outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person shown in the table. Except as indicated in footnotes to this table, the Company believes that the stockholders named in this table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of our common stock shown to be beneficially owned by them based on information provided to us by these stockholders. Percentage ownership is based on 18,162,029 shares of our common stock outstanding on March 11, 2025.

 Shares Beneficially Owned

 Name and Address

 Number
 Percent

 Directors and Named Executive Officers(1)

 Christopher Hayes(2)

 213,478
 1.2
 %

 Christian Fong
 —
 *

 Sarah Weber Wells(3)

 70,665
 *

 Jonathan M. Norling(4)

 75,420
 *

 Eric Tech(5)

 161,087
 *

 Kevin Griffin(6)

 754,215
 4.2
 %

 Jonathan J. Ledecky(7)

 642,586
 3.5
 %

 John P. Miller(8)

 80,594
 *

 Ja-chin Audrey Lee, Ph. D.(9)

 24,157
 *

 Clara Nagy McBane
 2,000
 *

 All directors and executive officers as a group (9 persons)
 2,024,202
 11.1
 %

 * Represents beneficial ownership of less than 1% of the outstanding shares of our common stock.

 (1)The business address of the stockholder is c/o Spruce Power Holding Corporation, 2000 S Colorado Blvd, Suite 2-825, Denver, Colorado 80222

 (2)Consists of (a) 67,363 shares held of record, (b) options to purchase 123,956 shares of our common stock, and (c) restricted stock units as to 22,159 shares, which vest within 60 days of March 11, 2025.

 (3)Consists of (a) 25,722 shares held of record and (b) restricted stock units as to 44,943 shares, which vest within 60 days of March 11, 2025.

 (4)Consists of (a) 29,509 shares held of record and (b) restricted stock units as to 45,911 shares, which vest within 60 days of March 11, 2025.

 (5)Consists of (a) 102,099 shares held in trusts of which Mr. Tech is the co-trustee and has or shares investment and voting power, (b) 3,125 shares held by a daughter of Mr. Tech, (c) 3,125 shares held by another daughter of Mr. Tech, and (d) options to purchase 52,738 shares of our common stock.

 (6)Consists of (a) options to purchase 2,414 shares of our common stock; (b) 487,218 shares of our common stock managed by MGG Investment Group, LP ("MGG"), that allocates to various held funds of which Mr. Griffin is the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer, and (c) 264,583 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants held by MGG, of which Mr. Griffin is the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer. Notwithstanding his dispositive and voting control over such shares, Mr. Griffin disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares of our common stock and warrants held by MGG, except to the extent of his proportionate pecuniary interest therein. The business address of each of the foregoing is c/o Graubard Miller, The Chrysler Building, 405 Lexington Avenue, 11th Floor, New York, New York 10174.

 (7)Consists of (a) 47,464 shares held of record, (b) options to purchase 2,414 shares of our common stock, and (c) 328,125 shares and 264,583 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants held by Ironbound Partners Fund, LLC, an affiliate of Mr. Ledecky. Notwithstanding his dispositive and voting control over such shares, Mr. Ledecky disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares of our common stock and warrants held by Ironbound Partners Fund, LLC, except to the extent of his proportionate pecuniary interest therein. The business address of Mr. Ledecky is c/o Graubard Miller, The Chrysler Building, 405 Lexington Avenue, 11th Floor, New York, New York 10174.

 (8)Consists of (a) 74,545 shares held of record and (b) restricted stock units as to 6,049 shares, which vest within 60 days of March 11, 2025.

 (9)Consists of (a) 1,769 shares held of record and (b) restricted stock units as to 22,388 shares, which vest within 60 days of March 11, 2025.
 Equity Compensation Plan Information

 The following table summarizes share information, as of December 31, 2024, for the Company's equity compensation plans and arrangements, consisting of the Spruce Power Holding Corp. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan and XL Hybrids, Inc. 2010 Equity Incentive Plan. New awards may only be made under the Spruce Power Holding Corp. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan.

 The Spruce Power Holding Corp. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan is intended to encourage ownership of shares by employees and directors of and certain consultants to the Company and its affiliates in order to attract and retain such people, to induce them to work for the benefit of the Company or of an affiliate and to provide additional incentive for them to promote the success of the Company or of an affiliate. The Spruce Power Holding Corp. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan provides for the granting of ISOs, non-qualified options, stock grants and stock-based awards.

 Plan Category
 Number of Securities To Be Issued Upon Exercise Of Outstanding Options, Warrants, and Rights(1) (a)

 Weighted-Average Exercise Price Of Outstanding Options, Warrants, and Rights(1) (b)

 Number of Securities Remaining Available For Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c)

 Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
 2,722,201
 $
 9.34
 6,929,980(2)

 Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 2,722,201
 $
 —
 6,929,980

 (1) Consists of options with respect to 488,385 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and RSUs with respect to 2,233,816 shares unvested as of December 31, 2024. The weighted-average exercise price does not take the RSUs into account.

 (2)Under the Spruce Power Holding Corp. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan, on the first day of each fiscal year of the Company until the second day of fiscal year 2030, the number of shares that may be issued from time to time pursuant to the Plan, shall be increased by an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 5% of the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock on such date and (ii) an amount determined by the Board, unless it has delegated power to act on its behalf to the Compensation Committee, in which case the amount shall be determined by the Compensation Committee. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the maximum number of shares that may be issued as ISOs under the Plan shall be 260,000,000.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Related Person Transactions

 Our Board adopted a written related person transactions policy that sets forth policies and procedures regarding the identification, review, consideration and oversight of related person transactions. For purposes of this policy only, a related person transaction is a transaction, arrangement or relationship (or any series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships) in which the Company or any of its subsidiaries, are participants involving an amount that exceeds $120,000, in which any related person has a material interest.

 Transactions involving compensation for services provided to us or any of our subsidiaries as an employee, consultant or director will not be considered related person transactions under this policy. A related person is any executive officer, director, nominee to become a director or a holder of more than 5% of any class of our voting securities (including our common stock), including any of their immediate family members and affiliates, including entities owned or controlled by such persons.

 Under the related person transaction policy, the related person in question or, in the case of transactions with a holder of more than 5% of any class of our voting securities, an officer with knowledge of a proposed transaction, will be required to present information regarding the proposed related person transaction to our Audit Committee (or to another independent body of our Board) for review. To identify related person transactions in advance, we expect to rely on information supplied by our executive officers, directors and certain significant stockholders. In considering related person transactions, our Audit Committee is expected to take into account the relevant available facts and circumstances, which may include, but are not limited to:

 • the risks, costs, and benefits to us;

 • the impact on a director's independence in the event the related person is a director, immediate family member of a director or an entity with which a director is affiliated;

 • the terms of the transaction;

 • the availability of other sources for comparable services or products; and

 • the terms available to or from, as the case may be, unrelated third parties.

 Our Audit Committee will approve only those transactions that it determines are fair to us and in our best interests.

 We do not have any related person transactions to report under relevant SEC rules and regulations.
 Director Independence

 New York Stock Exchange listing standards require a majority of our directors and each member of our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee to be independent. In addition, our Corporate Governance Guidelines require a majority of our directors to be independent. The Board determined that all of our directors are independent, except for Mr. Hayes, due to his employment by our Company, and Mr. Tech, due to his employment as the Company's Chief Executive Officer from December 2021 until February 1, 2023. Specifically, the following directors are independent under New York Stock Exchange listing standards: Mr. Griffin, Mr. Ledecky, Mr. Miller, Ms. Lee and Ms. McBane.

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

 The Audit Committee has established a policy to pre-approve all audit and permissible non-audit services provided by our independent registered public accounting firm.

 Prior to engagement of an independent registered public accounting firm for the next year's audit, management will submit an aggregate of services expected to be rendered during that year for each of four categories of services to the Audit Committee for approval.

 1.Audit services include audit work performed in the preparation of financial statements, as well as work that generally only an independent registered public accounting firm can reasonably be expected to provide, including comfort letters, statutory audits, and attest services and consultation regarding financial accounting and/or reporting standards.

 2.Audit-Related services are for assurance and related services that are traditionally performed by an independent registered public accounting firm, including due diligence related to mergers and acquisitions, standalone subsidiary audits, employee benefit plan audits, and special procedures required to meet certain regulatory requirements.

 3.Tax services include all services performed by an independent registered public accounting firm's tax personnel except those services specifically related to the audit of the financial statements, and include fees in the areas of tax compliance, tax planning, and tax advice.

 4.Other Fees are those associated with services not captured in the other categories, including subscriptions to research tools and registration fees for seminars and/or conferences.

 Prior to engagement, the Audit Committee pre-approves these services by category or service. The fees are budgeted, and the Audit Committee requires our independent registered public accounting firm and management to report actual fees versus the budget periodically throughout the year by category of service. During the year, circumstances may arise when it may become necessary to engage our independent registered public accounting firm for additional services not contemplated in the original pre-approval. In those instances, the Audit Committee requires specific pre-approval before engaging our independent registered public accounting firm.

 The Audit Committee may delegate pre-approval authority to one or more of its members. The member to whom such authority is delegated must report, for information purposes only, any pre-approval decisions to the Audit Committee at its next scheduled meeting.
 Auditor Fees
 The following table presents the aggregate fees for professional services rendered by Deloitte & Touche LLP for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
 All fees and services described in the table below were pre-approved by the Audit Committee.

 2024
 2023

 Audit Fees:(1)

 $
 3,261,056
 $
 2,905,000

 Audit Related Fees:(2)

 435,000
 485,000

 Tax Fees:(3)

 108,000
 17,894

 All Other Fees:(4)

 5,551
 5,251

 Total Aggregate Fees:
 $
 3,809,607
 $
 3,413,145

 (1) Audit Fees consisted of audit work performed in the preparation of financial statements and work during the fiscal year to implement standards and controls under Sarbanes-Oxley procedures.

 (2) Audit Related Fees were related to the Company's standalone subsidiary annual reports required by lender agreements.

 (3) Tax Fees were related to tax consulting services.

 (4) All other fees were related to subscriptions to research tools and registration fees for seminars and/or conferences.

 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
 (a)Documents filed as part of this report.
 1.The following financial statements of Spruce Power Holding Corporation and Report of Deloitte & Touche LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, are included in this report:

 Page No.

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms for Deloitte & Touche LLP (PCAOB ID No.34)

 F- 2

 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023

 F- 4

 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

 F- 6

 Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

 F- 7

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

 F- 8

 2.List of financial statement schedules:
 All schedules have been omitted since they are not applicable, or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
 3.List of Exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K. See part (b) below.
 (b)Exhibits.

 Form

 2.1
 Membership Interest Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of September 9, 2022, by and between the Company, SF Solar Blocker 2 LLC, SF Solar Blocker 3 LLC, Spruce Holding Company 3 Holdco LLC and HPS Investment Partners, LLC

 2.1

 2.2*+

 Asset Purchase Agreement by and between NJR Clean Energy Ventures II Corporation, as Seller, and Spruce Power 5, LLC, as Buyer, dated as of November 22, 2024

 2.1
 November 26, 2024

 3.1
 Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation.

 3.1
 December 23, 2020

 3.2
 Certificate of Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation

 3.1
 October 6, 2023

 3.3
 Certificate of Amendment changing name of Registrant to Spruce Power Holding Corporation

 3.1
 November 14, 2022

 3.4
 Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended as of November 10, 2022

 3.2
 November 14, 2022

 4.1
 Description of Registered Securities

 Form

 10.1
 Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated August 18, 2023 among Spruce Power 2, LLC, as Borrower, Silicon Valley Bank, a division of First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company as Administrative Agent and the Issuing Bank, and the lenders from time to time party thereto.

 10.1
 November 13, 2023

 10.2

 Supply Agreement, dated as of July 19, 2019, by and between XL Hybrids, Inc. and Parker-Hannifin Corporation.

 S-4/A
 10.1
 November 10, 2020

 10.3
 Form of Subscription Agreement.

 10.1
 September 18, 2020

 10.4
 Registration Rights Agreement.

 S-4
 10.6
 October 2, 2020

 10.5#

 Spruce Power Holding Corp. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan.

 10.5
 April 9, 2024

 10.6#

 Spruce Power Holding Corp. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Stock Option Agreement.

 10.6
 April 9, 2024

 10.7#

 Spruce Power Holding Corp. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement.

 10.7
 April 9, 2024

 10.8#

 Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and each officer and director.

 10.11
 December 23, 2020

 10.9
 Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated October 29, 2019, among Kilowatt Systems, LLC, Volta MH Owner II, LLC, Greenday Finance I LLC and SpruceKismet, LLC, as Co-Borrowers, Silicon Valley Bank, as Administrative Agent, ING Capital LLC and Silicon Valley Bank as Issuing Banks, and the financial institutions from time to time party thereto as lenders, as conformed for each of Omnibus Amendment and Consent, dated as of March 5, 2020, Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of May 29, 2020, and Omnibus Amendment and Consent, dated March 18, 2021.

 10.1

 10.10
 Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated July 12, 2022, among Spruce Power 2, LLC, as Borrower, Silicon Valley Bank, as Administrative Agent and the Issuing Bank, and the lenders from time to time party thereto.

 10.2

 10.11
 Credit Agreement, dated November 13, 2020, among Spruce Power 3, LLC, as Borrower, KeyBank National Association, as Administrative Agent and Issuing Bank, and the lenders from time to time party thereto.

 10.3

 10.12
 Omnibus Amendment and Accession dated April 8, 2022, among KWS Solar Term Parent 1 LLC, KWS Solar Term Parent 2 LLC and KWS Solar Term Parent 3 LLC, as Co-Borrowers, KeyBank National Association, as Administrative Agent, and the lenders from time to time party thereto.

 10.4

 Form

 10.13
 Waiver and Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated July 12, 2022, among KWS Solar Term Parent 1 LLC, KWS Solar Term Parent 2 LLC, KWS Solar Term Parent 3 LLC and Spruce Power 3 Holdco, LLC, as Co-Borrowers, KeyBank National Association, as Administrative Agent, and the lenders from time to time party thereto.

 10.5

 10.14#

 Executive Employment Agreement, dated April 12, 2024, by and between Spruce Power Holding Corporation and Christopher Hayes

 10.2
 August 14, 2024

 10.15#

 Executive Separation Agreement, dated April 12, 2024, by and between Spruce Power Holding Corporation and Christian Fong

 10.3
 August 14, 2024

 10.16#

 Executive Employment Agreement, dated September 9, 2022, by and between XL Fleet Corp. and Christian Fong.

 10.6

 10.17#

 Restricted Stock Award Grant under the Registrant's 2020 Equity Incentive Plan, dated September 9, 2022, to Christian Fong by XL Fleet Corp.

 10.7

 10.18#

 Amended Offer Letter, dated June 13, 2024, by and between Spruce Power Holding Corporation and Sarah Wells

 10.4
 August 14, 2024

 10.19#

 Offer Letter, dated October 25, 2018, by and between Spruce Lending Inc. and Sarah Weber Wells

 10.1
 May 11, 2023

 10.20#

 Enhanced Severance Letter, dated April 27, 2022, between the Company and Sarah Weber Wells

 10.2
 May 11, 2023

 10.21#

 Amended and Restated At-will Employment, Confidential Information Invention Assignment, and Arbitration Agreement, dated January 1, 2022, by and between Solar Service Experts and Jonathan M. Norling

 10.1
 August 14, 2024

 10.22
 Cooperation Agreement, dated June 21, 2024, by and among Spruce Power Holding Corporation, Clayton Capital Appreciation Fund, L.P. and Clayton Partners LLC

 10.1
 June 24, 2024

 10.23
 Credit Agreement, dated as of June 26, 2024, among Spruce SET Borrower 2024, LLC, as Borrower, Barings GPSF LLC, as Facility Agent for the financial institutions that may from time to time become parties hereto as Lenders, Computershare Trust Company, National Association, as Collateral Agent and as Paying Agent and Lenders from time to time party thereto

 10.1
 July 1, 2024

 Form

 10.24

 Credit Agreement, dated as of November 22, 2024, among Spruce Power 5 Borrower 2024, LLC, as Borrower, Banco Santander, S.A., New York Branch, as Facility Agent, Computershare Trust Company, National Association, as Collateral Agent, as Paying Agent and as Securities Intermediary and The Lenders from time to time party thereto

 10.1
 November 26, 2024

 10.25*#

 Executive Severance Plan

 16.1
 Letter from Deloitte & Touche LLP to the Securities and Exchange Commission dated February 5, 2025

 16.1
 February 5, 2025

 16.2
 Letter from CohnReznick LLP to the Securities and Exchange Commission dated February 5, 2025

 16.2
 February 5, 2025

 19.1
 Spruce Power Holding Corporation Insider Trading Policy

 Subsidiaries of the Registrant

 23.1*

 Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP, independent registered public accounting firm

 31.1*
 Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 31.2*
 Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.1^*
 Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.2^*
 Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 97*

 Spruce Power Holding Corporation Clawback Policy

 101.INS*

 101.SCH*

 101.CAL*

 101.DEF*

 101.LAB*

 101.PRE*

 Form

 *Filed herewith
 *+Schedule and exhibits to this exhibit omitted pursuant to Regulation S-K Item 601(b)(2). The Company agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit to the SEC upon request.
 Certain confidential portions of this exhibit were omitted by means of marking such portions with asterisks because the identified confidential portions (i) are not material and (ii) would be competitively harmful if publicly disclosed.
 # Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
 ^ In accordance with Item 601(b)(32)(ii) of Regulation S-K and SEC Release No. 34-47986, the certifications furnished in Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K and will not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act of 1933 except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
 Not applicable.

 SIGNATURES
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 SPRUCE POWER HOLDING CORPORATION

 Date: March 31, 2025

 By:
 /s/ Christopher Hayes

 Name:

 Title:
 Chief Executive Officer

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 SPRUCE POWER HOLDING CORPORATION

 Date: March 31, 2025

 By:
 /s/ Sarah Weber Wells

 Name:

 Title:
 Chief Financial Officer and Head of Sustainability

 (Principal Financial Officer and
Principal Accounting Officer)

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 Person
 Capacity
 Date

 /s/ Christopher Hayes
 Chief Executive Officer and Director

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ Sarah Weber Wells

 Chief Financial Officer and Head of Sustainability

 (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

 /s/ Kevin Griffin

 Kevin Griffin

 /s/ Jonathan J. Ledecky

 Jonathan J. Ledecky

 /s/ John P. Miller

 John P. Miller

 /s/ Eric Tech

 Eric Tech

 /s/ Ja-chin Audrey Lee

 Ja-chin Audrey Lee

 /s/ Clara Nagy McBane

 Clara Nagy McBane