UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 _____________________________
 FORM 10-K
 x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024
 or
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from_______________ to _______________
 Commission file number 001-38611

 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 England and Wales

 98-1193584

 State or other jurisdiction of
 incorporation or organization

 (I.R.S. Employer
 Identification No.)

 125 Old Broad Street

 London, United Kingdom

 EC2N 1AR

 (Address of principal executive offices)
 (Zip Code)

 + 44 20 3296 3000

 Registrant's telephone number, including area code

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class

 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Ordinary Share, $0.10 par value
 CWK
 New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No x
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer
 x

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes x No
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No x

 The aggregate market value of the registrant's ordinary shares as of June 30, 2024 (based upon the closing sale price of the common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2024) held by those persons deemed by the registrant to be non-affiliates was approximately $ 2.3 billion. Ordinary shares held by each executive officer and director of the registrant and by each entity or person that, to the registrant's knowledge, owned 10% or more of the registrant's outstanding common stock or had a contractual right to nominate a director as of June 30, 2024 have been excluded from this number in that these persons may be deemed affiliates of the registrant. This determination of possible affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.
 As of February 14, 2025, the number of ordinary shares outstanding was 229,726,875.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 Portions of the proxy statement for the registrant's 2025 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The proxy statement will be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

 CUSHMAN & WAKEFIELD plc
 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

 Page

 Item 1.
 Business Overview

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.
 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.
 Properties

 Item 3.
 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.
 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.
 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.
 [Reserved]

 Item 7.
 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.
 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.
 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.
 Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.
 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.
 Other Information

 Item 9C.
 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.
 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.
 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.
 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.
 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.
 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15.
 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary

 Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

 Signatures

 Item 1. Business Overview
 Cushman & Wakefield plc (together with its subsidiaries, "Cushman & Wakefield," "the Company," "we," "ours" and "us") is a leading global commercial real estate services firm that makes a meaningful impact for our people, clients, communities and world. Led by an experienced executive team and driven by approximately 52,000 employees in nearly 400 offices and approximately 60 countries, we deliver exceptional value for real estate occupiers and owners, managing approximately 6.0 billion square feet of commercial real estate space globally and offering a broad suite of services through our integrated and scalable platform. Our business is focused on meeting the increasing demands of our clients through comprehensive service offerings including (i) Services, (ii) Leasing, (iii) Capital markets and (iv) Valuation and other services. In 2024, 2023 and 2022, we generated revenues of $9.4 billion, $9.5 billion and $10.1 billion, respectively, and service line fee revenue of $6.6 billion, $6.5 billion and $7.2 billion, respectively.
 Since 2014, we have built a company with the scale and global footprint to effectively serve our multinational and local clients' needs. The result is a global real estate services firm with the iconic, more than 100-year-old, Cushman & Wakefield brand.
 Our recent history has been a period of strategic transformation for our company. Our experienced management team is focused on improving financial performance and cash flows, reducing leverage, driving operating efficiencies and attracting and retaining top talent. Today, Cushman & Wakefield is one of the top three real estate services providers as measured by revenue and workforce. We have gained third-party recognition as a provider and employer of choice, having consistently been named in the top four in our industry's leading brand study, the Lipsey Company's Top 25 Commercial Real Estate Brands, and a leading global real estate services firm by the International Association of Outsourcing Professionals.
 In 2024, we launched our new purpose and values, encapsulated by the theme that Better never settles. As an organization and as individuals, we will never settle for the world that's been built, but relentlessly drive it forward for our clients, colleagues and communities. Our core values (Driven, Resilient, Inclusive, Visionary and Entrepreneurial) drive our business, create inspiration and help us provide value-added services to the built environment every day.
 We have built a scalable platform that we believe is well positioned to support our growth strategy by focusing on providing effective problem solving through quality advice and execution, continuing to operate with rigor, investing in advanced technologies and innovative practices, and recruiting, developing and retaining top talent.
 Our Principal Services and Regions of Operation
 Our business is organized, and we report our operating results, through three geographic segments: the Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa ("EMEA"); and Asia Pacific ("APAC") representing 74%, 10% and 16% of our 2024 total revenue and 71%, 13% and 16% of our 2024 service line fee revenue, respectively. We operate the following service lines within each of our segments: (i) Services, (ii) Leasing, (iii) Capital markets and (iv) Valuation and other, representing 53%, 30%, 10% and 7% of our 2024 service line fee revenue, respectively.
 Our Geographical Segments
 Our global presence and integrated platform enable us to provide a broad base of services across geographies. This global footprint, complemented by a full suite of service offerings, positions us as one of a small number of providers able to respond to complex global mandates from large multinational occupiers and owners.
 By revenue, our largest country was the United States, representing 71%, 72% and 74% of revenue in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, followed by Australia, representing 5%, 5% and 4% of revenue in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Our Service Lines
 Effective January 1, 2024, the Property, facilities and project management service line was renamed to Services. The change was to the name only and had no impact on the composition of the Company's service lines or its historical results.
 Services. Our largest service line based on revenue includes property management, facilities management, facilities services and project and development services. Revenues in this service line are recurring in nature, many through multi-year contracts with relatively high switching costs.
 For real estate occupiers, we offer integrated facilities management, project and development services, portfolio administration, transaction management and strategic consulting. These services are offered individually or through our global occupier services offering, which provides a comprehensive range of bundled services resulting in consistent quality of service and cost savings.
 For real estate owners, we offer a variety of property management services, which include client accounting, engineering and operations, lease compliance administration, project and development services, tenant experience and residential property management.
 In addition, we offer globally to both owners and occupiers (i) self-performed facilities services, which include janitorial, maintenance, critical environment management, landscaping and office services, (ii) workplace and portfolio consulting and (iii) sustainability services.
 Fees in this service line are generally based on a fixed recurring fee or a variable fee, which may be based on hours incurred, a percentage mark-up on actual costs incurred or a percentage of monthly gross receipts. Additionally, this service line has a large component of revenue that consists of us contracting with third-party providers (engineers, landscapers, etc.) and then passing these expenses on to our clients.
 Leasing. Our second largest service line based on revenue, Leasing, consists of two primary sub-services: owner representation and tenant representation. In owner representation leasing, we typically contract with a building owner on a multi-month or multi-year agreement to lease their available space. In tenant representation leasing, we are typically engaged by a tenant to identify and negotiate a lease for them in the form of a renewal, expansion or relocation or occasionally to enter into a sublease or lease termination if they desire space reduction. We have a higher degree of visibility into Leasing services fees due to contractual renewal dates, leading to renewal, expansion or new lease revenue. In addition, Leasing fees can be somewhat less cyclical as many tenants need to renew or lease space to operate even in difficult economic conditions.
 Leasing fees are typically earned after a lease is signed and are calculated as a percentage of the total value of rent payable over the life of the lease.
 Capital markets. We represent both buyers and sellers in real estate purchase and sale transactions, and we arrange financing supporting purchases. Our services include investment sales and equity, debt and structured financing. Fees generated are linked to transactional volume and velocity in the commercial real estate market.
 Our Capital markets fees are transactional in nature and generally earned at the close of a transaction as a percentage of the total value of the transaction.
 Valuation and other. We provide valuations and advice on real estate debt and equity decisions to clients through the following services: appraisal management, investment management, valuation advisory, portfolio advisory, diligence advisory, dispute analysis and litigation support, financial reporting and property and/or portfolio valuation.
 Fees are earned on both a contractual and transactional basis and are generally fixed based on the scope of the engagement.

 Industry Overview and Market Trends
 We operate in an industry where the increasing complexity of our clients' real estate operations drives demand for high quality services providers. The sector also continues to be fragmented among regional, local and boutique providers. In the past several years, our business was negatively impacted by inflation and increased volatility in interest rates, among other macroeconomic challenges, which led to ongoing volatility within global capital and credit markets. This has resulted in delays in certain real estate transaction decisions, but we believe it has also led to an increase in available capital ready to be deployed for real estate investments once market conditions become more favorable. Although borrowing costs remain elevated and transaction volumes have not fully stabilized, the commercial real estate industry overall showed signs of improvement in 2024. These macroeconomic trends and uncertainties are discussed further in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part II, Item 7 and "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "Annual Report"). Key drivers of revenue growth for the largest commercial real estate services providers, including us, are expected to include:
 Increased Complexity in the Built World. Real estate decisions and operations have become increasingly complex, as owners, investors and occupiers need to consider factors such as environmental concerns, flexible work arrangements, commuting patterns, demographics, supply chain considerations and, recently, a more volatile financing environment. Service providers with broader and more diverse offerings and areas of expertise can better meet customer needs in this evolving landscape.
 Institutional Investors Owning a Greater Proportion of Global Real Estate. Institutional owners, such as real estate investment trusts (REITs), pension funds, sovereign wealth funds and other financial entities, have in recent years increased investment allocations into the real estate sector. Institutional owners self-perform property management services at a lower rate than private owners, outsourcing more to services providers, and have historically executed real estate transactions at a higher rate than private owners.
 Owners and Occupiers Continue to Consolidate Their Real Estate Services Providers. Owners and occupiers continue to consolidate their services provider relationships on a regional, national and global basis to obtain more consistent execution across markets and to benefit from streamlined management oversight of "single point of contact" service delivery.
 Global Services Providers Create Value in a Fragmented Industry. Clients are choosing to outsource commercial real estate services to global firms that can provide a fully developed platform of commercial real estate services. Global services providers with larger operating platforms can utilize economies of scale. Those few firms with scalable operating platforms are best positioned to improve their profitability and market share as real estate investors and occupiers become increasingly global and require commercial real estate services partners that can match their geographic reach and complex real estate needs.
 Sustainability in Real Estate. Sustainability considerations are increasingly incorporated into both investor and occupier decisions. Real estate services providers continue to develop and maintain solutions to help clients meet stricter environmental regulations, operate more efficiently and achieve their own sustainability goals.
 Our Competitive Strengths
 Our business is designed and built around the goal of providing strategic advice to our clients on how they think about and use space. We believe we are well positioned to capitalize on the growth opportunities and globalization trends in the commercial real estate services industry. We attribute our position to the following competitive strengths:
 Global Size and Scale. We believe multinational clients prefer to partner with real estate services providers with the scale necessary to meet their needs across multiple geographies and service lines. Often, this scale is a prerequisite to compete for complex global service mandates. We have built a platform through investment in our people and technology to enable approximately 52,000 employees to offer our clients services through an extensive network of nearly 400 offices in approximately 60 countries. This scale provides operational leverage, translating revenue growth into increased profitability.

 Solutions for a Complex and Evolving Built World. We offer our clients a fully integrated commercial real estate services experience across (i) Services, (ii) Leasing, (iii) Capital markets and (iv) Valuation and other services. These services can be bundled into regional, national and global contracts and/or delivered locally for individual assignments to meet the needs of a wide range of client types. We view each interaction with our clients as an opportunity to deliver an exceptional experience by offering a full platform of services, while deepening and strengthening our relationships. Our comprehensive service offerings extend across multiple asset types including office, retail, multifamily, logistics, healthcare and life sciences.
 Our Iconic Brand. The history of our franchise and brand is one of the oldest and most respected in the industry. Our founding predecessor firm, DTZ, traces its history back to 1784 with the founding of Chessire Gibson in the U.K. Our brand, Cushman & Wakefield, was founded in 1917 in New York. Today, this pedigree, heritage and continuity continues to be recognized by our clients, employees and the industry. We are consistently named in the top four in our industry's leading brand study, the Lipsey Company's Top 25 Commercial Real Estate Brands. For the 13th consecutive year, we have been named as a leader in the International Association of Outsourcing Professionals' top 100 outsourcing professional service firms. In addition, in 2024, we were recognized as one of the World's Most Sustainable Companies of 2024 by TIME.
 Significant Recurring Revenue Resilient to Changing Economic Conditions. In 2024, our Services business, which is recurring and contractual in nature, generated 67% of our total revenue and 53% of our service line fee revenue. These revenue streams help provide greater stability to our cash flows and underlying business and have proven to be resilient to changing and challenging economic conditions.
 Highly Focused Team with a Bias to Action. For years, our people have earned a strong reputation by successfully executing the most iconic and complex real estate assignments in the world. Because of this legacy of excellence, and our leading platform and brand strength, we attract and retain top talent in the industry. We strive to build an engaged workforce and to support an environment where opportunity is accessible to all. We provide our employees with training and growth opportunities to support their ongoing success. In addition, we are focused on management development to drive strong operational performance and continuing innovation.
 Our Growth Strategy
 Our vision is to be recognized as the premier brand in the industry, setting the standard across the built environment by providing effective problem solving through quality advice and execution.
 We have strengthened our core operations and will continue to operate with discipline, focusing on both organic and inorganic growth. From 2025 onwards, strategic allocation of capital towards these growth investments will be a priority. By identifying emerging opportunities and making strategic acquisitions, we aim to drive growth in the years ahead.
 We believe our key differentiator is our extraordinary talent and their cognitive flexibility, which together form the collective expertise known as the "Cushman & Wakefield Brain."
 To support our vision, we plan to invest in advanced technologies and innovative practices. This includes leveraging data analytics to enhance decision-making processes, ensuring our clients will receive the most insightful and forward-thinking solutions. Furthermore, we aim to foster a culture of continuous improvement and learning, encouraging our team members to pursue professional development and stay ahead of industry trends.
 Our approach to client relationships will be centered on collaboration and transparency. By building strong partnerships based on trust and mutual respect, we seek to ensure that our clients' needs are met with the highest level of service and professionalism.
 Competition
 We compete across various geographies, markets and service lines within the commercial real estate services industry. Each of the service lines in which we operate is highly competitive on a global, national, regional and local level. While we are one of the three largest global commercial real estate services firms as measured by revenue and workforce, our relative competitive position varies by geography and service line. Depending on the product or service, we face competition from other commercial real estate services providers, outsourcing companies, in-house corporate real estate departments, developers, institutional lenders, insurance companies, investment banking firms, investment managers, and accounting and consulting firms. Although many of our competitors across our larger service lines are smaller local or regional firms, they may have a stronger presence in certain markets. We

 are also subject to competition from other large national and multinational firms that have similar service competencies and geographic footprints to ours, including Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated (NYSE: JLL), CBRE Group, Inc. (NYSE: CBRE), Colliers International Group Inc. (NASDAQ: CIGI) and Newmark Group Inc. (NASDAQ: NMRK).
 Corporate Information
 Cushman & Wakefield plc is a public limited company organized under the laws of England and Wales. On August 6, 2018, Cushman & Wakefield plc closed its initial public offering ("IPO"). As the parent company, Cushman & Wakefield plc does not conduct any operations other than with respect to its direct and indirect ownership of its subsidiaries.
 Our corporate headquarters are located at 225 West Wacker Drive, Suite 3000, Chicago, Illinois 60606. Our website address is www.cushmanwakefield.com. The information contained on, or accessible through, our website is not part of or incorporated into this Annual Report. All reports required to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") are available and can be accessed free of charge through the Investor Relations section of our website.
 Owner and Occupier Clients
 Our clients include a full range of real estate owners and occupiers, including tenants, investors and multinational companies in numerous markets, including office, retail, industrial, multifamily, student housing, hotels, data centers, healthcare, self-storage, land, condominium conversions, subdivisions and special use. Our clients vary greatly in size and complexity and include for-profit and non-profit entities, governmental entities and public and private companies.
 Seasonality
 The market for some of our products and services is seasonal, especially in the Leasing and Capital markets service lines. Generally, our industry is focused on completing transactions by calendar year-end, with a high concentration in the last quarter of the calendar year, while certain expenses are recognized more evenly throughout the calendar year. Historically, our revenue and operating income typically tend to be lowest in the first quarter and highest in the fourth quarter of each year. The Services business partially mitigates this intra-year seasonality due to the recurring nature of this service line, which comparatively generates more stable revenues throughout the year. The seasonality of service line fee revenue flows through to net income and cash flow from operations.
 Human Capital Resources and Management
 We strive to place our people at the center of everything we do. We seek to hire, develop and advance diverse talent throughout the organization. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately 52,000 employees worldwide – approximately 69% in the Americas, 21% in APAC, and 10% in EMEA. Our employees include management, brokers and other sales staff, administrative specialists, valuation specialists, maintenance, landscaping and janitorial personnel, office staff and others. Approximately 7,500 (or 14%) of our employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements, the substantial majority of whom are employed in facilities services. Costs related to approximately 44% of our employees are fully reimbursed by clients.
 Culture and Opportunity
 We are dedicated to attracting, developing and retaining the highest-caliber talent. We are committed to creating an environment where opportunity is accessible to all, and where everyone is valued, respected, and empowered to bring their authentic selves to work and perform at their best. Our mission is to cultivate a culture that fosters a deep sense of belonging and engagement. By nurturing an environment of curiosity, continuous learning, and growth, we ensure that every individual has the opportunity to thrive and contribute meaningfully.
 We believe that a thriving workforce drives innovation by offering fresh perspectives, inspiring creativity and enhancing problem-solving, which strengthens our ability to manage risks and deliver exceptional results for our employees, clients and partners. Ultimately, our commitment to an environment where opportunity is accessible to all is designed to create long-term value for our shareholders.

 Learning and Development
 We seek to develop a skilled workforce that operates with rigor and outperforms for our clients. To help in that objective, we strive to create a workplace that fosters career progression through a focus on the manager-employee relationship, continuous learning and development and equitable growth opportunities. Our global talent management team supports employees' career growth through learning programs and professional development while equipping leaders to empower and grow their teams through talent assessment, succession planning and performance reviews. We offer a full suite of learning and development activities through on-the-job training, e-learning, mentoring and instructor-led learning modules.
 Compensation Structure
 We provide a total rewards program that combines competitive pay, including fixed and variable pay, and incentive opportunities. In addition, we offer a comprehensive benefits program to help encourage employee health and support their physical, emotional and financial well-being.
 Across our (i) Services, (ii) Leasing, (iii) Capital markets and (iv) Valuation and other service lines our employees are compensated in different manners in line with common practices in their professional field and geographic region. Many of our real estate professionals in the Americas and in certain international markets work on a commission basis, particularly our Leasing and Capital markets professionals in the United States. Commissions are tied to the value of transactions and are subject to fluctuation. Leasing and Capital markets real estate professionals in EMEA and APAC work on a salary basis, with an additional performance bonus based on a share of the profits of their business unit. Even within our geographic segments, our service lines' employee base includes a mix of professional and non-salaried employees.
 Intellectual Property
 We hold various trademarks and trade names worldwide, which include the "Cushman & Wakefield" and "DTZ" names. Although we believe our intellectual property plays a role in maintaining our competitive position in a number of the markets that we serve, we do not believe we would be materially adversely affected by expiration or termination of our trademarks or trade names or the loss of any of our other intellectual property rights other than the "Cushman & Wakefield" name. We primarily operate under the "Cushman & Wakefield" name and have generally adopted a strategy of having our acquisitions transition to the "Cushman & Wakefield" name. We own numerous domain names and have registered numerous trademarks and service marks globally. With respect to the Cushman & Wakefield name, we have processed and continuously maintain trademark registration for this trade name in most jurisdictions where we conduct business. We obtained our most recent U.S. trademark registrations for the Cushman & Wakefield name and logo in 2017, and these registrations would expire in 2027 if we failed to renew them.
 Environment
 Cushman & Wakefield strives to integrate climate considerations into our operations, business practices and service offerings. We understand the importance of managing environmental risks, developing sustainability opportunities, protecting and promoting value and driving meaningful change for our business and our clients. We aim to deliver our real estate services with high standards of environmental care and social responsibility, building on a collective strategy to develop a more resilient business, strengthen corporate reputation, reduce risk and drive long-term, sustainable value creation.
 Our Environment Policy, available on our website, outlines our commitment to being a responsible steward of the environment. We include sustainability principles in our policies and practices as appropriate, engage employees in our collective efforts, and monitor and report our performance.
 In alignment with our Environment Policy and ongoing sustainability efforts, in 2021 we set and publicly announced science-based targets for greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions reductions across our value chain, in both our own offices and properties we manage on behalf of clients. These targets are as follows:
 Target 1: Reduce absolute Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions across our corporate offices and operations 50% by 2030 (from a 2019 base year).
 Target 2: Engage our clients, representing 70% of emissions at our managed properties (Scope 3), to set their own science-based targets by 2025.
 Target 3: Reach net zero emissions across our entire value chain (Scopes 1, 2 and 3) by 2050.

 In July 2021, Target 1 and Target 2 were validated by the Science Based Targets Initiative ("SBTi"), a global body helping businesses to set emissions reductions targets in line with the latest climate science. In June 2022, Target 3 was validated by SBTi.
 These targets are voluntary, subject to change and should be considered aspirational. See "Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We face risks related to climate change, including physical and transition risks, and with respect to other environmental conditions" within Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report. Furthermore, we are currently undergoing an evaluation to update our science-based targets to ensure they remain aligned with the latest climate science, which we expect to submit to SBTi for validation in the first half of 2025.
 Additional information regarding our environmental practices and progress towards these targets can be found in our 2023 Sustainability Report, available on our website. The information contained on or accessible through our website, including our 2023 Sustainability Report, is not incorporated by reference herein or otherwise made a part of this Annual Report or any of our other filings with the SEC.
 Regulation
 The brokerage of real estate sales and leasing transactions, property and facilities management, project management, conducting real estate valuation and securing debt for clients, among other service lines, require that we comply with regulations and maintain licenses in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Some of our service lines are also subject to regulation and oversight by the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA"), the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (the "UK FCA") or other foreign and state regulators or self-regulatory organizations. Like our competitors that operate various service lines in many jurisdictions, we are subject to numerous U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. laws and regulations.
 Compliance failures or regulatory action could adversely affect our business. If we or our employees conduct regulated activities without a required license, or otherwise violate applicable laws and regulations, we could be required to pay fines, return commissions, have a license suspended or revoked, or be subject to other adverse action. Licensing requirements could also impact our ability to engage in certain types of transactions or businesses or affect the cost of conducting business.
 While management has overseen highly regulated businesses before and we expect to comply with all applicable laws and regulations, no assurance can be given that it will always be the case. See "Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be adversely affected by our failure to comply with existing and new laws, regulations or licensing requirements applicable to our Company or service lines" within Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report.

 CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 Some of the statements under "Risk Factors," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and elsewhere in this Annual Report may contain forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to, among other things, future events, results and financial performance, which are intended to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements provided by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.
 These statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts, and you can often identify these forward-looking statements by the use of forward-looking words such as "outlook," "believes," "expects," "potential," "continues," "may," "will," "should," "could," "seeks," "strives," "predicts," "intends," "plans," "estimates," "anticipates," "target," "goal," "projects," "forecasts," "shall," "contemplates" or the negative version of those words or other comparable words. Any forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report are based upon our historical performance and on our current plans, estimates and expectations in light of information currently available to us. The inclusion of this forward-looking information should not be regarded as a representation by us that the future plans, estimates or expectations contemplated by us will be achieved. Such forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties and assumptions relating to our operations, financial results, financial condition, business, prospects, growth strategy and liquidity. Accordingly, there are or will be important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated in these statements. You should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements and should consider the factors discussed under "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A herein.
 The factors identified in Part I, Item 1A herein should not be construed as an exhaustive list of factors that could affect our future results and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this Annual Report. The forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report are made only as of the date of this Annual Report. We do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement except as required by law, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.
 If one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, our actual results may vary materially from what we may have expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should specifically consider the factors identified in this Annual Report that could cause actual results to differ before making an investment decision to purchase our ordinary shares.
 Furthermore, new risks and uncertainties arise from time to time, and it is impossible for us to predict those events or how they may affect us.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors
 An investment in our ordinary shares involves risks and uncertainty, including, but not limited to, the risk factors described below. If any of the risks described below actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below as well as our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes ("Consolidated Financial Statements"), when evaluating the information contained in this Annual Report.
 Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
 Our business is significantly impacted by general macroeconomic conditions and global and regional demand for commercial real estate and, accordingly, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected by market conditions or macroeconomic challenges.
 Demand for our services is largely dependent on the relative strength of the global and regional commercial real estate markets, which are highly sensitive to general macroeconomic conditions. For example, in 2024, macroeconomic uncertainty continued in many markets around the world, and our business continued to be negatively impacted by elevated inflation and increased volatility in interest rates, among other macroeconomic challenges. This led to ongoing volatility within global capital and credit markets and caused delays in certain real estate transaction decisions.
 In particular, some of our clients continued to face challenges when attempting to procure credit or financing in 2024 due to challenging lending conditions and higher capital costs. Clients may continue to delay real estate transaction decisions until property values and economic conditions further stabilize, or the economic recovery may progress more slowly than we expect, which could continue to reduce the commissions and fees we earn for brokering those transactions. Furthermore, the continuing prevalence of hybrid working models in certain geographies or industries has resulted in structural changes to the utilization of many types of commercial real estate, which could have ongoing repercussions for our business. A delay or stall in any economic recovery, any future uncertainty, weakness or volatility in the credit markets, a decline in the U.S. or global economy, or the public perception that any of these events may occur, could further affect global and regional demand for commercial real estate, which would negatively affect the performance of some or all of our service lines and our overall business, financial conditions, and operating results.
 Our success depends upon our ability to attract and retain qualified revenue-producing employees and senior management.
 We are dependent upon the retention of our Leasing and Capital markets professionals, who generate a significant amount of our revenues, as well as other revenue producing professionals. The departure of any of our key employees, including our senior executive leadership, or the loss of a significant number of key revenue producers, if we are unable to quickly hire and integrate qualified replacements, could cause our business, financial condition and results of operations to suffer. Competition for these personnel is significant, and our industry is subject to a relatively high turnover of brokers and other key revenue producers, and we may not be able to successfully recruit, integrate or retain sufficiently qualified personnel. In addition, the growth of our business is largely dependent upon our ability to attract and retain qualified support personnel in all areas of our business.
 We and our competitors use equity incentives and sign-on and retention bonuses to help attract, retain and incentivize key personnel. There is significant competition when it comes to recruiting and retaining revenue-producing personnel, and the expense of such incentives and bonuses may increase, or our willingness to pay them may decrease, and we may therefore be unable to attract or retain such personnel to the same extent that we have in the past. Any additional decline in, or failure to grow, our ordinary share price may also result in an increased risk of loss of these key personnel. Furthermore, shareholder influence on our compensation practices, including our ability to issue equity compensation, may decrease our ability to offer attractive compensation to key personnel and make recruiting, retaining and incentivizing such personnel more difficult.
 Our brand and reputation are key assets of our company and will be affected by how we are perceived in the marketplace.
 Our brand and its attributes are key assets, and we believe our continued success depends on our ability to preserve, grow and leverage the value of our brand. Our ability to attract and retain clients is highly dependent upon the external perceptions of our expertise, level of service, trustworthiness, business practices, management, workplace culture, financial condition, our response to unexpected events and other subjective qualities. Negative perceptions or publicity regarding these matters, even if non-material or from isolated incidents or inaccurate information, could erode trust and confidence in us, damage our reputation or make it difficult for us to attract or

 retain clients. Unfavorable perceptions of our brand and reputation could also make it more difficult to attract and retain talented employees. Negative public opinion could result from actual or alleged conduct in any number of activities or circumstances, including the personal conduct of individuals associated with our brand, handling of client complaints, conflicts of interest, regulatory compliance, the use and protection of sensitive information, and from actions taken by regulators or others in response to any such conduct. Content posted on social media channels can also cause rapid, widespread reputational harm to our brand.
 Our brand and reputation may also be harmed by actions taken by third parties that are outside our control. For example, any shortcoming of or controversy related to a third-party vendor may be attributed to us, thus damaging our reputation and brand value and increasing the attractiveness of our competitors' services. Also, actions of our joint venture and strategic partners or our alliance and affiliate firms may adversely affect the value of our investments, result in litigation or regulatory action against us, or otherwise damage our reputation and brand. Although we monitor developments for areas of potential risk, negative perceptions or publicity could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
 The protection of our brand, including related trademarks and other intellectual property, may require the expenditure of significant financial and operational resources. Moreover, the steps we take to protect our brand may not adequately protect our rights or prevent third parties from infringing or misappropriating our trademarks. Any unauthorized use by third parties of our brand may adversely affect our business. Furthermore, we may face claims of infringement or other violations of third-party intellectual property rights, including internationally, which may restrict us from leveraging our brand in a manner consistent with our business goals.
 The concentration of business with specific corporate clients can increase business risk, and our business can be adversely affected by a loss of certain of these clients.
 We value the expansion of business relationships with individual corporate clients because of the increased efficiency and economics that can result from performing a broader range of services for the same client. Although our client portfolio is currently highly diversified, as we grow our business, relationships with certain corporate clients may increase, and our client portfolio may become increasingly concentrated. Having an increasingly concentrated base of large corporate clients can lead to greater or more concentrated risks if, among other possibilities, any such client (1) experiences its own financial problems or becomes insolvent, which can lead to our failure to be paid for services we have provided; (2) reduces its operations or its real estate facilities; (3) changes its real estate strategy, such as no longer outsourcing its real estate operations; (4) changes its providers of real estate services; or (5) merges with another corporation or otherwise undergoes a change of control.
 Competitive conditions, particularly in connection with large clients, may require us to compromise on certain contract terms relating to the payment of fees, the extent of risk transfer, acting as principal rather than agent in connection with supplier relationships, liability limitations and other contractual terms, or in connection with disputes or potential litigation. If competitive pressures lead us to accept higher levels of potential liability under our contracts, the cost of operational errors and other activities for which we have indemnified our clients could increase and may not be fully insured.
 Failure to maintain and execute information technology strategies could materially and adversely affect our ability to remain competitive in the market.
 Our business relies heavily on information technology to deliver services that meet the needs of our clients, including technology solutions provided by third parties. If we are unable to effectively execute and maintain these information technology strategies, our ability to deliver high-quality services may be materially impaired. In addition, we consistently make investments in new systems and tools to achieve competitive advantages, including the adoption and integration of Artificial Intelligence ("AI") technologies. We may experience challenges that delay or prevent such new technologies from being successfully deployed. Further, implementing and maintaining new information technology, including AI tools, could be complex, depend on the quality and accuracy of data inputs, require new sophisticated infrastructure, have ethical and societal implications, or exceed estimated budgets. Additionally, if new AI or other technologies develop rapidly, we may encounter unforeseen difficulties such as performance issues, undetected defects or errors, intellectual property or regulatory concerns, or other unknown risks. If we are unable to successfully adopt and implement new technology solutions in a timely manner, it could materially and adversely impact our business operations, financial performance and our ability to remain competitive in the market.
 Additionally, as technology and market demands shift, there is also a risk our employees' skills may become outdated. If we fail to upskill or reskill our workforce with the necessary future capabilities, it could reduce our competitiveness and efficiency.

 Interruption or failure of our information technology, communications systems or data services could impair our ability to provide our services effectively, which could materially harm our business, financial condition and operating results.
 Our business requires the continued operation of information technology, communication systems and network infrastructure, many of which are supplied by or dependent upon third-party providers. Our ability to conduct our global business may be materially adversely affected by disruptions to these systems. Information technology and communications systems of us and our providers are vulnerable to damage or disruption from system malfunctions, telecommunications failure, power loss, fire, computer viruses, cybersecurity attacks, natural disasters, acts of war or terrorism, employee errors or malfeasance, or other events which are beyond our control. Any of these events could cause system interruption, delays or loss, corruption or exposure of critical data and may also disrupt our ability to provide services to our clients. Furthermore, any such event could result in substantial recovery and remediation costs and liability to clients or other third parties. We have business continuity plans and backup systems in place, but such disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient and cannot account for all eventualities. An event that results in the destruction or disruption of any data centers or critical technology systems we use could severely affect our ability to conduct normal business operations, and, as a result, our future operating results could be materially adversely affected.
 Our business relies heavily on the use of software and commercial real estate data, some of which is purchased or licensed from third-party providers for which there is no certainty of uninterrupted availability. A disruption in our ability to access such software and data, including an inability to renew such licenses on the same or similar terms or to provide data to our professionals, clients or vendors, could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
 A security breach or other threat relating to our information systems could adversely affect us.
 In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data in our data centers, on our networks and via third-party providers. This data includes proprietary business information and intellectual property of ours and of our clients, as well as personal identifiable information ("PII") of our employees, clients, contractors and vendors. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations.
 Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by various threat actors or breached due to employee error, mistake or malfeasance or other disruptions. Information security risks have generally increased in recent years, in part because of the proliferation of new technologies and the increased sophistication and activity of hackers, cybercriminals and other external parties. Cybersecurity attacks are becoming more sophisticated and include malicious software (malware), ransomware, phishing and spear phishing attacks, wire fraud and payment diversion, account and email takeover attacks, attempts to gain unauthorized access to data, and other forms of cybercrime. We have experienced cybersecurity attacks in the past and we expect additional attacks in the future. Cybersecurity attacks, including attacks that are not ultimately successful, could lead to disruptions in our critical systems, an inability to provide services to our clients resulting in potential revenue loss, unauthorized release of confidential information, remediation costs, fines, litigation or regulatory action against us and significant damage to our reputation. Moreover, the integration of AI by us or by our third-party service providers may pose new or unknown cybersecurity risks. Further, other incidents of theft, loss, disclosure, corruption, exposure, misappropriation, or misuse of PII or proprietary business data, whether resulting from employee error, employee malfeasance or otherwise, could similarly result in adverse effects on our business operations and financial condition.
 Additionally, we rely on third parties to support our information and technology networks, including cloud storage solution providers, and as a result we have less direct control over certain of our data and information technology systems. We also engage other third parties to support the services we perform for our clients. Any such third parties are also vulnerable to security breaches and compromised security systems, for which we may not be indemnified, and which could materially adversely affect our operations, reputation or financial condition.
 Failure to comply with current and future cybersecurity and data privacy regulation and other confidentiality obligations could damage our reputation and materially harm our operating results.
 Certain laws, regulations and standards across the globe impose requirements regarding cybersecurity, data privacy and the security of information maintained by us, our clients and our vendors, as well as increasing reporting obligations in the event of a material cybersecurity incident. These laws and regulations are increasing in scope, complexity and number across the different jurisdictions in which we operate, which requires significant resources and attention and has resulted in greater compliance risks for us. Additionally, certain jurisdictions are developing, or have issued, regulations regarding AI use. Any failure on our part to comply with these laws, regulations and

 standards could result in negative publicity, diversion of management time and effort, significant liabilities, fines or penalties, or further scrutiny from regulatory bodies.
 If confidential information, including material non-public information or personal information we or our vendors and suppliers maintain, is inappropriately disclosed due to a cybersecurity breach, or if any person negligently disregards or intentionally breaches our policies, contractual commitments or other controls with respect to such data, we may incur substantial liabilities to our clients or be subject to fines or penalties imposed by governmental authorities. In addition, any breach or alleged breach of our confidentiality agreements with our clients may result in termination of their engagements, resulting in associated loss of revenue and increased costs.
 Infrastructure disruptions may impede our ability to manage real estate for clients.
 The buildings we manage for clients, which include some of the world's largest office properties, logistics facilities and retail centers, are used by numerous people daily. We also manage certain critical facilities (including data centers) that our clients rely on to serve the public and their customers, where unplanned downtime could disrupt their businesses or even impact public safety. Events like fires, earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, other natural disasters, global health crises, building defects, terrorist attacks or mass shootings could result in significant damage to property and infrastructure as well as personal injury or loss of life, which could disrupt our ability to effectively manage client properties. Further, to the extent we are held to have been negligent in connection with our management of such affected properties, we could incur significant financial liabilities and reputational harm.
 We have numerous local, regional and global competitors across all of our service lines and the geographies that we serve, and further industry consolidation, fragmentation or innovation could lead to significant future competition.
 The ability to attract new clients and retain current clients is key to our business. We compete for business across a variety of service lines within the commercial real estate services industry, including Services (including property, facilities, and project management), Leasing, Capital markets (including representation of both buyers and sellers in real estate sales transactions and the arrangement of equity, debt and structured financing), Valuation and advisory on real estate appraisals and debt and equity decisions. Although we are one of the largest commercial real estate services firms in the world, our relative competitive position varies significantly across geographies, property types and service lines. Depending on the geography, property type or service line, we face competition from other commercial real estate services providers, outsourcing companies, in-house corporate real estate departments, developers, institutional lenders, insurance companies, investment banking firms, investment managers, accounting firms and consulting firms.
 Although many of our existing competitors are local or regional firms that are smaller than we are, some of these competitors are larger on a local or regional basis or may have more financial resources allocated to a particular property type or service line. We are further subject to competition from large national and multinational firms that have similar service competencies to ours, and it is possible that further industry consolidation could lead to much larger and more formidable competitors globally or in a particular geography or service line. In addition, disruptive innovation or new technologies, including AI, could alter the competitive landscape in the future and require us to make timely and effective changes to our services or business model in order to compete effectively.
 Furthermore, we are dependent on long-term client relationships and on revenue received for services under various service agreements. Many of these agreements may be canceled by the client for any reason with as little as 30 to 60 days' notice, as is typical in the industry. Some agreements related to our Leasing service line may be rescinded without notice. In this competitive market, if we are unable to maintain long-term client relationships, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.
 Our historical growth has benefited from acquisitions and investments, which may not perform as expected, and similar opportunities may not be available in the future.
 Historically, a significant component of our growth has been generated by acquisitions. Any future growth through acquisitions will depend in part upon the continued availability of suitable acquisition targets at favorable prices and on favorable terms, as well as sufficient funds from our cash on hand, cash flow from operations, or equity or debt financing, any of which may not be available to us. If we incur additional indebtedness or prioritize acquisitions over optional debt repayments, the risks associated with our leverage could increase. See "Risks Related to Our Indebtedness," below. Additionally, we complete acquisitions with the expectation they will result in various benefits such as enhanced revenues, strengthened market position or cost synergies, but these results are not guaranteed. Failure to achieve the anticipated benefits of any completed acquisitions could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We have also entered into strategic partnerships, alliances, investments and joint ventures from time to time to conduct certain businesses or to operate in certain geographies, and we will consider doing so in appropriate situations in the future. These arrangements involve many of the same risks as acquisitions, but in addition we may not have the ability to direct the management or policies of a partnership, alliance firm, investment or joint venture, particularly if we are the minority owner. Certain of our previous investments have not generated the return or positive impact on our business that we originally expected. If other such partnerships act contrary to our interests, or otherwise fail to perform as expected in the future, it could harm our brand, business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our goodwill and other intangible assets could become impaired, which may require us to take significant non-cash charges against earnings.
 Under current accounting guidelines, we must assess, at least annually and potentially more frequently, whether the value of our goodwill and other intangible assets has been impaired. Any impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets as a result of such analysis would result in a non-cash charge against earnings, and such charge could materially adversely affect our reported results of operations, shareholders' equity and our ordinary share price. A significant and sustained decline in our future cash flows, a significant adverse change in the economic environment, slower growth rates or the decline of our ordinary share price below our net book value per share for a sustained period could result in the need to perform additional impairment analysis in future periods. If we were to conclude that a future write-down of goodwill or other intangible assets is necessary, then we would record such additional charges, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations.
 Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be adversely affected by our failure to comply with existing and new laws, regulations or licensing requirements applicable to our Company or service lines.
 We are subject to numerous U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. laws and regulations specific to our different service lines. Many of the services we provide (including brokerage of real estate sales and leasing transactions, property and facilities management, project management, conducting real estate valuation and securing debt for clients, among other service lines) require that we comply with regulations and maintain licenses in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. The Company and certain of our subsidiaries and service lines are subject to regulation and oversight by the SEC, FINRA, the UK FCA or other foreign and state regulators or self-regulatory organizations. If we or our employees conduct regulated activities without a required license, or otherwise violate applicable laws and regulations, we could be required to pay fines or return commissions, have a license suspended or revoked, or be subject to other adverse action. Licensing requirements could also impact our ability to engage in certain types of transactions or businesses or affect the cost of conducting business.
 We are also subject to laws of broader applicability, such as environmental, tax, antitrust and employment laws and anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and anti-corruption laws. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in the imposition of significant fines by governmental authorities, awards of damages to private litigants and significant amounts paid in legal fees or settlements of these matters. Further, new or revised legislation or regulations applicable to our business, both within and outside of the United States, may have an adverse effect on our business, including increasing the cost of conducting business or preventing us from engaging in certain types of transactions.
 Exposure to additional tax liabilities stemming from our global operations, as well as changes in tax legislation or tax rates, could adversely affect our financial results.
 We operate in many jurisdictions with complex and varied tax regimes and are subject to different forms of taxation resulting in a variable effective tax rate. In addition, we are sometimes required to make subjective determinations with respect to the application of tax law, to which the tax authorities where we operate may not agree, and this could result in disputes and the payment of additional funds, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Further, changes in tax legislation or tax rates (or expiration of certain favorable tax rules) may occur in one or more jurisdictions where we operate, which could materially impact our financial results.
 In addition, changes in tax laws or regulations and multi-jurisdictional changes enacted in response to the action items provided by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD"), including the "Pillar Two" initiative, increase tax uncertainty and could impact our effective tax rate and provision for income taxes. While we have not experienced a material effect to date on our effective tax rate, financial position, income taxes or results of operations as a result of Pillar Two, OECD initiatives (or other actions in response to OECD initiatives) could have an impact on our results of operations and financial position in the future as resulting tax laws continue to go into effect.

 A failure by third parties to comply with contractual, regulatory or legal requirements could result in economic or reputational harm to us.
 We rely on third parties, including subcontractors, to perform activities on behalf of our organization to improve quality, increase efficiencies, cut costs and lower operational risks across our business and the services we provide. We have instituted a Global Vendor/Supplier Integrity Policy, which sets out the standards of conduct we expect our vendors and suppliers to uphold. Our contracts with these third parties typically impose a contractual obligation to comply with our policies. In addition, we leverage technology and service providers to help us screen vendors, with the aim of gaining a deeper understanding of the compliance, data privacy, health and safety and other risks posed to our business by potential and existing vendors, as applicable. If our third parties do not meet contractual, regulatory or legal requirements, or do not have the proper safeguards and controls in place, we could be exposed to increased operational, regulatory, financial or reputational risks. Further, a failure by third parties to comply with service level agreements or to otherwise provide services in a high-quality and timely manner could result in economic or reputational harm to us. In addition, these third parties face their own technology, operating and economic risks, and any significant failures by them, including the improper use or disclosure of confidential information, could cause damage to our reputation and harm to our business.
 We face risks related to climate change, including physical and transition risks, and with respect to other environmental conditions.
 The physical effects of climate change, such as extreme weather conditions and natural disasters occurring more frequently, could have a material adverse effect on our operations and business. To the extent these events occur in regions where we operate, we, our vendors or our clients could experience prolonged infrastructure or service disruptions which could disrupt our or their ability to conduct business. For example, while no Cushman & Wakefield offices suffered major damage, the 2025 wildfires in Los Angeles negatively affected certain of our employees and certain client sites. These conditions could also result in increases in our operating costs and in the costs of managing properties for clients over time. If they persist long-term, these effects could also cause a decline in demand for commercial real estate in certain regions or with certain clients. Additionally, we face climate-related transition risks, including shifts in market preferences toward low carbon solutions and sustainable products and services. If we do not continue to develop and maintain effective strategies, solutions and technologies to help clients meet stricter environmental regulations or their own sustainability goals, we may not be able to compete effectively for certain business opportunities in the future. Further, changes in environmental laws or regulations across the globe, including emissions reporting requirements, could increase our compliance costs or the risk that we are subject to litigation or government enforcement actions. For example, the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) in the European Union ("EU"), with reporting requirements that go into effect in 2025, other directives in the EU, and the recent climate disclosure rules in the State of California are expected to increase our sustainability compliance and reporting costs.
 In addition, we have announced certain greenhouse gas emissions targets and other environmental goals. These targets and goals are voluntary, subject to change and should be considered aspirational. There is no guarantee we will be able to successfully achieve these objectives, or any of our other sustainability initiatives or commitments, on the desired time frames or at all. Nevertheless, failure to achieve such goals, or a perception of our failure to achieve them, could result in reputational damage, client dissatisfaction and, in turn, reduced revenue and profitability.
 Furthermore, we may be subject to environmental liability as a result of our role as a property, facility or project manager. Various laws and regulations impose liability on real property operators for the costs of remediating environmental contamination at a property, and we could be found liable for such costs, even in cases where we are not at fault. In the event of a substantial liability, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
 Sociopolitical polarization and changes in political landscapes may pose risks to our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 The increasing division and polarization of political ideologies, both in the United States and internationally, could negatively impact our operations. Changes in political landscapes, including the new administration in the United States, may result in shifts in legal, regulatory or policy frameworks, which may increase our costs, result in labor challenges, require us to quickly adapt our business practices or result in decreased competitiveness. Political polarization can also influence client behavior and perceptions. If we or our management team are perceived as aligned with a particular political ideology, it may negatively affect our reputation, brand and ability to attract or retain certain clients. Conflicting political ideologies could also lead to workplace challenges, including increased tensions or reduced collaboration, making it difficult for us to attract or retain key employees. Additionally, heightened political

 polarization could escalate into social or civil unrest, posing risks to employee safety or disrupting our operations. Such unrest could also lead to economic instability, creating unpredictable market conditions that could adversely affect demand for our services and our results of operations.
 Our operations are subject to social, geopolitical and economic risks in different countries.
 We conduct a significant portion of our business and employ a substantial number of people outside of the United States and, as a result, we are subject to risks associated with doing business globally. Our international operations expose us to international economic trends as well as foreign government policy measures. Additional circumstances and developments related to international operations that could negatively affect our business, financial condition or results of operations include the following factors, among others:
 • political instability in certain countries, including continued or worsening hostilities, armed conflicts and civil unrest in certain regions;
 • difficulties and costs of staffing and managing international operations among diverse geographies, languages and cultures;
 • currency restrictions, transfer pricing regulations and adverse tax consequences, which may affect our ability to transfer capital and profits;
 • adverse changes in regulatory or tax requirements and regimes or uncertainty about the application of or the future of such regulatory or tax requirements and regimes;
 • the responsibility of complying with numerous, potentially conflicting and frequently complex and changing laws in multiple jurisdictions, e.g., with respect to data protection, tariffs, immigration, privacy regulations, corrupt practices, embargoes, taxes, sustainability, trade sanctions, employment and licensing;
 • the impact of regional or country-specific business cycles or economic instability (especially in certain countries that have a significant impact on regional markets, like China);
 • greater difficulty in collecting accounts receivable or delays in client payments in some regions;
 • foreign ownership restrictions with respect to operations in certain countries, particularly in Asia Pacific and the Middle East, or the risk that such restrictions will be adopted in the future;
 • operational, cultural and compliance risks of operating in emerging markets; and
 • changes in laws or policies governing foreign trade or investment and use of foreign operations or workers, and any negative sentiments due to trends such as populism, economic nationalism or negative sentiments towards multinational companies.
 Our business activities are subject to a number of laws that prohibit corruption, including anti-bribery laws such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act; import and export control laws; and economic and trade sanctions programs, including rules administered by the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control. Despite the compliance programs we have in place, we may not be successful in complying with these laws in all situations and violations may result in material fines, penalties, and other costs or sanctions against us. Furthermore, our efforts to comply with developments in these laws may adversely impact our business.
 Our operations are subject to foreign currency volatility.
 Outside of the United States, we generate earnings in other currencies and our operating performance is subject to fluctuations relative to the U.S. dollar ("USD"). These currency fluctuations have both positively and adversely affected our operating results measured in USD in the past and are likely to do so in the future. It can be difficult to compare period-over-period financial statements when the movement in currencies against the USD does not reflect trends in the local underlying business as reported in its local currency. Additionally, due to our changing currency exposures and the volatility of currency exchange rates, we cannot predict the degree to which exchange rate fluctuations will affect our future operating results.
 Significant portions of our revenue and cash flow are seasonal, which could cause our results of operations and liquidity to fluctuate significantly.
 A significant portion of our revenue is seasonal, especially for service lines such as Leasing and Capital markets. Historically, our revenue and operating income tend to be lowest in the first quarter and highest in the fourth quarter of each year. The seasonal variance between quarters may result in a mismatch of cash flow needs between quarters and may make it difficult to compare our financial condition and results of operations on a quarter-by-quarter basis. Further, as a result of the seasonal nature of our business, any geopolitical, economic or other disruptions that occur in the fourth quarter may have a disproportionate effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Risks Related to Our Indebtedness
 The agreements governing our indebtedness impose certain operating and financial restrictions on us, and in an event of a default, all such indebtedness could become immediately due and payable.
 We are party to a credit agreement (as amended from time to time, the "2018 Credit Agreement") which governs $2.0 billion in aggregate principal amount of outstanding term loans (the "Term Loans"), a $1.1 billion revolving credit facility (the "Revolver") under which no funds are currently drawn, and any future indebtedness issued thereunder. We are also subject to an indenture governing $650.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.750% senior secured notes due in 2028 (the "2028 Notes") and an indenture governing $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 8.875% senior secured notes due in 2031 (the "2031 Notes" and, together with the 2028 Notes, the "Senior Secured Notes"). The 2018 Credit Agreement as well as the indentures governing the Senior Secured Notes (the "Senior Note Indentures") impose operating and other restrictions on us and many of our subsidiaries. Specifically, these restrictions may affect, and in many respects may limit or prohibit, our ability to:
 • plan for or react to market conditions;
 • meet capital needs or otherwise carry out our activities or business plans; and
 • finance ongoing operations, strategic acquisitions, investments or other capital needs or engage in other business activities that would be in our interest, including:
 incurring or guaranteeing additional indebtedness;
 granting liens on our assets;
 undergoing fundamental changes;
 making investments;
 transferring or selling assets;
 making acquisitions;
 engaging in transactions with affiliates;
 amending or modifying certain agreements relating to junior financing and charter documents;
 paying dividends or making distributions on or repurchases of share capital;
 repurchasing indebtedness; and
 entering into consolidations and mergers.
 In addition, under certain circumstances we will be required to satisfy and maintain a specified financial ratio under the 2018 Credit Agreement. See Note 11: Long-Term Debt and Other Borrowings of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Our ability to comply with the financial ratio and the other terms of the 2018 Credit Agreement and the Senior Note Indentures can be affected by events beyond our control, including prevailing economic, financial market and industry conditions, and we cannot give assurance that we will be able to comply when required. These terms could have an adverse effect on our business by limiting our ability to take advantage of financing, mergers and acquisitions, capital expenditures or other opportunities. We continue to monitor our projected compliance with the terms of the 2018 Credit Agreement and the Senior Note Indentures.
 A breach of the restrictive covenants in the 2018 Credit Agreement or the Senior Note Indentures could result in an event of default. If any such event of default occurs, the lenders under the 2018 Credit Agreement or the holders of the Senior Secured Notes may elect to declare all outstanding borrowings, together with accrued interest and other fees, to be immediately due and payable and to foreclose on collateral pledged thereunder. The lenders under the 2018 Credit Agreement also have the right in these circumstances to terminate any commitments they have to provide further borrowings. In addition, an event of default under the 2018 Credit Agreement or the Senior Note Indentures could trigger a cross-default or cross-acceleration under our other material debt instruments and credit agreements, if any.
 Borrowings under the 2018 Credit Agreement and the Senior Note Indentures are jointly and severally guaranteed by substantially all of our material subsidiaries organized in the United States and certain of our subsidiaries organized in the United Kingdom that directly or indirectly own material U.S. operations, subject to certain exceptions. Each guarantee is secured by a pledge of substantially all of the assets of the subsidiary giving the pledge.
 Moody's Investors Service, Inc. and S&P Global Ratings rate the Term Loans and the Senior Secured Notes. These ratings, and any downgrades or any written notice of any intended downgrading or of any possible change, may

 affect our ability to borrow or to refinance or reprice our existing indebtedness as well as increase the costs of our future borrowings.
 Our amount of indebtedness may adversely affect our available cash flow and our ability to operate our business, remain in compliance with our debt covenants and make payments on our indebtedness.
 We have a substantial amount of indebtedness. As of December 31, 2024, our total indebtedness, including finance lease liabilities, was approximately $3.0 billion. This level of indebtedness increases the possibility that we may be unable to make required payments and satisfy our other obligations when they become due. Our ability to pay interest and required principal payments on our indebtedness primarily depends upon cash flows generated by our operating performance. As a result, prevailing economic conditions and financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, may affect our ability to make these payments and reduce our level of indebtedness over time. We repaid over $200 million in aggregate principal outstanding under our Term Loans in 2024, most of which was repaid ahead of schedule, but there is no assurance we will be able or willing to continue this level of voluntary prepayment in the future. If we are unable to satisfy our obligations with respect to our indebtedness, including compliance with restrictive covenants in the agreements governing our indebtedness, it could trigger an event of default under such agreements, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.
 Our indebtedness, combined with our other financial obligations and contractual commitments, could have other important consequences. For example, it could:
 • require us to dedicate a portion of our cash flow to payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing cash available to fund working capital, capital expenditures and acquisitions and impeding our ability to fund growth initiatives;
 • cause us to sell assets or businesses to manage our indebtedness, reducing our future revenue potential;
 • expose us to the risk that if unhedged, or if our hedges are ineffective, interest expense on our variable rate indebtedness could increase;
 • limit our flexibility to plan for or react to changes in our business or our industry;
 • place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that are less highly leveraged;
 • limit our ability to borrow additional amounts for capital expenditures, acquisitions, execution of our business strategy or other purposes; and
 • cause us to pay higher interest rates if we need to refinance our indebtedness at a time when prevailing market interest rates are unfavorable.
 Any of the above listed factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.
 In 2022 and 2023, the U.S. Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate increases, which led to higher borrowing costs on certain unhedged floating rate debt and a portion of our debt which we refinanced in early 2023. Since then, as credit markets became more favorable to debtors and the federal funds rate was lowered, we have actively managed our indebtedness through additional refinancings, repricings and interest rate hedges, and we expect to continue to take appropriate actions if interest rates decrease further. However, future increases in interest rates could affect our ability to pursue such transactions and adversely impact the amount of interest expense we incur on our indebtedness.
 Despite our current indebtedness levels, we and our subsidiaries may still be able to incur more indebtedness, which could further exacerbate the risks associated with our leverage.
 We may incur additional indebtedness (e.g., drawing on the Revolver) from time to time to fund our working capital requirements or to finance strategic acquisitions, investments or joint ventures or for other strategic purposes, subject to the restrictions contained in the agreements governing our indebtedness. Although the 2018 Credit Agreement and the Senior Note Indentures contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of significant qualifications and exceptions, and the indebtedness incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. Incurring additional indebtedness would increase the risks associated with our leverage, including our ability to service our indebtedness.

 Risks Related to Our Common Stock
 Under our current capital allocation strategy, we do not intend to pay cash dividends on our ordinary shares for the foreseeable future.
 Under our current capital allocation strategy, we currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, for future operation, expansion, debt repayment and potential share repurchases, and we do not currently intend to pay any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. The declaration and payment of any dividends by us would be subject to applicable law and our articles of association, which currently provide that all dividends must be approved by our Board of Directors ("Board") and, in some cases, our shareholders, and may only be paid from our distributable profits available for the purpose. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our Board and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors that our Board may deem relevant at such time. In addition, as a holding company with nominal net worth, our ability to pay dividends is dependent upon receiving cash dividends and distributions or other transfers from our subsidiaries and their ability to make such dividends and distributions to us. Further, the ability to pay dividends may be limited by covenants set forth in the agreements governing the existing or future indebtedness of us or our subsidiaries, including the 2018 Credit Agreement and the Senior Note Indentures. As a result, in the absence of us returning capital to our shareholders through a cash dividend or otherwise, you may not receive any return on your investment in our ordinary shares unless you sell our ordinary shares for a price greater than what you initially paid for them.

 Legal and Regulatory Risks
 We are subject to various litigation and regulatory risks and may face financial liabilities and/or damage to our reputation as a result of litigation.
 We are exposed to various litigation risks and from time to time are party to various legal proceedings that involve claims for substantial amounts of money or seek injunctive relief. We depend on our business relationships and our reputation for high-caliber professional services to attract and retain clients. As a result, allegations against us, irrespective of the validity or ultimate outcome of those allegations, may harm our professional reputation and, as such, materially damage our business and its prospects, in addition to any financial impact.
 As a licensed real estate broker and provider of commercial real estate services, we and our licensed sales professionals and independent contractors that work for us are subject to statutory due diligence, disclosure and standard-of-care obligations. Failure to fulfill these obligations could subject us or our sales professionals or independent contractors to litigation from parties who purchased, sold or leased properties that we brokered or managed in the jurisdictions in which we operate.
 We are subject to claims by participants in real estate sales and leasing transactions, as well as by building owners, tenants and occupiers for whom we provide management services, claiming that we did not fulfill our obligations. We are also subject to claims made by clients for whom we provided appraisal and valuation services and/or third parties who perceive themselves as having been negatively affected by our appraisals and/or valuations. We also could be subject to audits and/or fines from various local real estate authorities if they determine that we are violating licensing laws by failing to follow certain laws, rules and regulations.
 In our Services businesses, we hire and supervise third-party contractors to provide many services for our managed properties. We may be subject to claims for defects, negligent performance of work or other similar actions or omissions by third parties we do not control. Moreover, our clients may seek to hold us accountable for the actions of contractors because of our role as property manager, facilities manager or project manager, even if we have technically disclaimed liability as a contractual matter. In certain cases, we may be pressured to contribute to a financial settlement in order to preserve the client relationship.
 We operate in highly competitive industries, and our business could be adversely affected by litigation brought by antitrust regulators or private parties regarding alleged anti-competitive practices, including the current lawsuit discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report.
 Because we employ large numbers of building staff in facilities that we manage, we face the risk of potential claims relating to employment injuries, termination and other employment matters. While we are occasionally indemnified by building owners or occupiers in respect to such claims, this does not represent the majority of claims or actions we defend. We also face employment-related claims as an employer with respect to our corporate and other employees for which we would bear ultimate responsibility in the event of an adverse outcome in such matters.

 In addition, especially given the size of our operations, there is always a risk that a third party may claim that our systems or offerings, including those used by our brokers and clients, may infringe such third party's intellectual property rights. Any such claims or litigation, whether successful or unsuccessful, could require us to enter into settlement agreements with such third parties to stop or revise our use or sale of affected systems, products or services, or to pay damages, which could materially negatively affect our business.
 Adverse outcomes of disputes and litigation could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Some of these litigation risks may be mitigated by the commercial insurance policies we maintain. However, in the event of a substantial loss or certain types of claims, our insurance coverage and/or self-insurance reserve levels might not be sufficient to pay the full damages. Additionally, in the event of grossly negligent or intentionally wrongful conduct, insurance policies that we may have may not cover us at all. Any of these events could materially negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
 The rights of our shareholders differ in certain respects from the rights typically offered to shareholders of a U.S. corporation organized in Delaware.
 The rights of holders of our ordinary shares are governed by the laws of England and Wales, including the provisions of the U.K. Companies Act, and by our articles of association. These rights, including rights relating to removing directors, calling general meetings or initiating litigation on behalf of the Company, differ in certain respects from the rights of shareholders in typical U.S. corporations organized in Delaware and may in some instances be less favorable to our shareholders. For a discussion of these differences, see the section entitled "Description of Share Capital—Differences in Corporate Law" in our prospectus dated August 1, 2018, which is filed with the SEC. The Annual Report on Form 10-K does not represent a U.K. Companies Act statutory account filing.
 U.S. investors may have difficulty enforcing civil liabilities against our company or our directors or officers.
 Our parent company is incorporated under the laws of England and Wales. The United States and the United Kingdom do not currently have a treaty providing for the recognition and enforcement of judgments in certain civil and commercial matters. The enforceability of any judgment of a U.S. federal or state court in the United Kingdom will depend on the laws and any treaties in effect at the time, including conflicts of laws principles. In this context, there is doubt as to the enforceability in the United Kingdom of civil liabilities based solely on the federal securities laws of the United States. In addition, awards for punitive damages in actions brought in the United States or elsewhere may be unenforceable in the United Kingdom.
 Certain provisions in our articles of association and prohibitions under the U.K. Companies Act may have anti-takeover effects that could prevent a change in control.
 Certain provisions in our articles of association and prohibitions under the U.K. Companies Act may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of us or changes in our management. For example, our articles of association include provisions that:
 • create a classified Board whose members serve staggered three-year terms (but remain subject to removal as provided in our articles of association);
 • establish an advance notice procedure for shareholder approvals to be brought before an annual meeting of our shareholders, including proposed nominations of persons for election to our Board;
 • allow our Board to grant rights to subscribe for our ordinary shares and/or depositary interests representing our ordinary shares without shareholder approval, which could be used to, among other things, institute a rights plan that could significantly dilute the share ownership of a potential hostile acquirer;
 • provide certain mandatory offer provisions, including, among others, that a shareholder or group that acquires 30 percent or more of our issued shares without making a cash offer to all of our other shareholders would be at risk of certain sanctions from our Board unless they acted with the consent of our Board or the prior approval of the shareholders; and
 • provide that vacancies on our Board may be filled by a vote of the directors or by an ordinary resolution of the shareholders, including where the number of directors is reduced below the minimum number fixed in accordance with the articles of association.
 In addition, shareholders of public limited companies like us are prohibited under the U.K. Companies Act from taking action by written resolution.
 These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management. See also "Legal and Regulatory Risks—Provisions in the U.K. City Code on Takeovers and

 Mergers may have anti-takeover effects that could discourage an acquisition of us by others, even if an acquisition would benefit our shareholders."
 Provisions in the U.K. City Code on Takeovers and Mergers may have anti-takeover effects that could discourage an acquisition of us by others, even if an acquisition would benefit our shareholders.
 The U.K. City Code on Takeovers and Mergers ("Takeover Code") applies to an offer for a public company whose registered office is in the United Kingdom and whose securities are not admitted to trading on a regulated market in the United Kingdom, as long as the company is considered by the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers ("Takeover Panel") to have its place of central management and control in the United Kingdom. This is known as the "residency test." The test for central management and control under the Takeover Code is different from that used by the U.K. tax authorities. Under the Takeover Code, the Takeover Panel will determine whether our place of central management and control is in the United Kingdom by looking at various factors, including the structure of our Board, the functions of the directors and where they are resident.
 Given that a majority of the members of our Board currently reside outside the United Kingdom, we do not anticipate that we will be subject to the Takeover Code. However, if, at the time of a takeover offer, the Takeover Panel determines that our place of central management and control is in the United Kingdom, we would be subject to several rules and restrictions, including but not limited to: (1) we would have extremely limited ability to enter into deal protection arrangements with a bidder; (2) we might not be able to perform certain actions that could have the effect of frustrating an offer, such as issuing shares or making acquisitions or disposals; and (3) we would be required to provide equal information to all legitimate competing bidders. If potential bidders perceive that we may be subject to the Takeover Code, they may be less willing to submit a takeover offer, even if such offer would benefit our shareholders.
 As a public limited company incorporated in England and Wales, certain capital structure decisions will require shareholder approval, which may limit our flexibility to manage our capital structure.
 Under the U.K. Companies Act, a board of directors of a public limited company can only allot shares with the prior authorization of shareholders. This authorization must specify the maximum amount of shares that can be allotted and the expiration date of the authorization, which cannot be more than five years from the date of authorization. At our 2023 annual general meeting of shareholders, we obtained authority from our shareholders to allot additional shares for a period of five years from May 11, 2023. This authorization must be renewed when it expires, or earlier, for an additional five-year term or any shorter period.
 Subject to certain limited exceptions, the U.K. Companies Act generally provides that existing shareholders of a company have statutory pre-emption rights when new shares in such company are allotted and issued for cash. However, it is possible for such statutory pre-emption right to be disapplied by shareholders passing a special resolution at a general meeting, being a resolution passed by at least 75% of the votes cast. Such a disapplication of statutory pre-emption rights may not be for more than five years from the date of the special resolution. At our 2023 annual general meeting of shareholders, we obtained authority from our shareholders to disapply statutory pre-emption rights for a period of five years from May 11, 2023. This authorization must be renewed when it expires, or earlier, for an additional five-year term or any shorter period.
 Subject to certain limited exceptions, the U.K. Companies Act generally prohibits a public limited company from repurchasing its own shares without the prior approval of its shareholders by ordinary resolution. In September 2022, we obtained authority from our shareholders to repurchase our shares in an amount not to exceed $300 million, and such authorization is valid for a period of five years. The timing and amount of any share repurchases will be determined at the sole discretion of our Board and management team based upon many different factors, and we have no obligation to repurchase any amount of our ordinary shares.
 Our articles of association provide that the courts of England and Wales will be the exclusive forum for the resolution of all shareholder complaints other than complaints arising under the Securities Act.
 Our articles of association provide that the courts of England and Wales will be the exclusive forum for resolving all shareholder complaints other than shareholder complaints asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and that the U.S. federal district courts will be the exclusive forum for resolving any shareholder complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. This choice of forum provision may limit a shareholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity
 Risk Management and Strategy
 The Company has established a cybersecurity program intended to protect our information assets and those information assets of our clients that come under our control. Our cybersecurity risk management processes include technical security controls, monitoring systems, operational processes and policies, and management oversight to assess, identify and manage risks from cybersecurity threats. We have implemented risk-based controls to protect our information, information systems and business operations. We have adopted security-control principles and standards based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework (NIST), other recognized global standards and client contractual requirements, as applicable. We strive to evaluate and invest in technology, personnel and infrastructure to maintain cybersecurity measures in line with our risk exposure and to address the ever-changing threat, technology and regulatory landscape.
 We maintain a cybersecurity program that includes physical, administrative, and technical safeguards, and we maintain plans and procedures whose objective is to help us prevent, detect and timely and effectively respond to, and as necessary, recover from, cybersecurity incidents. Through our cybersecurity risk management program, we have established operational processes to address issues including monitoring and patching of vulnerabilities, regularly updating our information systems, and evaluating new countermeasures made to defend against an evolving landscape of threats. This process is overseen by the Audit Committee of our Board.
 In addition, we periodically engage third-party consultants and providers to assist us in assessing, testing, enhancing and monitoring our cybersecurity risk management programs and responding to any incidents. These third parties work in conjunction with the Company's information security team in an effort to continuously improve our cyber risk posture. Examples of third-party actions include the engagement of a security operations center for real-time monitoring and response to incidents, risk assessments and security certifications. The Company also receives independent audits on our global cybersecurity program from industry leading vendors at least annually.
 We have established a vendor risk management program, which is a cross-functional program supported by our information security, compliance and procurement teams. As part of that program, we assess the security and privacy practices of our suppliers and third-party service providers who have access to, store or process our information through ongoing risk monitoring and security assessments, in line with the cybersecurity risks associated with the products or services they provide. We provide feedback and guidance to certain vendors as needed in an effort to enhance their security posture, including when new risks or threats are identified. Additionally, we perform periodic reassessments of applicable vendors to ensure our information security control requirements continue to be met.
 We believe cybersecurity awareness is important in helping prevent cyber threats. To that end, we provide annual cybersecurity awareness training and regular phishing awareness exercises to our tech-enabled employees. We monitor and assess the success rate of employees reporting phishing scams, and the results inform the development of our security trainings, systems and programs. Additionally, role-based security training is provided to employees in certain higher-risk positions (including those who handle sensitive information, technology or funds), which is tailored to the heightened cybersecurity risks they face.
 We have experienced, and may in the future experience, whether directly or through our service providers or other channels, cybersecurity incidents. While prior incidents have not had a material impact on us, future incidents could have a material impact on our business, operations and reputation. Although our processes are designed to help prevent, detect, respond to and mitigate the impact of such incidents, there is no guarantee that they will be sufficient to prevent or mitigate the risk of a cyberattack or the potentially serious reputational, operational, legal or financial impacts that may result. See "Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—A security breach or other threat relating to our information systems could adversely affect us." within Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report.

 Governance
 Our Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO") oversees a global information security team which is responsible for protecting the information and operations of us and our clients. Our current CISO has over 24 years of experience and leadership in the cybersecurity industry, holds a master's degree in Information Security and Assurance, and has received numerous industry certifications, including ISO-27000 Specialist, EC-Council Disaster Recovery Professional and an ISACA certification in Risk and Information Systems Control, among others. The information security team has established a security operations center and other partnerships with service providers to monitor for technology and security incidents which are actioned based on the Company's incident response procedures.
 Our Board has overall responsibility for risk oversight, with its committees assisting our Board in performing this function based on their respective areas of expertise. Our Board has delegated oversight of risks related to cybersecurity to the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee is charged with evaluating the Company's overall guidelines, policies, processes and procedures with respect to information security and cybersecurity risks. Our CISO and our information security team provide in-depth reporting on cybersecurity risks to the Audit Committee at least annually based on our established enterprise risk categories. These briefings include assessments of the threat landscape, updates on incidents, results of client security audits, and reports on our investments in cybersecurity risk mitigation. In addition, given its overall importance to the organization, our CISO also provides cybersecurity risk reporting to our Board on at least an annual basis as well as from time to time as needed.
 Our CISO meets regularly with members of our senior management, including our executive officers. Executives also frequently attend meetings of our Audit Committee and our Board and are therefore able to hear the cybersecurity updates presented at those meetings.

 Item 2. Properties
 Our principal executive offices are located at 125 Old Broad Street, London, United Kingdom, EC2N 1AR, and our telephone number is +44 20 3296 3000.
 We operate from nearly 400 company and affiliated offices in approximately 60 countries. We operate 208 offices in the Americas, 109 offices in EMEA and 66 offices in APAC.
 Our strategy is to lease rather than own offices. Our leases have terms varying in duration and the rent payable under our office leases varies significantly from location to location as a result of differences in prevailing commercial real estate rates in different geographic locations. Our management believes that no single office lease is material to our business, results of operations or financial condition.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings
 From time to time, we are party to a number of pending or threatened lawsuits arising out of, or incident to, the ordinary course of our business. The amounts claimed in these lawsuits can vary significantly, and some may be substantial. Our management believes that any liability imposed on us that may result from disposition of these lawsuits will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. However, litigation is inherently uncertain and there could be a material adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations if one or more matters are resolved in a particular period in an amount materially in excess of what we anticipate. Refer to "Risk Factors" under Part I, Item 1A in this Annual Report.
 We establish reserves in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") guidance on accounting for contingencies should a liability arise that is both probable and reasonably estimable. We adjust these reserves as needed to respond to subsequent changes in events. Refer to Note 17: Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for the Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 Stock Price Information
 Our ordinary shares have been listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "CWK" since August 2, 2018. The number of record holders of the Company's ordinary shares as of February 14, 2025 was 2. Because the majority of our ordinary shares are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of shareholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of shareholders represented by these record holders.
 Dividend Policy
 We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our share capital. We do not expect to pay dividends on our ordinary shares for the foreseeable future.
 Under the U.K. Companies Act and our articles of association, any payment of dividends must be approved by our Board and, in some cases, our shareholders, and may only be paid from our distributable profits available for the purpose, determined on an unconsolidated basis. Future cash dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our Board and will depend upon, among other things, our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions, restrictions in the agreements governing our existing and future indebtedness, and other factors our Board may deem relevant. The timing and amount of any future dividend payments will be at the discretion of our Board.
 Stock Performance Graph
 The following graph shows our cumulative 5-year total shareholder return of Cushman & Wakefield's ordinary shares relative to the cumulative 5-year total returns of the Standard & Poor's 500 Stock Index ("S&P 500") and our industry peer group. Our industry peer group is comprised of four global commercial real estate services companies publicly traded in the United States, representing our current primary competitors: Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated (NYSE: JLL), CBRE Group, Inc. (NYSE: CBRE), Colliers International Group Inc. (NASDAQ: CIGI) and Newmark Group Inc. (NASDAQ: NMRK). The graph below assumes $100 was invested in our ordinary shares, the S&P 500 and the industry peer group on December 31, 2019, assuming that all dividends were reinvested. Our share price performance shown in the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future share price performance.

 12/19
 12/20
 12/21
 12/22
 12/23
 12/24

 CWK
 $
 100.00
 $
 72.55
 $
 108.81
 $
 60.96
 $
 52.84
 $
 63.99

 S&P 500
 100.00
 116.26
 147.52
 118.84
 147.64
 182.05

 Peer Group
 100.00
 94.10
 166.83
 102.92
 128.35
 163.16

 (1) $100 invested on December 31, 2019 in stock or index-including reinvestment of dividends.
 (2) Copyright 2025 Standard & Poor's, a division of S&P Global. All rights reserved.
 This graph shall not be deemed incorporated by reference by any general statement incorporating by reference this Annual Report into any filing under the Securities Act or under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), except to the extent that we specifically incorporate this information by reference therein, and shall not otherwise be deemed filed under the Securities Act or under the Exchange Act.

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
 As discussed in "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements," the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may materially differ from those discussed in such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A in this Annual Report. Our fiscal year ends December 31. With respect to presentation, all statements asserting an "increase" or "decrease" relate to changes from prior applicable periods of comparison.

 Overview
 Cushman & Wakefield is a leading global commercial real estate services firm that makes a meaningful impact for our people, clients, communities and world. Led by an experienced executive team and driven by approximately 52,000 employees in nearly 400 offices and approximately 60 countries, we deliver exceptional value for real estate occupiers and owners, managing approximately 6.0 billion square feet of commercial real estate space globally and offering a broad suite of services through our integrated and scalable platform. Our business is focused on meeting the increasing demands of our clients through comprehensive service offerings including (i) Services, (ii) Leasing, (iii) Capital markets and (iv) Valuation and other services.

 Recent Developments and Outlook
 Highlights from the year ended December 31, 2024:
 • Revenue of $9.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased $47.2 million from the year ended December 31, 2023.
 Leasing revenue increased 7% driven by office and industrial leasing in the Americas and APAC.
 Capital markets revenue increased 4% driven by the industrial, retail and office sectors and across all segments.
 Valuation and other revenue increased 1% and Services revenue declined 3%.
 • Net income of $131.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $166.7 million compared to a net loss of $35.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Diluted earnings per share was $0.56 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to a diluted loss per share of $0.16 for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 Adjusted EBITDA (as defined below) of $581.9 million increased 2% from the year ended December 31, 2023.
 • Liquidity as of December 31, 2024 was $1.9 billion, consisting of availability on the Company's undrawn revolving credit facility of $1.1 billion and cash and cash equivalents of $0.8 billion.
 2025 Debt Activity
 In January 2025, we repriced the 2030 Tranche-1 (as defined below) of our Term Loans, reducing the applicable interest rate by 25 basis points to 1-month Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 2.75%.
 Macroeconomic Trends and Uncertainty
 Demand for our services is largely dependent on the relative strength of the global and regional commercial real estate markets, which are highly sensitive to general macroeconomic conditions. In 2024, macroeconomic uncertainty continued in many markets around the world, and our business continued to be negatively impacted by elevated inflation and increased volatility in interest rates, among other macroeconomic challenges, which led to ongoing volatility within global capital and credit markets. This has resulted in delays in certain real estate transaction decisions, but we believe it has also led to an increase in available capital ready to be deployed for real estate investments once market conditions become more favorable. While our brokerage revenues increased in 2024 compared to the prior year, transaction volumes were still low compared to 2022. Further, although borrowing costs remain elevated and transaction volumes have not fully stabilized, the commercial real estate industry overall showed signs of improvement in 2024, for example, as evidenced by our Leasing revenue growth of 7% compared

 to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily driven by strength in the office and industrial sectors. However, a delay or stall in any economic recovery, any future uncertainty, weakness or volatility in the credit markets, a decline in the U.S. or global economy, or the public perception that any of these events may occur, could further affect global and regional demand for commercial real estate, which would negatively affect the performance of some or all of our service lines.

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 Our Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP" or "GAAP"), which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts. The estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience, current facts and circumstances, and on other factors that we believe to be reasonable. Actual results may differ from those estimates and assumptions. We review these estimates on a periodic basis to ensure reasonableness. We have identified all significant accounting policies in Note 2: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The following are the critical accounting policies where estimates and assumptions could materially affect the application of the policies.
 Goodwill
 Goodwill is not amortized, but rather tested for impairment at least annually, typically in the fourth quarter. The Company will test more frequently if there are indicators of impairment or whenever business and economic circumstances change, suggesting the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable. These indicators may include sustained significant decline in our share price and market capitalization, a decline in our expected future cash flows, or a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, among others.
 The Company performs impairment reviews at the reporting unit ("RU") level. U.S. GAAP defines an RU as a component of an operating segment if the component constitutes a business, for which discrete financial information is available, and segment management regularly reviews the operating results of that component. When evaluating these assets for impairment, the Company may first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the RU is impaired. If the Company does not perform a qualitative assessment, or if the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the RU exceeds its carrying amount, then the goodwill impairment test becomes a quantitative analysis. If the fair value of an RU is determined to be greater than the carrying value of the RU, goodwill is recoverable. If the fair value of an RU is less than the carrying value, a goodwill impairment loss is recognized for the amount that the carrying amount of the RU, including goodwill, exceeds its fair value, limited to the total amount of the goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.
 In determining the fair value of our RUs, the Company uses a discounted cash flow ("DCF") model based on our most current forecasts. The Company discounts the related cash flow forecasts using the weighted average cost of capital method at the date of evaluation. Preparation of forecasts and selection of certain assumptions, including the discount rate, forecasted short term and long term revenue growth rates, and forecasted profitability margins, for use in the DCF model involve significant judgments, and changes in these estimates could affect the estimated fair value of one or more of our RUs and could result in a goodwill impairment charge in a future period. The long term revenue growth rate, or terminal value growth rate, is often the assumption that creates the most sensitivity in the estimated fair value and is based on expectations of future macroeconomic outcomes, such as gross domestic product, inflation, interest rates and the geopolitical environment. We also use market multiples which are obtained from quoted prices of comparable companies to corroborate our DCF model results. The combined estimated fair value of our reporting units from our DCF model often results in a premium over our market capitalization, commonly referred to as a control premium.
 The Company identified four reporting units consisting of Americas, C&W Services, EMEA and APAC. In 2024, we performed a qualitative assessment for C&W Services, EMEA and APAC, and a quantitative assessment for Americas. In 2023, we performed a quantitative assessment for all four RUs.
 In both 2024 and 2023, to further validate the reasonableness of the initial quantitative assessment and evaluation, a reconciliation of our market capitalization to the carrying value of our shareholders' equity was performed by calculating an implied control premium. We concluded that the implied control premium was reasonable based on a comparison to actual control premiums realized in recent comparable market transactions. If our share price declines and such decline is sustained, further evaluation would be necessary and an impairment of our goodwill may result. Additionally, for all RUs in which the Company performed a quantitative assessment in the current and prior year, we performed sensitivity analyses over the key assumptions and concluded that no reasonably possible change to the assumptions used in estimating the fair value of the RU would cause the RUs' carrying value to equal

 or exceed their respective fair values, and there is substantial headroom between the estimated fair value of each RU and its carrying value.
 In both 2024 and 2023, we performed our goodwill impairment evaluation over the four RUs, resulting in no impairment charges. For additional discussion on our goodwill impairment assessment, refer to Note 6: Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
 Income Taxes
 Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. The carrying values of deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured by applying enacted tax rates and laws to taxable income in the years in which we expect those temporary differences to be recovered or settled. We recognize into income the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates in the period that includes the enactment date.
 Deferred tax assets are reduced by valuation allowances if, based on the consideration of all available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Considerations with respect to the realizability of deferred tax assets include the period of expiration of the deferred tax asset, historical earnings or losses and projected future taxable income by jurisdiction as well as tax liabilities for the tax jurisdiction to which the tax asset relates. Significant management judgment is required in determining the assumptions and estimates related to the amount and timing of future taxable income, including forecasted short term and long term revenue growth rates and forecasted profitability margins, as well as the expectations of future macroeconomic conditions that impact these assumptions, reversal of existing temporary differences, the ability to carryback losses, and certain tax planning strategies. Valuation allowances are evaluated periodically and will be subject to change in each future reporting period as a result of changes in various factors.
 Our future effective tax rate is sensitive to changes in the mix of our geographic earnings, changes in local statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred taxes, or changes in tax laws, regulations or accounting principles in material jurisdictions, and could be adversely affected by these items.

 Items Affecting Comparability
 When reading our financial statements and the information included in this Annual Report, it should be considered that we have experienced, and continue to experience, several material trends and uncertainties that have affected our financial condition and results of operations and could affect future performance. We believe that the following material trends and uncertainties are important to understand the variability of our historical earnings and cash flows and any potential future variability.
 Macroeconomic Conditions
 Our results of operations are significantly impacted by economic trends, government policies and the global and regional real estate markets. These include the following: overall economic activity, volatility of the financial markets, interest rates and inflation, demand for commercial real estate, the impact of tax and regulatory policies, the cost and availability of credit, changes in employment rates and the geopolitical environment. Similarly, economic conditions in certain countries such as the United States or China can have significant influence on the commercial real estate sector across an entire region, impacting supply chains, cross-border investments and development activity in key markets.
 Our diversified operating model helps to partially mitigate the negative effect of difficult market conditions on our margins as a substantial portion of our costs are variable compensation expenses, specifically commissions and bonuses paid to our professionals in our Leasing and Capital markets service lines. Nevertheless, ongoing adverse economic trends could pose significant risks to our operating performance and financial condition.

 Acquisitions and Dispositions
 Our results may include the incremental impact of completed transactions, which could impact the comparability of our results on a year-over-year basis. Our results could include incremental revenues and expenses following the completion of an acquisition, or comparable results could include revenues and expenses of recent dispositions. Additionally, there could be an adverse impact on net income for a period of time after the completion of an acquisition driven by transaction-related and integration expenses. From time to time, we use strategic and in-fill acquisitions, as well as joint ventures, to add new service capabilities, to increase our scale within existing capabilities and to expand our presence in new or existing geographic regions globally. As it relates to dispositions, results may include gains or losses on the disposition and we may incur incremental transaction-related costs that could have an adverse impact on net income.
 International Operations
 Our business consists of service lines operating in multiple regions inside and outside of the U.S. Our international operations expose us to global economic trends, as well as foreign government tax, regulatory and policy measures.
 Additionally, outside of the U.S., we generate earnings in other currencies and are subject to fluctuations relative to the U.S. dollar ("USD"). These currency fluctuations, most notably the Australian dollar, euro and British pound sterling, have positively and adversely affected our operating results measured in USD in the past and are likely to do so in the future. It can be difficult to compare period-over-period financial statements when the movement in currencies against the USD does not reflect trends in the local underlying business as reported in its local currency.
 In order to assist our investors and improve comparability of results, we present the year-over-year changes in certain of our non-GAAP financial measures, such as Fee-based operating expenses and Adjusted EBITDA, in "local" currency. The local currency figures represent the year-over-year change assuming no movement in foreign exchange rates from the prior year. We believe that this provides our management and investors with another important view of comparability and trends in the underlying operating business.
 Seasonality
 A significant portion of our revenue is seasonal, especially for service lines such as Leasing and Capital markets. This impacts the comparison of our financial condition and results of operations on a quarter-by-quarter basis. Generally, our industry is focused on completing transactions by calendar year-end with a high concentration of activity in the last quarter of the calendar year while certain expenses are recognized more evenly throughout the calendar year. Historically, our revenue and operating income typically tend to be lowest in the first quarter, and highest in the fourth quarter of each year. Our Services business partially mitigates this intra-year seasonality, due to the recurring nature of this service line which generates more stable revenues throughout the year.

 Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
 We have used the following measures, which are considered "non-GAAP financial measures" under SEC guidelines:
 i. Adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("Adjusted EBITDA") and Adjusted EBITDA margin;
 ii. Segment operating expenses and Fee-based operating expenses; and
 iii. Local currency.
 Management principally uses these non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate operating performance, develop budgets and forecasts, improve comparability of results and assist our investors in analyzing the underlying performance of our business. These measures are not recognized measurements under GAAP. When analyzing our operating results, investors should use them in addition to, but not as an alternative for, the most directly comparable financial results calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. Because the Company's calculation of these non-GAAP financial measures may differ from other companies, our presentation of these measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies.
 The Company believes that these measures provide a more complete understanding of ongoing operations, enhance comparability of current results to prior periods and may be useful for investors to analyze our financial performance. The measures eliminate the impact of certain items that may obscure trends in the underlying performance of our business. The Company believes that they are useful to investors for the additional purposes described below.
 Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin: We have determined Adjusted EBITDA to be our primary measure of segment profitability. We believe that investors find this measure useful in comparing our operating performance to that of other companies in our industry because these calculations generally eliminate unrealized loss on investments, net, loss on dispositions, integration and other costs related to merger, acquisition related costs and efficiency initiatives, cost savings initiatives, Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") transition costs, servicing liability fees and amortization, certain legal and compliance matters, gains from insurance proceeds and other non-recurring items. Adjusted EBITDA also excludes the effects of financings, income tax and the non-cash accounting effects of depreciation and intangible asset amortization. Adjusted EBITDA margin, a non-GAAP measure of profitability as a percent of revenue, is measured against service line fee revenue.
 Segment operating expenses and Fee-based operating expenses: Consistent with GAAP, reimbursed costs for certain customer contracts are presented on a gross basis in both revenue and operating expenses for which the Company recognizes substantially no margin. Total costs and expenses include segment operating expenses, as well as other expenses such as depreciation and amortization, loss on dispositions, integration and other costs related to merger, acquisition related costs and efficiency initiatives, cost savings initiatives, CEO transition costs, servicing liability fees and amortization, certain legal and compliance matters and other non-recurring items. Segment operating expenses includes Fee-based operating expenses and Cost of gross contract reimbursables. We believe Fee-based operating expenses more accurately reflects the costs we incur during the course of delivering services to our clients and is more consistent with how we manage our expense base and operating margins.
 Local currency: In discussing our results, we refer to percentage changes in local currency. These metrics are calculated by holding foreign currency exchange rates constant in year-over-year comparisons. Management believes that this methodology provides investors with greater visibility into the performance of our business excluding the effect of foreign currency rate fluctuations.
 Adjustments to U.S. GAAP Financial Measures Used to Calculate Non-GAAP Financial Measures
 During the periods presented in this Annual Report, we had the following adjustments:
 Unrealized loss on investments, net represents net unrealized gains and losses on fair value investments. Prior to 2024, this primarily reflected unrealized losses on our investment in WeWork Inc. ("WeWork").
 Loss on dispositions reflects losses on the sale or disposition of businesses as well as other transaction costs associated with the sales, which are not indicative of our core operating results given the low frequency of business dispositions by the Company.

 Integration and other costs related to merger reflects the non-cash amortization expense of certain merger related retention awards that will be amortized through 2026, and the non-cash amortization expense of merger related deferred rent and tenant incentives which will be amortized through 2028.
 Acquisition related costs and efficiency initiatives includes internal and external consulting costs incurred to implement certain distinct operating efficiency initiatives designed to realign our organization to be a more agile partner to our clients. These initiatives vary in frequency, amount and occurrence based on factors specific to each initiative. In addition, this includes certain direct costs incurred in connection with acquiring businesses.
 Cost savings initiatives primarily reflects severance and other one-time employment-related separation costs related to actions to reduce headcount across select roles to help optimize our workforce given the challenging macroeconomic conditions and operating environment, as well as property lease rationalizations. These actions continued through September 30, 2024.
 CEO transition costs in 2024 reflects certain payroll taxes associated with compensation for John Forrester, the Company's former CEO. In 2023, CEO transition costs reflects accelerated stock-based compensation expense associated with stock awards granted to Mr. Forrester, who stepped down from the position of CEO as of June 30, 2023, but who remained employed by the Company as a Strategic Advisor until December 31, 2023. The requisite service period under the applicable award agreements was satisfied upon Mr. Forrester's retirement from the Company on December 31, 2023. In 2023, CEO transition costs also included Mr. Forrester's salary and bonus accruals for the second half of 2023. We believe the accelerated stock-based compensation expense, salary and bonus accruals, as well as the payroll taxes associated with such compensation, are similar in nature to one-time severance benefits and are not normal, recurring operating expenses necessary to operate the business.
 Servicing liability fees and amortization reflects the additional non-cash servicing liability fees accrued in connection with the A/R Securitization (as defined below) amendments in prior years. The liability will be amortized through June 2026.
 Legal and compliance matters includes estimated losses and settlements for certain legal matters which are not considered ordinary course legal matters given the infrequency of similar cases brought against the Company, complexity of the matter, nature of the remedies sought and/or our overall litigation strategy. We exclude such losses from the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA to improve the comparability of our operating results for the current period to prior and future periods.
 Gains from insurance proceeds represents one-time gains related to certain contingent events, such as insurance recoveries, which are not considered ordinary course and which are only recorded once realized or realizable, net of related legal fees. We exclude such net gains from the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA to improve the comparability of our operating results for the current period to prior and future periods.

 Results of Operations
 In accordance with Item 303 of Regulation S-K, the Company has excluded the discussion of 2022 results in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," as this discussion can be found in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC under "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."

 The following table sets forth items derived from our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in millions):

 2024
 2023
 % Change in USD
 % Change in Local Currency

 Revenue:

 $
 3,480.1
 $
 3,573.0
 (3)
 %
 (2)
 %

 1,947.5
 1,826.7
 %
 %

 721.8
 695.0
 %
 %

 439.8
 436.7
 %
 %

 Total service line fee revenue(1)

 6,589.2
 6,531.4
 %
 %

 Gross contract reimbursables(2)

 2,857.3
 2,962.3
 (4)
 %
 (3)
 %

 $
 $
 %
 %

 Cost of services provided to clients
 $
 4,862.9
 $
 4,879.3
 %
 %

 2,857.3
 2,962.3
 (4)
 %
 (3)
 %

 Total costs of services
 7,720.2
 7,841.6
 (2)
 %
 (1)
 %

 Operating, administrative and other
 1,224.1
 1,262.8
 (3)
 %
 (3)
 %

 122.2
 145.6
 (16)
 %
 (16)
 %

 Restructuring, impairment and related charges
 41.1
 38.1
 %
 %

 Total costs and expenses
 9,107.6
 9,288.1
 (2)
 %
 (2)
 %

 Operating income
 338.9
 205.6
 %
 %

 (229.9)
 (281.1)
 (18)
 %
 (18)
 %

 Earnings from equity method investments
 37.4
 58.1
 (36)
 %
 (36)
 %

 Other income (expense), net

 29.4
 (12.6)
 n.m.
 n.m.

 Earnings (loss) before income taxes

 175.8
 (30.0)
 n.m.
 n.m.

 44.5
 5.4
 n.m.
 n.m.

 $
 131.3
 $
 (35.4)
 n.m.
 n.m.

 Net income (loss) margin

 1.4
 %
 (0.4)
 %

 $
 581.9
 $
 570.1
 %
 %

 Adjusted EBITDA margin(3)

 8.8
 %
 8.7
 %

 n.m. not meaningful
 (1) Service line fee revenue represents revenue for fees generated from each of our service lines.
 (2) Gross contract reimbursables reflects revenue from clients which have substantially no margin.
 (3) Adjusted EBITDA margin is measured against Total service line fee revenue.

 Reconciliation of Net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA (in millions):

 2024
 2023

 $
 131.3
 $
 (35.4)

 Adjustments:

 122.2
 145.6

 229.9
 281.1

 44.5
 5.4

 Unrealized loss on investments, net

 0.8
 27.8

 Loss on dispositions

 18.4
 1.8

 Integration and other costs related to merger

 4.9
 11.2

 Acquisition related costs and efficiency initiatives

 —
 14.2

 Cost savings initiatives

 28.9
 55.6

 CEO transition costs

 1.9
 8.3

 Servicing liability fees and amortization

 (1.7)
 11.7

 Legal and compliance matters

 —
 23.0

 Gain from insurance proceeds, net of legal fees

 (16.5)
 1.1

 Other(1)

 17.3
 18.7

 $
 581.9
 $
 570.1

 (1) For the year ended December 31, 2024, Other primarily reflects one-time consulting costs associated with the Company rebranding, professional services fees associated with discrete offshoring, legal fees and costs associated with an antitrust matter (see Note 17: Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements), non-cash stock-based compensation expense associated with certain one-time retention awards which vested in February 2024, one-time bad debt expense driven by a sublessee default and one-time legal and consulting costs associated with a secondary offering of our ordinary shares by our former shareholders. For the year ended December 31, 2023, Other primarily reflects non-cash stock-based compensation expense associated with certain one-time retention awards, one-time consulting costs associated with certain legal entity reorganization projects and a one-time impairment of certain customer relationship intangible assets.

 Reconciliation of Total costs and expenses to Segment operating expenses and Fee-based operating expenses (in millions):

 2024
 2023

 Total costs and expenses
 $
 9,107.6
 $
 9,288.1

 (122.2)
 (145.6)

 Loss on dispositions

 (18.4)
 (1.8)

 Integration and other costs related to merger
 (4.9)
 (11.2)

 Acquisition related costs and efficiency initiatives

 —
 (14.2)

 Cost savings initiatives
 (28.9)
 (55.6)

 CEO transition costs
 (1.9)
 (8.3)

 Servicing liability fees and amortization
 1.7
 (11.7)

 Legal and compliance matters
 —
 (23.0)

 Other, including foreign currency movements(1)

 (23.9)
 (28.7)

 Segment operating expenses
 8,909.1
 8,988.0

 (2,857.3)
 (2,962.3)

 Fee-based operating expenses
 $
 6,051.8
 $
 6,025.7

 (1) For the year ended December 31, 2024, Other primarily reflects one-time consulting costs associated with the Company rebranding, professional services fees associated with discrete offshoring, legal fees and costs associated with an antitrust matter (see Note 17: Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements), non-cash stock-based compensation expense associated with certain one-time retention awards which vested in February 2024, one-time bad debt expense driven by a sublessee default, one-time legal and consulting costs associated with a secondary offering of our ordinary shares by our former shareholders and the effects of movements in foreign currency. For the year ended December 31, 2023, Other primarily reflects non-cash stock-based compensation expense associated with certain one-time retention awards, one-time consulting costs associated with certain legal entity reorganization projects, a one-time impairment of certain customer relationship intangible assets and the effects of movements in foreign currency.

 Year ended December 31, 2024 compared to year ended December 31, 2023
 Revenue of $9.4 billion was relatively flat compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease of $47.2 million was driven by declines in the Americas and EMEA, which both decreased 2%, partially offset by growth in APAC of 7%. The decline was principally driven by decreases in Services and Gross contract reimbursables revenue of 3% and 4%, respectively, primarily due to lower project management revenue and the impact of the sale of a non-core Services business on August 1, 2024, which reduced facilities management revenue by $57.1 million. Additionally, the Company made a proactive effort, most notably in EMEA, to exit certain low margin contracts to improve company wide margin as we focus on sustainable growth, which also contributed to these revenue declines. Partially offsetting these trends was Leasing revenue growth of 7% compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily driven by office and industrial sector leasing in the Americas and APAC. Capital markets revenue increased 4% due to broad strength across all segments, within the industrial, retail and office sectors specifically, as rate stability and further clarity in the interest rate environment in the fourth quarter of 2024 contributed to increased investment sales activity in that period. Favorable trends in e-commerce and supply chain centralization also helped drive industrial property leasing and sales volumes, while office property leasing and sales volumes increased due to demand for premium-quality buildings. Valuation and other revenue also increased 1% from the prior year.
 Costs of services
 Costs of services of $7.7 billion decreased $121.4 million or 2% compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, principally driven by a decrease in third-party consumables and sub-contractor costs of approximately $246.0 million as a result of declines in our Services business, partially offset by an increase in direct employment costs of approximately $139.0 million, primarily due to higher commissions as a result of higher brokerage revenues and higher bonus costs. Cost of services provided to clients was flat compared to the prior year and Cost of gross contract reimbursables decreased 4%, driven by the Americas, due to changes in client mix. Total costs of services as a percentage of total revenue was 82% for 2024 compared to 83% for 2023.
 Operating, administrative and other
 Operating, administrative and other expenses of $1.2 billion, which represents indirect and overhead costs such as employment, occupancy and information technology costs, decreased $38.7 million or 3% compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was driven by the impact of our cost savings initiatives, primarily realized as a reduction in employment costs of approximately $20.0 million. Stock-based compensation expense also declined $15.0 million as a result of the modification of our non-executive chairman's awards in 2024 and the accelerated expense associated with our former CEO's transition in 2023. In addition, in June 2023, the Company incurred an $11.3 million servicing liability fee in connection with the amendment and extension of the A/R Securitization. These trends were partially offset by cost inflation. Operating, administrative and other expenses as a percentage of total revenue was 13% for both the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 Restructuring, impairment and related charges
 Restructuring, impairment and related charges of $41.1 million increased $3.0 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily driven by a loss on disposition of $15.8 million related to the sale of a non-core Services business in the Americas, partially offset by a decrease in severance and employment-related costs of $3.0 million and a decrease in impairment charges of $9.8 million. In 2023, the Company actioned certain cost savings initiatives, including a reduction in headcount across select roles to help optimize our workforce given the challenging macroeconomic conditions and operating environment, as well as property lease rationalizations.
 Interest expense of $229.9 million decreased $51.2 million or 18% compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily related to an aggregate loss on debt extinguishment of $41.9 million as well as $8.7 million of new transaction costs expensed in 2023 in connection with the refinancing of a portion of the borrowings under our 2018 Credit Agreement. The Company was also able to decrease interest expense by actively managing our debt costs through repricings in 2024, resulting in lower interest rates, and making voluntary principal prepayments on our term loan due in 2025 (see Note 11: Long-Term Debt and Other Borrowings of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information).

 Earnings from equity method investments
 Earnings from equity method investments of $37.4 million decreased $20.7 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to a decline of $17.5 million in earnings recognized from our equity method investment in Cushman Wakefield Greystone LLC (the "Greystone JV") due to lower transaction volumes as a result of tighter lending conditions in 2024.
 Other income (expense), net
 Other income, net was $29.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to other expense, net of $12.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, driven by a $19.2 million gain from insurance proceeds recognized in 2024 (see Note 17: Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information), as well as lower net unrealized losses on our fair value investments of $27.0 million, primarily related to our investment in WeWork, and higher royalty fee income from our CWVS Holding Limited joint venture of $0.7 million.
 Provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $44.5 million on earnings before income taxes of $175.8 million. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the provision for income taxes was $5.4 million on a loss before income taxes of $30.0 million. The increase in income tax expense was driven by an improvement in earnings before income taxes compared to a loss before income taxes in the prior year, predominately in the U.S., which improved $149.6 million, as well as changes in the jurisdictional mix of those earnings as a greater percentage of the earnings before income taxes generated from non-U.S. jurisdictions in 2024 compared to 2023 was taxed at a rate higher than the U.S. statutory tax rate of 21.0%. Additionally, the negative effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 was principally driven by an increase in the valuation allowance the Company placed on a portion of our deferred tax assets and permanent nondeductible items.
 Net income (loss) and Adjusted EBITDA
 Net income was $131.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to a net loss of $35.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Net income margin was 1.4% compared to net loss margin of 0.4% for the prior year. The improvement was driven by the impact of our cost savings initiatives, including lower employment costs, growth in our Leasing service line, one-time gains from insurance proceeds and lower net unrealized losses on our fair value investments. Additionally, an aggregate loss on debt extinguishment and a servicing liability fee associated with the amendment and extension of the A/R Securitization in 2023 contributed to the improvement from the prior year. These favorable trends were partially offset by declines in Services revenue, the loss on disposition recognized in 2024 and cost inflation.
 Adjusted EBITDA of $581.9 million increased $11.8 million or 2% compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, driven by the same factors impacting Net income above, with the exception of the gains from insurance proceeds, net unrealized losses on our fair value investments, loss on disposition and the aggregate loss on debt extinguishment and A/R Securitization servicing liability fee incurred in the prior year. Adjusted EBITDA margin, measured against service line fee revenue, of 8.8% remained relatively flat compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Segment Results
 We report our operations through the following segments: (1) Americas, (2) EMEA and (3) APAC. The Americas consists of operations located in the United States, Canada and other markets in North and South America. EMEA includes operations in the United Kingdom, France, Netherlands and other markets in Europe and the Middle East. APAC includes operations in Australia, Singapore, India and other markets in the Asia Pacific region.
 For segment reporting, Service line fee revenue represents revenue for fees generated from each of our service lines. Gross contract reimbursables reflects revenue from clients which have substantially no margin. Our measure of segment profitability, Adjusted EBITDA, excludes the effects of financings, income taxes and depreciation and amortization, as well as unrealized loss on investments, net, loss on dispositions, integration and other costs related to merger, acquisition related costs and efficiency initiatives, cost savings initiatives, CEO transition costs, servicing liability fees and amortization, certain legal and compliance matters, gains from insurance proceeds and other non-recurring items.

 Americas Results
 The following table summarizes the results of operations of our Americas reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in millions):

 2024
 2023
 % Change in USD
 % Change in Local Currency

 Revenue:

 $
 2,420.4
 $
 2,494.7
 (3)
 %
 (3)
 %

 1,536.2
 1,420.9
 %
 %

 564.7
 556.5
 %
 %

 161.9
 150.0
 %
 %

 Total service line fee revenue(1)

 4,683.2
 4,622.1
 %
 %

 Gross contract reimbursables(2)

 2,314.8
 2,506.9
 (8)
 %
 (8)
 %

 $
 6,998.0
 $
 7,129.0
 (2)
 %
 (2)
 %

 Americas Fee-based operating expenses
 $
 4,279.6
 $
 4,237.5
 %
 %

 2,314.8
 2,506.9
 (8)
 %
 (8)
 %

 Segment operating expenses
 $
 6,594.4
 $
 6,744.4
 (2)
 %
 (2)
 %

 Net income

 $
 126.7
 $
 17.8
 n.m.
 n.m.

 $
 436.4
 $
 429.6
 %
 %

 n.m. not meaningful
 (1) Service line fee revenue represents revenue for fees generated from each of our service lines.
 (2) Gross contract reimbursables reflects revenue from clients which have substantially no margin.

 Americas: Year ended December 31, 2024 compared to year ended December 31, 2023
 Americas revenue for 2024 was $7.0 billion, a decrease of $131.0 million or 2% from the prior year. The decline in revenue was principally driven by lower Services and Gross contract reimbursables revenue which were down 3% and 8%, respectively, primarily due to declines in facilities management, which includes the impact of the sale of a non-core Services business in the third quarter of 2024 of $57.1 million, as well as lower project management and facilities services revenue of approximately $20.0 million and $15.0 million, respectively. Partially offsetting these declines was Leasing revenue growth of 8% driven by higher tenant representation revenue as a result of more favorable market conditions than 2023 and improved business confidence, with strength in the office and industrial sectors. Capital markets and Valuation and other revenue also grew 1% and 8%, respectively.
 Fee-based operating expenses of $4.3 billion increased 1% principally due to higher direct employment costs of approximately $163.0 million, including commissions associated with higher brokerage revenue, partially offset by lower sub-contractor and third-party consumable costs of approximately $122.0 million associated with revenue decreases in Services, as well as the impact of our cost savings initiatives.
 Adjusted EBITDA of $436.4 million increased $6.8 million or 2% compared to the prior year, primarily driven by increases in our Leasing and Valuation and other service lines, as well as the impact of our cost savings initiatives. These favorable trends were partially offset by declines in Services, the impact of the sale of a non-core Services business in the third quarter of 2024, cost inflation and lower earnings recognized from the Greystone JV of $17.5 million.

 EMEA Results
 The following table summarizes the results of operations of our EMEA reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in millions):

 2024
 2023
 % Change in USD
 % Change in Local Currency

 Revenue:

 $
 331.3
 $
 371.4
 (11)
 %
 (12)
 %

 227.0
 229.6
 (1)
 %
 (2)
 %

 91.5
 83.3
 %
 %

 177.7
 174.2
 %
 %

 Total service line fee revenue(1)

 827.5
 858.5
 (4)
 %
 (4)
 %

 Gross contract reimbursables(2)

 125.7
 115.2
 %
 %

 $
 953.2
 $
 973.7
 (2)
 %
 (3)
 %

 EMEA Fee-based operating expenses
 $
 752.0
 $
 779.3
 (4)
 %
 (5)
 %

 125.7
 115.2
 %
 %

 Segment operating expenses
 $
 877.7
 $
 894.5
 (2)
 %
 (3)
 %

 Net loss

 $
 (3.4)
 $
 (46.5)
 (93)
 %
 (94)
 %

 $
 74.5
 $
 77.4
 (4)
 %
 (2)
 %

 (1) Service line fee revenue represents revenue for fees generated from each of our service lines.
 (2) Gross contract reimbursables reflects revenue from clients which have substantially no margin.

 EMEA: Year ended December 31, 2024 compared to year ended December 31, 2023
 EMEA revenue for 2024 was $953.2 million, a decrease of $20.5 million or 2% from the prior year. Excluding the favorable impact of foreign currency of $9.3 million, EMEA revenue decreased 3% on a local currency basis. The decrease was principally driven by lower Services revenue which was down 12%, on a local currency basis, due to declines in project management of approximately $42.0 million as the Company made a proactive effort to exit certain low margin contracts as we focus on sustainable growth. Leasing revenue also declined 2% on a local currency basis. Partially offsetting these trends was growth in Capital markets and Valuation and other revenue which were up 10% and 1%, respectively, on a local currency basis, due to more favorable market conditions than 2023 driving momentum in trading across most markets.
 Fee-based operating expenses of $752.0 million decreased 5% on a local currency basis principally due to lower sub-contractor and third-party consumable costs of approximately $38.0 million associated with revenue decreases in Services, partially offset by higher incentive compensation of approximately $11.0 million and cost inflation.
 Adjusted EBITDA of $74.5 million decreased $2.9 million or 4% compared to the prior year, primarily driven by decreases in our Services and Leasing service lines, higher incentive compensation and cost inflation. These unfavorable trends were partially offset by the impact of our cost savings initiatives and increases in Capital markets and Valuation and other revenue.

 APAC Results
 The following table summarizes the results of operations of our APAC reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in millions):

 2024
 2023
 % Change in USD
 % Change in Local Currency

 Revenue:

 $
 728.4
 $
 706.9
 %
 %

 184.3
 176.2
 %
 %

 65.6
 55.2
 %
 %

 100.2
 112.5
 (11)
 %
 (9)
 %

 Total service line fee revenue(1)

 1,078.5
 1,050.8
 %
 %

 Gross contract reimbursables(2)

 416.8
 340.2
 %
 %

 $
 1,495.3
 $
 1,391.0
 %
 %

 APAC Fee-based operating expenses
 $
 1,020.2
 $
 1,008.9
 %
 %

 416.8
 340.2
 %
 %

 Segment operating expenses
 $
 1,437.0
 $
 1,349.1
 %
 %

 $
 8.0
 $
 (6.7)
 n.m.
 n.m.

 $
 71.0
 $
 63.1
 %
 %

 n.m. not meaningful
 (1) Service line fee revenue represents revenue for fees generated from each of our service lines.
 (2) Gross contract reimbursables reflects revenue from clients which have substantially no margin.

 APAC: Year ended December 31, 2024 compared to year ended December 31, 2023
 APAC revenue for 2024 was $1.5 billion, an increase of $104.3 million or 7% from the prior year. Excluding the unfavorable impact of foreign currency of $13.6 million, APAC revenue increased 8% on a local currency basis. The increase was principally driven by growth in Services and Gross contract reimbursables revenue which were up 3% and 23%, on a local currency basis, respectively, due to increases in facilities management, facilities services and project management of approximately $11.0 million, $5.0 million and $4.5 million, respectively. Gross contract reimbursables increased due to one significant project management client in Australia. In addition, Leasing and Capital markets revenue increased 6% and 23%, respectively, on a local currency basis, due to more favorable market conditions than 2023 and improved business confidence. Partially offsetting these trends was a decline in Valuation and other revenue of 9%, on a local currency basis, and a decline in total revenues for Greater China of approximately $6.3 million. Although Greater China does not represent a significant portion of our APAC segment, a slowdown in China's economy can significantly impact supply chains, cross-border investments and development activity in key markets across APAC.
 Fee-based operating expenses of $1.0 billion increased 2% on a local currency basis principally due to higher sub-contractor and third-party consumable costs of approximately $15.0 million associated with revenue increases in Services and higher incentive compensation of approximately $5.0 million, partially offset by the impact of our cost savings initiatives.
 Adjusted EBITDA of $71.0 million increased $7.9 million or 13% compared to 2023, primarily driven by growth in our Services, Leasing, and Capital markets services lines and the impact of our cost savings initiatives. These favorable trends were partially offset by a decline in our Valuation and other service line and higher incentive compensation.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 Our primary sources of liquidity are cash flows from operations, available cash reserves, debt capacity under our Revolver and funding from our accounts receivables securitization program, which we have amended periodically (the "A/R Securitization"). Our primary uses of liquidity are operating expenses, acquisitions, investments and debt payments.
 While macroeconomic challenges and uncertainty continue to be present, we believe that we have maintained sufficient liquidity to satisfy our working capital and other funding requirements, including capital expenditures, and expenditures for human capital and contractual obligations, with operating cash flow and cash on hand and, as necessary, borrowings under our Revolver or funding from our A/R Securitization. Over the last two years we have been focused on managing the balance sheet and improving operating cash flows through working capital efficiencies. We also continually evaluate opportunities to obtain, retire or restructure our debt, credit facilities or financing arrangements for strategic reasons or to obtain additional financing to fund investments, operations and obligations to further strengthen our financial position.
 We have historically relied on our operating cash flow to fund our working capital needs and ongoing capital expenditures on an annual basis. Our operating cash flow is seasonal—typically lowest in the first quarter of the year, when revenue is lowest, and greatest in the fourth quarter of the year, when revenue is highest. The seasonal nature of our operating cash flow can result in a mismatch with funding needs, which we manage using available cash on hand and, as necessary, borrowings under our Revolver or funding from our A/R Securitization.
 In the absence of a large strategic acquisition or other extraordinary events, we believe our cash on hand, cash flow from operations and availability under our Revolver will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements for the foreseeable future, and at a minimum for the next 12 months. We may seek to take advantage of opportunities to refinance existing debt instruments, as we have done in the past, with new debt instruments at interest rates, maturities and terms we consider attractive.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $1.9 billion of liquidity, consisting of cash and cash equivalents of $0.8 billion and availability on our undrawn Revolver of $1.1 billion.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company's amounts outstanding under its Term Loans, 2028 Notes and 2031 Notes were $2.0 billion, $0.6 billion and $0.4 billion, respectively. Our level of indebtedness increases the possibility that we may be unable to make required principal and interest payments and satisfy our other obligations when they become due. In addition, we may incur additional debt from time to time to finance strategic acquisitions, investments or joint ventures or for other strategic purposes, subject to the restrictions contained in the agreements governing our indebtedness. Incurring additional indebtedness would increase the risks associated with our leverage, including our ability to service our debt. See "Risk Factors" included in Part I, Item 1A in this Annual Report for further discussion.
 We have actively managed our indebtedness through additional refinancings and repricings and continued to reduce leverage. During 2024, the Company repriced the Term Loans due in 2030 to reduce the applicable interest rates and elected to prepay the entire $192.9 million principal balance outstanding under the term loan due in 2025. This optional principal prepayment, along with the required principal payments of $7.5 million, brought the Company's aggregate debt repayments to $200.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. As of the date of this Annual Report, there are no funded long-term debt arrangements maturing prior to 2028.
 As a professional services firm, funding our operating activities is not capital intensive. Total capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $41.0 million.
 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
 The Company is party to an off-balance sheet revolving A/R Securitization, whereby we continuously sell eligible trade receivables to an unaffiliated financial institution. Receivables are derecognized from our balance sheet upon sale, for which we receive cash payment and record a deferred purchase price receivable which is realized after collection of the underlying receivables. This program also provides funding from a committed purchaser against receivables sold into the program with a maximum facility limit of $200.0 million. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had aggregate capital outstanding under this facility of $100.0 million. This amount was repaid in full in January 2025. The A/R Securitization expires on June 19, 2026, unless extended or an earlier termination event occurs. Refer to Note 20: Accounts Receivable Securitization of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

 Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments
 Debt obligations. As of December 31, 2024, the Company elected to use an annual rate equal to (i) 1-month Term SOFR (subject to a minimum floor of 0.50%), plus 3.00% for the $990.0 million term loan due January 2030 (the "2030 Tranche-1") and (ii) 1-month Term SOFR (subject to a minimum floor of 0.50%), plus 3.25% for the $997.5 million term loan due January 2030 (the "2030 Tranche-2") (the 2030 Tranche-1 and the 2030 Tranche-2 together make up our current outstanding Term Loans). In January 2025, we repriced the 2030 Tranche-1 of our Term Loans, reducing the applicable interest rate by 25 basis points to 1-month Term SOFR plus 2.75%. Because the 2018 Credit Agreement bears interest at a variable interest rate, the amount of expected future annual interest payments cannot be determined. Our 2028 Notes bear interest at a rate of 6.75% per annum and expected annual interest payments would be approximately $43.9 million until the notes mature in May 2028. Our 2031 Notes bear interest at a rate of 8.88% per annum and expected annual interest payments would be approximately $35.5 million until the notes mature in September 2031.
 The 2018 Credit Agreement requires quarterly principal payments equal to 0.25% of the aggregate principal amount of outstanding borrowings under the 2030 Tranche-1 and the 2030 Tranche-2, including any incremental borrowings. The 2018 Credit Agreement amendment entered into in the fourth quarter of 2024 deferred the mandatory principal payments for the 2030 Tranche-2 for two quarters, with such principal payments re-commencing in June 2025. Additionally, the 2018 Credit Agreement amendment entered into in January 2025 deferred the mandatory principal payments for the 2030 Tranche-1 for two quarters, with such principal payments recommencing in September 2025. Refer to Note 11: Long-Term Debt and Other Borrowings and Note 10: Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.
 Lease obligations. Our lease obligations primarily consist of operating leases of office space in various buildings for our own use. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had operating lease obligations of $422.0 million, with $114.4 million due within 12 months. Refer to Note 16: Leases of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.
 Defined benefit plan obligations. Benefits to be paid out by our defined benefit plans will be funded from the assets held by these plans. In 2022, the trustees for two of our defined benefit plans in the U.K. purchased a bulk annuity insurance policy, under which the insurer is committed to pay the plans' cash flows intended to match the benefit payments under those plans. We have historically funded pension costs as actuarially determined and as applicable laws and regulations require. Refer to Note 12: Employee Benefits of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.
 Deferred and contingent earn-out obligations. Our material cash requirements require long-term liquidity to facilitate the payment of obligations related to acquisitions. Acquisitions are often structured with deferred and/or contingent payments in future periods that are subject to the passage of time, achievement of certain performance metrics and/or other conditions. As of December 31, 2024, the maximum potential payment for contingent earn-outs was $16.5 million, subject to the achievement of certain performance conditions. The final amount of related payments cannot be determined due to their nature as estimates or outcomes having connection to future events. As of December 31, 2024, we had accrued total deferred consideration and contingent earn-outs payable of $8.1 million in Accounts payable and accrued expenses and $16.0 million in Other non-current liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 Income tax liabilities. As of December 31, 2024, our current and non-current tax liabilities, including interest and penalties, totaled $47.7 million. Of this amount, we can reasonably estimate that $19.8 million will require cash settlement in less than one year. In December 2024, the Company made significant tax payments for U.S. federal income taxes which totaled $21.5 million. We are unable to reasonably estimate the timing of the effective settlement of tax positions for the remaining $27.9 million.

 Cash Flow Summary

 Cash Flow Summary
 2024
 2023

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 $
 208.0
 $
 152.2

 Net cash provided by investing activities

 81.2
 48.9

 Net cash used in financing activities
 (253.4)
 (120.8)

 Effects of exchange rate fluctuations on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 (22.4)
 1.9

 Total change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 $
 13.4
 $
 82.2

 Operating Activities
 We generated $208.0 million of cash from operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $55.8 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily driven by an improvement from net loss to net income of $166.7 million offset by lower non-cash charges of $96.8 million from the prior year. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we used net working capital for operations of $138.6 million, an increase of $14.1 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in our use of net working capital was principally driven by higher trade receivables and contract assets of approximately $170.0 million as a result of higher collections in 2023, as well as higher recruiting and retention payments of approximately $30.0 million. These trends in working capital were offset by higher net bonus accruals and commissions payable of approximately $75.0 million and $68.0 million, respectively.
 Investing Activities
 We generated $81.2 million of cash from investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $32.3 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily driven by proceeds from the sale of a non-core Services business in the third quarter of 2024 of $122.6 million and lower capital expenditures, offset by a decrease in the net capital funding from the facility limit secured by our A/R Securitization of $100.0 million.
 Financing Activities
 We used $253.4 million in cash for financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $132.6 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily driven by repayment of borrowings under our 2018 Credit Agreement of $200.4 million as leverage reduction continues to be an important part of our capital allocation strategy, partially offset by payment of debt issuance costs of $65.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 Market and Other Risk Factors
 Market Risk
 The principal market risks we are exposed to are:
 i.interest rates on debt obligations; and
 ii.foreign exchange risk.
 We manage these risks primarily by managing the amount, sources and duration of our debt funding, cash management, and by using various derivative financial instruments such as interest rate swaps or foreign currency contracts. We enter into derivative instruments with reputable and diverse counterparties to reduce credit risk. These derivative instruments are strictly used for risk management purposes and, accordingly, are not used for trading or speculative purposes.

 Interest Rate Risk
 We are exposed to interest rate volatility with regard to the Term Loans and any borrowings we draw under the Revolver.
 The Term Loans bear interest at a variable rate that the Company may select per the terms of the 2018 Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2024, we elected to use an annual rate equal to (i) 1-month Term SOFR (subject to a minimum floor of 0.50%), plus 3.00% for the 2030 Tranche-1 and (ii) 1-month Term SOFR (subject to a minimum floor of 0.50%), plus 3.25% for the 2030 Tranche-2. In January 2025, we repriced the 2030 Tranche-1 of our Term Loans, reducing the applicable interest rate by 25 basis points to 1-month Term SOFR plus 2.75%. Our 2028 Notes and 2031 Notes bear interest at annual fixed rates of 6.75% and 8.88%, respectively.
 We manage this interest rate risk by entering into derivative financial instruments such as interest rate swap agreements to attempt to hedge the variability of future interest payments driven by fluctuations in interest rates. We continually assess interest rate sensitivity to estimate the impact of changes in short-term interest rates on our variable rate debt. Our interest rate risk management strategy is focused on limiting the impact of interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows to lower our overall borrowing costs.
 Foreign Exchange Risk
 Our foreign operations expose us to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. These fluctuations may impact the value of our cash receipts and payments in terms of USD, our reporting currency. Refer to the discussion of international operations included in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for further detail.
 Our foreign exchange risk management strategy is achieved by establishing local operations in the markets that we serve, invoicing customers in the same currency in which costs are incurred and the use of derivative financial instruments such as foreign currency forward contracts. Translating expenses incurred in foreign currencies into USD offsets the impact of translating revenue earned in foreign currencies into USD. We enter into forward foreign currency exchange contracts to manage currency risks associated with intercompany transactions and cash management.
 Refer to Note 10: Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about interest rate and foreign currency risks managed through derivative activities and notional amounts of underlying hedged items.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
 INDEX TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Page

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Consolidated Financial Statements (PCAOB ID 185)

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting (PCAOB ID 185)

 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023

 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

 FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES:

 Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
 Cushman & Wakefield plc:
 Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cushman & Wakefield plc and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule II (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 20, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
 Basis for Opinion
 These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 Critical Audit Matter
 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Goodwill impairment assessment for the Americas reporting unit
 As discussed in Notes 2 and 6 to the consolidated financial statements, goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually. The Company will test more frequently if there are indicators of impairment or whenever business or economic circumstances change, suggesting the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable. When performing a quantitative impairment assessment, the Company utilizes both an income approach, specifically a discounted cash flow model, and a market approach, using market multiples obtained from quoted prices of comparable companies, to determine the fair value of its reporting units. The Company elected an annual goodwill impairment assessment date of October 1st and elected to perform a quantitative impairment test on October 1, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has $1,998.3 million of goodwill, of which $1,420.3 million related to the Americas reporting unit.
 We identified the evaluation of the Company's quantitative goodwill impairment assessment related to the Americas reporting unit as a critical audit matter. Specifically, the determination of the fair value of the Americas reporting unit using a discounted cash flow model required management to make certain assumptions. The key assumptions included forecasted revenue growth rates, which included terminal growth rate assumptions, forecasted profitability margins, and discount rate. Evaluating these key assumptions required a high degree of subjective auditor judgment and the use of professionals with specialized skills and knowledge. There was a high degree of subjective auditor judgment due to the sensitivity to variation, such that minor changes in the assumptions can cause significant changes to the estimates.
 The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company's goodwill impairment assessment process, including controls related to the key assumptions. We evaluated the Company's forecasted revenue growth rates by comparing them to industry and peer company forecasted revenue growth rates. We also evaluated the Company's forecasted profitability margins by comparing them to peer company forecasted profitability margins. In addition, we involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge who assisted in:
 evaluating the Company's discount rate, by comparing it to a discount rate that that was independently developed using publicly available third-party market data for comparable entities
 evaluating the Company's forecasted terminal revenue growth rate, by comparing it to a terminal revenue growth rate that was independently developed using publicly available third-party market data
 developing estimates of the fair value of the Americas reporting unit using the Company's projected cash flows and our independently developed discount rate ranges and comparing the results to the Company's estimated fair value.

 /s/ KPMG LLP
 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2015.
 Chicago, Illinois

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
 Cushman & Wakefield plc:
 Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 We have audited Cushman & Wakefield plc and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule II (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 20, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
 Basis for Opinion
 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 /s/ KPMG LLP
 Chicago, Illinois

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 (in millions, except share data)

 2024
 2023

 Current assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 793.3
 $
 767.7

 Trade and other receivables, net of allowance of $ 88.7 and $ 85.2 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 1,352.4
 1,468.0

 Income tax receivable
 62.1
 67.1

 Short-term contract assets, net
 301.4
 311.0

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 181.2
 189.4

 Total current assets
 2,690.4
 2,803.2

 Property and equipment, net
 136.0
 163.8

 Goodwill
 1,998.3
 2,080.9

 Intangible assets, net
 690.1
 805.9

 Equity method investments
 723.6
 708.0

 Deferred tax assets
 93.1
 67.4

 Non-current operating lease assets
 290.1
 339.0

 Other non-current assets
 927.6
 805.8

 Total assets
 $
 7,549.2
 $
 7,774.0

 Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity

 Current liabilities:

 Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt
 $
 103.2
 $
 149.7

 Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 1,110.5
 1,157.7

 Accrued compensation
 900.4
 851.4

 Income tax payable
 19.8
 20.8

 Other current liabilities
 196.0
 217.6

 Total current liabilities
 2,329.9
 2,397.2

 Long-term debt, net
 2,939.6
 3,096.9

 Deferred tax liabilities
 12.6
 13.7

 Non-current operating lease liabilities
 270.3
 319.6

 Other non-current liabilities
 241.4
 268.6

 Total liabilities
 5,793.8
 6,096.0

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 17)

 Shareholders' equity:

 Ordinary shares, nominal value $ 0.10 per share, 800,000,000 shares authorized; 229,696,912 and 227,282,173 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 23.0
 22.7

 Additional paid-in capital
 2,986.4
 2,957.3

 Accumulated deficit
 ( 985.9)
 ( 1,117.2)

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 268.6)
 ( 185.4)

 Total equity attributable to the Company
 1,754.9
 1,677.4

 Non-controlling interests
 0.5
 0.6

 Total equity
 1,755.4
 1,678.0

 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
 $
 7,549.2
 $
 7,774.0

 The accompanying notes form an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 (in millions, except per share data)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $
 10,105.7

 Costs of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)
 7,720.2
 7,841.6
 8,153.5

 Operating, administrative and other
 1,224.1
 1,262.8
 1,261.3

 122.2
 145.6
 146.9

 Restructuring, impairment and related charges
 41.1
 38.1
 8.9

 Total costs and expenses
 9,107.6
 9,288.1
 9,570.6

 Operating income
 338.9
 205.6
 535.1

 ( 229.9)
 ( 281.1)
 ( 193.1)

 Earnings from equity method investments
 37.4
 58.1
 85.0

 Other income (expense), net

 29.4
 ( 12.6)
 ( 89.0)

 Earnings (loss) before income taxes

 175.8
 ( 30.0)
 338.0

 44.5
 5.4
 141.6

 $
 131.3
 $
 $
 196.4

 Basic earnings (loss) per share:

 Earnings (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders, basic

 $
 0.57
 $
 ( 0.16)
 $
 0.87

 Weighted average shares outstanding for basic earnings (loss) per share

 228.9
 226.9
 225.4

 Diluted earnings (loss) per share:

 Earnings (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders, diluted

 $
 0.56
 $
 ( 0.16)
 $
 0.86

 Weighted average shares outstanding for diluted earnings (loss) per share

 232.8
 226.9
 228.0

 The accompanying notes form an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 131.3
 $
 $
 196.4

 Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:

 Designated hedge (loss) gain

 ( 11.8)
 ( 11.7)
 132.3

 Defined benefit plan actuarial gain (loss)

 2.1

 Foreign currency translation
 19.0

 Total other comprehensive (loss) income

 ( 83.2)
 5.6
 2.0

 Total comprehensive income (loss)

 $
 48.1
 $
 ( 29.8)
 $
 198.4

 The accompanying notes form an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 Ordinary Shares

 Ordinary Shares ($)

 Additional Paid-in Capital

 Accumulated Deficit

 Unrealized Hedging (Losses) Gains

 Foreign Currency Translation

 Defined Benefit Plans

 Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, net of tax

 Total Equity Attributable to the Company

 Non-Controlling Interests
 Total Equity

 Balance as of December 31, 2021
 223.7
 $
 22.4
 $
 2,896.6
 $
 ( 1,278.2)
 $
 ( 83.6)
 $
 ( 104.5)
 $
 ( 4.9)
 $
 ( 193.0)
 $
 1,447.8
 $
 0.8
 $
 1,448.6

 Net income
 —
 —
 —
 196.4
 —
 —
 —
 —
 196.4
 —
 196.4

 —
 —
 39.8
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 39.8
 —
 39.8

 Vesting of shares related to equity compensation plans, net amounts withheld for payment of taxes
 2.1
 0.2
 ( 24.9)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 24.7)
 —
 ( 24.7)

 Unrealized gain on hedging instruments, net of tax
 —
 —
 —
 —
 116.0
 —
 —
 116.0
 116.0
 —
 116.0

 Amounts reclassified from AOCI to the statement of operations, net of tax
 —
 —
 —
 —
 16.9
 —
 —
 16.9
 16.9
 —
 16.9

 Foreign currency translation
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Defined benefit plan actuarial loss
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other activity
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Balance as of December 31, 2022
 225.8
 $
 22.6
 $
 2,911.5
 $
 ( 1,081.8)
 $
 48.7
 $
 ( 200.6)
 $
 ( 39.1)
 $
 ( 191.0)
 $
 1,661.3
 $
 0.8
 $
 1,662.1

 Net loss
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 53.6
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 53.6
 —
 53.6

 Vesting of shares related to equity compensation plans, net amounts withheld for payment of taxes
 1.5
 0.1
 ( 7.8)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 7.7)
 —
 ( 7.7)

 Unrealized gain on hedging instruments, net of tax
 —
 —
 —
 —
 24.3
 —
 —
 24.3
 24.3
 —
 24.3

 Amounts reclassified from AOCI to the statement of operations, net of tax
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 36.0)
 —
 —
 ( 36.0)
 ( 36.0)
 —
 ( 36.0)

 Foreign currency translation
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 19.0
 —
 19.0
 19.0
 —
 19.0

 Defined benefit plans actuarial loss
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Distribution from non-controlling interests
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Balance as of December 31, 2023
 227.3
 $
 22.7
 $
 2,957.3
 $
 ( 1,117.2)
 $
 37.0
 $
 ( 181.6)
 $
 ( 40.8)
 $
 ( 185.4)
 $
 1,677.4
 $
 0.6
 $
 1,678.0

 Net income
 —
 —
 —
 131.3
 —
 —
 —
 —
 131.3
 —
 131.3

 —
 —
 35.4
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 35.4
 —
 35.4

 Vesting of shares related to equity compensation plans, net amounts withheld for payment of taxes
 2.4
 0.3
 ( 6.3)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 6.0)
 —
 ( 6.0)

 Unrealized gain on hedging instruments, net of tax
 —
 —
 —
 —
 25.7
 —
 —
 25.7
 25.7
 —
 25.7

 Amounts reclassified from AOCI to the statement of operations, net of tax
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 37.5)
 —
 —
 ( 37.5)
 ( 37.5)
 —
 ( 37.5)

 Foreign currency translation
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Defined benefit plans actuarial gain
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2.1
 2.1
 2.1
 —
 2.1

 Other activity
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Balance as of December 31, 2024
 229.7
 $
 23.0
 $
 2,986.4
 $
 ( 985.9)
 $
 25.2
 $
 ( 255.1)
 $
 ( 38.7)
 $
 ( 268.6)
 $
 1,754.9
 $
 0.5
 $
 1,755.4

 The accompanying notes form an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash flows from operating activities

 $
 131.3
 $
 $
 196.4

 Reconciliation of net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:

 122.2
 145.6
 146.9

 Impairment charges
 3.8
 13.6
 1.6

 Unrealized foreign exchange (gain) loss

 ( 4.3)
 1.9
 ( 4.0)

 35.6
 54.1
 40.3

 Lease amortization
 86.5
 97.8
 102.2

 Loss on debt extinguishment
 —
 19.3
 —

 Amortization of debt issuance costs
 7.5
 7.5
 9.6

 Earnings from equity method investments, net of distributions received
 ( 18.7)
 ( 33.7)
 ( 45.4)

 Change in deferred taxes
 ( 28.1)
 ( 50.4)
 14.6

 Provision for loss on receivables and other assets
 20.8
 10.6
 31.7

 Loss on disposal of business
 15.8
 1.3
 13.2

 Unrealized loss on equity securities, net
 0.8
 27.8
 84.2

 Other operating activities, net
 ( 26.6)
 16.7
 ( 3.4)

 Changes in assets and liabilities:

 Trade and other receivables
 ( 78.7)
 62.5
 ( 298.9)

 Income taxes payable
 2.1
 ( 34.1)

 Short-term contract assets and Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 20.8
 72.8
 ( 102.7)

 Other non-current assets
 ( 58.0)
 ( 24.7)
 ( 30.6)

 Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 16.8
 ( 49.4)
 125.1

 Accrued compensation
 74.3
 ( 67.7)
 ( 41.4)

 Other current and non-current liabilities
 ( 115.9)
 ( 83.9)
 ( 94.2)

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 208.0
 152.2
 49.1

 Cash flows from investing activities

 Payment for property and equipment
 ( 41.0)
 ( 51.0)
 ( 50.7)

 Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired
 —
 —
 ( 32.8)

 Investments in equity securities and equity method joint ventures
 ( 6.9)
 ( 26.4)

 Return of beneficial interest in a securitization
 ( 505.0)
 ( 330.0)
 ( 80.0)

 Collection on beneficial interest in a securitization
 505.0
 430.0
 80.0

 Proceeds from disposition of business

 122.6
 —
 —

 Other investing activities, net
 1.3
 6.8
 ( 10.8)

 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
 81.2
 48.9
 ( 120.7)

 Cash flows from financing activities

 Shares repurchased for payment of employee taxes on stock awards
 ( 10.4)
 ( 8.1)
 ( 27.2)

 Payment of deferred and contingent consideration
 ( 18.1)
 ( 14.5)
 ( 11.0)

 Proceeds from borrowings
 —
 2,400.0
 —

 Repayment of borrowings
 ( 200.4)
 ( 2,405.0)
 ( 26.7)

 Debt issuance costs
 —
 ( 65.1)
 —

 Payment of finance lease liabilities
 ( 28.2)
 ( 29.2)
 ( 17.3)

 Other financing activities, net
 3.7
 1.1
 2.9

 Net cash used in financing activities
 ( 253.4)
 ( 120.8)
 ( 79.3)

 Change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 35.8
 80.3
 ( 150.9)

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of the year
 801.2
 719.0
 890.3

 Effects of exchange rate fluctuations on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 ( 22.4)
 1.9
 ( 20.4)

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of the year
 $
 814.6
 $
 801.2
 $
 719.0

 The accompanying notes form an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

 Note 1: Organization and Business Overview
 DTZ Jersey Holdings Limited, together with its subsidiaries, was formed on August 21, 2014, by investment funds affiliated with TPG Inc. (together with its affiliates, "TPG"), PAG Asia Capital (together with its affiliates, "PAG") and Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan Board ("OTPP") (collectively, the "Founding Shareholders"). On November 5, 2014, DTZ Jersey Holdings Limited acquired 100 % of the combined DTZ group for $ 1.1 billion from UGL Limited. On September 1, 2015, DTZ Jersey Holdings Limited acquired 100 % of C&W Group, Inc., the legacy Cushman & Wakefield business, for $ 1.9 billion.
 On July 6, 2018, the shareholders of DTZ Jersey Holdings Limited exchanged their shares in DTZ Jersey Holdings Limited for interests in newly issued shares of Cushman & Wakefield Limited, a private limited company incorporated in England and Wales. On July 12, 2018, Cushman & Wakefield Limited reduced the nominal value of each ordinary share issued to $ 0.01. On July 19, 2018, Cushman & Wakefield Limited re-registered as a public limited company organized under the laws of England and Wales (the "Re-registration") named Cushman & Wakefield plc (together with its subsidiaries, "the Company," "we," "ours" and "us"). Following the Re-registration, the Company undertook a share consolidation of its outstanding ordinary shares (the "Share Consolidation"), which resulted in a proportional decrease in the number of ordinary shares outstanding as well as corresponding adjustments to outstanding options and restricted share units on a 10 for 1 basis.
 On August 6, 2018, the Company completed an IPO of its ordinary shares in which it issued and sold 51.8 million ordinary shares at a price of $ 17.00 per share. On August 6 and 7, 2018, the Company completed a concurrent private placement (the "Concurrent Private Placement") of its ordinary shares in which it sold 10.6 million shares to Vanke Service (Hong Kong) Co., Limited (currently known as Onewo Inc. subsequent to its Hong Kong public offering in 2022) at a price of $ 17.00 per share. The IPO and Concurrent Private Placement resulted in net proceeds of approximately $ 1.0 billion after deducting offering fees and other direct incremental costs. Public trading in the Company's ordinary shares began on August 2, 2018.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company operated from nearly 400 offices in approximately 60 countries with approximately 52,000 employees. The Company's business is focused on meeting the increasing demands of our clients through comprehensive service offerings including (i) Services, (ii) Leasing, (iii) Capital markets and (iv) Valuation and other services. The Company primarily does business under the Cushman & Wakefield tradename.

 Note 2: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 a) Principles of Consolidation
 The Company maintains its accounting records on the accrual basis of accounting and its Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP").
 The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries, which include voting interest entities ("VOEs") in which the Company has determined it has a controlling financial interest in accordance with the provisions of the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 810, Consolidations. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. When applying principles of consolidation, management will identify whether an investee entity is a variable interest entity ("VIE") or a VOE. For VOEs, the Company consolidates the entity when it controls it through majority ownership and voting rights. The Company has determined that it does not have any material interests in VIEs. The Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in U.S. dollars ("USD").
 Entities in which the Company has significant influence over the entity's financial and operating policies, but does not control, are accounted for using the equity method. The Consolidated Financial Statements include the Company's share of the income and expenses and equity movements of investees accounted for under the equity method, after adjustments to align the accounting policies with those of the Company, from the date that significant influence or joint control commences until the date that significant influence ceases. When the Company's share of losses exceeds its interest in an investee, the carrying amount of that interest (including any long-term loans) is reduced to zero and the recognition of further losses is discontinued, except to the extent that the Company has an

 obligation to make or has made payments on behalf of the investee. For purposes of classifying distributions received from its equity method investments in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, the Company has elected to use the cumulative earnings approach. Under the cumulative earnings approach, distributions up to the amount of cumulative equity in earnings recognized are treated as returns on investment and classified as cash inflows from operating activities, and those in excess of that amount are treated as returns of investment and classified as cash inflows from investing activities. Refer to Note 8: Equity Method Investments for additional information.
 b) Use of Estimates
 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant items subject to estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, the valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations, including earn-out consideration; the fair value of derivative instruments; the fair value of the Company's defined benefit plan assets and obligations; the fair value of awards granted under stock-based compensation plans; valuation allowances for income taxes; self-insurance program liabilities; uncertain tax positions; probability of meeting performance conditions in share-based awards; impairment assessments related to goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets and variable consideration subject to accelerated revenue recognition.
 Although these estimates and assumptions are based on management's judgment and best knowledge of current events and actions that the Company may undertake in the future, actual results may differ from these estimates. Estimates and underlying assumptions are evaluated on an ongoing basis and adjusted, as needed, using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment. Market factors, such as illiquid credit markets, volatile equity markets and foreign currency fluctuations can increase the uncertainty in such estimates and assumptions. The effects of such adjustments are reflected in the Consolidated Financial Statements in the periods in which they are determined.
 c) Revenue Recognition
 Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised services to clients in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those services, in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("Topic 606"). The Company enters into contracts and earns revenue from its (i) Services, (ii) Leasing, (iii) Capital markets and (iv) Valuation and other service lines. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers.
 A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct service or a series of distinct services to the client and is the unit of account. A contract's transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Most service offerings are provided under agreements containing standard terms and conditions, which typically do not require any significant judgments about when revenue should be recognized. The Company allocates the contract's transaction price to each performance obligation using the best estimate of the standalone selling price of each distinct service in the contract.
 Nature of Services
 Fees earned from the delivery of the Company's property, facilities and project management services are recognized over time when earned under the provisions of the related agreements and are generally based on a fixed recurring fee or a variable fee, which may be based on hours incurred, a percentage mark-up on actual costs incurred or a percentage of monthly gross receipts. The services provided are a series of distinct daily performance obligations being completed over time, and revenue is recognized at the end of each period associated with the satisfaction of a particular performance obligation. The Company may also earn additional revenue based on certain qualitative and quantitative performance measures, which can be based on certain key performance indicators. This additional revenue is recognized over time when earned as the performance obligation is satisfied and the fees are not deemed probable of significant reversal in future periods.
 When accounting for reimbursements of third-party expenses incurred on a client's behalf, the Company determines whether it is acting as a principal or an agent in the arrangement. When the Company is acting as a principal, the Company's revenue is reported on a gross basis and comprises the entire amount billed to the client, and reported

 costs of services includes all expenses associated with the client. When the Company is acting as an agent, the Company's fee is reported on a net basis as revenue for reimbursed amounts is netted against the related expenses. Within Topic 606, control of the service before transfer to the customer is the focal point of the principal versus agent assessments. The Company is a principal if it controls the services before they are transferred to the client. The presentation of revenues and expenses pursuant to these arrangements under either a gross or net basis has no impact on service line fee revenue, net income or cash flows.
 Leasing and Capital markets
 The Company records commission revenue on real estate leases and sales at the point in time when the performance obligation is satisfied, which is generally upon lease execution or transaction closing. Terms and conditions of a commission agreement may include, but are not limited to, execution of a signed lease agreement and future contingencies, including tenant's occupancy, payment of a deposit or payment of first month's rent (or a combination thereof). Under Topic 606, we accelerate the recognition of certain revenues that are based, in part, on future contingent events. For the revenues related to Leasing services, the Company's performance obligation will typically be satisfied upon execution of a lease and the portion of the commission that is contingent on a future event will likely be recognized if deemed not subject to significant reversal, based on the Company's estimates and judgments. The Company's commission expense is recognized in the same period as the corresponding revenue.
 Valuation and other services
 Valuation and advisory fees are earned upon completion of the service, which is generally upon delivery of a preliminary or final appraisal report. Consulting fees are recognized when earned under the provisions of the client contracts, which is generally upon completion of services.
 If the Company has multiple contracts with the same customer, the Company assesses whether the contracts are linked or are separate arrangements. The Company considers several factors in this assessment, including the timing of negotiation, interdependence with other contracts or elements and pricing and payment terms. The Company and its customers typically view each contract as a separate arrangement, as each service has standalone value, selling prices of the separate services exist and are negotiated independently and performance of the services is distinct.
 d) Cash and Cash Equivalents
 Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash balances and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. The carrying amount of cash equivalents approximates fair value. Checks issued but not presented to banks may result in book overdraft balances for accounting purposes, which are classified within short-term borrowings and the change as a component of financing cash flows. The Company also manages certain cash and cash equivalents as an agent for its property and facilities management clients. These amounts are not included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 e) Restricted Cash
 Restricted cash of $ 21.3 million and $ 33.5 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, is included within Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. These balances primarily consist of legally restricted deposits related to contracts entered with others, including clients, in the normal course of business.
 f) Trade and Other Receivables
 Trade and other receivables are presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets net of estimated uncollectible amounts. On a periodic basis, the Company evaluates its receivables and establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts based on historical experience and other currently available information. The allowance reflects the Company's best estimate of collectability risks on outstanding receivables.
 Accounts Receivable Securitization Program
 In March 2017, the Company entered into a revolving trade accounts receivables securitization program, which it has amended periodically (the "A/R Securitization"). The Company records the transactions as sales of receivables, derecognizes such receivables from its Consolidated Financial Statements and records a receivable for the deferred purchase price of such receivables. Refer to Note 19: Fair Value Measurements and Note 20: Accounts Receivable Securitization for additional information about the A/R Securitization.

 g) Income Taxes
 Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences attributable to differences between carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, as well as operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that the new rate is enacted. A valuation allowance is established against deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized in the future.
 In determining the amount of current and deferred tax, the Company considers the impact of uncertain tax positions and whether additional taxes and interest may be due. New information may become available that causes the Company to change its judgment regarding the adequacy of existing tax liabilities; such changes to tax liabilities will impact tax expense in the period that such a determination is made.
 The provision for income taxes comprises current and deferred income tax expense and is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. To the extent that the income taxes are for items recognized directly in equity, the related income tax effects are recognized in equity. Refer to Note 14: Income Taxes for additional information on income taxes.
 h) Property and Equipment
 Property and equipment is recorded at cost, net of accumulated depreciation, or in the case of leased assets, at the present value of the future minimum lease payments. Costs include expenditures that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset and costs incurred to prepare the asset for its intended use. Direct costs for internally developed software are capitalized during the application development stage. All costs during the preliminary project stage are expensed as incurred. The costs capitalized include consulting, licensing and direct labor costs and are amortized upon implementation of the software in production over the useful life of the software.
 Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.
 Depreciation of property and equipment is computed on a straight-line basis over the asset's estimated useful life. Assets held under finance leases are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term or their useful lives unless it is reasonably certain that the Company will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term. The Company's estimated useful lives are as follows:

 Furniture and equipment
 1 to 15 years

 Leasehold improvements
 Shorter of lease term or asset useful life, 1 to 20 years

 Equipment under finance lease
 Shorter of lease term or asset useful life, 1 to 10 years

 Software
 1 to 10 years

 The Company evaluates the reasonableness of the useful lives of property and equipment at least annually.
 In addition, the Company reviews property and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If this review indicates that such assets are impaired, the impairment is recognized in the period the change occurs and represents the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value.
 i) Business Combinations, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
 We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that once control is obtained, all of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including contingent and deferred consideration and amounts attributable to non-controlling interests, be recorded at their respective fair values as of acquisition date. Determination of the fair values of the assets and liabilities acquired requires estimates and the use of valuation techniques when market values are not readily available. Any excess of the cost of the business combination over the fair value of the net assets acquired is recognized as goodwill in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized and are stated at cost. Definite-lived intangible assets are stated at cost less accumulated amortization.

 Amortization of definite-lived intangible assets is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the intangible assets. The Company evaluates the reasonableness of the useful lives of these intangibles at least annually.
 Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually, typically in the fourth quarter. The Company will test more frequently if there are indicators of impairment or whenever business or economic circumstances change, suggesting the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable. The Company typically performs an impairment evaluation of goodwill to assess whether the fair value of a reporting unit ("RU") is less than its carrying amount, by initially performing a qualitative assessment ("Step Zero"), and proceeds to the quantitative impairment test ("Step One") if it is more likely than not that the fair value of the RU is less than its carrying amount. The Company may elect to skip the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to performing Step One. If the Company determines the quantitative impairment test is required, the estimated fair value of the RU is compared to its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value of a RU exceeds its carrying value, goodwill is not considered to be impaired. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value, an impairment loss is recognized equal to that excess. The loss recognized cannot exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The Company elected an annual goodwill impairment assessment date of October 1. In 2024, the Company performed a qualitative assessment for three of its four RUs and elected to perform a quantitative impairment test for one of its four RUs as of October 1, 2024. Refer to Note 6: Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for additional discussion of the 2024 goodwill impairment assessment.
 The Company assesses, at least quarterly, qualitative indicators related to definite-lived intangible assets, such as customer relationships, to determine if any events or circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the intangible asset is not recoverable. If certain circumstances indicate potential recoverability issues, a quantitative test is performed to determine whether the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. The Company records an impairment loss for intangible assets if the fair value of the asset is less than the asset's carrying amount.
 j) Accrued Claims and Contingencies
 The Company is subject to various claims and contingencies related to lawsuits. A liability is recorded for claims or other contingencies when the risk of loss is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The required reserves may change due to new developments in each period. Legal fees are expensed as incurred.
 The Company self-insures for various risks, including workers' compensation, general liability and medical in some jurisdictions. A liability is recorded for the Company's obligations for both reported and incurred but not reported ("IBNR") insurance claims through assessments based on prior claims history. In addition, in the U.S., U.K. and Australia, the Company is self-insured against errors and omissions ("E&O") claims through a primary insurance layer provided by its 100 %-owned, consolidated, captive insurance subsidiary, Nottingham Indemnity, Inc., and an excess layer provided through a third-party insurance carrier. Refer to Note 17: Commitments and Contingencies for additional information.
 k) Debt Issuance Costs, Premiums and Discounts
 Debt issuance costs, premiums and discounts are amortized into Interest expense over the term of the related loan agreements using the effective interest method. Debt issuance costs, premiums and discounts related to non-revolving debt are presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a direct deduction from the carrying value of the associated debt liability. Debt issuance costs related to revolving credit facilities are presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as Other non-current assets.
 l) Derivatives and Hedging Activities
 From time to time, the Company enters into derivative financial instruments, including foreign exchange forward contracts and interest rate swaps, to manage its exposure to foreign exchange rate and interest rate risks. The Company views derivative financial instruments as a risk management tool and, accordingly, does not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value at the date the derivative contracts are executed and are subsequently remeasured to their fair value at the end of each reporting period. The resulting gain or loss is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations immediately unless the derivative is designated and effective as a hedging instrument, in which case hedge accounting is applied. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on the hedging instrument with the recognition of the changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk in a fair value hedge or the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge.

 Hedge accounting is discontinued when the Company revokes the hedging relationship, when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, or when it no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. Any gain or loss recognized in Other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable income taxes and accumulated in equity at that time, remains in equity and is recognized when the forecasted transaction is ultimately recognized in earnings. When a forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur, the gain or loss accumulated in equity is recognized immediately in earnings. Refer to Note 10: Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities for additional information on derivative instruments.
 m) Foreign Currency Transactions
 Foreign currency transactions are recorded in the functional currency at the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the reporting date are recorded in the functional currency at the foreign exchange rate at that date, which may result in a foreign currency gain or loss.
 Foreign currency gains or losses are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, except for differences arising on the retranslation of a financial liability designated as a hedge of the net investment in a foreign operation, or qualifying cash flow hedges, which are recognized in Other comprehensive income (loss) and accumulated within equity. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, foreign currency transactions resulted in losses of $ 6.1 million, $ 12.5 million and $ 4.5 million, respectively, which were recognized within Costs of services and Operating, administrative, and other expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 Foreign Currency Translation
 The assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated into USD at the balance sheet date. Income and expense items are translated at the monthly average rates. Translation adjustments are included in Accumulated other comprehensive loss.
 n) Leases
 The Company enters into operating leases for real estate and equipment, such as motor vehicles and IT equipment. Leases are initially assessed at contract inception for whether the Company has the right to control the asset and are measured based on the present value of future minimum lease payments over the lease term beginning at the commencement date. The future minimum lease payments are typically discounted using an incremental borrowing rate derived from information available at the lease commencement date as our leases generally do not include implicit rates. The incremental borrowing rate is calculated based on our collateralized borrowing rate adjusted for jurisdictional considerations. The Non-current operating lease assets also include any lease payments made prior to the commencement date and are recorded net of any lease incentives. Leases typically have limited restrictions and covenants on the Company for incurring additional financial obligations. Rental payments are generally fixed, with no special terms or conditions; however, certain operating leases also include variable lease payments such as insurance, real estate taxes, and annual changes in the consumer price index. Additionally, the Company's office leases may have options to extend or terminate the lease, the terms of which vary by lease; however, these options are not reasonably certain of being exercised, and the option periods are not considered in the calculation of the Non-current operating lease asset or the operating lease liability unless they are exercised. The Company generally only enters into subleases for its real estate leases, with the terms of the subleases consistent with those of the underlying lease.
 Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term in Operating, administrative and other in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Operating lease assets are included in Non-current operating lease assets, and operating lease liabilities are included in Other current liabilities and Non-current operating lease liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Finance lease assets are included in Property and Equipment, net and finance lease liabilities are included in Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt and Long-term debt, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively.
 The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, but as the Company has elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for all asset classes, they are not accounted for separately. Instead, consideration for the lease is allocated to a single lease component. Further, the Company has elected the practical expedient for the short-term lease exemption for all asset classes and therefore does not recognize operating lease assets or operating lease liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less. The impact of off-balance sheet accounting for short-term leases is immaterial. For certain equipment leases, the Company applies a portfolio approach to account for the operating lease assets and liabilities.

 The Company assesses lease assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the lease asset may not be recoverable. If this assessment indicates that such assets are impaired, the impairment is recognized in the period the changes occur and represent the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value. Refer to Note 16: Leases for additional information on leases.
 o) Share-based Payments
 The Company grants stock options and restricted stock awards to employees and directors under the Amended and Restated 2018 Omnibus Management Share and Cash Incentive Plan and the Amended and Restated 2018 Omnibus Non-Employee Director Share and Cash Incentive Plan (collectively, the "2018 Omnibus Plans"). For time-based awards, the grant date fair value is recognized as compensation expense using the straight-line vesting method over the vesting period, with a corresponding increase in equity or liabilities, depending on the balance sheet classification. For performance-based awards, the grant date fair value is recognized as compensation expense as the awards vest based on the achievement of performance and market conditions, with a corresponding increase in equity or liabilities, depending on the balance sheet classification. Refer to Note 13: Stock-Based Compensation for additional information on the Company's stock-based compensation plans.
 p) Investments
 The Company directly invests in early stage property technology ("proptech") companies, real estate investment funds and other real estate companies across various sectors. The Company typically reports these investments at cost, less impairment charges, and adjusts to fair value if the Company identifies observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar instruments of the same issuer.
 For investments reported at fair value, the Company adjusts these investments to their fair values each reporting period, and the changes are reflected in Other income (expense), net, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Refer to Note 19: Fair Value Measurements for additional information.
 q) Advertising Costs
 Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, advertising costs of $ 38.5 million, $ 39.9 million and $ 41.8 million, respectively, were included in Operating, administrative and other expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 r) Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
 The following accounting pronouncements have been recently issued or were recently adopted by the Company:
 Reference Rate Reform
 In March 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting ("ASU 2020-04"). In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope ("ASU 2021-01"). In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 ("ASU 2022-06"). ASU 2020-04 provides temporary optional practical expedients for reference rate reform related activities that impact debt, leases, derivatives and other contracts, and ASU 2021-01 and ASU 2022-06 amended the scope and deferred the sunset date of ASU 2020-04, respectively. The Company elected the optional expedient for modifications of debt contracts for its June 2023 debt agreement amendment, which did not have a significant impact on its financial statements and related disclosures. The Company did not apply the optional expedient to other 2023 or 2024 debt modifications. Refer to Note 11: Long-Term Debt and Other Borrowings for additional information.
 Business Combinations
 In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations: Accounting for Contract Asset and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which requires that an acquirer in a business combination recognize and measure contract assets and liabilities acquired in accordance with Topic 606 as if the acquirer had originated the contracts. The Company early adopted the ASU effective January 1, 2022, with no impact to its financial statements and related disclosures.

 In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-05, Business Combinations – Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60): Recognition and Initial Measurement ("ASU 2023-05"). ASU 2023-05 applies to the formation of a joint venture and requires a joint venture to initially measure all contributions received upon its formation at fair value. The guidance is effective for all joint ventures with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025. Joint ventures formed before the effective date have the option to apply it retrospectively, while those formed after the effective date are required to apply it prospectively. The Company adopted the ASU effective January 1, 2025, with no impact to its Consolidated Financial Statements or related disclosures.
 Government Assistance
 In November 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-10, Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance, which requires certain disclosures when companies have received government assistance and use a grant or contribution accounting model by analogy to other accounting guidance. A company that has received government assistance must provide disclosures related to the nature of the transaction, accounting policies used to account for the transaction, and the amounts and line items on the financial statements that are affected by the transaction. The Company prospectively adopted the ASU effective January 1, 2022, with no impact to its financial statements and related disclosures.
 Fair Value Measurement
 In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions, which clarifies that a company should not consider contractual restrictions on the sale of equity securities in measuring fair value. This ASU clarifies the guidance in ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures ("ASC 820"), on the fair value measurement of equity securities that are subject to a contractual sale restriction and requires specific disclosures related to such equity securities. The Company early adopted this ASU effective July 1, 2022, with no impact to its financial statements and related disclosures.
 SEC Staff Bulletins and Releases
 In July 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-03 to amend various SEC paragraphs in the Accounting Standards Codification to primarily reflect the issuance of SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120. In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-04 to amend additional SEC paragraphs in the ASC to primarily reflect the issuance of SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 121. The ASUs do not provide any new guidance, so there is no transition or effective date associated with them and, therefore, the Company adopted the ASUs with no impact to its financial statements and related disclosures.
 In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC's Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative, to amend certain disclosure and presentation requirements for a variety of topics within the ASC. These amendments align the requirements in the ASC to the SEC's removal of certain disclosure requirements set out in Regulation S-X and Regulation S-K. The effective date for each amended topic in the ASC is either the date on which the SEC's removal of the related disclosure requirement from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective or on June 30, 2027 if the SEC has not removed the requirements by that date. Early adoption is prohibited. The Company does not anticipate that these amendments will have an impact on its financial statements and related disclosures.
 Segment Reporting
 In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, to amend reportable segment disclosure requirements. ASU 2023-07 requires interim and annual disclosures about significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to an entity's chief operating decision maker or those charged with assessing segment performance and allocating resources. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2024, with no impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations, and applied the amended disclosure requirements retrospectively. Refer to Note 3: Segment Data for expanded disclosures related to each reportable segment.

 Income Taxes
 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to amend certain disclosure and presentation requirements. ASU 2023-09 requires entities to disclose disaggregated information within its effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information related to income taxes paid, such as the amount paid disaggregated by jurisdiction, among other disclosures. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The amended disclosure and presentation requirements are to be applied on a prospective basis, but retrospective application is permitted. The Company adopted the ASU effective January 1, 2025, and the required disclosures will be included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K that will be filed for the annual period ending December 31, 2025. The ASU will result in expanded disclosures related to income taxes but will have no impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.
 Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses
 In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses ("ASU 2024-03"). ASU 2024-03 requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses for public business entities. This ASU will require a footnote disclosure about specific expenses by requiring entities to disaggregate, in a tabular presentation, certain expense captions presented on the face of our Consolidated Statements of Operations. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted, and the disclosure requirements are to be applied retrospectively to any prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the ASU will have on its financial statement disclosures and determining the timing of our adoption. This ASU will result in expanded disclosures related to expenses but will have no impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.

 Note 3: Segment Data
 The Company reports its operations through the following segments: (1) Americas, (2) Europe, Middle East and Africa ("EMEA") and (3) Asia Pacific ("APAC"). The Americas consists of operations located in the United States, Canada and other markets in North and South America. EMEA includes operations in the U.K., France, Netherlands and other markets in Europe and the Middle East. APAC includes operations in Australia, Singapore, India and other markets in the Asia Pacific region.
 Adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("Adjusted EBITDA") is the profitability metric reported to the chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), the Chief Executive Officer, for purposes of making decisions about allocation of resources to each segment and assessing performance of each segment. The Company does not use other measures of segment profit or loss. The CODM uses Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate operating performance, develop budgets and forecasts, and to assist our investors in analyzing the underlying performance of our business. Adjusted EBITDA is also used to determine future allocation of financial and capital resources, including compensation.
 The Company believes that investors find this measure useful in comparing our operating performance to that of other companies in our industry because this measure generally illustrates the underlying performance of the business before unrealized loss on investments, net, loss on dispositions, integration and other costs related to merger, acquisition related costs and efficiency initiatives, cost savings initiatives, CEO transition costs, servicing liability fees and amortization, certain legal and compliance matters, gains from insurance proceeds and other non-recurring items. Adjusted EBITDA also excludes the effects of financings, income tax and the non-cash accounting effects of depreciation and intangible asset amortization.
 As segment assets are not reported to or used by the CODM to measure business performance or allocate resources, total segment assets and capital expenditures are not presented below.

 The following tables present financial information for each reportable segment including segment revenue, significant segment expenses, Adjusted EBITDA and related reconciliations (in millions):

 Year Ended December 31, 2024

 EMEA

 APAC

 Total

 $
 6,998.0
 $
 953.2
 $
 1,495.3
 $

 Less:

 $
 2,314.8
 $
 125.7
 $
 416.8
 $
 2,857.3

 Direct employment costs
 3,015.0
 390.4
 422.5
 3,827.9

 Other direct costs

 480.2
 119.2
 435.6
 1,035.0

 Indirect and overhead employment costs
 426.9
 125.2
 110.0
 662.1

 Other indirect and overhead costs

 377.2
 120.6
 64.2
 562.0

 Other segment items(1)

 ( 52.5)
 ( 2.4)
 ( 24.8)
 ( 79.7)

 $
 436.4
 $
 74.5
 $
 71.0
 $
 581.9

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 EMEA

 APAC

 Total

 $
 7,129.0
 $
 973.7
 $
 1,391.0
 $

 Less:

 $
 2,506.9
 $
 115.2
 $
 340.2
 $
 2,962.3

 Direct employment costs
 2,857.7
 394.4
 427.5
 3,679.6

 Other direct costs

 615.6
 163.4
 420.7
 1,199.7

 Indirect and overhead employment costs
 449.3
 137.0
 111.0
 697.3

 Other indirect and overhead costs

 382.8
 120.1
 62.6
 565.5

 Other segment items(1)

 ( 112.9)
 ( 33.8)
 ( 34.1)
 ( 180.8)

 $
 429.6
 $
 77.4
 $
 63.1
 $
 570.1

 Year Ended December 31, 2022

 EMEA

 APAC

 Total

 $
 7,751.0
 $
 1,030.1
 $
 1,324.6
 $
 10,105.7

 Less:

 $
 2,462.1
 $
 102.7
 $
 292.8
 $
 2,857.6

 Direct employment costs
 3,225.7
 426.6
 401.2
 4,053.5

 Other direct costs

 676.3
 168.8
 397.3
 1,242.4

 Indirect and overhead employment costs
 431.4
 121.2
 103.1
 655.7

 Other indirect and overhead costs

 372.0
 147.0
 86.6
 605.6

 Other segment items(1)

 ( 132.0)
 ( 42.2)
 ( 33.7)
 ( 207.9)

 $
 715.5
 $
 106.0
 $
 77.3
 $
 898.8

 (1) Other segment items in the tables above include, for each reportable segment, earnings from equity method investments, which is included in Adjusted EBITDA, as well as certain non-GAAP adjustments for unusual or non-recurring items used to calculate Adjusted EBITDA. See reconciliation of Net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA below.

 Adjusted EBITDA is calculated as follows (in millions):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 131.3
 $
 $
 196.4

 Adjustments:

 122.2
 145.6
 146.9

 229.9
 281.1
 193.1

 44.5
 5.4
 141.6

 Unrealized loss on investments, net
 0.8
 27.8
 84.2

 Loss on dispositions

 18.4
 1.8
 —

 Integration and other costs related to merger
 4.9
 11.2
 14.0

 Pre-IPO stock-based compensation
 —
 —
 3.1

 Acquisition related costs and efficiency initiatives
 —
 14.2
 93.8

 Cost savings initiatives
 28.9
 55.6
 —

 CEO transition costs
 1.9
 8.3
 —

 Servicing liability fees and amortization
 11.7
 7.9

 Legal and compliance matters
 —
 23.0
 —

 Gain from insurance proceeds, net of legal fees

 ( 16.5)
 1.1
 —

 Other
 17.3
 18.7
 17.8

 $
 581.9
 $
 570.1
 $
 898.8

 Geographic Information
 Revenue in the table below is allocated based upon the country in which services are performed (in millions):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 United States
 $
 6,680.1
 $
 6,810.7
 $
 7,447.4

 Australia
 466.2
 472.5
 447.8

 United Kingdom
 359.4
 369.4
 365.3

 All other countries
 1,940.8
 1,841.1
 1,845.2

 $
 $
 $
 10,105.7

 Note 4: Earnings Per Share
 Earnings (loss) per share ("EPS") is calculated by dividing Net income or loss by the weighted average shares outstanding.
 As the Company was in a Net loss position for the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company has determined all potentially dilutive shares would be anti-dilutive in this period and therefore these shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding. This resulted in the calculation of weighted average shares outstanding to be the same for both basic and diluted EPS for the year ended December 31, 2023. Approximately 0.8 million of potentially dilutive shares for the year ended December 31, 2023 were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

 The following is a calculation of EPS (in millions, except per share amounts):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Basic EPS

 $
 131.3
 $
 $
 196.4

 Weighted average shares outstanding for basic earnings (loss) per share

 228.9
 226.9
 225.4

 Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders

 $
 0.57
 $
 ( 0.16)
 $
 0.87

 Diluted EPS

 $
 131.3
 $
 $
 196.4

 Weighted average shares outstanding for basic earnings (loss) per share

 228.9
 226.9
 225.4

 Dilutive effect of restricted stock units
 3.9
 —
 2.0

 Dilutive effect of stock options
 —
 —
 0.6

 Weighted average shares outstanding for diluted earnings (loss) per share

 232.8
 226.9
 228.0

 Diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders

 $
 0.56
 $
 ( 0.16)
 $
 0.86

 Note 5: Revenue
 Disaggregation of Revenue
 Effective January 1, 2024, the Property, facilities and project management service line was renamed to Services. The change was to the name only and had no impact on the composition of the Company's service lines or its historical results.
 The Company has chosen to disclose revenue by service line based on the nature and timing of revenue recognition. The following tables disaggregate revenue by reportable segment and service line (in millions):

 Year Ended December 31, 2024

 Revenue recognition timing
 EMEA
 APAC
 Total

 Over time
 $
 4,705.1
 $
 454.7
 $
 1,143.7
 $
 6,303.5

 1,560.3
 227.3
 185.6
 1,973.2

 566.6
 91.5
 65.6
 723.7

 At a point in time or over time
 166.0
 179.7
 100.4
 446.1

 $
 6,998.0
 $
 953.2
 $
 1,495.3
 $

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Revenue recognition timing
 EMEA
 APAC
 Total

 Over time
 $
 4,973.2
 $
 484.0
 $
 1,046.9
 $
 6,504.1

 1,445.3
 230.0
 176.3
 1,851.6

 558.9
 83.5
 55.2
 697.6

 At a point in time or over time
 151.6
 176.2
 112.6
 440.4

 $
 7,129.0
 $
 973.7
 $
 1,391.0
 $

 Year Ended December 31, 2022

 Revenue recognition timing
 EMEA
 APAC
 Total

 Over time
 $
 4,868.7
 $
 473.2
 $
 966.2
 $
 6,308.1

 1,690.9
 235.1
 180.1
 2,106.1

 990.5
 142.2
 58.6
 1,191.3

 At a point in time or over time
 200.9
 179.6
 119.7
 500.2

 $
 7,751.0
 $
 1,030.1
 $
 1,324.6
 $
 10,105.7

 Contract Balances
 The Company receives payments from customers based upon contractual billing schedules; accounts receivable are recorded when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. Contract assets include amounts related to the contractual right to consideration for completed performance obligations not yet available to be invoiced. Contract liabilities are recorded when cash payments are received in advance of performance, including amounts which are refundable.

 The following table provides information on contract assets and contract liabilities from contracts with customers included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions):

 2024
 2023

 Short-term contract assets
 $
 325.7
 $
 352.7

 Contract asset allowances
 ( 24.3)
 ( 41.7)

 Short-term contract assets, net
 301.4
 311.0

 Non-current contract assets
 69.0
 81.1

 Contract asset allowances
 ( 2.2)
 ( 2.2)

 Non-current contract assets, net included in Other non-current assets

 66.8
 78.9

 Total contract assets, net
 $
 368.2
 $
 389.9

 Contract liabilities included in Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 $
 68.0
 $
 57.0

 The amount of revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024 that was included in the contract liabilities balance at the beginning of the period was $ 38.7 million. The Company had no material asset impairment charges related to contract assets in the periods presented.
 Practical Expedient
 The Company incurs incremental costs to obtain new contracts across certain of its service lines. As the amortization period of those expenses is 12 months or less, the Company expenses those incremental costs of obtaining the contracts in accordance with Topic 606.
 Remaining performance obligations represent the aggregate transaction prices for contracts where the performance obligations have not yet been satisfied. In accordance with Topic 606, the Company does not disclose unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less, (ii) contracts for which the Company recognizes revenue in the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed and (iii) variable consideration for services performed as a series of daily performance obligations, such as those performed within the Services service line. Performance obligations within such Services contracts represent a significant portion of the Company's contracts with customers not expected to be completed within 12 months.

 Note 6: Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
 The following table summarizes the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment (in millions):

 EMEA
 APAC
 Total

 Balance as of December 31, 2022

 $
 1,516.8
 $
 305.9
 $
 242.8
 $
 2,065.5

 Dispositions

 —
 ( 0.7)
 ( 1.6)
 ( 2.3)

 Effect of movements in exchange rates and other
 1.5
 15.6
 0.6
 17.7

 Balance as of December 31, 2023

 $
 1,518.3
 $
 320.8
 $
 241.8
 $
 2,080.9

 Dispositions

 ( 44.4)
 —
 —
 ( 44.4)

 Effect of movements in exchange rates and other

 ( 4.7)
 ( 11.4)
 ( 22.1)
 ( 38.2)

 Balance as of December 31, 2024

 $
 1,469.2
 $
 309.4
 $
 219.7
 $
 1,998.3

 Portions of goodwill are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar; therefore, a portion of the movements in the reported book value of these balances is attributable to movements in foreign currency exchange rates.
 The Company identified four reporting units: Americas, C&W Services, EMEA and APAC. The Americas and C&W Services reporting units comprise the Americas reportable segment. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company considered qualitative and quantitative factors while performing the annual impairment assessment of goodwill as of October 1, 2024. The Company performed a qualitative, Step Zero, assessment for the C&W Services, EMEA and APAC reporting units and concluded it was not more likely than not that the RU was impaired. In performing Step One of the goodwill impairment analysis over its Americas reporting unit, the Company relied on both an income approach, using a discounted cash flow ("DCF") model, and market approach, using market multiples obtained from quoted prices of comparable companies, to determine the estimated fair value of the

 reporting unit. The DCF analysis incorporated significant judgments related to the selection of certain assumptions used to present value the estimated future cash flows, specifically, the discount rate, forecasted revenue growth rates, and forecasted profitability margins.
 For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the annual impairment assessment of goodwill has been completed resulting in no impairment charges, as the estimated fair value of each of the identified reporting units was in excess of its carrying value when Step One was performed, and we concluded it was not more likely than not that the identified reporting units were impaired when Step Zero was performed. It is possible that our determination that goodwill for a reporting unit is not impaired could change in the future if current economic conditions or other conditions deteriorate or the operating performance or future prospects for a particular reporting unit declines.
 The following tables summarize the carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of intangible assets (in millions):

 As of December 31, 2024

 Useful Life
 (in years)

 Gross Value
 Accumulated Amortization
 Net Value

 C&W trade name
 Indefinite
 $
 546.0
 $
 —
 $
 546.0

 Customer relationships
 5 - 15

 1,248.9
 ( 1,104.8)
 144.1

 Other intangible assets
 n/a

 15.2
 ( 15.2)
 —

 Total intangible assets
 $
 1,810.1
 $
 ( 1,120.0)
 $
 690.1

 As of December 31, 2023

 Useful Life
 (in years)

 Gross Value
 Accumulated Amortization
 Net Value

 C&W trade name
 Indefinite
 $
 546.0
 $
 —
 $
 546.0

 Customer relationships
 2 - 15

 1,375.2
 ( 1,115.7)
 259.5

 Other intangible assets
 15.3
 ( 14.9)
 0.4

 Total intangible assets
 $
 1,936.5
 $
 ( 1,130.6)
 $
 805.9

 Amortization expense was $ 45.9 million, $ 64.2 million and $ 64.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The estimated annual future amortization expense for each of the years ending December 31, 2025 through December 31, 2029 is $ 38.7 million, $ 35.1 million, $ 25.1 million, $ 14.0 million and $ 12.2 million, respectively.
 No material impairments of intangible assets were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
 During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company disposed of customer relationships, net of $ 67.2 million in relation to the sale of a non-core Services business. Refer to Note 7: Disposition for additional information.

 Note 7: Disposition
 On June 18, 2024, the Company entered into a purchase agreement with an unrelated third party to sell a non-core business that provides a third-party supplier network to support a small portion of our Services clients in the Americas segment (the "Disposal Group"). The Disposal Group was not considered discontinued operations as the sale of the Disposal Group neither represented a strategic shift nor did it have a material impact on the Company's operations and financial results.
 The sale closed on August 1, 2024 and the Company received net cash consideration of $ 122.6 million. The Company recorded a loss on disposition of $ 15.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 within Restructuring, impairment and related charges in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Note 8: Equity Method Investments
 Certain investments in which the Company has significant influence over the entity's financial and operating policies, but does not control, are accounted for under the equity method. The Company's material equity method investments include Cushman Wakefield Greystone LLC (the "Greystone JV"), in which the Company owns a 40 % interest, and CWVS Holding Limited (the "Onewo JV"), in which the Company owns a 35 % interest. In addition, the Company licenses certain of its trademarks to the Onewo JV and recognized royalty fee income of $ 9.2 million, $ 8.5 million, and $ 7.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which is included in Other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 The Company had investments in certain strategic joint ventures classified under the equity method of accounting as follows (in millions):

 2024
 2023

 Greystone JV
 $
 585.2
 $
 574.9

 Onewo JV

 126.8
 122.7

 Other investments
 11.6
 10.4

 Total Equity method investments
 $
 723.6
 $
 708.0

 The Company recognized earnings from equity method investments during the period as follows (in millions):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Greystone JV
 $
 26.2
 $
 43.7
 $
 72.9

 Onewo JV

 7.7
 9.7
 4.7

 Other investments
 3.5
 4.7
 7.4

 Total Earnings from equity method investments
 $
 37.4
 $
 58.1
 $
 85.0

 During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company received distributions from equity method investments of $ 18.7 million, $ 24.4 million and $ 39.6 million, respectively.
 The following tables summarize the combined financial information for our equity method investments, based on the most recent and sufficiently timely financial information available to the Company as of the respective reporting dates and periods. Certain equity method investments for which results are not available on a timely basis are reported on a lag. Such aggregated summarized financial data does not represent the Company's proportionate share of the equity method investment assets or earnings.

 2024
 2023

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 335.0
 $
 270.2

 Accounts receivable
 338.5
 307.2

 Mortgage loans held for sale
 623.2
 560.1

 Mortgage servicing rights
 838.3
 835.0

 Total assets
 $
 2,658.0
 $
 2,537.9

 Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 $
 555.9
 $
 502.7

 Mortgage indebtedness
 974.7
 892.9

 Total liabilities
 $
 1,812.6
 $
 1,723.0

 Non-controlling interest
 $
 10.3
 $
 9.9

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Gross revenues
 $
 1,734.4
 $
 1,664.6
 $
 1,608.5

 Gross profit
 261.0
 320.1
 374.2

 Net income
 96.1
 158.1
 231.9

 Net income attributable to the entity
 95.9
 157.8
 231.9

 The Company did not record any other-than-temporary impairment charges on equity method investments during the periods presented.

 Note 9: Property and Equipment
 Property and equipment consists of the following (in millions):

 2024
 2023

 Software
 $
 208.1
 $
 194.5

 Leasehold improvements
 264.1
 256.0

 Plant and equipment
 124.9
 121.0

 Equipment under finance lease
 150.6
 134.5

 Software under development
 2.5
 10.0

 Construction in progress
 10.0
 12.7

 760.2
 728.7

 Less: Accumulated depreciation
 ( 624.2)
 ( 564.9)

 Total Property and equipment, net

 $
 136.0
 $
 163.8

 Depreciation and amortization expense associated with property and equipment was $ 76.3 million, $ 81.4 million, and $ 82.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Note 10: Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities
 The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both business operations and economic conditions, including interest rate risk and foreign exchange risk. To mitigate the impact of interest rate and foreign exchange risk, the Company enters into derivative financial instruments. The Company maintains the majority of its overall interest rate exposure on floating rate borrowings to a fixed-rate basis, primarily with interest rate swap agreements. The Company manages exposure to foreign exchange fluctuations primarily through short-term forward contracts.
 Interest Rate Derivative Instruments
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company's active interest rate hedging instruments consisted of nine interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges. Of the designated cash flow hedges, there are three interest rate swap agreements with a notional amount of $ 1.4 billion expiring on August 21, 2025 and six interest rate swap agreements with a notional amount of $ 550.0 million expiring on May 31, 2028.
 In addition, the Company previously elected to terminate certain interest rate swap agreements in November 2022 and June 2023. Amounts relating to these terminated derivative instruments recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss will be amortized into earnings over the remaining life of the original agreements, which were scheduled to expire on August 21, 2025.
 The Company records changes in the fair value of derivatives designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges in Accumulated other comprehensive loss in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and subsequently reclassifies the changes into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were $ 22.7 million and $ 34.5 million in pre-tax gains, respectively, included in Accumulated other comprehensive loss related to these agreements, which will be reclassified to Interest expense, net of interest income as interest payments are made in accordance with the 2018 Credit Agreement; refer to Note 11: Long-Term Debt and Other Borrowings for discussion of the 2018 Credit Agreement (which is defined therein). During the next twelve months, the Company estimates that pre-tax gains of $ 15.5 million will be reclassified to Interest expense, net of interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 Non-Designated Foreign Exchange Derivative Instruments
 Additionally, the Company enters into short-term forward contracts to mitigate the risk of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates that would adversely impact certain of the Company's foreign currency denominated transactions. Hedge accounting was not elected for any of these contracts. As such, changes in the fair values of these contracts are recorded directly in earnings. The Company recognized a realized loss of $ 8.8 million and an unrealized loss of $ 0.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company recognized a realized loss of $ 7.9 million, offset by an unrealized gain of $ 0.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company recognized a realized loss of $ 6.5 million, offset by an unrealized gain of $ 0.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2022.

 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had 31 and 27 foreign currency exchange forward contracts outstanding covering a notional amount of $ 559.5 million and $ 1.3 billion, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had not posted, and does not hold, any collateral related to these agreements.
 The following table presents the fair value of derivatives as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in millions):

 December 31, 2024
 December 31, 2023

 December 31, 2024

 Derivative Instrument
 Notional

 Designated:

 Cash flow hedges:

 Interest rate swaps
 $
 1,973.6
 $
 11.3
 $
 3.0
 $
 4.3
 $
 6.7

 Non-designated:

 $
 559.5
 $
 1.3
 $
 1.7
 $
 1.0
 $
 0.7

 The fair value of interest rate swap assets is included within Other non-current assets. The fair value of interest rate swap liabilities is included within Other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, based on the maturity date of the respective agreements. The fair value of foreign currency forward contracts is included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other current liabilities, respectively. The Company does not net derivatives in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 The following table presents the effect of derivatives designated as cash flow hedges in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (in millions):

 Beginning Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Gain) Loss(1)

 Amount of (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other Comprehensive Loss on Derivatives(2)

 Amount of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Statement of Operations(3)

 Ending Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Gain) Loss

 Year Ended December 31, 2024

 Interest rate cash flow hedges
 $
 ( 37.0)
 $
 ( 25.7)
 $
 37.5
 $
 ( 25.2)

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Interest rate cash flow hedges
 $
 ( 48.7)
 $
 ( 24.3)
 $
 36.0
 $
 ( 37.0)

 Year Ended December 31, 2022

 Interest rate cash flow hedges
 $
 84.2
 $
 ( 116.0)
 $
 ( 16.9)
 $
 ( 48.7)

 (1) Amount is net of related deferred tax benefit of $ 2.5 million, $ 0.0 million and $ 0.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 (2) Amount is net of related deferred tax expense of $ 4.8 million and benefit of $ 2.5 million and $ 0.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 (3) Amount is net of related income tax expense of $ 4.8 million, $ 0.0 million and $ 0.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, gains of $ 37.5 million and $ 36.0 million, and losses of $ 16.9 million, respectively, related to interest rate hedges were reclassified into earnings and recognized in Interest expense, net of interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Note 11: Long-Term Debt and Other Borrowings
 Long-term debt consisted of the following (in millions):

 2024
 2023

 Collateralized:

 Term Loan, due August 2025

 $
 —
 $
 192.9

 Term Loan, due January 2030 Tranche-1, net of unamortized discount and financing costs of $ 9.5 million and $ 10.7 million, respectively

 980.5
 984.3

 Term Loan, due January 2030 Tranche-2, net of unamortized discount and financing costs of $ 17.8 million and $ 19.5 million, respectively

 979.7
 980.5

 6.750 % Senior Secured Notes, due May 2028, net of unamortized financing costs of $ 4.9 million and $ 6.3 million, respectively

 645.1
 643.7

 8.875 % Senior Secured Notes, due September 2031, net of unamortized discount and financing costs of $ 5.8 million and $ 6.7 million, respectively

 394.2
 393.3

 Finance lease liabilities
 36.4
 45.9

 Total
 3,035.9
 3,240.6

 Less: current portion of long-term debt
 ( 96.3)
 ( 143.7)

 Total Long-term debt, net
 $
 2,939.6
 $
 3,096.9

 2018 Credit Agreement
 On August 21, 2018, the Company entered into an initial $ 3.5 billion credit agreement (as amended from time to time, the "2018 Credit Agreement"), comprised of an initial $ 2.7 billion senior secured term loan (the "Initial Term Loan") and an initial $ 810.0 million revolving credit facility (the "Revolver").
 Term Loans
 Net proceeds from the Initial Term Loan were $ 2.7 billion ($ 2.7 billion initial aggregate principal amount less $ 13.5 million stated discount and $ 20.6 million in debt transaction costs).
 On January 20, 2020, the Company refinanced the Initial Term Loan under materially the same terms, incurring an additional $ 11.1 million in debt transaction costs.
 On January 31, 2023, the Company amended the 2018 Credit Agreement to extend the maturity date of $ 1.0 billion of the $ 2.6 billion aggregate principal amount outstanding under the Initial Term Loan to January 31, 2030 (the "2030 Tranche-1"), incurring an additional $ 15.3 million in debt transaction costs which were capitalized and will be amortized over the remaining term of the loan. In addition, the Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $ 16.9 million within Interest expense, net of interest income, consisting of $ 8.7 million in unamortized deferred financing costs and $ 8.2 million in certain new transaction costs paid to creditors. The Company also recognized $ 4.7 million of new transaction costs directly in Interest expense in the first quarter of 2023. At the time of this amendment, the August 21, 2025 maturity date of the then remaining $ 1.6 billion principal balance outstanding under the Initial Term Loan was not changed.
 On June 21, 2023, the Company amended the 2018 Credit Agreement, effective June 28, 2023, to replace the LIBOR rate applicable to borrowings under the Initial Term Loan with Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus an applicable credit spread adjustment. As there were no other material changes to the terms and conditions of the 2018 Credit Agreement, the Company leveraged certain optional expedients for contract modifications related to reference rate reform provided in ASU 2020-04, ASU 2021-01 and ASU 2022-06.
 On August 24, 2023, the Company amended the 2018 Credit Agreement to extend the maturity date of $ 1.0 billion of the then-remaining $ 1.6 billion aggregate principal amount outstanding under the Initial Term Loan to January 31, 2030 (the "2030 Tranche-2"), incurring an additional $ 20.4 million in debt transaction costs which were capitalized and will be amortized over the remaining term of the loan. In addition, the Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $ 23.6 million within Interest expense, net of interest income, consisting of $ 10.6 million in unamortized deferred financing costs and $ 13.0 million in certain new transaction costs paid to creditors. The Company also recognized $ 2.5 million of transaction costs directly in Interest expense in the third quarter of 2023. Upon execution of this amendment, along with the repayment of principal outstanding thereunder using proceeds from the offering of $ 400.0 million in senior secured notes (discussed below), the Initial Term Loan had a remaining aggregate principal balance outstanding of $ 192.9 million and a maturity date of August 21, 2025. We refer to this remaining aggregate principal balance as the "2025 Tranche," and we refer to the 2025 Tranche, the 2030 Tranche-1 and the 2030 Tranche-2 collectively as the "Term Loans".

 On April 9, 2024, the Company amended the 2018 Credit Agreement to reprice the 2030 Tranche-2, reducing the applicable interest rate from 1-month Term SOFR plus 4.00 % to 1-month Term SOFR plus 3.75 %. There were no other material changes to the terms and conditions of the 2018 Credit Agreement. As a result of the reprice, the Company incurred additional debt transaction costs of $ 2.0 million, of which $ 0.5 million were capitalized and will be amortized over the remaining term of the loan and $ 1.5 million were recognized directly in Interest expense, net of interest income.
 On June 18, 2024, the Company amended the 2018 Credit Agreement to reprice the 2030 Tranche-1, reducing the applicable interest rate from 1-month Term SOFR, plus 0.10 %, plus 3.25 % to 1-month Term SOFR plus 3.00 %. There were no other material changes to the terms and conditions of the 2018 Credit Agreement. As a result of the reprice, the Company incurred additional debt transaction costs of $ 1.9 million, of which $ 0.5 million were capitalized and will be amortized over the remaining term of the loan and $ 1.4 million were recognized directly in Interest expense, net of interest income.
 On October 10, 2024, the Company amended the 2018 Credit Agreement to reprice the 2030 Tranche-2, reducing the applicable interest rate from 1-month Term SOFR plus 3.75 % to 1-month Term SOFR plus 3.25 %. There were no other material changes to the terms and conditions of the 2018 Credit Agreement. As a result of the reprice, the Company incurred additional debt transaction costs of $ 2.0 million, of which $ 0.5 million were capitalized and will be amortized over the remaining term of the loan and $ 1.5 million were recognized directly in Interest expense, net of interest income.
 The 2018 Credit Agreement requires quarterly principal payments equal to 0.25 % of the aggregate principal amount of outstanding borrowings under the 2030 Tranche-1 and the 2030 Tranche-2, including any incremental borrowings. The 2018 Credit Agreement amendment entered into in the fourth quarter of 2024 deferred the mandatory principal payments for the 2030 Tranche-2 for two quarters, with such principal payments re-commencing in June 2025. The required principal payments for the 2030 Tranche-1 were deferred for two quarters but re-commenced in October 2024.
 In March, June, August and October 2024, the Company elected to prepay $ 50.0 million, $ 45.0 million, $ 50.0 million and $ 47.9 million in principal, respectively, of the 2025 Tranche, resulting in the full repayment of the 2025 Tranche. These optional principal prepayments, along with the required principal payments of $ 7.5 million on the other Term Loan tranches, brought the Company's aggregate debt repayments to $ 200.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. There are no funded long-term debt arrangements maturing prior to 2028.
 The Term Loans bear interest at a variable rate that the Company may select per the terms of the 2018 Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2024, the Company elected to use an annual rate equal to (i) 1-month Term SOFR (subject to a minimum floor of 0.50 %), plus 3.00 % for the 2030 Tranche-1 and (ii) 1-month Term SOFR (subject to a minimum floor of 0.50 %), plus 3.25 % for the 2030 Tranche-2. As of December 31, 2024, the effective interest rates were 7.69 % and 8.15 % for the 2030 Tranche-1 and the 2030 Tranche-2, respectively.
 Revolver
 On December 20, 2019, the Company amended the 2018 Credit Agreement to increase the aggregate commitments under the Revolver by $ 210.0 million, incurring an additional $ 0.5 million in debt transaction costs.
 On April 28, 2022, the Company amended the 2018 Credit Agreement to (i) increase the aggregate commitments under the Revolver by $ 80.0 million, extending its borrowing capacity from $ 1.0 billion to $ 1.1 billion, (ii) extend the maturity date of borrowings under the Revolver from August 21, 2023 to April 28, 2027, (iii) replace the LIBOR rate applicable to borrowings under the Revolver with Term SOFR plus an applicable rate, and (iv) add pricing terms linked to achievement of certain greenhouse gas emission targets. The Company incurred an additional $ 3.7 million in debt transaction costs in connection with this amendment.
 Borrowings under the Revolver, if any, bear interest at our option, at 1-month Term SOFR, plus 0.10 %, plus an applicable rate varying from 1.75 % to 2.75 % based on achievement of certain Net Leverage Ratios (as defined in the 2018 Credit Agreement). The Revolver was undrawn as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 The Revolver includes capacity for letters of credit equal to the lesser of (a) $ 220.0 million and (b) any remaining amount not drawn down on the Revolver's primary capacity. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had issued letters of credit with an aggregate face value of $ 13.0 million and $ 15.7 million, respectively. These letters of credit were issued in the normal course of business.

 The Revolver is also subject to a commitment fee. The commitment fee varies based on the Company's Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2018 Credit Agreement). The Company was charged $ 4.1 million, $ 3.8 million, and $ 2.8 million of commitment fees during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 Senior Secured Notes due 2028
 On May 22, 2020, the Company issued $ 650.0 million of senior secured notes due May 15, 2028 (the "2028 Notes"). Net proceeds from the 2028 Notes were $ 638.5 million, consisting of a $ 650.0 million aggregate principal amount less $ 11.5 million from issuance costs. The 2028 Notes were offered in a private placement exempt from registration under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). The 2028 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 6.75 % and yielded an effective interest rate of 6.75 % as of December 31, 2024.
 Senior Secured Notes due 2031
 On August 24, 2023, the Company issued $ 400.0 million of senior secured notes due September 1, 2031 (the "2031 Notes"). Net proceeds from the 2031 Notes were $ 392.8 million, consisting of a $ 400.0 million aggregate principal amount less $ 7.2 million from issuance costs. The 2031 Notes were offered in a private placement exempt from registration under the Securities Act. In addition, the Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $ 1.4 million and directly expensed transaction costs of $ 1.5 million within Interest expense, net of interest income in the third quarter of 2023 related to this issuance. The 2031 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 8.88 % and yielded an effective interest rate of 8.80 % as of December 31, 2024.
 Financial Covenant and Related Terms
 The 2018 Credit Agreement has a springing financial covenant, tested on the last day of each fiscal quarter if the outstanding borrowings under the Revolver exceed an applicable threshold. If the financial covenant is triggered, the Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2018 Credit Agreement) may not exceed 5.00 to 1.00. In addition, the 2018 Credit Agreement, the indenture governing the 2028 Notes and the indenture governing the 2031 Notes impose certain operating and financial restrictions on the Company, and in the event of certain defaults, all of the Company's outstanding borrowings under the 2018 Credit Agreement, the 2028 Notes and the 2031 Notes, together with accrued interest and other fees, could become immediately due and payable.
 The Company was in compliance with all of the covenants under the 2018 Credit Agreement, the indenture governing the 2028 Notes and the indenture governing the 2031 Notes as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

 Note 12: Employee Benefits
 Defined contribution plans
 The Company offers a variety of defined contribution plans across the world. In the U.S. benefit plans are pursuant to Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. For certain plans, the Company, at its discretion, can match eligible employee contributions of up to 100 % of amounts contributed up to 4 % of an individual's annual compensation and subject to limitation under federal law. Additionally, the Company sponsors a number of defined contribution plans pursuant to the requirements of certain countries in which it has operations.
 Contributions to defined contribution plans are charged as an expense as the contributions are paid or become payable and are reflected in Costs of services and Operating, administrative and other in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 Defined contribution plan expense was $ 51.0 million, $ 47.8 million and $ 37.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Defined benefit plans
 The Company offers defined benefit plans in certain jurisdictions. In the U.K., the Company provides two defined benefit plans to certain employees and former employees based on final pensionable salary, both of which are overfunded and closed to new members. Also in the U.K., the Company provides a defined benefit plan to former employees or their surviving spouses which is underfunded and closed to new members.
 The net asset for the U.K. defined benefit plans is presented within Other non-current assets and is comprised of the following (in millions):

 2024
 2023

 Present value of benefit obligations

 $
 ( 124.5)
 $
 ( 142.3)

 Fair value of defined benefit plan assets
 126.3
 144.8

 Net asset
 $
 1.8
 $
 2.5

 During 2022, the Company completed a buy-in transaction for two of the defined benefit plans in the U.K., whereas the trustees of the plans purchased a bulk annuity insurance policy, under which the insurer is committed to pay the plan cash flows intended to match the benefit payments. These new insurance policies are held as assets of each plan, respectively. Under the buy-in arrangement, the benefit obligation was not transferred to the insurer. Rather, the Company retains full responsibility for paying the members' benefits.
 There are no employer contributions expected to be paid for the year ending December 31, 2025 for the U.K. defined benefit plans.
 Changes in the net asset/liability for the U.K. defined benefit plans were as follows (in millions):

 2024
 2023

 Change in pension benefit obligations:

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 ( 142.3)
 $
 ( 135.6)

 Service cost

 Interest cost
 ( 5.7)
 ( 5.7)

 Actuarial gain (loss)

 12.8
 ( 1.1)

 Benefits paid
 8.5
 7.8

 Foreign exchange movement
 2.3
 ( 7.5)

 Balance at end of year
 $
 ( 124.5)
 $
 ( 142.3)

 Change in pension plan assets:

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 144.8
 $
 138.4

 Actual return on plan assets
 ( 7.9)
 6.4

 Benefits paid
 ( 8.5)
 ( 7.8)

 Foreign exchange movement
 ( 2.1)
 7.8

 Balance at end of year
 $
 126.3
 $
 144.8

 Net asset balance at end of year
 $
 1.8
 $
 2.5

 Total amounts recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the U.K. defined benefit plans were as follows (in millions):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Service and other cost
 $
 $
 $
 ( 0.5)

 Interest cost
 ( 5.7)
 ( 5.7)
 ( 3.4)

 Expected return on assets
 5.1
 5.7
 3.3

 Amortization of net loss
 ( 0.9)
 ( 0.8)

 Net periodic pension cost

 $
 ( 1.6)
 $
 ( 1.0)
 $
 ( 0.7)

 Total amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss for the U.K. defined benefit plans were as follows (in millions):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cumulative actuarial (loss) gain at beginning of year

 $
 ( 29.8)
 $
 ( 28.1)
 $
 2.9

 Actuarial loss recognized during the period

 ( 0.4)
 ( 30.9)

 Amortization of net loss
 0.9
 0.8
 0.1

 Foreign exchange movement
 0.7
 ( 2.1)

 Cumulative actuarial loss at end of year

 $
 ( 28.3)
 $
 ( 29.8)
 $
 ( 28.1)

 The discount rate is determined using a cash flow matching method and a yield curve which is based on AA corporate bonds with extrapolation beyond 30 years in line with a gilt yield curve.

 Principal actuarial assumptions
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Discount rate
 5.0 %
 4.1 %
 4.2 %

 The Company evaluates these assumptions on a regular basis taking into consideration current market conditions and historical market data. A lower discount rate would increase the present value of the benefit obligation. Other changes in actuarial assumptions, such as plan participants' life expectancy or expected return on plan assets, can also have an impact on the net benefit obligation.
 The investment strategies are set by the independent trustees of the plans and are established to achieve a reasonable balance between risk and return and to cover administrative expenses, as well as to maintain funds at a level to meet any applicable minimum funding requirements. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the primary assets of the plans were bulk annuity insurance policies. The weighted average plan asset allocations as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 by asset category for the U.K. defined benefit plans were as follows:

 Major categories of plan assets:
 2024
 2023

 Bulk annuity insurance policy
 98 %
 97 %

 Cash and other instruments

 2 %
 3 %

 Total

 100 %
 100 %

 Plan assets of $ 3.0 million and $ 3.8 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, were held within instruments whose fair values can be readily determinable through observable, quoted prices in active markets (Level 1), and these assets consist primarily of cash.
 In addition, plan assets of $ 123.3 million and $ 141.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, were held within instruments with unobservable inputs (Level 3), representing the bulk annuity insurance policies.
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no plan assets held within instruments whose fair values can be readily determinable, but do not have regular active market pricing (Level 2).
 Expected future benefit payments for the U.K. defined benefit pension plans are as follows (in millions):

 Payment

 2025
 $
 8.4

 2026
 8.1

 2027
 8.6

 2028
 8.6

 2029
 8.4

 From 2030 to 2034
 42.4

 Note 13: Stock-Based Compensation
 The Company issues individual grants of share-based compensation awards, subject to board approval, for purposes of recruiting and as part of its overall compensation strategy. During the periods presented, the Company granted Restricted Stock Units ("RSUs") under the 2018 Omnibus Plans, which are further described below.
 Restricted Stock Units
 Time-Based and Performance-Based RSUs
 The Company may award certain individuals with RSUs. Time-based RSUs ("TBRSUs") contain only a service condition, and the related compensation cost is recognized over the requisite service period of typically three years using the straight-line vesting method. The Company has determined the fair value of TBRSUs as the fair value of an ordinary share on the grant date.
 In the first quarter of 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company granted 2.7 million, 2.7 million and 1.6 million TBRSUs, respectively, to a select group of management and employees. Throughout the remainder of 2024, 2023 and 2022, an additional 0.3 million, 0.5 million and 0.1 million TBRSUs, respectively, were granted. The compensation cost for these grants will be recognized over a requisite service period of 3 years.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company does not have any material outstanding share awards that are liability classified.
 Performance-based RSUs ("PBRSUs") contain certain performance and market conditions, as defined in the award agreements, as well as a service condition, and vest upon the satisfaction of such service condition and achievement of performance targets during the defined performance periods.
 In 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company granted 1.9 million, 0.5 million and 0.7 million PBRSUs, respectively, to a select group of management and employees.
 The 2023 PBRSU awards are comprised of three one-year performance periods (referred to herein as 2023 PBRSU Tranche A, 2023 PBRSU Tranche B and 2023 PBRSU Tranche C). Under U.S. GAAP, awards are not considered granted until the performance conditions are established. In 2023, performance conditions were only established for 2023 PBRSU Tranche A. In 2024, performance conditions were established for 2023 PBRSU Tranche B. The performance conditions for 2023 PBRSU Tranche C have not yet been established and, as a result, this tranche is not considered granted under U.S. GAAP until the respective performance conditions are established.
 Of the PBRSU grants in 2024, 1.6 million related to 2024 awards. The remaining 0.3 million related to the 2023 PBRSU Tranche B awards, for which performance conditions were set in 2024.
 Of the 2024 PBRSU awards, for select executive members, 25 % vest based upon the satisfaction of certain Strategic Cost Efficiency ("SCE") goals and 75 % vest based upon the satisfaction of certain Strategic Cash Generation ("SCG") goals. For the rest of the 2024 award recipients, 50 % vest based upon the satisfaction of certain SCE goals and 50 % vest based upon the satisfaction of certain SCG goals. Of the 2023 PBRSU awards, 50 % vest based upon the satisfaction of certain SCE goals and 50 % vest based upon the satisfaction of certain Adjusted Free Cash Flow goals, both with a relative Total Shareholder Return ("TSR") modifier. Of the 2022 PBRSU awards, 50 % vest based upon the satisfaction of certain Adjusted EBITDA margin performance goals and 50 % vest based upon the satisfaction of certain Adjusted EBITDA growth goals, both with a relative TSR modifier.
 As the 2024 PBRSUs contain only performance conditions, the fair value of these awards was equal to the fair value of an ordinary share on the grant date. The Company considered the achievement of the SCE and SCG performance conditions to be probable and therefore began recognizing expense for such awards as of the grant date.

 As the 2023 and 2022 PBRSUs contain both performance conditions and market conditions (due to the relative TSR modifier), the fair value at grant date of these awards was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which used the following assumptions:

 2023 PBRSU Tranche B
 (Q1 2024 grant)

 2023 PBRSU Tranche A
 (Q3 2023 grant)

 2023 PBRSU Tranche A
 (Q1 2023 grant)

 2022 PBRSU

 Stock price (1)

 $
 10.01
 $
 8.18
 $
 13.38
 $
 22.45

 Period (2)

 1.9 years
 2.5 years
 2.9 years
 2.9 years

 Risk-free interest rate (3)

 4.6
 %
 4.6
 %
 4.4
 %
 1.7
 %

 Historical volatility rate (4)

 46.9
 %
 39.9
 %
 44.4
 %
 54.7
 %

 Dividend yield (5)

 —
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 (1) The stock price is equal to the fair value of an ordinary share on the grant date.
 (2) The period for volatility for the Company and the peer group (Russell 2000) is based on the time between the valuation date and the end of the performance period.
 (3) The risk-free interest rate used is based on zero-coupon risk-free rates over the time from the valuation date to the end of the performance period, based on interpolation.
 (4) For the 2023 PBRSU Tranche A and 2023 PBRSU Tranche B awards, a weighted average of the daily historical stock price volatility of the Company over the time from the valuation to the end of the performance period is used to determine volatility. For the awards granted in 2022, the daily historical stock price volatility of the Company over its trading history is used to determine volatility.
 (5) The dividend yield is 0 % as the Company has not paid any dividends nor does it currently intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.
 The Company considered achievement of the performance and market conditions for the 2022 and 2023 awards to be probable and therefore began recognizing expense for these awards as of the respective grant dates.
 The fair value of the PBRSUs granted during the year ended December 31, 2024 ranged from $ 10.01 to $ 10.35. The fair value of the PBRSUs granted during the year ended December 31, 2023 ranged from $ 8.25 to $ 14.64. The fair value of PBRSUs granted during the year ended December 31, 2022 was $ 25.02 per award.
 The following table summarizes the Company's outstanding RSUs (in millions, except for per share amounts):

 Time-Based RSUs
 Performance-Based RSUs

 Number of
RSUs
 Weighted
Average
per Share
 Number of
RSUs
 Weighted
Average
per Share

 Unvested as of December 31, 2021
 4.9
 $
 16.61
 2.5
 $
 16.72

 Granted
 1.7
 21.93
 0.7
 25.02

 Vested
 ( 2.3)
 16.47
 ( 0.8)
 17.29

 Forfeited
 ( 0.3)
 17.77
 18.57

 Unvested as of December 31, 2022
 4.0
 $
 18.81
 2.3
 $
 19.04

 Granted
 3.2
 12.66
 0.5
 13.85

 Vested
 ( 1.8)
 17.97
 14.84

 Forfeited
 ( 0.5)
 18.70
 ( 1.0)
 16.74

 Unvested as of December 31, 2023

 4.9
 $
 15.18
 1.6
 $
 19.22

 Granted
 3.0
 10.28
 1.9
 10.07

 Vested
 ( 2.3)
 15.50
 ( 0.4)
 16.24

 Forfeited
 ( 0.4)
 15.02
 —
 —

 Unvested as of December 31, 2024

 5.2
 $
 11.88
 3.1
 $
 12.61

 The following table summarizes the Company's compensation expense related to RSUs (in millions):

 Unrecognized at December 31, 2024

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Time-Based RSUs
 $
 26.4
 $
 40.0
 $
 31.8
 $
 35.1

 Performance-Based RSUs
 9.0
 13.6
 7.8
 17.5

 Total RSU stock-based compensation cost
 $
 35.4
 $
 53.6
 $
 39.6
 $
 52.6

 The total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested RSU awards is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.8 years.

 Note 14: Income Taxes
 The significant components of earnings (loss) before income taxes and the provision for income taxes are as follows (in millions):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 United States
 $
 32.8
 $
 ( 116.8)
 $
 306.0

 Other countries
 143.0
 86.8
 32.0

 Earnings (loss) before income taxes

 $
 175.8
 $
 ( 30.0)
 $
 338.0

 2024
 2023
 2022

 United States federal:

 Current
 $
 28.9
 $
 10.5
 $
 45.7

 Deferred
 ( 32.2)
 ( 44.0)
 4.7

 Total United States federal income taxes
 ( 3.3)
 ( 33.5)
 50.4

 United States state and local:

 Current
 7.0
 7.5
 27.5

 Deferred
 ( 3.8)
 ( 5.9)
 1.7

 Total United States state and local income taxes
 3.2
 1.6
 29.2

 All other countries:

 Current
 39.9
 39.8
 54.2

 Deferred
 4.7
 ( 2.5)
 7.8

 Total all other countries income taxes
 44.6
 37.3
 62.0

 Total provision for income taxes
 $
 44.5
 $
 5.4
 $
 141.6

 Differences between income tax expense reported for financial reporting purposes and tax expense computed based upon the application of the United States federal tax rate to the reported earnings (loss) before income taxes are as follows (in millions):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Reconciliation of effective tax rate

 Earnings (loss) before income taxes

 $
 175.8
 $
 ( 30.0)
 $
 338.0

 Taxes at the statutory rate
 36.9
 ( 6.3)
 70.9

 Adjusted for:

 State taxes, net of the federal benefit
 1.8
 0.2
 23.4

 Other permanent nondeductible items
 44.0
 13.4
 12.7

 Foreign tax rate differential
 7.4
 ( 2.6)
 3.5

 Change in valuation allowance
 ( 31.7)
 9.4
 11.0

 Impact of repatriation
 ( 10.3)
 ( 3.7)

 Uncertain tax positions
 0.4
 ( 13.1)
 2.2

 Deferred tax inventory adjustment
 ( 9.9)
 6.5
 7.1

 Tax credits
 ( 5.5)
 ( 3.5)
 ( 1.4)

 Other, net
 11.4
 1.6
 15.9

 $
 44.5
 $
 5.4
 $
 141.6

 The statutory tax rate in the U.S. was 21.0% for years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Although our parent company is domiciled in the U.K., we have used the U.S. statutory tax rate as the Company generates more than 70 % of total revenue in the U.S. market and the majority of our investors are U.S.-based. Furthermore, the majority of our industry peers are U.S.-based companies with reconciliations also utilizing 21.0%. As a result, we believe reconciling our effective tax rate from 21.0% is more meaningful for investors and improves comparability with our peers.
 The Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development ("OECD") has directed its 38 member countries to act to prevent what it refers to as base erosion and profit shifting. The OECD announced a consensus around further changes in traditional international tax principles to address, among other things, the perceived need for a

 minimum global effective tax rate of 15% ("Pillar Two"). On July 11, 2023, following the Pillar Two directive, the U.K. enacted legislation to transpose the Pillar Two directive into domestic law for years beginning after December 31, 2023. Other OECD countries, as well as countries not in the OECD, have taken similar actions to propose and implement Pillar Two legislation, pursuant to the directive. As a company organized in England and Wales, we have assessed the impact of the Pillar Two laws and identified certain jurisdictions in which Pillar Two impacts exist, however, this did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position, income taxes or results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024.
 The tax effect of temporary differences that gave rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in millions):

 2024
 2023

 Deferred tax assets

 $
 143.7
 $
 171.9

 Property, plant and equipment
 7.0
 0.7

 Deferred expenditures
 154.6
 107.3

 Employee benefits
 103.4
 104.2

 Tax losses / credits
 179.3
 199.2

 Intangible assets
 13.3
 14.9

 Income recognition
 —
 13.8

 Deferred tax assets
 601.3
 612.0

 Less: valuation allowance
 ( 167.7)
 ( 222.0)

 Net deferred tax assets
 $
 433.6
 $
 390.0

 Deferred tax liabilities

 Intangible assets
 ( 235.6)
 ( 254.5)

 Right-of-use asset
 ( 62.9)
 ( 73.9)

 Income recognition

 ( 25.5)
 —

 Other
 ( 29.1)
 ( 7.9)

 Total deferred tax liabilities
 $
 ( 353.1)
 $
 ( 336.3)

 Net deferred tax assets
 $
 80.5
 $
 53.7

 The Company had total valuation allowances of $ 167.7 million and $ 222.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, as it was determined that it was more likely than not that certain deferred tax assets may not be realized. These valuation allowances relate to tax loss carryforwards, other tax attributes and temporary differences that are generally available to reduce future tax liabilities in jurisdictions including but not limited to the U.K., Australia, the U.S., Germany, Poland, Brazil and France.
 The total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits was $ 17.8 million and $ 19.6 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. It is reasonably possible that unrecognized tax benefits may decrease by $ 5.2 million during the next twelve months due to the lapsing in the statute of limitations. The Company had accrued interest and penalties of $ 10.1 million and $ 8.3 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, net of federal and state income tax benefits as applicable. The provision for income taxes includes an expense for interest and penalties of $ 1.8 million, a benefit of $ 3.5 million and an expense of $ 1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 Changes in the Company's unrecognized tax benefits are (in millions):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Beginning of year
 $
 19.6
 $
 28.6
 $
 27.2

 Increases from prior period tax positions
 0.2
 3.3
 —

 Decreases from prior period tax positions
 —

 Decreases from statute of limitation expirations
 ( 0.8)
 ( 10.7)
 ( 5.5)

 Increases from current period tax positions
 0.1
 0.1
 6.9

 Decreases relating to settlements with taxing authorities
 ( 0.7)
 —
 —

 End of year
 $
 17.8
 $
 19.6
 $
 28.6

 The Company is subject to income taxation in various jurisdictions around the world. Generally, the Company's open tax years include those from 2008 to the present, although audits by taxing authorities for more recent years have been completed or are in process in several jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2024, the Company was under examination by taxing authorities in the U.S., Germany, Belgium, India, Philippines, Portugal, Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand.
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had accumulated $ 11.1 billion and $ 11.6 billion of undistributed earnings, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had a deferred tax liability of $ 1.7 million and $ 12.1 million, respectively, recorded for repatriation of earnings not deemed to be indefinitely reinvested. The deferred tax liability relates to income taxes and withholding taxes on potential future distributions of cash balances in excess of working capital requirements. We believe our policy of reinvesting earnings of foreign subsidiaries does not materially impact our liquidity.
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had available operating loss carryforwards of $ 165.9 million and $ 185.9 million, respectively, and foreign tax credit carryforwards of $ 14.0 million and $ 13.1 million, respectively. Both the operating loss carryforwards and the foreign tax credit carryforwards will begin to expire in 2025. The Company also had U.S. interest expense disallowance carryforwards of $ 143.0 million and $ 99.7 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which have an indefinite carryforward.
 The change in deferred tax balances for operating loss carryovers from 2023 to 2024 includes increases from current year losses and decreases from current year utilization. The jurisdictional location of the operating loss carryforward is as follows:

 As of December 31, 2024
 Range of expiration dates

 United States
 $
 8.3
 2025 - Indefinite

 All other countries
 157.6
 2025 - Indefinite

 Total
 $
 165.9

 Valuation allowances have been provided regarding the tax benefit of certain tax loss carryforwards, other attributes and temporary differences, for which it has been concluded that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The Company assesses both positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of the existing deferred tax assets, including an analysis of cumulative losses or income in recent years, as well as projections of future taxable income and potential tax planning strategies.
 During 2024, the Company had changes in its valuation allowances for deferred tax assets in various jurisdictions, resulting in a net decrease of $ 54.3 million. The decrease was primarily driven by the Company's ability to utilize capital losses in the U.K. of $ 37.5 million which were previously fully reserved, resulting in a reversal of the valuation allowance and a net decrease in the valuation allowance of $ 16.8 million that resulted from changes in the cumulative income and losses in various jurisdictions.

 Note 15: Restructuring
 The Company implemented certain cost savings initiatives in 2023 given the challenging macroeconomic conditions and operating environment, including reductions in headcount across select roles to help optimize our workforce. These actions continued through September 30, 2024. The restructuring charges recorded in Restructuring, impairment and related charges in the Consolidated Statements of Operations primarily reflect severance and other one-time employment related separation costs related to those headcount reductions.
 The Company recognized restructuring charges of $ 21.5 million and $ 24.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 The following table details the Company's restructuring activity for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in millions):

 EMEA
 APAC
 Total

 Balance as of December 31, 2022
 $
 2.4
 $
 2.8
 $
 0.5
 $
 5.7

 Restructuring charges

 13.6
 8.3
 2.6
 24.5

 Payments and other

 ( 14.2)
 ( 6.9)
 ( 2.8)
 ( 23.9)

 Balance as of December 31, 2023
 $
 1.8
 $
 4.2
 $
 0.3
 $
 6.3

 Restructuring charges

 8.3
 8.0
 5.2
 21.5

 Payments and other

 ( 8.6)
 ( 10.2)
 ( 4.4)
 ( 23.2)

 Balance as of December 31, 2024
 $
 1.5
 $
 2.0
 $
 1.1
 $
 4.6

 The restructuring accruals of $ 4.6 million and $ 6.3 million were recorded within Other current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Note 16: Leases
 The components of lease cost were as follows (in millions):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Operating lease cost
 $
 110.6
 $
 121.0
 $
 126.3

 Finance lease cost:

 Amortization of assets
 $
 28.0
 $
 26.2
 $
 17.3

 Interest on lease liabilities
 2.2
 1.6
 0.6

 Total finance lease cost
 $
 30.2
 $
 27.8
 $
 17.9

 Variable lease cost
 $
 39.7
 $
 36.5
 $
 37.4

 Sublease income
 $
 7.6
 $
 9.6
 $
 11.2

 Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows (in millions):

 2024
 2023

 Operating Leases

 Non-current operating lease assets
 $
 290.1
 $
 339.0

 Other current liabilities
 $
 96.1
 $
 111.3

 Non-current operating lease liabilities
 270.3
 319.6

 Total operating lease liabilities
 $
 366.4
 $
 430.9

 Finance Leases

 Property and equipment, gross
 $
 150.6
 $
 134.5

 Accumulated depreciation
 ( 111.0)
 ( 88.5)

 Property and equipment, net
 $
 39.6
 $
 46.0

 Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt
 $
 20.4
 $
 23.7

 Long-term debt
 16.0
 22.2

 Total finance lease liabilities
 $
 36.4
 $
 45.9

 Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (in years)

 Operating leases
 5.0 years
 5.1 years

 Finance leases
 2.3 years
 2.1 years

 Weighted Average Discount Rate

 Operating leases
 5.7
 %
 5.2
 %

 Finance leases
 4.8
 %
 3.5
 %

 Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows (in millions):

 Operating Leases
 Finance Leases

 2025
 $
 114.4
 $
 21.5

 2026
 99.3
 9.5

 2027
 68.9
 4.6

 2028
 41.5
 2.0

 2029
 32.5
 0.8

 Thereafter
 65.4
 —

 Total lease payments
 422.0
 38.4

 Less imputed interest
 ( 55.6)
 ( 2.0)

 Total
 $
 366.4
 $
 36.4

 As of December 31, 2024, we have operating leases that have not yet commenced for approximately $ 34.0 million. These operating leases will commence in 2025 with lease terms ranging from 3 years to 15 years.
 Refer to Note 21: Supplemental Cash Flow Information for supplemental cash flow information and non-cash activity related to our operating and finance leases.

 Note 17: Commitments and Contingencies
 Contingencies
 In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to various claims and litigation. The Company is also subject to threatened or pending legal actions arising from activities of contractors. A liability is recorded for claims or other contingencies when the risk of loss is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Legal fees are expensed as incurred. Many of these claims may be covered under the Company's current insurance programs, subject to self-insurance levels and deductibles. The timing and ultimate settlement of these matters is inherently uncertain, however, based upon information currently available, unless otherwise noted, we believe the resolution of such claims and litigation will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

 The Company is also subject to various workers' compensation and medical claims, primarily as it relates to claims by employees in the U.S. for medical benefits and lost wages associated with injuries incurred in the course of their employment. A liability is also recorded for the Company's IBNR claims based on assessment using prior claims history.
 These various contingent claims liabilities are presented as Other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, contingent liabilities recorded within Other current liabilities were $ 81.4 million and $ 80.4 million, respectively, and contingent liabilities recorded within Other non-current liabilities were $ 59.9 million and $ 53.1 million, respectively. These contingent liabilities are made up of E&O claims, litigation matters, general liability, workers' compensation and other medical claims. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, E&O and other litigation claims were $ 56.7 million and $ 55.4 million, respectively, and general liability, workers' compensation and medical claims liabilities were $ 84.6 million and $ 78.1 million, respectively.
 The Company had insurance recoverable balances for E&O claims as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 totaling $ 0.8 million and $ 0.8 million, respectively.
 Payroll Tax Claims
 In a non-U.S. jurisdiction, the Company is currently engaged in a dispute with a local tax authority about the application of tax rules related to certain payroll taxes with respect to two of our subsidiaries for tax years ended 2015 to 2021. The tax authority has claimed the Company owes unpaid employer payroll tax contributions of approximately $ 60.0 million, plus interest. In addition, we could receive claims for alleged unpaid income taxes as we have been served with protective determinations by the same tax authority.
 The Company generally believes that it has appropriately applied the payroll tax rules and disagrees with the amount claimed. However, an immaterial liability was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2023, equal to the estimated probable loss for the years under review. There were no changes to the estimated liability during the year ended December 31, 2024, however, in January 2025, new case law developed on an issue relevant to our calculations. Given the new case law position, any further refinement of our estimate at this time is difficult given the novel legal issues and the uncertainty associated with the outcome of any potential further appeal. The Company continues to assess this matter, and it is reasonably possible that in the near term we may recognize additional liabilities when such additional losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. As of December 31, 2024, the estimated range of reasonably possible loss, in excess of amounts accrued, is up to $ 43.0 million, net of tax.
 401(k) Nondiscrimination Testing
 In 2023, the Company identified irregularities in its historical nondiscrimination testing for a qualified retirement savings plan available to U.S. employees. As of December 31, 2023, to remedy these irregularities, the Company accrued its best estimate of the amount that the Company would need to contribute to the plan in accordance with applicable correction protocols. The amount of the estimated corrective contribution is not material, and there were no material changes to the estimated contribution amount during the year ended December 31, 2024. Such amount is expected to be paid in the first half of 2025.
 U.S. Department of Justice Lawsuit
 In January 2025, the U.S. Department of Justice (the "DOJ") added the Company and one of its multifamily subsidiaries, along with others, as defendants to a civil lawsuit that it and the Attorneys General of several states (collectively, the "Co-Plaintiffs") have filed against RealPage, Inc. The lawsuit relates to the operation and use of RealPage's revenue management software, which we are at times directed by our clients to use at some of the multifamily properties we manage. The lawsuit is civil in nature and the DOJ is not currently seeking monetary fines or penalties from the defendants. However, some of the Co-Plaintiffs could seek monetary relief under applicable state laws, which amounts, if awarded, are not currently expected to be material to the Company. We disagree with the lawsuit's allegations and we do not believe that our use of the revenue management software violates U.S. federal or state antitrust laws. Importantly, the Company is not a landlord, does not own any properties, does not set strategy, pricing, or occupancy targets at any properties it manages, and does not independently determine whether or how revenue management software is used at such properties. The Company does not expect the outcome of this matter will have a material impact on its business, financial condition or results of operations.

 Guarantees
 The Company's guarantees primarily relate to requirements under certain client service contracts and arise through the normal course of business. These guarantees, with certain financial institutions, have both open and closed-ended terms, with remaining closed-ended terms up to 8.0 years and maximum potential future payments of approximately $ 106.8 million in the aggregate. None of these guarantees are individually material to the Company's operating results, financial position or liquidity. The Company considers the probability of future payment or performance related to non-performance under these guarantees to be remote.
 Greystone JV Indemnity
 On November 27, 2023, Greystone Servicing Company LLC ("GSC"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Greystone JV, entered into an indemnity agreement with Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac"), which agreement is not in the normal course of GSC's business, whereby Freddie Mac agreed to issue one or more loan commitment letters regarding the purchase of 43 first mortgage multifamily property loans brokered by a certain independent broker under temporary suspension by Freddie Mac ("Brokered Loans"). In exchange, GSC agreed to indemnify and hold Freddie Mac harmless from any claims or losses related to such Brokered Loans that result from any fraud, misinterpretation or omission. The Brokered Loans are currently performing and have not had any material impact on the Greystone JV at this time. The Company will continue to assess this matter and, although it considers the future indemnity obligations related to these Brokered Loans to be remote, it is possible that the matter could result in an additional, potentially material, liability for the Greystone JV in future periods. Any potential impact to the Greystone JV would only impact the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements by our 40 % interest in the Greystone JV.
 Gain Contingency
 Subsequent to the completion of our 2014 acquisition of the DTZ Group from UGL Limited ("UGL"), the Company brought a breach of warranty claim under warranty and indemnity insurance policies obtained in connection with the acquisition to cover certain losses incurred by the Company by reason of warranty breaches by UGL. The claim has been the subject of a lawsuit that has been pending since 2019 (the "Litigation").
 On September 30, 2024, the Company and one of the defendant insurers entered into a settlement agreement, under which the insurer paid the Company $ 17.3 million in exchange for a release in the Litigation. During the fourth quarter of 2024, this amount was paid and the Company received an additional $ 1.9 million in payments from other defendant insurers for release in the Litigation. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded a total gain of $ 19.2 million for such settlements within Other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The cash receipts for such payments offset the gain within cash flows from operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as the proceeds are similar in nature to business interruption insurance proceeds.
 In February 2025, a ruling was issued that valued the loss suffered by the Company in an amount no greater than the policy limits of defendant insurers dismissed from the case prior to trial. As the other defendant insurers who remained in the case were declared to be prevailing parties, the Company will be required to pay their costs, which such amounts have not yet been determined, will be the subject of negotiation, are not estimable and are not expected to be material.

 Note 18: Related Party Transactions
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had receivables from brokers and other employees of $ 47.5 million and $ 49.9 million, respectively, that are included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets, and $ 364.5 million and $ 311.7 million, respectively, that are included in Other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. These amounts primarily represent prepaid commissions, retention and sign-on bonuses to brokers and other items such as travel and other advances to employees.
 In addition, the Company recognized royalty fee income from equity method investments as disclosed in Note 8: Equity Method Investments.

 Note 19: Fair Value Measurements
 The Company measures certain assets and liabilities in accordance with ASC 820 which defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. In addition, ASC 820 establishes a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value as follows:
 • Level 1: quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
 • Level 2: inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (i.e., as prices) or indirectly (i.e., derived from prices); and
 • Level 3: inputs for the asset or liability that are based on unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data.
 Financial Instruments
 The Company's financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables, a deferred purchase price ("DPP") receivable related to the A/R Securitization, restricted cash, accounts payable and accrued expenses, short-term borrowings, long-term debt, interest rate swaps and foreign exchange contracts. The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash approximates the fair value of these instruments. Certain money market funds in which the Company has invested are highly liquid and considered cash equivalents. These funds are valued at the per unit rate published as the basis for current transactions. Due to the short-term nature of trade and other receivables, accounts payable and accrued expenses, and short-term borrowings, their carrying amount is considered to be the same as their fair value.
 Under the A/R Securitization, the Company recorded a DPP receivable upon the initial sale of trade receivables. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the carrying amount of the DPP receivable approximates its fair value. Refer to Note 20: Accounts Receivable Securitization for more information.
 The estimated fair value of external debt was $ 3.1 billion and $ 3.3 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These instruments were valued using dealer quotes that are classified as Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy. The gross carrying value of the debt was $ 3.0 billion and $ 3.2 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which excludes debt issuance costs. Refer to Note 11: Long-Term Debt and Other Borrowings for additional information.
 Recurring Fair Value Measurements
 The following tables present information about the Company's assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in millions):

 As of December 31, 2024

 Total
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3

 Cash equivalents - money market funds
 $
 1.0
 $
 1.0
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Deferred compensation plan assets
 30.1
 30.1
 —
 —

 Interest rate swap agreements
 11.3
 —
 11.3
 —

 1.3
 —
 1.3
 —

 Total
 $
 43.7
 $
 31.1
 $
 12.6
 $
 —

 Deferred compensation plan liabilities
 $
 26.4
 $
 26.4
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Interest rate swap agreements
 3.0
 —
 3.0
 —

 1.7
 —
 1.7
 —

 Earn-out liabilities
 13.6
 —
 —
 13.6

 Total
 $
 44.7
 $
 26.4
 $
 4.7
 $
 13.6

 As of December 31, 2023

 Total
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3

 Cash equivalents - money market funds
 $
 1.0
 $
 1.0
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Deferred compensation plan assets
 31.0
 31.0
 —
 —

 Interest rate swap agreements
 4.3
 —
 4.3
 —

 1.0
 —
 1.0
 —

 Total
 $
 37.3
 $
 32.0
 $
 5.3
 $
 —

 Deferred compensation plan liabilities
 $
 33.1
 $
 33.1
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Interest rate swap agreements
 6.7
 —
 6.7
 —

 0.7
 —
 0.7
 —

 Earn-out liabilities
 25.6
 —
 —
 25.6

 Total
 $
 66.1
 $
 33.1
 $
 7.4
 $
 25.6

 During the year ended December 31, 2024, there were no transfers between the three levels of the fair value hierarchy. There have been no significant changes to the valuation techniques and inputs used to develop the fair value measurements during the period.
 Deferred Compensation Plans
 The Company sponsors non-qualified deferred compensation plans. The plans allowed certain highly-compensated employees in the U.S. to defer a portion of their compensation, enabling the employees to defer tax on compensation until payment is made. All deferred compensation plans are frozen.
 The Company has established rabbi trusts under which investments are held to fund payment of the liability of the deferred compensation plans. The investments consist of company owned life insurance policies and mutual funds. The fair value of deferred compensation plan assets and liabilities is determined based on the value of the underlying investments. At each reporting date, the value of the life insurance policies is based their cash surrender value and the value of the mutual funds is based on quoted prices in active markets.
 Deferred compensation plan assets are presented within Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Deferred compensation liabilities are presented within Accrued compensation and Other non-current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 Foreign Currency Forward Contracts and Interest Rate Swaps
 The estimated fair value of interest rate swaps and foreign currency forward contracts are determined based on the expected cash flows of each derivative instrument. The valuation method reflects the contractual period and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate and foreign currency forward curves (Level 2 inputs). Refer to Note 10: Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities for discussion of the fair value associated with these derivative assets and liabilities.
 Earn-out Liabilities
 The Company has various contractual obligations associated with the acquisition of several real estate service companies in the United States and the United Kingdom, including contingent consideration, comprised of earn-out payments to the sellers subject to achievement of certain performance criteria in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in the respective purchase agreements. An increase to a probability of achievement would result in a higher fair value measurement of the earn-out liability.
 The amounts disclosed in the fair value hierarchy table above are included in Other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had the potential to make a maximum of $ 16.5 million and a minimum of $ 0.0 million (undiscounted) in earn-out payments. Assuming the achievement of the applicable performance criteria, these earn-out payments will be made over the next 5 years.
 Earn-out liabilities are classified within Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy because the methodology used to develop the estimated fair value includes significant unobservable inputs reflecting management's own assumptions. The fair value of earn-out liabilities is based on the present value of probability-weighted expected return method related to the earn-out performance criteria on each reporting date. The probabilities of achievement assigned to the

 performance criteria are determined based on due diligence performed at the time of acquisition as well as actual performance achieved subsequent to acquisition. Adjustments to the earn-out liabilities in periods subsequent to the completion of acquisitions are reflected within Operating, administrative and other in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 The table below presents a reconciliation of earn-out liabilities measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) (in millions):

 Earn-out Liabilities

 2024
 2023

 Balance as of January 1,
 $
 25.6
 $
 29.3

 Net change in fair value and other adjustments
 1.1
 0.9

 Payments
 ( 13.1)
 ( 4.6)

 Balance as of December 31,
 $
 13.6
 $
 25.6

 Investments in Real Estate Ventures
 The Company directly invests in early stage proptech companies, real estate investment funds and other real estate companies across various sectors. The Company typically reports these investments at cost, less impairment charges, and adjusts these investments to fair value if the Company identifies observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar instruments of the same issuer.
 Investments in early stage proptech companies or other real estate companies are typically fair valued as a result of pricing observed in initial or subsequent funding rounds. These investments are not fair valued on a recurring basis and as such have been excluded from the fair value hierarchy table. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our investments in early stage proptech companies had a fair value of approximately $ 45.5 million and $ 40.7 million, respectively, and are included in Other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 Investments in real estate venture capital funds and co-investment funds are primarily fair valued using the net asset value ("NAV") per share (or its equivalent) provided by investees or held at cost, less impairment charges. Critical inputs to NAV estimates include valuations of the underlying real estate assets and borrowings, which incorporate investment-specific assumptions such as discount rates, capitalization rates, rental and expense growth rates, and asset-specific market borrowing rates. As these investments are not required to be classified in the fair value hierarchy, they have been excluded from the fair value hierarchy table. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our investments in real estate venture capital funds and co-investment funds had a fair value of approximately $ 73.9 million and $ 79.0 million, respectively, and are included in Other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 The Company adjusts these various real estate investments to their fair values each reporting period, and the changes in fair values are reflected in Other income (expense), net, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized a net unrealized loss of $ 0.8 million on our real estate investments. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized an unrealized loss of $ 21.5 million related to our investment in WeWork and a net unrealized loss of $ 6.3 million on our other real estate investments.

 Note 20: Accounts Receivable Securitization
 Under the A/R Securitization, certain of the Company's wholly-owned subsidiaries continuously sell receivables to certain wholly-owned special purpose entities at fair market value. The special purpose entities then sell 100 % of the receivables to an unaffiliated financial institution (the "Purchaser"). Although the special purpose entities are wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company, they are separate legal entities with their own separate creditors who will be entitled, upon their liquidation, to have liabilities satisfied out of their assets prior to any assets or value in such special purpose entities becoming available to their equity holders and their assets are not available to pay other creditors of the Company.
 All transactions under the A/R Securitization are accounted for as a true sale in accordance with ASC Topic 860, Transfers and Servicing ("ASC 860"). Following the sale and transfer of the receivables to the Purchaser, the receivables are legally isolated from the Company and its subsidiaries, and the Company sells, conveys, transfers and assigns to the Purchaser all its rights, title and interest in the receivables. Receivables sold are derecognized from the consolidated balance sheet. The Company continues to service, administer and collect the receivables on

 behalf of the Purchaser, and recognizes a servicing liability in accordance with ASC 860. Any financial statement impact associated with the servicing liability was immaterial for all periods presented.
 Under the A/R Securitization, the Company records a DPP receivable upon the initial sale of trade receivables. The DPP receivable represents the difference between the fair value of the trade receivables sold and the cash purchase price and is recognized at fair value as part of the sale transaction. The DPP receivable is paid to the Company in cash on behalf of the Purchaser as the receivables are collected; however, due to the revolving nature of the A/R Securitization, cash collected from the Company's customers is reinvested by the Purchaser daily in new receivable purchases under the A/R Securitization. The carrying amount of the DPP receivable, which approximates its fair value, is primarily based on the face amount of receivables, adjusted for estimated credit losses. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the DPP receivable of $ 310.9 million and $ 219.6 million, respectively, is included in Other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, receivables sold under the A/R Securitization were $ 2.7 billion and $ 2.6 billion, respectively, and cash collections from customers on receivables sold were $ 2.6 billion and $ 2.7 billion, respectively, all of which were reinvested in new receivables purchases and are included in cash flows from operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the outstanding principal on receivables sold under the A/R Securitization was $ 437.6 million and $ 345.7 million, respectively.
 The A/R Securitization also provides funding from the Purchaser against receivables sold into the program with a maximum facility limit of $ 200.0 million. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had aggregate capital outstanding under this facility of $ 100.0 million and $ 100.0 million, respectively. On June 20, 2023, the Company amended the A/R Securitization to extend the maturity date to June 19, 2026 and incurred a servicing liability fee of $ 11.3 million in connection with the amendment, which will be amortized through the maturity date of the program.

 Note 21: Supplemental Cash Flow Information
 The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheets to the sum of such amounts presented in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in millions):

 2024
 2023

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 793.3
 $
 767.7

 Restricted cash recorded in Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 21.3
 33.5

 Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the statements of cash flows
 $
 814.6
 $
 801.2

 Supplemental cash flows and non-cash investing and financing activities are as follows (in millions):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash paid for:

 Interest
 $
 263.9
 $
 233.3
 $
 181.4

 Income taxes
 69.1
 88.5
 215.4

 Operating leases
 114.6
 117.4
 125.1

 Non-cash investing/financing activities:

 Property and equipment additions through finance leases
 18.6
 33.7
 34.1

 Deferred and contingent payment obligation incurred through acquisitions
 —
 —
 27.0

 Increase (decrease) in beneficial interest in a securitization

 91.4
 ( 68.2)
 251.4

 Right of use assets acquired through operating leases
 51.5
 81.6
 54.4

 Note 22: Subsequent Events
 The Company has evaluated subsequent events through February 20, 2025, the date on which these financial statements were issued, and has determined there were no material subsequent events to disclose.

 Note 23: Parent Company Information

 Parent Company Information

 Condensed Balance Sheets

 (in millions, except share data)

 2024
 2023

 Cash
 $
 26.6
 $
 22.3

 Accounts receivables
 257.0
 226.6

 Investment in subsidiaries

 1,614.8
 1,561.9

 Total assets
 $
 1,898.4
 $
 1,810.8

 Liabilities and Equity

 Trade and other payables
 $
 143.0
 $
 132.8

 Total liabilities
 143.0
 132.8

 Equity

 Ordinary shares, nominal value $ 0.10 per share, 800,000,000 shares authorized; 229,696,912 and 227,282,173 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 23.0
 22.7

 Additional paid-in-capital
 2,986.4
 2,957.3

 Accumulated deficit
 ( 985.9)
 ( 1,117.2)

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 268.6)
 ( 185.4)

 Total equity attributable to the Company
 1,754.9
 1,677.4

 Non-controlling interests
 0.5
 0.6

 Total equity
 1,755.4
 1,678.0

 Total liabilities and equity
 $
 1,898.4
 $
 1,810.8

 Parent Company Information

 Condensed Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Interest and other income (expense)

 $
 0.1
 $
 $
 0.3

 Income (loss) in earnings of subsidiaries

 131.2
 ( 35.3)
 196.1

 Income (loss) before taxes

 131.3
 196.4

 Net income (loss) attributable to the Parent Company

 131.3
 196.4

 Other comprehensive (loss) income of subsidiaries

 ( 83.2)
 5.6
 2.0

 Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to the Parent Company

 $
 48.1
 $
 ( 29.8)
 $
 198.4

 Parent Company Information

 Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash flows from operating activities:

 Net income (loss) attributable to the Parent Company

 $
 131.3
 $
 $
 196.4

 Reconciliation of Net income (loss) attributable to the Parent Company to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:

 (Income) loss in earnings of subsidiaries

 ( 131.2)
 35.3
 ( 196.1)

 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities

 0.1
 0.3

 Cash flows from investing activities:

 Net cash used in investing activities
 —
 —
 —

 Cash flows from financing activities:

 Other financing activities, net

 4.2
 0.7
 2.6

 Net cash provided by financing activities
 4.2
 0.7
 2.6

 Change in cash and cash equivalents
 4.3
 0.6
 2.9

 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year
 22.3
 21.7
 18.8

 Cash and cash equivalents, end of year
 $
 26.6
 $
 22.3
 $
 21.7

 Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities:

 $
 35.6
 $
 54.1
 $
 40.3

 Background and basis of presentation
 DTZ Jersey Holdings Limited, together with its subsidiaries, was formed on August 21, 2014, by investment funds affiliated with the Founding Shareholders. On November 5, 2014, DTZ Jersey Holdings Limited acquired 100 % of the combined DTZ group for $ 1.1 billion from UGL Limited. On September 1, 2015, DTZ Jersey Holdings Limited acquired 100 % of C&W Group, Inc., the legacy Cushman & Wakefield business, for $ 1.9 billion.
 On July 6, 2018, the shareholders of DTZ Jersey Holdings Limited exchanged their shares in DTZ Jersey Holdings Limited for interests in newly issued shares of Cushman & Wakefield Limited, a private limited company incorporated in England and Wales. On July 12, 2018, Cushman & Wakefield Limited reduced the nominal value of each ordinary share issued to $ 0.01. On July 19, 2018, Cushman & Wakefield Limited underwent the Re-registration and was then named Cushman & Wakefield plc (the "Parent Company"). Cushman & Wakefield plc is a holding company that conducts substantially all of its business operations through its subsidiaries.
 The accompanying condensed financial statements include the accounts of the Parent Company. The investment in subsidiaries are reported on an equity method basis. Accordingly, these condensed financial statements have been presented on a "parent-only" basis. These parent-only financial statements should be read in conjunction with Cushman & Wakefield plc's audited Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere herein.
 The condensed parent-only financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Rule 12-04, Schedule I of Regulation S-X, as the restricted net assets of the subsidiaries of the Company exceed 25 % of the consolidated net assets of the Company. The total restricted net assets as of December 31, 2024 are $ 1.5 billion.
 Dividends
 The ability of the Parent Company's operating subsidiaries to pay dividends may be restricted due to the terms of the subsidiaries' financings agreements (Refer to Note 11: Long-Term Debt and Other Borrowings). During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Parent Company's consolidated subsidiaries did no t pay any cash dividends to the Parent Company.

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
 Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 of the Exchange Act require that we conduct an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. This evaluation is designed to ensure that all corporate disclosures are complete and accurate in all material respects. The evaluation is further designed to ensure that all information required to be disclosed in our SEC reports is accumulated and communicated to management to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures to be recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods and in the manner specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer supervise and participate in this evaluation, and they are assisted by other members of our Disclosure Committee.
 We conducted the required evaluation, and our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined by Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) were effective as of December 31, 2024 to accomplish their objectives with reasonable assurance.
 Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f).
 Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements.
 Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Our management concluded our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.
 KPMG LLP, the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm that audited the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report, issued an audit report on the Company's internal control over financial reporting. That Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm is included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B. Other Information
 Insider Trading Arrangements
 During the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2024, none of our directors or officers subject to Section 16 of the Exchange Act adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act and/or any "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" (as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K).

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
 Not applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
 The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information appearing under the headings "Corporate Governance," "Executive Officers," "Security Ownership" and "Other Important Information for Shareholders" in Cushman & Wakefield's Proxy Statement (the "Proxy Statement") for the 2025 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders (the "Annual Meeting"), which we will file with the SEC on or before the date that is 120 days after our 2024 fiscal year end.
 Insider Trading Policy
 The Company maintains, and periodically reviews, an insider trading policy that governs the purchase, sale and/or disposition of its securities by officers, directors, employees, temporary employees, independent consultants and contractors of the Company who may have access to and/or possession of material non-public information. We have implemented processes that we believe are reasonably designed to promote compliance by the Company and by the covered persons with insider trading laws, rules and regulations and applicable listing standards. A copy of our Insider Trading Policy is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this Annual Report.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation
 The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information appearing under the headings "Compensation Discussion and Analysis" and "Equity Compensation Plan Information" in the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
 The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information appearing under the heading "Security Ownership" in the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
 The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information appearing under the headings "Certain Relationships and Related-Party Transactions" and "Director Independence" in the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting.

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
 The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information appearing under the heading "Audit and Other Fees" in the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
 1. Financial Statements
 See Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.
 2. Financial Statement Schedules
 See Schedule II - Valuation & Qualifying Accounts on page 94 of this Annual Report.
 3. Exhibits
 See Exhibit Index beginning on page 95 of this Annual Report.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
 Not applicable.

 Schedule II - Valuation & Qualifying Accounts

 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

 Balance, December 31, 2021
 $
 72.2

 Charges to expense
 23.1

 Write-offs, payments and other
 ( 7.1)

 Balance, December 31, 2022
 88.2

 Charges to expense
 9.1

 Write-offs, payments and other
 ( 12.1)

 Balance, December 31, 2023
 85.2

 Charges to expense
 18.7

 Write-offs, payments and other
 ( 15.2)

 Balance, December 31, 2024
 $
 88.7

 EXHIBIT INDEX

 Exhibit Number
 Description of Exhibit

 Method of Filing

 2.1

 Contribution Agreement, dated October 19, 2021, by and between Cushman & Wakefield of California, Inc. and Greystone Select Incorporated

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 20, 2021

 3.1

 Articles of Association of Cushman & Wakefield plc, dated May 6, 2021
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 7, 2021

 4.1

 Form of Ordinary Shares Certificate
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed on July 25, 2018

 4.2

 Registration Rights Agreement, dated August 6, 2018, by and among Cushman & Wakefield plc and certain shareholders
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 9, 2018

 4.3

 Joinder Agreement to Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of August 6, 2018, by and between Cushman & Wakefield plc and Vanke Service (HongKong) Co., Limited
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 9, 2018

 4.4

 Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K on February 28, 2020

 4.5

 Indenture, dated as of May 22, 2020, among Cushman & Wakefield U.S. Borrower, LLC, DTZ UK Guarantor Limited, the other guarantors party thereto and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee and notes collateral agent (including form of Notes)
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 22, 2020

 4.6

 Pledge and Security Agreement, dated as of May 22, 2020, among Cushman & Wakefield U.S. Borrower, LLC, DTZ UK Guarantor Limited, the other grantors party thereto and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as notes collateral agent
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 22, 2020

 4.7

 English Security Agreement, dated as of May 22, 2020, among DTZ UK Guarantor Limited, DTZ Worldwide Limited and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as notes collateral agent

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 22, 2020

 4.8

 Indenture, dated as of August 24, 2023, among Cushman & Wakefield U.S. Borrower, LLC, DTZ UK Guarantor Limited, the other guarantors party thereto and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee and notes collateral agent (including form of Notes)
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 24, 2023

 4.9

 Pledge and Security Agreement, dated as of August 24, 2023, among Cushman & Wakefield U.S. Borrower, LLC, DTZ UK Guarantor Limited, the other grantors party thereto and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as notes collateral agent

Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 24, 2023

 4.10

 English Security Agreement, dated as of August 24, 2023, among DTZ UK Guarantor Limited, DTZ Worldwide Limited and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as notes collateral agent
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 24, 2023

 4.11

 Second Amended & Restated 2018 Omnibus Management Share and Cash Incentive Plan, effective May 16, 2024*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 dated May 16, 2024

 4.12

 Second Amended & Restated 2018 Omnibus Non-Employee Director Share and Cash Incentive Plan, effective May 16, 2024*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 dated May 16, 2024

 10.1

 Shareholders Agreement, dated August 6, 2018, by and among Cushman & Wakefield plc and the shareholders party thereto
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 9, 2018

 10.2

 Purchase Agreement by and among Cushman & Wakefield plc and Vanke Service (Hong Kong) Co., Limited dates as of July 24, 2018
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.45 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed on July 30, 2018

 10.3

 Shareholder Agreement, dated as of August 6, 2018, by and among Cushman & Wakefield plc and Vanke Service (HongKong) Co., Limited
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 9, 2018

 10.4

 Credit Agreement, dated as of August 21, 2018, by and among DTZ U.S. Borrower, LLC, DTZ UK Guarantor Limited and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Collateral Agent, Issuing Bank and Swing Line Lender, and the other lenders party thereto
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on September 6, 2018

 10.5

 Credit Agreement Amendment No. 1, dated as of December 20, 2019, by and among Cushman & Wakefield U.S. Borrower, LLC, DTZ UK Guarantor Limited, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent and the other lenders party thereto
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 28, 2020

 10.6

 Credit Agreement Amendment No. 2, dated as of January 30, 2020, by and among Cushman & Wakefield U.S. Borrower, LLC, DTZ UK Guarantor Limited, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent and the other lenders party thereto
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 31, 2020

 10.7

 Agreement for the Provision of Depositary Services and Custody Services, dated as of July 6, 2018, in respect of Cushman & Wakefield Limited Depositary Receipts among Computershare Trust Company, N.A., Cushman & Wakefield Limited, FTL Nominees 1 Limited, FTL Nominees 2 Limited and other Holders of Depositary Receipts
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed on July 13, 2018

 10.8

 Form of Deed of Indemnity for Directors*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed on July 13, 2018

 10.9

 Form of Deed of Indemnity for Officers*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed on July 13, 2018

 10.10

 Form of Non-executive Director Appointment Letter*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed on July 13, 2018

 10.11

 Form of 2021 Restricted Stock Unit Grant Agreement*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 26, 2021

 10.12

 DTZ Jersey Holdings Limited Management Equity Incentive Plan, amended and restated effective as of January 7, 2016*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed on July 13, 2018

 10.13

 Form of Trust Over Shares and Nominee Shareholder Agreement*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed on July 13, 2018

 Exhibit Number
 Description of Exhibit

 Method of Filing

 10.14

 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of August 27, 2020, by and among Cushman & Wakefield plc, Cushman & Wakefield Global Inc. and Brett White*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 28, 2020

 10.15

 Restricted Stock Unit Grant Agreement between Brett White and DTZ Jersey Holdings Limited, dated May 8, 2015*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.37 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed on July 13, 2018

 10.16

 Restricted Stock Unit Grant Agreement between Brett White and DTZ Jersey Holdings Limited, dated May 8, 2015*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed on July 13, 2018

 10.17

 Restricted Stock Unit Grant Agreement between Brett White and DTZ Jersey Holdings Limited, dated October 5, 2015*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.39 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed on July 13, 2018

 10.18

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant Agreement for grants in 2018, 2019 and 2020 between Brett White and DTZ Jersey Holdings Limited*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.40 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed on July 13, 2018

 10.19

 Side Letter between Brett White and Cushman & Wakefield Global, Inc., dated June 8, 2018*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.41 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed on July 13, 2018

 10.20

 Side Letter between Brett White and Cushman & Wakefield Global, Inc., dated November 19, 2018*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.47 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 28, 2019

 10.21

 Cushman & Wakefield plc Executive Deferred Compensation Plan*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on October 15, 2019

 10.22

 Offer Letter, dated as of January 4, 2021, by and between Cushman & Wakefield Global, Inc. and Neil Johnston*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.57 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 26, 2021

 10.23

 Offer letter, dated September 18, 2021, from Cushman & Wakefield plc to Michelle MacKay*

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 1, 2021

 10.24

 Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Cushman Wakefield Greystone LLC, dated as of December 3, 2021

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 6, 2021

 10.25

 Side Letter, dated December 31, 2021, by and among Cushman & Wakefield Global, Inc., Cushman & Wakefield plc and Brett White*

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 4, 2022

 10.26

 Form of 2022 Restricted Stock Unit Grant Agreement*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.63 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2022

 10.27

 Cushman & Wakefield Global, Inc. Amended & Restated Executive Employee Severance Pay Plan & Summary Plan Description, effective February 24, 2022*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 2, 2022

 10.28

 Amendment No. 3 to the Credit Agreement, dated as of April 28, 2022, among Cushman & Wakefield U.S. Borrower, LLC (f/k/a DTZ U.S. Borrower, LLC), DTZ UK Guarantor Limited, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as Administrative Agent, Collateral Agent, Issuing Bank and Swing Line Lender, and the other Lenders and Subsidiary Guarantors party thereto
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 29, 2022

 10.29

 Amendment No. 4 to the Credit Agreement, dated as of January 31, 2023, among Cushman & Wakefield U.S. Borrower, LLC (f/k/a DTZ U.S. Borrower, LLC), DTZ UK Guarantor Limited, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent and lender, the other lenders party thereto, and, solely for purposes of Section 2.05 thereof, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 1, 2023

 10.30

 Form of 2023 Restricted Stock Unit Grant Agreement*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 5, 2023

 10.31

 Offer Letter, dated May 4, 2023, from Cushman & Wakefield plc to Michelle MacKay*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 4, 2023

 10.32

 Offer Letter, dated May 4, 2023, from Cushman & Wakefield plc to Andrew McDonald*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 4, 2023

 10.33

 Amendment No. 5 to the Credit Agreement, effective as of June 28, 2023, among Cushman & Wakefield U.S. Borrower, LLC, DTZ UK Guarantor Limited and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 30, 2023

 10.34

 Amendment No. 6 to the Credit Agreement, dated as of August 24, 2023, among Cushman & Wakefield U.S. Borrower, LLC (f/k/a DTZ U.S. Borrower, LLC), DTZ UK Guarantor Limited, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent and lender, and, solely for purposes of Section 2.05 thereof, the subsidiary guarantors thereto
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 24, 2023

 10.35

 Offer Letter, dated December 19, 2023, from Cushman & Wakefield plc to Brett White*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 20, 2023

 10.36

 Amendment No. 7 to the Credit Agreement, dated as of April 9, 2024, among Cushman & Wakefield U.S. Borrower, LLC, DTZ UK Guarantor Limited, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent, and other Lenders party thereto.
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 9, 2024

 10.37

 Offer Letter, effective as of July 1, 2023, by and between Cushman & Wakefield Global, Inc. and Noelle Perkins*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on April 30, 2024

 10.38

 Form of 2024 Performance-Vested RSU Agreement – Selected Executive Officers*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on April 30, 2024

 10.39

 Form of 2024 Performance-Vested RSU Agreement – Senior Leaders*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on April 30, 2024

 10.40

 Form of 2024 Time-Vested RSU Agreement*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on April 30, 2024

 10.41

 Form of Deed of Indemnity for Directors*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on April 30, 2024

 Exhibit Number
 Description of Exhibit

 Method of Filing

 10.42

 Form of Non-Executive Director Appointment Letter*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on April 30, 2024

 10.43

 Amendment No. 8 to the Credit Agreement, dated as of June 18, 2024, among Cushman & Wakefield U.S. Borrower, LLC, DTZ UK Guarantor Limited, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent, and other Lenders party thereto
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 20, 2024

 10.44

 Form of Non-Employee Director RSU Agreement*
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on July 30, 2024

 10.45

 Amendment No. 9 to the Credit Agreement, dated as of October 10, 2024, among Cushman & Wakefield U.S. Borrower, LLC, DTZ UK Guarantor Limited, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent, and other Lenders party thereto
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 16, 2024

 10.46

 Amendment No. 10 to the Credit Agreement, dated as of January 22, 2025, among Cushman & Wakefield U.S. Borrower, LLC, DTZ UK Guarantor Limited, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent, and other Lenders party thereto

 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 22, 2025

 19.1

 Insider Trading Policy

 21.1

 List of subsidiaries

 23.1

 Consent of KPMG US LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 31.1

 Certification by Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 31.2

 Certification by Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 32.1

 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
 Furnished herewith

 32.2

 Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
 Furnished herewith

 97.1

 Clawback Policy, effective October 2, 2023
 Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97.1 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 21, 2024

 101.INS

 101.SCH

 101.CAL

 101.DEF

 101.LAB

 101.PRE

 *Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

 Signatures
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 CUSHMAN & WAKEFIELD plc

 /s/ Michelle MacKay

 Michelle MacKay

 Chief Executive Officer

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signature
 Title
 Date

 /s/ Michelle MacKay
 Director and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer and Authorized Representative in the United States)

 Michelle MacKay

 /s/ Neil Johnston
 Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

 Neil Johnston

 /s/ Laurida Sayed
 Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)

 Laurida Sayed

 /s/ Michelle Felman

 Michelle Felman

 /s/ Jodie McLean

 Jodie McLean

 /s/ Jennifer McPeek

 Jennifer McPeek

 /s/ Angela Sun

 Angela Sun

 /s/ Raj Vennam

 Raj Vennam

 /s/ Brett White
 Director and Non-Executive Chairman

 Brett White

 /s/ Billie Williamson

 Billie Williamson