UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 FORM 10-K
 (Mark One)

 x

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

 OR

 o

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from ________ to _________

 Commission file number 001-42012

 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Delaware

 27-0913800

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 333 Pfingsten Rd
 Northbrook, Illinois 60062

 (Address of Principal Executive Offices and zip code)

 ( 847) 272-8800
 Registrant's telephone number, including area code

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Class A Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share
 ULS
 New York Stock Exchange

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No x

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer
 o

 Accelerated filer

 o

 Non-accelerated filer

 x

 Smaller reporting company

 o

 Emerging growth company

 o

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. o

 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o

 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 o
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x

 The aggregate market value of the registrant's Class A common stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $ 1,615 million as of June 28, 2024, based on the closing sale price as reported on the New York Stock Exchange on such date.

 The registrant had outstanding 62,044,493 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 138,130,000 shares of Class B common stock, par value $0.001 per share, as of February 12, 2025.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 Portions of the registrant's Proxy Statement for its 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders ("Proxy Statement") are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Such Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") within 120 days of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

 Page

 ITEM 1. Business

 ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

 ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

 ITEM 1C. Cybersecurity

 ITEM 2. Properties

 ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings

 ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

 ITEM 5. Market for the Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 ITEM 6. Reserved

 ITEM 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures

 ITEM 9B. Other Information

 ITEM 9C. Disclosures Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 ITEM 11. Executive Compensation

 ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 ITEM 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 ITEM 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 ITEM 16. Form 10-K Summary

 SIGNATURES

 Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
 This Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 ("Annual Report") contains forward-looking statements as defined by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report may be forward-looking statements. Statements regarding the Company's future results of operations and financial position, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, including, among others, statements regarding the Company's expected growth and future capital expenditures are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as "may," "will," "should," "would," "likely," "expects," "plans," "anticipates," "could," "intends," "targets," "projects," "contemplates," "believes," "estimates," "predicts," "potential," "continue" and variations of these terms and similar expressions, or the negative of these terms or similar expressions (although not all forward-looking statement may contain such words). The Company cautions you that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, assumptions and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. Although the Company believes that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date made, actual results may prove to be materially different from the results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.
 There are or will be important factors that could cause the Company's actual results to differ materially from those indicated in these forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the following:
 • any failure on the Company's part to protect and maintain its brand and reputation, or the impact on its brand or reputation of third-party events or actions outside of its control;
 • risks associated with the Company's information technology and software, including those relating to any future data breach or other cybersecurity incident;
 • the potential disruption of the TIC or S&A industries by technological advances in artificial intelligence;
 • the Company's ability to innovate, adapt to changing customer needs and successfully introduce new products and services in response to changes in the Company's industries and technological advances;
 • the Company's ability to compete in its industries and the effects of increased competition from its competitors;
 • risks associated with conducting business outside the United States, including those relating to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; enhanced trade, import or export restrictions; and global, regional or political instability;
 • risks associated with the Company's operations in China, which subject the Company and UL-CCIC Company Limited, the Company's joint venture with the China Certification & Inspection (Group) Co., Ltd. ("CCIC"), to China's complex and rapidly evolving laws, which may be interpreted, applied or enforced inconsistently or in ways inconsistent with its current operations, as well as risks associated with the fact that the Chinese government has the power to exercise significant oversight and discretion over, and intervene in and influence, its business operations in China;
 • the relationship between the United States and China and between the Company and CCIC, as well as changes in U.S. and Chinese regulations affecting the Company's business operations in China;
 • any failure on the Company's part to attract, hire or retain its key employees, including its senior leadership and its skilled and trained engineering, technical and professional personnel;
 • the level of the Company's customers' satisfaction and any failure on its part to properly and timely perform its services, meet its contractual obligations or fulfil its customers' needs;
 • changes to the relevant regulatory frameworks or private sector requirements, including any requirement that the Company accept third-party test results or certifications of components, end products, processes or systems or any changes that result in a reduction in required inspections, tests or certifications or harmonized international or cross-industry benchmarks and standards;
 • the Company's ability to adequately maintain, protect and enhance its intellectual property, including its registered UL-in-a-circle certification mark and other certification marks;
 • the Company's ability to implement its growth strategies and initiatives successfully;
 • the Company's reliance on third parties, including subcontractors and outside laboratories;
 • the Company's ability to obtain and maintain the requisite licenses, approvals, accreditations and delegations of authority necessary to conduct its business;
 • the outcomes of current and future legal proceedings;
 • the Company's level of indebtedness and future cash needs;
 • failure to generate sufficient cash to service the Company's indebtedness;
 • a change in the assumptions the Company uses to value its goodwill or intangible assets, or the impairment of its goodwill or intangible assets;
 • constraints imposed on the Company's ability to operate its business or make necessary capital investments due to the Company's outstanding indebtedness;

 • the increased expenses and responsibilities associated with being a public company;
 • the significant influence that UL Standards & Engagement has over the Company, including pursuant to its rights under the Company's amended and restated certificate of incorporation and the Stockholder Agreement with UL Standards & Engagement;
 • natural disasters and other catastrophic events, including pandemics and the rapid spread of contagious illnesses;
 • changes in tax laws in jurisdictions in which we operate or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our or our affiliates tax returns; and
 • the other factors discussed in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and in the "Risk Factors" in Part I Item 1A of this Annual Report.
 The foregoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read together with the other cautionary statements included in the section titled "Risk Factors" in Part I Item 1A of this Annual Report and the Company's subsequent filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). If one or more events related to these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if the Company's underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may differ materially from what the Company anticipates. Many of the important factors that will determine these results are beyond the Company's ability to control or predict. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and, except as otherwise required by law, the Company does not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise. If the Company updates one or more forward-looking statements, no inference should be drawn that the Company will make additional updates with respect to those or other forward-looking statements. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for the Company to predict which will arise. In addition, the Company cannot assess the impact of each factor on the Company's business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements attributable to the Company, or others acting on the Company's behalf, are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements above.
 In addition, statements that "the Company believes" and similar statements reflect the Company's beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to the Company as of the date of this Annual Report, and while the Company believes such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and the Company's statements should not be read to indicate that the Company has conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.
 You should read this Annual Report and the documents that the Company references in this Annual Report with the understanding that the Company's actual future results, levels of activity, performance and achievements may be materially different from what the Company expects.

 ITEM 1. Business
 Our Company
 UL Solutions Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, "UL Solutions", the "Company", "we", "our", and "us") is a global safety science leader that provides Testing, Inspection and Certification ("TIC") services and related software and advisory offerings to customers worldwide. We work for a safer world. Our mission drives our actions, inspires our employees and is the key to our success. We strive to be our customers' most trusted science-based safety, security and sustainability partner. Our history dates back to our founding in 1894 as part of the nonprofit Underwriters Electrical Bureau, a predecessor to Underwriters Laboratories Inc. ("UL Research Institutes"), ULSE Inc. ("UL Standards & Engagement") and UL Solutions. UL Research Institutes is the sole member of UL Standards & Engagement, which controls the majority of the voting power of our common stock.
 As the largest TIC services provider headquartered in North America (by revenue) with a global network of laboratories, we provided a comprehensive set of product safety, security and sustainability solutions to more than 80,000 customers across over 110 countries in 2024. Our distinguished heritage and our long history of operating at the forefront of safety science enables us to achieve and maintain more than 650 technical accreditations and 76 commercial software solutions, and to remain active in over 1,300 standards panels and technical committees globally, which underpins the expertise we offer to our customers. Furthermore, we offer over 400 independent third-party conformity assessment services around the world and are capable of testing and certifying against over 4,000 global standards, which affords us vast insight into the safety of products across a wide range of end markets and geographies. We are the owner of the iconic UL Mark that appears on billions of products around the world. We offer our customers global market access services that help them ensure the safety and quality of their products while also supporting their efforts to manage the broader risks they face throughout their product lifecycle processes.
 The outsourced product TIC market, where we currently focus, is served by our Industrial and Consumer segments, which provide comprehensive testing, inspection and certification services to customers across a broad array of end markets. Our Software and Advisory ("S&A") segment is a global provider of software, data and advisory solutions, enabling our customers to manage complex regulatory requirements, deliver supply chain transparency and operationalize sustainability. We generate revenue in these segments and the following service categories: Certification Testing; Ongoing Certification Services; Non-certification Testing and Other Services; and Software. As the global economy continues to evolve and becomes more digital and inter-connected, our customers continue to seek ways to bridge traditional TIC needs with next generation cloud-based software and services to better mitigate risk and enhance their business performance.
 Our Segments
 Our Industrial segment provides TIC services to help ensure that our customers' industrial products meet or exceed international standards for product safety, performance, cybersecurity and sustainability. Our services address needs across a number of end markets, including energy, industrial automation, engineered materials (plastics and wire and cable) and built environment, and across a variety of stakeholders, including manufacturers, building and asset owners, end users and regulators. We believe the products we test, certify and inspect in this segment generally represent very high cost of failure components, which in turn drives customers in this segment to choose providers like us based on our deep technical expertise, consistency and quality of service.
 Our Consumer segment provides a variety of global product market acceptance and risk mitigation services for customers in the consumer products end market, including consumer electronics, medical devices, information technologies, appliances, HVAC, lighting and retail (softlines and hardlines) and emerging consumer applications, including new mobility, smart products and 5G. The primary services offered by this segment include safety certification testing, ongoing certification, global market access, testing for connectivity, performance and quality and critical systems advisory and training.

 Our S&A segment provides complementary software and advisory solutions that extend the value proposition of TIC services we offer. The software and technical advisory offerings enable our customers to manage complex regulatory requirements, deliver supply chain transparency and operationalize sustainability.
 Our Strategy for Growth
 We intend to leverage our capabilities and reputation as a trusted science-based safety, security and sustainability leader to drive growth in our current capabilities, as well as in new areas where we can add value to our customers. Consistent with our demonstrated track record, our growth strategy consists of continued expansion from organic opportunities supplemented by targeted, accretive M&A. Our growth strategy is focused on: (i) Growing and Expanding Our Core, (ii) Deploying Capital for Acquisition-Related Growth and (iii) Employing Operational Strategies to Expand Margins.
 Growing and Expanding Our Core
 We will enhance our core businesses by further expanding our comprehensive service capabilities across attractive verticals where we have market leadership today or in new industries that would benefit from our expertise, providing new solutions for adjacent risk areas and extending our service capabilities beyond products and components.
 These growth strategies include:
 Increase our share of wallet with current and new customers. We believe that there are opportunities to expand offerings to customers, and thereby our wallet share, given the rising financial and reputational costs of safety failure and increasing regulatory compliance requirements. Our key commercial strategies are focused on providing new services that address evolving customer needs and accelerating cross-sell and up-sell activity. We also seek to expand the role we currently play with our customers throughout their product lifecycles by moving beyond product testing into adjacent services that address our customers' needs as they bring products to market.
 Expand presence in new industry verticals. We continue to seek opportunities to address safety needs within existing verticals, as well as in emerging growth verticals, that would benefit from our core technical expertise and our ability to support global product market access. We are constantly monitoring the market to identify new demand drivers for our services, and we will continue to expand into existing and new verticals as conditions dictate.
 Expand TIC service offerings. We have a sizeable opportunity to expand our TIC services to reflect the growing interconnectivity of our world and the new safety, security and sustainability needs of industrial and consumer products that result therefrom. Our customers rely on our deep expertise in innovative and cost-effective solutions as the safety and regulatory environment changes and requires them to seek additional third-party TIC support. As an example, security, affordability and sustainability are driving rapid innovation of the energy industry. Today's energy landscape is complex, connected and bidirectional, requiring many new components and systems, all of which must be evaluated for compatibility, stability and safety.
 Expand S&A offerings. As our core TIC customer needs have evolved, we have extended our business beyond product testing to serve as a global provider of software, data and advisory solutions, enabling our customers to manage complex regulatory requirements, deliver supply chain transparency and operationalize sustainability. S&A offerings allow us to serve a broader addressable market and represent a significant growth opportunity and recurring revenues with existing and new customers. In 2024, approximately 65% of our global and strategic accounts cross-purchased software and advisory solutions to complement their core TIC needs, driving business growth with attractive recurring revenues. One key expansion area is supply chain software that enables many of the world's largest retailers and manufacturers, among others, to effectively evaluate and ensure regulatory compliance, chemical safety and sustainability across their products. On January 31, 2024, we launched ULTRUS, our new brand that unites our flagship software that helps customers meet regulatory, supply chain and sustainability challenges.
 Deploying Capital for Acquisition-Related Growth. The global TIC industry remains highly fragmented with many sub-scale competitors in operation. We use acquisitions to grow our core and expand into attractive adjacencies and end markets that add capabilities to better serve our customers. Our strong balance sheet and free cash flow profile will continue to provide significant flexibility to pursue highly accretive bolt-on and transformational acquisitions.

 Employing Operational Strategies to Expand Margins. As we continue to increase our scale, we prioritize excellence across our operations to help drive profit margin improvement. To achieve this margin expansion, we employ operational strategies that focus on service delivery excellence and the management of speed, cost and quality through the relentless focus on exceptional customer experience and through digital and other innovations in our service delivery. These strategies are complemented by a culture of continuous improvement, our standardized performance metrics and the ongoing introduction of new internal technology that enables us to constantly streamline our operations. Further, we leverage our deep pool of human capital, along with our vast network of offices and laboratories, to drive operating efficiencies and margin expansion.
 Our Service Offerings
 We generate our revenue through four major service categories (percent of revenue for 2024):
 Certification Testing (approximately 27% of revenue). We evaluate products, components and systems according to global or regional regulatory requirements and other design and performance specifications. Select certification testing services include testing to global or regional standards, engineering evaluation and project review and functional safety testing of embedded software. Certification testing services generally align with the new product development cycle and help customers mitigate risk, demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements and deliver confidence to businesses and consumers, resulting in demand for ongoing certification services. As a result of the certification process, we may authorize our customers to use our certification marks, including the UL Mark, on their products, packaging and marketing collateral as part of their manufacturing, distribution and marketing processes to demonstrate to the marketplace that their product has met the applicable requirements. Certification testing services often lead to ongoing certification services to support the continued safety, compliance and performance objectives of the customer.
 Ongoing Certification Services (approximately 33% of revenue). To maintain the right to use our certification marks, including the UL Mark, and meet certain regulatory requirements, our customers must meet certain certification program requirements, including mandatory inspection and monitoring by us. These requirements, addressed through standard certification and inspection services, are designed to validate the continued compliance of our customers' previously certified products, components and systems. Services are delivered through periodic inspections, initial and follow-up audits, sample testing and UL Solutions label usage. The frequency and combination of these services can vary based on product, component or system type, production volume and historical risk-based customer compliance. Our ongoing certification services are designed and executed to help our customers confirm ongoing compliance and to help protect the integrity of the UL Mark. Select services include factory inspection and testing to confirm products that are being produced match the configuration of products that were tested and certified.
 Non-certification Testing and Other Services (approximately 30% of revenue). We offer testing services to address performance and other requirements that may not be required by any regulation and may not result in a certification, but are still desired by our customers to help ensure the safety, performance and reliability of their products. Select services include on-site and remote inspections, audits and field engineering specialty services, testing for energy efficiency, wireless and electromagnetic compatibility, quality, chemical and reliability for customers in medical devices, information technologies, appliances, HVAC and lighting. For retail and consumer customers, we offer testing such as color-matching, sensory, emissions and flame resistance. Lastly, we offer advisory and technical services to support our customers in managing their safety, compliance, regulatory risk and sustainability programs.
 Software (approximately 10% of revenue). We provide SaaS and license-based software solutions, including implementation and training services related to software, to enable our customers to manage complex regulatory requirements, deliver supply chain transparency and operationalize sustainability. Our SaaS and licensed software solutions provide data-driven product stewardship, chemicals management, supply chain insights, environmental, social and governance ("ESG") data and reporting, environmental, health and safety ("EHS") training, management and compliance, and additional regulatory driven software solutions.
 Our Team and Talent Management
 We employ leading talent, with technical expertise throughout the organization. As of December 31, 2024, we had a total of 14,813 full-time employees and 281 part-time employees. Our technical team of approximately 9,800 scientists, engineers and other specialized technical and regulatory experts has been purpose-built over many years and is core to our competitive differentiation. As of December 31, 2024, our highly experienced employee base had an average tenure with UL Solutions of nine years with us or our affiliates, and our technical talent had an average tenure of ten years, which instills trust within our customers and provides superior outcomes in safety, security and sustainability.

 None of our U.S.-based employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements, although approximately 10% of our employees are represented by foreign trade unions and work councils in the Americas, the APAC region, Europe, the Middle East and Africa, which could subject us to arrangements very similar to collective bargaining agreements. In Europe, approximately 18% of our workforce are represented by work council committees. We have not experienced any work stoppages or strikes that have had a material adverse impact on our operations. We consider our relationships with our employees to be collaborative.
 Talent, Engagement and Development
 Our talent management strategy is to attract, grow and retain a global and diverse workforce through performance reward and development programs. Our talent development programs include on-the-job training, professional development, internal and external partner leadership programs, organizational development and a self-service curriculum. As part of our broader employee development process, our proprietary UL University ("ULU") program provides education and training to all of our employees through a comprehensive portfolio of instructor-led, online and self-directed learning options.
 Information Technology
 Our information technology capabilities provide a competitive advantage by allowing us to focus on enhancing the customer experience and internal operational efficiencies. Our information technology is underpinned by our centrally managed IT, security and digital teams, collectively guided by a comprehensive strategy and multi-year roadmap that reflect opportunities to improve the customer experience, employee productivity and cybersecurity.
 Our employees benefit from common global processes and decision support capabilities that are supported by leading commercial-off-the-shelf technologies, such as Oracle, Microsoft and Salesforce.
 Our customers value the trusted information we generate and the data we provide, which are supported by our strategy to deliver a common user experience and base platform through proprietary, customer-facing digital solutions. Our unified, consistent processes provide a fully connected customer experience across our businesses, improving customer satisfaction and ultimately improving our performance. These customer-facing digital solutions complement our TIC business by providing our customers with digital tools to help augment and manage testing, certification, inspection, in-market data and compliance, while supporting customers in improving productivity, quality and sustainability. Examples of current initiatives include:
 • We are currently digitizing information gathering and analysis to provide the most cohesive and effective TIC software solutions to help customers achieve efficiencies throughout their product lifecycle.
 •"myUL," a one-stop self-service portal used by customers to securely access their UL Solutions project files, key product information and inspection reports real-time, which allows them to make better informed and timely decisions.
 • UL Product iQ portal, which is used to access detailed certification information of UL Solutions-certified products.
 Competition
 We operate in a global and highly fragmented industry that is diverse across geographies, services and markets. Although the global TIC market has a number of large, global market participants, the broader market landscape remains highly fragmented and the majority of the markets we serve remain competitive on a global and local level. We are subject to competition from large and global public firms, such as Intertek, SGS, Bureau Veritas and Eurofins. We also compete with large private players, including Element, T V Rheinland, T V S D, DEKRA and DNV. In our S&A segment, we tend to compete against a diverse group of point solution providers. We believe the primary competitive advantages of our services are our capabilities, global reach, large installed base of laboratories and equipment, reputation and operational track record. Additionally, we believe we have a competitive advantage over our peers through the integrity of our work as an independent third party recognized by governments and international bodies. Our technical expertise and safety science thought leadership drives our accreditation management capabilities, which provide a high degree of business continuity and reliability to our customers.

 Government Regulation and Compliance
 Our business is subject to a number of laws and regulations, both within and outside the U.S., in areas such as data privacy, anti-bribery and corruption, international trade, taxation, environmental protection and others. We are required to maintain credentials from accreditors, regulators and scheme owners based on applicable regulations and scheme rules in order to provide conformity assessment services to our customers globally. These credentials reflect our conformity assessment bodies' meeting of competency, consistency and impartiality requirements within those regulations and scheme rules. We have a global governance structure in place to facilitate compliance with these requirements.
 Our current key credentials include those granted by key regulators and authorities in North America, Asia (including Greater China) and Europe. Typically, such credentials are critical in serving customers in highly regulated sectors, such as the medical device industry; in sectors where third-party providers are relied upon, such as the electrical and electronic equipment industry; and in highly regulated markets, such as mainland China.
 Our global governance structure includes the active management of successful renewal of such credentials, the expansion or consolidation of these credentials, where warranted, and the pursuit of new credentials to preserve and to enable our ability to serve customers continuously.
 Some of our credentials are granted by government agencies in North America, Asia (including mainland China) and Europe. For example, we have credentials issued by the U.S. Occupational Safety & Health Administration ("OSHA") and the China National Certification and Accreditation Administration (the "CNCA"), which are among some of the key credentials for our operations.
 Environmental Matters
 Our business is subject to various international, federal, state and local laws and regulations regarding EHS matters. Among other things, these laws and regulations regulate the emission or discharge of materials into the environment, require us to obtain and maintain permits and approvals, govern the use, storage, treatment, disposal, transportation and management of hazardous substances, radioactive materials and wastes and protect the health and safety of our employees. These laws also impose liability for the costs of investigating, remediating, and addressing damages resulting from present and past releases of hazardous substances, including releases by prior owners or operators of sites we currently own or operate. Our previous ownership and current and previous operation of real property may also subject us to liability pursuant to these laws or regulations.
 Compliance with EHS laws and regulations increases our operating costs, limits or restricts the services we provide, or the methods by which we offer, sell and fulfill those services or conduct our business, and subjects us to the possibility of regulatory or private actions or proceedings. In addition, violations of EHS laws and regulations could result in significant administrative, civil, or criminal penalties, remedial cleanups, natural resource damages, permit modifications or revocations, operational interruptions or shutdowns and other liabilities. We maintain an environmental, health and safety compliance program, including policies and standards, dedicated staff, and periodic auditing and training. Compliance with laws regulating contamination and the discharge of materials into the environmental, or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment or human health and safety, have not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings, or competitive position, and are not currently material to our total operating costs or cash flows. However, environmental liabilities can change substantially, including due to changes in laws and regulations, and any future violations of applicable laws or regulations could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
 There has been a trend in favor of increased restrictions and limitations on activities that may affect the environment, and thus there can be no assurance as to the amount or timing of future expenditures for environmental compliance or remediation, and actual future expenditures may be different from the amounts we currently anticipate. For example, climate change continues to attract considerable public and scientific attention, and numerous proposals have been, and will likely continue to be, introduced to monitor and limit emissions of greenhouse gases. While we cannot predict future developments, the adoption and implementation of new or more stringent international, federal, regional, or state legislation, regulations, or other regulatory initiatives that impose more stringent standards for greenhouse gas emissions could result in increased costs of compliance. There were no material capital expenditures for environmental control facilities in 2022, 2023 or 2024, and there are no material investments currently planned for 2025; however, we may make material expenditures related to such facilities in the future.

 Intellectual Property
 Our intellectual property is an important part of our business. We rely on a combination of trademark, patent, copyright, trade secret and other related laws and confidentiality policies and contractual provisions to protect, maintain and enforce our proprietary technology and intellectual property rights. Our intellectual property portfolio also includes various registered and unregistered copyrights and internet domain names.
 We believe many of our service marks, certification marks, trademarks and trade names are important to our success, and as of December 31, 2024, our trademark portfolio included approximately 116 registered U.S. trademarks and approximately 14 pending U.S. trademark applications, and approximately 2,000 registered trademarks and 150 pending trademark applications in other countries. We endeavor to take prudent measures to protect our trademarks and certification marks against counterfeiting and other forms of infringement and, in turn, maintain the value and integrity of our trademarks and certification marks for us and our customers who make the decision to pursue UL certification and carry the UL Mark on their products. We do this by, among other things, using a global trademark watch service; recording our marks with customs agencies around the world; engaging in opposition proceedings in various trademark offices; sending cease-and-desist letters to counterfeiters and other infringers and pursuing legal action against them where appropriate; and partnering with customers, code authorities and law enforcement to provide them with tools and information necessary to distinguish between authentic and counterfeit UL Marks so that we may work together in diverting any authorized UL marked product out of the stream of commerce.
 As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately 21 issued U.S. patents and approximately 23 U.S. patent applications pending, all in various stages of examination. We cannot assure you whether any of our trademark or patent applications will result in the issuance of a trademark registration or patent, as applicable, or whether the examination process will require us to narrow the scope of protection that we are seeking. Any of our existing trademark registrations or patents and any that are issued in the future may be contested, circumvented, found unenforceable, cancelled or invalidated, and we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing them.
 For a discussion of risks related to our intellectual property, see "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property."
 Seasonality
 While seasonality is not a significant factor in our financial performance, our total revenue is typically lowest in the first quarter and highest in the fourth quarter, primarily due to timing of Non-certification Testing and Other Services revenue within our Industrial and Consumer segments. In addition, our cash flow from operations is typically lowest in the first quarter due to payment of the prior year's annual performance-based variable incentive compensation.
 UL-CCIC Agreement
 We, via our wholly owned subsidiary UL LLC, own 70% of the issued and outstanding equity interests of UL-CCIC Company Limited ("UL-CCIC"), an entity formed under the laws of the People's Republic of China ("P.R.C"). The remaining 30% equity interest is owned by China Certification & Inspection (Group) Co., Ltd. ("CCIC"), a Chinese state-owned enterprise. UL-CCIC is governed by an agreement first entered into on June 26, 2002, and has been amended from time to time. UL-CCIC was established with an initial duration of 10 years, starting from the date that it obtained its business license. This duration has been subsequently extended twice and currently expires in January 2033 pursuant to the amended and restated agreement the Company entered into with CCIC on October 28, 2022. Refer to Item 8, "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements", Note 8, "Investments in Equity Securities" for further details.
 Available Information
 Our executive offices are located at 333 Pfingsten Rd, Northbrook, Illinois 60062, and our telephone number is (847) 272 8800. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10 Q, current reports on Form 8 K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, are available free of charge on our website at  as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing or furnishing such material to the SEC. The SEC also maintains a website (www.sec.gov) that includes our reports, proxy statements and other information. Unless expressly noted, the information on our website, including our investor relations website, or any other website is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report and should not be considered part of this Annual Report or any other filing we make with the SEC.

 ITEM 1A. Risk Factors
 UL Solutions' business is subject to various risks and uncertainties. The following summary highlights some of the risks the Company is exposed to in the normal course of its business activities. If any of these risks actually occur, the Company's business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. This summary is not complete and the risks summarized below are not the only risks the Company faces. You should review and consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described in more detail following this summary in this Item 1A of Part I, which includes a more complete discussion of the risks summarized below, as well as a discussion of other risks related to the Company's business and an investment in its Class A common stock.
 Summary Risk Factors
 • Because the Company's success depends substantially on the value of its brand and reputation, any adverse publicity, damage to its brand or loss of reputation could impact the demand for its services, erode its market share or otherwise have a material adverse effect on its business.
 • The Company or the third parties that it interacts with face cybersecurity risks and may fail to adequately secure or maintain the confidentiality, integrity or availability of data held as a result of a compromise of systems or data, which could result in a material adverse effect on the Company's business and operations, and it may incur increasing costs in an effort to mitigate this risk.
 • Technological advances in artificial intelligence ("AI") may in the future disrupt the TIC or S&A industries, which could significantly reduce the demand for the Company's services.
 • The Company's business is highly competitive. If the Company fails to compete successfully, to innovate in response to changing customer needs, new technologies or other market requirements, to develop new proprietary solutions, to increase the functionality of its current solutions or to develop its reputation as a technology leader, its business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
 • The Company maintains significant international operations and is subject to a variety of risks associated with doing business outside the United States, including difficulties associated with maintaining compliance with numerous laws and regulations, general economic, social and political conditions in countries where it operates and the need to expand into, and compete in, new jurisdictions resulting from shifts in supply chains.
 • The Company may be adversely affected by global and regional economic and political instability.
 • The Company conducts significant business in China, including through its joint venture with CCIC, and is therefore subject to China's laws and regulations, which can be complex and evolve rapidly. The Chinese government has the power to exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of the Company's business in China, and the laws and regulations to which it is subject may change rapidly and with little notice. These laws and regulations may be interpreted, applied or enforced inconsistently by different agencies or authorities and may be inconsistent with or restrictive of the Company's current operations. Any new or changed regulations and policies could result in a material change in the Company's operations and could have a material adverse effect on its business. The Chinese government may also intervene in or influence the Company's business in China at any time, without notice, including placing restrictions on its operations in China.
 • Changes in the economic policies of the government of China could have a significant impact on the business the Company may be able to conduct in China and the profitability of its business.
 • The Company's success depends upon its ability to recruit, train and retain key employees, including its senior leadership and its trained and skilled engineering, technical and professional personnel.
 • The Company works with dangerous materials and in dangerous environments that could injure its employees, contractors or customers, damage its or its customers' facilities, disrupt its or its customers' operations and could otherwise result in significant costs, liabilities and obligations.
 • The Company is subject to risks related to sustainability and corporate social responsibility.

 • A conflict of interest or perceived conflict of interest between the Company's testing, inspection or certification services, on the one hand, and its advisory and other services, on the other hand, could adversely impact its accreditation or its reputation or expose it to legal liability.
 • Changes to relevant regulatory frameworks resulting in a reduction in required inspections, tests or certifications, any requirement that the Company accept third-party test results or certifications in lieu of collecting its own data and conducting its own tests, and the harmonization of international or cross-industry benchmarks and standards, in each case, could lead to the reduction in demand for, or commoditization of, the Company's services, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations.
 • The Company's business depends substantially on the level of its customer satisfaction and specifically on customers maintaining their agreements with the Company and purchasing additional services from the Company, a significant decline in any of which could harm the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations.
 • Part of the Company's growth strategy is to pursue strategic transactions, including acquisitions, and the Company may not be able to find suitable acquisition targets or achieve its desired acquisition objectives.
 • Allegations of the Company's failure to properly perform its services may expose it to potential product and other liability claims, recalls, penalties and reputational harm or could otherwise cause a material adverse effect on the Company's business.
 • Any failure to obtain, maintain, adequately protect or enforce the Company's intellectual property and proprietary rights could impair the Company's ability to protect its proprietary technology, the UL Mark and its brand.
 • Any unethical conduct by the Company's employees, agents, contractors, partners, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. ("UL Research Institutes") or ULSE Inc. ("UL Standards & Engagement") could result in financial penalties or affect the Company's brand, reputation or image, any of which could have a material adverse impact on its business, financial condition and results of operations.
 • Changes in, a significant delay in obtaining, failure to obtain or the withdrawal or revocation of the Company's licenses, approvals, accreditations or other authorizations or delegations of authority would likely have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations.
 • The Company is currently defending certain litigation, and it is likely to be subject to additional litigation in the future, any of which could be costly to defend and may harm the Company's reputation.
 • The substantial ownership of the Company's common stock by UL Standards & Engagement, together with the dual class structure of the Company's common stock and UL Standards & Engagement's governance and consent rights under the Company's Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and that certain Stockholder Agreement, dated as of April 2, 2024, by and between the Company and UL Standards & Engagement, concentrates voting control with UL Standards & Engagement for the foreseeable future, which will limit the ability of the Company's other stockholders to influence corporate matters, including the election or removal of directors and the approval or rejection of any change of control transaction.
 • The Company may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of its indebtedness, and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy its obligations under its indebtedness, which may not be successful.
 • As a result of becoming a public company, the Company has incurred, and will continue to incur, significant costs related to being a public company, and management will be required to devote substantial time to compliance with the Company's public company responsibilities and corporate governance practices.
 Risks Related to Our Industry and Business
 Because our success depends substantially on the value of our brand and our reputation as a market leader in the TIC services industry, adverse publicity, damage to our brand or a loss of reputation could impact the demand for our services or erode our market share or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business.

 Our reputation and the value of our brand are critical to our business. Adverse publicity concerning the quality or effectiveness of our services, safety or non-compliance issues with products we have tested or certified, whether or not directly relating to or involving the services we performed, and other matters, including adverse publicity about, or events relating to, UL Research Institutes, UL Standards & Engagement or their research or standard-setting activities (which we cannot control), could result in the loss of our existing customer relationships, our inability to attract new customers, legal claims, government or regulatory investigations, increased insurance costs or diminished trust from AHJs, all of which could adversely affect our business and operations. The value of our brand and our reputation could be severely damaged even by isolated incidents, particularly if the incidents receive considerable negative publicity or result in substantial litigation.
 Any such incidents, and any resulting adverse publicity, may arise from events that are beyond our control, such as international trade disputes, regulatory changes, market fluctuations, supply chain constraints, actions taken by our customers, employees or other third parties and poor quality control in our customers' manufacturing processes. For example, part of our businesses involve testing and inspecting products, facilities, processes, components and systems against various legal, regulatory, industry and customer standards and requirements, but we do not serve as an AHJ or other enforcement body in connection with such testing and inspection services. Misunderstandings regarding our role in our customers' compliance processes or the failure by our customers or other third parties to appropriately and effectively use and act on the findings of our assessments could lead to reputational harm. In addition, from time to time, our customers and others make claims and take legal action against us, UL Research Institutes or UL Standards & Engagement. Whether or not any such claims have merit, they may adversely affect our reputation, our customers' trust in our brand and the demand for our services. Demand for our services could also diminish significantly if any such incidents or other matters erode general confidence in us or our services, which would likely result in reputational damage or lower sales, either of which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
 The TIC industry is currently highly competitive and fragmented, and our ability to effectively compete depends heavily on our brand and reputation. Any real or perceived issues with delivering our services to our customers or our failure to provide high-quality services to our customers could adversely affect our brand and reputation. Our customers may no longer choose us over our competitors and our relevance with key stakeholders, such as AHJs, may be diminished. This, in turn, could cause us to lose market share and our market leadership position, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Further, if there is increased consolidation in the TIC industry in the future amongst our competitors, it may result in the loss of our market leadership position as competitors with greater financial, marketing and technical resources emerge, As a result, the demand for our products and services could decrease, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
 Technological advances in AI may in the future disrupt the TIC industry, which could significantly reduce the demand for our services.
 The success of our TIC business depends on sustained demand for our services, which are carried out by our employees who leverage a broad range of technological advances to perform their work. For example, the majority of our TIC services are performed by skilled technicians, engineers, scientists and regulatory experts at our various facilities or on-site at our customers' facilities. As AI technology continues to evolve, tasks currently performed by people, including those performed by our employees, may be augmented or replaced by automation, robotics, AI/machine learning and other technological advances. These technological advances also have the potential to enable the development of alternative competitive services or enable our customers to reduce or bypass the use of our services. If any of our customers, competitors or new market entrants develop algorithms or other AI tools capable of replicating or better competing against our services, our services and solutions could, over time, become obsolete or unnecessary, or the demand for our services could be significantly reduced, particularly if any such AI alternative proved to be more accurate, more efficient and/or more cost-effective than our employees. Any widespread automation of our TIC services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, the use of AI by our customers could lead to product designs which incorporate safety standards and requirements so completely that AI-designed products become the more trusted norm versus human-driven design, testing and inspection.
 Technological advances in AI may in the future disrupt the S&A portion of the industry, which could significantly reduce the demand for our services or otherwise adversely impact our business or reputation if we are unable to successfully keep pace and navigate this evolving environment.
 We use machine learning and AI technologies in our business, and we are making investments in expanding AI capabilities in our products, services and tools, including developing new product features using AI technologies. However, AI technologies are complex and rapidly evolving, and we face significant competition from other companies as well as an evolving regulatory landscape. The proliferation of new and emerging AI technologies, such as generative AI, in the S&A industry

 may require additional investment in the development of proprietary datasets and machine learning models, new approaches and processes to provide attribution or remuneration to creators of training data and appropriate protections and safeguards for handling the use of customer data with AI technologies, which may be costly and could impact our expenses if we decide to expand AI technologies in our S&A product offerings. Ultimately, our failure to incorporate AI technologies in our product offerings in a timely, effective and compliant manner may place us at a competitive disadvantage, reducing demand for our offerings and adversely affecting our business results; however, there can be no assurance that the usage of or our investments in such technologies will always enhance our products or services or be beneficial to our business, including our efficiency or profitability.
 The introduction of AI technologies into new or existing products may result in new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, confidentiality or security risks, ethical concerns, legal liability or other complications that could adversely affect our business, reputation and financial results. For example, AI technologies incorporated into our product offerings may use algorithms, datasets or training methodologies that may be flawed or contain deficiencies that may be difficult to detect which, in turn, may create customer content that is factually inaccurate, biased or otherwise flawed. If our customers or others rely on or use such content to their detriment, it may lead to adverse outcomes, which may expose us or our customers to reputational harm, competitive harm or legal liability. Additionally, the use of certain AI technologies, including generative AI, may place our and our customers' confidential information at risk if adequate security measures are not employed. Further, the intellectual property ownership and license rights, including copyright, surrounding AI technologies has not been fully addressed by U.S. courts or other federal or state laws or regulations, and the use or adoption of third-party AI technologies into our products and services may result in exposure to claims of copyright infringement or other intellectual property misappropriation.
 The legislative, judicial and regulatory landscapes relating to AI are evolving and may impact our ability to use AI, and could limit our ability to operate and expand our business, cause revenue to decline and adversely affect our business. The actual or perceived failure to comply with regulatory requirements and laws relating to AI could result in significant liability or reputational harm.
 Uncertainty in the legal regulatory regime relating to AI may require significant resources to modify and maintain business practices to comply with U.S. and non-U.S. laws, the nature of which cannot be determined at this time. Several jurisdictions around the globe, including Europe, China and certain U.S. states, have already proposed or enacted laws and regulations governing AI. For example, in the United States, an Executive Order was issued on the Safe, Secure and Trustworthy Development and Use of AI, emphasizing the need for transparency, accountability and fairness in the development and use of AI. The order seeks to balance fostering innovation with addressing risks associated with artificial intelligence by providing eight guiding principles and priorities, such as ensuring that consumers are protected from fraud, discrimination and privacy risks related to AI. The order also calls for future regulations from various agencies, such as the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (to ensure fair competition and reduce consumer harm) and, in alignment with the order, other agencies have published guidance, such as the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. In Europe, on August 1, 2024, the EU Artificial Intelligence Act (the "EU AI Act") entered into force, and establishes a comprehensive, risk-based governance framework for AI in the EU market. The majority of the substantive requirements will apply from August 2, 2026. The EU AI Act applies to companies that develop, use and/or provide AI in the EU and – depending on the AI use case - includes requirements around transparency, conformity assessments and monitoring, risk assessments, human oversight, security, accuracy, general purpose AI and foundation models, and fines for breach.
 In China, a number of regulations to govern AI have been implemented, namely the Interim Provisions on Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services, Administrative Provisions on Algorithm Recommendation for Internet Information Services and Provisions on Management of Deep Synthesis in Internet Information Service, respectively. Such regulations impose strict obligations on service providers, among other entities, with respect to their provision and use of generative AI, algorithmic recommendation and deep synthesis technologies. For example, service providers must file the algorithms used and complete a security assessment with the local CAC before the provision of the AI service. The regulatory framework in China is expected to have a material impact on the way AI is regulated in China, and together with developing guidance and/or decisions in this area, may affect our use of AI and our ability to provide and to improve our services. Other jurisdictions may decide to adopt similar or more restrictive legislation that may render the use of such technologies challenging.
 Additionally, certain privacy laws extend rights to individuals (such as the right to delete certain personal data) and regulate automated decision making, which may be incompatible with our AI features or our use of AI. These obligations may lead to regulatory fines or penalties or prevent or limit our use of AI. If we are deemed to not have sufficient rights to the data we use to train our generative AI technologies, we may be subject to litigation by the owners of the content or other materials that comprise such data, similar to the litigation that is currently pending in various U.S. courts against other developers of

 generative AI technologies, and in which the outcome of such litigation is uncertain. If we cannot use AI, or that use is restricted, our business may be less efficient, or we may be at a competitive disadvantage. We are implementing various initiatives that are designed to address potential AI risks; however, these initiatives may prove insufficient to mitigate potential risks.
 A failure to effectively leverage emerging AI technology in our internal operations and management of our business may adversely impact the efficiency of our operations and our ability to keep pace with our competitors and may expose us to regulatory and other risks.
 As machine learning and AI technology continues to evolve, more companies are leveraging these technologies to improve efficiencies and maximize opportunities with respect to the management of their respective businesses. We continue to evaluate the ability to leverage such technologies for our own internal operations, including, among other things, fuzzy searches, data extraction and content summarization. However, if we fail to effectively utilize and implement such technologies, or our utilization of such technologies is restricted as the regulatory environment around AI technologies evolves, our business may become less efficient or exposed to greater regulatory risk and may be at a competitive disadvantage. Further, the introduction of AI technologies into our operations may result in new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, confidentiality (including placing our employees' and our customers' confidential information at risk) or security risks, ethical concerns, legal liability or other complications that could adversely affect our business, reputation and financial results.
 The success of our business depends, in part, on our ability to develop new proprietary technical solutions, increase the functionality of our current solutions and develop our reputation as a technology leader.
 Our success depends on our ability to continue to innovate, develop and introduce new software and techniques to support our services in order to continue to meet the requirements of our customers better than our competitors. If we fail to do so, or if a competitor develops equivalent or superior technology, demand for certain of our existing services could decline, we may not be able to take advantage of new market opportunities that may arise and we may be required to make significant unplanned occasional expenditures to develop technological solutions that will allow us to compete more effectively. Furthermore, if our competitors have greater resources and access to funding, they may be able to finance the development of new technologies before we are able to do so, which may allow them to enter new markets before us or provide lower-priced or better-quality services. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our business is highly competitive. If we fail to compete successfully, or if we fail to innovate in response to changing customer needs, new technologies or other market requirements, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
 We face competition from other providers of TIC and S&A services, as well as from new competitors such as start-ups and private equity-backed companies. We generally compete with them on the basis of quality, service, reputation, cost, capacity and turn-around time of our services and our reputation with third parties, such as retailers and regulators. If our services, supply, support, distribution, cost structure or reputation do not enable us to continue competing successfully with our current competitors, or to compete in the future with any new market entrants, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
 Our future success and competitive advantage also depend on our ability to keep pace with rapid technological changes that could make our services less competitive or obsolete and on our ability to increase customer adoption of our services, including our SaaS offerings. Our customers are continuously innovating their products and technology and generally expect us to keep pace with their innovations. We risk losing market share if we fail to adapt quickly enough to market needs in areas like AI, embedded software, functional safety and other new technologies as they evolve. Our competitors or others might develop technologies or services that are more effective or commercially attractive than our current or future offerings, or that render our technologies or services obsolete. Our competitors may also monetize their data solutions more quickly or effectively than us. If we fail to successfully monetize our data or data-based offerings, invest in the right technologies or innovate as technology and our customers' needs evolve, or if our competitors introduce superior technologies or services and we cannot make enhancements to our own, our competitive position and, in turn, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Many of the markets in which we compete, including cybersecurity and connected devices, are also subject to evolving industry and information technology ("IT") operational standards and regulations, resulting in increasing compliance requirements for us and our customers. To the extent we expand further into highly regulated industries, our services may need to address additional requirements specific to those industries.

 In addition, our ability to compete may be affected by increased digital disruption of the TIC industry by evolving technology and new solutions. The TIC industry is subject to increasingly rapid technological changes, including an increased focus on data provisioning and analysis. For example, increased digitization of regulatory or product information, simulation and predictive testing of products, remote inspection or reliance on AI could replace traditional TIC services. Our failure to innovate and adapt to address these changes, either on a timely basis or at all, could result in our loss of market share or significantly reduce demand for our services.
 Finally, remaining competitive in our industry requires us to maintain a favorable geographic dispersion. If our geographic placement and dispersion are, or become, suboptimal, or our competitors are able to achieve more favorable geographic dispersion, whether through organic or inorganic growth, we could lose or miss out on market share. Additionally, we compete with a number of local and regional TIC service providers who may be better suited than us to compete in local and regional markets due to their brand recognition, expertise in local and regional regulations and better access to local and regional markets and customers. If we cannot adapt or meet the needs of our customers in the various regions in which we and our customers are located, we may not be able to continue to compete successfully on a global scale.
 We are subject to a variety of risks associated with doing business outside the United States.
 We maintain significant international operations, including operations in Greater China (mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan), Japan, Germany, the Republic of Korea, Italy and Canada, as well as other countries. We continue to increase our global footprint. For example, since 2022, we have opened additional laboratories in Mexico, the Republic of Korea, Vietnam and Taiwan. In 2024, approximately 59.0% of our revenue was generated from customers outside the United States. As a result, we are subject to a number of risks and complications associated with international sales, services and other operations, as well as risks associated with U.S. foreign policy. These include:
 • difficulties associated with compliance with numerous, potentially conflicting and frequently complex and changing laws and regulations in multiple jurisdictions, such as with respect to business licensing and environmental matters, intellectual property, privacy and data protection, corrupt practices, embargoes, trade sanctions, competition, employment and licensing;
 • general economic, social and political conditions in countries where we operate, including international and U.S. trade policies, currency exchange rate fluctuations and political instability;
 • tax and other laws that reduce our profitability or restrict our ability to use tax credits, offset gains or repatriate funds, as well as changes in local and international tax laws, including transfer pricing regulations and changes in tax treaties, which may restrict our ability to use tax credits, offset gains, repatriate funds or result in adverse tax consequences;
 • any adverse changes in the regulatory environments applicable to us, which could negatively impact our business;
 • foreign exchange and currency restrictions, transfer pricing regulations and adverse tax consequences, which may affect our ability to transfer capital and profits;
 • inflation, deflation and stagflation in any country in which we have operations;
 • foreign customers with longer payment cycles than customers in the United States; and
 • imposition of or increases in customs duties and other tariffs.
 Further, we operate in a number of countries throughout the world, including in countries that lack developed legal systems or do not have as strong a commitment to anti-corruption and ethical behavior as is required by U.S. laws or by our corporate policies. In addition, based on the nature of our services and our structure, we deal with both governments and government-owned business enterprises, such as our 70% joint venture interest in UL-CCIC Company Limited ("UL-CCIC"). Therefore, we are subject to the risk that we, our officers, directors, employees, business partners, joint venture partners or any third party that we engage to do work on our behalf may take action determined to be in violation of anti-corruption laws in the jurisdictions in which we conduct business, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the "FCPA"), the UK Bribery Act 2010 (the "Bribery Act") and the Canadian Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (the "CFPOA"), which prohibit corruptly providing, offering, promising or authorizing, directly or indirectly, anything of value to foreign officials, political parties or candidates for political office for the purposes of obtaining or retaining business or securing any improper business advantage. The provisions of the Bribery Act also prohibit non-governmental commercial bribery, soliciting or accepting

 bribes and "facilitation payments," or small payments to low-level government officials to expedite routine approvals. The Bribery Act also has an offense applicable to corporate entities and partnerships that carry on part of their business in the United Kingdom that fail to prevent bribery, which can take place anywhere in the world, by persons who perform services for or on behalf of them, subject to a defense of having adequate procedures in place to prevent the bribery from occurring. The offense could render parties criminally liable for the acts of their agents, joint venture partners or commercial partners, even if done without their knowledge.
 Any violation of the FCPA, the CFPOA, the Bribery Act or any similar anti-corruption law or regulation could result in substantial fines, sanctions, disgorgement of profits or civil or criminal penalties, debarment from business dealings with certain governments or government agencies or restrictions on the marketing of our services in certain countries, injunctions or other remedial measures, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. If these anti-corruption laws or our internal policies were to be violated, our reputation and operations could also be substantially harmed. Further, detecting, investigating and resolving actual or alleged violations is expensive and can consume significant time and attention of our senior management.
 Compliance with multiple, and potentially conflicting, international laws and regulations, including anti-corruption laws, may be difficult, burdensome or expensive. U.S. public companies are required to maintain records that accurately and fairly represent their transactions and have an adequate system of internal accounting controls. We maintain internal controls, policies and procedures to promote compliance by our directors, officers, employees or business partners and third parties acting on our behalf with the FCPA, the Bribery Act, the CFPOA and other applicable anti-corruption laws. However, we can make no assurance that our controls, policies and procedures, even if enhanced, have been or will be followed at all times or will effectively detect and prevent all violations of the applicable laws. Further, in connection with past and future acquisitions by us, there is a risk of successor liability relating to such laws in connection with prior actions or alleged actions of an acquired company. Such matters or allegations related to such matters could adversely affect our reputation and the burden and cost associated with defending or resolving such matters could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
 Although we currently operate in a number of countries throughout the world, a shift in the location of our customers' product development and manufacturing could result in us needing to expand into, and compete in, new jurisdictions and, as a result, to navigate new regulatory and competitive environments.
 We may be adversely affected by global and regional economic and political instability.
 We may be adversely affected by global and regional economic and political conditions. The uncertainty or deterioration of the global economic and political environment could adversely affect us. Customers may modify, delay or cancel plans to purchase our services. Any inability of current or potential customers to purchase or pay for our services due to, among other things, declining economic conditions as a result of inflation, rising interest rates, changes in spending patterns and the effects of governmental initiatives to manage economic conditions may have a negative impact on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, we may face uncertainties in the business environment or volatility in financial markets due to policy shifts of changing administrations in certain key markets. For example, following the 2024 U.S. presidential and congressional elections there may be increased uncertainty and volatility in the global economy and financial markets created by anticipated shifts in U.S. and foreign trade, economic and other policies. Overall demand for our services could be reduced as a result of a global financial crisis, economic recession or political unrest.
 For example, the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in Israel, Gaza and surrounding areas have created increasingly volatile geopolitical and economic conditions around the world; however, we do not currently expect that either conflict will have a material, direct impact on our business. In March of 2022, we made the decision to stop all work in Russia and Belarus and not take on or pursue any new customer orders related to those countries for the foreseeable future. However, geopolitical instability and adversity arising from such conflicts (including additional conflicts that could arise elsewhere in the world), the imposition of sanctions, taxes or tariffs against Russia and Russia's response (including retaliatory acts, such as cyber-attacks and sanctions against other countries) and impacts to energy markets and supplies could adversely affect the global economy or specific international, regional and domestic markets we operate in, increase inflationary pressures, or disrupt our customers' supply chains, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
 Additionally, our operating cash flows, combined with access to the credit markets, provide us with significant discretionary funding capacity. However, deterioration in the global credit markets may limit our ability to access credit markets, which could adversely affect our liquidity or increase our cost of borrowing. Increases in our cost of borrowing could adversely affect our liquidity and results of operations.

 Enhanced trade tariffs, import restrictions, export restrictions, regulations of mainland China or other trade barriers could materially adversely affect our business.
 We are continuing to expand our international operations as part of our growth strategy and have experienced an increasing concentration of sales in certain regions outside the United States. There is currently significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and various other countries, most significantly mainland China, with respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. Tariffs, trade restrictions or trade barriers that have been, and may in the future be, placed on products we test, inspect and certify by foreign governments, especially mainland China, have raised, and could further raise, amounts paid for some or all of our services, which may result in the loss of customers and our business, and our financial condition and results of operations may be harmed. Further tariffs may be imposed that could cover imports of components and materials used in our customers' products, or our business may be adversely impacted by retaliatory trade measures taken by mainland China or other countries, including restricted access to components or materials used in our customers' products or increased amounts that must be paid for their products, which could significantly reduce demand for our services, in turn materially harming our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, the continued threats of tariffs, trade restrictions and trade barriers could have a generally disruptive impact on the global economy and, therefore, negatively impact our sales. Given the relatively fluid regulatory environment in China and the United States and uncertainty regarding how the U.S. or foreign governments will act with respect to tariffs, international trade agreements and policies, there could be additional tax or other regulatory changes in the future. Any such changes could directly and adversely impact our financial results and results of operations. For a discussion of additional risks related to our business in China, see "—Risks Related to Conducting Business in China."
 We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability if we violate the controls.
 Our business is subject to U.S. export controls, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations. Obtaining the necessary export license or other authorization for a particular sale may be time-consuming and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities. Furthermore, our activities are subject to U.S. economic sanctions laws and regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control that prohibit the sale or supply of most products and services to embargoed jurisdictions or sanctioned parties. Violations of U.S. sanctions or export control regulations can result in significant fines or penalties and possible incarceration for responsible employees and managers. If we fail to obtain appropriate import, export or re-export licenses or permits, we may be adversely affected through reputational harm, as well as other negative consequences, including government investigations and penalties.
 Also, various countries, in addition to the United States, regulate the import and export of certain technology, including import and export licensing requirements, and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to distribute our SaaS and other technology solutions in those countries. Future changes in export and import regulations may create delays in the introduction of our technology solutions in international markets. Any change in export or import regulations, economic sanctions or related legislation, increased export and import controls or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such regulations, could result in decreased use of our products by, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our products to, existing or potential customers with international operations. Any decreased use of our technology solutions or limitation on our ability to export or sell our technology solutions could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 The success of our operations in international markets is highly dependent on the expertise of local management and operating staff, as well as the political, social, legal and economic operating conditions of each country in which we operate.
 The success of our business depends on the actions of our employees. In our international locations, we are highly dependent on our local management and operating staff to serve our customers and operate our facilities in these markets in accordance with local law and best practices. If the local management or operating staff were to leave our employment, we would have to expend significant time and resources building up our management or operational expertise in these local markets. Such a transition could adversely affect our reputation in these markets and could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.
 Additionally, the health and safety of our employees or those working on our behalf, and the security of our physical infrastructure, may be affected due to acts of violence or vandalism by anti-social elements. Although we take protective measures to ensure the safety of our employees at our global locations of work and transit, incidents of organized political demonstrations, civil unrest or random acts of rage can affect the safety of our assets and employees, impacting our business and operating results.

 We are also subject to other inherent risks attributed to operating in a global economy. As of December 31, 2024, we leased or owned 91 sites with laboratories spread across 26 countries. If the international markets in which we compete are affected by changes in political, social, legal, economic or other factors—such as deterioration in U.S.-China relations, instability in the North Korean peninsula or South China Sea, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine or the conflict in Israel, Gaza and surrounding areas—our business and operating results may be materially and adversely affected. Uncertainty as a result of such changes may last for years and could also impact our customers' businesses and operations. Our international operations may subject us to additional risks that differ in each country in which we operate and such risks may negatively affect our results.
 Our senior leadership team is critical to our continued success, and the loss of such personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our current and future success depend substantially on the continued service and performance of the members of our senior leadership team. These personnel possess business and technical capabilities that are difficult to replace. We have attempted to mitigate this risk by providing what we view as market compensation and benefits, as well as appropriate retention incentives, including long-term incentive compensation with multi-year vesting provisions intended to incentivize and retain these key personnel. If we lose key members of our senior management operating team or are unable to effect smooth transitions from one executive to another as part of our succession plan, we may not be able to effectively manage our current operations or meet ongoing and future business challenges, and this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Additionally, successfully executing organizational change, including management transitions and succession plans for our senior leadership, is critical to our business success. Although we have implemented disciplined, ongoing succession planning for our senior leadership and other key executives, this process does not guarantee that the services of qualified senior executives will continue to be available to us in the future.
 Our success depends upon our ability to recruit, train and retain key employees—in particular, our technical personnel—including through the implementation of diversity and inclusivity initiatives.
 Our current and future success depend substantially on our employees, including highly trained and skilled engineering, technical and professional personnel. We depend on the technical and regulatory know-how of our skilled and technical personnel, and competition for their talent is intense among our competitors. Particularly in highly specialized and technical areas, it has become more difficult to retain employees and meet all of our needs for employees in a timely manner, which could affect our growth. Although we intend to continue to devote significant resources to recruiting, training and retaining qualified employees—in particular, our technical talent—we may not be able to attract, effectively train and retain these employees. Any failure to do so could impair our ability to efficiently perform our contractual obligations, timely meet our customers' needs and ultimately win new business, all of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 In particular, the success of our TIC business relies on an adequate supply of skilled engineers. Trained and experienced technical personnel are in high demand and may be in short supply in some areas. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to recruit, attract and retain the skilled workforce of engineers necessary to continue offering our existing and future services widely or efficiently, or that labor expenses or employee turnover will not increase as a result of a shortage in the supply of skilled engineers, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Additionally, changes in immigration laws and policies have, in certain circumstances, made it more difficult—and may continue to make it more difficult—for us to recruit or relocate highly skilled technical, professional and management personnel to meet our business needs.
 We are also working to promote our talent management efforts through the implementation of diversity and inclusivity initiatives throughout our organization. However, there has been increasing scrutiny about such initiatives, including from activists and policymakers challenging how such initiatives comply with civil rights protections. This may require us to incur additional costs to respond and monitor, and if we do not (or are perceived not to) successfully implement our initiatives, including in keeping with current or potential future laws or interpretations thereof, our ability to recruit, attract and retain talent may be adversely impacted.

 Our profitability could suffer if we are not able to timely and effectively utilize our employees or manage our cost structure.
 The cost of providing our services, including the degree to which our employees are utilized, affects our profitability. The degree to which we are able to utilize our employees in a timely manner or at all is affected by a number of factors, including:
 • our ability to hire, assimilate and deploy new employees;
 • our ability to forecast demand for our services and to maintain and deploy headcount that is aligned with demand, including employees with the right mix of skills and experience;
 • our employees' inability to obtain or retain required certifications;
 • our ability to manage attrition; and
 • our need to devote time and resources to training, business development and other non-chargeable activities.
 Our greatest assets are our employees, and it is important that we spend adequate resources on their continued technical and regulatory training. If our employees are under-utilized, our profit margin and profitability could suffer. If our employees are over-utilized, it could have a material adverse effect on employee morale and attrition, which would, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our profitability is also affected by the extent to which we are able to effectively manage our overall cost structure for operating expenses, such as wages and benefits, real estate expenses, overhead and capital, including our test equipment and its maintenance, and other investment-related expenditures. If we are unable to effectively manage our costs and expenses and achieve efficiencies, our competitiveness and profitability may be adversely affected.
 We work with dangerous materials and in dangerous environments that could injure our employees, contractors or visiting customers, damage our or our customers' facilities and disrupt our or our customers' operations.
 Some of our operations involve destructive testing and the handling of hazardous materials that may pose the risk of fire, explosion, human exposure to hazardous substances or the release of hazardous substances into the environment. For example, as part of our process for certifying a number of products, we use flammable materials and conduct fire testing, such as by setting houses on fire in our large-scale fire laboratories. We also recently opened battery testing laboratories where we test lithium ion batteries that contain potentially explosive materials, including our new battery testing laboratory in Auburn Hills, Michigan. Such events could result from the actions of our employees, operational failures, natural disasters or terrorist attacks, and might cause injury or loss of life to our employees and others, environmental contamination and property damage. Additionally, as discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report, much of our work, including the work we complete using dangerous materials or in dangerous environments, requires certain permits and other permissions. There is a risk that we, or any of the third parties who complete work for us or are permitted to use a portion of any of our laboratories, fail to obtain or maintain the requisite permits or permissions, on time or at all. Failure to properly handle, transport or dispose of these materials or otherwise conduct our operations in accordance with EHS or other applicable laws or requirements, or any injury or property damage caused by our employees at our or our customers' facilities, could expose us to substantial liability for administrative, civil and criminal penalties, cleanup and site restoration costs and liability associated with releases of such materials, damages to natural resources and other damages, as well as potentially impair our ability to conduct our operations. Such liability is commonly on a strict, joint and several liability basis, without regard to fault. Liability may be imposed as a result of our conduct that was lawful at the time it occurred or the conduct of, or conditions caused by, prior operators or other third parties. Neighboring landowners and other third parties may file claims against us for personal injury or property damage allegedly caused by the release of pollutants into the environment. A disruption of our operations caused by these or other events could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
 We are subject to risks related to sustainability and corporate social responsibility.
 Our business faces increasing scrutiny related to ESG issues, including renewable resources, environmental stewardship, supply chain management and sustainable procurement, climate change, biodiversity and sustainable land use, air quality, safety, diversity and inclusion, energy use and emissions, waste, water use, workplace conduct, human rights, philanthropy and support for local communities. Increased expectations and increased regulations regarding such issues may result in increased costs (including, but not limited to, increased costs related to compliance, stakeholder engagement, contracting and

 insurance), changes in demand for certain products, enhanced compliance or disclosure obligations or other impacts to our business, financial condition or results of operations.
 While we may at times engage in voluntary initiatives (such as voluntary disclosures, certifications or goals, among others) to improve the ESG profile of our Company or to respond to stakeholder expectations, such initiatives may be costly and may not have the desired effect. Expectations around our management of ESG matters continue to evolve rapidly, in many instances due to factors that are out of our control. For example, we may ultimately be unable to complete certain initiatives or targets, either on the timelines initially announced or at all, due to technological, cost or other constraints that may be out of our control. Moreover, actions or statements that we may take based on expectations, assumptions or third party information that we currently believe to be reasonable may subsequently be determined to be erroneous or be subject to misinterpretation. If we fail, or are perceived to fail, to meet applicable standards or expectations with respect to these issues across all of our services and in all of our operations and activities, including the expectations we set for ourselves, our reputation and brand image could be damaged, we could be subject to negative allegations made by certain stakeholders and/or litigation and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted. For example, as stakeholder perceptions of sustainability continue to evolve, there have been increasing allegations of greenwashing against companies making significant ESG claims due to a variety of perceived deficiencies in performance.
 Certain organizations that provide corporate governance and other corporate risk information to investors and stockholders have developed, and others may in the future develop, scores and ratings to evaluate companies and investment funds based on ESG or sustainability metrics. Many investment funds focus on positive ESG business practices and sustainability scores when making investments and may consider a company's ESG or sustainability scores as a reputational or other factor in making an investment decision. In addition, investors, particularly institutional investors, use these scores to benchmark companies against their peers and if a company is perceived as lagging, these investors may engage with such companies to improve ESG disclosure or performance and may also make voting decisions, or take other actions, to hold these companies and their boards of directors accountable. This may require us to incur significant additional costs or negatively impact our share price or access to and cost of capital. Similarly, to the extent ESG matters negatively impact our reputation, it may also impede our ability to compete as effectively to attract and retain employees or customers, which may adversely impact our operations. Certain of our customers also have their own ESG requirements, which are subject to change, and any failure to meet such requirements may adversely impact our ability to do business with them. We may be especially subject to scrutiny on such matters given our efforts to portray our operations and services as a tool to help assess and manage certain ESG risk.
 In addition, we expect there will likely be increasing levels of regulation, disclosure-related and otherwise, with respect to ESG matters. For example, various policymakers (including the SEC, the EU and the State of California) have adopted and may, in the future, further adopt requirements for climate- or other ESG-related disclosures. These requirements are not uniform across jurisdictions, and may be inconsistently applied, which can increase the complexity and cost of compliance, and increase the risk of enforcement or litigation relating to our ESG disclosures and initiatives. While certain of these requirements are limited to listed companies, others (such as several laws adopted in California and the EU) apply to companies that meet certain operational thresholds. These requirements and evolving other stakeholder expectations will likely lead to increased costs, as well as scrutiny that could heighten all of the risks identified in this risk factor. Additionally, many of our customers, business partners and suppliers may be subject to similar expectations, which may augment our existing risks or create new risks, including risks that may not be known to us.
 Public perceptions that the products we use or the services we use and deliver are not environmentally friendly, environmentally safe or ethical could adversely impact the demand for our services and our results of operations.
 Public perception that the products we use or services we use and deliver are not environmentally friendly or safe or that they are harmful to humans or animals, whether justified or not, could reduce demand for our services, increase regulation or government restrictions or actions, result in fines or penalties, impair our reputation, involve us in litigation, damage our brand reputation and otherwise have a material adverse impact on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows. For example, we contract with companies that conduct testing on animals. If such companies fail to comply with the Animal Welfare Act or other laws and regulations governing the treatment of animals used in research, we could be subject to fines, penalties or adverse publicity, and our results of operations could be adversely affected.
 A conflict of interest or perceived conflict of interest between our testing, inspection or certification services, on the one hand, and our advisory and other services, on the other hand, could adversely impact our accreditations or our reputation or expose us to legal liability.
 Through our advisory services, we provide sustainability, quality, risk management and other solutions for our customers' products and their product development, supply chains and organizations, as well as regulatory market access services.

 Conflicts of interest may arise where we provide certain advisory services or solutions for products or customers to which we are also providing testing, inspection or certification services. To maintain certain of our accreditations, we must meet applicable impartiality standards that govern these conflicts of interest. For example, ISO 17065 prohibits a certification body and any part of the same legal entity from being the designer, manufacturer, installer, distributor, implementer, provider or maintainer of a certified product, process or service. Although we have systems in place designed to ensure compliance with ISO 17065 and other impartiality requirements, such conflicts of interest, or a perceived conflict of interest, between our testing, inspection or certification services and our advisory services could impact our accreditations. Meeting the applicable impartiality requirements may require expending significant resources to implement operating firewalls and otherwise comply. Costs to comply are exacerbated by the fact that various accreditors around the world have offered differing interpretations of the standards governing impartiality and conflicts of interest. If our testing, inspection or certification services are determined not to meet the necessary impartiality standards due to our simultaneous advisory offerings, we could lose our accreditations (e.g., ISO 17025, ISO 17020, ISO 17065) or be forced to divest conflicting businesses. Our reputation could also be harmed, and we could be exposed to significant liability. If any of the foregoing events occur, it would likely have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Adverse changes to applicable regulatory frameworks or an increase in the acceptance of self-declaration of conformity that results in a corresponding decrease in third-party certification could reduce demand for our TIC services, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our business is primarily driven by private sector requirements and government regulations that currently require independent third-party testing and certification of a significant number of products. For example, much of the demand for third-party certification of professionally installed products, including lighting, HVAC, building materials and electrical cable and products—which make up a significant portion of our TIC revenue—is driven primarily by state and local governments as enforced through the use of model codes. In addition, many large retailers currently require that the products they sell be third-party certified, and AHJs demand certification of certain products as well. Any significant adverse change to any regulations governing TIC services, or any significant adverse change in private sector preferences or demands, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Additionally, the regulatory regime for TIC services varies by country and product type. For example, some countries allow for self-declaration of conformity to applicable requirements for certain products. If regulations in the United States or other countries are changed, including, for example, as a result of enhanced judicial scrutiny of federal regulatory regimes following the overturning of the Chevron doctrine in the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo, to allow for additional self-declaration, or if large retailers were to start accepting self-declared products, the need for third-party certifications could decrease over time, thus reducing demand for our TIC services. A substantial increase in the self-declaration of conformity and any corresponding decreased demand for our TIC services would likely have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our operations are subject to a variety of business continuity hazards and risks—for example, pandemics, epidemics and other health crises or our reliance on the use of materials and services from a few locations or suppliers—any of which could interrupt our business operations or otherwise adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
 Our operations, and the operations of our vendors and service providers, are subject to business continuity hazards and risks that include explosions, fires, earthquakes, inclement weather and other natural disasters; utility or other mechanical failures; labor difficulties or other workforce disruptions; disruption of our communications; terrorist attacks; security breaches; and pandemics, epidemics or other public health crises.
 For example, although the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a material effect on our financial results, challenging market conditions resulting from COVID-19 did have an adverse effect on many of our customers. Any resurgence or emergence of additional variants, or the global outbreak of any new pandemic or contagious disease, may in the future have, negative impacts on our business, including, but not limited to reductions in our laboratory capacities and increased costs and protective measures with respect to the health and safety of employees working in our laboratories, a decline in customer demand, delays in the delivery of certain products and equipment we use internally and of customer samples to our laboratories, as a result of global supply chain disruptions, excess turnover among our employees and postponed or canceled planned investments in response to changes in our business. We cannot predict the future impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic or any new pandemic, epidemic or global health crisis on our business, and such future impacts could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 As another example, the sale of labels bearing the UL Mark is material to our certification business, and we currently fulfill label orders submitted to us through one supplier in the United States. Although we have identified alternate third parties to

 provide this service, we cannot guarantee we would be able to contract with such alternate third parties within a reasonable amount of time or at all, or upon similar pricing and volume terms, nor can we be assured that any such third party would be capable of producing our labels in sufficient volume and quality. Any event, including those listed above, other circumstances that result in a prolonged business disruption or shutdown to one or more of their facilities, or the facilities of our other vendors and service providers, or a deterioration in our relationship with them, or any of our other vendors or service providers, in each case, could create conditions that prevent, or significantly and adversely affect, our sales, increase our expenses, create potential liabilities or damage our reputation, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 If we are unable to increase capacity at our existing facilities or build new facilities in a timely and cost-effective manner, we may not achieve our expected revenue growth or profitability or such revenue growth and profitability, if any, could be delayed.
 Our growth strategy depends on expanding our capacity, which may include building new facilities and expanding our existing facilities. For example, since 2022, we have opened new laboratories in Mexico, Vietnam, Taiwan, the Republic of Korea and the United States (including the opening of our Retail Center of Excellence in Arkansas) and have expanded our laboratories in China, and we are in the process of constructing new laboratories in Italy, China, Singapore and the United States and expanding laboratories in the United States, Germany and China. The construction or expansion of modern and safe facilities requires significant expenditures. Delays in construction of such facilities, or in the review and licensing process for any new facility, could impair or delay our ability to develop that facility or increase the cost so substantially that the facility becomes unattractive to us. Any failure to procure and maintain the necessary licenses would adversely affect ongoing development, construction and continuing operation of our facilities. Additionally, even when we maintain the necessary licenses and are in compliance with applicable regulations, we may be unable to maintain or expand our operations at existing facilities, or otherwise execute on our growth strategy, due to negative publicity or resistance from non-governmental organizations or local communities. Suspensions and closures of our facilities could materially impact our results of operations. Any new facilities that are constructed and begin operations may not meet our return expectations due to schedule delays, cost overruns or revenue shortfalls, or they may not generate the capacity that we anticipate or result in the receipt of revenue in the originally anticipated time period, or at all. For example, we have experienced, and may continue to experience in the future, laboratory equipment shortages as a result of global supply chain disruptions. We may not maintain revenue growth or profitability, or such growth, if any, could be delayed if we are not successful in continuing to expand our capacity. Additionally, if future demand trends warrant capacity in geographic areas that we have not targeted for new growth, we may be unable to capitalize on opportunities in a timely manner.
 Our failure to meet contractual schedule requirements, meet a required performance standard, meet our internal contractual performance projections or otherwise perform adequately on a project could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Under some of our agreements, we can incur liquidated or other damages if we do not achieve project completion by a scheduled date. In addition, our costs generally increase from schedule delays and could exceed our projections for a particular project. Project performance can be affected by a number of factors beyond our control, including unavoidable delays from governmental inaction, inability to obtain financing, weather conditions, unavailability of materials or site inaccessibility, changes in the project scope of services requested by our customers, industrial accidents, environmental hazards, labor disruptions and other factors. Any defects or errors, or failures to meet our customers' expectations, in our projects or services could result in claims for damages against us and could adversely affect our reputation. Material performance problems for existing and future agreements could cause actual results of operations to differ from anticipated results of operations and could cause us to suffer damage to our reputation within our industries and among our customers.
 For certain of our services, we face a long selling cycle to secure new agreements, and securing such agreements often requires significant resource commitments, which result in long lead times before we receive revenues from new relationships.
 For the majority of our services, our selling cycle is managed by our sales teams and represents the time from initial contact to signed agreement. This type of sale is usually completed between one week and two months in most service areas. However, in some of our service areas, our selling cycle can also involve becoming an approved supplier for third-party services. Doing so is a business development process that can take between six months and one year, depending on the service, resulting in what we consider a long selling cycle. We occasionally incur significant business development expenses, and expend significant resources, during a longer selling cycle, and we may not succeed in winning a new customer's business, in which case we receive no revenues and may receive no reimbursement for such expenses. Even if we succeed in developing a relationship with a potential new customer, we may not be successful in obtaining contractual commitments

 after the selling cycle or in maintaining contractual commitments after the implementation cycle, which may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 The growth of our business may be adversely affected if we do not implement our growth strategies and initiatives successfully or if we are unable to manage our growth or operations effectively.
 We have expanded, and are continuing to expand, our operations, suite of services and customer relationships, which has placed, and will continue to place, significant demands on our management and our operational, IT and financial infrastructures. Additionally, our ability to grow in the future will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to develop and expand new and existing customer relationships, continue providing and expanding the services we offer, hire and train qualified personnel, grow in existing markets and expand into new or future markets, develop and operationalize new service offerings and sustain operational excellence and efficiencies across our business lines. Achieving and sustaining growth requires the successful execution of our growth strategies, which may require the implementation of enhancements to customer-facing, operational and financial systems, expanded sales and marketing capacity, continuous updates to technology and improvements to processes and systems and additional or new organizational resources. Given these challenges, we may be unable to manage our expanding operations effectively, or to maintain our growth, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Part of our growth strategy is to pursue strategic transactions, including acquisitions, and we may not be able to find suitable acquisition targets or achieve our desired acquisition objectives.
 As part of our strategy, we have in the past and plan in the future to seek to grow our business through acquisitions, and any such acquisition may be significant. Any future growth through acquisitions will depend in part upon the continued availability of suitable acquisition candidates at favorable prices and upon advantageous terms and conditions, which may not be available to us, as well as sufficient funds from our cash on hand, cash flow from operations, existing debt facilities and additional indebtedness to fund these acquisitions.
 Not only is the identification of such suitable acquisition candidates difficult and competitive, but these transactions, including the acquisitions completed in recent years, also involve numerous risks, including the diversion of management's attention and their ability to:
 • successfully integrate acquired facilities, companies, products, systems or personnel into our existing business;
 • minimize any potential interruption to our ongoing business;
 • successfully enter categories and markets in which we may have limited or no prior experience;
 • achieve expected synergies and obtain the desired financial or strategic benefits;
 • detect and address any financial or control deficiencies of the acquired company;
 • retain key relationships with founders, management and other employees, contractors, customers, partners, accreditors and suppliers of acquired companies, as well as our own management, employees, contractors, customers, partners and suppliers; and
 • maintain uniform compliance standards, controls, procedures and policies throughout acquired companies.
 Companies, businesses or operations acquired or joint ventures created may not be profitable or may not achieve revenue and profitability levels that would justify the investments made. Recent and future acquisitions could also result in the incurrence of indebtedness, subject to the restrictions contained in the documents governing our then-existing indebtedness.
 Recent and future acquisitions could also result in the assumption of contingent liabilities, litigation risk, unfavorable commercial contract or lease terms, material expenses related to certain intangible assets, environmental liabilities, increased operating expenses and compliance issues under international laws and regulations, including anti-trust laws, sanctions laws, labor laws, anti-corruption laws, the FCPA and similar anti-bribery laws, which could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, to the extent that the economic benefits associated with any of our acquisitions diminish in the future, we may be required to record additional write-downs of goodwill, intangible assets or other assets associated with such acquisitions, which could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Our ability to realize the benefits we anticipate from our strategic transactions, including

 acquisition activities, anticipated cost savings and additional sales opportunities, will largely depend upon whether we are able to integrate such businesses efficiently and effectively. If we are unable to successfully integrate the operations of acquired businesses into our business or on the timeline we expect, we may be unable to realize the sales growth, cost synergies and other anticipated benefits we expect to achieve as a result of such transactions and our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
 Pursuant to our Amended Charter and the Stockholder Agreement, until UL Standards & Engagement no longer beneficially owns at least 25% of the voting power of our then-outstanding voting stock, neither we nor any of our subsidiaries is permitted to, without the prior written consent of UL Standards & Engagement, among other things, (1) enter into any new material line of business, excluding TIC and S&A activities, (2) merge or consolidate with or into another entity, other than in connection with an internal restructuring or reorganization or any strategic transaction we undertake in the course of our business that does not exceed 15% of our equity market capitalization, in each case except where there is no change to the relative ownership or voting percentages of our stockholders or any other rights, (3) acquire stock or assets or enter into joint ventures involving consideration or obligations exceeding 15% of our equity market capitalization, (4) issue securities (i) at a price below fair market value, other than an underwritten public offering for cash, (ii) with rights that are senior to the rights of the holders of our Class B common stock, (iii) that would result in dilution of greater than 10% of our then-outstanding common stock, or (iv) that would result in UL Standards & Engagement beneficially owning less than a majority of our then-outstanding securities, or (5) incur indebtedness for borrowed money that would cause a downgrade of our debt securities from any of Moody's Investor Service, Inc., Standard & Poor's Ratings Group and Fitch Ratings, Inc. (collectively, the "Rating Agencies") below investment grade.
 We cannot guarantee that UL Standards & Engagement will exercise its consent rights in a way that aligns with the interests of our other stockholders. UL Standards & Engagement's interests may not be the same as, or may conflict with, the interests of our other stockholders. Actions that UL Standards & Engagement takes with respect to us, as a controlling or significant stockholder, may not be favorable to us or our other stockholders. For example, if UL Standards & Engagement exercises its consent rights in a way that prevents us from taking advantage of business or strategic opportunities, our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows may be adversely impacted.
 We operate across a number of industries that have inherent safety risks.
 We provide TIC services to companies across a number of industries with a variety of inherent safety risks, such as the energy and utilities, buildings and construction, chemicals and materials and healthcare and life sciences industries. Such safety risks can give rise to serious and potentially catastrophic environmental or technological incidents. Our customers use our TIC services to assess their products, facilities, processes, components and systems. The results of such services may be incorrect or incomplete, whether as a result of poorly designed or flawed tests or inspections, malfunctioning testing equipment, the failure of our employees to adequately perform testing or properly record data or otherwise. If an accident or incident occurs involving products, facilities, processes, components or systems that we tested, inspected or certified, and causes personal injuries or property damage, particularly if the injuries or damage could have been prevented by correct or complete results, we may be subject to negligence or other legal claims or suffer damage to our reputation and, as a result, lose existing or future agreements with customers. In addition, any investigation into or claim related to such an incident could take a significant period of time to conclude, which could create a drain on our resources. Furthermore, we operate in industries that have stringent performance requirements. As a result, incorrect or incomplete assessments of the performance of customers in those industries could give rise to negligence or other legal claims or cause damage to our reputation and, as a result, we could lose existing or future agreements with those customers. Even if our TIC services are carried out competently, we may face claims simply because we tested the product, facility, process, component or system in question.
 The current liability regime in the United States and other markets generally minimizes our exposure to product liability claims, in large part because we typically test prototypes. We have also historically been able to contractually limit our liability or protect ourselves from liability through the use of indemnification provisions in our agreements with customers. If we were to start testing end products instead of their prototypes, if the law regarding products liability were to change unfavorably or if we were unable to contractually limit the scope of our potential liability, our business could be materially adversely affected.
 Although we attempt to contractually limit our liability and make clear the limited scope of our engagements, there can be no assurance that we will be able to protect ourselves against claims or damage to our reputation resulting from an accident, disaster or other incident or litigation giving rise to substantial media coverage, particularly if any such publicity suggests substantial failures, real or alleged, by us in discharging our responsibilities. Serious damage to our reputation could result in us losing existing and future agreements or make it more difficult for us to compete effectively, any of which would have a

 negative impact on our financial performance. Any of the foregoing events could significantly damage our reputation or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our reports, certificates, certification marks and name are at risk of being falsified, counterfeited, forged, tampered with or otherwise misused, which could result in costly legal proceedings and damage to our brand and reputation and materially impact our business.
 Our core business involves the assessment of products, facilities, processes, components and systems against various legal, regulatory and industry requirements—typically standards and regulations governing quality, safety, performance, sustainability and social responsibility. We act as an independent body and issue reports, certificates and a right to use certification marks generally representing that products, facilities, processes, components and systems conform to applicable requirements.
 Because obtaining certification is often vital for our customers and can enhance the marketability of their products, we are exposed to the risk that our reports or certifications could be falsified or tampered with, or that counterfeit reports, certifications or certification marks could be used, infringing our trademarks or copyrights. For example, a customer or other third party could falsely claim that their products or services have been certified by us or misrepresent or misconvey the content or nature of our reports, certifications or other assessments. The production of forged or counterfeit reports, certificates or certification marks can result from employee conduct or, more commonly, external sources, such as fraudulent behavior by a customer or third party aiming to meet regulatory requirements or the requirements of their customers or to gain market access. For example, we endeavor to contractually restrict customers from using our reports, certificates, certification marks and name, but we are not always successful, including as a result of breaches of contract by those customers. Such unauthorized or unrestricted use of our reports, certificates, certification marks and name may cause damage to our reputation or result in unintended third parties relying on such reports, certificates, certification marks and name, among other consequences.
 The fraudulent creation or use of our reports, certifications, certification marks or name could lead to the introduction of dangerous products into the marketplace; result in civil and criminal legal proceedings against us or brought by us; threaten our ability to maintain or renew the accreditations, approvals, permits, delegations of authority, official recognition and other authorizations we need to pursue certain activities that are important to our business; result in the withdrawal of certain products from the market or damage our reputation and the TIC industry in general. It could also adversely and significantly impact our reputation, brand, business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our earnings and profitability may vary based on the mix of our agreements and may be adversely affected by our failure to accurately estimate and manage costs, time and resources.
 We generate revenue under various types of agreements, which include time-and-materials and fixed-price agreements. We use time-and-materials agreements for certain of our advisory services. While charges under a fixed-price agreement are based on a fixed price, charges under a time-and-materials agreement are calculated by multiplying an agreed hourly rate by the number of hours incurred, and customers are typically invoiced on a monthly basis. For time-and-materials agreements, there is usually an estimated number of hours or a budget, and the term of the agreement is typically as long as it takes to complete a particular project or set of tasks, although it can also be open-ended if the agreement is a straight hourly agreement. In some cases, we may also charge customers on what we refer to as a cost-plus basis—using a reasonable mark-up, as determined by us, on expenses we incur in providing our services.
 Our earnings and profitability may vary materially depending on changes in the proportionate amount of revenues derived from each type of agreement, the percentage of completion, the nature of services or solutions provided, as well as the achievement of performance objectives and the stage of performance at which the right to receive fees, particularly under incentive fee agreements, is finally determined. To varying degrees, each of our agreement types involves some risk that we could underestimate the costs and resources necessary to fulfill the agreement. Our profitability is adversely affected when we incur costs on cost-plus and time-and-materials agreements that we cannot bill to our customers. While fixed-price agreements allow us to benefit from cost savings, these agreements also increase our exposure to the risk of cost overruns.
 Revenue derived from fixed-price agreements represented the majority of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024. When making proposals on fixed-price agreements, we rely heavily on our estimates of costs, scope and timing for completing the associated projects, as well as assumptions regarding technical issues. In each case, our failure to accurately estimate costs, scope or the resources and technology needed to perform our agreements or to effectively manage and control our costs during the performance of work could result, and in some instances has resulted, in reduced profits or in losses. More generally, any increased or unexpected costs or unanticipated delays in connection with the performance of our

 agreements, including costs and delays caused by contractual disputes or other factors outside of our control, such as performance failures of our subcontractors, natural disasters or other force majeure events, could make our agreements less profitable than expected or unprofitable.
 Our focus on new growth areas for our business entails risks, including those associated with new relationships, customers, talent needs, capabilities and services.
 We are focused on growing our presence in our addressable markets by offering TIC services and S&A solutions to both established and emerging industry verticals to which we do not offer services currently, extending into opportunity-rich adjacent markets and acquiring and integrating transformative, disruptive technologies. These efforts entail inherent risks associated with innovation, potential failure to help our customers respond to the challenges they face, shortages of necessary talent and our ability to comply with uncertain evolving legal standards. Some of our targeted growth areas in established and emerging industry verticals and adjacent markets subject us to new risks that we may not be equipped to address. As we attempt to develop new capabilities and service offerings in new markets, and to attract new customers, these efforts could harm our results of operations due to, among other things, a diversion of our focus and resources and actual costs, opportunity costs of pursuing these opportunities in lieu of others and a failure to reach a profitable return on our investments in new technologies, capabilities and businesses, including expenses on research and development investments. If we fail to develop new capabilities, our ability to procure new agreements could be negatively impacted, which would negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 Although we closely monitor the quality of our services, attempt to contractually limit our liability and make clear the limited scope of our engagements, carefully review technical and operational decisions and maximize communication between our engineers and global leadership, there can be no assurance that we will be able to protect ourselves against claims or damage to our reputation resulting from an accident, disaster or other incident or litigation giving rise to substantial media coverage, particularly if any such publicity suggests substantial failures, real or alleged, by us in discharging our responsibilities. Serious damage to our reputation could result in us losing existing and future agreements or make it more difficult for us to compete effectively, any of which would have a negative impact on our financial performance. Any of the foregoing events could significantly damage our reputation or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Risks Related to Conducting Business in China
 Changes in U.S. and Chinese regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, our ability to raise capital and the market price of our Class A common stock.
 The U.S. government has taken certain actions that impact companies with connections to the United States or China, including imposing several rounds of tariffs affecting certain products manufactured in China and imposing certain sanctions and restrictions in relation to certain Chinese companies, entities and individuals. It is unknown whether and to what extent new legislation, executive orders, tariffs, laws or regulations will be adopted, such as those set forth in the notice of proposed rulemaking concerning Promoting the Integrity and Security of Telecommunication Certification Bodies, Measurement Facilities and the Equipment Authorization Program recently issued by the United States Federal Communications Commission, or the effect that any such actions would have on companies with significant connections to the United States or to China, our industry or on us, including on UL-CCIC. We have business operations both in the United States and China. Any unfavorable government policies on cross-border investments or other transactions or international trade, including increased scrutiny on U.S. companies with significant China-based operations, capital controls or tariffs, may affect our competitive position, our ability to raise capital, the hiring of personnel or the demand for our services or prevent us from offering our services in China or contracting with Chinese customers.
 Further, ongoing tensions between the United States and China continue to pose a risk of the United States imposing economic or trade sanctions, expanding the scope of companies, entities and individuals which are subject to such sanctions, or heightening export controls, with respect to parties in China, which could restrict our ability to do business in China or with parties in China. For instance, the Bureau of Industry and Security of the U.S. Department of Commerce has added a number of Chinese parties to its Entity List and the Office of Foreign Asset Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury has designated a number of Chinese parties to its Specially Designated Nationals list. Such restrictions would prevent us, including UL-CCIC, where applicable, from selling certain products or providing certain services to entities on the list without a license issued subject to the Export Administration Regulations, or from conducting any business with those entities. Further, if additional parties in China, including current customers and suppliers of our business, are added to the Entity List, or to other lists of restricted or prohibited persons maintained by the United States government, that could negatively affect our business, including the business of UL-CCIC.

 Additionally, in 2021 China enacted the Law on Countering Foreign Sanctions, under which foreign persons (individuals and companies) can be subjected to countermeasures for directly or indirectly participating in a foreign country's "discriminatory restrictive measures" against Chinese entities, which could include adherence to U.S. or other foreign sanctions or, in some circumstances, export or other trade controls. Countermeasures authorized under the law include the seizure of property, barring transactions with individuals within the territory of China or entities incorporated under Chinese laws, denial of visas or deportation. This law expands on and supplements the Ministry of Commerce's September 2020 Provisions of the Unreliable Entity List and January 2021 Rules on Counteracting Unjustified Extra-territorial Application of Foreign Legislation, which created a private right of action under which Chinese entities can sue for damages they allege resulted from a company adhering to "discriminatory foreign measures."
 If any new legislation, executive orders, tariffs, sanctions, export controls, laws or regulations are implemented, if existing trade agreements are renegotiated or if the U.S. or Chinese governments take further retaliatory actions in response to the recent bilateral tensions, such changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, and the market price of our Class A common stock.
 Our business is subject to the complex and rapidly evolving laws and regulations in China. The Chinese government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our, including UL-CCIC's, business there and may intervene in or influence our operations, which could result in a material adverse change in our, including UL-CCIC's, operations or the value of our Class A common stock.
 As a U.S.-headquartered global company that conducts significant business in China, our Chinese operations are subject to China's laws and regulations, which can be complex and evolve rapidly. The regulations to which we are subject in China may change rapidly and with little or no notice to us. As a result, the application, interpretation and enforcement of new and existing laws and regulations in China are often uncertain. These laws and regulations may also be interpreted and applied or enforced inconsistently by different agencies or authorities, or inconsistently with our current policies and practices. New and evolving laws, regulations and other government directives in China may also be costly to comply with. Such compliance, any associated inquiries or investigations or any other government actions or the inconsistent interpretation, application or enforcement of laws or regulations could impact our China operations in the following ways:
 • delay or impede our development;
 • result in negative publicity, decrease demand for our services or increase our operating costs;
 • require significant management time and attention;
 • require us to obtain additional licenses, permits, approvals or certificates;
 • require us to exit certain industries or stop conducting business with certain customers; or
 • subject us to remedies, administrative penalties and even criminal liabilities that may harm our business, including fines assessed for our current or historical operations, or demands or orders that we refrain from contracting with customers in China or modify or even cease our business practices in China.
 The interpretation and enforcement of laws and regulations in China involve additional uncertainties. Because Chinese administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory provisions and contractual terms, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we may obtain. These uncertainties may affect our judgment on the relevance of legal requirements in China and our ability to enforce our contractual rights or tort claims there. In addition, third parties might exploit regulatory uncertainties through unmerited or frivolous legal actions or threats to extract payments or benefits from us.
 Furthermore, the Chinese legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all and may have a retroactive effect. As such, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until after such violation occurs. In addition, administrative and court proceedings in China in which we may become involved in the future may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and require significant management time.
 Regulatory developments in China may also lead to additional regulatory review in China over our activities there. For example, in recent years, the Chinese government has published new policies that significantly affect certain industries, such as the education and internet industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that the Chinese government will release new

 or revised regulations or policies concerning or impacting our industry. Any such new or revised regulations or policies could limit our service offerings, restrict the scope of our operations in China, require us to seek permission from Chinese authorities to continue to operate our businesses or cause the suspension or termination of our business in China entirely, all of which would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and value of our Class A common stock. We may have to adjust, modify or completely change our business operations in response to adverse regulatory changes or policy developments, and we cannot guarantee that any remedial action adopted by us can be completed in a timely, cost-efficient or liability-free manner, or at all.
 Furthermore, the Chinese government has exercised and continues to exercise substantial control over virtually every sector of the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership and has the power to exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business in China. This risk is heightened with respect to UL-CCIC because UL-CCIC is minority owned by CCIC, a Chinese state-owned entity, and UL-CCIC's ability to operate in China may be materially and adversely affected by the Chinese government's significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of UL-CCIC's business. Government actions in the future could significantly affect economic conditions in China and could require us, including UL-CCIC, to materially change our operating activities or require us to divest ourselves of any interests we hold in Chinese assets. Our business may be subject to government and regulatory interference in the provinces in which we operate, and we may incur increased costs necessary to comply with existing and newly adopted laws and regulations or penalties for any failure to comply.
 If our relationship with CCIC were to be negatively impacted, if we are unable to renew our joint venture with CCIC in the future, or if the joint venture were to be terminated, our business, financial condition, results of operations and profitability would be materially adversely affected.
 On October 28, 2022, we entered into an amended and restated joint venture agreement with CCIC pursuant to which we own a direct 70% equity interest in UL-CCIC. The amended and restated agreement expires in January 2033. If, in the future, we are unable to renew the agreement on existing or more favorable terms, or at all, or if the joint venture were to be terminated, our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and profitability would likely be materially adversely impacted, and we may be unable to find an alternative partner for our China-based inspections business. We also have a separate contract with CCIC pursuant to which CCIC's staff conduct inspections for our TIC business in China, including as a subcontractor for UL-CCIC. In 2024, CCIC was responsible for approximately 36% of our global inspections. If we were to lose our contract with CCIC, or if CCIC were to stop providing inspection services for us in the future, our business would be impacted significantly, and any negative impacts on our relationship with CCIC, including our joint venture, would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and profitability. As a minority joint-venture partner, CCIC has certain protective rights, whether contractually or pursuant to applicable local laws and regulations, and may have economic or business interests or goals that are not consistent with ours, or may, as a result of financial or other difficulties, be unable or unwilling to fulfill their obligations as a minority joint-venture partner.
 Furthermore, we may be exposed to certain commercial and reputational risks as a result of CCIC being a state-owned entity and thus controlled by the Chinese government. For example, CCIC may make politically motivated business decisions that do not align with our commercial interests. In addition, CCIC could conduct business with other companies, organizations or institutions that attract unfavorable political attention in the United States, which could harm our reputation. Any such actions could negatively impact our relationship with CCIC, which would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and profitability.
 If the government of China determines that UL-CCIC's ownership structure, or the ownership structure of our other Chinese subsidiaries, does not comply with any current or future regulatory restrictions, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we, including UL-CCIC, could be subject to severe penalties, or we could be forced to relinquish our interests in UL-CCIC's or our other Chinese subsidiaries' operations.
 The industry sector in which we operate in China is currently not subject to foreign ownership restrictions, and hence we, through our wholly owned subsidiary, UL LLC, are able to hold a direct equity interest in UL-CCIC. However, it is possible that Chinese foreign ownership rules applicable to our sector may change in the future, which could adversely impact our ownership of UL-CCIC or of our other Chinese subsidiaries, and, as a result, have a material adverse effect on our business in China. For example, we may have to reduce our interest in UL-CCIC if tighter ownership limits are imposed, or divest our stake in UL-CCIC altogether should the sector become prohibited from foreign investment.
 Our joint venture agreement with CCIC has not been tested in a court of law. However, if disputes with CCIC arise, or the ownership structure, joint venture terms or business of UL-CCIC are challenged and found to be unenforceable or in violation of any existing or future Chinese laws or regulations, we may not be able to enforce our rights under the joint venture

 agreement. Furthermore, if the interpretation of any such Chinese laws or regulations changes, our rights under the joint venture agreement may be similarly unenforceable. If a violation of relevant laws or regulations is found, the relevant regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations by, among other things:
 • revoking our, including UL-CCIC's, business or operating licenses;
 • shutting down our, including UL-CCIC's, servers, blocking our, including UL-CCIC's, website or discontinuing or placing restrictions or onerous conditions on our operation through any transactions involving UL-CCIC or any of our other Chinese subsidiaries;
 • imposing fines, confiscating the income of UL-CCIC or any of our other Chinese subsidiaries, blocking the offshore remittance of the profits and earnings of UL-CCIC or of any of our other Chinese subsidiaries or imposing other requirements with which we, including UL-CCIC, may not be able to comply;
 • requiring us to restructure UL-CCIC's ownership or governance structure or operations, which in turn could materially affect our ability to consolidate, derive economic interests from or exert control over UL-CCIC or our other Chinese subsidiaries; or
 • restricting or prohibiting our use of the proceeds of any financing outside of China to finance our business and operations in China, and taking other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to our, including UL-CCIC's, business.
 If Chinese authorities were to take any of these actions, or if they were to disallow the ownership structure of UL-CCIC or any of our other Chinese subsidiaries, it could cause a material disruption to, or material adverse change in, our business operations, including the business operations of UL-CCIC, and severely damage our reputation in China, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and result in a decline in the value of our Class A common stock.
 Changes in the economic policies of the government of China could have a significant impact upon the business we may be able to conduct in China and our profitability.
 We have historically derived a significant portion of our revenues from our operations in China, and expect to do so in the future. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations, profitability and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by economic, political, legal and social conditions in China. In recent years, the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of sound corporate governance in business enterprises. However, a significant portion of productive assets in China are still owned by the Chinese government. The Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industrial development. It also exercises significant control over China's economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policies, restricting the inflow and outflow of foreign capital and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.
 There is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China with respect to trade policies, investment access, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. China's economy differs from the economies of developed countries in many respects, including with respect to the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although China's economy has experienced significant growth over the past four decades, growth has been uneven across different regions and among various economic sectors. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic development and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us, including UL-CCIC. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are currently applicable to us. In addition, in the past the Chinese government implemented certain measures, including interest rate increases, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, which may adversely affect our business and results of operations.
 China's economy is still not yet a fully market-oriented economy and is subject to five-year and annual plans adopted by the government that set national economic development goals. Policies of the Chinese government can have significant effects on the economic conditions within China. The government of China has indicated that it will continue to pursue market-oriented economic reforms. Under this direction, we believe that China will likely continue to strengthen its economic and trading relationships with foreign countries and business development in China will likely increasingly follow market forces over

 time. While we believe that this trend will continue, there can be no assurance that this will be the case. A change in policies by the Chinese government could adversely affect our interests through, among other factors, changes in laws, regulations or the interpretation thereof, restrictions on currency conversion, imports or sources of supplies and the expropriation or nationalization of private and foreign-owned enterprises. Although the Chinese government has been pursuing economic reform policies for decades, there is no assurance that the government will continue to pursue such policies or that such policies will not be significantly altered, especially in the event of social or political disruption, or other circumstances affecting China's political, economic and social environment.
 As the Chinese economy has become increasingly linked with the global economy, China is affected in various respects by downturns and recessions of major economies around the world. The various economic and policy measures enacted by the Chinese government to forestall economic downturns or bolster China's economic growth could materially affect our business. Any adverse change in the economic conditions in China, policies of the Chinese government or laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China and, in turn, our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Compliance with China's new laws, regulations and guidelines relating to data privacy and protection, and any other similar future laws and regulations, could materially affect our business.
 China has implemented a number of laws and regulations relating to data protection. On August 20, 2021, the National People's Congress passed the Personal Information Protection Law (the "PIPL"), which took effect on November 1, 2021. We, including UL-CCIC, are subject to the PIPL. The PIPL creates a comprehensive set of data privacy and protection requirements that apply to the processing of personal information, clarifying the scope of application, the definitions of personal information and sensitive personal information, the legality of personal information processing and the basic requirements of notice and consent, among other things. The PIPL also includes a list of rules which must be complied with prior to the transfer of personal information outside of China, such as compliance with a security assessment or certification by an agency designated by the relevant authorities or entering into standard form model contracts approved by the Cyberspace Administration of China (the "CAC") with the overseas recipient. On July 7, 2022, the CAC issued the Security Assessment Measures for Outbound Data Transfers (the "Security Assessment Measures"), which became effective on September 1, 2022. The CAC published the Measures on Standard Contract for Cross-border Transfer of Personal Information (effective June 1, 2023) and the Guidelines on Filing the Standard Contract for the Export of Personal Information on February 24, 2023 and May 30, 2023, respectively. These provide important guidance on relying on the standard contract for transferring personal information out of China and on its filing requirement. On March 22, 2024, the CAC issued the Provisions on Facilitating Cross-Broder Data Flow, which, subject to certain exemptions, generally require a data processor to apply for the security assessment organized by the CAC under any of the following circumstances before the information is transferred outbound: (i) where a data processor provides important data overseas or (ii) where a data processor has cumulatively provided personal information of over 1,000,000 individuals or sensitive personal information of over 10,000 individuals in total for the year. Additionally, a data processor must implement standard contractual clauses and obtain a personal information certification where a data processor has cumulatively provided personal information of over 100,000 individuals or any sensitive personal information. Notably, the PIPL applies extraterritorially, similar to the GDPR. Failure to comply with PIPL can result in fines of up to RMB 50 million or 5% of the prior year's total annual revenue. Other potential penalties include a fine of up to RMB one million to the person(s) in charge (e.g. directors or management that oversee a company's operations) or employees that are directly responsible for the processing of personal information (e.g., a data protection officer) and, in serious cases, individuals and entities may be exposed to criminal liabilities under other local Chinese law, such as the Criminal Law of China. The PIPL also prohibits responsible personnel for violations of the PIPL from holding high level management or data protection officer positions in relevant enterprises.
 Under China's Cybersecurity Law, any collection, use, transfer and storage of personal information of a Chinese citizen through a network by the network operator should be based on the three principles of legitimacy, justification and necessity and requires the consent of the data subject. In addition, China's Cybersecurity Law requires operators of critical information and infrastructure ("CIIOs") to store personal information and important data collected and generated from the critical information infrastructure within China. Non-compliance with China's Cybersecurity Law can result in fines of up to 10 times the illegal gains, or RMB 1,000,000 for the relevant entity, as well as for the personnel directly responsible. On September 14, 2022, the CAC released new amendments to China's Cybersecurity Law for public consultation and, if the amendments are passed, the amended law will increase the penalties for violations of cybersecurity obligations under the Cybersecurity Law to up to RMB 50 million, in line with those under the Data Security Law and the PIPL.
 China's Data Security Law promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China in June 2021 (the "Data Security Law") took effect on September 1, 2021. The primary purpose of the Data Security Law is to regulate data activities, safeguard data security, promote data development and usage, protect individuals and entities' legitimate

 rights and interests and safeguard state sovereignty, state security and development interests. The Data Security Law applies extraterritorially, and to a broad range of activities that involve "important data." Under the Data Security Law, entities and individuals carrying out processing activities for important data must abide by various data security obligations. For example, the Data Security Law provides that data processing activities must be conducted based on a "data classification and hierarchical protection system" for the purpose of data protection, where data is classified based on the importance of data to the state's economic development, as well as the degree of harm it will cause to national security, public interests or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations when such data is tampered with, destroyed, leaked or illegally acquired or used. The appropriate level of protective measures is required to be taken for each respective class of data. The Data Security Law also echoes the data localization requirement in China's Cybersecurity Law and requires important data to be stored locally in China. Such important data may only be transferred outside of China subject to compliance with certain data transfer restrictions, such as passing a security assessment organized by the relevant authorities. The Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021) ("CRM 2021") took effect on February 15, 2022 and require network platform operators holding personal information of more than one million users to apply for a cybersecurity review from the CAC before being publicly listed abroad. Although the term "network platform operator" is not defined in CRM 2021, based on draft guidance published by Chinese regulators (such as the draft Administrative Measures on Network Data Security Review published by the CAC in November 2021 and the draft Guidance for the Implementation of Subject Responsibility of Internet Platforms published by the State Administration for Market Regulation in October 2021), we believe it is unlikely that either we or UL-CCIC will be deemed a "network platform operator" under CRM 2021.
 We, including UL-CCIC, may need to make adjustments to our data processing practices if we are deemed to process important data. Penalties for breach under the Data Security Law can result in monetary fines of up to RMB one million (approximately US$139,000) for entities, with additional fines for responsible individuals. An entity whose violations results in "serious consequences" may face fines of up to RMB 10 million (approximately US$1.39 million) and the potential suspension of the business and revocation of its business license. Furthermore, if a violation amounts to a crime under Chinese law, the offender will be held criminally liable for committing the crime.
 Government agencies in China promulgated several regulations and released a number of draft regulations for public comment, which are designed to provide further implemental guidance in accordance with the laws mentioned above. For example, most recently, the Regulations on Network Data Security Management (the "NDSM Regulations") took effect on January 1, 2025 in China. The NDSM Regulations have extraterritorial effect and apply broadly to any network data processing activities (not only personal data processing activities). The NDSM Regulations reiterate and expand on the existing obligations on data processors under the Cybersecurity Law, Data Security Law and the PIPL and, among other obligations, require data processors processing personal information belonging to more than 10 million individuals in China to comply with certain enhanced network security obligations. We cannot predict what impact these laws and regulations or the increased costs of compliance, if any, will have on our operations in China.
 The interpretation, application and enforcement of these laws, rules and regulations evolve from time to time and their scope may continually change, through new legislation, amendments to existing legislation and changes in enforcement. Compliance could increase the cost to us of providing our service offerings, require significant changes to our operations or even prevent us from providing certain service offerings in jurisdictions in which we currently operate or in which we may operate in the future. Despite our efforts to comply with applicable laws, regulations and other obligations relating to privacy, data protection and information security, it is possible that our practices or offerings could fail to meet all of the requirements imposed on us by such laws and related implementing regulations. Any failure on our part to comply with such laws or regulations or any other obligations relating to privacy, data protection or information security, or any compromise of security that results in unauthorized access, use or release of personally identifiable information or other data, or the perception or allegation that any of the foregoing types of failure or compromise has occurred, could damage our reputation, discourage new and existing counterparties from contracting with us or result in investigations, fines, suspension or other penalties by Chinese government authorities and private claims or litigation, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Foreign exchange restrictions may limit our ability to transfer cash between us and UL-CCIC or our other Chinese subsidiaries, across borders and to U.S. investors and affect the value of our stock.
 UL-CCIC and our other Chinese subsidiaries are subject to certain regulatory controls on foreign exchange in China, which may affect our ability to transfer cash between us and such entities and across borders (including to U.S. investors). The government of China imposes controls on the convertibility of the renminbi into foreign currencies, as well as the remittance of currency in and out of China. The State Administration for Foreign Exchange ("SAFE"), under the authority of the People's Bank of China, is in charge of the conversion of renminbi into other currencies and the remittance thereof abroad.

 With respect to UL-CCIC, it has been our practice to periodically distribute UL-CCIC earnings via dividend to us and CCIC in proportion to our respective contributions to UL-CCIC's registered capital. Such dividends to us are declared in renminbi and in our case settled in U.S. dollars. In the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the dividends distributed from UL-CCIC to us, before withholding taxes, were $34 million, $32 million, and $31 million, respectively. In addition, we and UL-CCIC have various normal course business interactions and exchange cash flows based on the agreements in place between us. These agreements generate payments to us in the form of payments for management fees relating to corporate support services, royalties and service fulfillment fees. Agreements between UL-CCIC and CCIC also generate payments from UL-CCIC to CCIC. The size and rate of any future distributions of UL-CCIC's earnings will depend on the continued performance of UL-CCIC's business.
 Under Chinese foreign exchange regulations, cash generated from our joint venture with CCIC in China may not be used to pay dividends without SAFE approval. We must also obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from our China-based operations, including UL-CCIC, to pay debts in a currency other than renminbi owed to entities outside China, or to make capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than renminbi. These restrictions may in the future limit or prevent us from distributing earnings from UL-CCIC or our other Chinese subsidiaries to us and ultimately to our investors in the United States.
 Similarly, our ability to transfer funds from outside of China to UL-CCIC or our other Chinese subsidiaries is subject to foreign exchange controls that may require the approval of, or registration with, Chinese government authorities, including SAFE. For example, if we finance our joint venture with CCIC in China using debt from us or lenders outside of China, the loan would be subject to statutory limits and would need to be registered with the local branch of SAFE. If we finance our joint venture with CCIC using capital contributions, these capital contributions may require registration with other governmental authorities in China, including registration with the Chinese State Administration for Market Regulation and SAFE or their local branches and the reporting of foreign investment information with the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China or its local branch.
 In light of Chinese regulations on dividends, loans, capital contributions and other transfers between China-based entities and parent companies outside of China, we may not meet the necessary government requirements or obtain the required government approvals on a timely basis, if at all. Failure to meet such requirements or obtain such approvals may negatively impact our ability to distribute earnings from UL-CCIC or any of our other Chinese subsidiaries to us and U.S. investors or to fund or settle amounts under our joint venture agreement with CCIC. Any of the foregoing risks could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and liquidity and the value of our stock.
 If we fail to comply with Chinese EHS laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on our business.
 We are subject to numerous EHS laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures, fire safety and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. We have significant operations in China that involve the use of hazardous materials, including the operations we conduct through UL-CCIC. Such operations also produce hazardous waste products. We are therefore subject to Chinese laws and regulations concerning the discharge of wastewater, gaseous waste and solid waste. We engage third-party contractors for the transfer and disposal of these materials and wastes. Despite our efforts to comply fully with environmental and safety regulations, any violation of these regulations may result in substantial fines, criminal sanctions, revocations of operating permits, the shutdown of our, including UL-CCIC's, facilities or the incurrence of obligations to take corrective measures. We cannot completely eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials and wastes. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from the use or discharge of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil, administrative or criminal fines and penalties.
 Although we maintain workers' compensation insurance to cover costs and expenses incurred due to on-the-job injuries to our employees and public liability insurance to cover costs and expenses that may be incurred if third parties are injured on our property, such insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. Furthermore, the Chinese government may take steps towards the adoption of more stringent environmental regulations, and, due to the possibility of unanticipated regulatory or other developments, the amount and timing of future environmental expenditures may vary substantially from those currently anticipated. If there is any unanticipated change in the environmental regulations, we may incur substantial capital expenditures to install, replace, upgrade or supplement our facilities and equipment or make operational changes to limit any adverse impact or potential adverse impact on the environment in order to comply with new environmental protection laws and regulations. If such costs become prohibitively expensive, we may be forced to cease certain aspects of our business operations, and our business may be materially adversely affected.

 Risks Related to Information Technology and Our Software
 We and our partners, service providers and other third parties that we interact with face cybersecurity risks and may fail to adequately secure or maintain the confidentiality, integrity or availability of the data held or detect any related threats, which could result in significant liability and reputational harm, and we may incur increasing costs in an effort to mitigate those risks.
 Our business' operations and reputation depend on its ability to maintain the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data and systems related to its customers, employees, suppliers, proprietary technologies, processes, and intellectual property. We and our business and commercial partners, and other third parties with which we interact rely extensively on third-party service providers' IT systems, including cloud-based systems and on-premises servers (i.e., data centers), to record and process data and manage our operations, among other matters. Additionally, we collect, process, transmit and store data about our partners, customers, suppliers and others, including financial information and personal information, as well as other confidential and proprietary information.
 We and our service providers and partners have experienced, and may in the future experience, failures of, or disruptions to, IT systems and data breaches, and attempted and successful cyber-attacks, such as ransomware attacks, and data breaches. For example, on February 13, 2021, we discovered that we were the target of a ransomware attack affecting certain IT systems and the data maintained on such systems. While we resolved the incident in a manner that restored the functions of our core and other IT systems and the integrity of the data maintained on them, as part of that resolution we relied on certain assurances (e.g., that recommended mitigation steps from the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology and MITRE cybersecurity frameworks regarding passwords and threat detection are industry standard or best practice), some of which cannot be independently verified. We are unaware of any material notices, claims or enforcement actions in connection with our response to this incident, although they are possible.
 The inadvertent disclosure of or unauthorized access to IT systems, networks and data, including personal information, confidential information and proprietary information, and actual data security breaches, cyber-attacks, or other security incidents have and could in the future result in or expose us to a risk of loss or misuse of personal, confidential or sensitive information, and significant costs to us, which may include, among others, fines and penalties, costs related to remediation, contractual claims from customers, potential costs and liabilities arising from governmental, regulatory or third-party investigations, proceedings or litigation, diversion of management attention and harm to our reputation, all of which adversely affects our business and reputation and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. In addition, undiscovered vulnerabilities in our IT systems or services have and could expose us to hackers or other unscrupulous third parties who develop and deploy viruses and other malicious software programs that have and could attack services and business.
 Actual or perceived data security vulnerabilities in our services could harm our reputation and lead customers and partners to reduce or delay future services or use competing services. Cyber-attacks on us or our third-party suppliers, vendors, service providers, or other business or commercial partners can vary in scope and intent from economically-driven attacks to malicious attacks targeting key operating systems with the intent to disrupt, disable or otherwise cripple operations and service offerings. This has and can include any combination of phishing attacks, malware, ransomware attacks, insider threats or viruses targeted at our key systems. A cyber-attack, other security incident or other IT failure, has and may in the future cause damage to our key systems or cause us to experience: (i) interruption in our services, (ii) misappropriation of personal information regarding our customers, or partners, (iii) the inability to deliver content to customers or operate the services, and (iv) loss of critical data that has and could interrupt our operations, adversely impact our reputation and brand and expose us to increased risks of governmental and regulatory investigation and enforcement actions, private litigation (including class actions) and other liability, any of which could adversely affect our business. Furthermore, mitigating the risk of future cyber-attacks, data breaches or IT systems failures has resulted, and could in the future result, in additional operating and capital costs in IT systems technology, personnel, monitoring and other investments.
 We have taken steps to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our data, but we cannot guarantee that these steps will be effective. Successful cyber-attacks have and may continue to target us directly, or indirectly target or impact us through our third-party suppliers, vendors, service providers, or other business or commercial partners. Such data security breaches, cyber-attacks, and other security incidents could occur in the future either at their location or ours, or within their systems or our systems, and affect personal or confidential information. The breadth and scope of this threat has grown over time, and the techniques and sophistication used to conduct cyber-attacks, including AI, as well as the sources and targets of the attacks, change frequently. Given the unpredictability of the timing, nature and scope of cyber-attacks and other security incidents, we cannot guarantee that the technologies we use will adequately secure the data we maintain, including confidential and personal information, against such attacks, and we cannot entirely eliminate the risk of improper or

 unauthorized access to or disclosure of such data, cyber-attacks, or other security incidents that impact the confidentiality, integrity or availability of such data, or our systems and operations.
 We may experience a compromise of our systems or data, either due to a failure to adequately protect our information technology systems and network infrastructure or otherwise, which could cause a material adverse effect on our business and operations, such as damage to our brand and reputation, legal claims, increased cost of insurance and remediation costs.
 We have experienced, and may in the future experience failures of, or disruptions to, IT systems leading to the accidental or unauthorized destruction, loss, alteration, disclosure of or access to data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed by us. Such failures could include misconfiguration of identity and access management controls, misconfiguration of firewalls, failure to update and patch software on a timely basis, falling victim to social engineering schemes (such as vishing) or negligent or intentional employee or contractor acts or omissions. We take measures designed to prevent the compromise of our systems and data, including looking to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Framework to serve as a benchmark for our program and provide guidance, using an endpoint detection and response solution and adding immutability to our backups; however, we cannot ensure these measures will prevent any such compromise. Further, while we have developed a cybersecurity risk management program that is intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our critical systems and information, there can be no assurance that such program, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our systems and information. A compromise of our systems or data may lead to the inadvertent disclosure of or unauthorized access to IT systems, networks and data, including personal information, confidential information and proprietary information, and could also result in or expose us to a risk of loss or misuse of personal, confidential or sensitive information, and result in significant costs to us, which may include, among others, fines and penalties, costs related to remediation, contractual claims from customers, potential costs and liabilities arising from governmental, regulatory or third-party investigations, proceedings or litigation, diversion of management attention and harm to our reputation, all of which adversely affects our business and reputation and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. In addition, undiscovered compromises to our systems and other vulnerabilities in our IT systems or services have and could expose us to hackers or other unscrupulous third parties who develop and deploy viruses and other malicious software programs that have and could attack our services and business.
 We may experience an incident leading to an outage of our IT systems or network infrastructure which may impact our operations, including our ability to deliver services to customers, which may result in damage to our brand and reputation, lost sales, legal claims, contractual obligations, and increased insurance costs.
 Outages of our IT systems or network infrastructure, attempts to overload our servers with denial-of-service, ransomware attacks, cyber-attacks, computer viruses or malicious code, break-ins, social engineering attacks (such as phishing or vishing), unintentional incidents causing loss of data, or similar incidents or other IT failures, have and may in the future cause damage to our key systems or cause us to experience: (i) interruption or delays in our services, (ii) misappropriation of personal information regarding our customers or partners, (iii) the inability to deliver services to customers or operate the services, and (iv) loss of critical data, all of which has and could interrupt our operations, adversely impact our reputation and brand and expose us to increased risks of governmental and regulatory investigation and enforcement actions, private litigation and other liability, any of which could adversely affect our business.
 The services we provide are often critical to our customers and partners' businesses. Certain of our agreements require us to comply with certain data security obligations, which could include ongoing operations of our IT systems and network infrastructure without interruptions, maintaining network security and backup data, ensuring our network is virus-free and maintaining business continuity planning procedures. Any failure to meet such contractual obligations, whether or not a result of or related to the services we provide, or an incident leading to an outage of our IT systems or network infrastructure could damage our reputation or result in a claim for substantial damages against us. Our liability for such outages, breaches of data security requirements or similar incidents may require us to indemnify our customers or our partners, and could result in reputational damage or a loss of customers, partners and revenue.
 Furthermore, mitigating the risk of such future incidents has resulted, and could in the future result, in additional operating and capital costs in IT systems technology, personnel, monitoring, insurance coverage, lost sales, mitigation, remediation and other investments.

 We may experience an incident leading to unauthorized access to, disclosure or loss of personal information, including customer data and confidential information, which may result in damage to our brand and reputation, lost sales, legal claims, contractual obligations, and increased insurance costs.
 Actual or perceived data security vulnerabilities in our services, cyber-attacks or other security incidents could harm our reputation and lead customers and partners to reduce or delay future services or use competing services. Such incidents directed against us or our third-party suppliers, vendors, service providers or other business or commercial partners, can vary in scope and intent from economically-driven attacks to malicious attacks targeting key operating systems with the intent to disrupt, disable or otherwise cripple operations and service offerings. This has and can include any combination of phishing attacks, malware, ransomware attacks, insider threats or viruses targeted at our key IT and other systems. Our existing general liability and cybersecurity insurance may not cover any, or may cover only a portion of any, potential claims or expenses related to such incidents that affect us or may not be adequate to indemnify us for all or any portion of liabilities that may be imposed. In addition, such insurance may not be available to us on economically reasonable terms in the future. Any imposition of liability that is not covered by insurance or is in excess of insurance coverage would increase our operating expenses and reduce our net income, or increase our net loss.
 We may experience a ransomware incident with a high ransom demand which could impact financial performance, in addition to other risks described above.
 Our IT systems have been, and may in the future be, subject to ransomware attacks and similar incidents or disruptions. The theft, destruction, loss, misappropriation or release of personal or confidential information, or interference with our information technology systems or the technology systems of third parties on which we rely, as a result of such attack could result in business disruption, negative publicity, reputational harm, violation of privacy laws, loss of customers and liability, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, as a result of such attacks, we could be subject to demands, claims, and litigation by private parties and investigations, related actions, and penalties by government authorities. Moreover, we have and could incur significant costs, including costs associated with paying the ransom, negotiating the ransom, notifying affected persons and entities and otherwise complying with the multitude of foreign, federal, state, and local laws and regulations.
 We may experience a compromise of our systems or data, which could cause a compromise of the environments of our customers or other third parties with which we conduct business, and may result in damage to our brand and reputation, lost sales, legal claims, contractual obligations, and increased insurance costs.
 While we invest in systems and processes that are designed to detect and prevent compromises of our systems or data, including cyber-attacks and other security incidents, and we conduct periodic tests of our security systems and processes, we may not succeed in anticipating or adequately protecting against or preventing all such incidents from occurring, and we and our partners and third parties with whom we interact may still experience such incidents. As such incidents continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities or incidents.
 Any such actual or perceived incidents have and in the future could expose us to additional regulatory scrutiny and result in a violation of applicable data privacy laws and other laws, litigation exposure, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, loss of confidence, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensatory costs, and additional compliance costs, and could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
 Partial or total destruction of our databases, technology support or technology solutions would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We maintain databases containing information on many of our available tests, which represent an integral part of our technological advantage. To limit the risk of a partial or total destruction, the main databases are kept in clusters of high availability datacenters interconnected via high-speed communication lines. To further ensure availability, we systematically apply immutable off-site back-ups of the databases. However, if the databases were to be corrupted, damaged or destroyed, it could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.
 If we fail to manage our SaaS hosting network infrastructure capacity, or if our infrastructure experiences a significant disruption, our existing customers may experience service outages and our new customers may experience delays in the deployment of our solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and business and could lead to litigation.

 We have experienced significant growth in the number of users, transactions and data that our hosting infrastructure supports. We seek to maintain sufficient excess capacity in our SaaS hosting network infrastructure to meet the needs of all of our customers. We also seek to maintain excess capacity to facilitate the rapid provision of new customer deployments and the expansion of existing customer deployments. However, the provision of new hosting infrastructure requires significant lead time. If we do not accurately predict our infrastructure capacity requirements, our existing customers may experience service outages that may subject us to financial penalties, financial liabilities and customer losses. If our hosting infrastructure capacity fails to keep pace with increased sales, customers may experience delays as we seek to obtain additional capacity, which could harm our reputation and adversely affect our revenue growth.
 Additionally, any disruption of or interference with our SaaS hosting network infrastructure, including the services and operations of the public cloud providers, could harm our reputation, business and results of operations. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, disruptions in our computing and communications infrastructure. Factors that may cause such disruptions that may harm our reputation include:
 • human error;
 • security breaches;
 • telecommunications outages from third-party providers;
 • computer viruses;
 • acts of terrorism, sabotage, or other intentional acts of vandalism, including cyber-attacks;
 • unforeseen interruption or damages experienced in moving hardware to a new location;
 • fire, earthquake, flood, and other natural disasters; and
 • power loss.
 Although we maintain a comprehensive disaster recovery plan, store data in more than one geographically distinct location, and perform real-time mirroring of data to disaster recovery locations, we do not currently offer immediate access to disaster recovery locations in the event of a disaster or major outage. Thus, in the event of any factor causing disruption, including those described above, or certain other failures of our computing infrastructure, customers may not be able to access their data for 24 hours or more and there is a remote chance that customer data from recent transactions may be permanently lost or otherwise compromised. In addition, we may not have adequate insurance coverage to compensate for losses from a major interruption. Moreover, some of our agreements include performance guarantees and service level standards that obligate us to provide credits, refunds or termination rights in the event of a significant disruption in our SaaS hosting network infrastructure or other technical problems that relate to the functionality or design of our solutions.
 The legislative, judicial and regulatory landscapes relating to data collection, use and processing are challenging to comply with and are evolving and may impact our ability to collect, use and process data, including personal information, and could limit our ability to operate and expand our business, cause revenue to decline and adversely affect our business. The actual or perceived failure to comply with data privacy laws and regulations could result in significant liability or reputational harm.
 The domestic and international regulatory environment regarding data privacy and data security is increasingly evolving and demanding, which includes new and changing requirements, which could cause us to incur substantial costs. In the United States, various laws and regulations apply to the collection, processing, disclosure and security of certain types of data, including the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ("HIPAA") and state equivalents, and various state laws relating to data privacy and data security, including the California Consumer Privacy Act (the "CCPA"). As such, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, many state attorneys general and many courts interpret the various existing federal and state data privacy and consumer protection laws, and therefore enforce various standards for the collection, disclosure, process, use, storage and security of data, including personal information. For example, HIPAA is a federal law protecting patient health information and creating standards for entities subject to HIPAA, either as a covered entity or a business associate, and the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act ("CAN-SPAM Act") is a federal law that imposes certain obligations on business that send commercial emails, such as a requirement to include in every commercial email an "unsubscribe link." In addition, the CCPA created individual data privacy rights for California residents, and places increased data privacy and security obligations on

 entities handling certain personal information of California-resident consumers and households. The CCPA, and other similar state comprehensive laws that have been passed since, requires covered companies to provide disclosures to consumers of the relevant states about such companies' data collection, use and disclosure practices, provide such consumers with rights to access, correct and delete their personal information and to opt-out of certain processing of personal information.
 In the United States, both Congress and state legislatures, along with federal regulatory authorities, have continued to increase their attention on the collection and use of data about individuals. Although data privacy legislation has been introduced in the U.S. Congress to address data privacy more generally, despite significant legislative activity, to date there has not been any significant successful effort at enacting any such legislation; nevertheless, in the event of any such legislation, it would create additional regulatory and compliance obligations, legal risk exposure, and could significantly impact our business activities. In California, the California Privacy Rights Act (the "CPRA") took effect on January 1, 2023. The CPRA significantly modified the CCPA, including by imposing additional data privacy and protection obligations on covered companies and expanding consumer rights with respect to certain sensitive personal information. It also created a California data protection agency specifically tasked to enforce the law, which will likely result in increased regulatory scrutiny of covered businesses in the areas of data privacy and security. Other states have also enacted comprehensive consumer data privacy laws that create rights and impose corresponding obligations on covered companies relating to the access to, deletion of and disclosure of personal information collected by covered businesses about residents of the respective states. Currently, the following states have enacted consumer privacy laws that are in effect: Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Iowa, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Utah and Virginia. Moreover, the following states have also passed consumer data privacy laws that that go into effect in 2025 or 2026: Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota and Rhode Island. Similar other laws have been proposed in other states and at the federal level, and if passed, we could be subject to such laws regardless of whether we have operations or a physical presence in the applicable state. Although these new laws largely focus on consumers (other than the CCPA), these new and potential laws reflect a trend toward more stringent data privacy legislation in the United States and we anticipate that similar laws will continue to be proposed at both the state and federal level. These new laws may impose obligations similar to or more stringent than those we are subject to under other data protection laws. Further, any such laws may also have potentially conflicting requirements that would make compliance challenging, as well as potentially resulting in further uncertainty and requiring us to incur additional costs and expenses in an effort to comply.
 In the European Economic Area (the "EEA") we are subject to the GDPR and any additional requirements in the national implementing laws of countries in the EEA, and in the UK, we are subject to the UK data protection regime consisting primarily of the UK General Data Protection Regulation ("UK GDPR") and the UK Data Protection Act 2018, in each case in relation to our access, collection, control, processing, sharing, disclosure and other use of data relating to an identifiable living individual, or personal information. The GDPR and UK GDPR both apply extra-territorially and impose a strict data protection compliance regime with onerous requirements on controllers and processors of personal information. Where we act as a controller, these include, for example: (i) accountability and transparency requirements (detailed disclosures about how personal information is collected and processed), and enhanced requirements for obtaining valid consent (or demonstrating that another appropriate legal basis is in place or otherwise exists to justify data processing activities); (ii) obligations to consider and implement data protection requirements as any new services are developed and to limit the amount of personal information processed; (iii) obligations to comply with data protection rights of data subjects (including the right to access and the right to be "forgotten"); (iv) reporting of personal information breaches to the supervisory authority without undue delay (and no later than 72 hours); and (v) complying with the principle of accountability and the obligation to demonstrate compliance through policies, procedures, training and audit. We generally act as a processor when we process personal information on behalf of our customers. Where we act as a processor and process personal information on behalf of our customers or partners we are required to execute mandatory data processing clauses with our customers/partners, notify our customers/partners of any personal information breaches involving customer personal information, assist our customers/partners with any data subject rights requests and any data protection impact assessments, and maintain a record of data processing, among other requirements under the GDPR and the UK GDPR.
 The GDPR and UK GDPR each prohibit the international transfer of personal information from the EEA and the UK, respectively, to countries outside of the EEA and the UK, respectively, unless made to a country deemed to have adequate data privacy laws by the European Commission or the UK government (as applicable) or where a data transfer mechanism has been put in place. Recent international legal developments have created complexity and uncertainty regarding transfers of personal information. As data protection authorities in the EEA and UK issue further guidance on personal information export mechanisms, including circumstances where the standard contractual clauses cannot be used, or start taking enforcement action, we could suffer additional costs, complaints or regulatory investigations or fines, or if we are otherwise unable to transfer personal information between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could affect the manner in which we operate our business and could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Other jurisdictions we operate in may have similar restrictions on transfers outside of the jurisdiction.

 These data privacy laws are uncertain, evolving and interpreted and applied in different ways in different countries, even with respect to definitions of personal information and concepts such as anonymization and pseudonymization. There will be increasing scope for divergence in application, interpretation and enforcement, and risks. This will present operational challenges, for example, if dealing with notification requirements in the context of a multijurisdictional data breach. As a result, our legal obligations in different countries, and our efforts to comply with those legal obligations, may be inadequate or in conflict. We cannot guarantee that we are, or will be, in compliance with all applicable domestic and international regulations as they are enforced now or as they evolve.
 Any actual or perceived failure by us to comply with laws, regulations, policies or regulatory guidance relating to data privacy, data security, or personal information may result in governmental investigations and enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity, and could cause our business or commercial partners and customers to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business. For example, under the CCPA the California Attorney General or California Privacy Protection Agency may impose civil penalties for violations of up to $7,500 per violation, and it also provides a private right of action for certain data breaches. It is not certain as to how the violation will be calculated, for example, if it will be per person or per instance of noncompliance, meaning there is potential for the penalty to become significant. In addition to the fines under the CCPA, we are also subject to the supervision of local data protection authorities in the EEA and UK. Fines for certain violations of the GDPR and the UK GDPR are significant—for example, up to the greater of 20 million ( 17.1 million) or 4% of total global annual turnover. Therefore, a breach of data privacy laws could result in regulatory investigations, reputational damage, orders to cease or change how we process data, enforcement notices or assessment notices (for a compulsory audit). In addition, we may also face civil claims including representative actions and other class action type litigation (where individuals have suffered harm), potentially amounting to significant compensation or damages liabilities, as well as associated costs, diversion of internal resources, and reputational harm.
 If we use open source software inconsistent with our policies and procedures or the license terms applicable to such software, we could be subject to legal expenses, damages or costly remediation or disruption to our business.
 We use open source software in some of our solutions. The terms of various open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market our solutions as currently marketed. Certain open source software licenses require a user who intends to distribute the open source software as a component of the user's software to disclose publicly part or all of the source code to the user's software. Additionally, certain open source software licenses require the user of such software to make any derivative works of the open source code available to others on terms that are unfavorable to such user or at no cost. This can effectively render what was previously proprietary software open source software. While we have policies and procedures in place governing the use of open source software, there is a risk that we incorporate open source software with onerous licensing terms, including the obligation to make our source code available for others to use or modify without compensation to us.
 If we receive an allegation that we have violated an open source license, we may incur significant legal expenses, be subject to damages, be required to redesign our product to remove the open source software, or be required to comply with onerous license restrictions, all of which could have a material impact on our business. It is possible under the terms of certain open source licenses (often called "copyleft" or "viral" licenses), if we combine our proprietary software with open source software in a certain manner, that we could be required to release the source code of our proprietary software and make our proprietary software available under open source licenses. In the event that portions of our proprietary software are determined to be subject to an open source license, we could be required to publicly release the affected portions of our source code, re-engineer all or a portion of our solutions, or otherwise be limited in the licensing and commercialization of our solutions, each of which could reduce or eliminate the value of our solutions. In addition to risks related to license requirements, use of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of the software and use of open-source software or datasets could introduce inaccuracies or vulnerabilities that we are unable to anticipate, detect, or control. Further, sophisticated attackers may exploit vulnerabilities in open-source software to obtain access to our sensitive data or alter the outputs or results. Even in the absence of a claim, if we discover the use of open source software inconsistent with our policies, we could be required to expend significant time and resources to replace the open source software or obtain a commercial license, which may not be available.

 Sales and implementation of our software and related services, including our cloud services, are subject to a number of material risks, some of which are beyond our direct control.
 A core element of our business is the successful implementation of our software and service solutions. The implementation of our software and cloud-based service deliveries depends on us, our partners, our customers or a combination thereof. The sale and implementation of our software and related services subjects us to a number of risks, including but not limited to:
 • insufficient or incorrect information provided by customers, resulting in mismatched contractual commitments and execution;
 • insufficient customer expectation management, including with respect to scope, integration capabilities, implementation and the utilization of our solutions;
 • lack of customer commitments and respective engagements, including any insufficient commitment of resources or lack of solution migrations to the latest offerings, resulting in delays or deviations from recommended best practices;
 • challenges to effectively implementing acquired technologies;
 • unrenderable services committed during the sales stage;
 • security risks related to our hosting infrastructure that are not mitigated by cloud platforms; and
 • deviations from our standard terms and conditions.
 Any of these events could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.
 We use software vendors and network and cloud providers in our business, and if they cannot deliver or perform as expected or if our relationships with them are terminated or otherwise change, it could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our ability to provide our services to our customers and operate our global business requires that we work with certain third-party providers, including software vendors and network and cloud providers, and depends on such third parties meeting our expectations in both timeliness, quality, quantity and economics. Our third-party suppliers may be unable to meet our expectations due to a number of factors, including personnel limitations as a result of a reduction in force. We might incur significant additional liabilities if the services provided by these third parties do not meet our expectations, if they terminate or refuse to renew their relationships with us or if they offer their services to us on less advantageous terms. In addition, while there are backup systems in many of our operating facilities, we may experience an extended outage of network services supplied by these vendors or providers that could impair our ability to deliver our services, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We could lose our access to our data providers, which could negatively impact our software solutions and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our software business depends upon continued access to and receipt of data from external sources. Our data providers could stop providing data, provide outdated data or inaccurate data or increase the costs for their data for a variety of reasons, including a perception that our systems are insecure as a result of a data security breach, budgetary constraints, a desire to generate additional revenue or for regulatory or competitive reasons. We could also become subject to increased legislative, regulatory or judicial restrictions or mandates on the collection, disclosure or use of such data, in particular if such data is not collected by our data providers in a way that allows us to legally use the data. If we were to lose access to this external data, either temporarily or permanently, or if our access or use were restricted or were to become less economical or desirable, our ability to provide the full breadth of our S&A services and software solutions could be negatively impacted, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We cannot provide assurance that we will be successful in maintaining our relationships with these external data providers or that we will be able to continue to obtain data from them on acceptable terms, or at all. Further, we cannot provide assurance that we will be able to obtain adequate data on commercially acceptable terms from alternative sources if our current sources become unavailable.

 A failure in the integrity of our data or the systems upon which we rely could harm our brand and result in a loss of sales and an increase in legal claims.
 The reliability of our services is dependent upon the integrity of the data in our global systems. A failure in the integrity of our systems, or an inability to ensure that our usage of data is consistent with any terms or restrictions on such use, whether inadvertently or through the actions of a third party, could harm us by exposing us to customer or third-party claims or by causing a loss of customer confidence in our solutions. For example, we license data from third parties for inclusion in the data solutions that we sell to our customers, and while we have guidelines and quality control requirements in place, we do not have absolute control over such third parties' data collection and compliance practices. We may experience an increase in risks to the integrity of our systems as we acquire content through the acquisition of companies with existing systems that may not be of the same quality or integrity as our existing systems.
 In addition, there are continuous improvements in computer hardware, network operating systems, programming tools, programming languages, operating systems, data matching, data filtering and other database technologies and the use of the internet as well as emergence of new technologies. These improvements, as well as changes in customer preferences or regulatory requirements or transitions to non-traditional or free data sources or new technologies, may require changes in the technology used to gather and process our data and deliver our solutions. Further, we rely on third-party technology contractors that have extensive knowledge of our systems and database technologies. The loss of these third-party contractors could negatively affect our ability to maintain and improve our systems. Our success will depend, in part, upon our ability to:
 • internally develop and implement new and competitive technologies;
 • leverage mature governance, data and analytic capabilities to enable a more efficient and scalable business;
 • use leading third-party technologies and contractors effectively;
 • respond to changing customer needs and regulatory requirements, including being able to bring our new solutions to the market quickly; and
 • transition customers and data sources successfully to new interfaces or other technologies.
 We may not successfully implement new technologies, cause customers or data suppliers to implement compatible technologies or adapt our technology to evolving customer, regulatory and competitive requirements. If we fail to respond, or fail to cause our customers or data suppliers to respond, to changes in technology, regulatory requirements or customer preferences, the demand for our services, the delivery of our services and our market reputation could be adversely affected. Additionally, our failure to implement important updates or the loss of key third-party technology consultants could affect our ability to successfully meet the timeline for us to generate cost savings resulting from our investments in improved technology. Failure to achieve any of these objectives would impede our ability to deliver strong financial results.
 Although we are continually evolving the systems upon which we rely to meet customer demands and support the development of new solutions and technologies, certain of our existing infrastructure is comprised of complex legacy technology that requires time and investment to upgrade without disruption to the business. We have also licensed, and we may license in the future, proprietary rights to third parties. While we attempt to ensure that the quality of our brand is maintained by the third parties to whom we grant such licenses and by customers, they may take actions that could materially adversely affect the value of our proprietary rights or our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Risks Related to Third Parties
 Our business depends substantially on the level of our customer satisfaction and specifically on customers maintaining their agreements with us and purchasing additional services from us. Any significant decline in our customer satisfaction rates or the rates at which our customers purchase additional services from us, as well as any increase in the rates at which our customers terminate our agreements with us, in each case, could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 In order for us to improve our operating results, it is important that our customer satisfaction remains high, that our customers maintain their agreements with us and that they also purchase additional services from us. We believe we have a strong business model that will continue to generate significant recurring revenue as long as our customers continue to use the UL Mark on their products and components. However, our customers generally have no obligation to continue purchasing

 additional services under their agreements with us, and there is no assurance that our customers will continue to request services under their agreements with us at the same or a higher level of service, if at all. Every year, some of our customers elect not to continue purchasing services under their agreements with us. Moreover, certain of our customers have the right to cancel their agreements for convenience, subject to certain notice requirements and, in some cases, early termination fees. Our customer retention rates and the amount of services purchased under their agreements may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with our services, our customer service, our pricing, the prices of competing services, mergers and acquisitions affecting our customer base or the acquired customer base, reduced hiring by our customers or reductions in our customers' spending levels. If our customers do not maintain their agreements with us or the level of services purchased thereunder, renegotiate such agreements, purchase our services on less favorable terms or fail to purchase additional services from us at all, our revenue may decline and our operating results may be harmed.
 Any requirements that we accept third-party test results or certifications of components, end products, processes or systems in lieu of collecting our own data and conducting our own tests could impact the demand for our services and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Any requirement—by our customers, regulators or otherwise—to accept third-party data, test results or certifications could negatively impact our reputation or reduce demand for our services. If we were forced to accept third-party test results or certifications for components or end products, and if any such end products were to fail, be non-compliant, cause property damage or physical injury or otherwise fail to meet our customers' expectations, we could be subject to additional liability and reputational damage. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Any unethical conduct by our employees, agents, customers, contractors or partners could result in financial penalties or affect our brand, reputation or image, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We strive to enforce strict ethical values and principles in conducting our business. However, the risk of isolated acts in breach of these values and principles by our employees, agents, customers, contractors or partners cannot be ruled out. These may include employee actions, such as what is known as dry labbing—fabricating test results—wrongful disclosure of confidential customer information, violation of Company policies or failures to act in the face of corruption in order to secure personal gain, facilitate business development, avoid or settle disputes or fast track administrative decisions, as well as fraudulent acts, conflicts of interest, anti-competitive practices and violation of international economic sanctions.
 In terms of ethical conduct, we believe our main risk exposure to be the corruption of our employees or contractors during an audit or inspection carried out at a customer's premises, or at the premises of one of the customer's suppliers on behalf of the customer, and we have in the past received reports of our employees and contractors being offered bribes. The risk of corruption increases when (i) the company audited or inspected by our employees or contractors is located in a jurisdiction where corruption is considered to be endemic, culturally accepted or commonly attempted, or when (ii) the audited entity's business or the development of that business depends on the delivery of a favorable report by us.
 We may also experience unethical conduct from customers, which could impact our business. For example, we are subject to the risk that customers will, and have had customers in the past, provide curated or cherry-picked samples that are not representative of production units for use in our testing, inspection and certification processes, which can affect the integrity of our results. In addition, certification programs, or schemes, are governed by rules that can be complex and costly to implement. Our employees and contractors have in the past, and may in the future, face pressure from customers to deviate from a proscribed scheme. Any such deviation, or any other unethical conduct, could result in damage to our reputation or the loss of our accreditations, either of which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Failure to comply with independence or objectivity rules (which may or may not result from an act of corruption) is also considered a major risk for our business. As another example, we are subject to the risk that our customers or partners will use our name in a misleading or otherwise unethically impermissible way in an attempt to use our reputation to their advantage.
 Our subcontractors, outside laboratories and other third parties with which we do business could take actions that could harm our business.
 We outsource a number of our services, including certain of our laboratory activities. Our subcontractors, outside laboratories and other third parties with which we do business are contractually obligated to operate their businesses in accordance with the standards set forth in our agreements with them and applicable laws and regulations. However, they are independent third parties that we do not control, and who own, operate and oversee the daily operations of their businesses. If any of our

 subcontractors, outside laboratories or other third parties do not fulfill their contractual obligations to deliver their products or services on time or on budget, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
 Additionally, if such third parties do not successfully operate their businesses in a manner consistent with required laws, standards or regulations, we could be subject to claims from regulators or legal claims for the actions or omissions of such third-party distributors, subcontractors and vendors. In addition, our relationship with our subcontractors and vendors could become strained (including resulting in litigation) as we impose new standards or assert more rigorous enforcement practices relating to the existing required standards. These strains in our relationships or claims could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.
 A conflict of interest or perceived conflict of interest between our business and the research and standards activities of UL Research Institutes and UL Standards & Engagement, respectively, could adversely impact our reputation and could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We are controlled by UL Standards & Engagement, of which UL Research Institutes is the sole member. UL Research Institutes and UL Standards & Engagement are both nonprofit organizations. UL Research Institutes is focused on the research and exploration of, and communication about, threats to human safety, and UL Standards & Engagement is focused on the translation of research insights into practical innovations to advance human safety through development of safety standards and proactive communication, advocacy and policy initiatives related thereto. Like other TIC providers, we often test and certify against such standards when performing our TIC services, and we participate in meetings and in standards technical panels convened by UL Standards & Engagement on equal footing with other TIC companies. Although we are dedicated to maintaining our impartiality and independence and have appropriate systems and processes in place to maintain separation between our business and the activities of UL Research Institutes and UL Standards & Engagement, perceived conflicts of interest may arise where we test, inspect or certify products to assess whether they meet standards developed by UL Standards & Engagement. Conflicts of interest could also arise between UL Research Institutes' or UL Standards & Engagement's activities and our business or the interests of any of our customers, which could result in the loss of such customers or adversely affect our ability to grow our relationships with existing customers or to attract new customers in industries or areas on which our strategy and growth objectives are focused. A conflict of interest, whether actual or perceived, between us and UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes could negatively affect our brand or reputation or the integrity of our reports, certificates and certification marks, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We are subject to various restrictive covenants that could materially adversely impact our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
 From time to time, we enter into noncompetition agreements or other restrictive covenants (e.g., exclusivity, take or pay and non-solicitation obligations), including in connection with business dispositions, joint venture arrangements or strategic contracts, that restrict us from entering into lines of business or operating in certain geographic areas into which we may desire to expand our business. We also are subject to various non-solicitation and no-hire covenants that may restrict our ability to solicit potential customers or employees. If we do not comply with such restrictive covenants, or if a dispute arises regarding the scope and interpretation thereof, litigation could ensue, which could have an adverse impact on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Further, to the extent that such restrictive covenants prevent us from taking advantage of business opportunities, our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows may be adversely impacted.
 Risks Related to Litigation and Regulation
 Allegations of our failure to properly perform our services may expose us to potential product and other liability claims, recalls, penalties and reputational harm or could otherwise cause a material adverse effect on our business.
 We face the risk of financial exposure to product, consumer class action and other liability claims alleging that our failure to adequately perform our services resulted in adverse consequences, including product recalls or seizures, adverse publicity and safety alerts. For example, we have been, and may in the future be, subject to claims resulting from our misapplication of standards or regulations, errors in our testing procedures and our failure to perform certain inspections. We could also face claims that we performed erroneous or out-of-specification testing or data integrity complaints, which could require retesting, and which could result in claims of economic or other loss or which could result in personal injury. We derive limited revenue from government customers and our government contracts may contain additional requirements that may increase our costs of doing business, subject us to additional government scrutiny and expose us to liability for failure to comply with

 contractual requirements. A product liability judgment against us could also result in substantial and unexpected costs, affect customer confidence in our services, damage our reputation and divert management's attention from other responsibilities.
 Although we maintain product and professional liability insurance coverage in amounts we believe are customary, there can be no assurance that this level of coverage is adequate or that we will be able to continue to maintain our existing insurance or obtain comparable insurance at a reasonable cost, if at all. A product recall or seizure, consumer class action or partially or completely uninsured judgment against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
 Changes to the relevant regulatory frameworks could result in a reduction in required inspections, tests or certifications, or harmonized international or cross-industry benchmarks and standards, any of which could lead to the reduction in demand for, or commoditization of, our services.
 We conduct our business in a heavily regulated environment, with regulations sometimes differing widely from one country to the next. Many of our business activities involve inspecting, testing or certifying compliance with all types of benchmarks, regulations and standards. These regulatory frameworks are at the heart of most of our operating activities and directly determine our capacity to exercise our TIC activities as well as the operating conditions in which we conduct them.
 We benefit from a broad range of differing certification standards that apply to TIC across different countries, regions and states as our customers are frequently required to comply with multiple applicable standards across jurisdictions, thereby increasing their regulatory compliance obligations. Increased competitive pressure on TIC activities could drive an acceleration in efforts to harmonize international or cross-industry benchmarks or standards with which our customers regularly need to demonstrate their compliance in order to act in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. If government or other authorities adopt uniform standards or agree to mutually recognize each other's standards, this could lead to the reduction in demand for, or commoditization of, our TIC services. If the trend were to swing the opposite way, it would lead to fragmentation owing to a decoupling of the Chinese, U.S. and European economies. Certain countries could also choose not to allow private or foreign companies to engage in the local TIC market or may decide to change the rules for conducting business such that we can no longer operate in those countries.
 Regulatory developments concerning the collection, use and storage of data could negatively impact our business.
 Because personal, public and non-public information is stored in some of our databases, we are vulnerable to government regulation and adverse publicity concerning the use of our data. We provide many types of data and services that already are subject to regulation under GDPR, UK GDPR, China's Data Security Law and the PIPL and various other U.S. and international regulations. These laws and regulations are designed to protect the privacy of the public and to prevent the misuse of personal information in the marketplace.
 However, many consumer advocates, privacy advocates and government regulators believe that the existing laws and regulations do not adequately protect privacy. They have become increasingly concerned with the use of personal information, particularly social security numbers, department of motor vehicle data and dates of birth. As a result, they are lobbying for further restrictions on the dissemination or commercial use of personal information to the public and private sectors. Similar initiatives are under way in other countries in which we do business or from which we source data. We have implemented various measures to comply with the data privacy and protection principles of GDPR and similar laws and regulations; however, there can be no assurances that such methods will be deemed fully compliant. If we are unable to comply with such data privacy and protection principles, it will impede our ability to conduct business, including between the United States and the European Union, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
 The following legal and regulatory developments also could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows:
 • amendment, enactment or interpretation of laws and regulations which restrict the access and use of personal information and reduce the supply of data available to customers;
 • changes in cultural and consumer attitudes to favor further restrictions on information collection and sharing, which may lead to regulations that prevent full utilization of our services or solutions;
 • failure of our services or solutions to comply with current and future laws and regulations; and

 • failure of our services or solutions to adapt to changes in the regulatory environment in an efficient, cost-effective manner.
 Our services sometimes involve handling or disposing of hazardous substances or dangerous materials, and we are subject to environmental requirements and risks which could result in significant costs, liabilities and obligations.
 Our operations are subject to stringent and complex U.S. federal, state and local, as well as foreign, laws and regulations governing the discharge of materials into the environment, the health and safety aspects of our operations or otherwise relating to environmental protection. Some of our services and operations involve the handling or disposal of hazardous substances or dangerous materials, including explosive, chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear materials. These activities generally subject us to extensive environmental protection and health and safety laws and regulations, which, among other things, require us to incur costs to comply with these regulations and could impose liability on us for handling or disposing of hazardous substances or dangerous materials. Numerous governmental authorities, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and analogous state agencies, have the power to enforce compliance with these laws and regulations and the permits issued under them. Such enforcement actions often involve difficult and costly compliance measures or corrective actions. Furthermore, failure to comply with these environmental protection and health and safety laws and regulations could result in civil, criminal, regulatory, administrative or contractual sanctions, including fines, penalties or suspension or debarment from contracting with the U.S. government, and could also result in investigations, the imposition of corrective action or remedial obligations and the issuance of orders limiting or prohibiting some or all of our operations. In certain instances, citizen groups also have the ability to bring legal proceedings against us if we are not in compliance with environmental laws. In addition, claims for damages to persons or property, including natural resources, may result from the environmental, health and safety impacts of our operations. We, like other businesses, can never completely eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from certain materials that we use in our business. If we have any violations of, or incur liabilities pursuant to, these laws or regulations, it may result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Certain environmental laws impose strict liability (i.e., no showing of "fault" is required) as well as joint and several liability for costs required to remediate and restore sites where hazardous substances, hydrocarbons or solid wastes have been stored or released. We may be required to remediate contaminated properties currently or formerly owned or operated by us or facilities of third parties that received waste generated by our operations, regardless of whether such contamination resulted from the conduct of others or from the consequences of our own actions that were in compliance with all applicable laws at the time those actions were taken.
 We have limited, and potentially insufficient, insurance coverage for expenses and losses that may arise in connection with environmental contamination. Finally, in connection with certain acquisitions, we could acquire, or be required to provide indemnification against, environmental liabilities that could expose us to material losses.
 Failure to comply with labor and employment laws and regulations to which we are subject could result in penalties or costs that could adversely affect our consolidated results of operations.
 Our business is subject to complex and stringent regulations, both in the United States and internationally, related to employment laws and regulations, minimum wage requirements, overtime requirements, working condition requirements, citizenship requirements, transportation and other laws and regulations. We have incurred, and will continue to incur, capital and operating expenditures and other costs in the ordinary course of our business in complying with the labor and employment laws and regulations to which we are subject, including, for example, the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Changes in laws, regulations and the related interpretations may alter the landscape in which we do business and may affect our costs of doing business. The impact of new laws and regulations cannot be predicted. Compliance with new laws and regulations may increase our operating costs or require significant capital expenditures. Any failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations could result in substantial fines by government authorities, payment of damages to private litigants, or possible revocation of our authority to conduct our operations, which could adversely affect our ability to service customers and our consolidated results of operations.
 Changes in, a significant delay in obtaining, failure to obtain or the withdrawal or revocation of our licenses, approvals, accreditations or other authorizations or delegations of authority would likely have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We are required to obtain and hold permits, licenses, accreditations and other regulatory approvals from numerous governmental bodies, both in the United States and in other countries in which we operate, in order to comply with operating and security standards imposed by such bodies. We are also required to obtain various accreditations and professional

 licenses. For example, in accordance with the laws and regulations of China, we are required to obtain and maintain various approvals, permissions, licenses, permits and registrations in order to operate our business there. Most critically to our business in China, and for each of our businesses there, we and UL-CCIC are required to register with and obtain a business license from the State Administration for Market Regulation and/or its local branches and, in the case of UL-CCIC, to receive approval from the Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People's Republic of China. To date, we and UL-CCIC have completed such registration and received such required business licenses and accreditations to operate our business. In addition, depending on the services being provided by a laboratory in China, we are required to obtain certain qualifications from the China Inspection Body and Laboratory Mandatory Approval authority for such lab.
 From time to time, we have experienced delays in obtaining or renewing, and may have failed to obtain, certain required approvals, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain or maintain any such approvals in the future. To date, any such delays or failures to obtain required approvals has not had a material impact on our business or operations. Failure to maintain or renew necessary permits, licenses, accreditations, approvals or authorizations, or to comply with required standards, or any inadvertent conclusion by us that any such permits, licenses, accreditations, approvals or authorizations are not required, could result in our or inability to continue our businesses in the various jurisdictions in which we operate in a manner consistent with past practice, which could in turn have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position.
 We could also be required to obtain new or different permits, licenses, accreditations, approvals or authorizations in the future. If any new necessary permits, licenses, accreditations, approvals or authorizations are required, or if any review or other procedure is required, we or may not be able to obtain such permits, licenses, accreditations, approvals or authorizations or complete such review or other relevant procedure in a timely manner or at all. Any permits, licenses, accreditations, approvals or authorizations that we obtain could nevertheless be revoked or the terms of their issuance may impose restrictions on our operations.
 Our customers may require evidence of various government and private professional licensing and accreditations as part of their selection of a provider of our services, while various governmental and regulatory authorities may mandate certain accreditations and professional licensing in connection with the performance of various services. Although we believe our operations comply with all material accreditation and professional licensing requirements, there can be no assurance that we will always be able to obtain the accreditations and professional licenses necessary or desirable for our business in each jurisdiction in which we operate or seek to operate. A material delay in obtaining, the failure to obtain or the withdrawal or revocation of, licenses, approvals or other authorizations could have a material adverse effect on individual operations within our business or, more broadly, a negative effect on our overall operations and reputation.
 The accreditations, approvals, permits, delegations of authority, official recognition and other authorizations we must in some instances obtain are issued by public authorities or professional organizations, often following long and often complex review procedures. Most authorizations are granted for limited periods of time and are subject to periodic renewal by the authority concerned. For some of our businesses, we must be an active member of certain professional organizations in order to be eligible for select projects.
 Although we closely monitor the quality of services provided under these authorizations, as well as the renewal and stability of our authorizations portfolio, any failure to meet our professional obligations or conflicts of interest, real or perceived, could cause us to lose one or more of our authorizations, either temporarily or on a permanent basis. A public authority or professional organization that has granted us one or more authorizations could also unilaterally decide to withdraw such authorizations. For example, the American National Standards Institute accredits one of our primary certification programs using a set of standards published by ISO. If we were to lose this accreditation, our revenues would be negatively impacted, which would cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Similarly, although we monitor developments in the regulatory landscapes in the jurisdictions in which we operate, if any regulatory agency were to decide that we have not met their required standards or obtained or maintained their required permissions or approvals, such regulatory agency could impose fines and penalties on, limit or revoke our operating privileges in that jurisdiction or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation.
 We are currently defending certain litigation, and we are likely to be subject to additional litigation in the future.
 Our business exposes us to significant potential risk from lawsuits, investigations and other legal proceedings. We are currently pursuing and defending various proceedings and will likely be subject to additional proceedings in the future,

 including, among others, litigation regarding the services and solutions we provide, ordinary course employment litigation and intellectual property-related claims.
 For example, as with any TIC company, the quality and pertinence of our work and findings could be called into question in the event that flaws are subsequently identified or a major incident occurs. What makes these types of claims different is that TIC companies can be held liable for sums that are often disproportionate in light of the amounts actually paid for the services provided. In the normal course of our business, we are sometimes involved in proceedings that seek to establish our professional liability on a contractual or extra-contractual basis in connection with the TIC services we provide.
 In litigation, plaintiffs may seek various remedies, including without limitation declaratory or injunctive relief; compensatory or punitive damages; restitution, disgorgement, civil penalties, abatement, attorneys' fees, costs or other relief. Settlement demands may seek significant monetary and other remedies, or otherwise be on terms that we do not consider reasonable under the circumstances. In some instances, even if we comply with applicable laws and regulations, an adverse judgment or outcome may occur based on other applicable laws or principles of common law, including negligence and strict liability, and result in significant liability and reputational damage for us. It is likely that we will be subject to other claims in addition to those described above by similar groups of plaintiffs in the future relating to any of our current or former facilities or activities. In addition, awards against and settlements by our competitors or publicity associated with our current litigation could incentivize parties to bring additional claims against us.
 Any claim brought against us, regardless of its merits, could be costly to defend and could result in an increase of our insurance premiums and exhaust our available insurance coverage. The financial impact of litigation is difficult to assess or quantify. Some claims brought against us might not be covered by our insurance policies or might exhaust our available insurance coverage for such occurrences. Furthermore, an insurer might refuse coverage, and even where the claim should be covered by insurance, we have significant self-insured retention amounts, which we would have to pay in full before obtaining any insurance proceeds. To the extent our insurance coverage is inadequate and we are not successful in identifying or purchasing additional coverage for such claims, we would have to pay the amount of any settlement or judgment that is in excess of policy limits. Claims against us that result in entry of a judgment or that we settle that are not covered or not sufficiently covered by insurance policies, or which fall within retained liability under our policies, could have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our engagements may result in professional or other liability.
 Much of our business involves the provision of professional services. Our services typically involve difficult engineering and scientific assignments and carry risks of professional and other liability. Many of our engagements involve matters that could have a severe impact on a customer's business, cause a customer to lose significant amounts of money or prevent a customer from pursuing desirable business opportunities. Accordingly, if a customer is dissatisfied with our performance, the customer could threaten or bring litigation in order to recover damages or to contest its obligation to pay our fees. Litigation alleging that we performed negligently, disclosed customer confidential information, lost or damaged product samples, infringed on patents or other intellectual property rights or otherwise breached our obligations to a customer could expose us to significant liabilities to our customers or other third parties or tarnish our reputation.
 Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
 Any failure to obtain, maintain, adequately protect or enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology, the UL Mark and our brand.
 Our success depends to a significant degree on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights. We rely on a combination of trademarks, certification marks, service marks, patents, trade secrets, copyrights and other forms of intellectual property, contractual restrictions and confidentiality procedures to establish and protect our proprietary rights. However, the steps we take to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights may be inadequate. We will not be able to protect our UL Mark, brand, know-how or technology if we are unable to enforce our rights for whatever reason or if we do not detect unauthorized use or if there is misuse of our intellectual property rights. If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights adequately, our competitors may gain access to or copy our proprietary technology, use similar trademarks and certification marks and develop and commercialize substantially identical services or technologies, such that our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects may be harmed.
 We believe that our trademarks, logos, service marks and certification marks are integral to our business and our success in building our reputation, customer loyalty and the goodwill associated with our business. The UL Mark, in particular, is critical to our business and our brand, and any loss of protection of the UL Mark would likely have a material impact on

 either or both. We rely on trademark registrations and have registered, or have applied to register, those trademarks, service marks and certification marks that we believe are important to our business with the United States Patent and Trademark Office and in many foreign jurisdictions. We cannot assure that our applications will be approved or that these registrations will prevent imitation, counterfeiting or other infringement of our name, certification marks, service marks or the infringement of our other intellectual property rights by others. Third parties may also oppose our trademark applications and registrations or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks, certification marks or service marks. Imitation, unauthorized use or misuse of our name, certification marks or service marks in a manner that projects lesser quality or carries a negative connotation of our brand image or services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. To assert control over the use of our trademarks, we rely on contractual protections with our customers, and we implement quality control measures and monitoring techniques intended to protect our trademarks from unauthorized use or other misuse. However, no assurances can be given that those contracts will not be breached, and we cannot be certain that the actions we have taken to establish, police and protect our trademarks or our resources will be adequate to prevent or detect infringing use by others. If disputes arise in the future, we may not be able to successfully resolve these types of conflicts to our satisfaction. In the event that our certification marks, trademarks or service marks are successfully challenged or cancelled, we could lose protection for them in the applicable jurisdiction, which could result in third parties using identical or confusingly similar marks to our trademarks, certification marks or service marks, loss of brand recognition, could require us to change the operation of our business and could require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing. Although we cannot currently estimate the likelihood of success of any such lawsuit, administrative challenge or ultimate resolution of such a conflict, such a conflict, regardless of outcome, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In the future, we may acquire additional trademarks, service marks or certification marks, or license such marks from third parties, which could require significant cash expenditures. The loss of our trademark protection or the inability to enforce our trademarks, service marks, or certification marks against unauthorized copying or use could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We have filed various applications for certain aspects of our intellectual property in the United States and other countries, and we currently hold issued patents in multiple jurisdictions. In the future we may acquire additional patents or patent portfolios, license patents from third parties or agree to license the technology of third parties, which could require significant cash expenditures. Our patents do not cover all of our technologies, methods and systems and our competitors or others may design around our patented technologies. Further, when we seek patent protection for a particular technology, there is no assurance that the applications we file will result in issued patents or that if patents do issue as a result that they will allow us to effectively block competitors creating competing technology. Some of our know-how or technology is not patented or patentable and may constitute trade secrets. To secure and protect our intellectual property, including know-how and trade secrets, we have a policy of requiring our employees, consultants, advisors and other collaborators who contribute to our material intellectual property or have access to our proprietary or confidential information to enter into agreements which include invention and intellectual property assignment language and provisions restricting use and disclosure of our proprietary or confidential information. We also rely on customary contractual protections with our suppliers and customers, and we implement security measures intended to protect our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary information. However, no assurances can be given that all employees, consultants, advisors or other collaborators who have contributed to material intellectual property development or have had access to our proprietary or confidential information, have actually executed one of these agreements and even if they have, that those contracts will not be breached. Further, those contracts and arrangements may be ineffective in protecting our intellectual property, may not prevent unauthorized disclosure, and do not prevent third parties from independently developing technologies that may be substantially equivalent or superior to our technology. The loss of our intellectual property or the inability to protect our proprietary technology against unauthorized copying or use could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We also currently hold various domain names relating to our brand. The regulation of domain names in the United States and other countries is subject to change. Regulatory bodies could establish additional top-level domains, appoint additional domain name registrars, or modify the requirement for holding domain names. As a result we may not be able to acquire or maintain all domain names that are important for our business or use our name. Furthermore, we may be unable to prevent third parties from acquiring and using domain names that are confusingly similar to, or that otherwise have a negative impact on, the value of our trademarks, certification marks and other proprietary rights or intellectual property rights. Any inability or failure to do so could adversely affect our brand and make it more difficult for users to find our websites.
 To protect our intellectual property rights, we may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect these rights, and we may or may not be able to detect infringement by our customers or third parties. Litigation has been and may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights and to protect our trade secrets. Such litigation could be costly, time consuming, and distracting to management and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Further, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights against others may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our ability to

 adequately protect our intellectual property rights also depends, in part, on our relationships with enforcement officials in the jurisdictions in which we operate, their familiarity with the Company and the UL Mark and the reputation and vigilance of our field engineering and brand protection teams in such jurisdictions. When we relocate or expand our operations into new regions, whether as a result of changes in our customers' manufacturing footprints or our pursuit of new growth opportunities, it takes time to develop these relationships and demonstrate our reputation as a company that actively works to protect its brand and enforce its intellectual property rights. Until such relationships and reputation have been established in these new regions, we may not be able to adequately protect and enforce our intellectual property rights, exposing us to heightened reputational and other harm.
 A number of aspects of intellectual property protection in the field of AI and machine learning are currently under development, and there is uncertainty and ongoing litigation in different jurisdictions as to the degree and extent of protection warranted for AI and machine learning systems and relevant system input and outputs. The law is also uncertain across jurisdictions regarding the copyright ownership of content that is produced in whole or in part by generative AI tools. If we fail to obtain protection for the intellectual property rights concerning our AI technologies, or later have our intellectual property rights invalidated or otherwise diminished, our competitors may be able to take advantage of our research and development efforts to develop competing products which could adversely affect our business, reputation and financial condition. Given the long history of development of AI technologies, other parties may have (or in the future may obtain) patents or other proprietary rights that would prevent, limit, or interfere with our ability to make, use, or sell our own AI technologies.
 Our inability to protect our proprietary technology against unauthorized copying or use, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management's attention and resources could result in our substituting inferior or more costly technologies or injure our reputation. In addition, we may be required to license additional technology from third parties in order to develop and market new services and we cannot be certain that we could obtain commercial licenses of third-party technology on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Our inability to license this technology could harm our ability to compete and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 The laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be inadequate.
 The absence of internationally harmonized intellectual property laws and different enforcement regimes makes it more difficult to ensure consistent protection of our proprietary rights. Despite our best efforts, we may not be able to secure registrations or protection of our trademarks, service marks, certification marks, patentable inventions, copyrights and other intellectual property in certain key foreign jurisdictions and markets due to applicable intellectual property laws and procedures in certain countries. Even if we are able to secure registrations in such foreign countries, our strong international presence may lead to increased exposure to unauthorized copying and use of our technologies, proprietary information or branding. Moreover, policing unauthorized use of our technologies, trade secrets and intellectual property may be difficult, expensive and time-consuming, particularly in foreign countries where the laws may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States and where mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be weak. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from infringing upon, misappropriating or otherwise violating our intellectual property rights. Our inability to secure or enforce our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 Our intellectual property is at risk of being copied, imitated, counterfeited or forged, which could result in costly legal proceedings and damage to our brand, reputation and business.
 We rely on trademark laws to protect our proprietary rights with respect to our brand, including our service marks, certification marks, and other trademarks. Our efforts to protect our intellectual property may not be effective and may be challenged by third parties. See "—Any failure to obtain, maintain, adequately protect or enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology, the UL Mark and our brand." We are also susceptible to injury from parallel trade (i.e., gray markets) and counterfeiting of our products, services and intellectual property, including our trademarks and certification marks, which could harm our reputation. Infringement claims and lawsuits likely would be expensive to resolve and would require substantial management time and resources. Any adverse determination in litigation could subject us to the loss of our rights to a particular trademark or certification mark, which could prevent us from selling or providing aspects of our services or could subject us to substantial liability, any of which would harm our results of operations.
 Since our marks are used internationally, we are dependent on the laws of foreign countries to protect our intellectual property. These laws may not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the

 United States. See "—The laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be inadequate." Although we will continue to devote substantial resources to the establishment and protection of our intellectual property on a worldwide basis, we cannot be certain that these efforts will be successful or that the costs associated with protecting our rights abroad will not be extensive. Given our geographic footprint across multiple continents, our business is subject to increased risks of theft and unauthorized use of our intellectual property. We may face significant expenses and liability in connection with the protection of our intellectual property rights both inside and outside of the United States and, if we are unable to successfully protect our intellectual property rights or resolve any conflicts, our results of operations may be harmed, which would materially and adversely affect our results of operation, financial condition, business and prospects.
 Unintended or unauthorized disclosure of trade secrets, source code or other proprietary information could have a material adverse effect on our business.
 In the ordinary course of our business, we maintain sensitive data on our networks, including our intellectual property and proprietary or confidential business information relating to our business and that of our customers and business partners. We regularly enter into confidentiality obligations with our customers, suppliers and parties to or from whom we license or with whom we otherwise exchange intellectual property or confidential information. The secure maintenance of this information is critical to our business and reputation. We have put in place policies, procedures and technological safeguards designed to protect the security and privacy of this information. However, we cannot guarantee that this information will not be improperly disclosed or accessed. Disclosure of this information could harm our reputation, subject us to liability under our agreements and harm our relationships with key counterparties, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operation, financial condition, business and prospects.
 In addition, our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary information may be stolen, used in an unauthorized manner or compromised through a direct intrusion by private parties or foreign actors, including those affiliated with or controlled by state actors, through cyber intrusions into our computer systems, physical theft through corporate espionage or other means or through more indirect routes, including by joint venture partners, licensees that do not honor the terms of the license, potential licensees that were ultimately not licensed or other parties reverse engineering our solutions.
 We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations, which could result in substantial damages and diversion of our efforts and attention.
 The steps we take to prevent misappropriation, infringement or other violation of the intellectual property of others may not be successful, and our defense of any claim, regardless of its merit, could be expensive and time consuming and could divert management resources. We may incur costs to defend against, face liability for or be vulnerable to intellectual property infringement claims brought against us by others, as third parties have asserted and may assert claims against us alleging that we infringe upon, misappropriate, dilute or otherwise violate their intellectual property rights. These risks have been amplified by the increase in third parties whose sole or primary business is to assert such claims. For example, patent applications in the United States and some foreign countries are generally not publicly disclosed until the patent is issued or published and we may not be aware of currently filed patent applications that relate to our products or processes. If patents later issue on these applications, we may be found liable for subsequent infringement. We cannot predict the outcome of lawsuits and cannot ensure that the results of any such actions will not have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If such proceedings result in an adverse outcome, we could, among other things, be required to:
 • pay substantial damages (potentially treble damages in the United States);
 • discontinue the use of the infringing processes;
 • expend significant resources to develop non-infringing processes; and
 • enter into licensing arrangements from the third party claiming infringement, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or may not be available at all.
 If any of the foregoing occurs, our ability to compete could be affected or our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

 Risks Related to Our Indebtedness
 We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness, and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our total debt outstanding, prior to unamortized debt issuance costs, was $747 million and $910 million. Our ability to make scheduled payments due on our debt obligations or to refinance our debt obligations depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic, industry and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business, legislative, regulatory and other factors beyond our control. We may be unable to maintain a level of cash flow from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness.
 If our cash flow and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems. Any decrease in our liquidity could result in our inability to meet financial obligations or fund growth plans, and we could be forced, subject to any restrictions under our Amended Charter and the Stockholder Agreement, to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations, seek additional debt or equity capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We may not be able to implement any such alternative measures on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, those alternative actions may not allow us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations.
 Our inability to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy our debt obligations or to refinance our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all, would materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and our ability to satisfy our obligations.
 Our indebtedness may limit our cash flow available to invest in the ongoing needs of our business.
 Our outstanding indebtedness may have negative consequences on our business, by, for example, requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to the payment of debt service, reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, dividend increases, stock buybacks and other general corporate purposes, as well as by increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic or industry conditions. In addition, our outstanding indebtedness may limit our ability to obtain additional financing in the future to enable us to react to changes in our business or industry or place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to businesses in our industry that have less debt.
 An increase in interest rates would increase interest costs on our Credit Facility and any variable rate debt we incur, which could adversely impact our ability to refinance existing debt or acquire assets.
 Borrowings under our Credit Facility (as defined below) bear interest at a rate per annum equal to, at our option, (a) in the case of U.S. dollar loans, the Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10% plus a margin, and for all other currencies, a specified benchmark rate for the applicable currency plus, in certain instances, a specified spread adjustment plus a margin (loans with a rate based on this clause (a), "benchmark rate loans") or (b) for U.S. dollar loans only, the base rate plus a margin (loans with a rate based on this clause (b), "base rate loans"). Prior to the June 2024 amendment to the Credit Facility with Bank of America, N.A. and certain other lenders, borrowings bore interest on the same terms with the exception that the Bloomberg Short-term Bank Yield Index rate plus a margin was used as the base rate in place of Term SOFR. As of December 31, 2024, the margin was 1.125% for benchmark rate loans and 0.125% for base rate loans but may be adjusted based on our most recently tested consolidated net leverage ratio and may vary from 1.0% to 1.5% for benchmark rate loans and 0% to 0.5% for base rate loans. The unused commitment fee varies from 0.1% to 0.2% based on our most recently tested consolidated net leverage ratio. Any increase in the interest rate applicable to borrowings under the Credit Facility will reduce our cash flows available for other corporate purposes, including operations, capital expenditures and acquisitions. Further, rising interest rates could limit our ability to refinance existing debt when it matures and increase interest costs on any debt that is refinanced. We may from time to time enter into agreements such as interest rate swaps or other interest rate hedging contracts. While these agreements may lessen the impact of rising interest rates, they also expose us to the risk that other parties to the agreements will not perform or that the agreements will be unenforceable.
 During 2024, the variable interest rates applicable to both benchmark rate loans and base rate loans under our Credit Facility generally fluctuated in line with interest rate changes in the marketplace and are expected to fluctuate with any future Federal Reserve Board interest rate changes and future changes in SOFR. In addition, increases in interest expenses are considered with other expense increases that may be passed, in whole or in part, along to our customers; however, we do not expect increases in interest expenses to materially impact our pricing strategy in the near term. The increased interest payments on

 our variable rate debt are not material to our overall liquidity position and have not impacted, and are not expected to have an impact on, our ability to make timely payments under our Credit Facility.
 The terms of our Credit Facility and the indenture governing the notes contain restrictions and limitations on us and UL LLC that could impact our ability to operate our business.
 In October 2023, the Company issued $300 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.500% senior notes due 2028 (the "notes"). Our Credit Facility and the indenture governing the notes contain covenants that, among other things, restrict our and, in certain instances, UL LLC's ability to (i) transfer or sell assets, (ii) create certain liens, (iii) enter into agreements restricting dividends or other distributions by our subsidiaries, (iv) enter into certain sale and leaseback transactions, and (v) consolidate with or merge into other parties or sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our properties and assets taken as a whole. Our ability to comply with these covenants and restrictions may be affected by economic, financial and industry conditions beyond our control including credit or capital market disruptions. The breach of any of these covenants or restrictions, if not waived or cured, if applicable, could result in the acceleration of all or a substantial portion of our outstanding debt under our Credit Facility and our notes. We may be unable to borrow under the Credit Facility in the future and may not be able to repay the amounts due under the Credit Facility, the indenture governing the notes or our other outstanding indebtedness. This could have serious consequences to our financial position and results of operations and could cause us to become bankrupt or insolvent.
 We and our subsidiaries may incur substantially more indebtedness, which could further exacerbate the risks associated with our indebtedness.
 We and our subsidiaries may incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future. The terms of the instruments governing our indebtedness do not prohibit us or fully prohibit our subsidiaries from doing so. The Credit Facility permits additional borrowings beyond the committed amounts under certain circumstances. If new indebtedness is added to our current indebtedness levels, the related risks we face would increase, and we may not be able to meet all of our debt obligations.
 Rating agency downgrades may increase our cost of capital.
 Credit rating agencies continually review their ratings for the companies that they follow, including us. The rating agencies also evaluate our industry as a whole and may change their ratings for us based on their overall view of our industry, our performance and other factors. Rating agencies may lower their respective ratings of the notes or decide not to continue to rate the notes in their sole discretion. Any downgrade of our ratings by the rating agencies could reduce or limit our access to capital or increase our cost of capital.
 Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Common Stock
 Our Class A common stock price may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, resulting in substantial losses for investors.
 Many factors, some of which are outside our control, may cause the market price of our Class A common stock to fluctuate significantly, including those described elsewhere in this "Risk Factors" section and this Annual Report, as well as the following:
 • our operating and financial performance and prospects;
 • our quarterly or annual earnings, or those of other companies in our industry, compared to market expectations;
 • conditions that impact demand for our services, including demand in our industry generally;
 • future announcements concerning our business or our competitors' businesses;
 • the public's reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;
 • coverage by or changes in financial estimates by securities analysts or failure to meet their expectations;
 • market and industry perception of our success, or lack thereof, in pursuing our growth strategy;
 • strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings;

 • changes in laws or regulations which adversely affect our industry or us;
 • changes in trade flow and the global supply chain;
 • geopolitical factors, including sanctions laws;
 • changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;
 • changes in our board of directors, senior management, or key personnel;
 • issuances, exchanges or sales, or expected issuances, exchanges or sales of our capital stock;
 • changes in our dividend policy;
 • adverse resolution of new or pending litigation or other claims against us;
 • changes in general market, economic and political conditions in the United States and global economies or financial markets, including those resulting from natural disasters, terrorist attacks, global pandemics, acts of war and responses to such events; and
 • the other factors described in this "Part I, Item 1A Risk Factors."
 These broad market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our Class A common stock, regardless of our operating performance. In addition, price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of our Class A common stock is low. As a result, holders of our Class A common stock may suffer a loss on their investment.
 In the past, stockholders have brought securities class action lawsuits following periods of market volatility or stock price declines. If we are involved in securities litigation, we could incur substantial costs, and our resources and the attention of management could be diverted from our business.
 The dual class structure of our common stock may have adversely affected the trading market for our Class A common stock.
 We cannot predict whether our dual class structure will result in a lower or more volatile market price of our Class A common stock, in adverse publicity or in other adverse consequences. For example, certain index providers have announced restrictions on including companies with multiple-class share structures in certain of their indices. Accordingly, our dual class share structure makes us ineligible for inclusion in certain indices and, as a result, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds and other investment vehicles that attempt to passively track those indices may not invest in our Class A common stock. These policies are relatively new and it is unclear what effect, if any, they will have on the valuations of publicly-traded companies excluded from such indices, but it is possible that they may depress valuations, as compared to similar companies that are included. Because of the dual class structure of our common stock, we will likely be excluded from certain indices and we cannot assure that other stock indices will not take similar actions. Given the sustained flow of investment funds into passive strategies that seek to track certain indices, exclusion from certain stock indices would likely preclude investment by many of these funds and could make our Class A common stock less attractive to other investors. As a result of any of the foregoing, the market price of our Class A common stock could be adversely affected.
 The substantial ownership of our common stock by UL Standards & Engagement, together with the dual class structure of our common stock and UL Standards & Engagement's governance and consent rights under our Amended Charter and the Stockholder Agreement, concentrates voting control with UL Standards & Engagement for the foreseeable future, which limits the ability of our other investors to influence corporate matters, including the election or removal of directors and the approval or rejection of any change of control transaction.
 Pursuant to our Amended Charter, our Class B common stock has ten votes per share, and our Class A common stock has one vote per share. As of December 31, 2024, UL Standards & Engagement, as the sole holder of our outstanding Class B common stock, beneficially owns 69.0% of our outstanding capital stock and holds 95.7% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. As a result, UL Standards & Engagement has control over a majority of the combined voting power of all of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock and therefore is able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval until the earlier of 5:00 p.m. New York City time on (1) the seven year anniversary of the date of the closing of the IPO and (2) the date on which the number of outstanding shares of Class B common stock held by UL

 Standards & Engagement and certain permitted transferees represents less than 35% of the shares of Class B common stock that UL Standards & Engagement held immediately following the IPO (the "Sunset Date"). This concentrated control limits or precludes the ability of our other investors to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future. For example, for the foreseeable future, UL Standards & Engagement will have sufficient voting power to determine the outcome with respect to elections of directors and the composition of our board (including whether certain of our directors also hold a management or board position with UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes), amendments to our certificate of incorporation, amendments to our bylaws that are subject to a stockholder vote, increases to the number of shares available for issuance under our equity incentive plans or adoption of new equity incentive plans and approval or rejection of any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval. This concentrated control may directly or indirectly preclude us from pursuing opportunities we would otherwise pursue, including growth opportunities, which in turn may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, this concentrated control may also prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our capital stock that other stockholders may feel are in their best interest. This control may also adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock.
 Furthermore, pursuant to our Amended Charter and the Stockholder Agreement, UL Standards & Engagement is entitled to nominate up to four directors to our board based on its beneficial ownership of our common stock, and, until UL Standards & Engagement no longer beneficially owns at least 25% of the voting power of our then-outstanding voting stock, certain significant corporate actions taken by us or our subsidiaries require the prior written consent of UL Standards & Engagement. These actions include, subject to certain exceptions:
 • entering into any new material line of business, excluding TIC and S&A activities;
 • merging or consolidating with or into any other entity, other than in connection with certain internal restructurings or strategic transactions;
 • acquiring stock or assets or entering into joint ventures, in each case involving consideration or obligations, as applicable, exceeding 15% of our equity market capitalization in any fiscal year;
 • selling, transferring or disposing of assets with a book value exceeding 5% of our equity market capitalization in any fiscal year;
 • issuing securities (i) at a price below fair market value, other than an underwritten public offering for cash, (ii) with rights that are senior to the rights of the holders of our Class B common stock, (iii) that would result in dilution of greater than 10% of our then-outstanding common stock, or (iv) that would result in UL Standards & Engagement beneficially owning less than a majority of our then-outstanding securities;
 • repurchasing any of our securities in an amount exceeding 5% of our then-outstanding securities in any fiscal year;
 • incurring indebtedness for borrowed money that would cause a downgrade of our debt securities from any of the Rating Agencies below investment grade;
 • increasing the size of our board of directors to greater than 15 directors;
 • hiring any CEO other than our current CEO, Ms. Jennifer Scanlon;
 • paying or declaring any dividend inconsistent with our dividend policy, or modifying or amending our dividend policy;
 • making a loan to any third party or purchasing any debt securities other than in connection with intercompany loans between UL Solutions and its subsidiaries; and
 • amending, modifying or repealing our Amended Charter or our Amended Bylaws in a manner that disproportionately adversely affects UL Standards & Engagement.
 As nonprofit entities, and in furtherance of their public safety missions, UL Research Institutes and UL Standards & Engagement collaborate with a wide variety of stakeholders, some of which may have views and interests that differ and diverge from those of us, our customers and other holders of our capital stock. For example, UL Research Institutes, which is the sole member of UL Standards & Engagement, could conduct safety-science research, the results of which may have

 negative implications for certain of our customers or their products. Similarly, UL Standards & Engagement could develop and publish safety standards that negatively impact certain of our customers, for example by requiring the re-design or re-engineering of products to comply with the requirements of the UL Standards & Engagement standards, which could increase our customers' costs and delay market entry of the products. Affected customers may take actions that negatively affect our business. So long as UL Standards & Engagement continues to own a significant amount of the combined voting power of our outstanding capital stock, UL Standards & Engagement will continue to be able to strongly influence or effectively control our decisions, including potential mergers or acquisitions, asset sales and other significant corporate transactions.
 We are a "controlled company" within the meaning of the rules of the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") and, as a result, qualify for exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. Investors do not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.
 As of December 31, 2024, UL Standards & Engagement controls 95.7% of the combined voting power of our outstanding capital stock. As a result, we are a "controlled company" within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the NYSE and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including:
 • the requirement that a majority of the board of directors consist of independent directors;
 • the requirement that our nominating and corporate governance committee be composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee's purpose and responsibilities;
 • the requirement that our human capital and compensation committee be composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee's purpose and responsibilities; and
 • the requirement for an annual performance evaluation of our nominating and corporate governance and human capital and compensation committees.
 While we do not currently intend to take advantage of any of these exemptions, for so long as we remain a controlled company, we may at any time and from time to time utilize any or all of such exemptions. As a result, our board of directors and committees may have more directors who do not meet the NYSE's independence standards than they would if those standards were to apply. The independence standards are intended to ensure that directors who meet the standards are free of any conflicting interest that could influence their actions as directors. Accordingly, our stockholders may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the NYSE.
 If UL Standards & Engagement sells a controlling interest in our company to a third party in a private transaction, investors may not realize any change-of-control premium on shares of our Class A common stock and we may become subject to the control of a presently unknown third party.
 As of December 31, 2024, UL Standards & Engagement beneficially owns 69.0% of our outstanding common stock and controls 95.7% of the combined voting power of our outstanding common stock. UL Standards & Engagement has the ability, should it choose to do so, to sell some or all of its shares of our common stock in a privately negotiated transaction, which, if sufficient in size, could result in a change of control of our Company. The ability of UL Standards & Engagement to privately sell its shares of our common stock, with no requirement for a concurrent offer to be made to acquire all of the shares of our common stock that are publicly traded, could prevent investors from realizing any change-of-control premium on shares of our common stock that may otherwise accrue to UL Standards & Engagement on its private sale of our common stock. UL Standards & Engagement may choose to pursue such sale transactions to raise proceeds to be used in furtherance of its public safety charitable mission or because UL Standards & Engagement determines a sale transaction is otherwise in its best interests. The timing and amount of any such sale transaction may be based on the funding needs of UL Standards & Engagement and could be executed at a time or times that otherwise may not be in the best interests of us and our other stockholders. Subject to applicable law, UL Standards & Engagement is entitled to sell shares of our Class A common stock at a time or times and in such amounts that UL Standards & Engagement determines to be in the best interests of UL Standards & Engagement. Additionally, if UL Standards & Engagement privately sells its significant equity interest in our Company, we may become subject to the control of a presently unknown third party. Such third party may have conflicts of interest with those of our other stockholders. In addition, if UL Standards & Engagement sells a controlling interest in our Company to a third party, our outstanding indebtedness may be subject to acceleration, our liquidity could be impaired and our third-party commercial agreements and relationships could be impacted. Any resulting change in control could also have a negative effect on our various agreements with UL Standards & Engagement, including with respect to our access to UL

 Standards & Engagement's library of standards, any of which could adversely affect our ability to run our business and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 Conflicts of interest may arise because certain of our directors hold, or may in the future hold, a management or board position with UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes.
 We are controlled by UL Standards & Engagement, of which UL Research Institutes is the sole member. UL Research Institutes is focused on the research and exploration of, and communication about, threats to human safety, and UL Standards & Engagement is focused on the translation of research insights into practical innovations to advance human safety through the development of safety standards and proactive communication, advocacy and policy initiatives related thereto. From time to time, certain of our directors are, and may become, trustees, directors or officers of UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes. The interests of any such director in UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes and us could create, or appear to create, conflicts of interest with respect to decisions involving both us and UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes that could have different implications for them and us. These decisions could, for example, relate to:
 • disagreement over corporate opportunities;
 • succession planning, employee retention or recruiting;
 • capital deployment, including our debt levels and dividend policy; and
 • the services and arrangements with UL Standards & Engagement and UL Research Institutes.
 Conflicts of interest could also arise if we enter into any new arrangements with UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes in the future. The presence of trustees, directors or officers of UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes on our board of directors could create, or appear to create, conflicts of interest and conflicts in allocating their time with respect to matters involving both us and UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes that could have different implications for either entity than they do for us. In particular, as of the date of this Annual Report, James M. Shannon serves as a member of the board of trustees of UL Research Institutes and as chairman of the board of directors of UL Standards & Engagement and James P. Dollive, Elisabeth T rstad and George A. Williams serve as members of the board of trustees of UL Research Institutes, with Mr. Williams serving as the chairman of such board of trustees. Provisions of our Amended Charter and Amended Bylaws as well as certain of our policies address corporate opportunities that are presented to any of our directors who, from time to time, are also trustees, directors or officers of UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes.
 For example, our Amended Charter provides that the doctrine of "corporate opportunity" does not apply with respect to UL Standards & Engagement, any of its directors, officers or employees or any of its or their affiliates (other than UL Solutions and its subsidiaries). The doctrine of corporate opportunity generally provides that a corporate fiduciary may not develop an opportunity using corporate resources, acquire an interest adverse to that of the corporation or acquire property that is reasonably incident to the present or prospective business of the corporation or in which the corporation has a present or expectancy interest, unless that opportunity is first presented to the corporation and the corporation chooses not to pursue that opportunity. Because the doctrine of "corporate opportunity" does not apply with respect to UL Standards & Engagement, any of its directors, officers or employees or any of its or their affiliates (other than UL Solutions and its subsidiaries), each such "exempt person" has no duty to communicate or present certain corporate opportunities to us, and has the right to either hold such corporate opportunity for their (and their affiliates') own account and benefit or to recommend, assign or otherwise transfer such corporate opportunity to persons other than us, including to any director or stockholder who is not employed by us or our subsidiaries. As a result, UL Standards & Engagement, its directors, officers or employees or any of its or their affiliates (other than UL Solutions and its subsidiaries) are not prohibited from operating or investing in competing businesses.
 We cannot guarantee that our Amended Charter, Amended Bylaws or policies adequately address potential conflicts of interest, that potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in our favor or that we will be able to take advantage of corporate opportunities presented to any such individual who is a trustee or director of both us and UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes. As a result, we may find ourselves in competition with UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes, and we may be precluded from pursuing certain advantageous transactions or growth initiatives.

 Our inability to resolve in a manner favorable to us any potential conflicts or disputes that arise between us and UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes with respect to our past and ongoing relationships could materially adversely affect our business and prospects.
 Potential conflicts or disputes may arise between UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes and us in a number of areas relating to our past or ongoing relationships, including:
 • our dividend policy or potential future share repurchase policy;
 • UL Research Institutes' research activities and the business or interests of our customers;
 • intellectual property or other proprietary rights, including the use of our brand;
 • joint communications and branding activities with either or both entities;
 • operational activities related to support services provided by us to UL Standards & Engagement and UL Research Institutes, including information technology, human resources, benefits, finance and accounting, shared real estate, legal and other services;
 • business opportunities that may be attractive to us and either entity;
 • the nature, quality and pricing of services either entity has agreed, or may in the future agree, to provide us;
 • tax, employee benefit, indemnification and other matters arising from our relationship with either entity;
 • business combinations involving us;
 • any matters over which UL Standards & Engagement will have consent rights pursuant to our Amended Charter and the Stockholder Agreement; and
 • the terms of the current or future agreements between us and UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes.
 Any such conflicts or disputes, if not satisfactorily resolved, could have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects. The resolution of any potential conflicts or disputes between us and UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes over these or other matters may be less favorable to us than the resolution we might achieve if we were dealing with an unaffiliated third party. Furthermore, the agreements we have entered into with UL Standards & Engagement and UL Research Institutes are of varying durations and may be amended upon agreement of the parties. For so long as we are controlled by UL Standards & Engagement, we may be unable to negotiate renewals or amendments to these agreements, if required, on terms as favorable to us as those we would be able to negotiate with an unaffiliated third party.
 In connection with our IPO, we entered into a Stockholder Agreement with UL Standards & Engagement, pursuant to which, UL Standards & Engagement has certain information, consent and other governance rights that give UL Standards & Engagement significant influence over certain of our corporate and governance matters. The consent, board designation and related rights are also contained in our Amended Charter.
 There can be no assurance that we will continue to declare cash dividends or repurchase our shares at all or in any particular amounts.
 Payment of quarterly dividends or repurchase of our shares are subject to capital availability and periodic determinations by our board of directors that cash dividends are in the best interest of our stockholders and are in compliance with all laws and agreements applicable to the declaration and payment of cash dividends by us. Future dividends and share repurchases may also be affected by, among other factors: our views on potential future capital requirements for investments, including acquisitions; legal risks; stock repurchase programs; changes in federal and state income tax laws or corporate laws; contractual restrictions; and changes to our business model. Our dividend payments and share repurchases may change from time to time, and we cannot provide assurance that we will continue to declare dividends or repurchase shares at all or in any particular amounts. A reduction or suspension in our dividend payments could have a negative effect on our stock price. Additionally, under our Amended Charter and the Stockholder Agreement, until UL Standards & Engagement no longer beneficially owns at least 25% of the voting power of our then-outstanding voting stock, we are restricted from paying or

 declaring any dividend or other distribution that is inconsistent with our current dividend policy, or modifying or amending our dividend policy, without the prior written consent of UL Standards & Engagement.
 Distributions we pay on our Class A common stock may not qualify as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which could adversely affect the U.S. federal income tax consequences to you of owning our Class A common stock.
 For U.S. federal income tax purposes, a distribution we pay on a share of our Class A common stock generally will be treated as a dividend only to the extent the distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Our accumulated earnings and profits as of December 31, 2023 were zero. While we generated earnings and profits for U.S. federal income tax purposes in 2024 and we expect to generate earnings and profits for such purposes in subsequent tax years, our ability to generate such earnings and profits in any year may be impacted by external or other factors that are uncertain and difficult to predict. Any distribution (or portion of a distribution) not constituting a dividend will be treated as first reducing your adjusted basis in your shares of our Class A common stock and, to the extent that the distribution exceeds your adjusted basis in your shares of our Class A common stock, as gain from the sale or exchange of such shares. In addition, if you are a domestic corporation, you will not be entitled to claim a "dividends-received" deduction, which may apply to dividends received from other domestic corporations.
 We may issue shares of preferred stock in the future, which could make it difficult for another company to acquire us or could otherwise adversely affect holders of our Class A common stock, which could depress the price of our Class A common stock.
 Our Amended Charter authorizes us to issue one or more series of preferred stock. Our board of directors has the authority to determine the powers, designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, of the shares of preferred stock and to fix the number of shares constituting any series, without any further vote or action by our stockholders, except as set forth in our Amended Charter and the Stockholder Agreement. Our preferred stock could be issued with voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to the rights of our Class A common stock. The potential issuance of preferred stock may delay or prevent a change in control of us, which could discourage bids for our Class A common stock at a premium to the market price, and may materially and adversely affect the market price and the voting and other rights of the holders of our Class A common stock.
 Future sales and issuances of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock or rights to purchase our Class A common stock or Class B common stock (or other equity securities or securities convertible into our Class A common stock), including pursuant to our equity incentive plans, or the perception of future sales, by us, UL Standards & Engagement or our other existing stockholders in the public market could result in dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause the market price for our Class A common stock to decline.
 The sale of substantial amounts of shares of our Class A common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales may occur, could harm the prevailing market price of shares of our Class A common stock. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price we deem appropriate. As of December 31, 2024, we had 62,044,493 shares of Class A common stock and 138,130,000 shares of Class B common stock outstanding. Shares of our Class B common stock are convertible into an equivalent number of shares of our Class A common stock and generally convert into shares of our Class A common stock upon transfer. All shares of Class B common stock outstanding are owned by UL Standards & Engagement.
 Sales of our Class A common stock made as restrictions on resale end or made pursuant to registration rights may make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds through offerings of our shares of Class A common stock or other securities. Further, the market price of our shares of Class A common stock could drop significantly if the holders of such restricted shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them and could make it more difficult to sell shares of our Class A common stock. Shares held by our executive officers, our directors and certain other individuals will be eligible for resale in the public market, subject in the case of shares held by our affiliates, to volume, manner of sale, and other limitations.
 In addition, pursuant to our registration rights agreement with UL Standards & Engagement, dated as of April 2, 2024 (the "Registration Rights Agreement"), UL Standards & Engagement has certain registration rights, including, at any time beginning six months after the completion of the IPO, the right, subject to certain conditions, to require us to register the offer and sale of its shares of our Class A common stock under the Securities Act (including shares of Class A common stock issuable upon conversion of outstanding shares of Class B common stock). As December 31, 2024, the shares covered by registration rights represent approximately 69.0% of our outstanding common stock. Registration of any of these outstanding shares of Class A common stock or shares of Class A common stock issuable upon conversion of outstanding shares of Class

 B common stock would result in such shares becoming freely tradable without compliance with Rule 144 of the Securities Act upon effectiveness of the registration statement.
 Exercise of such registration rights and any subsequent sales of a large number of shares of our Class A common stock or Class B common stock by UL Standards & Engagement could cause the prevailing market price of our Class A common stock to decline. Subject to the Registration Rights Agreement and applicable law, UL Standards & Engagement will determine the timing and amount of such sales, which determination may be based upon UL Standards & Engagement's funding needs or other factors UL Standards & Engagement deems relevant to the furtherance of its public safety charitable mission or otherwise in its best interests, and such sales could be executed by UL Standards & Engagement at a time or times that otherwise may not align with the interests of the Company and our other stockholders.
 Future transfers, including sales, by UL Standards & Engagement of shares of Class B common stock, will generally result in those shares automatically converting into shares of Class A common stock, subject to limited exceptions. The conversion of Class B common stock into Class A common stock as a result of such transfers or exchanges would dilute holders of Class A common stock in terms of voting power within the Class A common stock.
 From time to time in the future, subject to our Amended Charter and the Stockholder Agreement, including UL Standards & Engagement's consent rights thereunder, we are also permitted to issue additional shares of our Class A common stock or securities convertible into Class A common stock, including additional shares of our Class B common stock, pursuant to a variety of transactions, including investments and acquisitions. The issuance by us of additional shares of our Class A common stock or securities convertible into our Class A common stock, including additional shares of our Class B common stock, would dilute our existing stockholders' ownership, and the sale of a significant amount of such shares in the public market or otherwise could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our Class A common stock. We regularly evaluate potential investment and acquisition opportunities, including ones that would be significant to us. The issuance of additional securities in connection with an investment or acquisition could constitute a material portion of our then-outstanding shares of Class A common stock.
 We have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant costs as a result of being a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to compliance with our public company responsibilities and corporate governance practices.
 We have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant costs associated with corporate governance requirements that are applicable to us as a newly public company, including rules and regulations of the SEC, under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2022 (the "Sarbanes-Oxley Act"), the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Customer Protection Act of 2010 and the Exchange Act, as well as under the rules of the NYSE. These rules and regulations significantly increase our accounting, legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time consuming. We cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we will incur as a public company or the timing of such costs.
 We also expect these rules and regulations to make it more expensive for us to maintain directors' and officers' liability insurance. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. In addition, our management team needs to devote substantial attention to transitioning to interacting with public company analysts and investors and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies, which may divert attention away from the day-to-day management of our business. Increases in costs incurred or diversion of management's attention as a result of becoming a publicly traded company may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 As a public reporting company, we are subject to rules and regulations established from time to time by the SEC regarding our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, or report them in a timely manner.
 As a public reporting company, we are subject to the rules and regulations established from time to time by the SEC and the NYSE. These rules and regulations require, among other things, that we establish and periodically evaluate procedures with respect to our internal control over financial reporting. Reporting obligations as a public company are likely to place a considerable strain on our financial and management systems, processes, and controls, as well as on our personnel.
 In addition, as a public company, we are required to document and test our internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act so that our management can certify as to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. We began the process to identify and implement actions to improve the effectiveness of our internal

 controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures prior to becoming a public company and are still in the midst of this process. The process of reviewing and improving our internal controls is both costly and challenging and may also require substantial attention from our management team, which could negatively impact other matters that are important to our business.
 If our senior management is unable to conclude that we have effective internal controls over financial reporting, or to certify the effectiveness of such controls, and our independent registered public accounting firm cannot render an unqualified opinion on management's assessment and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting at such time as it is required to do so, and material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting are identified, we could be subject to regulatory scrutiny, a loss of public and investor confidence and litigation from investors and stockholders, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and our stock price. In addition, if we do not maintain adequate financial and management personnel, processes and controls, we may not be able to manage our business effectively or accurately report our financial performance on a timely basis, which could cause a decline in our Class A common stock price and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could potentially subject us to sanctions or investigations by the SEC, the exchange upon which our securities are listed or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources.
 Anti-takeover provisions in our governing documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of our company more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management and depress the market price of our Class A common stock.
 Our Amended Charter, Amended Bylaws, Stockholder Agreement and Delaware law contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors. For example, our Amended Charter provides that, from and after the Sunset Date:
 • our board of directors will be classified so that not all of our directors are elected at one time;
 • subject to the Stockholder Agreement, directors may only be removed for cause and only by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the voting power of our outstanding common stock at a meeting duly called for that purpose;
 • our stockholders may not act without a meeting or by written consent, which may lengthen the amount of time required to take stockholder actions;
 • special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by the chairperson of our board of directors, our CEO or our board of directors (not by stockholders); and
 • the adoption, repeal, alteration, amendment or rescission of either our Amended Charter or our Amended Bylaws will require the approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of the voting power of the outstanding shares of our capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of our directors.
 These provisions, as well as anti-takeover provisions in our other governing documents, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management.
 As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the "DGCL"), which prevents interested stockholders, such as certain stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding common stock, from engaging in certain business combinations for a period of 3 years following the time that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless (i) prior to the time such stockholder became an interested stockholder, the board approved the transaction that resulted in such stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, (ii) upon consummation of the transaction that resulted in such stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned 85% of the voting stock of the Company outstanding at the time the transaction commenced (excluding certain shares) or (iii) following board approval, the business combination receives the approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of our outstanding common stock not owned by such interested stockholder. Our Amended Charter provides that, until the Sunset Date, we are not governed by Section 203 of the DGCL, and from and after the Sunset Date, we will be governed by Section 203 of the DGCL.
 In addition, pursuant to our Amended Charter and the Stockholder Agreement, until UL Standards & Engagement no longer beneficially owns at least 25% of the voting power of our then-outstanding voting stock, certain significant corporate actions taken by us or our subsidiaries require the prior written consent of UL Standards & Engagement, subject to certain exceptions.

 Any provision of our Amended Charter, Amended Bylaws, Stockholder Agreement or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our Class A common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our Class A common stock.
 Our Amended Charter provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, and federal district courts are the sole and exclusive forum for Securities Act claims, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.
 Our Amended Charter provides that, unless we consent to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for: (a) any derivative action, suit or proceeding brought on our behalf; (b) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our current or former directors, officers or other employees or stockholders to us or to our stockholders, creditors or other constituents; (c) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim arising pursuant to the DGCL, our Amended Charter or Amended Bylaws, or as to which the DGCL confers exclusive jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware; or (d) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine; provided that the exclusive forum provisions do not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act, or to any claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Pursuant to the Exchange Act, claims arising thereunder must be brought in federal district courts of the United States.
 Our Amended Charter further provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts are the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder; accordingly, we cannot be certain that a court would enforce such provision. The choice of forum provisions may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our current or former directors, officers or other employees or stockholders, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our current or former directors, officers and other employees or stockholders. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provisions contained in our Amended Charter to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 If securities analysts do not continue to publish research or reports about our company, or if they issue unfavorable commentary about us or our industry or downgrade our Class A common stock, the price of our Class A common stock could decline.
 The trading market for our Class A common stock depends in part on the research and reports that third-party securities analysts publish about our company and our industry. If one or more analysts cease coverage of our company, we could lose visibility in the market. In addition, one or more of these analysts could downgrade our Class A common stock or issue other negative commentary about our company or our industry. As a result of one or more of these factors, the price or trading volume of our Class A common stock could decline. In addition, if we fail to meet the expectations and forecasts for our business provided by securities analysts, the price of our Class A common stock could decline.
 If our operating and financial performance in any given period does not meet the guidance that we provide to the public, the market price of our Class A common stock may decline.
 We currently intend to continue, but are not obligated and in the future may cease, to provide public guidance on our expected operating and financial results for future periods. Any such guidance will be comprised of forward-looking statements subject to the risks and uncertainties described in this Annual Report and in our other public filings and public statements. Our actual results may not always be in line with or exceed any guidance we have provided, especially in times of economic uncertainty. If, in the future, our operating or financial results for a particular period do not meet any guidance we provide or the expectations of investment analysts, or if we reduce our guidance for future periods, the market price of our Class A common stock may decline.
 Financial, Tax and General Risks
 Changes in tax laws or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our tax returns or those of UL Standards & Engagement or UL Research Institutes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and

 results of operations. Our effective tax rate could also change materially as a result of various evolving factors, including changes in income tax law or changes in the scope of our operations.
 We are subject to federal, state and local income and other taxes in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions because of the scope of our operations. In addition, we are controlled by UL Standards & Engagement, of which UL Research Institutes is the sole member, and UL Research Institutes may be deemed to control UL Standards & Engagement.
 For U.S. federal tax purposes, UL Standards & Engagement and UL Research Institutes are tax-exempt entities and, in the future, UL Research Institutes may likely become a "private foundation." In general, private foundations are prohibited from engaging in acts of "self-dealing" with "disqualified persons," each as defined under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), and disqualified persons engaged in self-dealing transactions are subject to additional excise taxes. If UL Research Institutes becomes a private foundation, UL Standards & Engagement will become a disqualified person with respect to it if UL Standards & Engagement makes significant grants or contributions to UL Research Institutes. At that time, UL Solutions would also become a disqualified person if it is more than 35% (determined by voting power) owned by UL Standards & Engagement. Transactions between UL Research Institutes or UL Standards & Engagement, on the one hand, and UL Solutions (as a disqualified person), on the other hand, may be subject to the rules governing self-dealing transactions.
 From time-to-time U.S. federal, state, local and foreign governments make substantive changes to tax rules and the application thereof, which could result in materially different corporate taxes than would be incurred under existing tax law or interpretation and could adversely impact profitability. Governments have strengthened their efforts to increase revenues through changes in local tax laws, and international agreements, including laws and agreements regarding the taxation of software as services, transfer pricing, economic presence and apportionment of income to determine the tax base. In addition, international tax norms governing each country's jurisdiction to tax cross-border international trade have evolved partly due to the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting ("BEPS") project led by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and supported by the G20, under which members of the inclusive framework on BEPS have committed to implementing rules to impose a 15% global minimum tax (known as "Pillar Two" of the BEPS framework) and provide jurisdictions taxing rights with respect to non-residence companies based on the location of the company's customers. Pillar Two implementing legislation has been enacted in several countries in which UL Solutions operates. Although the overall impact of such legislation on the Company's global effective tax rate for 2024 was not significant, the Company estimates its 2025 effective tax rate to be approximately 26%. Subsequent periods may also increase as additional implementing legislation becomes effective.
 Furthermore, the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 imposes a 15% minimum corporate income tax on certain corporations with adjusted financial accounting profits over $1 billion and a 1% U.S. federal excise tax on certain stock buybacks and similar corporate actions. UL Solutions is not expected to be subject to this minimum corporate tax for the foreseeable future. However, other changes that are scheduled to take effect in 2026 or have been proposed by Congress, including increasing the tax rate applicable under the global intangible low-taxed income regime imposed by the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act while reducing related tax deductions, may impact UL Solutions. Changes in these laws and regulations, including with respect to self-dealing transactions between private foundations and disqualified persons, or any change in the position of tax authorities regarding their application, administration or interpretation could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
 Consequently, significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes. Our future effective tax rates and the value of our deferred tax assets could be adversely affected by changes in tax laws. In addition, changes in the scope of our operations, including expansion in existing and new geographies, could increase the amount of taxes to which we are subject, and could thereby increase our effective tax rate. We also are subject to the examination of our income tax returns and other tax authorities in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions. We regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from such examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes and reserves for other taxes. Although we believe we have made appropriate provisions for taxes in the jurisdictions in which we operate, changes in tax laws, or challenges from tax authorities under existing tax laws could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our insurance may not provide adequate levels of coverage against claims or we may be unable to find insurance with sufficient coverage at a reasonable cost.
 We believe that we maintain insurance customary for businesses of our size and type. However, there are types of losses we may incur that cannot be insured against or that we believe are not economically reasonable to insure, and there are certain markets in which we operate that require us to take on more risk. For example, we work with customers, such as technology

 companies and original equipment manufacturers, operating in the autonomous vehicle market who often demand uncapped liability for claims related to their proprietary information, such as trade secret claims or claims for breach of confidentiality. Moreover, if we do not make policy payments on a timely basis, we could lose our insurance coverage, or if a loss is incurred that exceeds policy limits, our insurance provider could refuse to cover our claims, which could result in increased costs. If we are unable to make claims on our insurance, then we may be liable for any such claims, which could cause us to incur significant liabilities. Although we believe that we have adequate coverage, if we lose our insurance coverage and are unable to find similar coverage elsewhere or if rates continue to increase, it may have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our enterprise risk management program may not sufficiently identify, anticipate and mitigate risks.
 We maintain an enterprise risk management program that is designed to identify, assess, mitigate and monitor the risks we face. There can be no assurance that our frameworks or models for assessing and managing risks and related controls will effectively mitigate risk and limit losses in all market environments or against all types of known and unknown risk in our business. If conditions or circumstances arise that expose flaws or gaps in our risk management programs, the performance and value of our business could be materially adversely affected.
 We may incur impairment charges on our goodwill and other intangible assets, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We are subject to Accounting Standards Codification Topic 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, which requires that goodwill be evaluated at least annually for impairment, or more frequently if an event occurs or conditions change that would indicate it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying amount. In addition, we are subject to Accounting Standards Codification Topic 360, Property, Plant and Equipment, which requires that long-lived assets, including intangible assets with finite useful lives, be evaluated for impairment whenever an event occurs or conditions change that indicate the carrying amount of the asset group may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of our goodwill and other intangible assets at December 31, 2024 was $691 million. If in the future we determine that there has been an impairment, our financial results for the relevant period would be reduced by the amount of the non-cash impairment charge, net of any income tax effects, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 During the three months ended September 30, 2023, we identified a triggering event and performed a quantitative impairment assessment for a reporting unit in the Consumer segment, which resulted in a pre-tax impairment charge of $37 million. This partial impairment charge was the result of lower than expected demand for Non-certification Testing and Other Services in the mobility industry, which has been impacted by auto industry conditions in the third quarter of 2023, including slowing of the pace of electric vehicle transition, labor uncertainties and the impact of more moderate growth expectations for the business. At December 31, 2024, the remaining goodwill related to this reporting unit was no longer considered at risk of further impairment.
 We may incur changes in estimates to our reported revenue, contract assets and contract liabilities related to our contracts with customers. Changes in our estimates could adversely affect our future reported financial condition or results of operations in the relevant period of change.
 We recognize revenue for certain performance obligations over time in accordance with ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), and related standards ("ASC 606"). Changes in contract estimates are recognized prospectively in the period in which the change in estimates are made. We continuously assess these steps for contracts with customers using the information available.
 For our Certification Testing and Non-certification Testing and Other Services arrangements recognized over time, until April 1, 2022, we measured progress towards completion based on the relationship between time elapsed and expected project duration, which was considered the most indicative of our performance to date under the terms of the contract. The portion of the project's revenue to be recognized was determined based on the percentage of time elapsed for the project during the period relative to expected project duration. The start date was determined by the receipt of a confirmed order, and the end date was determined by the completion of the order's deliverables. Beginning April 1, 2022, we measure progress towards completion of these contracts based on the relationship between time elapsed of each project phase relative to the expected duration of that phase. Project phase data was not previously available and is considered a more precise measure of our performance to date under the terms of the contract. The portion of a project's revenue to be recognized is determined based on the time elapsed between the start-date of each project phase relative to its estimated duration. The start date of each phase is based on the date that work begins on the phase and the estimated duration is determined using an analysis of historical data from similar projects. We applied the change in estimate prospectively to contracts in-process at the date of the

 change, as well as new contracts with a start-date subsequent to the change, resulting in a net decrease to our revenue and operating income of $23 million and a net decrease to our net income of $21 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The resulting impacts to our results of operations during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were not material.
 In the future, as the information that we use to determine the expected duration of each revenue phase changes, this could result in further changes to the pattern of revenue recognition of our contracts and the corresponding contract assets and contract liabilities recorded to date under ASC 606. If, in the future, we determine it is appropriate to revise our estimates used in the over-time recognition model, our reported revenue, contract assets and contract liabilities for the relevant period could be impacted by the amount of the non-cash adjustment, net of any income tax effects. Any such change in estimate could be significant and could have a material adverse effect on our reported financial condition or results of operations in the period of the change.
 Changes with respect to funded status of our pension and postretirement benefit plans could materially increase liabilities with respect thereto.
 We provide a range of benefits to our employees and retired employees, as well as employees and retired employees of UL Research Institutes and UL Standards & Engagement, including pension and postretirement benefits. We record amounts relating to these plans based on various actuarial and other assumptions. Differences in actual experience or changes in the assumptions, including resulting from external factors, may materially affect the funded status of the plans and the net periodic benefit cost. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates" for more information.
 Unionization efforts and labor regulations in certain countries in which we operate could materially increase our costs or limit our flexibility.
 Certain of our employees in non-U.S. markets are represented by works councils or labor unions and work under collective bargaining or similar agreements, some of which are subject to periodic renegotiation. Unionization efforts, labor negotiations, new collective bargaining agreements or work stoppages could materially increase our costs, reduce our net revenues or limit our flexibility. Certain legal and contractual obligations in these markets require us to contribute amounts to retirement funds, pension plans and health plans, and restrict our ability to dismiss employees. Future regulations or court interpretations established in the countries in which we conduct our operations could increase our costs and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We lease many of our facilities, and we may be unable to renew our leases at the end of their terms.
 Many of our facilities are located on leased premises. The terms of our leases vary in length and include options to renew for specified periods of time. At the end of the lease term and any renewal period for a facility, we may be unable to renew the lease without substantial additional cost, if at all. If we are unable to renew our facility leases, we may be required to relocate or close a facility. Relocating a facility involves significant expense in connection with the movement and installation of specialized equipment and any necessary recertification or licensing with regulatory authorities. Closing a facility, even briefly to relocate, would reduce the revenue that such facility would have contributed and could negatively impact our customer relations. Any such relocation or closure could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our business is exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, which could adversely impact our results.
 As a multinational company, we conduct our business in a variety of markets and are therefore subject to market risk for changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Instability in global financial markets or other events, such as the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and other geopolitical developments, could cause fluctuations in exchange rates that may adversely affect our revenues, expenses and net earnings. As a result of our global operations, we generate a significant portion of our revenue and incur a significant portion of our expenses in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the euro, Japanese yen, Chinese renminbi, British pound sterling, Singapore dollar, New Taiwan dollar and the Korean won. Our results of operations are impacted by currency exchange rate fluctuations to the extent that we are unable to match net revenues received in foreign currencies with expenses incurred in the same currency. For example, where we have significantly more expenses than net revenues generated in a foreign currency, our profit from operations in that location would be adversely affected in the event that the U.S. dollar depreciates against that foreign currency. Such changes in foreign currency exchange rates could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

 Climate change could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation.
 There is growing concern that an increase in global average temperatures may cause an adverse change in weather patterns around the globe, resulting in an increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters, including severe storms, droughts, wildfires, freezes and other atmospheric events. Increased frequency or duration of extreme weather conditions may disrupt the productivity of our facilities, the operation of our supply chain or impact demand for our services. Climate change may also contribute to various chronic changes in the physical environment, such as sea-level rise or changes in ambient temperature or precipitation patterns, which may also adversely impact our operations or those of our customers or suppliers. While we may take various actions to mitigate our business risks associated with climate change, this may require us to incur substantial costs and may not be successful due to, among other things, the uncertainty associated with the longer term projections associated with managing climate risk. For example, to the extent catastrophic events become more frequent, it may adversely impact the availability or cost of insurance.
 In addition, we expect to be subject to risks associated with societal efforts to mitigate or otherwise respond to climate change. For example, the increasing concern over climate change may result in more regional, federal and global legal and regulatory requirements, changes in investor and other stakeholder expectations and impacts on our suppliers, any of which could result in increased costs we incur. For more information, see "—We are subject to risks related to sustainability and corporate social responsibility." Additionally, developing alternative offerings that satisfy the market's evolving expectations on greenhouse gas emissions and other climate related concerns may require us to incur significant costs, and we cannot guarantee that markets will adopt the standards and solutions we develop, either at the pace we expect or at all. As a result, the effects of climate change could have a long-term adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
 None.

 ITEM 1C. Cybersecurity
 Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
 We have developed a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information. Our cybersecurity risk management program includes a cybersecurity incident response plan.
 We design and assess our program based on various cybersecurity frameworks, including the National Institute of Standards and Technology ("NIST") Cybersecurity Framework ("CSF"). This does not mean, and is not intended to imply, that we meet any particular technical standards, specifications, or requirements, only that we use the NIST CSF as a guide to help us identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to our business.
 Our cybersecurity risk management program is integrated into our overall enterprise risk management program, and shares common methodologies, reporting channels and governance processes that apply across the enterprise risk management program to other legal, compliance, strategic, operational, and financial risk areas.
 Our cybersecurity risk management program includes:
 • risk assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical systems, information, products, services, and our broader enterprise IT environment;

 • a security team principally responsible for managing (1) our cybersecurity risk assessment processes, (2) our security controls, and (3) our response to cybersecurity incidents;

 • the use of external service providers, where appropriate, to assess, test or otherwise assist with aspects of our security controls;

 • cybersecurity awareness training of our employees, incident response personnel, and senior management;

 • a cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents; and
 • a third-party risk management process for service providers, suppliers, and vendors.

 We have not identified risks from known cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. However, notwithstanding our cybersecurity risk management program, we may not be successful in preventing or mitigating a cybersecurity incident that could have a material adverse effect on us. For further information, refer to Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors of this Annual Report for a discussion of risks related to cybersecurity and technology.
 Cybersecurity Governance
 Our Board considers cybersecurity risk as part of its risk oversight function and it oversees management's implementation of our cybersecurity risk management program. In addition, the Board has delegated to the Audit Committee of the Board oversight of our enterprise risk management ("ERM") process, which regularly identifies, assesses, and mitigates enterprise and emerging risks, including cybersecurity related risks.
 The Board receives semi-annual reports from management on our cybersecurity risks and our cyber risk management program. In addition, management updates the Board, as necessary, regarding any material cybersecurity incidents.
 Board members receive presentations on cybersecurity topics from our Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO"), internal security staff or external experts as part of the Board's continuing education on topics that impact public companies.
 Our CISO, who reports to our Chief Transformation Officer, is responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats. The CISO has primary responsibility for our overall cybersecurity risk management program and supervises both our internal cybersecurity personnel and our retained external cybersecurity consultants. Our CISO has significant relevant experience, including previously serving as the Chief Information Security Officer for Hill-Rom, holding cybersecurity positions at Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan and the Wayne County Department of Technology, and earning multiple cybersecurity related certifications from the Information Systems Audit and Control Association ("ISACA").
 Our management team supervises efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include, among other things: briefings from internal security personnel; threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us; and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in the IT environment.

 ITEM 2. Properties
 The table below sets forth certain information regarding our owned and leased properties as of December 31, 2024:

 Owned
 Leased
 Total

 Sites with laboratories

 Dedicated office spaces
 —

 Total locations

 Laboratories Footprint
 We operate and maintain a global laboratory network with deep technical capabilities in order to serve our customers. As of December 31, 2024, we leased or owned 91 sites with laboratories spread across 26 countries. Further, we have four laboratory locations under construction to meet local market and technology needs to strengthen our industry leading footprint and global capabilities. Our laboratories employ approximately 3,400 employees and span over 5 million square feet. We operate 37 laboratory sites throughout Asia, 34 laboratory sites in the Americas and 20 laboratory sites in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. These laboratories use more than 140,000 pieces of test equipment and enable us to offer high-quality testing capabilities across a diverse set of standards, regulations and customer and market specific requirements.
 We manage our laboratory footprint in two categories, Integrated laboratories and Specialized Industry laboratories. Our Integrated laboratories are larger centers of excellence with vast capacities and capabilities in testing across multiple industries. Our Specialized Industry laboratories serve specific industries and offer niche testing capabilities. Overall, our centralized global laboratory operations enable us to deliver a consistent and streamlined experience for our customers. We leverage our network of laboratories to improve collaboration, speed and transparency, while maintaining uniform

 operational measurement, accountability and quality control in delivering outcomes for our customers. Our scaled laboratory operations and integrated laboratories enable us to optimize utilization of resources, our global laboratory footprint, our accreditation strategy and the sharing of data across teams, as well as benefit from valuable expertise and experience across our organization.
 Footprint and Facilities
 In addition to our leading network of laboratories around the world, we have a broad and global portfolio of offices and facilities. Our corporate headquarters are located at 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, Illinois 60062. We own the property and building where our headquarters are located. Our headquarters span approximately 979,000 square feet and include approximately 411,000 square feet for corporate office space and 221,000 square feet of laboratory space and common areas of 347,000 square feet.
 Alongside our headquarters, as of December 31, 2024, we had 59 additional locations that are exclusively dedicated to office space in 26 countries. Our global network of offices, coupled with our technical laboratories across the world, enable us to offer our customers the services they need in their local markets.
 We do not believe that any of our properties are subject to any encumbrance, easement or other restriction that would detract materially from its value or impair its use in the operation of our business. We also believe that our properties, including the principal properties described above, are well-maintained, adequate and suitable for their current requirements and for our operations in the foreseeable future.

 ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings
 The Company is party in the ordinary course of business to certain claims, litigation, audits and investigations. Discussion of these and other legal matters is incorporated by reference from Part II, Item 8, Note 19, "Commitments and Contingencies," of this Annual Report and should be considered an integral part of Part I, Item 3, "Legal Proceedings."

 ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
 Not applicable.

 ITEM 5. Market for the Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 The Company's common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE"), trading under the symbol "ULS."
 As of February 12, 2025, there was one holder of record of the Company's Class A common stock. The number of record holders is based upon the actual number of holders registered on the Company's books at such date based on information provided by the Company's transfer agent and does not include holders of shares in "street name" or other holders identified in security position listings maintained by depository trust companies.
 There is no established public trading market for the Company's Class B common stock. As of February 12, 2025, the Company's Class B common stock was held by one stockholder, ULSE Inc.
 Dividends
 The Company currently intends to continue paying a regular cash dividend on its common stock. The Company intends to periodically assess the size of the regular quarterly dividend based on its dividend policy and the factors noted below. However, the Company cannot give any assurance that it will continue to declare dividends in any particular amounts, or at all, in the future.
 A summary of cash dividends per share on the outstanding UL Solutions common stock declared to shareholders by the Company's Board during the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 is presented below:

 Declaration Date
 Shareholders of Record as of Close of Business Date
 Payment Date
 Dividends per share

 3/14/2024
 3/14/2024
 3/29/2024
 $
 0.125

 5/22/2024
 6/3/2024
 6/18/2024
 $
 0.125

 8/13/2024
 8/30/2024
 9/9/2024
 $
 0.125

 11/13/2024
 11/29/2024
 12/9/2024
 $
 0.125

 On February 11, 2025, the Company declared a regular cash dividend of $0.13 per share, an increase from the previous $0.125 per share.
 Under the Company's dividend policy, any determination as to the declaration and payment of dividends, if any, is at the discretion of the Company's board of directors, subject to capital availability, applicable laws and compliance with contractual restrictions and covenants in the agreements governing the Company's current and future indebtedness, as well as the Company's Charter and the Stockholder Agreement. Any such determination will also depend upon periodic determinations by the Company's board of directors that cash dividends are in the best interest of the Company's stockholders, and upon the Company's earnings, cash flow, business outlook and prospects, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, future cash requirements and availability and other factors that the Company's board of directors may deem relevant.
 Comparative Stock Performance Graph
 The graph below compares the cumulative total shareholder return on the Company's ordinary shares with the cumulative total return of companies on the Standard & Poor's ("S&P's") 500 Stock Index and the companies on the S&P 500 Industrials Index. This graph assumes an investment of $100 at the market close on April 12, 2024, the date our Class A common stock began trading. Data in the graph assumes reinvestment of all dividends since that date. The graph uses the closing market price on April 12, 2024 of $34.94 per share as the initial value of the Company's Class A common stock. The comparisons in the graph below are based upon historical data and are not indicative of, nor intended to forecast, future performance of the Company's Class A common stock.

 Information used in the graph was obtained from a source we believe to be reliable, but we do not assume responsibility for any errors or omissions in such information. This performance graph shall not be deemed "soliciting material" or to be "filed" with the SEC for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any of the Company's filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.
 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 None.

 ITEM 6. Reserved

 ITEM 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 The following discussion and analysis includes a comparison of the Company's results of operations, financial condition and liquidity and capital resources for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 and should be read in conjunction with the Company's consolidated financial statements and the related notes which are included in this Annual Report. For a comparison of our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity and capital resources for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Prospectus, dated September 5, 2024, filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4) on September 6, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties about the Company's business and operations. The Company's actual results and the timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those the Company describes under "Risk Factors" in Part I Item 1A of this Annual Report. See "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements." Additionally, the Company's historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future.
 References to "UL Solutions" and the "Company" refer to UL Solutions Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries as a whole, unless the context otherwise requires.
 Business Overview
 UL Solutions Inc. ("UL Solutions" and the "Company") is a global safety science leader with a distinguished and trusted brand that dates back to its founding in 1894 as part of the nonprofit Underwriters Electrical Bureau, a predecessor to

 Underwriters Laboratories Inc. ("UL Research Institutes"), ULSE Inc. ("UL Standards & Engagement") and UL Solutions. As of December 31, 2024, the Company provided independent third-party testing, inspection and certification ("TIC") services and related software and advisory ("S&A") offerings to more than 80,000 customers in over 110 countries. UL Solutions is the largest TIC services provider headquartered in North America (by revenue), and it maintains a leadership position across additional global markets, including Europe and Asia.
 The Company conducts its operations across four major service categories: (1) Certification Testing of products, components and systems according to standards and regulatory requirements and other design and performance specifications; (2) Ongoing Certification Services to validate the ongoing compliance of previously certified products, components and systems; (3) Non-certification Testing and Other Services, which includes performance testing for customer or other requirements that may not be required by any regulation and may not result in a certification, as well as other services, including advisory and technical services; and (4) Software, comprising software as a service ("SaaS") and license-based software solutions, including implementation and training services related to software.
 The Company's primary addressable market is the highly fragmented outsourced product TIC market, where the Company provides (1) testing, inspection and certification services for a wide array of products, components, assets and supply chains in the consumer and industrial end markets, and (2) emerging product lifecycle services, asset and sustainability performance advisory and supply chain services. Demand for outsourced TIC services is increasing across the markets the Company serves as a result of new emerging technologies, evolving global safety regulations and standards, increases in global trade and shorter product lifecycles. With more than 650 accreditations and the ability to test and certify against more than 4,000 standards, the Company believes it is positioned to benefit from ongoing demand growth within the Company's addressable market. Additionally, as the global economy evolves and becomes more digital and inter-connected, the Company's customers continue to seek ways to bridge their traditional TIC needs with next generation software and services. The Company believes that its complementary TIC and S&A offerings position it to capitalize on this market need and better serve its customers.
 Since January 1, 2023, the Company has completed the following acquisitions and divestitures, including those that impact the comparability of results between periods:
 • In July 2024, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding stock of TesTneT Engineering GmbH (together with its subsidiaries, "TesTneT") for approximately $19 million. TesTneT is a Germany-based company that provides testing services for various hydrogen storage systems, refueling stations and their components. The results of operations of TesTneT are included in the Industrial segment since the date of acquisition.
 • In May 2024, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding stock of Batterielngenieure GmbH (together with its subsidiaries, "Batterielngenieure") for approximately $11 million. Batterielngenieure is a Germany-based battery testing company that is in the process of building a laboratory in Aachen, Germany to replace the leased facility it is currently using and to add testing and simulation capacity. The results of operations of Batterielngenieure are included in the Industrial segment since the date of acquisition.
 • In May 2024, the Company completed the sale of its payments testing business to an affiliate of Gallant Capital Partners, for a base price of $29 million. The business performed Software and Non-certification Testing and Other Services and the results of operations were included in the Industrial segment until the date of divestiture. The divestiture resulted in a pre-tax gain on sale of $24 million, which was recorded within other income (expense), net in the Company's consolidated results of operations.
 • In August 2023, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding stock of Certification Entity for Renewable Energies, S.L. ("CERE") for approximately $14 million. CERE is a Spain-based grid code compliance testing, simulation and certification company, focused on renewable energy and electric vehicle adoption. The results of operations of CERE are included in the Industrial segment since the date of acquisition.
 • In July 2023, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding stock of HBI Compliance Limited (together with its subsidiaries, "Healthy Buildings International") for approximately $6 million. Healthy Buildings International is a United Kingdom-based health, safety and compliance company. The results of operations of Healthy Buildings International are included in the Software and Advisory segment since the date of acquisition.
 The Company's Segments
 UL Solutions reports its financial results through three segments: Industrial, Consumer and Software and Advisory.

 Industrial is a segment of the Company's TIC business. This segment represented 44% and 43% of the Company's consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company generates revenue in this segment primarily through three major service categories: Certification Testing; Ongoing Certification Services; and Non-certification Testing and Other Services. The Industrial segment provides TIC services to help ensure that the Company's customers' industrial products meet or exceed international standards for product safety, performance, cybersecurity and sustainability. The Industrial segment provides services that address needs across a number of end markets, including energy, industrial automation, engineered materials (plastics and wire and cable) and built environment, and across a variety of stakeholders, including manufacturers, building and asset owners, end users and regulators. The Company believes the products it tests, certifies and inspects in this segment generally represent very high cost of failure components, which in turn drives customers in this segment to choose UL Solutions based on its deep technical expertise, consistency and quality of service.
 Consumer is a segment of the Company's TIC business. This segment represented 43% and 44% of the Company's consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company generates revenue in this reportable segment primarily through three major service categories: Certification Testing; Ongoing Certification Services; and Non-certification Testing and Other Services. The Consumer segment provides a variety of global product market acceptance and risk mitigation services for customers in the consumer products end market, including consumer electronics, medical devices, information technologies, appliances, HVAC, lighting, retail (softlines and hardlines) and emerging consumer applications, including new mobility, smart products and 5G. The primary services offered by this segment include safety certification testing, ongoing certification, global market access, testing for connectivity, performance and quality and critical systems advisory and training.
 The Software and Advisory segment provides complementary software and advisory solutions that extend the value proposition of TIC services the Company offers. This segment represented 13% of the Company's consolidated revenue for both the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company generates revenue in this segment through two major service categories: Software and Non-certification Testing and Other Services. The software and technical advisory offerings enable the Company's customers to manage complex regulatory requirements, deliver supply chain transparency and operationalize sustainability.

 Components of the Company's Results of Operations
 The Company generates revenue from the services it provides to customers through the following service categories.
 Certification Testing
 The Company evaluates products, components and systems according to global or regional regulatory requirements and other design and performance specifications. Select certification testing services include testing to global or regional standards, engineering evaluation and project review and functional safety testing of embedded software. Certification testing services generally align with the new product development cycle and help customers mitigate risk, demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements and deliver confidence to businesses and consumers, resulting in demand for ongoing certification services. As a result of the certification process, the Company may authorize its customers to use the Company's certification marks, including the UL Mark, on their products, packaging and marketing collateral as part of their manufacturing, distribution and marketing processes to demonstrate to the marketplace that their product has met the applicable requirements. Certification testing services often lead to ongoing certification services to support the continued safety, compliance and performance objectives of the customer.
 Ongoing Certification Services
 To maintain the right to use the Company's certification marks, including the UL Mark, and meet certain regulatory requirements, the Company's customers must meet certain certification program requirements, including mandatory inspection and monitoring by the Company. These requirements, addressed through standard certification and inspection

 services, are designed to validate the continued compliance of the Company's customers' previously certified products, components and systems. Services are delivered through periodic inspections, initial and follow-up audits, sample testing and UL Solutions label usage. The frequency and combination of these services can vary based on product, component or system type, production volume and historical risk-based customer compliance. These ongoing certification services are designed and executed to help the Company's customers confirm ongoing compliance and to help protect the integrity of the UL Mark. Select services include factory inspection and testing to confirm products that are being produced match the configuration of products that were tested and certified.
 Non-certification Testing and Other Services
 The Company offers testing services to address performance and other requirements that may not be required by any regulation and may not result in a certification, but are still desired by the Company's customers to help ensure the safety, performance and reliability of their products. Select services include on-site and remote inspections, audits and field engineering specialty services, testing for energy efficiency, wireless and electromagnetic compatibility, quality, chemical and reliability for customers in medical devices, information technologies, appliances, HVAC and lighting. For retail and consumer customers, the Company offers testing such as color-matching, sensory, emissions and flame resistance. Lastly, the Company offers advisory and technical services to support the Company's customers in managing their safety, compliance, regulatory risk and sustainability programs.
 Software
 The Company provides SaaS and license-based software solutions, including implementation and training services related to software, to enable the Company's customers to manage complex regulatory requirements, deliver supply chain transparency and operationalize sustainability. The Company's SaaS and licensed software solutions provide data-driven product stewardship, chemicals management, supply chain insights, ESG data and reporting, EHS training, management and compliance, and additional regulatory driven software solutions.
 Components of Revenue Change
 The Company uses Organic, Acquisition / Divestiture and FX to explain the change in revenue from period to period. Revenue change is calculated as the percentage change in revenue in one period relative to the prior period's revenue and is a key financial measure that the Company uses to manage its business. The Company defines these components of revenue as follows:
 "Organic" reflects revenue change in a given period excluding Acquisition / Divestiture and FX in that same year, expressed in dollars or as a percentage of revenue in the prior period.
 "Acquisition / Divestiture" is calculated as revenue change in a given period related to acquisitions or disposals of businesses using prior period exchange rates, expressed in dollars or as a percentage of revenue in the prior period. Revenues from an acquisition or disposal are measured as Acquisition / Divestiture for the initial twelve-month period following the acquisition or disposal date. Subsequently, the revenue impact from the acquired or disposed business is measured as Organic.
 "FX" reflects the impact that foreign currency exchange rates have on revenue in a given period, expressed in dollars or as a percentage of revenue in the prior period. The Company uses constant currency to calculate the FX impact on revenue in a given period by translating current period revenues at prior period exchange rates, expressed as a percentage of revenue in the prior period.
 Cost of Revenue
 Cost of revenue includes employee compensation consisting of salaries, incentives, stock-based compensation and other benefits for employees directly attributable to revenue generation across each of the Company's four major service categories. In addition, cost of revenue includes services and materials expenses including facility related costs for laboratories and other buildings where testing and inspection services are performed, customer-related travel costs, expenses related to third-party contractors or third-party facilities and consumable materials and supplies used in testing and inspection and other costs associated with generating revenue. Cost of revenue also includes depreciation on equipment used in testing and amortization of capitalized software.

 Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
 Selling, general and administrative expenses include employee compensation consisting of salaries, incentives, stock-based compensation and other benefits for sales and indirect administrative functions such as executive, finance, legal, human resources and information technology, not included within cost of revenue. In addition, selling, general and administrative expenses includes services and materials expenses including third-party consultancy costs, facility costs, internal research and development costs as well as legal and accounting fees, travel, marketing, bad debt and non-chargeable materials and supplies. Selling, general and administrative expenses also include depreciation and amortization. The Company expects selling, general and administrative expenses will be impacted by costs associated with being a publicly traded company.
 Goodwill Impairment
 During the third quarter of 2023, the Company identified a triggering event and performed a quantitative impairment assessment for a reporting unit in the Consumer segment, which resulted in a pre-tax goodwill impairment charge of $37 million. Refer to Item 8, "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements", Note 10, "Goodwill" for further details.
 Operating Income
 Operating income is calculated as revenue less cost of revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses and goodwill impairment. Operating income margin is calculated as operating income as a percentage of revenue.
 Components of Operating Income Change
 The Company uses Organic, Acquisition / Divestiture, FX and Goodwill Impairment to explain the change in operating income from period to period. Operating income change is calculated as the percentage change in operating income in one period relative to the prior period's operating income and is a key financial measure that the Company uses to manage its business. The Company defines these components of operating income as follows:
 "Organic" reflects total operating income change in a given period excluding Acquisition / Divestiture, FX and Goodwill Impairment in that same period, expressed in dollars or as a percentage of operating income in the prior period.
 "Acquisition / Divestiture" is calculated as operating income change in a given period related to acquisitions or disposals of businesses using prior period exchange rates, expressed in dollars or as a percentage of operating income in the prior period. Operating income change from an acquisition or disposal is measured as Acquisition / Divestiture for the initial twelve-month period following the acquisition or disposal date. Subsequently, operating income impact from the acquired or disposed business is measured as Organic. Acquisition / Divestiture also includes the change in due diligence related costs for merger and acquisition and disposal activities.
 "FX" reflects the impact that foreign currency exchange rates have on operating income in a given period expressed in dollars or as a percentage of operating income in the prior period. The Company uses constant currency to calculate the FX impact on operating income in a given period by translating current period operating income at prior period exchange rates, expressed as a percentage of operating income in the prior period.
 "Goodwill Impairment" reflects goodwill impairment charges recorded when the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value.
 Interest Expense
 Interest expense consists primarily of interest expense on the Company's debt obligations.
 Other Income (Expense), net
 Other income (expense), net consists primarily of non-operating gains and losses, including gains and losses related to foreign exchange transactions and the revaluation performed on designated balance sheet accounts, interest income, gains and losses on equity investments, non-operating pension and postretirement benefit expenses and gains on divestitures.

 Income Before Income Taxes
 Income before income taxes is calculated as revenue less cost of revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses, goodwill impairment, interest expense and other income (expense), net.
 Income Tax Expense
 Income tax expense consists of current and deferred federal and state taxes for the Company's U.S. and foreign jurisdictions.
 Net Income
 Net income is calculated as revenue less cost of revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses, goodwill impairment, interest expense, other income (expense), net and income tax expense. Net income margin is calculated as net income as a percentage of revenue.

 Results of Operations

 The following tables set forth the Company's condensed consolidated results of operations for the periods presented.

 2024
 % Revenue
 2023
 % Revenue

 $
 2,870
 N/A
 $
 2,678
 N/A
 $

 Cost of revenue
 1,477
 51.5
 %
 1,398
 52.2
 %

 Selling, general and administrative expenses
 32.4
 %
 32.7
 %

 —
 —
 %
 1.4
 %
 (37)

 Operating income
 16.1
 %
 13.7
 %

 Interest expense
 (55)
 (1.9)
 %
 (35)
 (1.3)
 %
 (20)

 Other income (expense), net
 0.3
 %
 0.5
 %
 (5)

 Income before income taxes
 14.5
 %
 12.9
 %

 Income tax expense
 2.4
 %
 2.6
 %
 —

 $
 12.0
 %
 $
 10.3
 %

 2024
 2023
 % Change

 $
 1,254
 $
 1,146
 $
 9.4
 %

 1,238
 1,172
 5.6
 %

 5.0
 %

 Total
 $
 2,870
 $
 2,678
 $
 7.2
 %

 Revenue increased by $192 million, or 7.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. Revenue increased on an organic basis by $233 million, or 8.7%, due to organic growth across all segments in 2024, driven by the Industrial and Consumer segments in Certification Testing and Ongoing Certification Services revenue. FX decreased revenue by $24 million, or 0.9%, primarily due to the relative weakness of the Japanese yen, the Chinese renminbi and the Korean won. Acquisitions / Divestitures decreased revenue by $17 million, or 0.6%, primarily due to the sale of the payments testing business in the Industrial segment.

 Organic
 Acquisition / Divestiture
 FX
 Total
 Organic % Change
 Total % Change

 Revenue change

 $
 $
 (18)
 $
 (10)
 $
 11.9
 %
 9.4
 %

 (1)
 (14)
 6.9
 %
 5.6
 %

 —
 4.4
 %
 5.0
 %

 Total
 $
 $
 (17)
 $
 (24)
 $
 8.7
 %
 7.2
 %

 Cost of Revenue
 Cost of revenue increased by $79 million, or 5.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to increased employee compensation of $45 million, related to base salary increases and higher healthcare costs. In addition, depreciation and amortization increased $29 million related to the completion of additional laboratory capacity and software placed in service. Professional fees also increased $14 million related to outsourced labor associated with higher revenue. FX decreased cost of revenue by $13 million, primarily due to the relative weakness of the Japanese yen, the Chinese renminbi and the Korean won. Acquisitions / Divestitures decreased cost of revenue by $7 million, primarily due to the sale of the payments testing business.
 Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
 Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $56 million, or 6.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023, due to increased employee compensation of $48 million, primarily due to higher costs associated with performance-based incentives, including the Company's long-term incentive awards and sales incentive plans, base salary increases and higher healthcare costs. In addition, professional fees increased $8 million related to the Company's public offerings and higher accounting and legal costs. FX decreased selling, general and administrative expenses by $7 million, primarily due to the relative weakness of the Japanese yen and the Chinese renminbi.
 During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company incurred $6 million and $4 million of expenses, respectively, related to the IPO completed in April 2024 and a follow-on public offering completed in September 2024.
 Goodwill Impairment
 During the third quarter of 2023, the Company identified a triggering event requiring a quantitative impairment assessment for a reporting unit in the Consumer segment, which resulted in a pre-tax goodwill impairment charge of $37 million which did not reoccur in 2024.
 Interest Expense
 Interest expense increased by $20 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. The increase is primarily due to interest on the Company's outstanding 2023 senior notes (as defined below) which were not outstanding for the duration of the same period in 2023. For additional information refer to "—Liquidity and Capital Resources."
 Other Income (Expense), net
 Other income (expense), net decreased by $5 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease in 2024 was primarily due to higher net foreign exchange losses of $9 million related to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against certain foreign currencies, the revaluation performed on designated balance sheet accounts and settlement of intercompany loans that did not occur in 2023. The decrease was also due to $8 million lower interest income on bank deposits and $7 million of unrealized gains on equity investments in the year ended December 31, 2023 that did not reoccur in 2024. The decrease was partially offset by a $24 million gain on divestiture of the Company's payments testing business in May 2024.
 Income Tax
 The Company's effective income tax rate was 16.9% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 20.2% for the year ended December 31, 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the effective tax rate differed from the U.S. federal

 statutory tax rate primarily due to earnings subject to lower tax rates in certain foreign jurisdictions and a reduction to uncertain tax positions as a result of expiration of the statute of limitations. This was partially offset by a reduction to previously established deferred tax assets due to the Company becoming subject to Section 162(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, which limits U.S. public company compensation expenses of certain executive officers that were previously deductible as a private company, as well as Section 162(m) limitations on current year compensation deductions. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the effective rate differed from the U.S. federal statutory tax rate primarily due to earnings subject to lower tax rates in certain foreign jurisdictions, offset by a non-deductible goodwill impairment and U.S. tax on Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income net of foreign tax credits.
 The Company's effective tax rate in 2024 decreased compared to 2023 primarily due to a reduction in 2024 to uncertain tax positions as a result of expiration of the statute of limitations and a non-deductible goodwill impairment in 2023. The favorable impact was partially offset by Section 162(m) limitations on the current year and prior years' compensation deductions of certain executive officers. Refer to Item 8, "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements", Note 13, "Income Taxes" for a full reconciliation of the effective tax rate to the U.S. federal statutory rate.
 Several countries in which the Company operates have adopted aspects of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's Pillar Two rules, which impose a 15% corporate minimum tax, into their local legislation effective January 1, 2024. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board guidance which states that the Pillar Two minimum tax should be reflected as a period cost in the period the law is effective rather than enacted, the Company has reflected the impact of the Pillar Two rules that are effective January 1, 2024 in its financial results for the year ended December 31, 2024, and the impact is immaterial. Effective January 1, 2025, the Company will be subject to the Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax ("QDMTT"), a subset of the Pillar Two rules, which will increase its effective tax rate materially. The Company estimates its 2025 effective tax rate to be approximately 26%.

 The Industrial segment provides TIC services to help ensure customers' industrial products meet or exceed international standards for product safety, performance and sustainability. The Industrial segment provides services that address needs across a number of end markets, including energy, industrial automation, engineered materials (plastics and wire and cable) and built environment, and across a variety of stakeholders, including manufacturers, building and asset owners, end users and regulators.
 The following tables summarize the change in Industrial's revenue and operating income for the periods presented:

 2024
 2023
 % Change

 $
 1,254
 $
 1,146
 $
 9.4
 %

 Employee compensation
 7.0
 %

 Services and materials
 12.3
 %

 23.7
 %

 $
 $
 $
 9.7
 %

 Segment operating income margin
 27.0
 %
 26.9
 %

 Organic
 Acquisition / Divestiture
 FX
 Total

 Revenue change
 $
 $
 (18)
 $
 (10)
 $

 Segment operating income change
 $
 $
 (12)
 $
 (4)
 $

 Revenue increased by $108 million, or 9.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. On an organic basis, revenue increased $136 million or 11.9%, primarily due to growth in Ongoing Certification Services revenue of $71 million across most industries due in part to additional volume and price increases. Certification Testing

 revenue increased $52 million, driven by continued demand for electrical products and components, renewable energy and component certification testing, as well as returns on new capacity provided by recent laboratory investments. Acquisitions / Divestitures decreased revenue by $18 million, or 1.6%, primarily due to the sale of the payments testing business. FX decreased revenue by $10 million, or 0.9%, primarily due to the relative weakness of the Japanese yen, the Korean won and the Chinese renminbi.
 Segment Operating Income
 Segment operating income increased by $30 million, or 9.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023 primarily due to the $136 million increase in organic revenue noted above. This was partially offset by a $90 million organic increase in expenses, primarily due to higher employee compensation of $50 million related to base salary and headcount increases, higher costs associated with performance-based incentives and higher healthcare costs. Additionally, services and materials increased $32 million primarily due to professional fees related to outsourced labor associated with higher revenue, ongoing software projects and higher costs related to the Company's public offerings. Depreciation and amortization also increased $8 million related to the completion of additional laboratory capacity. Acquisitions / Divestitures decreased segment operating income by $12 million, primarily due to the sale of the payments testing business and due diligence related costs.

 The Consumer segment provides a variety of global product market acceptance and risk mitigation services for customers in the consumer products end market, including consumer electronics, medical devices, information technologies, appliances, HVAC, lighting, retail (softlines and hardlines) and emerging consumer applications, including new mobility, smart products and 5G. The primary services offered by this segment include safety certification testing, ongoing certification, global market access, testing for connectivity, performance and quality and critical systems advisory and training.
 The following tables summarize the change in Consumer's revenue and operating income for the periods presented:

 2024
 2023
 % Change

 $
 1,238
 $
 1,172
 $
 5.6
 %

 Employee compensation
 3.0
 %

 Services and materials
 2.8
 %

 5.3
 %

 —
 (37)
 (100.0)
 %

 $
 $
 $
 153.3
 %

 Segment operating income margin
 9.2
 %
 3.8
 %

 Organic
 Acquisition / Divestiture
 FX
 Total

 Revenue change
 $
 $
 (1)
 $
 (14)
 $

 Segment operating income change
 $
 $
 $
 (1)
 $

 Revenue increased by $66 million, or 5.6%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. On an organic basis, revenue increased $81 million, or 6.9%, primarily due to Non-certification Testing and Other Services revenue growth of $44 million in retail due to increased demand and capacity and in consumer technology driven by higher electromagnetic compatibility testing for automotive and consumer electronics. Certification Testing revenue increased $23 million due to medical growth and strength in HVAC. Ongoing Certification Services revenue increased $14 million due to consumer technology as well as strength in HVAC. FX decreased revenue by $14 million, or 1.2%, primarily due to the relative weakness of the Japanese yen, the Chinese renminbi and the Korean won.

 Segment Operating Income
 Segment operating income increased by $69 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023 primarily due to the $81 million increase in organic revenue noted above and a goodwill impairment charge of $37 million in the mobility industry in the third quarter of 2023, which did not reoccur in 2024. This was partially offset by a $49 million organic increase in expenses, primarily due to higher employee compensation of $29 million, related to higher costs associated with performance-based incentives, higher healthcare costs and base salary increases. Additionally, services and materials increased $15 million primarily due to professional fees related to outsourced labor associated with higher revenue, ongoing software projects and higher costs related to the Company's public offerings. Depreciation and amortization also increased $5 million related to the completion of additional laboratory capacity and software placed in service.

 The Software and Advisory segment provides complementary software and advisory solutions that extend the value proposition of TIC services the Company offers. The software and technical advisory offerings enable the Company's customers to manage complex regulatory requirements, deliver supply chain transparency and operationalize sustainability.
 The following tables summarize the change in Software and Advisory's revenue and operating income for the periods presented:

 2024
 2023
 % Change

 $
 $
 $
 5.0
 %

 Employee compensation
 5.8
 %

 Services and materials
 6.3
 %

 12.2
 %

 $
 $
 $
 (5)
 (33.3)
 %

 Segment operating income margin
 2.6
 %
 4.2
 %

 Organic
 Acquisition / Divestiture
 FX
 Total

 Revenue change
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Segment operating income change
 $
 (6)
 $
 —
 $
 $
 (5)

 Revenue increased by $18 million, or 5.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. On an organic basis, revenue increased $16 million, or 4.4%, primarily driven by demand for software, including retail product compliance and sustainability solutions.
 Segment Operating Income
 Segment operating income decreased by $5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023 primarily due to a $22 million organic increase in expenses, partially offset by the $16 million increase in organic revenue noted above. On an organic basis, employee compensation increased $13 million primarily due to higher costs associated with performance-based incentives.

 Non-GAAP Financial Measures
 In addition to financial measures determined in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"), the Company considers a variety of financial and operating measures in assessing the performance of the Company's business. The key non-GAAP measures the Company uses are Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, Adjusted Net Income, Adjusted Net Income margin, Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share and Free Cash Flow,

 which management believes provide useful information to investors. These measures are not financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered as a substitute for net income, operating income, diluted earnings per share, net cash provided by operating activities or any other measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.
 The Company uses Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, Adjusted Net Income, Adjusted Net Income margin and Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share to measure the operational strength and performance of its business and the Company believes these measures provide additional information to investors about certain non-cash items and unusual items that are not expected to continue at the same level in the future. Further, the Company believes these non-GAAP financial measures provide a meaningful measure of business performance and provide a basis for comparing its performance to that of other peer companies using similar measures. The Company uses Free Cash Flow as an additional liquidity measure and believes it provides useful information to investors about the cash generated from its core operations that may be available to repay debt, make other investments and return cash to stockholders.
 There are material limitations to using these non-GAAP financial measures. Adjusted EBITDA does not take into account certain significant items, including depreciation and amortization, interest expense, other (income) expense, net, income tax expense, stock-based compensation expense for equity-settled awards, material asset impairment charges and restructuring expenses which directly affect the Company's net income, as applicable. Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share do not take into account certain significant items, including other (income) expense, net, stock-based compensation expense for equity-settled awards, material asset impairment charges and restructuring expenses which directly affect the Company's net income and diluted earnings per share, as applicable. Free Cash Flow adjusts for cash items that are ultimately within management's discretion to direct, and therefore, may imply that there is less or more cash that is available than the most comparable GAAP measure. Free Cash Flow is not intended to represent residual cash flow for discretionary expenditures since debt repayment requirements and other non-discretionary expenditures are not deducted. These limitations are best addressed by considering the economic effects of the excluded items independently, and by considering these non-GAAP financial measures in conjunction with net income, operating income, diluted earnings per share and net cash provided by operating activities as calculated in accordance with GAAP.
 The table below presents these non-GAAP measures with the most directly comparable GAAP measures.

 (in millions, unless otherwise stated)
 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Net income margin
 12.0
 %
 10.3
 %
 12.3
 %

 $
 $
 $

 22.9
 %
 21.0
 %
 21.7
 %

 Adjusted Net Income
 $
 $
 $

 Adjusted Net Income margin
 12.6
 %
 11.4
 %
 12.7
 %

 Diluted Earnings per Share
 $
 1.62
 $
 1.30
 $
 1.47

 Adjusted Diluted Earnings per Share
 $
 1.70
 $
 1.44
 $
 1.52

 Net Cash provided by Operating Activities
 $
 $
 $

 Free Cash Flow
 $
 $
 $

 The Company defines Adjusted EBITDA as net income adjusted for depreciation and amortization expense, interest expense, other (income) expense, net, income tax expense, as well as stock-based compensation expense for equity-settled awards, material asset impairment charges and restructuring expenses, as applicable. Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of revenue.

 The table below reconciles net income to Adjusted EBITDA.

 (in millions, unless otherwise stated)
 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Depreciation and amortization expense

 Interest expense

 Other (income) expense, net
 (8)
 (13)

 Income tax expense

 —
 —

 —
 —

 (1)
 —

 $
 $
 $

 $
 2,870
 $
 2,678
 $
 2,520

 Net income margin
 12.0
 %
 10.3
 %
 12.3
 %

 22.9
 %
 21.0
 %
 21.7
 %

 The table below reconciles segment operating income to segment Adjusted EBITDA.

 (in millions, unless otherwise stated)
 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Depreciation and amortization expense

 —
 —

 —
 —

 $
 $
 $

 $
 1,254
 $
 1,146
 $
 1,044

 Operating income margin
 27.0
 %
 26.9
 %
 27.4
 %

 31.4
 %
 30.3
 %
 30.5
 %

 $
 $
 $

 Depreciation and amortization expense

 —
 —

 —
 —

 (1)
 —

 $
 $
 $

 $
 1,238
 $
 1,172
 $
 1,128

 Operating income margin
 9.2
 %
 3.8
 %
 9.0
 %

 16.4
 %
 13.6
 %
 14.8
 %

 $
 $
 $

 Depreciation and amortization expense

 —
 —

 —
 —

 $
 $
 $

 $
 $
 $

 Operating income margin
 2.6
 %
 4.2
 %
 7.2
 %

 15.6
 %
 15.8
 %
 17.8
 %

 $
 $
 $

 Adjusted Net Income
 The Company defines Adjusted Net Income as net income adjusted for other (income) expense, net, stock-based compensation expense for equity-settled awards, material asset impairment charges and restructuring expenses, as applicable, each net of tax. Adjusted Net Income margin is calculated as Adjusted Net Income as a percentage of revenue.

 The table below reconciles net income to Adjusted Net Income.

 (in millions, unless otherwise stated)
 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Other (income) expense, net
 (8)
 (13)

 —
 —

 —
 —

 (1)
 —

 Tax effect of adjustments(a)

 —
 (2)

 Adjusted Net Income
 $
 $
 $

 $
 2,870
 $
 2,678
 $
 2,520

 Net income margin
 12.0
 %
 10.3
 %
 12.3
 %

 Adjusted Net Income margin
 12.6
 %
 11.4
 %
 12.7
 %

 __________________
 (a)The Company computed the tax effect of adjustments to net earnings by applying the statutory tax rate in the relevant jurisdictions to the taxable income or expense items that are adjusted in the period presented. If a valuation allowance exists, the rate applied is zero.
 Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share
 The Company defines Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share as diluted earnings per share attributable to stockholders of UL Solutions adjusted for other (income) expense, net, stock-based compensation expense for equity-settled awards, material asset impairment charges and restructuring expenses, as applicable.
 The table below reconciles diluted earnings per share to Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Diluted earnings per share

 $
 1.62
 $
 1.30
 $
 1.47

 Other (income) expense, net
 (0.04)
 (0.07)
 0.06

 0.12
 —
 —

 —
 0.19
 —

 (0.01)
 0.02
 —

 Tax effect of adjustments(a)

 0.01
 —
 (0.01)

 Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share
 $
 1.70
 $
 1.44
 $
 1.52

 (a)The Company computed the tax effect of adjustments to net earnings by applying the statutory tax rate in the relevant jurisdictions to the taxable income or expense items that are adjusted in the period presented. If a valuation allowance exists, the rate applied is zero.
 Free Cash Flow
 The Company defines Free Cash Flow as cash from operating activities less cash outlays related to capital expenditures. The Company defines capital expenditures to include purchases of property, plant and equipment and capitalized software. These items are subtracted from cash from operating activities because they represent long-term investments that are required for normal business activities.
 The table below reconciles net cash provided by operating activities to Free Cash Flow.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 $
 $
 $

 Capital expenditures
 (237)
 (215)
 (164)

 Free Cash Flow
 $
 $
 $

 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 Overview
 The Company's primary sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents on hand, cash flows from operating activities and cash borrowed under a credit agreement with Bank of America, N.A. and certain other lenders, which provides for senior unsecured credit facilities in an aggregate principal amount of $1,250 million (collectively, the "Credit Facility"). The Company believes the combination of cash and cash equivalents on hand, the generation of cash from operating activities, funds available under the Credit Facility and the Company's ability to access the capital markets provide sufficient liquidity to meet the Company's cash requirements for working capital, capital expenditures, service of indebtedness and to address other needs for the next twelve months and the foreseeable future thereafter, as well as to finance acquisitions, make contributions to the Company's pension and postretirement plans and pay dividends to stockholders as the Company's board of directors deems appropriate.
 The Company's cash flows from operations, borrowing availability and overall liquidity are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including those referenced in the section titled "Risk Factors" in Part I Item 1A. In addition, the Company cannot predict whether or when it may enter into acquisitions, joint ventures or dispositions, make contributions to the Company's pension and postretirement plans, pay dividends, or what impact any such transactions could have on the Company's financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $298 million in cash and cash equivalents and $745 million of unused availability under the Credit Facility and access to an accordion feature permitting an increase in the Credit Facility by an aggregate amount of up to $625 million (of which up to $400 million may consist of term loans), subject to the consent of any lenders providing such increase, the absence of any default or event of default and entry into customary documentation with respect to such increase.
 Cash Flows
 The following table is a summary of the Company's cash flow activity:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 $
 $
 $

 Net cash used in investing activities
 $
 (234)
 $
 (175)
 $
 (238)

 Net cash used in financing activities
 $
 (284)
 $
 (294)
 $
 (1,116)

 Cash flows from operating activities
 Net cash provided by operating activities was $524 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $57 million compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $467 million for the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily driven by higher net income due to business performance and lower payments on the Company's CSARs during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023.
 Cash flows from investing activities
 Net cash used in investing activities was $234 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $59 million compared to net cash used in investing activities of $175 million for the same period in 2023. The increase in cash used in investing activities was primarily driven by a $49 million net decrease in cash received from sales of investments and a $22 million increase in capital expenditures during the current period, partially offset by a $25 million increase in proceeds from divestitures during the current period.
 Cash flows from financing activities
 Net cash used in financing activities was $284 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $10 million compared to net cash used in financing activities of $294 million for the same period in 2023. The change was primarily driven by the $600 million special cash dividend paid to UL Standards & Engagement in 2023 that did not reoccur in the current year, partially offset by repayments net of proceeds of $165 million, primarily on the revolving credit facility and

 term loan during the current year compared to proceeds net of repayments of $410 million from the senior notes issuance and the revolving credit facility during the same period in 2023.
 Capital Expenditures
 The Company makes strategic investments in capital expenditures to enable growth by expanding testing capacity to meet increased demand, to enable new capabilities and product offerings and to increase the efficiency of the Company's processes. Capital expenditures include the building and refurbishment of laboratories and office space, the replacement and upgrade of existing laboratory equipment at the end of its useful life, and investments in technology for internal-use and sale to customers through product development of new software and enhancements of existing software. Cash paid for capital expenditures increased $22 million, to $237 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $215 million for the same period in 2023.
 Long-Term Debt
 Credit Facility
 In January 2022, the Company entered into a credit agreement with Bank of America, N.A. and certain other lenders, which provides for senior unsecured credit facilities in an aggregate principal amount of $1,250 million (collectively, the "Credit Facility"), consisting of term loans in an initial aggregate principal amount of $500 million and revolving loan commitments in an initial aggregate commitment amount of $750 million (including a $25 million sub-facility for letters of credit). The Credit Facility includes an accordion feature permitting an increase in the Credit Facility by an aggregate amount of up to $625 million (of which up to $400 million may consist of term loans), subject to the consent of any lenders providing such increase, the absence of any default or event of default and entry into customary documentation with respect to such increase. The Company's wholly owned subsidiary, UL LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, provides a guaranty of its obligations thereunder. Proceeds from the Credit Facility in January 2022, which included $500 million in term loans and $200 million in draws from the revolving loan commitments, were used to replace the Company's previous revolving credit facilities and partially fund payment of a $1,600 million special cash dividend that was declared and paid to UL Standards & Engagement in January 2022, as well as for general corporate purposes. The Credit Facility matures in January 2027 and may be prepaid without fees or penalties. The Company made repayments of $56 million in 2024 related to the term loan, repayments of $110 million, net of proceeds, in 2024, related to the revolving credit facility, and received proceeds of $110 million, net of repayments, in 2023 related to the revolving credit facility. The Company had $6 million and $7 million outstanding in letters of credit, surety bonds, and performance and other guarantees with financial institutions as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 In June 2024, the Company entered into an amendment (the "First Credit Facility Amendment") to the Credit Facility with Bank of America, N.A. and certain other lenders. The First Credit Facility Amendment provided, among other things, for (i) the replacement of the Bloomberg Short-term Bank Yield ("BSBY") with Term SOFR plus a SOFR adjustment as a benchmark rate for interest periods commencing subsequent to June 28, 2024; (ii) UL Solutions Inc., which was previously the guarantor of the facility, became the named borrower, and UL LLC, which was previously the named borrower, became the guarantor. The foregoing summary of certain provisions of the First Credit Facility Amendment is qualified in its entirety by reference to the amendment filed as Exhibit 10.62 to this Annual Report.
 Effective from the date of the First Credit Facility Amendment, borrowings under the Credit Facility bear interest at a rate per annum equal to, at the Company's option, (a) in the case of U.S. dollar loans, the Term SOFR plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.1% plus a margin, and for all other currencies, a specified benchmark rate for the applicable currency plus, in certain instances, a specified spread adjustment plus a margin (loans with a rate based on this clause (a), "benchmark rate loans") or (b) for U.S. dollar loans only, the base rate plus a margin (loans with a rate based on this clause (b), "base rate loans"). Prior to the First Credit Facility Amendment, borrowings bore interest on the same terms with the exception that the BSBY Index rate plus a margin was used as the base rate in place of Term SOFR. As of December 31, 2024, the margin was 1.125% for benchmark rate loans and 0.125% for base rate loans but may be adjusted based on the Company's most recently tested consolidated net leverage ratio and may vary from 1.0% to 1.5% for benchmark rate loans and 0% to 0.5% for base rate loans. The unused commitment fee varies from 0.1% to 0.2% based on the Company's most recently tested consolidated net leverage ratio.
 The Credit Facility also includes a financial covenant tested quarterly which requires the Company to maintain a consolidated net leverage ratio of not greater than 3.5 to 1.0, calculated on a consolidated basis for each consecutive four fiscal quarter period, with an increase in the maintenance level to 4.0 to 1.0 for each of the four test periods immediately following any permitted acquisition that involves the payment of aggregate consideration in excess of $100 million, subject to a two fiscal

 quarter rest period between increases for separate acquisitions. The calculation of the consolidated net leverage ratio permits the netting of up to $250 million of unrestricted cash from funded debt. As of December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under this facility.
 The Credit Facility includes customary representations and warranties, covenants and events of default, subject to certain customary exceptions, materiality thresholds and grace periods. The covenants include, among other things, financial reporting, maintenance of line of business, notices of default and other material changes, as well as limitations on investments and acquisitions, mergers and transfers of all or substantially all assets, dividends and distributions, burdensome contracts with affiliates, liens and indebtedness. Future borrowings under the Credit Facility are subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions, including the absence of any default or event of default and the accuracy of representations and warranties.
 Senior Notes
 In October 2023, the Company issued $300 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.500% senior notes due 2028 (the "notes"). The notes are senior unsecured obligations of UL Solutions Inc. and are unconditionally guaranteed by UL LLC, the Company's wholly owned subsidiary. The Company used the net proceeds from the offering of the notes, together with borrowings under the Credit Facility and cash on hand, to fund a special cash dividend, which was paid to UL Standards & Engagement in December 2023. See "—Dividends."
 Interest on the notes accrues at 6.500% per annum. The Company pays interest on the notes semi-annually in arrears on April 20 and October 20 of each year, which began on April 20, 2024.
 Pursuant to the indenture that governs the notes (the "indenture"), there are certain limitations on the ability of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries to create or incur liens and to enter into sale and leaseback transactions. The indenture also imposes certain limitations on the ability of the Company to merge, consolidate or amalgamate with or into any other person (other than a merger of a wholly owned subsidiary into the Company) or sell, transfer, assign, lease, convey or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the property of the Company in any one transaction or series of related transactions. These limitations are subject to significant exceptions.
 If a change of control triggering event occurs, as defined in the indenture, UL Solutions will be required to offer to purchase the notes at a price equal to 101% of their principal amount, together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any. The Company may also redeem some or all of the notes at any time prior to their maturity pursuant to the indenture's provisions and limitations.
 In connection with the offering, the Company also entered into a registration rights agreement for the benefit of the holders of the notes, under which the Company is required to conduct an offer to exchange the notes pursuant to a registration statement filed with the SEC within 730 days after the original issue date of the notes or otherwise pay additional interest on the notes.
 Dividends
 On February 11, 2025, the Company declared a regular cash dividend of 13 cents per share. The Company paid regular quarterly cash dividends on its common stock of 12.5 cents per share in 2024 and 10 cents per share in 2023. The Company will periodically assess the size of the regular quarterly dividend based on its dividend policy and certain factors described in this Annual Report. The Company cannot give any assurance that it will continue to declare dividends in any particular amounts, or at all, in the future.
 For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company paid dividends to stockholders of $100 million. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company paid dividends of $680 million to its then sole stockholder, UL Standards & Engagement, which comprised quarterly dividends of $20 million and a $600 million special cash dividend during December of 2023.
 Under the Company's dividend policy, the determination as to the declaration and payment of dividends, if any, is at the discretion of the Company's board of directors, subject to capital availability, applicable laws and compliance with contractual restrictions and covenants in the agreements governing the Company's current and future indebtedness. Any such determination will also depend upon periodic determinations by the Company's board of directors that cash dividends are in the best interest of the Company's stockholders, and will be based upon its earnings, cash flow, business outlook and prospects, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, future cash requirements and availability and other factors that the Company's board of directors may deem relevant.

 The jurisdictions in which the Company's subsidiaries are incorporated generally have corporate law restrictions on the ability to pay dividends, which the Company is required to observe when effecting intra-group dividends. There are, however, generally no regulatory restrictions on the ability of most of the Company's subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions; however, UL-CCIC Company Limited ("UL-CCIC") and the Company's other Chinese subsidiaries are subject to certain regulatory controls on foreign exchange in China. The State Administration for Foreign Exchange ("SAFE"), under the authority of the People's Bank of China, is in charge of the conversion of renminbi into other currencies and the remittance thereof abroad and, under Chinese foreign exchange regulations, cash generated from UL-CCIC may not be used to pay dividends without SAFE approval. The Company must also obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from its China-based operations, including UL-CCIC, to pay debts in a currency other than renminbi owed to entities outside China, or to make capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than renminbi. In addition, the payment of dividends by UL-CCIC requires the approval of both of its shareholders.
 Contractual Obligations
 The Company has purchase obligations related to agreements to purchase goods and services that are enforceable and legally binding, and that specify all significant terms, including the goods to be purchased or services to be rendered, the price at which the goods or services are to be rendered, and the timing of the transactions. Purchase obligations exclude liabilities that are included on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet and include commitments for outsourced services, facilities, capital expenditures, cloud service arrangements and various other types of noncancelable contracts.
 Refer to Item 8, "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements", Note 19, "Commitments and Contingencies" for information about the Company's noncancelable purchase obligations.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 For a discussion of new accounting pronouncements recently adopted and not yet adopted, refer to Item 8, "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements", Note 1, " Significant Accounting Policies".

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 The Company prepares its consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. While the majority of the Company's revenue, expenses, assets and liabilities are not based on estimates, there are certain accounting principles that require management to make judgments and estimates regarding matters that are uncertain and susceptible to change. Critical accounting policies are defined as those policies that are reflective of significant judgments, estimates and uncertainties, which could potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. Management regularly reviews the estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of the financial statements for reasonableness and adequacy. The Company's estimates are based on historical experience, current conditions and various other assumptions that the Company believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates and assumptions. To the extent that there are differences between estimates and actual results, the Company's future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be affected.
 The Company's significant accounting policies are discussed in Item 8, "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements", Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies"; however, the following discussion pertains to accounting policies the Company believes are most critical to the portrayal of the Company's financial condition and results of operations and that require significant, difficult, subjective or complex judgments or estimates. Other companies in similar businesses may use different estimation policies and methodologies, which may affect the comparability of the Company's financial statements, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows to those of other companies.
 Revenue Recognition
 The majority of the Company's revenue from contracts with customers represents revenue from services recognized over time as performance obligations are satisfied. The appropriate measure of progress is an input method, however, the amount of revenue to be recognized requires the Company to make estimates, in particular in relation to measuring progress towards completion.
 For the Company's Certification Testing and Non-certification Testing and Other Services arrangements recognized over time, until April 1, 2022, the Company measured progress towards completion based on the relationship between time elapsed and expected project duration, which was considered the most indicative of the Company's performance to date under the terms of the contract. The portion of the project's revenue to be recognized was determined based on the percentage

 of time elapsed for the project during the period relative to expected project duration. The start-date was determined by the receipt of a confirmed order, and the end-date was determined by the completion of the order's deliverables. Beginning April 1, 2022, the Company measures progress towards completion of these contracts based on the relationship between time elapsed of each project phase relative to the expected duration of that phase. Project phase data was not previously available and is considered a more precise measure of the Company's performance to-date under the terms of the contract. The portion of a project's revenue to be recognized is determined based on the time elapsed between the start-date of each project phase relative to its estimated duration. The start-date of each phase is based on the date that work begins on the phase and the estimated duration is determined using an analysis of historical data from similar projects. Management applies judgment in determining the expected duration of each phase. The portion of a project's revenue estimated as earned, but not yet completed, and recognized as revenue, is included in contract assets or as a reduction to contract liabilities.
 A 10% increase or decrease to estimated duration of all revenue phases would result in a $3 million decrease or a 3 million increase in revenue, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2024 based on contracts in-process at the balance sheet date.
 Goodwill
 Goodwill is tested for impairment annually in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if an event occurs or conditions change that would indicate it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying amount. The Company's reporting units have been identified as one level below its operating segments. The goodwill impairment testing is performed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognizing an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value.
 To evaluate the recoverability of a reporting unit's goodwill the Company has the option to first perform a qualitative analysis. If the qualitative analysis indicates it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying amount, the Company performs a quantitative impairment assessment for that reporting unit. The Company did not perform a qualitative analysis for any of its reporting units for the years ended December 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.
 The Company's quantitative assessment consists of a fair value calculation for each reporting unit that combines an income approach and a market approach, using an equal weighting. The quantitative assessment requires the application of a number of significant assumptions which are further described below, including estimated future cash flows of the reporting unit, discount rates, and market multiples.
 The fair value using the income approach is determined based on the present value of estimated future cash flows of the reporting unit, discounted at an appropriate risk adjusted rate. The Company uses its internally developed long-range plans to estimate future cash flows and include an estimate of long term future growth rates based on its most recent views of the long term outlook for each reporting unit. Development of the Company's long-range plans includes consideration of current and projected levels of income for the reporting unit based on management's plans for that business, business trends, market and economic conditions, as well as other relevant factors. The discount rate is based on the weighted average cost of capital for the reporting unit. The Company uses discount rates that are commensurate with the risks and uncertainty inherent in the respective businesses and in the Company's long-range plans.
 The fair value using the market approach is derived from market multiples using comparable publicly traded companies for a group of benchmark companies. The selection of comparable businesses is based on the markets in which the reporting units operate given consideration to risk profiles, size, geography and diversity of products and services.
 During the third quarter of 2023, the Company identified a triggering event and performed a quantitative impairment assessment for a reporting unit in the Consumer segment, which resulted in a pre-tax impairment charge of $37 million. This partial impairment charge was the result of lower than expected demand for Non-certification Testing and Other Services in the mobility industry, which has been impacted by auto industry conditions in 2023, including slowing of the pace of electric vehicle transition, labor uncertainties, and the impact of more moderate growth expectations for the business. At December 31, 2024, the remaining goodwill related to this reporting unit was no longer considered at risk of further impairment.
 The impairment assessment for this reporting unit consisted of a fair value calculation that combined an income approach and a market approach, using an equal weighting, and a number of significant assumptions including estimated future revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins, discount rates and market multiples. The fair value using the income approach was determined based on the present value of the estimated future cash flows of the reporting unit, discounted using the weighted average cost of capital. The Company used its internally developed long-range plans to estimate future cash flows for the business, which included estimated future revenue growth rates and EBITDA margins. Development of the long-range plans

 includes consideration of current and projected levels of income for the reporting unit based on management's plans for the business, business trends, market and economic conditions, as well as other relevant factors. The fair value using the market approach was derived from market multiples using comparable publicly traded companies for a group of benchmark companies. The selection of comparable businesses was based on the markets in which the reporting unit operates given consideration to risk profiles, size, geography and diversity of products and services. These estimates and assumptions were considered Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy. The Company believes the assumptions used in the impairment assessment are reasonable and consistent with assumptions that would be used by other market participants. However, such assumptions are inherently uncertain, and a change in assumptions could change the estimated fair value of the reporting unit. Therefore, future impairment charges could be required, which could have an adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations.
 The Company engaged a third-party valuation specialist to assist in the analysis of the fair value of this reporting unit. All judgments, significant assumptions and estimates, and forecasts were either provided by or reviewed by management. While a third-party valuation specialist was used for assistance, the fair value analysis reflects the conclusions of management and not those of any third party.
 The following table illustrates the impact of changes in the significant assumptions used in the income and market approaches on the fair value of the reporting unit, holding all other assumptions constant:

 Decrease to fair value determined by respective approach

 Income approach

 Revenue growth rate in each year of the forecast period
 -100bps
 $

 EBITDA margin in each year of the forecast period
 -100bps
 $

 +100bps
 $

 Market approach

 Market multiples
 -10
 %
 $

 The Company did not recognize any impairments of goodwill for the years ended December 31 2024 or 2022.
 Pension
 The Company provides a range of benefits to its employees and retired employees, as well as employees and retired employees of UL Research Institutes and UL Standards & Engagement, including a pension plan. Most of the Company's pension plans are closed to new entrants. The Company records amounts relating to these plans based on various actuarial assumptions. Significant assumptions used in estimating the projected benefit obligation of the Company's plans include the discount rate and the expected return on plan assets. Other assumptions include health care cost trends and demographic factors such as retirement patterns, mortality, turnover and rate of compensation increases. The Company reviews its actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and make modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends when appropriate. The Company believes the assumptions utilized in recording the obligations under its plans are reasonable based on the Company's experience and on advice from the Company's independent actuaries; however, differences in actual experience or changes in the assumptions may materially affect the funded status of the plans and the net periodic benefit cost. It is reasonably likely that changes in external factors will result in changes to the assumptions used to measure the Company's pension plans.
 For a description of the Company's pension plans and the related accounting estimates, refer to Item 8, "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements", Note 12 "Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans".
 The projected benefit obligation represents the present value of the benefits that employees are entitled to in the future for services already rendered as of the measurement date. The Company measures the present value of these future benefits on a plan-by-plan basis by matching projected benefit payment cash flows for each future period with the yields of a portfolio of

 high quality, fixed-income debt instruments that would produce cash flows sufficient in timing and amount to settle projected future benefits. The Company uses the full yield curve rather than a single discount rate. Service cost and interest cost are measured separately using the spot rate approach applied to each corresponding obligation. Service costs are determined based on duration-specific spot rates applied to the service cost cash flows. The interest cost calculation is determined by applying duration-specific spot rates to the year-by-year projected benefit payments. The spot rate approach does not affect the measurement of the total projected benefit obligation as the change in service and interest costs offset in the actuarial gains and losses recorded in other comprehensive income.
 Using this methodology, the Company determined discount rates used in the measurement of the benefit obligation and the net periodic benefit costs for its plans were as follows:

 Pension

 U.S.

 Benefit obligation

 December 31, 2024
 5.7
 %
 0.9 - 4.6%

 December 31, 2023
 5.0
 %
 1.3 - 4.7%

 Net periodic benefit cost

 December 31, 2024
 5.0
 %
 1.3 - 4.7%

 December 31, 2023
 5.2
 %
 1.6 - 5.2%

 December 31, 2022
 3.0
 %
 0.8 - 4.2%

 The following table illustrates the impact on 2024 net periodic benefit costs of a 100 basis point change in the discount rate used to measure net periodic benefit costs, holding all other assumptions constant:

 Increase (Decrease) in Net Periodic Benefit Cost

 (in millions, pre-tax)
 -1.0%
 +1.0%

 U.S. pension plan
 $
 $
 (3)

 Non U.S. pension plans
 —
 (1)

 Expected Annual Rate of Return on Plan Assets
 Another significant element in determining the Company's pension expense is the expected return on plan assets. The expected return on plan assets is based on strategic asset allocation of the plan, long-term capital market return expectations, and expected performance from active investment management.
 The Company follows ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement in determining the fair value of plan assets within its pension plans. While the Company believes the valuation methods used to determine the fair value of plan assets are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.
 Under this methodology, the expected and actual return on plan assets were as follows:

 U.S.

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Expected rate of return on plan assets
 6.9
 %
 7.8
 %
 6.0
 %

 2.4 - 5.6%

 1.6 - 5.6%

 1.2 - 4.8%

 Actual rate of return on plan assets
 10.2
 %
 16.7
 %
 (15.5)
 %
 2.9 - 9.9%

 1.0 - 18.1%

 (38.2) - 9.8%

 The following table illustrates the impact on 2024 net periodic benefit costs of a 100 basis point change in the expected return on plan assets used to measure net periodic benefit costs, holding all other assumptions constant:

 Increase (Decrease) in Net Periodic Benefit Cost

 (in millions, pre-tax)
 -1.0%
 +1.0%

 U.S. pension plan
 $
 $
 (2)

 Non U.S. pension plans
 (1)

 Income Taxes
 The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using current enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which temporary differences are expected to reverse. The Company evaluates the likelihood of realizing the benefit of its deferred tax assets and may record a valuation allowance if, based on all available evidence, the Company determines that some portion of the tax benefit will not be realized. When assessing the need for a valuation allowance, the Company considers a number of factors, including three years of cumulative operating income/(loss), expected future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies.
 The Company evaluates its exposures associated with various tax filing positions and recognizes a tax benefit only if it is more-likely-than-not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the relevant taxing authorities, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that is more-likely-than-not to be realized upon settlement. The Company adjusts its liability for unrecognized tax benefits in the period they are settled, the statute of limitations expires, or when new information becomes available.
 The Company has generated income in certain foreign jurisdictions that may be subject to additional foreign withholding taxes and U.S. state income taxes, if repatriated. The Company regularly reviews its plans for reinvestment or repatriation of unremitted foreign earnings and has recorded deferred tax liabilities on certain foreign subsidiaries' unremitted earnings that are not considered permanently reinvested. The Company's assertion on indefinite reinvestment of foreign earnings is based upon assumptions of future liquidity needs of the business and cash flow projections of the affiliates. Should these assumptions change, certain foreign earnings may no longer be considered indefinitely reinvested. If these amounts were distributed to the United States, in the form of dividends or otherwise, the Company may be subject to additional foreign withholding taxes and U.S. state income taxes, which could be material.
 The Company's income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management's best assessment of estimated current and future taxes to be paid. Deferred tax asset valuation allowances and liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits require significant management judgment regarding applicable statutes and their related interpretation, the status of various income tax audits and particular facts and circumstances. Although the Company believes that the judgments and estimates made by management are reasonable, actual results, including forecasted business performance could differ, and the Company may be exposed to losses or gains that could be material. To the extent the Company prevails in matters for which a liability has been established or are required to pay amounts in excess of the established liability, the effective income tax rate in a given financial statement period could be materially affected.

 ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 The Company is exposed to market risk in the ordinary course of business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact the Company's financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates, such as interest and foreign currency exchange rates and equity prices. The Company's market risk exposure is primarily a result of exposure to potential changes in interest rates or inflation and the resulting impact on investment income and interest expense. The Company does not hold financial instruments for trading purposes.
 Interest Rate Risk
 The Company's operating results are subject to risk from interest rate fluctuations on its Credit Facility, which carries variable interest rates. Because the Company's borrowings bear interest at a variable rate, the Company is exposed to market

 risks relating to changes in interest rates. The Company is also exposed to interest rate risk associated with its cash and cash equivalents balances. The Company does not currently use derivative financial instruments in its investment portfolio.
 In October 2023, the Company issued $300 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.500% senior notes due 2028, which contributed to the increase of the Company's interest expense in 2023 and 2024. The notes carry a fixed interest rate (coupon rate) and as such, are not exposed to interest rates fluctuations risk until their expected maturity in 2028.
 In June 2024, the Company entered into an amendment (the "First Credit Facility Amendment") to the Credit Facility with Bank of America, N.A. and certain other lenders. The First Credit Facility Amendment provided, among other things, for (i) the replacement of BSBY with Term SOFR plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10% as a benchmark rate for interest periods commencing subsequent to June 28, 2024; (ii) UL Solutions Inc., which was previously the guarantor of the facility, became the named borrower, and UL LLC, which was previously the named borrower, became the guarantor.
 During 2024, the variable interest rates applicable to both benchmark rate loans and base rate loans under the Credit Facility generally fluctuated in line with interest rate changes in the marketplace and are expected to continue fluctuating with any future Federal Reserve Board interest rate changes and future changes to the SOFR Index. In addition, increases in interest expense are considered with other expense increases that may be passed, in whole or in part, along to the Company's customers; however, the Company does not expect increases in interest expenses to materially impact pricing strategy in the near term. The increased interest payments on the Company's variable-rate debt are not material to the Company's overall liquidity position and have not impacted, and are not expected to have an impact on, the Company's ability to make timely payments under the Credit Facility or its other obligations. Furthermore, while interest rates impact management's evaluation of capital expenditure projects, the overall cash flows required to support the Company's planned investments have not been materially impacted. Thus, fluctuations in interest rates have not had a material impact on the Company's financial condition.
 The interest rate for the Company's term loan as of December 31, 2024 was 5.58%, which was a floating rate based on the Term SOFR plus a SOFR adjustment plus a margin. A hypothetical 100 basis point change in interest rates affecting the Credit Facility would result in a change to the annual interest expense of approximately $4 million, based on outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2024. A hypothetical 100 basis point change in interest rates affecting the Company's cash and cash equivalents would not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements. Notwithstanding the Company's efforts to manage interest rate risk, there can be no assurances that the Company will be adequately protected against the risks associated with interest rate fluctuations.
 Foreign Currency Risk
 With global operations, the Company has foreign currency risk related to its revenues and expenses denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the euro, Japanese yen, New Taiwan dollar, Chinese renminbi, Korean won, British pound sterling, Mexican peso and Singapore dollar. Foreign currency gains (losses) are recorded in net income as transactions occur. Changes in exchange rates may substantially affect, either positively or negatively, the revenues and expenses, as expressed in U.S. dollars, of the Company's foreign subsidiaries with functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Assuming a hypothetical change of 10% in the average foreign currency exchange rate for the year ended December 31, 2024, the effect on operating income would not be material. The Company is also subject to foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with the translation of local currencies of its foreign subsidiaries into U.S. dollars.
 The Company's results of operations are exposed to foreign currency exchange risk related to intercompany loan and operating balances between subsidiaries that are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the euro and Korean won. A transaction made in a currency that differs from the local entity's functional currency is first remeasured at the entity's functional currency. Subsequent foreign currency exchange rate changes result in foreign currency gains (losses) that are recognized in net income. If the transaction is already denominated in the entity's functional currency, only the translation to U.S. dollar reporting is necessary. The remeasurement process required by GAAP for such intercompany loan and operating balances will give rise to foreign exchange gains (losses), which could materially impact the Company's results of operations.

 ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
 Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Page

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB Auditor ID: 238)

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of UL Solutions Inc.
 Opinion on the Financial Statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of UL Solutions Inc. and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income, of stockholders' equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
 Basis for Opinion
 These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.
 Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 Critical Audit Matters
 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
 Revenue Recognition - Contracts with Performance Obligations Satisfied Over-Time Using an Input Method
 As described in Notes 1 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements, revenues from contracts with performance obligations satisfied over time using an input method make up a majority of the Company's certification testing revenues of $784 million and non-certification testing and other services revenues of $860 million. Management measures progress towards completion of these contracts based on the relationship between time elapsed of each project phase relative to the expected duration of that phase. The portion of a project's revenue to be recognized is determined based on the time elapsed between the start-date of each project phase relative to its estimated duration. The start-date of each phase is based on the date that work begins on the phase and the estimated duration is determined using an analysis of historical data from similar projects. Management applies judgment in determining the expected duration of each phase. The portion of a project's revenue estimated as earned, but not yet completed, and recognized as revenue, is included in contract assets or as a reduction of contract liabilities.

 The principal consideration for our determination that performing procedures relating to revenue recognition for contracts with performance obligations satisfied over-time using an input method is a critical audit matter is a high degree of effort in performing procedures related to the Company's revenue recognition.
 Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of certain controls relating to the revenue recognition process for contracts with performance obligations satisfied over time using an input method. These procedures also included, among others (i) evaluating and testing management's process for determining the expected duration of each project phase for a sample of contracts by considering the historical data from similar projects; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the input method; and (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the input method for a sample of contracts.

 /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
 Chicago, Illinois
 February 20, 2025

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2008.

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 (in millions, except per share data)
 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 2,870
 $
 2,678
 $
 2,520

 Cost of revenue
 1,477
 1,398
 1,313

 Selling, general and administrative expenses

 —
 —

 Operating income

 Interest expense
 ( 55)
 ( 35)
 ( 17)

 Other income (expense), net
 ( 12)

 Income before income taxes

 Income tax expense

 Less: net income attributable to non-controlling interests

 Net income attributable to stockholders of UL Solutions
 $
 $
 $

 Earnings per common share:

 Basic
 $
 1.63
 $
 1.30
 $
 1.47

 Diluted
 $
 1.62
 $
 1.30
 $
 1.47

 Weighted average common shares outstanding:

 Basic

 Diluted

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:

 Pension and postretirement benefit plans, net of tax of $ 5, $ 5, and $ 31

 Foreign currency translation (loss) gain
 ( 40)
 ( 42)

 Total other comprehensive (loss) income
 ( 22)

 Comprehensive income

 Less: comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests

 Comprehensive income attributable to stockholders of UL Solutions
 $
 $
 $

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 As of December 31,

 (in millions, except per share data)
 2024
 2023

 Assets

 Current assets:

 $
 $

 Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $ 9 and $ 9

 Contract assets, net of allowance of $ 1 and $ 1

 Other current assets

 Total current assets

 Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $ 772 and $ 737

 Goodwill

 Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $ 239 and $ 232

 Operating lease right-of-use assets

 Deferred income taxes

 Capitalized software, net of accumulated amortization of $ 427 and $ 382

 Other assets

 Total Assets
 $
 2,800
 $
 2,736

 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

 Current liabilities:

 Current portion of long-term debt
 $
 $
 —

 Accounts payable

 Accrued compensation and benefits

 Operating lease liabilities - current

 Contract liabilities

 Other current liabilities

 Total current liabilities

 Long-term debt

 Pension and postretirement benefit plans

 Operating lease liabilities

 Other liabilities

 Total Liabilities
 1,869
 2,058

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 19)

 Stockholders' equity:

 Class A common stock, $ 0.001 per share, 62 million and 200 million shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 —
 —

 Class B common stock, $ 0.001 per share, 138 million and 0 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 —
 —

 Additional paid-in capital

 Retained earnings

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 167)
 ( 146)

 Total stockholders' equity before non-controlling interests

 Non-controlling interests

 Total Stockholders' Equity

 Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
 $
 2,800
 $
 2,736

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

 (in millions, except per share data)
 Common Stock
 Additional Paid-in Capital
 Retained
Earnings
 Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Loss
 Non-controlling
Interests
 Total

 Balance at December 31, 2021
 $
 —
 $
 1,009
 $
 1,518
 $
 ( 216)
 $
 $
 2,332

 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1)

 Dividend to stockholder of UL Solutions ($ 8.00 per share)

 —
 —
 ( 1,600)
 —
 —
 ( 1,600)

 Dividend to non-controlling interest
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 13)
 ( 13)

 Balance at December 31, 2022
 $
 —
 $
 1,009
 $
 $
 ( 166)
 $
 $
 1,077

 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive income, net of tax
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Dividends to stockholder of UL Solutions ($ 3.40 per share)

 —
 ( 233)
 ( 447)
 —
 —
 ( 680)

 Dividend to non-controlling interest
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 15)
 ( 15)

 Balance at December 31, 2023
 $
 —
 $
 $
 $
 ( 146)
 $
 $

 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
 —
 —
 —
 ( 21)
 ( 1)
 ( 22)

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Dividends to stockholders of UL Solutions ($ 0.50 per share)

 —
 —
 ( 100)
 —
 —
 ( 100)

 Dividend to non-controlling interest
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 15)
 ( 15)

 Balance at December 31, 2024
 $
 —
 $
 $
 $
 ( 167)
 $
 $

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Operating activities

 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flows provided by operating activities:

 —
 —

 Gains on divestitures
 ( 24)
 ( 2)
 —

 —
 —

 Losses on foreign exchange transactions

 Losses (gains) on investments, net
 ( 6)
 ( 18)

 Deferred income taxes
 ( 6)

 Pension settlement losses
 —
 —

 Other, net

 Changes in assets and liabilities, excluding the effects of acquisitions and divestitures:

 Accounts receivable
 ( 31)
 ( 15)

 Contract and other assets
 ( 33)
 ( 12)

 Accounts payable
 ( 18)

 Accrued expenses
 ( 28)
 ( 85)

 Pension and postretirement benefit plans
 ( 9)

 Contract and other liabilities
 —

 Net cash flows provided by operating activities

 Investing activities

 Capital expenditures
 ( 237)
 ( 215)
 ( 164)

 Acquisitions, net of cash acquired
 ( 26)
 ( 18)
 ( 66)

 Proceeds from divestitures
 —

 Sales of investments
 —

 Purchases of investments
 —
 ( 95)
 ( 162)

 Other investing activities, net
 —
 ( 1)

 Net cash flows used in investing activities
 ( 234)
 ( 175)
 ( 238)

 Financing activities

 Proceeds from long-term debt

 Repayments of long-term debt
 ( 346)
 ( 30)
 ( 200)

 Dividends to stockholders of UL Solutions
 ( 100)
 ( 680)
 ( 1,600)

 Dividends to non-controlling interest
 ( 15)
 ( 14)
 ( 13)

 Other financing activities, net
 ( 4)
 ( 10)
 ( 3)

 Net cash flows used in financing activities
 ( 284)
 ( 294)
 ( 1,116)

 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
 ( 23)
 ( 5)
 ( 24)

 Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents
 ( 17)
 ( 7)
 ( 1,006)

 Beginning of period
 1,328

 End of period
 $
 $
 $

 Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information

 Cash paid during the period for interest
 $
 $
 $

 Cash paid during the period for income taxes

 Cash paid during the period for stock-based compensation

 Noncash investing and financing activities

 Capital expenditures funded by liabilities
 $
 $
 $

 Conversion of stock-based compensation awards to equity (Note 18)

 —
 —

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements

 Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 1. Significant Accounting Policies
 Description of Business
 UL Solutions Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, "UL Solutions" and the "Company") is a global safety science leader that provides independent third-party testing, inspection and certification services and related software and advisory offerings. Underwriters Laboratories Inc. ("UL Research Institutes") is the sole member of ULSE Inc. ("UL Standards & Engagement"), which controls the majority of the voting power of the Company's common stock.
 The Company serves its customers, manages the business and reports its financial results through three segments: Industrial, Consumer, and Software and Advisory ("S&A"). The Company generates revenue in these segments and the following service categories: Certification Testing; Ongoing Certification Services; Non-certification Testing and Other Services; and Software.
 Public Offerings
 On April 16, 2024, the Company completed its initial public offering of an aggregate of 38,870,000 shares of Class A common stock (the "IPO") by UL Standards & Engagement at a price to the public of $ 28.00 per share. On September 9, 2024, the Company completed a follow-on public offering of an aggregate of 23,000,000 shares of Class A common stock by UL Standards & Engagement at a price to the public of $ 49.00 per share. The Company did not receive any proceeds from these offerings. Refer to Note 16 for further information.
 Basis of Presentation
 The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities for which the Company has determined it is the primary beneficiary. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The Company accounts for investments in businesses using the equity method when it has significant influence but not control (generally between 20% and 50% ownership) and is not the primary beneficiary. The significant accounting policies, as summarized below, conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("US GAAP"). The Company has reclassified certain amounts in prior period financial statements to conform to the current period's presentation.
 Effective April 1, 2022, the Company changed the inputs used to estimate the revenue recognition pattern of Certification Testing and Non-certification Testing and Other Services arrangements recognized over time. Previously measurement was based on the relationship between time elapsed and expected project duration, which was considered the most indicative of the Company's performance to date under the terms of the contract. Beginning April 1, 2022, the Company measures progress towards completion of these contracts based on the relationship between time elapsed of each project phase relative to the expected duration of that phase. Project phase data was not previously available and is considered a more precise measure of the Company's performance to-date under the terms of the contract. Refer to the revenue recognition section of Note 1 for additional information.
 Use of Estimates
 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates are inherently uncertain and actual results could differ materially from estimated amounts. Estimates are used for, but are not limited to, contractual revenue recognized, future cash flows associated with impairment testing for goodwill, certain assumptions related to pension and postretirement benefits and income taxes. The Company adjusts such estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Changes in those estimates resulting from continuing changes in the economic environment will be reflected in the financial statements in future periods.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents
 Cash and cash equivalents include investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less.
 Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets
 Accounts receivable consists of trade receivables billed and currently due from customers as well as amounts currently due from other external parties. Contract assets represent revenues for projects that have been recognized for accounting purposes, but not yet billed to customers. The Company extends credit to customers in the normal course of business and maintains an allowance for credit losses. The allowance is an estimate based on historical collection experience, current and future economic and market conditions and a review of the current status of each customer's trade accounts receivable. Management evaluates the aging of the accounts receivable balances and the financial condition of its customers and all other forward-looking information that is reasonably available to estimate the amount of accounts receivable that may not be collected in the future and records the appropriate provision. Account balances are written off against the allowance when it is determined the accounts receivables will not be recovered.

 Allowance for Credit Losses
 Balance at Beginning of Year
 Charged to Costs and Expenses
 Deductions
 Balance at End of Year

 Year ended December 31, 2024
 $
 ( 9)
 $

 Year ended December 31, 2023
 $
 ( 7)
 $

 Year ended December 31, 2022
 $
 ( 7)
 $

 Concentration of Credit Risk
 Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and contract assets. Credit risk represents the accounting loss that would be recognized at the reporting date if counterparties failed to perform as contracted. The Company believes the likelihood of incurring material losses due to concentration of credit risk is minimal. The Company actively limits its exposure to credit risk by maintaining cash deposits with major financial institutions as counterparties and by maintaining accounts receivable with a large number of customers in diverse industries and geographies in addition to establishing reasonable credit approvals and limits.
 Property, Plant and Equipment
 Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Major replacements and improvements are capitalized, while maintenance and repairs, which do not improve or extend the life of the respective assets, are expensed as incurred. Gains and losses resulting from sales and retirements are included within operating income.
 Depreciation is computed using the straight–line method over the estimated useful life of the asset as follows:

 Land improvements
 15 years

 Building and building improvements
 15 - 50 years

 Leasehold improvements
 Shorter of expected useful life or lease term

 Machinery, equipment and office furniture
 3 - 15 years

 Goodwill
 The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires an allocation of the purchase consideration transferred to the identifiable assets and liabilities based on the estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired entity over the fair value of net assets acquired. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if an event occurs or conditions change that would indicate it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying amount. The Company's reporting units have been identified as one level below its operating segments. The goodwill impairment testing is performed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its

 carrying amount and recognizing an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value.
 To evaluate the recoverability of a reporting unit's goodwill the Company has the option to first perform a qualitative analysis. If the qualitative analysis indicates it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying amount, the Company performs a quantitative impairment assessment for that reporting unit. The Company did not perform a qualitative analysis for any of its reporting units for the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023.
 The Company's quantitative assessment consists of a fair value calculation for each reporting unit that combines an income approach and a market approach, using an equal weighting. The quantitative assessment requires the application of a number of significant assumptions which are further described below, including estimated future cash flows of the reporting unit, discount rates, and market multiples.
 The fair value using the income approach is determined based on the present value of estimated future cash flows of the reporting unit, discounted at an appropriate risk adjusted rate. The Company uses its internally developed long-range plans to estimate future cash flows and include an estimate of long term future growth rates based on its most recent views of the long term outlook for each reporting unit. Development of the Company's long-range plans includes consideration of current and projected levels of income for the reporting unit based on management's plans for that business, business trends, market and economic conditions, as well as other relevant factors. The discount rate is based on the weighted average cost of capital for the reporting unit. The Company uses discount rates that are commensurate with the risks and uncertainty inherent in the respective businesses and in the Company's long-range plans.
 The fair value using the market approach is derived from market multiples using comparable publicly traded companies for a group of benchmark companies. The selection of comparable businesses is based on the markets in which the reporting units operate given consideration to risk profiles, size, geography and diversity of products and services.
 During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company identified a triggering event and performed a quantitative impairment assessment for a reporting unit in the Consumer segment, which resulted in a pre-tax impairment charge of $ 37 million. See Note 10 for further details. The Company did not recognize any impairments of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2022.
 Intangible and Other Long-lived Assets
 The Company amortizes finite-lived intangible assets using the straight-line method over their estimated economic useful lives, which range from three to twenty years. The Company reviews long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment, capitalized software and intangible assets with finite lives for impairment whenever an event occurs or conditions change that indicate the carrying amount of the asset group may not be recoverable. When such events occur, the Company performs a recoverability test by comparing the projected undiscounted cash flows of the asset group to the carrying amount. If this comparison indicates that there is a potential impairment, the asset group's fair value is determined based on the present value of its estimated future cash flows, discounted at an appropriate risk-adjusted rate. An impairment charge is recorded for the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value. The Company did not recognize any material impairments of intangible or other long-lived assets for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 or 2022.
 Leases
 The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception and reassesses that conclusion if the contract is modified. The Company evaluates whether the arrangement conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration in order to determine if the contract is or contains a lease. The right to control the use of an identified asset includes the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset and the right to direct the use of the asset.
 The Company's classes of leased assets include real estate, vehicles, and equipment. When it is reasonably certain that an option to extend or terminate a lease will be exercised, the Company has included the option in the recognition of right-of-use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities. The Company does not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities for leases with a term of twelve months or less. The Company accounts for lease and non-lease components as a single component for all asset classes.
 ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at lease

 commencement and measured based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Variable lease payments are recognized as incurred and are not presented as part of the ROU asset or lease liability. Operating lease cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company does not have material finance leases.
 The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company's incremental borrowing rate is based on its estimated rate of interest for a collateralized borrowing over a similar term as the lease payments. The same process is followed for any new leases at their commencement dates or modification to existing leases that require remeasurement.
 Capitalized Software
 Costs related to software acquired, developed, or modified solely to meet the Company's internal requirements, where no substantive plan either exists or is being developed to externally market the software, are capitalized in accordance with ASC Topic 350-40, Internal-use Software ("ASC 350-40"). Certain costs incurred after the completion of the preliminary project stage and after management, with the relevant authority, has authorized and committed funds to the software project, and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended, are capitalized. For development costs capitalized under the requirements of ASC 350-40, amortization begins when each software module is ready for its intended use. Costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the software (generally three to seven years). Costs related to preliminary project activities and post implementation activities are expensed as incurred. Additions to capitalized software are reported within capital expenditures in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
 The Company capitalizes certain implementation costs related to cloud computing service arrangements that are incurred during the application development stage. Subsequently, the costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the non-cancelable term of the hosting agreement plus any reasonably certain renewal period. Capitalized implementation costs are included as a component of other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and amortization is included as an operating expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Additions to capitalized cloud implementation costs are reported within operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
 Costs related to software to be sold, leased or otherwise marketed are expensed as incurred until technological feasibility has been established in accordance with ASC Topic 985-20, Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased, or Marketed. Certain costs incurred subsequent to establishing technological feasibility are capitalized up until the software is available for general release, and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the software (generally three to seven years).
 Amortization expense of capitalized software costs totaled $ 59 million, $ 51 million and $ 43 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
 Accounts Payable and Contract Liabilities
 Accounts payable consists of trade payables currently due to vendors as well as amounts currently due to other external parties. Contract liabilities include payments received in advance of performance under the contract and are subsequently reduced when the associated revenue is recognized for the respective contract. Amounts initially recorded as contract liabilities are recognized as revenue in accordance with the Company's revenue recognition policy.
 The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value due to their short maturities. For fair value of the Company's debt see Note 6.
 ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement ("ASC 820"), defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC 820 also establishes a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes information used in developing assumptions when pricing an asset or liability as follows:
 • Level 1 observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;
 • Level 2 inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and

 • Level 3 unobservable inputs where there is little or no market data, which requires the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.
 ASC 820 requires the use of observable market data, when available, in making fair value measurements. When inputs used to measure fair value fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the level within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company does not have any assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis that are Level 3, except for certain pension assets discussed in Note 12. The Company did not have any transfers between fair value levels during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 Revenue Recognition
 The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"), when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, or as the Company renders services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods and services. For each arrangement the Company performs the following five steps: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligation(s) in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) if applicable, allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation.
 The Company's standard payment terms are due upon receipt of the invoice, except for certain customers, which may be required to make advance payments. Certain customers may be offered extended payment terms on a case-by-case basis generally not longer than 90 days.
 The Company's contracts with customers may include promises to transfer multiple goods and services to a customer. When a contract includes multiple goods and services, judgment is required to determine whether each good or service is considered distinct and accounted for separately, or not distinct and accounted for together with the other goods or services in the contract. Certain contracts contain goods or services that are highly integrated or highly interdependent and are accounted for as a single performance obligation. Other contracts have goods or services that are distinct and accounted for separately. Those goods and services that are determined to be separate performance obligations are treated as separate units of account and each separate performance obligations has its own stand-alone selling price, which is the price at which an entity would sell a promised good or service separately to a similar customer in similar circumstances. The stand-alone selling price is determined using an established list price for the specific service and geographical region, or through a needs-based assessment. If a needs-based assessment approach is used, the stand-alone selling price is estimated by multiplying the expected labor hours by a labor rate. The labor rate is determined by considering the cost of labor, other miscellaneous costs (e.g., overhead) and applying a margin. The labor rate may be adjusted for geographic differences and other items as determined necessary, and is reviewed on a periodic basis for appropriateness.
 The transaction price for contracts may include both fixed and variable consideration, which includes customer volume rebates, discounts, and the consideration received if contingent upon the quantity of tasks completed or occurrence or nonoccurrence of a future event. The Company estimates variable consideration using both the most likely amount and expected value methods to determine the total consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled. The method used to estimate variable consideration varies by contract. Estimated amounts are included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. The Company's estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of the Company's anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available. As most variable consideration is estimable with a high degree of confidence, generally no such constraint is necessary. The Company typically has contracts in which the period between payment and transfer of the goods is less than one year. As such, the Company has elected the practical expedient to not adjust the amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component for all instances in which the period between payment and transfer of the goods will be one year or less. For those instances in which the period is greater than one year, UL Solutions determined that a significant financing component is not present in the transaction as the business purpose of these arrangements is not to provide financing to UL Solutions.
 The majority of the Company's revenue from contracts with customers represents revenue from services recognized over time as performance obligations are satisfied. The appropriate measure of progress is an input method, however, the amount of revenue to be recognized requires the Company to make estimates, in particular in relation to measuring progress towards completion.

 For the Company's Certification Testing and Non-certification Testing and Other Services arrangements recognized over time, until April 1, 2022, the Company measured progress towards completion based on the relationship between time elapsed and expected project duration, which was considered the most indicative of the Company's performance to date under the terms of the contract. The portion of the project's revenue to be recognized was determined based on the percentage of time elapsed for the project during the period relative to expected project duration. The start-date was determined by the receipt of a confirmed order, and the end-date was determined by the completion of the order's deliverables. Beginning April 1, 2022, the Company measures progress towards completion of these contracts based on the relationship between time elapsed of each project phase relative to the expected duration of that phase. Project phase data was not previously available and is considered a more precise measure of the Company's performance to-date under the terms of the contract. The portion of a project's revenue to be recognized is determined based on the time elapsed between the start-date of each project phase relative to its estimated duration. The start-date of each phase is based on the date that work begins on the phase and the estimated duration is determined using an analysis of historical data from similar projects. Management applies judgment in determining the expected duration of each phase. The Company applied the change in estimate prospectively to contracts in-process at the date of the change, as well as new contracts with a start-date subsequent to the change. The portion of a project's revenue estimated as earned, but not yet completed, and recognized as revenue, is included in contract assets or as a reduction to contract liabilities.
 The net decrease to the Company's results of operations and earnings per share was as follows:

 (in millions, except per share data
 December 31, 2022

 $

 Operating income
 $

 $

 Earnings per share
 $
 0.11

 The net decrease to revenue and operating income of the Company's Industrial segment for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $ 14 million. The net decrease to revenue and operating income of the Company's Consumer segment for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $ 9 million.
 The resulting impact to the Company's results of operations and earnings per share during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were not material.
 The Company's cost to obtain a contract is generally commission paid to sales personnel for the sale of services. Management determined that the amortization period of the commission costs would be one year or less and therefore has elected the practical expedient to expense these costs as incurred. As a result, the costs to obtain a contract are expensed as incurred.
 The Company typically does not incur costs to fulfill contracts which would meet the capitalization criteria and therefore these costs are typically expensed as incurred.
 When the Company performs shipping and handling activities after the transfer of control to the customer (e.g., when control transfers prior to shipment), these are considered fulfillment activities, and accordingly, the costs are accrued when the related revenue is recognized. Taxes collected from customers relating to product sales and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenues.
 Refer to Note 3 for additional information.
 Cost of Revenue
 Cost of revenue includes employee compensation consisting of salaries, incentives, stock-based compensation and other benefits for employees directly attributable to revenue generation across each of the Company's four major service categories. In addition, cost of revenue includes services and materials expenses including facility related costs for laboratories and other buildings where testing and inspection services are performed, customer-related travel costs, expenses related to third party contractors or third party facilities and consumable materials and supplies used in testing and inspection and other costs associated with generating revenue. Cost of revenue also includes depreciation on equipment used in testing and amortization of capitalized software.
 Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

 Selling, general and administrative expenses include employee compensation consisting of salaries, incentives, stock-based compensation and other benefits for sales and indirect administrative functions such as executive, finance, legal, human resources and information technology, not included within cost of revenue. In addition, selling, general and administrative expenses include services and materials expenses including third party consultancy costs, facility costs, internal research and development costs as well as legal and accounting fees, travel, marketing, bad debt and non chargeable materials and supplies. Selling, general and administrative expenses also include depreciation and amortization.
 Foreign Currency
 The functional currency of certain of the Company's foreign affiliates is the local currency. Assets and liabilities of international subsidiaries have been translated into U.S. dollars at the balance sheet date, and income and expense items have been translated using monthly average exchange rates for the period. The resulting currency translation adjustments have been recorded as a separate component of other comprehensive income (loss). The Company revalues assets and liabilities entered in foreign currency at the balance sheet date and the resulting unrealized gain (loss) is recorded as other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 Beginning in the second quarter of 2023, realized gains (losses) on foreign currency transactions, which were previously recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses, are recorded within other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Losses on foreign currency transactions recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses were immaterial in 2023 and were $ 7 million in 2022.
 Stock-based Compensation
 The Company maintains long-term incentive plans under which equity awards are available to be issued to certain employees, officers and directors. Stock-based compensation expense, measured as the fair value of an award on the date of grant, is recognized ratably over the requisite service period, which is generally equal to the vesting period of the respective award, however may be impacted by certain factors including the employee's death, disability or retirement. Compensation expense related to performance share units is adjusted each reporting period based on the probable outcome of the performance conditions applicable to each grant.
 The fair value of restricted stock units and performance share units is determined using the closing price of the Company's stock on the date of grant. The fair value of each stock option is measured on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model that uses various assumptions including expected stock price volatility, expected dividend yield, the risk-free interest rate, and expected term of the award.
 Other Income (Expense), net
 Other income (expense), net consists primarily of non-operating gains and losses, including gains and losses related to foreign exchange transactions and the revaluation performed on designated balance sheet accounts, interest income, gains and losses on equity investments, non-operating pension and postretirement benefit expenses and gains on divestitures.
 Interest Expense
 Interest expense consists primarily of interest expense on the Company's debt obligations.
 Income Taxes
 The Company recognizes income taxes based on amounts refundable or payable for the current year and records deferred tax assets or liabilities for temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using current enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which temporary differences are expected to reverse. Inherent in determining the annual tax rate are judgments regarding business plans, planning opportunities and expectations about future outcomes. Realization of certain deferred tax assets, primarily net operating loss and other carryforwards, is dependent upon generating sufficient taxable income in the appropriate jurisdiction prior to the expiration of the carryforward periods. The Company has classified all deferred tax assets and liabilities, along with any related valuation allowances, as net non-current on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Deferred tax expense or benefit is the result of changes in the deferred tax asset or liability.

 The Company records valuation allowances to reduce deferred tax assets to reflect the amount that is more-likely-than-not to be realized. When assessing the need for valuation allowances, the Company considers all available evidence, including three years of cumulative operating income/(loss), expected future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. Should a change in circumstances lead to a change in judgment about the realizable value of deferred tax assets in future years, the Company would adjust related valuation allowances in the period that the change in circumstances occurs, along with a corresponding increase or charge to income.
 For uncertain tax positions related to exposures associated with various tax filing positions, the Company recognizes a tax benefit only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the relevant taxing authorities, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon settlement. The Company adjusts its liability for unrecognized tax benefits in the period they are settled, the statute of limitations expires, or when new information becomes available. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recorded in income tax expense.
 The Company has generated income in certain foreign jurisdictions that may be subject to additional foreign withholding taxes and U.S. state income taxes, if repatriated. The Company regularly reviews its plans for reinvestment or repatriation of unremitted foreign earnings and has recorded deferred tax liabilities on certain foreign subsidiaries' unremitted earnings that are not considered permanently reinvested. The Company's assertion on indefinite reinvestment of foreign earnings is based upon assumptions of future liquidity needs of the business and cash flow projections of affiliates.
 The accounting policy of the Company is to record U.S. tax on Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income in the provision for income taxes in the year it is incurred.
 Recently Issued Accounting Standards – Adopted
 Effective for the year ended December 31, 2024, and retrospectively for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which provides updates to qualitative and quantitative reportable segment disclosure requirements, including enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses and increased interim disclosure requirements, among others. The ASU did not impact the Company's financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Refer to Note 21 for further information.
 Recently Issued Accounting Standards – Not Adopted
 In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which provides qualitative and quantitative updates to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures, among others, in order to enhance the transparency of income tax disclosures, including consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and disaggregation by jurisdiction of income taxes paid. The amendments in ASU 2023-09 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The amendments should be applied prospectively; however, retrospective application is also permitted. The ASU will result in additional income tax disclosures within the Company's financial statements but is not expected to impact the Company's financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
 In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures, which is intended to improve disclosures about a public business entity's expense and provide more detailed information to investors about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. The amendments in ASU 2024-03 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, on either a prospective or retrospective basis, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this ASU may have on its consolidated financial statements.

 2. Earnings Per Share
 Basic and diluted earnings per share were calculated for the years ended December 31 as follows:

 (in millions, except per share data)
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Net income attributable to stockholders of UL Solutions
 $
 $
 $

 Basic weighted average common shares outstanding

 Effect of dilutive securities
 —
 —

 Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding

 Basic earnings per share attributable to stockholders of UL Solutions
 $
 1.63
 $
 1.30
 $
 1.47

 Diluted earnings per share attributable to stockholders of UL Solutions
 $
 1.62
 $
 1.30
 $
 1.47

 3. Revenue
 The table below summarizes the major service categories from which the Company derives its revenues for the years ended December 31:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Certification Testing
 $
 $
 $

 Ongoing Certification Services

 Non-certification Testing and Other Services

 Software

 Total
 $
 2,870
 $
 2,678
 $
 2,520

 Description of Major Service Categories
 Certification Testing
 The Company evaluates products, components and systems according to global or regional regulatory requirements and other design and performance specifications. Select certification testing services include testing to global or regional standards, engineering evaluation and project review and functional safety testing of embedded software. Certification testing services generally align with the new product development cycle and help customers mitigate risk, demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements and deliver confidence to businesses and consumers, resulting in demand for ongoing certification services. As a result of the certification process, the Company may authorize its customers to use the Company's certification marks, including the Company's registered UL-in-a-circle certification mark (the "UL Mark"), on their products, packaging and marketing collateral as part of their manufacturing, distribution and marketing processes to demonstrate to the marketplace that their product has met the applicable requirements. Certification testing services often lead to Ongoing Certification Services to support the continued safety, compliance and performance objectives of the customer.
 Contracts are generally structured as fixed payments as the total amount to be charged to the customer does not vary. Revenue from Certification Testing is generally recognized over-time. In these cases, the services create an asset with no alternative use as each of the services are specific to the products and specifications provided by the customer, and the Company has an enforceable right to payment. Through April 1, 2022, revenue was generally recognized using an input method based on the relationship between time elapsed and expected project duration. After April 1, 2022, revenue is generally recognized based on the relationship between time elapsed of each project phase relative to the expected duration of that phase, which is considered the most indicative of the Company's performance to-date under the terms of the contract.
 In some instances, revenue from Certification Testing does not meet the over-time criteria and is recognized at a point in time when control is transferred to the customer. Control is transferred to the customer upon the delivery of the test report to the customer. These instances occur when the agreement or the nature of the services causes a lack of right to payment until control transfer.

 Ongoing Certification Services
 To maintain the right to use the Company's certification marks, including the UL Mark, and meet certain regulatory requirements, the Company's customers must meet certain certification program requirements, including mandatory inspection and monitoring by the Company. These requirements, addressed through standard certification and inspection services, are designed to validate the continued compliance of the Company's customers' previously certified products, components and systems. Services are delivered through periodic inspections, initial and follow-up audits, sample testing and UL Solutions label usage. The frequency and combination of these services can vary based on product, component or system type, production volume and historical risk-based customer compliance. These ongoing certification services are designed and executed to help the Company's customers confirm ongoing compliance and to help protect the integrity of the UL Mark. Select services include factory inspection and testing to confirm products that are being produced match the configuration of products that were tested and certified.
 Contracts are generally structured as fixed payments as the total amount to be charged to the customer does not vary. In some cases, the customer is charged a usage price based on its total production volume. Revenue from compliance program contracts is recognized over-time on a straight-line basis because the customer receives and consumes the benefit of continued certification as the Company performs services through the periodic verification of the customers' compliance.
 As part of Ongoing Certification Services, customers may order physical labels (recorded in other current assets) that bear the UL Mark to affix to their products to demonstrate to end-customers that the products comply with the certification requirements of the Company. The labels are a separate performance obligation, distinct from the compliance program. Revenue from physical labels is recognized upon shipment, the point in time in which the customer obtains control of the labels.
 Non-certification Testing, and Other Services
 The Company offers testing services to address performance and other requirements that may not be required by any regulation and may not result in a certification, but are still desired by the Company's customers to help ensure the safety, performance and reliability of their products. Select services include on-site and remote inspections, audits and field engineering specialty services, testing for energy efficiency, wireless and electromagnetic compatibility, quality, chemical and reliability for customers in medical devices, information technologies, appliances, HVAC and lighting. For retail and consumer customers, the Company offers testing such as color-matching, sensory, emissions and flame resistance. Lastly, the Company offers advisory and technical services to support the Company's customers in managing their safety, compliance, regulatory risk and sustainability programs.
 Contracts are generally structured as fixed payments as the total amount to be charged to the customer does not vary. For services where the customer does not simultaneously receive and consume the benefit of the performance obligation, revenue is recognized upon the delivery of the final deliverables to the customer. For services that create an asset with no alternative use as each of the services are specific to the products and specifications provided by the customer, and the Company has an enforceable right to payment, through April 1, 2022, revenue was generally recognized using an input method based on the relationship between time elapsed and expected project duration. After April 1, 2022, revenue is generally recognized based on the relationship between time elapsed of each project phase relative to the expected duration of that phase, which is considered the most indicative of the Company's performance to date under the terms of the contract. Advisory revenue is generally recognized over time.
 In some instances, revenue from non-certification testing does not meet the over-time criteria and is recognized at a point in time when control is transferred to the customer. Control is transferred to the customer upon the delivery of the test report to the customer. These instances occur when the agreement or the nature of the services causes a lack of right to payment until control transfer.
 Software
 The Company provides SaaS and license-based software solutions, including implementation and training services related to software, to enable the Company's customers to manage complex regulatory requirements, deliver supply chain transparency and operationalize sustainability. The Company's SaaS and licensed software solutions provide data-driven product stewardship, chemicals management, supply chain insights, ESG data and reporting, EHS training, management and compliance, and additional regulatory driven software solutions.

 Contracts are structured as fixed payments as the total amount to be charged to the customer does not vary. The Company generally recognizes revenue from SaaS contracts, which are provided on a subscription basis, ratably over the contract period beginning on the date the service is first made available to the customer. The Company generally recognizes revenue from on-premise software at a point in time when it is made available to the customer. The revenue from implementation services, post-contract customer support services, and other customer support services is recognized over the service period as the customer benefits from the services as they are performed.
 Contract Balances
 Gross contract liabilities for services totaled $ 123 million and $ 121 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which are reduced by previously recognized revenue of $ 31 million and $ 31 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In addition, contract liabilities include amounts collected for annual fees as well as fees collected on software license arrangements that are earned over the term of the arrangement. Contract liabilities for these services totaled $ 70 million and $ 72 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 The revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024, that was included in contract liabilities at December 31, 2023, amounted to $ 119 million. The revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023, that was included in contract liabilities at December 31, 2022, amounted to $ 110 million.
 Remaining Performance Obligations
 At December 31, 2024, the Company estimates that $ 211 million in revenue is expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) at the end of the reporting period. The Company expects to recognize approximately 61 % of its unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) performance obligations as revenue in the subsequent 12 months, with the remaining balance to be recognized thereafter.
 Remaining consideration from contracts with customers is included in the amount presented above and includes contracts with multiple performance obligations and multi-year maintenance agreements, which are typically recognized as the performance obligation is satisfied.

 4. Acquisitions and Divestitures
 Acquisitions
 In July 2024, the Company acquired 100 % of the outstanding stock of TesTneT Engineering GmbH (together with its subsidiaries, "TesTneT") for approximately $ 19 million in cash consideration (subject to customary post-closing adjustments). TesTneT is a Germany-based company that provides testing services for various hydrogen storage systems, refueling stations and their components. Goodwill of $ 14 million, subject to finalization of the purchase price allocation, represents anticipated future revenue growth and margin expansion opportunities from new customers and has been included within the Company's Industrial segment. Goodwill related to this acquisition is not deductible for income tax purposes.
 In May 2024, the Company acquired 100 % of the outstanding stock of Batterielngenieure GmbH (together with its subsidiaries, "Batterielngenieure") for approximately $ 11 million in cash consideration (subject to customary post-closing adjustments). Batterielngenieure is a Germany-based battery testing company that is in the process of building a laboratory in Aachen, Germany to replace the leased facility it is currently using and to add testing and simulation capacity. The purchase price is primarily related to property, plant and equipment of $ 9 million and goodwill of $ 7 million, subject to finalization of the purchase price allocation. Goodwill represents anticipated future revenue growth and margin expansion opportunities from new customers and has been included within the Company's Industrial segment. Goodwill related to this acquisition is not deductible for income tax purposes.
 In August 2023, the Company acquired 100 % of the outstanding stock of Certification Entity for Renewable Energies, S.L. ("CERE") for approximately $ 14 million in cash consideration (as adjusted for customary post-closing adjustments). CERE is a Spain-based grid code compliance testing, simulation and certification company, focused on renewable energy and electric vehicle adoption. Goodwill of $ 11 million includes expected synergies with the Company's existing business and has been included within the Company's Industrial segment. Goodwill related to this acquisition is not deductible for income tax purposes.
 In July 2023, the Company acquired 100 % of the outstanding stock of HBI Compliance Limited (together with its subsidiaries, "Healthy Buildings International") for approximately $ 6 million in cash consideration (as adjusted for customary post-closing adjustments). Healthy Buildings International is a United Kingdom-based health, safety and

 compliance company and its results of operations have been included in the Software and Advisory segment since the date of acquisition.
 In October 2022, the Company acquired 100 % of the outstanding stock of Kugler Maag CIE GmbH (together with its operating subsidiaries, "Kugler Maag") for $ 32 million in cash consideration (as adjusted for customary post-closing adjustments). Kugler Maag is a Germany-based provider of process excellence, assessment and training solutions that supports the automotive industry. Goodwill of $ 14 million primarily relates to expected synergies with the Company's existing business, as well as the value of the assembled workforce, and has been included within the Company's Consumer segment. Goodwill related to this acquisition is not deductible for income tax purposes. Intangible assets primarily consist of customer relationships of $ 14 million, which will be amortized over their estimated useful life of 10 years. In the second quarter of 2023, the Company recorded measurement period adjustments to the purchase price allocation which resulted in an increase to intangible assets of $ 9 million and other immaterial changes.
 The following table summarizes the final allocation of the purchase price to the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed for the Kugler Maag acquisition.

 Cash
 $

 Accounts receivable and other current assets

 Intangible assets

 Goodwill

 Total assets

 Accounts payable and other current liabilities
 ( 7)

 Deferred income taxes
 ( 5)

 Total fair value of net assets acquired
 $

 In September 2022, the Company acquired 100 % of the outstanding stock of Cimteq Holdings Limited (together with its operating subsidiary, "Cimteq"), a United Kingdom-based provider of design support and manufacturing software for the wire and cable industries. The purchase price, consisting of $ 15 million in cash consideration (as adjusted for customary post-closing adjustments) is primarily related to goodwill of $ 12 million. Goodwill primarily relates to expected synergies with the Company's existing business and has been included within the Company's Industrial segment. Goodwill related to this acquisition is not deductible for income tax purposes.
 In June 2022, the Company acquired 100 % of the outstanding stock of KAM Specialty Equipment Services Company (doing business as "Data Test Labs"), a US-based company focusing on electrical, environmental and mechanical testing for automakers and their suppliers. The purchase price, consisting of approximately $ 16 million in cash consideration (as adjusted for customary post-closing adjustments) is primarily related to goodwill of $ 9 million. Goodwill primarily relates to expected synergies with the Company's existing business and has been included within the Company's Consumer segment. Goodwill related to this acquisition is deductible for income tax purposes.
 In February 2022, the Company acquired 100 % of the outstanding stock of KBW Corporation ("KBW"), a Republic of Korea-based company specializing in electromagnetic, wireless and safety testing for the medical device and consumer technology industries. The purchase price, consisting of approximately $ 18 million in cash consideration (as adjusted for customary post-closing adjustments) is primarily related to property, plant and equipment of $ 14 million.
 Aggregate acquisition-related costs associated with business combinations are not material for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, and are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations as incurred.
 Divestiture
 In May 2024, the Company completed the sale of its payments testing business in the Industrial segment to an affiliate of Gallant Capital Partners, a California-based private equity firm, for a base price of $ 29 million in cash (as adjusted for customary post-closing adjustments) with the potential for additional cash consideration if certain earn-out provisions are met. The divestiture resulted in a pre-tax gain on sale of $ 24 million, which was recorded within other income (expense), net in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Held for Sale
 In May 2024, the Company signed a non-binding letter of intent with a prospective buyer to purchase one of its facilities and, as a result, the related assets of the facility were classified as held for sale in the second quarter of 2024. The facility is a testing laboratory, used in the Company's Industrial and Consumer segments. In October 2024, the Company received a notice of termination from the prospective buyer. Despite no changes to the Company's intention to sell the facility, the held for sale criteria were deemed no longer met as of December 31, 2024. Consequently, the carrying amount of $ 11 million of the land, building, and related improvements were reclassified from other assets held for sale to property, plant, and equipment on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

 5. Other Income (Expense), net
 The components of other income (expense), net for the years ended December 31 are as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Foreign exchange losses
 $
 ( 11)
 $
 ( 2)
 $
 ( 11)

 Interest income

 Unrealized gains on equity investments
 —

 Non-operating pension and postretirement benefit expense
 ( 7)
 ( 8)
 ( 13)

 U.S. pension plan settlement losses
 —
 —
 ( 18)

 Gains on divestitures, net of adjustments(a)(b)

 —

 Other(a)

 ( 2)

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 ( 12)

 (a)The Company has reclassified the amounts presented for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 to conform to the current period's presentation.
 (b)See Note 4.

 6. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
 The carrying amount and fair value of the Company's debt was as follows:

 As of December 31, 2024
 As of December 31, 2023

 Carrying Amount
 Carrying Amount

 Term loans
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Revolving credit facility
 —
 —

 Senior notes

 Other
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 $

 The fair value of the Company's term loans and revolving credit facility reflects current market conditions and is primarily determined using broker quotes, which are Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the Company's senior notes is estimated based on prevailing interest rates and trading activity, which are Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy.

 7. Other Current Assets
 The components of other current assets as of December 31, were as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Income tax receivable
 $
 $

 Prepaid expenses

 Other

 Total
 $
 $

 8. Investments in Equity Securities
 Equity Investments in Non-consolidated Affiliates
 The Company holds investments in equity securities of various companies which are accounted for using the equity method when the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the investee. The carrying amount of these investments was $ 22 million in both years December 31, 2024 and 2023, and includes approximately 28 % of the registered share capital of DQS Holding GmbH ("DQS"), a global management system assessment company headquartered in Germany. The carrying amount of the Company's investment in DQS was $ 21 million in both of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 The Company holds investments in equity securities of various companies, certain of which comprise less than 10% of the applicable company's outstanding equity securities and are included within other assets in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company accounts for these investments at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. The carrying amount of these investments was $ 36 million and $ 42 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company remeasured certain investments to fair value as a result of observable price changes in orderly transactions of the same issuer, resulting in unrealized gains of $ 11 million which were recorded within other income (expense), net. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company remeasured certain investments to fair value as a result of observable price changes in orderly transactions of the same issuer that occurred in 2021, resulting in unrealized gains of $ 11 million, which were recorded within other income (expense), net. The impact of this correction was not material to the year ended December 31, 2022 or any prior period. Fair value was determined primarily based on observable pricing information from issuances of identical or similar equity instruments, which is a Level 2 input in the fair value hierarchy.
 Variable Interest Investment
 The Company, via its wholly owned subsidiary UL LLC, owns 70 % of the issued and outstanding equity interests of UL-CCIC Company Limited ("UL-CCIC"), an entity formed under the laws of the People's Republic of China ("P.R.C"). The remaining 30 % equity interest is owned by China Certification & Inspection (Group) Co., Ltd. ("CCIC"), a Chinese state-owned enterprise. UL-CCIC offers product safety testing services enabling its customers to access North American and other international markets, electromagnetic compatibility and commercial inspection and testing services. UL-CCIC provides local voluntary certification schemes to help their customers differentiate their products within the China market. UL-CCIC also offers China Compulsory Certification ("CCC") testing services under some product categories, which is approved by the Certification and Accreditation Administration P.R.C. and market access agency services to manufacturers outside of the P.R.C. to help them obtain the CCC mark.
 UL-CCIC is governed by an agreement first entered into on June 26, 2002, and has been amended from time to time. UL-CCIC was established with an initial duration of 10 years, starting from the date that it obtained its business license. This duration has been subsequently extended twice and currently expires in January 2033 pursuant to the amended and restated agreement the Company entered into with CCIC on October 28, 2022. The amendment and restatement of this agreement did not have a material financial statement impact to the Company.
 The board of directors of UL-CCIC consists of up to seven directors, with four appointed by UL Solutions and three by CCIC. The chair of the UL-CCIC board of directors is appointed by UL Solutions and the vice chair by CCIC. UL-CCIC has a general manager, who is in charge of the day-to-day management of UL-CCIC and reports to the UL-CCIC board of directors. UL Solutions has the exclusive right to nominate the general manager and CCIC has the exclusive right to nominate the deputy general manager.
 The Company determined that it is the primary beneficiary of UL-CCIC because UL Solutions has the power to direct many of the activities that most significantly impact the performance of the entity through its right to appoint a majority of the directors on UL-CCIC's board of directors, as well as the exclusive right to nominate the general manager. Pursuant to the governing documents of UL-CCIC, certain decisions and actions of its board of directors require either unanimous approval or the approval of two-thirds of the directors, while certain other matters require either unanimous approval or the approval of a supermajority of the voting rights of the shareholders; however, the Company believes that such decisions and actions are not the most significant to the performance of UL-CCIC. As such, the Company consolidates UL-CCIC as a variable interest entity ("VIE"). The profits and losses of UL-CCIC are shared by the parties in proportion to their respective contributions to its registered capital. Such equity interest represents the Company's variable interest in UL-CCIC and provides for

 participation in both the risk of loss and future economic gains. Neither UL Solutions nor CCIC, as the shareholders of UL-CCIC, are required to provided additional financing support to UL-CCIC.
 UL-CCIC is a separate legal entity and its assets are legally owned by UL-CCIC and are not available to the Company's creditors. UL-CCIC assets of $ 193 million and $ 178 million and liabilities of $ 87 million and $ 82 million, inclusive of intercompany eliminations, were included in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 9. Property, Plant and Equipment
 The components of property, plant and equipment, net as of December 31 were as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Land and land improvements
 $
 $

 Building and building improvements

 Leasehold improvements

 Machinery, equipment and office furniture

 Property, plant and equipment, gross
 1,403
 1,292

 Total accumulated depreciation
 ( 772)
 ( 737)

 Property, plant and equipment, net
 $
 $

 Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $ 100 million, $ 88 million and $ 75 million, respectively.

 10. Goodwill
 Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

 Total

 Balance at December 31, 2022(a)

 $
 $
 $
 $

 Acquisitions
 —

 Measurement period adjustments
 —
 ( 4)
 —
 ( 4)

 Divestitures
 —
 ( 1)
 —
 ( 1)

 Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates

 Impairment
 —
 ( 37)
 —
 ( 37)

 Balance at December 31, 2023(a)

 Acquisitions
 —
 —

 Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates
 ( 4)
 ( 5)
 ( 2)
 ( 11)

 Balance at December 31, 2024(a)

 $
 $
 $
 $

 (a)Net of accumulated impairment losses of $ 137 million as of December 31, 2024, $ 166 million as of December 31, 2023 and $ 129 million as of December 31, 2022.
 Goodwill is tested for impairment annually in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if an event occurs or conditions change that would indicate it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying amount. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company identified a triggering event and performed a quantitative impairment assessment for a reporting unit in the Consumer segment, which resulted in a pre-tax impairment charge of $ 37 million. This partial impairment charge was the result of lower than expected demand for Non-certification Testing and Other Services in the mobility industry, which has been impacted by auto industry conditions in 2023, including slowing of the pace of electric vehicle transition, labor uncertainties, and the impact of more moderate growth expectations for the business. At December 31, 2024, the remaining goodwill related to this reporting unit was no longer considered at risk of further impairment.
 The impairment assessment for this reporting unit consisted of a fair value calculation that combined an income approach and a market approach, using an equal weighting, and a number of significant assumptions including estimated future revenue

 growth rates, EBITDA margins, discount rate, and market multiples. The fair value using the income approach was determined based on the present value of the estimated future cash flows of the reporting unit, discounted using the weighted average cost of capital. The Company used its internally developed long-range plans to estimate future cash flows for the business, which included estimated future revenue growth rates and EBITDA margins. Development of the Company's long-range plans includes consideration of current and projected levels of income for the reporting unit based on management's plans for the business, business trends, market and economic conditions, as well as other relevant factors. The fair value using the market approach was derived from market multiples using comparable publicly traded companies for a group of benchmark companies. The selection of comparable businesses was based on the markets in which the reporting unit operates given consideration to risk profiles, size, geography and diversity of products and services. These estimates and assumptions were considered Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy. The Company believes the assumptions used in the impairment assessment are reasonable and consistent with assumptions that would be used by other market participants. However, such assumptions are inherently uncertain, and a change in assumptions could change the estimated fair value of the reporting unit. Therefore, future impairment charges could be required, which could have an adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations.

 11. Intangible Assets
 The following table summarizes intangible assets as of December 31:

 2024
 2023

 Life
 Gross Carrying Amount
 Accumulated Amortization
 Net Carrying Amount
 Gross Carrying Amount
 Accumulated Amortization
 Net Carrying Amount

 Customer relationships
 5 - 20 years

 $
 $
 ( 211)
 $
 $
 $
 ( 204)
 $

 Intellectual property and patents
 3 - 15 years

 ( 11)
 ( 11)

 Trademarks
 5 - 13 years

 ( 17)
 ( 17)

 Total
 $
 $
 ( 239)
 $
 $
 $
 ( 232)
 $

 Intangible Asset Amortization Expense
 Intangible asset amortization expense, reported within selling, general and administrative expenses within the Consolidated Statements of Operations, was $ 13 million, $ 15 million and $ 16 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 As of December 31, 2024, estimated future amortization expense for intangible assets is as follows:

 2025
 $

 2026

 2027

 2028

 2029

 12. Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans
 Pension
 The Company has various non-contributory defined benefit pension plans covering certain employees and retired employees of the Company, UL Research Institutes and UL Standards & Engagement. The benefits are based on years of service and participant compensation. With the exception of Taiwan, Japan and Switzerland, these plans have been closed to new entrants. No future employees will be eligible to participate in these plans. The pension amounts reported here represent the balances related to all participants in the plans, including those of the U.S. employees and former employees of UL Research Institutes and UL Standards & Engagement. The Company uses the spot rate approach for calculating service cost and interest cost.

 The Company recognized settlement losses of $ 18 million in 2022 in other income (expense), net related to its U.S. pension plan. The settlement losses resulted from lump sum payments that exceeded annual service and interest costs of the plan. The Company's funding policy is to contribute to defined benefit pension plans in the United States and a number of other countries when pension laws and/or economics either require or encourage funding. The Company did no t recognize settlement losses in 2024 or 2023 related to its U.S. pension plan.
 The following table provides a reconciliation of changes in the defined benefit pension obligations and fair value of plan assets for the years ended December 31, and a statement of funded status as of December 31:

 U.S.

 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023

 Change in projected benefit obligation

 Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Service cost

 Interest cost

 Benefits paid
 ( 16)
 ( 27)
 ( 5)
 ( 3)

 Actuarial (gain) loss
 ( 9)

 Exchange rate (gain) loss
 —
 —
 ( 9)

 Projected benefit obligation at end of year

 Change in fair value of plan assets

 Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year

 Actual return on plan assets

 Employer contributions

 Benefits paid
 ( 16)
 ( 27)
 ( 5)
 ( 3)

 Exchange rate (loss) gain
 —
 —
 ( 4)

 Fair value of plan assets at end of year

 Underfunded status of plans
 $
 ( 97)
 $
 ( 128)
 $
 ( 81)
 $
 ( 76)

 Amounts recognized in Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Non-current assets
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $

 Current liabilities
 —
 —
 ( 1)
 ( 1)

 Non-current liabilities
 ( 97)
 ( 128)
 ( 87)
 ( 82)

 Net liability at end of year
 $
 ( 97)
 $
 ( 128)
 $
 ( 81)
 $
 ( 76)

 Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss

 Net actuarial loss
 ( 53)
 ( 74)
 ( 7)
 —

 Net amount recognized
 $
 ( 53)
 $
 ( 74)
 $
 ( 7)
 $
 —

 Total benefits cost and amounts recognized in other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31 are as follows:

 U.S.

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Components of net periodic benefit cost

 Service cost
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Interest cost

 Expected return on plan assets
 ( 13)
 ( 14)
 ( 14)
 ( 2)
 ( 2)
 ( 2)

 Amortization of net actuarial loss
 —
 —

 Settlement losses
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Net periodic benefit cost
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Amounts recorded in other comprehensive income

 Balance at beginning of the year
 $
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $

 Net actuarial (gain) loss
 ( 18)
 ( 15)
 ( 48)
 ( 3)
 ( 36)

 Amortization of net actuarial loss
 ( 3)
 ( 3)
 ( 27)
 —
 —
 ( 2)

 Exchange rate loss
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Balance at end of the year
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $

 The service cost component of net periodic benefit cost is recorded in the same line items as other compensation arising from services rendered, in cost of revenue, and in selling, general and administrative expense. The other components of net periodic benefit cost are recorded in other income (expense), net.
 The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, are expected to be paid as follows:

 U.S.
 Total

 2025
 $
 $
 $

 2026

 2027

 2028

 2029

 Years 2030 through 2034

 The Company anticipates making approximately $ 20 million of required contributions to its U.S. pension plan and approximately $ 3 million to its non U.S. pension plans in 2025.
 The weighted average assumptions used in the measurement of the benefit obligations at December 31 are as follows:

 U.S.

 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023

 5.7
 %
 5.0
 %
 0.9 - 4.6 %

 1.3 - 4.7 %

 Rate of compensation increase
 4.0 % for 2024 and 2025
 3.0 % for 2026+

 4.0 % for 2024
 3.0 % for 2025+

 1.6 - 4.0 %

 2.3 - 4.0 %

 The weighted average assumptions used in the measurement of the net periodic benefit costs for the years ended December 31 are as follows:

 U.S.

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 5.0
 %
 5.2
 %
 3.0
 %
 1.3 - 4.7 %

 1.6 - 5.2 %

 0.8 - 4.2 %

 Expected return on plan assets
 6.9
 %
 7.8
 %
 6.0
 %
 2.4 - 5.6 %

 1.6 - 5.6 %

 1.2 - 4.8 %

 Rate of compensation increase
 4.0 % for 2024
 3.0 % for 2025+

 4.25 % for 2023
 3.0 % for 2024+

 3.0
 %
 0.0 - 4.0 %

 2.3 - 4.0 %

 2.3 - 4.0 %

 The expected rate of return on plan assets is determined based on long-term historical performance of plan assets, current asset allocation and expected future long-term asset returns.
 The Company determines the discount rate used to measure plan liabilities as of the December 31 measurement date for the pension and postretirement benefit plans, which is also the date used for the related annual measurement assumptions. The Company uses the full Aon AA Above Median Yield Curve rather than a single discount rate.
 The accumulated benefit obligation for all U.S. defined benefit pension plans was $ 313 million and $ 316 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The accumulated benefit obligation for all Non U.S. defined benefit pension plans was $ 110 million and $ 113 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The table below outlines the projected benefit obligations and the accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets at December 31:

 U.S.

 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023

 Projected benefit obligation
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Accumulated benefit obligation

 Fair value of plan assets

 Pension Assets
 The assets in the investment portfolio for defined benefit pension plans are diversified in a manner that is intended to achieve the return objective and reduce the volatility of returns on the assets. The Company's investment objective is to ensure that funds are available to meet the plans' benefit obligations when they become due. The overall investment strategy is to prudently invest plan assets into diversified equity and debt securities, as well as alternative investments, to achieve long-term return expectations. The plan relies on a total return strategy in which investment returns consist of both capital appreciation (both realized and unrealized), as well as current yield (interest and dividends) over a long-term period.

 The following tables present the Company's fair value hierarchy (as defined in Note 1) for those pension assets measured at fair value at December 31:

 2024

 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Total Asset
Balance

 U.S.

 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Fixed income investments
 —
 —

 Fixed income mutual funds
 —
 —

 Corporate equities
 —
 —

 Commingled equities
 —
 —

 Equity mutual funds
 —
 —

 Real estate mutual funds
 —
 —

 Private real estate
 —
 —

 Total U.S. assets in the fair value hierarchy

 Hedge funds(a)

 Total U.S. investments at fair value
 $

 Commingled funds
 —
 —

 Other
 —
 —

 Total non U.S. assets
 —

 Total pension assets
 $

 (a)In accordance with ASC 820, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The terms and conditions of the Company's hedge fund investments vary, however, the majority of the Company's hedge fund investments may be redeemed quarterly with redemption notice periods between 45-90 days. The Company does not intend to sell or otherwise dispose of these investments at prices different than the net asset value per share.

 2023

 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Total Asset
Balance

 U.S.

 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Fixed income investments
 —
 —

 Fixed income mutual funds
 —
 —

 Corporate equities
 —
 —

 Commingled equities
 —
 —

 Equity mutual funds
 —
 —

 Real estate mutual funds
 —
 —

 Private real estate
 —
 —

 Total U.S. assets in the fair value hierarchy

 Hedge funds(a)

 Total U.S. investments at fair value
 $

 —
 —

 Commingled funds
 —
 —

 Other
 —
 —

 Total non U.S. assets

 Total pension assets
 $

 (a)Described in previous table.
 The following table summarizes the changes in fair value of the Company's Level 3 pension assets:

 Balance at year ended December 31, 2022
 $

 Purchases, sales and settlements, net

 Unrealized gain

 Balance at year ended December 31, 2023
 $

 Purchases, sales and settlements, net
 ( 2)

 Unrealized gain

 Balance at year ended December 31, 2024
 $

 Valuation Methods
 The Company follows ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, in determining the fair value of plan assets within the Company's defined benefit pension plans.
 Quoted market prices in active markets for all Level 1 investments were available at December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 Fixed-income investments, corporate equities, and master limited partnerships have been categorized as Level 2 as these investments do not have publicly quoted prices in active markets. Commingled funds have been categorized as Level 2 and are maintained by investment companies that hold investments in accordance with a stated set of fund objectives. The values of the commingled funds are not publicly quoted and must trade through a broker. These funds are invested in equity and fixed-income mutual funds. The fund administrator values the fund using the net asset value per fund share, derived from the quoted prices in active markets of the underlying securities.
 Level 3 investments include several guaranteed investment contracts, government mandated pooled investments, and a private real estate fund. These investments do not have actively traded quotes as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and require the use of unobservable inputs, such as indicative quotes from dealers, estimates provided by the fund managers and third-party property appraisals, to value these securities.

 For the U.S. plan, the 2024 target investment allocation was 48 % for equity strategies, 30 % for fixed-income and cash strategies and 22 % for alternative strategies. The 2023 target investment allocation was 52 % for equity strategies, 25 % for fixed-income and cash strategies and 23 % for alternative strategies. Actual investment allocations may vary from target investment allocations due to prevailing market conditions. The Company regularly reviews actual investment allocations and periodically rebalances investments to achieve target allocations.
 Actual pension plan asset allocations are as follows:

 U.S.

 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023

 Equity securities
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Fixed-income securities
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Alternatives
 %
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 Other
 —
 %
 —
 %
 %
 %

 Cash
 %
 %
 —
 %
 %

 %
 %
 %
 %

 Postretirement Benefit Plans
 The Company has contributory postretirement medical benefits plans for certain employees and retired employees of the Company, and in 2023 also included certain employees and retired employees of UL Research Institutes and UL Standards & Engagement. The U.S. plan has been closed to new entrants since January 1, 2016. The postretirement amounts reported here represent the balances related to all participants in the plans, including those of the U.S. employees and former employees of UL Research Institutes and UL Standards & Engagement, as applicable. For its U.S. plan, the Company adopted the spot rate approach for calculating service cost and interest cost.

 The following table sets forth the projected benefit obligation of postretirement benefits at December 31:

 U.S.

 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023

 Change in projected benefit obligation

 Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Interest cost
 —
 —

 Plan amendment(a)

 ( 8)
 —
 —
 —

 Plan participant contributions
 —
 —

 Benefits paid
 ( 3)
 ( 1)
 —
 —

 Actuarial gain
 ( 1)
 —
 —
 —

 Exchange rate (gain) loss
 —
 —
 ( 1)

 Projected postretirement benefit obligation at end of year
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Change in fair value of plan assets

 Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Employer contributions
 —
 —
 —

 Plan participant contributions
 —
 —

 Benefits paid
 ( 3)
 ( 1)
 —
 —

 Fair value of plan assets at end of year
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Underfunded status of plans
 $
 ( 7)
 $
 ( 17)
 $
 ( 5)
 $
 ( 6)

 Amounts recognized in Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Current liabilities
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Non-current liabilities
 ( 6)
 ( 16)
 ( 5)
 ( 6)

 Total liability at end of year
 $
 ( 7)
 $
 ( 17)
 $
 ( 5)
 $
 ( 6)

 Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss

 Prior service credit
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Net actuarial gain
 —
 —

 Net amount recognized
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 (a)During the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company adopted a negative plan amendment to reduce benefits to certain retired employees of its U.S. postretirement medical plan. The amendment resulted in a reduction of the postretirement benefit plan liability of $ 8 million and a corresponding increase in prior service credits recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet. The prior service credits will be recognized as a component of net periodic benefit costs within other income (expense), net over the average expected remaining service period of the plan participants.
 Total benefits cost and amounts recognized in other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31 are as follows:

 U.S.

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Component of net periodic benefit cost

 Service cost
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Interest cost
 —
 —
 —

 Amortization of net actuarial gain
 ( 1)
 ( 1)
 ( 1)
 —
 —
 —

 Net periodic cost
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Amounts recorded in other comprehensive income

 Balance at beginning of the year
 $
 ( 12)
 $
 ( 13)
 $
 ( 8)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 1)
 $

 Net actuarial gain
 ( 1)
 —
 ( 6)
 —
 —
 ( 2)

 Prior service credit
 ( 8)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Amortization of net actuarial gain
 —
 —
 —

 Exchange rate loss (gain)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 2)

 Balance at end of the year
 $
 ( 20)
 $
 ( 12)
 $
 ( 13)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 1)

 The service cost component of net periodic benefit cost is recorded in the same line items as other compensation arising from services rendered, in cost of revenue, and in selling, general and administrative expense. The other components of net periodic benefit cost are recorded in other income (expense), net.
 The projected future benefit payments, which reflect expected future services are as follows:

 U.S.
 Total

 2025
 $
 $
 —
 $

 2026
 —

 2027
 —

 2028
 —

 2029
 —

 Years 2030 through 2034

 The Company's expected contributions to its U.S. and Canada postretirement benefit plans in 2025 are immaterial.
 The following assumptions were used to determine the benefit obligations under the plans at December 31:

 U.S.

 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023

 5.6
 %
 5.1
 %
 4.7
 %
 4.7
 %

 Health care cost trend rate (Pre-65 for U.S.)
 9.0
 %
 7.9
 %
 5.2
 %
 —
 %

 Ultimate trend rate reached in 2035 for U.S. / 2040 for Canada
 4.5
 %
 4.5
 %
 4.1
 %
 4.1
 %

 The following assumptions were used to determine the net periodic benefit costs under the plans for the years ended December 31:

 U.S.

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 5.1
 %
 5.2
 %
 3.1
 %
 4.7
 %
 4.7
 %
 5.2
 %

 Health care cost trend rate
 7.9
 %
 6.7
 %
 6.3
 %
 4.9
 %
 4.9
 %
 4.6
 %

 Savings Plans
 The Company sponsors various defined contribution savings plans in the U.S., as well as certain international locations, that allow employees to contribute a portion of their pre-tax and/or after-tax income in accordance with plan specified guidelines. Under specified conditions, the Company will contribute to certain savings plans based on the employee's eligible pay and/or will match a percentage of the employee contributions up to certain limits. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company's contributions were $ 46 million, $ 46 million and $ 45 million, respectively.

 13. Income Taxes
 Components of income (loss) before income taxes:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Domestic
 $
 ( 20)
 $
 ( 1)
 $

 Foreign

 Total income before income taxes
 $
 $
 $

 Components of the provision (benefit) for income taxes:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Current tax provision

 U.S. Federal
 $
 ( 3)
 $
 $

 U.S. State
 ( 1)

 Foreign

 Deferred tax provision

 U.S. Federal
 ( 6)

 U.S. State
 ( 4)

 Foreign
 ( 5)

 Total income tax provision
 $
 $
 $

 Reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory rate to UL Solutions effective tax rate:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 U.S. Federal Statutory Rate
 21.0
 %
 21.0
 %
 21.0
 %

 Effect of:

 Foreign income taxed at different rates(a)

 ( 4.2
 %)
 ( 5.0
 %)
 ( 2.3
 %)

 U.S. tax on foreign activities
 0.6
 %
 2.0
 %
 1.3
 %

 State and local income taxes, net of federal benefit
 2.0
 %
 0.9
 %
 ( 1.3
 %)

 —
 %
 1.8
 %
 —
 %

 U.S. nondeductible compensation
 1.9
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 Release of uncertain tax positions for lapse of statutes(a)

 ( 4.7
 %)
 ( 0.1
 %)
 —
 %

 Other reconciling items, net
 0.3
 %
 ( 0.4
 %)
 0.6
 %

 Effective tax rate
 16.9
 %
 20.2
 %
 19.3
 %

 (a)The Company has reclassified the amounts presented for the year ended December 31, 2023 to conform to the current period's presentation.

 Of the 1.9 % U.S. nondeductible compensation in 2024, 1.0 % is for the reduction to previously established deferred tax assets due to the Company becoming subject to Section 162(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, which limits U.S. public company compensation expenses of certain executive officers that were previously deductible as a private company. The remainder is related to current year compensation expense limitations.
 Other reconciling items consist of non-deductible expenses such as meals and entertainment, transaction costs related to merger and acquisition activities, movement in valuation allowances, and general business credits such as research and development tax credits.
 The Company has not recognized deferred tax liabilities in the U.S. with respect to its outside basis differences in most foreign affiliates. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, approximately $ 318 million and $ 289 million, respectively, of the Company's accumulated undistributed earnings from these foreign subsidiaries are intended to be indefinitely reinvested. It is not practicable to determine the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liabilities on these earnings. The Company is not indefinitely reinvested with regard to select other foreign affiliates and has recorded a deferred tax liability of $ 6 million and $ 5 million in its financial statements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, for foreign withholding taxes on the unrepatriated earnings of those entities, where applicable.

 Components of the deferred income tax assets and liabilities:

 2024
 2023

 Deferred tax assets

 Accrued pension and postretirement liabilities
 $
 $

 Accrued employee benefits

 Other accrued expenses

 Net operating loss carryforward

 Advance payments

 Operating lease liabilities

 Capitalized research and development

 Foreign tax credit

 Other

 Subtotal (before valuation allowances)

 Valuation allowances
 ( 53)
 ( 56)

 Total deferred tax assets

 Deferred tax liabilities

 Basis difference for intangible assets
 ( 38)
 ( 32)

 Basis difference for fixed assets
 ( 20)
 ( 6)

 Operating lease right-of-use assets
 ( 45)
 ( 36)

 Tax on unrepatriated earnings
 ( 6)
 ( 5)

 Other
 ( 10)
 ( 9)

 Total deferred tax liabilities
 ( 119)
 ( 88)

 Net deferred income tax assets
 $
 $

 As of December 31, 2024, the Company has approximately $ 44 million of deferred tax assets related to net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards primarily attributable to foreign affiliates. If not used, $ 8 million of deferred tax assets will be written off to reflect the reduction of the NOL carryforwards that will expire between 2025 and 2044, while the remaining carryforward is indefinite. The use of certain NOL carryforwards is limited due to rules regarding acquired tax attributes, loss sharing between group members, and business continuity. The valuation allowances represent a reduction to deferred tax assets, including certain NOLs, for which the realization is unlikely.
 Movements in valuation allowance:

 Deferred Tax Valuation Allowance
 Balance at Beginning of Year
 Charged to Costs and Expenses
 Deductions
 Balance at End of Year

 $
 $
 $
 ( 10)
 $

 Year Ended December 31, 2023
 $
 $
 $
 ( 5)
 $

 Year Ended December 31, 2022
 $
 $
 $
 ( 5)
 $

 Uncertain Tax Positions
 Movements in reserve for uncertain tax positions:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Balance at January 1,
 $
 $
 $

 Increases related to prior period tax positions

 Decreases related to prior period tax positions
 ( 5)
 —
 ( 3)

 Increases related to current period tax positions
 —

 Lapse of statute of limitation
 ( 19)
 ( 1)
 —

 Settlement with taxing authorities
 ( 1)
 —
 ( 2)

 Balance at December 31,
 $
 $
 $

 The total unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the Company's effective tax rate were $ 6 million, $ 30 million and $ 26 million as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company had accrued for interest and penalties of $ 3 million, $ 12 million and $ 10 million, as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are included within other liabilities in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 The Company is under audit in multiple state and foreign tax jurisdictions. It is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will change during the next 12 months. This could be due to completion of the aforementioned foreign and state income tax audits, the expiration of statutes of limitations and/or new information that causes the Company to reassess the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits recorded. The timing of the resolution of income tax examinations is uncertain as are the amounts and timing of tax payments that are part of any audit settlement process. These events could cause fluctuations in the balance sheet classification of our tax assets and liabilities. The Company believes that within the next 12 months, it is reasonably possible that either certain audits will conclude or statutes of limitations on certain income tax periods will expire, or both. Although the timing of resolution, settlement and closing of audits is not certain, the Company does not expect the balance of unrecognized tax benefits to change by a material amount in the next 12 months.
 In the United States, the Company has open years ranging from 2016 to 2024 and significant foreign jurisdictions still open for audit between 2009 and 2024. The Company believes sufficient provision has been made for potential adjustments for all years that are not closed by the statute in all major tax jurisdictions and that any such adjustments would not have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial position, liquidity, or results of operations.

 14. Long-Term Debt
 The Company's outstanding debt consisted of the following:

 Currency
 Maturity Date
 As of December 31, 2024
 As of December 31, 2023

 Term loans
 USD
 January 2027
 $
 $

 Revolving credit facility
 USD
 January 2027
 —

 Senior notes
 USD
 October 2028

 Other
 USD
 August 2033
 —

 Total debt

 Less: unamortized debt issuance costs
 ( 5)
 ( 6)

 Total debt, net of unamortized debt issuance costs

 Less: current portion of long-term debt
 ( 50)
 —

 Long-term debt
 $
 $

 The interest rate on the term loan was 5.58 % as of December 31, 2024 and 6.46 % as of December 31, 2023. The interest rate on the revolving credit facility was 6.45 % as of December 31, 2023. Borrowings under the senior notes bear a fixed interest rate of 6.500 % per annum.

 Credit Facility
 In January 2022, the Company entered into a credit agreement with Bank of America, N.A. and certain other lenders, which provides for senior unsecured credit facilities in an aggregate principal amount of $ 1,250 million (collectively, the "Credit Facility"), consisting of term loans in an initial aggregate principal amount of $ 500 million and revolving loan commitments in an initial aggregate commitment amount of $ 750 million (including a $ 25 million sub-facility for letters of credit). The Credit Facility includes an accordion feature permitting an increase in the Credit Facility by an aggregate amount of up to $ 625 million (of which up to $ 400 million may consist of term loans), subject to the consent of any lenders providing such increase, the absence of any default or event of default and entry into customary documentation with respect to such increase. The Company's wholly owned subsidiary, UL LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, provides a guaranty of its obligations thereunder. Proceeds from the Credit Facility in January 2022, which included $ 500 million in term loans and $ 200 million in draws from the revolving loan commitments, were used to replace the Company's previous revolving credit facilities and partially fund payment of a $ 1,600 million special cash dividend that was declared and paid to UL Standards & Engagement in January 2022, as well as for general corporate purposes. The Credit Facility matures in January 2027 and may be prepaid without fees or penalties. The Company made repayments of $ 56 million in 2024 related to the term loan, repayments of $ 110 million, net of proceeds, in 2024 related to the revolving credit facility, and received proceeds of $ 110 million, net of repayments, in 2023 related to the revolving credit facility. The Company had $ 6 million and $ 7 million outstanding in letters of credit, surety bonds, and performance and other guarantees with financial institutions as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 In June 2024, the Company entered into an amendment (the "First Credit Facility Amendment") to the Credit Facility with Bank of America, N.A. and certain other lenders. The First Credit Facility Amendment provided, among other things, for (i) the replacement of the Bloomberg Short-term Bank Yield ("BSBY") with Term SOFR plus a SOFR adjustment as a benchmark rate for interest periods commencing subsequent to June 28, 2024; (ii) UL Solutions Inc., which was previously the guarantor of the facility, became the named borrower, and UL LLC, which was previously the named borrower, became the guarantor. The foregoing summary of certain provisions of the First Credit Facility Amendment is qualified in its entirety by reference to the amendment filed as Exhibit 10.62 to this Annual Report.
 Effective from the date of the First Credit Facility Amendment, borrowings under the Credit Facility bear interest at a rate per annum equal to, at the Company's option, (a) in the case of U.S. dollar loans, the Term SOFR plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.1 % plus a margin, and for all other currencies, a specified benchmark rate for the applicable currency plus, in certain instances, a specified spread adjustment plus a margin (loans with a rate based on this clause (a), "benchmark rate loans") or (b) for U.S. dollar loans only, the base rate plus a margin (loans with a rate based on this clause (b), "base rate loans"). Prior to the First Credit Facility Amendment, borrowings bore interest on the same terms with the exception that the BSBY Index rate plus a margin was used as the base rate in place of Term SOFR. As of December 31, 2024, the margin was 1.125 % for benchmark rate loans and 0.125 % for base rate loans but may be adjusted based on the Company's most recently tested consolidated net leverage ratio and may vary from 1.0 % to 1.5 % for benchmark rate loans and 0 % to 0.5 % for base rate loans. The unused commitment fee varies from 0.1 % to 0.2 % based on the Company's most recently tested consolidated net leverage ratio.
 The Credit Facility also includes a financial covenant tested quarterly which requires the Company to maintain a consolidated net leverage ratio of not greater than 3.5 to 1.0, calculated on a consolidated basis for each consecutive four fiscal quarter period, with an increase in the maintenance level to 4.0 to 1.0 for each of the four test periods immediately following any permitted acquisition that involves the payment of aggregate consideration in excess of $ 100 million, subject to a two fiscal quarter rest period between increases for separate acquisitions. The calculation of the consolidated net leverage ratio permits the netting of up to $ 250 million of unrestricted cash from funded debt. As of December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under this facility.
 The Credit Facility includes customary representations and warranties, covenants and events of default, subject to certain customary exceptions, materiality thresholds and grace periods. The covenants include, among other things, financial reporting, maintenance of line of business, notices of default and other material changes, as well as limitations on investments and acquisitions, mergers and transfers of all or substantially all assets, dividends and distributions, burdensome contracts with affiliates, liens and indebtedness. Future borrowings under the Credit Facility are subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions, including the absence of any default or event of default and the accuracy of representations and warranties.
 Senior Notes
 In October 2023, the Company issued $ 300 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.500 % senior notes due 2028 (the "notes"). The notes were sold to qualified institutional buyers in the United States in reliance on Rule 144A under the

 Securities Act and to non-U.S. persons outside the United States in reliance on Regulation S under the Securities Act. The notes are senior unsecured obligations of UL Solutions Inc. and are unconditionally guaranteed by UL LLC, the Company's wholly owned subsidiary. The Company used the net proceeds from the offering of the notes, together with borrowings under the Credit Facility and cash on hand, to fund a $ 600 million special cash dividend, which was paid to UL Standards & Engagement in December 2023.
 UL Solutions pays interest on the notes semi-annually in arrears on April 20 and October 20 of each year, which began on April 20, 2024.
 Pursuant to the indenture that governs the notes (the "indenture"), there are certain limitations on the ability of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries to create or incur liens and to enter into sale and leaseback transactions. The indenture also imposes certain limitations on the ability of the Company to merge, consolidate or amalgamate with or into any other person (other than a merger of a wholly owned subsidiary into the Company) or sell, transfer, assign, lease, convey or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the property of the Company in any one transaction or series of related transactions. These limitations are subject to significant exceptions.
 If a change of control triggering event occurs, as defined in the indenture, UL Solutions will be required to offer to purchase the notes at a price equal to 101 % of their principal amount, together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any. The Company may also redeem some or all of the notes at any time prior to their maturity pursuant to the indenture's provisions and limitations.
 In connection with the notes offering, the Company also entered into a registration rights agreement for the benefit of the holders of the notes, under which the Company is required to conduct an offer to exchange the notes pursuant to a registration statement filed with the SEC within 730 days after the original issue date of the notes or otherwise pay additional interest on the notes.
 As of December 31, 2024, the remaining aggregate scheduled principal repayments of the Company's debt are as follows:

 2025
 $

 2026

 2027

 2028

 2029

 Thereafter

 Total
 $

 15. Leases
 The Company has operating leases for real estate, vehicles and equipment. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use assets, operating lease liabilities - current, and operating lease liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amounts recognized for finance leases as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were immaterial.
 Lease costs incurred by lease type, and/or type of payment for the annual periods ending December 31 were as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Short-term lease cost
 $
 $
 $

 Operating lease cost

 Variable lease cost

 Total lease cost
 $
 $
 $

 Other supplemental quantitative disclosures for the years ended December 31 are as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:

 Operating cash flows from operating leases
 $
 $
 $

 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities

 Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) - operating leases
 6.88
 6.28
 6.57

 Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases
 4.11
 %
 3.39
 %
 2.83
 %

 Estimated undiscounted future lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases as of December 31, 2024, are as follows:

 Operating Lease
Liabilities

 2025
 $

 2026

 2027

 2028

 2029

 Thereafter

 Total undiscounted future cash flows

 Less: imputed interest

 Present value of future cash flows
 $

 16. Common Stock
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company was authorized to issue 1,000,000,000 shares of Class A common stock, par value $ 0.001 per share, 500,000,000 shares of Class B common stock, par value $ 0.001 per share, and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $ 0.001 per share. As of December 31, 2023 the Company was authorized to issue 200,000,000 shares of Class A common stock, par value $ 0.001 per share and 200,000,000 shares of Class B common stock, par value $ 0.001 per share. Class A and Class B common stock each convey the same rights and privileges to their respective holders, except that Class A common stock entitles its holders to 1 vote per share in respect of matters on which shareholders are entitled to vote and Class B common stock entitles its holders to 10 votes per share.
 UL Standards & Engagement is the sole holder of UL Solutions' outstanding Class B common stock, resulting in beneficial ownership of 69.0 % and voting power of 95.7 % of the Company's outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2024. As a result, UL Standards & Engagement has the ability to control the outcome of matters submitted to the Company's stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and the approval of any change of control transaction. The Company meets the definition of a "controlled company" within the meaning of the corporate governance rules of the New York Stock Exchange.

 The following table shows the number of shares of common stock outstanding and changes in each class of share:

 Class A
 Class B
 Total

 Balance at December 31, 2022
 —

 Balance at December 31, 2023
 —

 Reclassification(a)

 ( 200,000,000)
 —

 Initial public offering(b)

 38,870,000
 ( 38,870,000)
 —

 Follow-on public offering(c)

 23,000,000
 ( 23,000,000)
 —

 Shares issued under long-term incentive plans
 174,493
 —
 174,493

 Balance at December 31, 2024
 62,044,493
 138,130,000
 200,174,493

 __________________
 (a)On April 11, 2024, the Company filed an amended and restated certificate of incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, which, among other things, reclassified all shares of the Company's Class A common stock outstanding into shares of Class B common stock. The amended and restated certificate of incorporation, as well as the Company's amended and restated bylaws, became effective upon such filing.
 (b)On April 16, 2024, the Company completed its initial public offering of an aggregate of 38,870,000 shares of Class A common stock by UL Standards & Engagement at a price to the public of $ 28.00 per share, which included the exercise in full by the underwriters of their overallotment option to purchase an additional 5,070,000 shares of Class A common stock. The Company did not receive any proceeds from the initial public offering.
 (c) On September 9, 2024, the Company completed a follow-on public offering of an aggregate of 23,000,000 shares of Class A common stock by UL Standards & Engagement at a price to the public of $ 49.00 per share, which included the exercise in full by the underwriters of their overallotment option to purchase an additional 3,000,000 shares of Class A common stock. The Company did not receive any proceeds from this offering.
 At December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, no shares of preferred stock were issued or outstanding.

 17. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss ("AOCL")
 The following table summarizes the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss.

 Foreign Currency Translation
 Pension and Postretirement Plans
 Total

 Balance at December 31, 2021, net of tax
 $
 ( 13)
 $
 ( 203)
 $
 ( 216)

 Amounts before reclassifications
 ( 41)

 Amounts reclassified out
 —

 Total other comprehensive (loss) income, before tax
 ( 41)

 Tax effect
 —
 ( 31)
 ( 31)

 Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax
 ( 41)

 Balance at December 31, 2022, net of tax
 $
 ( 54)
 $
 ( 112)
 $
 ( 166)

 Amounts before reclassifications

 Amounts reclassified out
 —

 Total other comprehensive income, before tax

 Tax effect
 —
 ( 5)
 ( 5)

 Total other comprehensive income, net of tax

 Balance at December 31, 2023, net of tax
 $
 ( 49)
 $
 ( 97)
 $
 ( 146)

 Amounts before reclassifications
 ( 39)
 ( 18)

 Amounts reclassified out
 —

 Total other comprehensive (loss) income, before tax
 ( 39)
 ( 16)

 Tax effect
 —
 ( 5)
 ( 5)

 Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax
 ( 39)
 ( 21)

 Balance at December 31, 2024, net of tax
 $
 ( 88)
 $
 ( 79)
 $
 ( 167)

 Components of AOCL
 The components of AOCL for the years ended December 31 are as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022
 Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations

 Amounts reclassified from AOCL

 Pension and postretirement losses
 $
 $
 $
 Other income (expense), net

 Tax effect
 —
 —
 ( 4)
 Income tax expense

 Total reclassifications
 $
 $
 $

 18. Stock-based and Other Incentive Compensation
 In April 2024, the UL Solutions Inc. 2024 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the "2024 LTIP") became effective and the Company reserved for issuance 20,000,000 shares of Class A common stock in connection with the 2024 LTIP and the UL Solutions Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan (the "Pre-IPO LTIP"), as well as 5,000,000 additional shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the UL Solutions Inc. 2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "2024 ESPP"). Upon settlement of stock-based compensation awards, shares of Class A common stock are issued in respect of such awards. Equity awards that are granted and subsequently expire, are cancelled, forfeited, or are used to satisfy required withholding taxes are recycled back into the total number of shares available for issuance under the 2024 LTIP and the Pre-IPO LTIP. As of December 31, 2024, 19,825,507 shares remain available for issuance under the 2024 LTIP and the Pre-IPO LTIP and 5,000,000 shares remain available for issuance under the 2024 ESPP.
 Annual equity awards are issued to certain employees and officers, including named executive officers, in order to attract, motivate and retain talent and to maximize their contribution to the long-term success of the Company. Equity awards are also used as part of the compensation provided to the board of directors in the form of restricted stock units. Directors may elect to defer receipt of some or all of their annual cash retainer amounts, which are converted into restricted stock units when and as such cash retainer amounts would have otherwise been paid, for either five years, 10 years or until termination of service from the board.
 In May 2024, the Company granted annual equity awards, comprised of restricted stock units and performance share units, to eligible employees, officers and directors. In addition, in connection with the IPO, the Company granted nonqualified stock options and restricted stock units to the Company's executive team, including named executive officers, and other key employees under the 2024 LTIP.
 The Company has outstanding awards under the Pre-IPO LTIP, the majority of which will be settled in shares of Class A common stock.
 Stock-based compensation expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31 was as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cost of revenue
 $
 $
 $
 ( 1)

 Selling, general and administrative expenses
 ( 16)

 Stock-based compensation expense (benefit)
 ( 17)

 Income tax (benefit) expense
 ( 4)
 ( 3)

 Stock-based compensation expense (benefit), net
 $
 $
 $
 ( 13)

 Stock-based compensation expense (benefit) by type of award

 Restricted stock units
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Performance share units
 —
 —

 Stock options
 —
 —

 Stock-settled stock appreciation rights
 —
 —

 Cash-settled awards

 ( 17)

 Stock-based compensation expense (benefit)
 $
 $
 $
 ( 17)

 Restricted Stock Units
 Restricted stock units ("RSUs") represent the right to receive shares of Class A common stock and are generally subject to continued employment through a three-year ratable vesting period.
 The following table summarizes the activity related to the Company's RSUs during the year ended December 31, 2024:

 Number of RSUs
Grant Date

 —
 $
 —

 Granted
 847,223
 35.65

 ( 45,012)
 34.85

 802,211
 $
 35.70

 As of December 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation expense related to RSUs was $ 18 million and is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of 2.2 years.
 Performance Share Units
 Performance share units ("PSUs") represent the right to receive shares of Class A common stock based on the achievement of certain performance conditions and are generally subject to continued employment through a three-year cliff vesting period. The performance conditions are based on company-wide non-GAAP revenue and operating income metrics and the number of Class A common shares issued may range from 0 % to a maximum potential value of 200 % of the award's target value based on the satisfaction of the applicable metrics over a three-year cumulative performance period.
 The following table summarizes the activity related to the Company's PSUs during the year ended December 31, 2024:

 Number of PSUs
Grant Date

 —
 $
 —

 Granted
 385,332
 34.85

 ( 14,566)
 34.85

 370,766
 $
 34.85

 As of December 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation expense related to PSUs was $ 13 million and is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of 2.0 years.
 Stock Options
 Stock options represent the right to purchase shares of Class A common stock and are generally subject to continued employment through a three-year cliff vesting period. Stock options expire ten years from the grant date.

 The following table summarizes the activity related to the Company's stock options during the year ended December 31, 2024:

 Number of Stock Options
Exercise Price
Remaining Term
 Aggregate Intrinsic Value

 —
 $
 —

 Granted
 2,074,299
 28.00

 ( 79,719)
 28.00

 1,994,580
 $
 28.00
 9.3 years
 $

 Exercisable as of December 31, 2024
 —

 The weighted average grant date fair value per share of stock options granted was $ 7.84 for the year ended December 31, 2024.
 The following table summarizes the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model that was used to estimate the fair value of the stock options at the grant date:

 April 12, 2024

 Expected dividend yield
 1.79 %

 Risk-free interest rate
 4.48 %

 Weighted average volatility
 24.50 %

 Expected life (in years)
 6.50

 As of December 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options was $ 12 million and is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of 2.3 years.
 Stock Appreciation Rights
 The Company has stock appreciation rights outstanding from its Pre-IPO LTIP, which represent the right to receive an amount based on the appreciation in the fair value of the Company's Class A common stock from the grant date up to a specified date or dates. Prior to the IPO, all stock appreciation rights were Cash-settled Stock Appreciation Rights ("CSARs"). Upon completion of the IPO, the majority of outstanding CSARs were converted to the same number of Stock-settled Stock Appreciation Rights ("SSARs"), which will be settled in shares of Class A common stock under the Pre-IPO LTIP. As equity-settled awards, the fair value of the SSARs was determined on the conversion date of April 16, 2024 and, generally, will not be remeasured unless the awards are modified.
 The conversion of CSARs to SSARs at the completion of the IPO resulted in a reclassification of $ 26 million from accrued compensation and benefits and other liabilities to additional paid-in capital on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet. The CSARs were remeasured to fair value at the conversion date, which resulted in additional pre-tax compensation expense of $ 9 million in the second quarter of 2024, primarily within selling, general and administrative expenses. The pre-tax compensation expense reduced segment operating income by $ 4 million, $ 4 million and $ 1 million for the Industrial, Consumer and Software & Advisory segments, respectively.

 The following table summarizes the activity related to the Company's CSARs during the year ended December 31, 2024:

 Number of CSAR Awards
Exercise Price
Remaining Term
 Aggregate Intrinsic Value

 3,452,120
 $
 18.77
 1.72 years
 $

 CSARs converted to SSARs
 ( 1,978,761)
 21.12

 Exercised
 ( 891,866)
 7.69

 Cancelled
 ( 470,992)
 30.06

 ( 19,815)
 29.10

 90,686
 $
 15.65
 1.05 years
 $

 Exercisable as of December 31, 2024
 76,400
 $
 13.15
 0.71 years
 $

 As of December 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation expense related to CSARs was immaterial. The weighted average grant date fair value per share of CSARs granted was $ 5.28, $ 4.83, and $ 7.66 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 The following table summarizes the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing models that were used to estimate the fair value of CSARs at the conversion date and as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 April 16, 2024
 December 31, 2023
 December 31, 2022

 Expected dividend yield
 1.44 %
 1.70 %
 — %

 Risk-free interest rate
 4.78 % - 5.41 %

 3.99 % - 5.60 %

 4.12 % - 4.75 %

 Weighted average volatility
 22.50 %
 22.24 %
 29.87 %

 Expected life (in years)
 0.11 - 2.96

 0.06 - 3.25

 0.06 - 3.25

 The Company had a short-term liability related to its CSARs of $ 3 million and $ 37 million recorded within accrued compensation and benefits in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company had a long-term liability of $ 0 and $ 2 million recorded within other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The fair value of the Company's vested CSAR awards was $ 3 million and $ 29 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 The following table summarizes the activity related to the Company's SSARs during the year ended December 31, 2024:

 Number of SSAR Awards
Exercise Price
Remaining Term
 Aggregate Intrinsic Value

 —
 $
 —

 SSARs converted from CSARs
 1,978,761
 21.12

 Exercised
 ( 328,476)
 12.84

 ( 52,146)
 29.13

 1,598,139
 $
 22.55
 1.96 years
 $

 Exercisable as of December 31, 2024
 660,165
 $
 13.26
 0.75 years
 $

 As of December 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation expense related to SSARs was $ 3 million and is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of 1.2 years. The weighted average grant date fair value per share of SSARs granted was $ 6.15 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

 Performance Cash
 The Company has Performance Cash awards outstanding from its Pre-IPO LTIP, which represent the right to receive an amount based on the achievement of certain performance conditions and are generally subject to continued employment through a three-year cliff vesting period. The amount may range from 0 % to a maximum potential value of 200 % of the award's target value based on the satisfaction of the performance conditions over a three-year cumulative performance period. Prior to the IPO, all Performance Cash awards were settled in cash. Following the IPO, the majority of the outstanding Performance Cash awards will be settled in shares of Class A common stock under the Pre-IPO LTIP.
 Compensation expense related to Performance Cash awards for the years ended December 31 was as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cost of revenue
 $
 $
 $

 Selling, general and administrative expenses

 Performance Cash compensation expense

 Income tax benefit
 ( 4)
 ( 4)
 ( 4)

 Performance Cash compensation expense, net
 $
 $
 $

 The Company had a short-term liability related to its Performance Cash awards of $ 16 million recorded within accrued compensation and benefits in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for both years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company had a long-term liability of $ 18 million and $ 13 million recorded within other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2024 and 2023 respectively.

 19. Commitments and Contingencies
 Future minimum payments for noncancelable purchase obligations with a remaining term of over one year as of December 31, 2024, are payable as follows:

 Purchase Obligations

 2025
 $

 2026

 2027

 2028

 2029 and thereafter

 Total
 $

 Purchase obligations exclude liabilities that are included on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2024 and include commitments for outsourced services, facilities, capital expenditures, cloud service arrangements and various other types of noncancelable contracts.
 The Company is party in the ordinary course of business to certain claims, litigation, audits and investigations. The Company will record an accrual for a loss contingency when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company believes it has established adequate accruals for liabilities that are probable and reasonably estimable and that may be incurred in connection with any such currently pending or threatened matter, none of which are material. In the Company's opinion, the settlement of any such currently pending or threatened matter is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or cash flow.

 20. Related Party Transactions
 In the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred expenses of $ 22 million, $ 21 million and $ 21 million, respectively, to allow its staff and customers access to the library of standards owned and maintained by UL Standards & Engagement. These expenses were recorded within cost of revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 In the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company paid dividends to UL Standards & Engagement of $ 83 million, $ 680 million and $ 1,600 million, respectively. Dividends are reflected within the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity as a decrease in retained earnings and, in 2023, additional paid-in capital.

 21. Segment Information
 ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting ("ASC 280") establishes the standards for reporting information about segments in financial statements. The Company has determined that it is organized, managed and internally grouped into three segments: Industrial, Consumer and Software and Advisory. UL Solutions segments provide common goods and services to their customers, which provides for efficient sharing of the segments' resources as needed. Segment information is reported on the basis used for reporting to the Chief Executive Officer, who serves as the Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") and evaluates each segment's performance using a variety of metrics, including operating income, which is the measure most consistent with amounts included in the Company's consolidated financial statements. The CODM uses operating income to evaluate each segment's performance and allocate resources, including employees and capital, considering budget-to-actual variances to review operating trends in the annual budgeting and quarterly forecasting processes.
 The following is a brief description of the Company's segments:
 Industrial: The Industrial segment provides testing, inspection and certification ("TIC") services to help ensure customers' industrial products meet or exceed international standards for product safety, performance and sustainability. The Industrial segment provides services that address needs across a number of end markets, including energy, industrial automation, engineered materials (plastics and wire and cable) and built environment, and across a variety of stakeholders, including manufacturers, building and asset owners, end users and regulators. The Company believes the products it tests, certifies and inspects in this segment generally represent very high cost of failure components, which in turn drives customers in this segment to choose UL Solutions based on its deep technical expertise, consistency and quality of service.
 Consumer: The Consumer segment provides a variety of global product market acceptance and risk mitigation services for customers in the consumer products end market, including consumer electronics, medical devices, information technologies, appliances, HVAC, lighting, retail (softlines and hardlines) and emerging consumer applications, including new mobility, smart products and 5G. The primary services offered by this segment include safety certification testing, ongoing certification, global market access, testing for connectivity, performance and quality and critical systems advisory and training.
 Software and Advisory: The Software and Advisory segment provides complementary software and advisory solutions that extend the value proposition of TIC services the Company offers. The software and technical advisory offerings enable the Company's customers to manage complex regulatory requirements, deliver supply chain transparency and operationalize sustainability.
 The accounting policies applied to the segments are the same as those applied by the Company to the consolidated financial statements. The Company prepared the financial results of the segments on a basis that is consistent with the manner in which management internally disaggregates financial information to assist in making internal operating decisions. The Company manages income taxes and certain treasury related items, such as interest income and expense, on a global basis within corporate.
 The Company allocates among segments certain common costs and expenses not specifically identifiable to the segments differently than the Company would for stand-alone financial information prepared in accordance with US GAAP. These include certain costs and expenses of the Company's corporate functions, such as executive, finance, legal, human resources and information technology. Allocations are calculated primarily based on segment expenses proportionate to consolidated expenses.

 The following table provides revenue, significant segment expenses and operating income, by segment for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

 Total

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 1,254
 $
 1,146
 $
 1,044
 $
 1,238
 $
 1,172
 $
 1,128
 $
 $
 $
 $
 2,870
 $
 2,678
 $
 2,520

 Employee compensation
 1,564
 1,490
 1,374

 Services and materials

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Operating income
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Capital expenditures of the Company's segments were as follows for the years ended December 31:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Total segments

 Corporate

 Total
 $
 $
 $

 Assets by segment are not disclosed as the Company does not allocate assets to segments for internal reporting presentations provided to the CODM.
 Geographic Information
 Revenue by major geographic region based on the location of the Company's customers was as follows for the years ended December 31:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 United States
 $
 1,178
 $
 1,117
 $
 1,051

 China(a)

 Asia Pacific

 Europe, Middle East and Africa

 Other Americas

 Total
 $
 2,870
 $
 2,678
 $
 2,520

 (a)Represents revenue from Greater China - mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan.

 The following table provides a summary of long-lived assets, excluding financial instruments and tax assets, classified by major geographic region as of December 31:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 United States
 $
 $
 $

 China(a)

 Asia Pacific

 Europe, Middle East and Africa

 Other Americas

 Total
 $
 $
 $

 (a)Represents long-lived assets from Greater China - mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan.

 ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
 None.

 ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures
 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 The Company has conducted an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Company's principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Based on this evaluation, the Company's principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that as of December 31, 2024 the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective such that the information required to be disclosed in the Company's SEC reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including the Company's principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
 Management's Annual Report on Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting
 The Annual Report does not include a report of management's assessment regarding internal control over financial reporting or an attestation report of the Company's registered public accounting firm due to a transition period established by rules of the SEC for newly public companies.
 Changes in Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting
 No changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2024, that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

 ITEM 9B. Other Information
 Insider Trading Arrangements and Policies
 During the three months ended December 31, 2024, none of the Company's directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a1(f) under the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated any contract, instruction, or written plan for the purchase or sale of the Company's securities intended to satisfy the conditions of the affirmative defense provided by Rule 10b5-1(c) or any "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.

 ITEM 9C. Disclosures Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
 Not Applicable.

 ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
 The Company has adopted Standards of Business Conduct, which are applicable to all of the Company's directors, officers and employees, including the Company's principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or persons performing similar functions. The Standards of Business Conduct provide a framework for sound ethical business decisions and set forth the Company's expectations on a number of topics, including conflicts of interest, compliance with laws, use of the Company's assets and business ethics. The Standards of Business Conduct is available on the Company's website at www.ir.ul.com. The information on, or otherwise accessible through, the Company's website does not constitute a part of this Annual Report. If the Company ever were to amend or waive any provision of its Standards of Business Conduct that applies to the Company's principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or any person performing similar functions, the Company intends to satisfy its disclosure obligations, if any, with respect to any such waiver or amendment by posting such information on its website set forth above rather than by filing a Current Report on Form 8-K. In the case of a waiver for an executive officer or a director, the disclosure required under applicable NYSE listing standards also will be made available on the Company's website.
 The information required by this Item (other than as set forth above) will be included in the Company's 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 11. Executive Compensation
 The information required by this Item will be included in the Company's 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
 The information required by this Item and not otherwise presented below will be included in the Company's 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
 The information required by this Item will be included in the Company's 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
 The information required by this Item will be included in the Company's 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
 The following documents are filed as a part of this report:

 (1) Consolidated Financial Statements
 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
 Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023
 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

 (2) Consolidated Financial Statement Schedules
 None

 Schedules other than those listed above have been omitted either because such schedules are not required or are not applicable.

 (3) The exhibits listed in the following Exhibit Index are filed as part of this Annual Report, or incorporated herein by reference.

 Exhibit No.
 Description

 3.1

 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of UL Solutions Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 17, 2024).

 3.2

 Amended and Restated Bylaws of UL Solutions Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 17, 2024).

 4.1

 Specimen Common Stock Certificate of UL Solutions Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 4.2 *

 Description of the Registrant's Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

 10.1

 Registration Rights Agreement, dated April 2, 2024, by and between ULSE Inc. and UL Solutions Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on April 2, 2024).

 10.2

 Stockholder Agreement, dated April 2, 2024, by and between ULSE Inc. and UL Solutions Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on April 2, 2024).

 10.3

 License Agreement, between UL LLC, as Licensor, and Underwriters Laboratories Inc., as Licensee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.4

 License Agreement, between UL LLC, as Licensor, and ULSE Inc., as Licensee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.5

 License Agreement, between UL International Singapore Ltd., as Licensor, and Underwriters Laboratories Inc., as Licensee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.6

 License Agreement, between UL International Singapore Ltd., as Licensor, and ULSE Inc., as Licensee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.7

 UL Standards Access and License Agreement, between ULSE Inc., as Licensor, and UL LLC, as Licensee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.8

 Amended and Restated Joint Venture Contract, dated October 28, 2022, by and between China Certification & Inspection (Group) Co., Ltd. and UL LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.9

 UL Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.10

 First Amendment to UL Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.11

 Form of Executive Award Agreement (Cash Settled Appreciation Rights) under the UL Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.12

 Form of Amendment to 2019 Executive Award Agreement (Cash Settled Appreciation Rights) under the UL Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.13

 Form of Amendment to 2019 Executive Award Agreement (Cash Settled Appreciation Rights) under the UL Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.14

 UL Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.15

 First Amendment to UL Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.16

 Form of Executive Award Agreement (Cash Settled Appreciation Rights) under the UL Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.17

 Form of Amendment to 2020 Executive Award Agreement (Cash Settled Appreciation Rights) for U.S. participants under the UL Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.18

 Form of Amendment to 2020 Executive Award Agreement (Cash Settled Appreciation Rights) for non-U.S. participants under the UL Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.19

 Form of Executive Award Agreement (Cash Settled Appreciation Rights) under the UL Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.20

 Form of Executive Award Agreement (Cash Settled Appreciation Rights) under the UL Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.21

 Form of Executive Award Agreement (Cash Settled Appreciation Rights) under the UL Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.22

 Form of Performance Cash Award Agreement under the UL Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.36 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.23

 Form of Amendment to Performance Cash Award Agreement under the UL Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.37 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.24

 Form of Amendment to Performance Cash Award Agreement under the UL Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.25

 Form of Performance Cash Award Agreement under the UL Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.39 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.26

 Form of Performance Cash Award Agreement under the UL Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.40 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.27

 UL Solutions Inc. 2024 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.37 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on February 29, 2024).

 10.28

 Form of Employee Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the UL Solutions Inc. 2024 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on February 29, 2024).

 10.29

 Form of Employee Performance Share Unit Award Agreement under the UL Solutions Inc. 2024 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.39 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on February 29, 2024).

 10.30

 Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under the UL Solutions Inc. 2024 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.40 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on February 29, 2024).

 10.31

 Form of Non-Employee Director Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the UL Solutions Inc. 2024 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.41 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on April 2, 2024).

 10.32 *

 Form of Employee Performance Share Unit Award Agreement under the UL Solutions Inc. 2024 Long-Term Incentive Plan.

 10.33

 UL Solutions Inc. 2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.42 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on February 29, 2024).

 10.34 *

 UL Solutions Inc. All Employee Incentive Plan, effective February 20, 2024.

 10.35 *

 UL Solutions Inc. All Employee Incentive Plan, effective February 11, 2025.

 10.36

 UL Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.48 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.37

 UL Inc. Executive Regular and Change in Control Severance Plan (as amended and restated, effective February 21, 2023) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.49 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.38

 Employment agreement, dated as of August 21, 2019, between UL Inc. and Jennifer F. Scanlon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.50 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.39

 Offer letter, dated as of April 4, 2017, between UL LLC and Ryan D. Robinson (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.51 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.40

 Offer letter, dated as of June 27, 2012, between UL LLC and Weifang Zhou (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.52 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.41

 Amended and Restated Employment Contract, dated as of December 3, 2024, by and between UL International Demko A/S and Gitte Schj tz (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on December 5, 2024).

.

 10.42

 Long term assignment letter, dated as of July 8, 2019, between UL International Singapore Private Limited and Gitte Schjotz (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.54 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.43

 Repatriation assignment letter, dated as of January 26, 2021, between UL Inc. and Gitte Schjotz (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.55 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.44

 Offer Letter, dated as of December 3, 2024, by and between UL Solutions Inc. and Alex Dadakis (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on December 5, 2024).

 10.45

 Offer letter, dated as of November 16, 2019, between UL LLC and Lynn Hancock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.58 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.46

 Offer letter, dated as of May 4, 2020, between UL LLC and Linda Chapin (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.59 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.47

 Offer letter, dated as of July 29, 2022, between UL LLC and John Genovesi (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.60 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.48

 Employment contract, dated as of July 19, 2018, between UL International Italia S.r.l. and Alberto Uggetti (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.61 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.49

 Amendment to the terms and conditions of employment, dated July 7, 2023, between UL International Italia S.r.l. and Alberto Uggetti (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.62 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.50 *

 Amendment to the terms and conditions of employment, dated December 3, 2024, between UL International Italia S.r.l. and Alberto Uggetti.

 10.51

 Form of Indemnification Agreement between UL Solutions Inc. and each of its directors and executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.59 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on April 2, 2024).

 10.52

 Credit Agreement, dated as of January 11, 2022, among UL Inc., as parent guarantor, UL LLC, as borrower, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and the other agents and lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.57 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.53

 First Amendment to Credit Agreement, First Amendment to Guaranty and Borrower Assignment, Assumption and Release (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on July 31, 2024).

 10.54

 Indenture, dated as of October 20, 2023, among UL Solutions Inc., UL LLC and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.55

 First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 20, 2023, among UL Solutions Inc., UL LLC and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 10.56

 Form of 6.500% Senior Note due 2028 (included in Exhibit 10.55).

 10.57

 Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of October 20, 2023, among UL Solutions Inc., UL LLC and Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, as representatives of the several initial purchasers of UL Solutions Inc.'s senior notes due 2028 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Company's Form S-1 filed on November 13, 2023).

 19.1 *

 UL Solutions Inc. Insider Trading Compliance Policy and Procedures.

 21.1 *

 List of Subsidiaries of UL Solutions Inc.

 23.1 *

 Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.

 24.1 *

 Power of Attorney (included on the signature page of this Annual Report).

 31.1 *

 Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 31.2 *

 Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.1 **

 Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.2 **

 Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 97.1 *

 UL Solutions Inc. Compensation Clawback Policy.

 101*

 104*

 * Filed herewith.
 **Furnished herewith. The certifications attached as Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 to this Annual Report are deemed furnished and not filed with the SEC and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date of this Annual Report, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.
 Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

 ITEM 16. Form 10-K Summary
 None.

 SIGNATURES
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on the 20th day of February, 2025.

 By
 /s/ Jennifer F. Scanlon

 Jennifer F. Scanlon

 President and Chief Executive Officer

 POWER OF ATTORNEY
 KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoint Jennifer F. Scanlon and Ryan D. Robinson, and each one of them, as his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in their name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or the individual's substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed below on the 20th day of February, 2025 by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacities indicated.

 /s/ Jennifer F. Scanlon
 /s/ Kevin J. Kennedy

 Jennifer F. Scanlon
 Kevin J. Kennedy

 President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ Ryan D. Robinson
 /s/ Lisa M. Lambert

 Ryan D. Robinson
 Lisa M. Lambert

 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

 /s/ Karen K. Pepping
 /s/ James M. Shannon

 Karen K. Pepping
 James M. Shannon

 Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)
 Director and Chair of the Board

 /s/ Frank J. Coyne
 /s/ Sally Susman

 Frank J. Coyne
 Sally Susman

 /s/ James P. Dollive
 /s/ Michael H. Thaman

 James P. Dollive
 Michael H. Thaman

 /s/ Marla C. Gottschalk
 /s/ Elisabeth T rstad

 Marla C. Gottschalk
 Elisabeth T rstad

 /s/ Friedrich Hecker
 /s/ George A. Williams

 Friedrich Hecker
 George A. Williams

 /s/ Charles W. Hooper

 Charles W. Hooper