DISH DBS Corporation_DECEMBER 31, 2024

 UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549

 Form 10-K

 (Mark One)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024.

 OR

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO.

 Commission File Number: 333-31929

 DISH DBS Corporation
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Colorado

 84-1328967

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 9601 South Meridian Boulevard

 Englewood, Colorado

 80112

 (Address of principal executive offices)

 (Zip Code)

 Registrant's telephone number, including area code: ( 303) 723-1000

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. (Note: The registrant is a voluntary filer of reports under Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.) Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No

 The aggregate market value of the registrant's voting interests held by non-affiliates on June 30, 2024 was $ 0.

 As of March 19, 2025, the registrant's outstanding common stock consisted of 1,015 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share.

 The registrant meets the conditions set forth in General Instructions (I)(1)(a) and (b) of Form 10-K and is therefore filing this Annual Report on Form 10-K with the reduced disclosure format.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 The following documents are incorporated into this Form 10-K by reference: None

 Disclosure Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

 i

 Item 1.

 Business

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Item 7.

 Management's Narrative Analysis of Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions That Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 *

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 *

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 *

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 *

 Item 14.

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

 *This item has been omitted pursuant to the reduced disclosure format as set forth in General Instructions (I) (2) (a) and (c) of Form 10-K.

 DISCLOSURE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 Unless otherwise required by the context, in this report, the words "DISH DBS," "DDBS," the "Company," "we," "our" and "us" refer to DISH DBS Corporation and its subsidiaries, "DISH Network" refers to DISH Network Corporation, our parent company, and its subsidiaries, including us, and "EchoStar" refers to EchoStar Corporation and its subsidiaries, our ultimate parent company.

 This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including, in particular, statements about our plans, objectives and strategies, growth opportunities in our industries and businesses, our expectations regarding future results, financial condition, liquidity and capital requirements, our estimates regarding the impact of regulatory developments and legal proceedings, and other trends and projections. Forward-looking statements are not historical facts and may be identified by words such as "future," "anticipate," "intend," "plan," "goal," "seek," "believe," "estimate," "expect," "predict," "will," "would," "could," "can," "may," and similar terms. These forward-looking statements are based on information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and represent management's current views and assumptions. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, events or results and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may be beyond our control. Accordingly, actual performance, events or results could differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including, but not limited to, those summarized below:

 SUMMARY OF RISK FACTORS

 Competition and Economic Risks

 We face intense and increasing competition from providers of video, broadband and/or wireless services. Changing consumer behavior and new technologies in our Pay-TV business may reduce our subscriber activations and may cause our subscribers to purchase fewer services from us or to cancel our services altogether, resulting in less revenue to us.

 Our pay-TV competitors may be able to leverage their relationships with programmers to reduce their programming costs and/or offer exclusive content that will place them at a competitive advantage to us.

 If we are unable to take advantage of technological developments on a timely basis, or at all, we may experience a decline in demand for our services or face challenges in implementing or evolving our business strategy.

 If we are unable to take advantage of technological developments on a timely basis, or at all, we may experience a decline in demand for our services or face challenges in implementing or evolving our business strategy.

 Operational and Service Delivery Risks

 Any deterioration in our operational performance, subscriber activations and churn rate and subscriber satisfaction could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We depend on others to provide the programming that we offer to our Pay-TV subscribers and, if we fail to obtain or lose access to certain programming, our Pay-TV subscriber activations and our subscriber churn rate may be negatively impacted.

 We have limited satellite capacity and any failures or reduced capacity, caused by, among other things, operational and environmental risks, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Extreme weather may result in risk of damage to our infrastructure and therefore our ability to provide services, and may lead to changes in federal, state and foreign government regulation, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 i

 We currently depend on DISH Network to provide the vast majority of our satellite transponder capacity and other related services to us. Our business would be adversely affected if DISH Network ceases to provide these services to us and we are unable to obtain suitable replacement services from third parties.

 We rely on a single vendor or a limited number of vendors to provide certain key products or services to us, and the inability of these key vendors to meet our needs could have a material adverse effect on our business.

 We depend on independent third parties to solicit orders for our services that represent a meaningful percentage of our total gross new subscriber activations.

 Risks Related to our Human Capital

 We rely on highly skilled personnel for our business, and any inability to hire and retain key personnel or to hire qualified personnel may negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Our business growth and customer retention strategies rely in part on the work of technically skilled employees.

 Risks Related to our Products and Technology

 Our business depends on certain intellectual property rights and on not infringing the intellectual property rights of others.

 We are, and may become, party to various lawsuits which, if adversely decided, could have a significant adverse impact on our business, particularly lawsuits regarding intellectual property.

 If our products contain defects, we could be subject to significant costs to correct such defects and our product and network service contracts could be delayed or cancelled, which could adversely affect our revenue.

 Risks Related to Cybersecurity

 We have experienced and may experience in the future consistent cyber-attacks and attempts to gain unauthorized access to our systems and any failure or inadequacy of our information technology infrastructure and communications systems or those of third parties that we use in our operations could disrupt or harm our business.

 The confidentiality, integrity and availability of our services and products depends on the continuing operation of our information technology and other enabling systems.

 Acquisition and Capital Structure Risks

 We have substantial debt outstanding and may incur additional debt and covenants in our Indentures could limit our ability to undertake certain types of activities and adversely affect our liquidity.

 We may pursue acquisitions, dispositions, capital expenditures, the development, acquisition and launch of new satellites and other strategic initiatives to complement or expand our business, which may not be successful and we may lose a portion or all of our investment in these acquisitions and transactions.

 Our parent, DISH Network, has made substantial investments to acquire certain wireless spectrum licenses and other related assets, and we have made and may continue to make funds available to DISH Network in the form of cash distributions or loans in connection with the development of DISH Network's wireless business.

 Our Senior Secured Notes (defined herein) are subordinated to our existing unsecured notes and certain future unsecured notes with respect to certain realizations under the Intercompany Loan (defined herein) and any collateral pledged as security therefor.

 We may need additional capital, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all, to fund current obligations, to continue investing in our business and to finance acquisitions and other strategic transactions.

 ii

 Our ultimate parent, EchoStar, is controlled by one principal stockholder who is also our Chairman.

 Risks Related to the Regulation of Our Business

 Our services depend on FCC licenses that can expire or be revoked or modified and applications for FCC licenses that may not be granted.

 Other factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed under the caption "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, those discussed in "Management's Narrative Analysis of Results of Operations" herein and those discussed in other documents we file with the SEC. All cautionary statements made or referred to herein should be read as being applicable to all forward-looking statements wherever they appear. Investors should consider the risks and uncertainties described or referred to herein and should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made, and we expressly disclaim any obligation to update these forward-looking statements.

 iii

 Item 1. BUSINESS

 Brief Description of our Business

 DISH DBS is a holding company that was organized in 1996 as a corporation under the laws of the State of Colorado. Its subsidiaries, together with DISH DBS Corporation, are referred to as "DISH DBS," "DDBS," the "Company," "we," "us" and/or "our," unless otherwise required by the context. DISH DBS is an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of DISH Network, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of EchoStar Corporation ("EchoStar"), a publicly traded company listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market ("NASDAQ") under the symbol "SATS." Our principal executive offices are located at 9601 South Meridian Boulevard, Englewood, Colorado 80112 and our telephone number is (303) 723-1000. We refer readers of this report to EchoStar's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. Our subsidiaries operate one business segment.

 Merger with EchoStar

 On December 31, 2023, EchoStar completed the acquisition of DISH Network pursuant to the Amended and Restated Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 2, 2023 (the "Amended Merger Agreement"), by and among EchoStar, EAV Corp., a Nevada corporation and its wholly owned subsidiary ("Merger Sub"), and DISH Network, our parent, pursuant to which EchoStar acquired DISH Network by means of the merger of Merger Sub with and into DISH Network (the "Merger"), with DISH Network surviving the Merger as EchoStar's wholly owned subsidiary. For further information, refer to the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in EchoStar's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Recent Developments

 DIRECTV Transaction

 On September 29, 2024, EchoStar and DIRECTV Holdings, LLC ("DTV") entered into an Equity Purchase Agreement (the "Purchase Agreement"). Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement, DTV agreed to acquire from EchoStar all of the issued and outstanding equity interests of DISH DBS, which operates its Pay-TV business.

 Following written notice from DTV received on November 20, 2024, DTV terminated the Purchase Agreement effective at 11:59 pm ET on November 22, 2024 pursuant to Section 7.01(a)(iv) of the Purchase Agreement because the DISH DBS Exchange Offers (as defined in Note 8 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K) were not consummated by the Exchange Offer Settlement Date (as defined in the Purchase Agreement). No termination fee or other payment was due from either party to the other as a result of the termination of the Purchase Agreement.

 Pay-TV

 We offer pay-TV services under the DISH brand and the SLING brand (collectively "Pay-TV" services). The DISH branded pay-TV service consists of, among other things, FCC licenses authorizing us to use direct broadcast satellite ("DBS") and Fixed Satellite Service ("FSS") spectrum, our owned and leased satellites, receiver systems, broadcast operations, a leased fiber optic network, in-home service and call center operations and certain other assets utilized in our operations ("DISH TV").

 We also design, develop and distribute receiver systems and provide digital broadcast operations, including satellite uplinking/downlinking, transmission and other services to third-party pay-TV providers. The SLING branded pay-TV services consist of, among other things, multichannel, live-linear and on-demand streaming over-the-top ("OTT") Internet-based domestic, international, Latino and Freestream video programming services ("SLING TV"). As of December 31, 2024, we had 7.778 million Pay-TV subscribers in the United States, including 5.686 million DISH TV subscribers and 2.092 million SLING TV subscribers.

 Business Strategy

 Our Pay-TV business strategy is to be the best provider of video services in the United States by providing products with the best technology, outstanding customer service, and great value. We promote our Pay-TV services by providing our subscribers with a better "price-to-value" relationship and experience than those available from other subscription television service providers. We market our SLING TV services to consumers who do not subscribe to traditional satellite and cable pay-TV services, as well as to current and recent traditional pay-TV subscribers who desire a lower cost alternative.

 Products with the Best Technology. We offer a wide selection of local and national HD programming and are a technology leader in our industry, offering award-winning DVRs (including our Hopper whole-home HD DVR), multiple tuner receivers, video on demand and external hard drives. We offer several SLING TV services, including SLING Orange (our single-stream SLING domestic service), SLING Blue (our multi-stream SLING domestic service), International, Latino and Freestream, among others, as well as add-on extras, direct to consumer services, pay-per-view events and a cloud-based DVR service.

 Outstanding Customer Service. We strive to provide outstanding customer service by, among other things, improving the quality of the initial installation of subscriber equipment, improving the reliability of our equipment, better educating our customers about our products and services, and resolving customer problems promptly and effectively when they arise.

 Great Value. We have historically been viewed as the low-cost provider in the pay-TV industry in the United States. However, today with DISH TV, we are focused on a message of Service, Value and Technology. We also offer a differentiated customer experience with our award-winning Hopper platform that integrates voice control, access to apps including Netflix, Prime Video and YouTube and the ability to watch live, recorded and On Demand content anywhere with the DISH Anywhere mobile application. As another example, our SLING Orange service and our SLING Blue service are two of the lowest priced live-linear online streaming services in the industry.

 WEBSITE ACCESS

 We voluntarily file with the SEC and are not subject to the informational requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Our SEC filings may be accessed free of charge through the website of our ultimate parent, EchoStar, as soon as reasonably practicable after we have electronically filed such material with, or furnished it to, the SEC. The address of that website is

 Item 1A. RISK FACTORS

 The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing us. If any of the following events occur or evolve in a way different than expected, our business, financial condition, or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

 Competition and Economic Risks

 We face intense and increasing competition from providers of video, broadband and/or wireless services, which may require us to further increase subscriber acquisition and retention spending or accept lower subscriber activations and higher subscriber churn.

 Our Pay-TV business faces substantial competition from established pay-TV providers and broadband service providers and increasing competition from companies providing/facilitating the delivery of video content via the Internet to computers, televisions and other streaming and mobile devices, including, but not limited to, wireless service providers. In recent years, the traditional pay-TV industry has matured, and industry consolidation and convergence have created competitors with greater scale and multiple product/service offerings. Some of these services charge nominal or no fees for access to their content, which could adversely affect demand for our Pay-TV services. Moreover, new technologies have been, and will likely continue to be, developed that further increase the number of competitors we face with respect to video services, including, but not limited to, competition from piracy-based video offerings. These developments, among others, have contributed to intense and increasing competition, which we expect to continue.

 We face increasing competition from content providers and other companies who distribute video directly to consumers over the Internet. These content providers and other companies, as well as traditional satellite television providers, cable companies and large telecommunication companies, are rapidly increasing their Internet-based video offerings. See "Item 7. Management's Narrative Analysis of Results of Operations – Trends – Competition" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

 Mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures and alliances among cable television providers, telecommunications companies, programming providers and others may result in, among other things, greater scale and financial leverage and increase the availability of offerings from providers capable of bundling video, broadband and/or wireless services in competition with our services and may exacerbate the risks described herein. Such providers may be able to, among other things, utilize their increased leverage over third-party content owners and programmers to withhold online rights from us and reduce the price they pay for programming at the expense of other MVPDs, including us; underutilize key orbital spectrum resources that could be more efficiently used by us; foreclose or degrade our online video offerings at various points in the broadband pipe; and impose data caps on consumers who access our online video offerings. See "Item 7. Management's Narrative Analysis of Results of Operations – Trends – Programming" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

 We believe that the availability and extent of programming, including, but not limited to, unique programming services such as foreign language, sports programming and original content, and other value-added services such as access to video via mobile devices, continue to be significant factors in consumers' choice among pay-TV providers. Other pay-TV providers may have more successfully marketed and promoted their programming packages and value-added services and may also be better equipped and have greater resources to increase their programming offerings and value-added services to respond to increasing consumer demand. We may be required to make substantial additional investments in infrastructure to respond to competitive pressure to deliver enhanced programming and other value-added services, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to compete effectively with offerings from other pay-TV providers.

 Furthermore, this increasingly competitive environment may require us to increase subscriber acquisition and retention spending or accept lower subscriber activations and higher subscriber churn. Increasingly, we must seek to attract a greater proportion of new subscribers from our competitors' existing subscriber bases rather than from first-time purchasers of pay-TV services. In addition, because other pay-TV providers may be seeking to attract a greater proportion of their new subscribers from our existing subscriber base, we may be required to increase retention spending and/or provide greater discounts or credits to acquire and retain subscribers who may spend less on our services. Our SLING TV subscribers on average purchase lower-priced programming services than do DISH TV subscribers. Accordingly, an increase in SLING TV subscribers has a negative impact on our Pay-TV average monthly revenue per subscriber ("Pay-TV ARPU"). If our Pay-TV ARPU decreases or does not increase commensurate with increases in programming or other costs, our margins may be reduced and the long-term value of a subscriber would then decrease and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 In addition, as a result of this increased competitive environment and the maturation of the pay-TV industry, future growth opportunities of our DISH TV business may be limited and our margins may be reduced, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our gross new DISH TV subscriber activations continue to be negatively impacted by stricter subscriber acquisition policies (including, but not limited to, a focus on attaining higher quality subscribers) and increased competitive pressures, including, but not limited to, aggressive marketing, more aggressive retention efforts, bundled discount offers combining broadband, video and/or wireless services and other discounted promotional offers. In addition, we face increased competitive pressures from content providers and other companies who distribute video directly to consumers over the Internet. These content providers and other companies, as well as traditional satellite television providers, cable companies and large telecommunication companies, are rapidly increasing their Internet-based video offerings and direct-to-consumer exclusive and non-exclusive content. There can be no assurance that our gross new DISH TV subscriber activations, net DISH TV subscriber additions, and DISH TV churn rate will not continue to be negatively impacted and that the pace of such negative impact will not accelerate. In the event that our DISH TV subscriber base continues to decline or such decline accelerates, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 Changing consumer behavior and new technologies in our Pay-TV business may reduce our subscriber activations and may cause our subscribers to purchase fewer services from us or to cancel our services altogether, resulting in less revenue to us.

 New technologies, products and services are driving rapid changes in consumer behavior as consumers seek more control over when, where and how they consume content and access communication services. In particular, through technological advancements and with the large increase in the number of consumers with broadband service, a significant amount of video content has become available through online content providers for users to stream and view on their personal computers, televisions, phones, tablets, video game consoles and other devices, in some cases without a fee required to access the content. While our subscribers can use their traditional video subscription to access mobile programming, an increasing number of subscribers are also using mobile devices as the sole means of viewing video, and an increasing number of non-traditional video providers is developing content and technologies to satisfy that demand. For example, these technological advancements, changes in consumer behavior, and the increasing number of choices available to consumers regarding the means by which consumers obtain video content may cause DISH TV subscribers to disconnect our services ("cord cutting"), downgrade to smaller, less expensive programming packages ("cord shaving") or elect to purchase through online content providers a certain portion of the services that they would have historically purchased from us. These technological advancements and changes in consumer behavior and/or our failure to effectively anticipate or adapt to such changes, could reduce our gross new Pay-TV subscriber activations and increase our subscriber churn rate and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 New technologies could also create new competitors for us. For instance, we face increasing consumer demand for the delivery of digital video services via the Internet. We expect to continue to face increased competition from companies who use the Internet to deliver digital video services as the speed and quality of broadband and wireless networks continue to improve.

 Our pay-TV competitors may be able to leverage their relationships with programmers to reduce their programming costs and/or offer exclusive content that will place them at a competitive advantage to us.

 The cost of programming represents the largest percentage of our overall Pay-TV costs. Certain of our competitors own directly, partner with and/or are affiliated with companies that own programming content that may enable them to obtain lower programming costs or offer exclusive programming that may be attractive to prospective or existing subscribers. Unlike our larger cable and satellite competitors, some of which also provide internet or broadband based pay-TV services, we have not made significant investments in programming providers. In addition, certain programmers have begun offering a greater amount of their content on a direct-to-consumer basis, including, but not limited to, exclusive and non-exclusive content. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to obtain access to such programming networks on nondiscriminatory and fair terms, or at all. See "Item 1. Business – Government Regulations – FCC Regulations Applicable to Our Operations – Cable Act and Program Access" in EchoStar's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for further information.

 Changes in how network operators handle and charge for access to data that travels across their networks could adversely impact our Pay-TV business.

 With respect to our Pay-TV business, we rely upon the ability of consumers to access our SLING TV services and certain DISH TV functionality through the Internet. If network operators block, restrict, slow-down or throttle or otherwise impair access to our services over their networks, our business could be negatively affected. To the extent that network operators implement usage-based pricing including, but not limited to, meaningful bandwidth caps, or otherwise try to monetize access to their networks by data providers, we could incur greater operating expenses and our SLING TV subscriber count could be negatively impacted. Furthermore, to the extent network operators create tiers of Internet access service and either charge us for or prohibit us from being available through these tiers, our SLING TV business could be negatively impacted.

 In addition, many network operators that provide consumers with broadband service also provide these consumers with video programming, and these network operators may have an incentive to use their network infrastructure in a manner adverse to our continued growth and success. These risks may be exacerbated to the extent network operators are able to provide preferential treatment to their data, including, for example, by offering wireless subscribers access to owned or preferred video content over the Internet without counting against a subscriber's monthly data caps, which may give an unfair advantage to the network operator's own or partners video content.

 We cannot predict with any certainty the impact to our business that may result from changes in how network operators handle and charge for access to data that travels across their networks.

 Economic weakness and uncertainty may adversely affect our ability to grow or maintain our business.

 Our ability to grow or maintain our business may be adversely affected by economic weakness and uncertainty, which could result in the following:

 Fewer subscriber activations and increased subscriber churn rate. We could face fewer subscriber activations and increased subscriber churn rate due to, among other things: (i) certain economic factors that impact consumers, including, among others, inflation, rising interest rates, a potential downturn in the housing market in the United States (including a decline in housing starts) and higher unemployment, which could lead to a lack of consumer confidence and lower discretionary spending; (ii) increased price competition for our products and services; and (iii) the potential loss of independent third-party retailers, who generate a meaningful percentage of our gross new DISH TV subscriber activations, because many of them are small businesses that are more susceptible to the negative effects of economic weakness. In particular, our DISH TV churn rate may increase with respect to subscribers who purchase our lower tier programming packages and who may be more sensitive to economic weakness.

 Higher subscriber acquisition and retention costs. Our profits may be adversely affected by increased subscriber acquisition and retention costs necessary to attract and retain high-quality subscribers during a period of economic weakness.

 We are also subject to inflationary cost pressures, and if inflation continues or worsens, it could negatively impact us by increasing, among other things, our operating expenses. Inflation may lead to cost increases in multiple areas across our business, for example, rises in the prices of raw materials and manufactured goods, increased energy rates, as well as increased wage pressures and other expenses related to our labor, programming and other costs. While we attempt to increase our revenue to offset increases in costs, there is no assurance that we will be able to do so on an acceptable timeline or at all. Therefore, costs could rise faster than associated revenue, thereby resulting in a negative impact on our operating results, cash flows and liquidity.

 If we are unable to take advantage of technological developments on a timely basis, or at all, we may experience a decline in demand for our services or face challenges in implementing or evolving our business strategy.

 In order to grow and remain competitive, we will need to adapt to changes in available technology, including, but not limited to, artificial intelligence and machine learning, enhance our existing service offerings and introduce new offerings to meet our current and potential subscribers' changing service demands. Adopting new and sophisticated technologies may result in implementation issues, such as scheduling and supplier delays, unexpected or increased costs, technological constraints, regulatory permitting issues, actual or perceived subscriber dissatisfaction and other issues that could cause delays in launching new technological capabilities, which in turn could result in significant costs or reduce the anticipated benefits of the upgrades. If our new services fail to retain or gain acceptance in the marketplace or if costs associated with these services are higher than anticipated, this could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

 Operational and Service Delivery Risks

 Any deterioration in our operational performance and subscriber satisfaction could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 If our operational performance and subscriber satisfaction with respect to our Pay-TV business were to deteriorate, we may experience a decrease in subscriber activations and an increase in our subscriber churn rate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. To improve our operational performance, we continue to make investments in staffing, training, information systems and other initiatives, primarily in our call center and in-home service operations. These investments are intended to, among other things, help combat inefficiencies introduced by the increasing complexity of our business, improve subscriber satisfaction, reduce subscriber churn, increase productivity and allow us to scale better over the long run. We cannot, however, be certain that our spending will ultimately be successful in improving our operational performance, and if unsuccessful, we may have to incur higher costs to improve our operational performance. While we believe that such costs will be outweighed by longer-term benefits, there can be no assurance when or if we will realize these benefits at all.

 If our subscriber activations decrease, or if our subscriber churn rate, subscriber acquisition costs or retention costs increase, our financial performance will be adversely affected.

 We may incur increased costs to acquire new subscribers and retain existing subscribers to some or all of our Pay-TV business. For example, with respect to our Pay-TV business, our gross new DISH TV subscriber activations, net DISH TV subscriber additions, and DISH TV churn rate continue to be negatively impacted by stricter subscriber acquisition and retention policies for our DISH TV subscribers including, but not limited to, higher quality subscribers. Retention costs with respect to our DISH TV services may be driven higher by, among other things, increased upgrades of existing subscribers' equipment.

 Although we expect to continue to incur expenses, such as providing retention credits and other subscriber acquisition and retention expenses to attract and retain subscribers, there can be no assurance that our efforts will generate new subscribers or result in a lower churn rate. Our subscriber acquisition costs and our subscriber retention costs can vary significantly from period to period and can cause material variability to our net income (loss). Any material increase in subscriber acquisition or retention costs from current levels could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Our programming expenses are increasing, which may adversely affect our future financial condition and results of operations.

 Our programming costs represent a significant component of our total expense and we expect these costs to continue to increase on a per subscriber basis. The pay-TV industry has continued to experience an increase in the cost of programming, especially local broadcast channels and sports programming. In addition, certain programming costs are rising at a much faster rate than wages or inflation. These factors may be exacerbated by, among other factors, the increasing trend of consolidation in the media industry, partnerships between companies that offer pay-TV services and programmers and increased direct-to-consumer offerings of both exclusive and non-exclusive content, which may further increase our programming expenses. Our ability to compete successfully will depend, among other things, on our ability to continue to obtain desirable programming and deliver it to our subscribers at competitive prices.

 In addition, increases in programming costs cause us to increase the rates that we charge our Pay-TV subscribers, which could in turn cause our existing Pay-TV subscribers to disconnect service. Therefore, we may be unable to pass increased programming costs on to our subscribers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We depend on others to provide the programming that we offer to our Pay-TV subscribers and, if we fail to obtain or lose access to certain programming, our Pay-TV subscriber activations and our subscriber churn rate may be negatively impacted.

 We depend on certain third parties to provide us with programming services. Our programming agreements have remaining terms ranging from less than one to up to several years and contain various renewal, expiration and/or termination provisions. We may not be able to renew these agreements on acceptable terms or at all, and these agreements may be terminated prior to expiration of their original terms. In addition, our ability to provide services under these agreements and negotiate acceptable terms depends on, among other things, the number of Pay-TV subscribers we have, our actual, perceived or anticipated financial condition and our negotiating power against each programmer, which can vary depending on the size and scale of such programmer.

 Negotiations over programming carriage contracts are generally contentious, and certain programmers have, in the past, limited our access to their programming in connection with those negotiations and the scheduled expiration of their programming carriage contracts with us. In recent years, our net Pay-TV subscriber additions have been negatively impacted as a result of programming interruptions and threatened programming interruptions in connection with the scheduled expiration of programming carriage contracts with content providers. In addition, certain content providers have begun making a greater percentage of their content available as a stand-alone product available direct-to-consumer and acceleration of this trend may result in lower net Pay-TV subscriber additions, higher net Pay-TV subscriber losses and increased DISH TV churn rate.

 We cannot predict with any certainty the impact to our net Pay-TV subscriber additions, gross new DISH TV subscriber activations and DISH TV churn rate resulting from programming interruptions or threatened programming interruptions that may occur in the future. As a result, we may at times suffer from periods of lower net Pay-TV subscriber additions or higher net Pay-TV subscriber losses.

 We typically have a few programming contracts with major content providers up for renewal each year and if we are unable to renew any of these agreements on acceptable terms or at all, or the other parties terminate the agreements, there can be no assurance that we would be able to obtain substitute programming, or that such substitute programming would be comparable in quality or cost to our existing programming. In addition, failure to obtain access to certain programming or loss of access to programming, particularly programming provided by major content providers and/or programming popular with our subscribers, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, including, among other things, our net Pay-TV subscriber additions.

 Our programming signals in our Pay-TV business are subject to theft, and we are vulnerable to other forms of fraud that could require significant expenditures to remedy. Increases in theft of our signal or our competitors' signals could, in addition to reducing gross new DISH TV subscriber activations, also cause our DISH TV churn rate to increase.

 We may not be able to obtain necessary retransmission consent agreements at acceptable rates, or at all, from local network stations.

 The Copyright Act generally gives satellite companies a statutory copyright license to retransmit local broadcast channels by satellite back into the market from which they originated, subject to obtaining the retransmission consent of local broadcast television stations that do not elect "must carry" status, as required by the Communications Act. If we fail to reach retransmission consent agreements with such broadcasters, we cannot carry their signals. This could have an adverse effect on our strategy to compete with cable and other satellite companies that provide local signals. While we have generally been able to reach retransmission consent agreements with most of these local network stations, from time to time there are stations with which we have not been able to reach an agreement, resulting in the removal of their channels primarily from our DISH TV lineup. There can be no assurance that we will secure these agreements or that we will secure new agreements on acceptable terms, or at all, upon the expiration of our current retransmission consent agreements, some of which are short-term.

 In recent years, national broadcasters have used their ownership of certain local broadcast stations to require us to carry additional cable programming in exchange for retransmission consent of their local broadcast stations. These requirements may place constraints on available capacity on our satellites for other programming. Furthermore, the rates we are charged for retransmitting local channels have been increasing substantially and may exceed our ability to increase our prices to our subscribers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We have limited satellite capacity and failures or reduced capacity could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Operation of our Pay-TV business requires that we have adequate satellite transmission capacity for the programming we offer. While we generally have had in-orbit satellite capacity sufficient to transmit our existing channels and some backup capacity to recover the transmission of certain critical programming, our backup capacity is limited.

 Our ability to earn revenue from our Pay-TV business depends on, among other things, the usefulness of our owned and leased satellites, each of which has a limited useful life. A number of factors affect the useful lives of the satellites, including, among other things, the quality of their construction, the durability of their component parts, the ability to continue to maintain proper orbits and control over the satellites' functions, the efficiency of the launch vehicles used, and the remaining on-board fuel following in-orbit insertion. Generally, the minimum design life of each of our owned and leased satellites ranges from 12 to 15 years. We can provide no assurance, however, as to the actual useful lives of any of these satellites. Our operating results could be adversely affected if the useful life of any of our owned or leased satellites was significantly shorter than the minimum design life.

 See "Item 1A. Risk Factors – Risks Related to our Satellites" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

 Extreme weather may result in risk of damage to our infrastructure and therefore our ability to provide services, and may lead to changes in federal, state and foreign government regulation, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 Extreme weather has the potential to directly damage our facilities and other infrastructure and/or disrupt our ability to operate our business, and could potentially disrupt suppliers' ability to, among other things, provide the products and services we require to support our operations. Any such disruption could interrupt service for our customers, increase our costs and have a negative effect on our operating results and financial condition. The potential physical effects of extreme weather, such as storms, floods, fires, freezing conditions, sea-level rise and other adverse weather events could negatively affect our operations and infrastructure and, as a result, our financial results. Operational impacts resulting from extreme weather, such as, among other things, damage to our infrastructure, could result in increased costs and loss of revenue. We could be required to incur significant costs to improve the resiliency of our infrastructure and otherwise prepare for, respond to and mitigate such weather events. It is impossible to accurately predict the materiality of any potential losses or costs associated with extreme weather.

 We currently depend on DISH Network to provide the vast majority of our satellite transponder capacity and other related services to us. Our business would be adversely affected if DISH Network ceases to provide these services to us and we are unable to obtain suitable replacement services from third parties.

 We lease the vast majority of our satellite transponder capacity from DISH Network and DISH Network is a key supplier of other related services to us. Satellite transponder leasing costs may increase beyond our current expectations. Our inability to obtain satellite transponder capacity on acceptable terms or at all and other related services from DISH Network or third parties could adversely affect our subscriber activations and subscriber churn rate and cause related revenue to decline. See Note 15 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on our Related Party Transactions with DISH Network.

 Our failure to effectively invest in, introduce, and implement new competitive products and services could cause our products and services to become obsolete and could negatively impact our business.

 Technology in the pay-TV industry changes rapidly as new technologies are developed, which could cause our products and services to become obsolete. We and our suppliers may not be able to keep pace with technological developments. Our operating results are dependent to a significant extent upon our ability to continue to introduce new products and services, to upgrade existing products and services on a timely basis, and to reduce costs of our existing products and services. We may not be able to successfully identify new product or service opportunities or develop and market these opportunities in a timely or cost-effective manner. The research and development of new, technologically advanced products is a complex and uncertain process requiring high levels of innovation and investment. The success of new product and service development depends on many factors, including among others, the following:

 the difficulties and delays in the development, production, timely completion, testing and marketing of products and services;

 the cost of the products and services;

 the proper identification of subscriber needs and subscriber acceptance of products and services;

 the development of, approval of and compliance with industry standards;

 the amount of resources we must devote to the development of new technologies; and

 the ability to differentiate our products and services and compete with other companies in the same markets.

 If the new technologies on which we focus our research and development investments fail to achieve acceptance in the marketplace, our competitive position could be negatively impacted, causing a reduction in our revenues and earnings. For example, our competitors could use proprietary technologies that are perceived by the market as being superior. In addition, delays in the delivery of components or other unforeseen problems associated with our technology may occur that could materially and adversely affect our ability to generate revenue, offer new products and services and remain competitive. Furthermore, after we have incurred substantial costs, one or more of the products or services under our development, or under development by one or more of our strategic partners, could become obsolete prior to it being widely adopted.

 If our products and services are not competitive or perceived as not competitive, our business could suffer and our financial performance could be negatively impacted. Our products and services may also experience quality problems, including, but not limited to, outages and service slowdowns, from time to time. If the quality of our products and services does not meet our subscribers' expectations, then our business, and ultimately our reputation, could be negatively impacted.

 We rely on a single vendor or a limited number of vendors to provide certain key products or services to us, and the inability of these key vendors to meet our needs could have a material adverse effect on our business.

 Historically, we have contracted with and rely on a single vendor or a limited number of vendors to provide certain key products or services to us such as information technology support, billing systems, security access devices, and many components that we provide to subscribers in order to deliver services from our Pay-TV business. If these vendors are unable to meet our needs because, among other things, they fail to perform adequately, are no longer in business, are experiencing shortages or supply chain issues or discontinue a certain product or service we need, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. We have experienced in the past and may continue to experience shortages driven by raw material availability (which may be negatively impacted by, among other things, trade protection policies such as tariffs and or/escalating trade tensions, particularly with countries in Asia), manufacturing capacity, labor shortages, industry allocations, natural disasters, logistical delays and significant changes in the financial or business conditions of its suppliers that negatively impact our operations.

 While alternative sources for these products and services exist, we may not be able to develop these alternative sources quickly and cost-effectively or at all, which could materially impair our ability to timely deliver our products to our subscribers or operate our business. Furthermore, our vendors may request changes in pricing, payment terms or other contractual obligations between the parties, which could require us to make substantial additional investments or find alternative arrangements.

 We depend on independent third parties to solicit orders for our services that represent a meaningful percentage of our total gross new subscriber activations.

 While we offer products and services through direct sales channels, a meaningful percentage of our total gross new subscriber activations are generated through independent third parties such as small retailers, direct marketing groups, local and regional consumer electronics stores, nationwide retailers, and telecommunications companies. Most of our independent third-party retailers are not exclusive to us and some of our independent third-party retailers may favor our competitors' products and services over ours based on the relative financial arrangements associated with marketing our products and services and those of our competitors. Furthermore, most of these independent third-party retailers are significantly smaller than we are and may be more susceptible to economic weaknesses that make it more difficult for them to operate profitably. From time to time, we may adjust the economic terms of agreements with our independent third-party retailers to, among other things, further align our interests with theirs. It may be difficult to better align our interests with our independent third-party retailers because of their capital and liquidity constraints. In addition, any changes we may make may not result in the intended benefits on an acceptable timeline or at all and, as a result, negatively affect our operating results. Loss of these relationships could have an adverse effect on our subscriber base and certain of our other key operating metrics because we may not be able to develop comparable alternative distribution channels.

 Risks Related to our Human Capital

 We rely on highly skilled personnel for our business, and any inability to hire and retain key personnel or to hire qualified personnel may negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We believe that our future success depends to a significant extent upon the performance of Mr. Charles W. Ergen, our Chairman, and certain other key executives. The loss of Mr. Ergen or certain other key executives, the ability to effectively provide for the succession of our senior management or the ability of Mr. Ergen or such other key executives to devote sufficient time and effort to our business could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Although some of our key executives may have agreements relating to their equity compensation that limit their ability to work for or consult with competitors, we generally do not have employment agreements with them.

 Our business growth and customer retention strategies rely in part on the work of technically skilled employees.

 Our response to technological developments depends, to a significant degree, on the work of technically skilled employees. In addition, we have made and will continue to make significant investments in, among other things, research, development and marketing for new products, services, satellites and related technologies, as well as entry into new business areas. Investments in new technologies, satellites and business areas are inherently dependent on these technically skilled employees as well. Competition for the services of such employees has become more intense as demand for these types of employees grows. We compete with other companies for these employees and although we strive to attract, retain, motivate and manage these employees, we may not succeed in these respects. Additionally, if we were to lose certain key technically skilled employees, the loss of knowledge and intellectual capital might have an adverse impact on our business.

 The success of our business is also dependent on our ability to recruit engineers and other professionals, including those who are citizens of other countries. Immigration laws in the U.S. and other countries in which we operate are subject to legislative and regulatory changes, as well as variations in the standards of application and enforcement due to, among other things, political forces and economic conditions. It is difficult to predict the political and economic events that could affect immigration laws, or the restrictive impact they could have on obtaining or renewing work visas for our professionals. If immigration laws are changed or if new and more restrictive government regulations are enacted or increased, our access to qualified and skilled professionals may be limited.

 Risks Related to our Satellites

 Our owned and leased satellites in orbit are subject to significant operational and environmental risks that could limit our ability to utilize these satellites.

 Satellites are subject to significant operational risks while in orbit. These risks include, but are not limited to, malfunctions, commonly referred to as anomalies, which have occurred and may occur in the future in our satellites and the satellites of other operators. Any single anomaly could materially and adversely affect our ability to utilize the satellite. Anomalies may also reduce, among other things, the expected capacity, commercial operation and/or useful life of a satellite, thereby reducing the revenue that could be generated by that satellite, or create additional expenses due to the need to provide replacement or back-up satellites or satellite capacity earlier than planned and could have a material adverse effect on our business. We may not be able to prevent or mitigate the impacts of anomalies in the future.

 Meteoroid events, decommissioned satellites, increased solar activity and other adverse events also pose a potential threat to all in-orbit satellites. We may be required to perform maneuvers to avoid collisions and these maneuvers may prove unsuccessful or could reduce the useful life of the satellite through the expenditure of fuel to perform these maneuvers.

 Generally, the minimum design life of each of our satellites is 15 years. We can provide no assurance, however, as to the actual operational lives of our satellites, which may be shorter or longer than their design lives. Our ability to earn revenue depends on the continued operation of our satellites, each of which has a limited useful life.

 We generally do not carry in-orbit insurance on our satellites or payloads because we have assessed that the cost of insurance is not economical relative to the risk of failures. If one or more of our in-orbit uninsured satellites or payloads fail, we could be required to record significant impairment charges for the satellite or payload.

 Our satellites under construction are subject to risks related to, among other things, construction, technology, regulations and launch that could limit our ability to utilize these satellites, increase costs and adversely affect our business.

 Satellite construction and launch are subject to significant risks, including, but not limited to, manufacturing and delivery delays, anomalies, launch failure and incorrect orbital placement. The technologies in our satellite designs are very complex and difficulties in constructing our designs could result in delays in the deployment of our satellites or increased or unanticipated costs. There can be no assurance that the technologies in our existing satellites or in new satellites that we design, acquire and build will work as we expect, will not become obsolete, that we will realize any or all of the anticipated benefits of our satellite designs or our new satellites, and/or that we will obtain all regulatory approvals required to operate our new or acquired satellites on an acceptable timeline or at all. Launch anomalies and failures can result in significant delays in the deployment of satellites because of the need both to construct replacement satellites, which can take significant amounts of time, and to obtain other launch opportunities. Such significant delays have and could in the future materially affect, among other things, our business, our ability to meet regulatory or contractual required milestones, the availability and our use of other or replacement satellite resources and our ability to provide services to customers. In addition, significant delays in a satellite program could give customers who have purchased or reserved capacity on that satellite a right to terminate their service contracts relating to the satellite. We may not be able to accommodate affected customers on other satellites until a replacement satellite is available. In addition, we generally do not carry in-orbit insurance on our satellites or payloads because we have assessed that the cost of insurance is not economical relative to the risk of failures. If we do obtain launch or in-orbit insurance, it may not cover the full cost of constructing and launching or replacing a satellite nor fully cover our losses in the event of a launch failure or significant degradation.

 Our use of certain satellites is often dependent on satellite coordination agreements, which may be difficult to obtain.

 Satellite operators are required to enter into international spectrum coordination agreements with other affected satellite operators and must be approved by the relevant governments. If a required agreement cannot be negotiated, we may have to operate the applicable satellite(s) in a manner that does not cause harmful radio frequency interference with the affected satellite. If we cannot do so, we may have to cease operating such satellite(s) at the affected orbital locations.

 We may face interference from other services sharing satellite spectrum.

 The FCC and other national, state, local and international regulators have adopted rules or may adopt rules in the future that require us to share spectrum on a basis with other radio services. There can be no assurance that these operations would not interfere with our operations and adversely affect our business. In the event that the FCC and/or another regulator determines that our spectrum interferes with another service, we may be required to, among other things, find or develop a solution. We cannot make any assurance that we will be able to do so on an acceptable timeline or at all, or that such solution will not adversely affect our business.

 Risks Related to our Products and Technology

 Our business depends on certain intellectual property rights and on not infringing the intellectual property rights of others.

 We rely on our patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets, as well as licenses and other agreements with our vendors and other parties, to use our technologies, conduct our operations and sell our products and services. Legal challenges to our intellectual property rights and claims of intellectual property infringement by third parties could require that we enter into royalty or licensing agreements on unfavorable terms, incur substantial monetary liability or be enjoined preliminarily or permanently from further use of the intellectual property in question or from the continuation of our business as currently conducted, which could require us to change our business practices or limit our ability to compete effectively or could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Even if we believe any such challenges or claims are without merit, they can be time consuming and costly to defend and divert management's attention and resources away from our business. Moreover, because of the rapid pace of technological change, we rely on technologies developed by or licensed from third parties, and if we are unable to obtain or continue to obtain licenses from these third parties on reasonable terms or at all, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

 In addition, we work with certain third parties such as vendors, contractors and suppliers for the development and manufacture of components that are integrated into our products and services, and our products and services may contain technologies provided to us by these third parties or other third parties. We may have little or no ability to determine in advance whether any such technology infringes the intellectual property rights of others. Our vendors, contractors and suppliers may not be required to indemnify us if a claim of infringement is asserted against us, license the potential infringing technology from other third parties or they may be required to indemnify us only up to a maximum amount, above which we would be responsible for any further costs or damages. Legal challenges to these intellectual property rights may impair our ability to use the products, services and technologies that we need in order to operate our business and may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, our digital content offerings depend in part on effective digital rights management technology to control access to digital content. If the digital rights management technology that we use is compromised or otherwise malfunctions, content providers may be unwilling to provide access to their content. Changes in the copyright laws or how such laws may be interpreted could impact our ability to deliver content and provide certain features and functionality, particularly over the Internet.

 We are, and may become, party to various lawsuits which, if adversely decided, could have a significant adverse impact on our business, particularly lawsuits regarding intellectual property.

 We are, and may become, subject to various legal proceedings and claims which arise in the ordinary course of business, including among other things, intellectual property disputes. Many entities, including some of our competitors, have or may in the future obtain patents and other intellectual property rights that may cover or affect products or services related to those that we offer. In general, if a court determines that one or more of our products or services infringes on intellectual property held by others, we may be required to cease developing or marketing those products or services, to obtain licenses from the holders of the intellectual property at a material cost, or to redesign those products or services in such a way as to avoid infringing the intellectual property. If those intellectual property rights are held by a competitor, we may be unable to obtain the intellectual property at any price, which could adversely affect our competitive position. See "Item 1. Business – Patents and Other Intellectual Property" in EchoStar's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for further information. We may not be aware of all intellectual property rights that our services or the products used in connection with our services may potentially infringe. In addition, patent applications in the United States are confidential until the Patent and Trademark Office either publishes the application or issues a patent (whichever arises first). Therefore, it is difficult to evaluate the extent to which our services or the products used in connection with our services may infringe claims contained in pending patent applications. Furthermore, it is sometimes not possible to determine definitively whether a claim of infringement is valid.

 If our products contain defects, we could be subject to significant costs to correct such defects and our product and network service contracts could be delayed or cancelled, which could adversely affect our revenue.

 Our products and networks we deploy are highly complex, and some may contain defects when first introduced or when new versions or enhancements are released, despite testing and our quality control procedures. Defects may also occur in components and products that we purchase from third parties. In addition, many of our products and network services are designed to interface with our customers' existing networks, each of which has different specifications and utilizes multiple protocol standards. Our products and services must interoperate with the other products and services within our customers' networks, as well as with future products and services that might be added to these networks, to meet our customers' requirements. There can be no assurance that we will be able to detect and fix all defects in the products and networks we sell, in a timely manner or at all. The occurrence of, and failure to remedy, any defects, errors or failures in our products or network services could materially affect our business.

 Risks Related to Cybersecurity

 Any failure or inadequacy of our information technology infrastructure and communications systems or those of third parties that we use in our operations, including, without limitation, those caused by cyber-attacks or other malicious activities, could disrupt or harm our business.

 The capacity, reliability and security of our information technology hardware and software infrastructure (including, but not limited to, our billing systems) and communications systems, or those of third parties that we use in our operations, are important to the operation of our business, which has in the past and would in the future suffer in the event of system failures or cyber-attacks. Likewise, our ability to expand and update our information technology infrastructure in response to, among other things, our growth and changing needs is important to the continued implementation of our new service offering initiatives. Our inability to expand or upgrade our technology infrastructure could have adverse consequences, which could include, among other things, the delayed implementation of new service offerings, service or billing interruptions, and the diversion of management and developmental resources.

 We rely on certain third parties for developing key components of our information technology and communications systems and ongoing service, all of which affect our Pay-TV business. Some of our key systems and operations, including, but not limited to, those supplied by certain third-party providers, are not fully redundant, and our disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities. Interruption and/or failure of any of these systems could, among other things, disrupt our operations, interrupt our services, result in significant financial expenditures and damage our reputation, thus adversely impacting our ability to provide our services, retain our current subscribers and attract new Pay-TV subscribers.

 In addition, although we take protective measures designed to secure our information technology systems and endeavor to modify such protective measures as circumstances warrant, our information technology hardware and software infrastructure and communications systems, or those of third parties that we use in our operations, may be vulnerable to a variety of interruptions, including, without limitation, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, telecommunications failures, cyber-attacks and other malicious activities such as unauthorized access, physical or electronic break-ins, misuse, computer viruses or other malicious code, computer denial of service attacks and other events that could disrupt or harm our business. These protective measures may not be sufficient for all eventualities and may themselves be vulnerable to hacking, malfeasance, system error or other irregularities.

 For example, certain parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or subscribers into disclosing usernames, passwords or other sensitive information, which may in turn be used to access our information technology systems. In addition, third-party providers of some of our key systems may also experience interruptions to their information technology hardware and software infrastructure and communications systems that could adversely impact us and over which we may have limited or no control. We may obtain certain confidential, proprietary and personal information about our subscribers, personnel and vendors, and may provide this information to third parties in connection with our business. If one or more of such interruptions or failures occur to us or our third-party providers, it potentially could jeopardize such information and other information processed and stored in, and transmitted through, our or our third-party providers' information technology hardware and software infrastructure and communications systems, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations, which could result in, among other things, lawsuits, government claims, investigations or proceedings, significant losses or reputational damage. Due to the fast-moving pace of technology, it may be difficult to detect, contain and remediate every such event on an acceptable timeline or at all.

 As a result of the increasing awareness concerning the importance of safeguarding personal information, the potential misuse of such information and legislation that has been adopted or is being considered regarding the protection, privacy and security of personal information, the potential liability associated with information-related risks is increasing, particularly for businesses like ours that handle personal subscriber data. The occurrence of any network or information system related events or security breaches could have a material adverse effect on, among other things, our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. Significant incidents could result in a disruption of our operations, subscriber dissatisfaction, damage to our reputation or a loss of subscribers and revenues.

 We have experienced and may experience in the future cyber-attacks and other attempts to gain unauthorized access to our systems on a consistent basis.

 We have experienced and may experience in the future security issues, whether due to, among other things, insider error or malfeasance or system errors or vulnerabilities in our or our third parties' systems, which could result in, among other things, substantial legal and financial exposure, government inquiries and enforcement actions, litigation, diversion of management time and attention from our existing businesses and unfavorable media coverage. We may be unable to anticipate or detect attacks or vulnerabilities or implement adequate preventative measures on an acceptable timeframe or at all. Attacks and security issues could also compromise trade secrets and other sensitive information.

 We are subject to persistent cybersecurity threats to our networks and systems. Although we take protective measures designed to secure our information technology systems and endeavor to modify such protective measures as circumstances warrant, our information technology hardware and software infrastructure and communications systems, or those of third parties that we use in our operations, may be vulnerable to a variety of interruptions, including, without limitation, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, telecommunications failures, cyber-attacks and other malicious activities such as unauthorized access, physical or electronic break-ins, misuse, computer viruses or other malicious code, computer denial of service attacks and other events that could disrupt or harm our business. The protective measures we take may not be sufficient for all eventualities and may themselves be vulnerable to hacking, malfeasance, system error, or other irregularities. For example, certain parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or subscribers into disclosing usernames, passwords or other sensitive information, which may in turn be used to access our information technology systems.

 In addition, cybersecurity threat actors are increasingly sophisticated through various techniques that involve social engineering and/or misrepresentation. Techniques used in cyberattacks to obtain unauthorized access to, disable or sabotage information technology systems are increasingly diverse and sophisticated, including as a result of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning. Data breaches and other cybersecurity events have become increasingly commonplace, including as a result of the intensification of state-sponsored cyberattacks during periods of geopolitical conflict. Various events described above have occurred in the past and may occur in the future. Although impacts of past events have been immaterial, the impacts of such events in the future may be material, including, but not limited to, increase in our DISH TV churn rate, reduce new subscriber activations and reputational harm which could increase or accelerate any of the above risks.

 The confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our services and products depends on the continuing operation of our information technology and other enabling systems.

 Our systems are vulnerable to damage, intrusion, or disruption from, among other things, criminal and/or terrorist attacks, telecommunications failures, computer viruses, ransomware attacks, digital denial of service attacks, phishing, and/or other attempts to injure or maliciously access our systems. Some of our systems are not fully redundant, and disaster recovery planning cannot account for all possibilities. In addition, our products and services are highly technical and complex and may contain errors or vulnerabilities, which could result in interruptions in or failure of our services or systems. Failure to respond, mitigate and/or remedy any cyber-attack or other information technology failure on a timely basis or at all, could materially affect our business.

 Our ongoing investments in security will likely continue to identify new vulnerabilities within our services and products.

 In addition to our efforts to, among other things, mitigate the risk of cyber-attacks and improve our products and services, we are making significant investments to assure that our products are resistant to compromise. As a result of these efforts, we could discover new vulnerabilities within our products and systems that would be undesirable for our users and customers. We have discovered and remediated, and may discover new vulnerabilities due to the scale of activities on our platforms, and may not be able to mitigate or fix such vulnerabilities on acceptable timeframes or at all, due to other factors, including, but not limited to, issues outside of our control such as natural disasters/climate change such as sea level rise, drought, flooding, wildfires, increased storm severity, power loss, and we may be notified of such vulnerabilities via third parties. Any of the foregoing developments may, among other things, negatively affect user and customer trust, harm our reputation and brands and adversely affect our business and financial results.

 Any such developments may also subject us to litigation and regulatory inquiries, which could result in monetary penalties and damages, distract management's time and attention and lead to enhanced regulatory oversight.

 Acquisition and Capital Structure Risks

 We have substantial debt outstanding and may incur additional debt.

 As of December 31, 2024, our total debt, finance lease and other obligations (including current portion) outstanding, including the debt of our subsidiaries, was $12.147 billion. Our debt levels could have significant consequences, including, but not limited to;

 making it more difficult to satisfy our obligations;

 a dilutive effect on our future earnings;

 increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic conditions, including, but not limited to, changes in interest rates;

 requiring us to devote a substantial portion of our cash to make interest and principal payments on our debt, thereby reducing the amount of cash available for other purposes. As a result, we would have limited financial and operating flexibility to changing economic and competitive conditions;

 limiting our ability to raise additional debt because it may be more difficult for us to obtain debt financing on attractive terms or at all; and

 placing us at a disadvantage compared to our competitors that are less leveraged or can borrow funds at a lower interest rate.

 In addition, we may incur additional debt in the future. The terms of the indentures relating to our senior notes and senior secured notes permit us to incur additional debt. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, the risks we now face could intensify.

 Our parent, DISH Network, has made substantial investments to acquire certain wireless spectrum licenses and other related assets, and we have made and may continue to make funds available to DISH Network in the form of cash distributions or loans in connection with the development of DISH Network's wireless business.

 Our parent, DISH Network, initially invested a total of over $30 billion to acquire certain wireless spectrum licenses. See Note 13 in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in DISH Network's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for detailed information regarding these licenses, including certain interim and final build-out requirements, as well as certain renewal requirements.

 DISH Network may need to make significant additional investments or partner with others to, among other things, continue the nation's first cloud-native, Open Radio Access Network ("O-RAN") based 5G network ("5G Network Deployment") and further commercialize, build-out and integrate these licenses and related assets and any additional acquired licenses and related assets, as well as to comply with regulations applicable to such licenses. Depending on the nature and scope of such activities, any such investments or partnerships could vary significantly. In addition, as DISH Network continues its 5G Network Deployment, DISH Network has and may continue to incur significant additional expenses related to, among other things, research and development, wireless testing and ongoing upgrades to the wireless network infrastructure, software and third-party integration. DISH Network may also determine that additional wireless spectrum licenses may be required for its 5G Network Deployment, which will enhance its ability to compete effectively with other wireless service providers.

 In connection with the development of DISH Network's wireless business, including, without limitation, the efforts described above, we have historically made funds available to DISH Network in the form of cash distributions and the Intercompany Loan (defined herein) to partially finance these efforts to date. Subject to, among other things, compliance with applicable legal requirements, including the covenants applicable to our outstanding debt securities, we may make additional funds available, including through cash distributions or loans to finance, in whole or in part, DISH Network's future efforts. There can be no assurance that DISH Network will be able to profitably deploy these wireless spectrum licenses.

 We may pursue acquisitions, dispositions, capital expenditures, the development, acquisition and launch of new satellites and other strategic initiatives to complement or expand our business, which may not be successful and we may lose a portion or all of our investment in these acquisitions and transactions.

 Our future success may depend on opportunities to buy or otherwise invest in other businesses or technologies that could complement, enhance or expand our current business or products or that might otherwise offer us growth opportunities. To pursue this strategy successfully, we must identify attractive acquisition or investment opportunities and successfully complete transactions, some of which may be large and complex. We may not be able to identify or complete attractive acquisition or investment opportunities due to, among other things, the intense competition for these transactions. If we are not able to identify and complete such acquisition or investment opportunities, our future results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

 We may be unable to obtain in the anticipated time frame, or at all, any regulatory approvals required to complete proposed acquisitions and other strategic transactions. Furthermore, the conditions imposed for obtaining any necessary approvals could delay the completion of such transactions for a significant period of time or prevent them from occurring at all. We may not be able to complete such transactions, and such transactions, if executed, pose significant risks and could have a negative effect on our operations. Any transactions that we are able to identify and complete may involve a number of risks, including, but not limited to:

 the risks associated with developing and constructing new satellites;

 the diversion of management's attention from our existing business onto a strategic initiative;

 the possible adverse effects on our and our targets' and partners' business, financial condition or operating results during the integration process;

 the high degree of risk inherent in these transactions, which could become substantial over time, and higher exposure to significant financial losses if the underlying ventures are not successful on an acceptable timeline or at all;

 the possible inability to achieve the intended objectives of the transaction;

 the risks associated with complying with contractual provisions and regulations applicable to the acquired business, which may cause us to incur substantial expenses; and

 the disruption of relationships with employees, vendors or customers.

 In addition, we may not be able to successfully or profitably integrate, operate, maintain and manage our newly acquired operations or employees on an acceptable timeline or at all. We may not be able to maintain uniform standards, controls, procedures and policies, and this may lead to, among other things, operational inefficiencies. In addition, the integration process may strain our financial and managerial controls and reporting systems and procedures.

 New acquisitions, joint ventures and other transactions may require the commitment of significant capital that would otherwise be directed to investments in our existing business. To pursue acquisitions and other strategic transactions, we may need to raise additional capital in the future, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all. In addition, we make cash distributions or loans to DISH Network to finance acquisitions or investments that will not be part of our business.

 In addition to committing capital to complete the acquisitions, substantial capital may be required to operate the acquired businesses following their acquisition. These acquisitions may result in significant financial losses if the intended objectives of the transactions are not achieved. Some of the businesses acquired by DISH Network have experienced significant operating and financial challenges in their recent history, which in some cases resulted in these businesses commencing bankruptcy proceedings prior to DISH Network's acquisition. DISH Network may acquire similar businesses in the future.

 There is no assurance that DISH Network will be able to successfully address the challenges and risks encountered by these businesses following their acquisition. If DISH Network is unable to successfully address these challenges and risks, our business, financial condition and/or results of operations may suffer.

 Our Senior Secured Notes are subordinated to our existing unsecured notes and certain future unsecured notes with respect to certain realizations under the Intercompany Loan (defined herein) and any collateral pledged as security therefor.

 Our Senior Secured Notes are subordinated in respect of any realization under an intercompany loan to DISH Network to finance the purchase of wireless spectrum licenses and for general corporate purposes, including the buildout of wireless infrastructure (together with future advances to DISH Network, the "Intercompany Loan"), and any collateral pledged as security therefor behind all of our existing unsecured notes and all future unsecured notes, except any future unsecured notes that expressly provide that such notes rank equal in right of payment with, or junior in right of payment to, the Senior Secured Notes with respect thereto. As a result of this subordination, upon any distribution to our creditors in a bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization or similar proceeding relating to any amounts realized under the Intercompany Loan, the holders of our existing and certain future unsecured notes will be entitled to be paid in full and in cash from such realized proceeds before any payment in respect of such realized proceeds may be made with respect to the Senior Secured Notes. While the Senior Secured Notes benefit from liens on substantially all existing and future tangible and intangible assets of DISH DBS and the guarantors (the "Collateral"), which does not secure our existing and future unsecured notes, the Collateral does not include the Intercompany Loan and there can be no assurances that the Collateral will be sufficient to satisfy all obligations under the Senior Secured Notes and under any of our other future indebtedness secured by the Collateral. We and the guarantors may not have sufficient funds to pay all of our creditors, and holders of the Senior Secured Notes may receive less, ratably, than the holders of our existing and future unsecured notes as a result of this subordination.

 We may need additional capital, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all, to fund current obligations, continue investing in our business and to finance acquisitions and other strategic transactions.

 Adverse changes in the credit markets including, but not limited to, rising interest rates and macro-economic conditions, could increase our borrowing costs and/or make it more difficult for us to obtain financing for our operations or for us to refinance existing indebtedness on favorable terms.

 Continued or prolonged higher interest rates could increase our cost of capital and require us to devote a higher percentage of our cash flow to interest payments, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.

 In addition, economic weakness, weak results of operations or other factors may limit our ability to, among other things, generate sufficient internal cash to fund investments, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other strategic transactions, as well as to fund ongoing operations and service our debt. We may be unable to generate cash flows from operating activities sufficient to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our debt and other obligations. If we are unable to service our debt and other obligations from cash flows from operating activities, we may need to refinance or restructure all or a portion of such obligations prior to maturity.

 Any refinancing or restructuring could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and/or financial condition. In addition, we cannot guarantee that any refinancing or restructuring would sufficiently meet any debt or other obligations then due. If we do not pay interest or otherwise fulfill our debt obligations when due, our business, cash flows, results of operations and financial condition would be materially adversely impacted.

 Furthermore, our borrowing costs can be affected by short and long-term debt ratings assigned by independent rating agencies, which are based, in significant part, on, among other factors, our performance as measured by their credit metrics. A decrease in these ratings would likely increase our cost of borrowing and/or make it more difficult for us to obtain financing.

 A severe disruption in the global financial markets could impact some of the financial institutions with which we do business, and such instability could also affect our access to financing. As a result, these conditions could make it difficult for us to accurately forecast and plan future business activities because we may not have access to funding sources necessary for us to pursue organic and strategic business development opportunities.

 Covenants in our and our subsidiaries' Indentures restrict our business in many ways.

 There are restrictive covenants in our and our subsidiaries' Indentures that restrict us and our subsidiaries (as applicable), under certain circumstances, from taking certain actions such as, among other things:

 incur additional debt;

 allow to exist certain restrictions on certain subsidiaries' ability to pay dividends, make distributions, make other payments or transfer assets;

 restrict our ability to make investments or make other payments in respect of our indebtedness;

 limit our ability to incur indebtedness that is senior to, equal or subordinate to certain Indebtedness, or to engage in certain sale/leaseback transactions;

 enter into certain transactions with affiliates;

 merge or consolidate with another company;

 restrict our ability to repurchase or prepay any other of our securities or other indebtedness; and

 restrict our ability to enter into highly leveraged transactions.

 Our ability to, among other things, recapitalize, incur additional debt, secure existing or future debt or take a number of other actions may be limited by the terms of our Indentures, business and tax considerations and legal restrictions, including, but not limited to, repurchasing indebtedness or paying dividends and could have the effect of diminishing our ability to make payments on our outstanding Indebtedness when due.

 Risks Related to the Regulation of Our Business

 Our services depend on FCC licenses that can expire or be revoked or modified and applications for FCC licenses that may not be granted.

 If the FCC were to cancel, revoke, suspend, restrict, significantly condition, or fail to renew any of our licenses or authorizations, or fail to grant our applications for FCC licenses that we may file from time to time, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. As an example, a loss of a frequency authorization would reduce the amount of spectrum available to us, potentially reducing the amount of DISH TV offerings available to our subscribers. The materiality of such a loss of authorizations would vary based upon, among other things, the location of the frequency used or the availability of replacement spectrum. In addition, Congress and other Administrative and Regulatory agencies often consider and enact legislation that affects us and FCC proceedings to implement the Communications Act and enforce its regulations are ongoing. We cannot predict the outcomes of these legislative or regulatory proceedings or their effect on our business.

 The risk of non-compliance with laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, the risk of changes to laws and regulations, could adversely affect our business.

 Our business is regulated by numerous governmental agencies and other regulatory bodies, both domestically and internationally. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines or penalties or other sanctions which could have a material adverse impact on our business. Additionally, our ability to operate and grow our business depends on laws and regulations that govern the frequency bands and/or orbital locations we operate in or may operate in in the future.

 These laws and regulations are subject to the administrative and political process and do change from time to time. We may be affected by changes to government leadership and policy changes resulting from new leaders. We have been subject to such changes in the past and may be subject to such changes in the future and those changes may negatively impact us including, but not limited to, the addition of new regulations, the modification or rescission of past regulations which may be favorable and the increase or decrease of government programs which us or our subscribers may be recipients. Our business could suffer a material adverse impact if laws and regulations change and we are not able to adapt to these changes efficiently.

 Additionally, we are subject to emerging and evolving regulatory requirements and frameworks regarding environmental, social and governance matters, including, but not limited to, potential new or revised disclosure rules proposed by the SEC and recently enacted or proposed legislation in jurisdictions such as California. The ultimate scope of these regulations may change as they are finalized, and they may not be uniform across jurisdictions. Meeting these obligations may require significant investments of time, capital and personnel.

 If our internal controls are not effective, our business, EchoStar's stock price and investor confidence in our financial results may be adversely affected.

 We periodically evaluate and test our internal control over financial reporting to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024. We depend on our third-party vendors' internal controls and rely on these controls when evaluating the effectiveness of our internal controls. If in the future we are unable to report that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, investors, subscribers and business partners could lose confidence in the accuracy of our financial reports, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our business.

 Risks Related to Ownership

 Our ultimate parent, EchoStar, is controlled by one principal stockholder who is also our Chairman.

 Charles W. Ergen, our, DISH Network and EchoStar's Chairman, beneficially owns approximately 51.7% of EchoStar's total equity securities (assuming conversion of the Class B common stock beneficially owned by Mr. Ergen into Class A common stock and giving effect to the exercise of options held by Mr. Ergen that are either currently exercisable as of, or may become exercisable within 60 days) and beneficially owns approximately 90.6% of the total voting power of all classes of EchoStar's shares (assuming no conversion of any Class B common stock and giving effect to the exercise of options held by Mr. Ergen that are either currently exercisable as of, or may become exercisable within 60 days). Through his beneficial ownership of EchoStar's equity securities, Mr. Ergen has the ability to elect a majority of EchoStar's directors and to control all other matters requiring the approval of its stockholders. As a result of Mr. Ergen's voting power, EchoStar is a "controlled company" as defined in the NASDAQ listing rules and, therefore, is not subject to NASDAQ requirements that would otherwise require EchoStar to have (i) a majority of independent directors; (ii) a nominating committee composed solely of independent directors; (iii) compensation of EchoStar's executive officers determined by a majority of the independent directors or a compensation committee composed solely of independent directors; (iv) a compensation committee charter which provides the compensation committee with the authority and funding to retain compensation consultants and other advisors; and/or (v) director nominees selected, or recommended for EchoStar's Board of Directors selection, either by a majority of the independent directors or a nominating committee composed solely of independent directors.

 General Risks

 Sociopolitical volatility and polarization may adversely affect our business operations and reputation.

 The current sociopolitical environment is characterized by deep complexity, volatility and polarization on various social and political issues. The increasing intersection of technology and politics has led to rapid and unpredictable shifts in public sentiment. Social media and digital platforms have amplified the voices of various stakeholders, creating the potential for swift change in public opinion and stronger reactions to corporate actions. As a company that sells products and services across the nation to millions of customers, these dynamics increase the risk of negative government and customer reactions, including, but not limited to, potential reputational damage, boycotts and shifts in consumer behavior that could adversely affect our brand, sales and profitability. Our ability to respond effectively, sensitively and authentically to the expectations and concerns of our customers, employees and other stakeholders is key to mitigating these risks. If we are unable to manage these challenges effectively, there may be adverse impacts to our business, reputation, financial condition and operating results.

 We may face other risks described from time to time in periodic and current reports we file with the SEC.

 Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

 None.

 Item 1C. CYBERSECURITY

 We recognize the importance of assessing, identifying, reviewing and managing material risks associated with cybersecurity threats, as such term is defined in Item 106(a) of Regulation S-K. These risks include, among other things: operational and legal risks including intellectual property theft or loss, fraud, extortion, harm to employees or customers and violation of data privacy or security laws. Our framework is informed in part by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework, although this does not imply that we meet all technical standards, specifications or requirements under NIST.

 We have an enterprise-wide information security program designed to identify, protect against, detect, respond to and recover from cybersecurity risks, threats and events. Our cyber risk management system contributes significantly to the overall resilience and integrity of our business by, among other things, integrating the risk identification process in all major company initiatives and deployment processes, implementing a unified approach to managing both digital and traditional business risks, making continuous improvements and regularly reporting to management and EchoStar's Board of Directors as a whole to ensure accountability.

 We regularly assess risks from cybersecurity and technology threats and monitor our information systems for potential vulnerabilities. We and certain third parties conduct regular reviews and tests of our information security program and also leverage, among other things, audits, tabletop exercises, penetration and vulnerability testing, cybersecurity maturity assessments, simulations and other exercises to evaluate the effectiveness of our information security program and improve our security measures and planning. In addition, we evaluate third-party risks and perform third-party risk management to assess, identify and mitigate risks from third parties such as vendors, suppliers and other business partners.

 We have experienced cyber-attacks or other malicious activities that disrupted our business in the past. Any future failure or disruption of our information technology infrastructure and communications systems or those of third parties that we use in our operations could harm our business in the future.

 We describe whether and how risks from identified cybersecurity threats, including, but not limited to, as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition included as part of our risk factor disclosures at Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 The Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO") leads our information security organization responsible for overseeing our information security program. The CISO has over 25 years of experience in various roles involving information security, including risk management and security leadership. Team members who support our information security program have relevant education, professional certifications and industry experience, including but not limited to, holding similar positions at large technology companies. The team provides regular reports, no less frequently than monthly, to senior management and other relevant teams, including, but not limited to, the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"), Chief Operating Officer ("COO"), Chief Information Officer ("CIO") and Chief Legal Officer ("CLO").

 Preparation for and, where possible prevention of cybersecurity incidents involves regular and structured briefings to key management on risk remediation measures that should be taken to decrease, among other things, the likelihood and severability of incidents and to mitigate and manage their effects. The CEO, COO, CIO, CLO and other members of management receive detailed updates on cybersecurity risks on a regular basis, no less frequently than monthly, or when significant risks or incidents are identified. These briefings enable the management team to, among other things, stay informed of the latest threats, assess the effectiveness of current security measures and make timely decisions on strategic security initiatives. In addition, EchoStar's Board of Directors is regularly briefed, no less frequently than quarterly, on cybersecurity risks as part of its oversight functions and to ensure that cybersecurity practices align with the company's overall risk management framework and business objectives.

 We anticipate that we will continue to evaluate and address as needed our cybersecurity risk management, policies, structure, strategies and governance to meet our needs.

 Item 2. PROPERTIES

 The following table sets forth certain information concerning our principal properties.

 Leased From

 Description/Use/Location

 Owned

 EchoStar

 DISH

 Other
Third
Party

 Corporate headquarters, Englewood, Colorado

 X

 Customer call center, warehouse, service, and remanufacturing center, El Paso, Texas

 X

 Data center, Cheyenne, Wyoming

 X

 Digital broadcast operations center, Cheyenne, Wyoming

 X

 Digital broadcast operations center, Gilbert, Arizona

 X

 Engineering offices and service center, Englewood, Colorado

 X

 Warehouse, Denver, Colorado

 X

 Warehouse and distribution center, Spartanburg, South Carolina

 X

 Warehouse and distribution center, Denver, Colorado

 X

 Warehouse and distribution center, Atlanta, Georgia

 X

 In addition to the principal properties listed above, we operate numerous facilities for, among other things, our in-home service operations, customer call centers and digital broadcast operations centers strategically located in regions throughout the United States. Furthermore, we own or lease capacity on nine satellites, which are a major component of our DISH TV services. See Note 6 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

 Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

 See Note 12 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding certain legal proceedings in which we are involved.

 Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

 Not applicable.

 Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

 Market Information. As of March 19, 2025, all 1,015 issued and outstanding shares of our common stock were held by DOC. There is currently no established trading market for our common stock.

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. MANAGEMENT'S NARRATIVE ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 You should read the following management's narrative analysis of our results of operations together with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes to our financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This management's narrative analysis is intended to help provide an understanding of our financial condition, changes in financial condition and results of our operations and contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. The forward-looking statements are not historical facts, but rather are based on current expectations, estimates, assumptions and projections about our industry, business and future financial results. Our actual results could differ materially from the results contemplated by these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those discussed under the caption "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and we expressly disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statements.

 Overview

 Recent Developments

 DIRECTV Transaction

 On September 29, 2024, EchoStar and DTV entered into the Purchase Agreement. Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement, DTV agreed to acquire from EchoStar all of the issued and outstanding equity interests of DISH DBS, which operates our Pay-TV business.

 Following written notice from DTV received on November 20, 2024, DTV terminated the Purchase Agreement effective at 11:59 pm ET on November 22, 2024 pursuant to Section 7.01(a)(iv) of the Purchase Agreement because the DISH DBS Exchange Offers were not consummated by the Exchange Offer Settlement Date (as defined in the Purchase Agreement). No termination fee or other payment was due from either party to the other as a result of the termination of the Purchase Agreement.

 Financing Transactions

 During the third quarter of 2024, we completed our issuance of $2.5 billion of New DISH DBS Financing (defined in Note 8 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K), which included $2.047 billion of funds used for the redemption of our 5 7/8% Senior Notes due November 15, 2024.

 Other Developments

 Asset Transfer

 Concurrently with the issuance of the 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 and the 5 3/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 and using the proceeds thereof, we made two advances to DISH Network pursuant to a Loan and Security Agreement dated November 26, 2021 (the "Intercompany Loan") to be used by DISH Network to finance the purchase of certain wireless spectrum licenses and for general corporate purposes, including the buildout of wireless infrastructure. The aggregate principal amount of the Intercompany Loan was initially $5.250 billion, and on February 11, 2022, we advanced an additional $1.5 billion to DISH Network. As of December 31, 2023, the receivable including capitalized paid in kind interest was $7.496 billion.

 On January 10, 2024, we, in our capacity as "Lender" under the terms of the Loan and Security Agreement related to the Intercompany Loan between DISH Network and us, have consummated the assignment pursuant to such terms, without any modification or amendment thereto, of our receivable in respect to the first tranche which matures on December 1, 2026 ("2026 Tranche") of $4.7 billion (the "Intercompany Loan – 2026 Tranche") to DBS Intercompany Receivable L.L.C. DBS Intercompany Receivable L.L.C. has subsequently assigned its rights as lender thereunder to EchoStar Intercompany Receivable Company L.L.C., our ultimate parent, EchoStar's direct wholly-owned subsidiary, such that amounts owed in respect of the 2026 Tranche will now be paid by DISH Network to EchoStar Intercompany Receivable L.L.C. As of December 31, 2024, our remaining intercompany receivable (the "Intercompany Loan – 2028 Tranche") amount outstanding plus interest paid in kind was $2.844 billion, not including accrued interest receivable of $14 million which must be paid to us in cash.

 Segments

 We currently operate one business segment, Pay-TV.

 Our Pay-TV business strategy is to be the best provider of video services in the United States by providing products with the best technology, outstanding customer service, and great value. We offer Pay-TV services under the DISH brand and the SLING brand. We promote our Pay-TV services by providing our subscribers with a better "price-to-value" relationship and experience than those available from other subscription television service providers. We market our SLING TV services to consumers who do not subscribe to traditional satellite and cable pay-TV services, as well as to current and recent traditional pay-TV subscribers who desire a lower cost alternative.

 Future Capital Requirements

 We expect to fund our future working capital, capital expenditures, other investments and debt service requirements for the next twelve months from cash generated from operations, existing restricted and unrestricted cash, cash equivalents and marketable investment securities balances and cash generated through raising additional capital. We do not currently have cash, marketable investment securities balances and/or projected future cash flows to fully fund our 2026 debt maturities. We will need to refinance or restructure all or a portion of such obligations prior to maturity.

 Our capital expenditures vary depending on, among other things, the number of satellites leased or under construction at any point in time and could increase materially as a result of increased competition, significant satellite failures or economic weakness and uncertainty. Our DISH TV subscriber base has been declining and there can be no assurance that our DISH TV subscriber base will not continue to decline and that the pace of such decline will not accelerate. In the event that our DISH TV subscriber base continues to decline, it will have a material adverse long-term effect on our cash flow.

 Volatility in the financial markets has made it more difficult at times for issuers of high-yield indebtedness, such as us, to access capital markets at favorable terms or at all. These developments may have a significant effect on our cost of financing and our liquidity position.

 We have made cash distributions and intercompany loans to partially finance the development of DISH Network's 5G Network Deployment, including, but not limited to, the purchase of wireless spectrum licenses and the wireless business to date, and we may make additional funds available to DISH Network in the form of cash distributions or loans to finance, in whole or in part, DISH Network's future efforts. These factors, including, but not limited to, debt maturities, continuing investment in our business, financing acquisitions and other strategic transactions, may require us to raise additional capital in the future which may not be available on favorable terms, or at all.

 Economic Environment

 During 2023 and 2024, we experienced inflationary pressures in our commodity and labor costs resulting from the macroeconomic environment in the United States, which has significantly impacted our overall operating results.

 Operational Liquidity

 We make general investments in property such as, among others, satellites, set-top boxes, information technology and facilities that support our Pay-TV business. Moreover, since we are a subscriber-based company, we also make subscriber-specific investments to acquire new subscribers and retain existing subscribers. While the general investments may be deferred without impacting the business in the short-term, the subscriber-specific investments are less discretionary. Our overall objective is to generate sufficient cash flow over the life of each subscriber to provide an adequate return against the upfront investment. Once the upfront investment has been made for each subscriber, the subsequent cash flow is generally positive, but there can be no assurance that over time we will recoup or earn a return on the upfront investment.

 There are a number of factors that impact our future cash flow compared to the cash flow we generate at a given point in time. The first factor is our churn rate and how successful we are at retaining our current subscribers. To the extent we lose subscribers from our existing base, the positive cash flow from that base is correspondingly reduced. The second factor is how successful we are at maintaining our service margins. To the extent our "Cost of services" grow faster than our "Service revenue," the amount of cash flow that is generated per existing subscriber is reduced. Our Pay-TV service margins have been reduced by, among other things, higher programming costs. The third factor is the rate at which we acquire new subscribers. The faster we acquire new subscribers, the more our positive ongoing cash flow from existing subscribers is offset by the negative upfront cash flow associated with acquiring new subscribers. Conversely, the slower we acquire subscribers, the more our operating cash flow is enhanced in that period.

 Finally, our future cash flow is impacted by, among other things, the rate at which we make general investments, incur litigation expense, make cash interest payments, and any cash flow from financing activities. In addition, declines in our Pay-TV subscriber base and any decrease in subscriber-related margins negatively impact our cash flow, and there can be no assurance that our subscriber declines will not continue.

 Availability of Credit and Effect on Liquidity

 The ability to raise capital has generally existed for us despite economic weakness and uncertainty. While modest fluctuations in the cost of capital will not likely impact our current operational plans, significant fluctuations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 Debt Issuances and Maturity

 New DISH DBS Financing

 On September 29, 2024 (the "Financing Closing Date"), we and our subsidiary, DBS SubscriberCo, received $2.5 billion in financing from TPG Angelo Gordon and other co-lenders in the form of Term Loans and Mandatorily Redeemable Preferred Shares (each as defined below and together, the "New DISH DBS Financing"). On the Financing Closing Date, DBS SubscriberCo, entered into an amended and restated limited liability company agreement (the "SubscriberCo LLCA"), pursuant to which, among other things, DBS SubscriberCo issued to certain investors (the "Preferred Members") redeemable preferred equity interests (the "Preferred Membership Interests") with an aggregate liquidation preference of $200 million (the "Mandatorily Redeemable Preferred Shares"). Approximately $2.047 billion in proceeds received from the New DISH DBS Financing were used for the redemption of the principal balance and remaining interest outstanding on our 5 7/8% Senior Notes due November 15, 2024. The New DISH DBS Financing consists of the following: (i) initial term loans in an aggregate principal amount of $1.8 billion that mature on June 30, 2029 (the "Term Loan due 2029"), (ii) incremental term loans in an aggregate principal amount of $500 million that are payable in equal monthly installments which began in January 2025 and mature on September 30, 2025 (the "Term Loan due 2025") and (iii) $200 million Mandatorily Redeemable Preferred Shares that mature on June 30, 2029.

 Interest on the Term Loans accrues and is payable monthly, generally in cash. The interest rate with respect to the Term Loan due 2029 is (i) from (and including) the Financing Closing Date and until (but excluding) the date that is twelve months thereafter, 10.75% per annum and (ii) from (and including) the date that is twelve months after the Financing Closing Date and until June 30, 2029, 11.25% per annum. The interest rate with respect to the Term Loan due 2025 is 11.00% per annum. The Preferred Membership Interests have a preferential cumulative return that accumulates daily in arrears at a rate of: (a) from (and including) the Financing Closing Date and until (but excluding) the date that is 12 months thereafter, 13.25% per annum and (b) from (and including) the date that is 12 months after the Financing Closing Date and until June 30, 2029 (or the first business day thereafter), 13.75% per annum, payable in cash monthly and a liquidation preference equal to the issue price plus all accrued and unpaid dividends.

 5 7/8% Senior Notes due 2022

 Our 5 7/8% Senior Notes due 2022 with an aggregate principal balance of $2.0 billion were repurchased or redeemed as of July 15, 2022, the instrument's maturity date.

 5% Senior Notes due 2023

 Our 5% Senior Notes due 2023 with an aggregate principal balance of $1.5 billion were repurchased or redeemed as of March 15, 2023, the instrument's maturity date.

 5 7/8% Senior Notes due 2024

 Our 5 7/8% Senior Notes due 2024 with an aggregate principal balance of $2.0 billion were repurchased or redeemed as of November 15, 2024, the instrument's maturity date.

 Covenants and Restrictions Related to our Long-Term Debt

 We are subject to the covenants and restrictions set forth in the indentures related to our long-term debt. In particular, the indentures related to our outstanding senior notes and senior secured notes contain restrictive covenants that, among other things, impose limitations on our ability to: (i) incur additional indebtedness; (ii) enter into sale and leaseback transactions; (iii) pay dividends or make distributions on our capital stock or repurchase our capital stock; (iv) make certain investments; (v) create liens; (vi) enter into certain transactions with affiliates; (vii) merge or consolidate with another company; and (viii) transfer or sell assets. Should we fail to comply with these covenants, all or a portion of the debt under the senior notes, senior secured notes and our other long-term debt could become immediately payable. The senior notes and senior secured notes also provide that the debt may be required to be prepaid if certain change-in-control events occur. As of the date of filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we were in compliance with the covenants and restrictions related to our respective long-term debt.

 New Accounting Pronouncements

 See Note 2 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

 EXPLANATION OF KEY METRICS AND OTHER ITEMS

 Service revenue. "Service revenue" consists principally of Pay-TV subscriber revenue. Certain of the amounts included in "Service revenue" are not recurring on a monthly basis.

 Equipment sales and other revenue. "Equipment sales and other revenue" principally includes the non-subsidized sales of Pay-TV equipment and the licensing of certain intellectual property.

 Cost of services. "Cost of services" principally includes Pay-TV programming expenses and other operating costs related to our Pay-TV services.

 Cost of sales - equipment and other. "Cost of sales – equipment and other" principally includes the cost of the non-subsidized sales of Pay-TV equipment. Costs are generally recognized as products are delivered to customers and the related revenue is recognized.

 Selling, general and administrative expenses. "Selling, general and administrative expenses" consists primarily of direct sales costs, advertising and selling costs, third-party commissions related to the acquisition of subscribers and employee-related costs associated with administrative services such as legal, information systems, and accounting and finance. In addition, "Selling, general and administrative expenses" includes costs related to the installation of equipment for our new Pay-TV subscribers and the cost of subsidized sales of Pay-TV equipment for new subscribers.

 Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill. "Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill" includes our impairment losses related to our property and equipment, regulatory authorizations, goodwill and other intangible assets.

 Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized. "Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized" primarily includes interest expense associated with our long-term debt (net of capitalized interest), prepayment premiums, amortization of debt discounts and debt issuance costs associated with our long-term debt, and interest expense associated with our finance lease obligations.

 Other, net. The main components of "Other, net" are gains and losses realized on the sale and/or conversion of marketable and non-marketable investment securities, impairment of marketable and non-marketable investment securities, unrealized gains and losses from changes in fair value of certain marketable and non-marketable investment securities and equity in earnings and losses of our affiliates.

 Operating income before depreciation and amortization ("OIBDA"). OIBDA is defined as "Operating income (loss)" plus "Depreciation and amortization." This "non-GAAP measure" is reconciled to "Operating income (loss)" in our discussion of "Results of Operations" below.

 DISH TV subscribers. We include customers obtained through direct sales, independent third-party retailers and other independent third-party distribution relationships in our DISH TV subscriber count. We also provide DISH TV services to hotels, motels and other commercial accounts. For certain of these commercial accounts, we divide our total revenue for these commercial accounts by $34.99, and include the resulting number, which is substantially smaller than the actual number of commercial units served, in our DISH TV subscriber count.

 SLING TV subscribers. We include customers obtained through direct sales and third-party marketing agreements in our SLING TV subscriber count. SLING TV subscriber additions are recorded net of disconnects. SLING TV customers receiving SLING TV Freestream service, or service for no charge, under certain new subscriber promotions, are excluded from our SLING TV subscriber count. For customers who subscribe to multiple SLING TV packages, each customer is only counted as one SLING TV subscriber.

 Pay-TV subscribers. Our Pay-TV subscriber count includes all DISH TV and SLING TV subscribers discussed above. For customers who subscribe to both our DISH TV services and our SLING TV services, each subscription is counted as a separate Pay-TV subscriber.

 Pay-TV average monthly revenue per subscriber ("Pay-TV ARPU"). We are not aware of any uniform standards for calculating ARPU and believe presentations of ARPU may not be calculated consistently by other companies in the same or similar businesses. We calculate Pay-TV average monthly revenue per Pay-TV subscriber, or Pay-TV ARPU, by dividing average monthly Pay-TV "Service revenue" for the period by our average number of Pay-TV subscribers for the period. The average number of Pay-TV subscribers is calculated for the period by adding the average number of Pay-TV subscribers for each month and dividing by the number of months in the period. The average number of Pay-TV subscribers for each month is calculated by adding the beginning and ending Pay-TV subscribers for the month and dividing by two. SLING TV subscribers on average purchase lower priced programming services than DISH TV subscribers, and therefore, as SLING TV subscribers increase as a percentage of total Pay-TV subscribers, it has had a negative impact on Pay-TV ARPU.

 DISH TV average monthly subscriber churn rate ("DISH TV churn rate"). We are not aware of any uniform standards for calculating subscriber churn rate and believe presentations of subscriber churn rates may not be calculated consistently by different companies in the same or similar businesses. We calculate our DISH TV churn rate for any period by dividing the number of DISH TV subscribers who terminated service during the period by the average number of DISH TV subscribers for the same period, and further dividing by the number of months in the period. The average number of DISH TV subscribers is calculated for the period by adding the average number of DISH TV subscribers for each month and dividing by the number of months in the period. The average number of DISH TV subscribers for each month is calculated by adding the beginning and ending DISH TV subscribers for the month and dividing by two.

 DISH TV SAC. Subscriber acquisition cost measures are commonly used by those evaluating traditional companies in the pay-TV industry. We are not aware of any uniform standards for calculating the "average subscriber acquisition costs per new DISH TV subscriber activation," or DISH TV SAC, and we believe presentations of pay-TV SAC may not be calculated consistently by different companies in the same or similar businesses. Our DISH TV SAC is calculated using all costs of acquiring DISH TV subscribers (e.g., subsidized equipment, advertising, installation, commissions and direct sales, etc.) which are included in "Selling, general and administrative expenses," plus capitalized payments made under certain sales incentive programs and the value of equipment capitalized under our lease program for new DISH TV subscribers, divided by gross new DISH TV subscriber activations. We include all new DISH TV subscribers in our calculation, including DISH TV subscribers added with little or no subscriber acquisition costs.

 Pay-TV

 We offer Pay-TV services under the DISH brand and the SLING brand. As of December 31, 2024, we had 7.778 million Pay-TV subscribers in the United States, including 5.686 million DISH TV subscribers and 2.092 million SLING TV subscribers.

 We promote our Pay-TV services by providing our subscribers with better service, technology and value than those available from other subscription television service providers. We offer a wide selection of video services under the DISH TV brand, with access to hundreds of channels depending on the level of subscription. Our standard programming packages generally include programming provided by national cable networks. We also offer programming packages that include local broadcast networks, specialty sports channels, premium movie channels and Latino and international programming. We market our SLING TV services to consumers who do not subscribe to traditional satellite and cable pay-TV services, as well as to current and recent traditional pay-TV subscribers who desire a lower cost alternative. Our SLING TV services require an Internet connection and are available on multiple streaming-capable devices including, among others, streaming media devices, TVs, tablets, computers, game consoles and phones. We offer SLING domestic, SLING International, SLING Latino and SLING Freestream video programming services.

 Trends

 Competition

 Competition has intensified in recent years as the pay-TV industry has matured. We and our competitors increasingly must seek to attract a greater proportion of new subscribers from each other's existing subscriber bases rather than from first-time purchasers of pay-TV services. We face substantial competition from established pay-TV providers and broadband service providers and increasing competition from companies providing/facilitating the delivery of video content via the Internet to computers, televisions, and other streaming and mobile devices, including wireless service providers. In recent years, industry consolidation and convergence has created competitors with greater scale and multiple product/service offerings. These developments, among others, have contributed to intense and increasing competition, and we expect such competition to continue.

 We incur significant costs to retain our existing DISH TV subscribers, generally as a result of upgrading their equipment to next generation receivers, primarily including our Hopper receivers, and by providing retention credits. Our DISH TV subscriber retention costs may vary significantly from period to period.

 Many of our competitors have been especially aggressive by offering discounted programming and services for both new and existing subscribers, including, but not limited to, bundled offers combining broadband, video and/or wireless services and other promotional offers. Certain competitors have been able to subsidize the price of video services with the price of broadband and/or wireless services.

 Our Pay-TV services also face increased competition from programmers and other companies who distribute video directly to consumers over the Internet, as well as traditional satellite television providers, cable companies and large telecommunications companies that are rapidly increasing their Internet-based video offerings and direct-to-consumer exclusive and non-exclusive content. We also face competition from providers of video content, many of which are providers of programming content to us, that distribute content over the Internet including services with live-linear television programming, as well as single programmer offerings and offerings of large libraries of on-demand content, including in certain cases original content. These product offerings include, but are not limited to: Netflix, Hulu, Apple+, Prime Video, YouTube TV, Disney+, ESPN+, Paramount+, Max, STARZ, Peacock, Fubo, Philo and Tubi and certain bundles of these offerings.

 Significant changes in consumer behavior regarding the means by which consumers obtain video entertainment and information in response to digital media competition could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition or otherwise disrupt our business. In particular, consumers have shown increased interest in viewing certain video programming in any place, at any time and/or on any broadband or Internet-connected device they choose. Online content providers may cause our subscribers to disconnect our DISH TV services ("cord cutting"), downgrade to smaller, less expensive programming packages ("cord shaving") or elect to purchase through these online content providers a certain portion of the services that they would have historically purchased from us.

 Mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures and alliances among cable television providers, telecommunications companies, programming providers and others may result in, among other things, greater scale and financial leverage and increase the availability of offerings from providers capable of bundling video, broadband and/or wireless services in competition with our services and may exacerbate the risks described under the caption "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and elsewhere in our public filings. These transactions may affect us adversely by, among other things, making it more difficult for us to obtain access to certain programming networks on nondiscriminatory and fair terms, or at all.

 Our Pay-TV subscriber base has been declining due to, among other things, the factors described above. There can be no assurance that our Pay-TV subscriber base will not continue to decline and that the pace of such decline will not accelerate. As our Pay-TV subscriber base continues to decline, it could have a material adverse long-term effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.

 Programming

 Our ability to compete successfully will depend, among other things, on our ability to continue to obtain desirable programming and deliver it to our subscribers at competitive prices. Programming costs represent a large percentage of our "Cost of services" and the largest component of our total expense. We expect these costs to continue to increase due to contractual price increases and the renewal of long-term programming contracts on less favorable pricing terms and certain programming costs are rising at a much faster rate than wages or inflation. In particular, the rates we are charged for retransmitting local broadcast channels have been increasing substantially and may exceed our ability to increase our prices to our subscribers. Our ability to provide services under these agreements and negotiate acceptable terms depends on, among other things, the number of subscribers we have, our actual, perceived or anticipated financial condition and our negotiating power against each programmer, which can vary depending on the size and scale of such programmer. Going forward, our margins may face pressure if we are unable to renew our long-term programming contracts on acceptable pricing and other economic terms or if we are unable to pass these increased programming costs on to our subscribers.

 Increases in programming costs have caused us to increase the rates that we charge to our subscribers, which could in turn cause our existing Pay-TV subscribers to disconnect our services or cause potential new Pay-TV subscribers to choose not to subscribe to our services. Additionally, even if our subscribers do not disconnect our services, they may purchase through new and existing online content providers a certain portion of the services that they would have historically purchased from us.

 Furthermore, our net Pay-TV subscriber additions, gross new DISH TV subscriber activations, and DISH TV churn rate may be negatively impacted if we are unable to renew our long-term programming carriage contracts. In the past, our net Pay-TV subscriber additions, gross new DISH TV subscriber activations, and DISH TV churn rate have been negatively impacted as a result of programming interruptions and threatened programming interruptions in connection with the scheduled expiration of programming carriage contracts with content providers. There can be no assurance that the removal of any channels will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition or otherwise disrupt our business.

 We cannot predict with any certainty the impact to our net Pay-TV subscriber additions, gross new DISH TV subscriber activations, and DISH TV churn rate resulting from programming interruptions or threatened programming interruptions that may occur in the future. As a result, we may at times suffer from periods of lower net Pay-TV subscriber additions or higher net Pay-TV subscriber losses.

 Other Developments

 Adaptive Bitrate Streaming Patents

 Through our subsidiaries, we hold dozens of issued United States and foreign patents that relate to Adaptive Bitrate Streaming. On September 9, 2022, the chief administrative law judge at the United States International Trade Commission ("ITC") issued an Initial Determination holding that the video streaming in certain Peloton, NordicTrack and Mirror exercise equipment infringes four of those patents, and recommended that the ITC prevent the importation of the infringing products. On March 8, 2023, the ITC issued its Final Determination, which affirmed the Initial Determination for three of the four patents in all material aspects, and issued the recommended exclusion and cease and desist orders, which will become effective after a Presidential review period. On February 9, 2023, we entered into a confidential license agreement covering Mirror exercise equipment that resolves our litigation involving those products. On May 1, 2023, we entered into a $75 million license agreement covering Peloton exercise equipment that resolves our litigation involving those products. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded the $75 million license agreement in "Equipment sales and other revenue" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). On March 6, 2024, we entered into a license agreement covering NordicTrack exercise equipment that resolves our litigation involving those products and received the initial payment.

 RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2023.

 Variance

 Statements of Operations Data

 2024

 2023

 Amount

 %

 Revenue:

 Service revenue

 $

 10,564,288

 $

 11,320,526

 $

 (756,238)

 (6.7)

 Equipment sales and other revenue

 53,749

 153,699

 (99,950)

 (65.0)

 Total revenue

 10,618,037

 11,474,225

 (856,188)

 (7.5)

 Costs and Expenses:

 Cost of services

 6,691,649

 7,100,543

 (408,894)

 (5.8)

 % of Service revenue

 63.3

 %

 62.7

 %

 Cost of sales - equipment and other

 73,384

 78,219

 (4,835)

 (6.2)

 Selling, general and administrative expenses

 1,064,544

 1,375,908

 (311,364)

 (22.6)

 % of Total revenue

 10.0

 %

 12.0

 %

 (39,629)

 (12.6)

 Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill

 —

 6,457

 (6,457)

 *

 Total costs and expenses

 8,105,608

 8,876,787

 (771,179)

 (8.7)

 Operating income (loss)

 2,512,429

 2,597,438

 (85,009)

 (3.3)

 Other Income (Expense):

 Interest income

 306,669

 464,939

 (158,270)

 (34.0)

 Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized

 (816,494)

 (753,162)

 (63,332)

 (8.4)

 (65,174)

 (65,692)

 *

 Total other income (expense)

 (574,999)

 (287,705)

 (287,294)

 (99.9)

 Income (loss) before income taxes

 1,937,430

 2,309,733

 (372,303)

 (16.1)

 Income tax (provision) benefit, net

 (489,850)

 (565,104)

 75,254

 13.3

 Effective tax rate

 25.3

 %

 24.5

 %

 $

 $

 $

 (297,049)

 (17.0)

 Other Data:

 Pay-TV subscribers, as of period end (in millions)

 7.778

 8.526

 (0.748)

 (8.8)

 DISH TV subscribers, as of period end (in millions)

 5.686

 6.471

 (0.785)

 (12.1)

 SLING TV subscribers, as of period end (in millions)

 2.092

 2.055

 0.037

 1.8

 Pay-TV subscriber additions (losses), net (in millions)

 (0.748)

 (1.224)

 0.476

 38.9

 DISH TV subscriber additions (losses), net (in millions)

 (0.785)

 (0.945)

 0.160

 16.9

 SLING TV subscriber additions (losses), net (in millions)

 0.037

 (0.279)

 0.316

 *

 Pay-TV ARPU

 $

 108.90

 $

 104.56

 $

 4.34

 4.2

 DISH TV subscriber additions, gross (in millions)

 0.282

 0.464

 (0.182)

 (39.2)

 DISH TV churn rate

 1.46

 %

 1.69

 %

 (0.23)

 %

 (13.6)

 DISH TV SAC

 $

 $

 1,118

 $

 (119)

 (10.6)

 Purchases of property and equipment, net of refunds

 $

 88,756

 $

 132,607

 $

 (43,851)

 (33.1)

 OIBDA

 $

 2,788,460

 $

 2,913,098

 $

 (124,638)

 (4.3)

 *

 Percentage is not meaningful.

 Pay-TV Subscribers

 DISH TV subscribers. We lost approximately 785,000 net DISH TV subscribers during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the loss of approximately 945,000 net DISH TV subscribers during the same period in 2023. This decrease in net DISH TV subscriber losses primarily resulted from a lower DISH TV churn rate, partially offset by lower gross new DISH TV subscriber activations.

 SLING TV subscribers. We added approximately 37,000 net SLING TV subscribers during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the loss of approximately 279,000 net SLING TV subscribers during the same period in 2023. The change in net SLING TV subscribers was primarily related to lower SLING TV subscriber disconnects in 2024 due to our emphasis on acquiring higher quality subscribers, partially offset by lower SLING TV subscriber activations. We continue to experience increased competition, including competition from other subscription video on-demand and live-linear OTT service providers, many of which are providers of our content and offer football and other seasonal sports programming direct to subscribers on an a la carte basis.

 DISH TV subscribers, gross. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we activated approximately 282,000 gross new DISH TV subscribers compared to approximately 464,000 gross new DISH TV subscribers during the same period in 2023, a decrease of 39.2%. This decrease in our gross new DISH TV subscriber activations was primarily related to lower marketing expenditures, the lack of demand and shifting consumer behavior, as well as increased competitive pressures, including, but not limited to, live-linear OTT service providers, aggressive short term introductory pricing and bundled offers combining broadband, video and/or wireless services and other discounted promotional offers and direct-to-consumer offerings by certain of our programmers. Our gross new DISH TV subscriber activations continue to be negatively impacted by an emphasis on acquiring higher quality subscribers.

 DISH TV churn rate. Our DISH TV churn rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 was 1.46% compared to 1.69% for the same period in 2023. Our DISH TV churn rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 was positively impacted by our emphasis on acquiring and retaining higher quality subscribers. Our DISH TV churn rate continues to be adversely impacted by external factors, such as, among other things, cord cutting, shifting consumer behavior and increased competitive pressures, including, but not limited to, live-linear OTT service providers, aggressive marketing, bundled discount offers combining broadband, video and/or wireless services and other discounted promotional offers. Our DISH TV churn rate is also impacted by internal factors, such as, among other things, our ability to consistently provide outstanding customer service, price increases, our ability to control piracy and other forms of fraud, and the level of our retention efforts. In addition, our DISH TV churn rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 was briefly elevated due to a cybersecurity incident in the first quarter of 2023.

 Our net Pay-TV subscriber additions, gross new DISH TV subscriber activations and DISH TV churn rate have been negatively impacted as a result of programming interruptions and threatened programming interruptions in connection with the scheduled expiration of programming carriage contracts with content providers. We cannot predict with any certainty the impact to our net Pay-TV subscriber additions, gross new DISH TV subscriber activations and DISH TV subscriber churn rate resulting from programming interruptions or threatened programming interruptions that may occur in the future. As a result, we may at times suffer from periods of lower net Pay-TV subscriber additions or higher net Pay-TV subscriber losses.

 We have not always met our own standards for performing high-quality installations, effectively resolving subscriber issues when they arise, answering subscriber calls in an acceptable timeframe, effectively communicating with our subscriber base, reducing calls driven by the complexity of our business, improving the reliability of certain systems and subscriber equipment and aligning the interests of certain independent third-party retailers and installers to provide high-quality service. Most of these factors have affected both gross new DISH TV subscriber activations as well as DISH TV subscriber churn rate. Our future gross new DISH TV subscriber activations and our DISH TV subscriber churn rate may be negatively impacted by these factors, which could in turn adversely affect our revenue.

 Service revenue. "Service revenue" totaled $10.564 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $756 million or 6.7% compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease in "Service revenue" compared to the same period in 2023 was primarily related to lower average Pay-TV subscriber base, partially offset by an increase in Pay-TV ARPU, discussed below.

 Equipment sales and other revenue. "Equipment sales and other revenue" totaled $54 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $100 million or 65.0% compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease in "Equipment sales and other revenue" compared to the same period in 2023 was primarily related to a non-recurring $75 million license of our Adaptive Bitrate Streaming patents to Peloton covering certain Peloton products that resolves our litigation involving those products during the second quarter of 2023.

 Pay-TV ARPU. Pay-TV ARPU was $108.90 during the year ended December 31, 2024 versus $104.56 during the same period in 2023. The $4.34 or 4.2% increase in Pay-TV ARPU was primarily attributable to DISH TV and SLING TV programming price increases and higher Pay-TV ad sales revenue. The DISH TV and SLING TV programming package price increases were effective in the fourth quarter of 2023.

 Cost of services. "Cost of services" totaled $6.692 billion during the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $409 million or 5.8% compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease in "Cost of services" was primarily attributable to a lower average Pay-TV subscriber base and lower variable and retention costs per subscriber due to, among other things, operational efficiencies, partially offset by higher programming costs per subscriber. Programming costs per subscriber increased during the year ended December 31, 2024 due to rate increases in certain of our programming contracts, including the renewal of certain contracts at higher rates, particularly for local broadcast channels. Variable and retention costs per subscriber during the year ended December 31, 2023 were negatively impacted by approximately $30 million in cybersecurity-related expenses to remediate a cybersecurity incident and provide additional customer support. "Cost of services" represented 63.3% and 62.7% of "Service revenue" during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 In the normal course of business, we enter into contracts to purchase programming content in which our payment obligations are generally contingent on the number of Pay-TV subscribers to whom we provide the respective content. Our "Cost of services" have and will continue to face further upward pressure from price increases and the renewal of long-term programming contracts on less favorable pricing terms. In addition, our programming expenses will increase to the extent we are successful in growing our Pay-TV subscriber base.

 Selling, general and administrative expenses. "Selling, general and administrative expenses" totaled $1.065 billion during the year ended December 31, 2024, a $311 million or 22.6% decrease compared to the same period in 2023. This change was primarily driven by a decrease in subscriber acquisition costs resulting from lower marketing expenditures and lower gross new DISH TV subscriber activations and a decrease in personnel costs.

 Depreciation and amortization. "Depreciation and amortization" expense totaled $276 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, a $40 million or 12.6% decrease compared to the same period in 2023. This change was primarily driven by a decrease in depreciation expense from equipment leased to new and existing DISH TV subscribers and the expiration of our Nimiq 5 finance lease in September 2024.

 Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill. "Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill" totaled $6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This impairment represents a noncash impairment charge for goodwill. See Note 2 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

 DISH TV SAC. DISH TV SAC was $999 during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $1,118 during the same period in 2023, a decrease of $119 or 10.6%. This change was primarily attributable to a decrease in advertising costs per subscriber and a higher percentage of remanufactured receivers being activated on new subscriber accounts, partially offset by higher commission costs due to our emphasis on acquiring higher quality subscribers.

 During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the amount of equipment capitalized under our lease program for new DISH TV subscribers totaled $26 million and $54 million, respectively. This decrease in capital expenditures primarily resulted from a decrease in gross new DISH TV subscriber activations and a higher percentage of remanufactured receivers being activated on new subscriber accounts.

 To remain competitive, we upgrade or replace subscriber equipment periodically as technology changes, and the costs associated with these upgrades may be substantial. To the extent technological changes render a portion of our existing equipment obsolete, we would be unable to redeploy all returned equipment and consequently would realize less benefit from the DISH TV SAC reduction associated with redeployment of that returned lease equipment.

 Our "DISH TV SAC" may materially increase in the future to the extent that we, among other things, transition to newer technologies, introduce more aggressive promotions, or provide greater equipment subsidies.

 Interest income. "Interest income" totaled $307 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $158 million or 34.0% compared to the same period in 2023. This decrease was primarily related to the reduction in interest income associated with our Intercompany Loan to DISH Network. On January 10, 2024, $4.7 billion of this receivable was transferred to EchoStar, our ultimate parent. This change was partially offset by the increase in interest income associated with the additional intercompany loans to DISH Network. See Note 15 in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

 Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized. "Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized" totaled $816 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $63 million or 8.4% compared to the same period in 2023. This change was primarily related to an increase in interest expense as a result of the issuance of new debt during 2024, partially offset by a reduction in interest expense resulting from debt redemptions during 2023 and 2024.

 Other, net. "Other, net" expense totaled $65 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $66 million compared to the same period in 2023. The year ended December 31, 2024 was negatively impacted by a $67 million loss in equity in earnings, including $63 million from our portion of Invidi's goodwill impairment.

 Income tax (provision) benefit, net. Our income tax provision was $490 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $75 million or 13.3% compared to the same period in 2023. The change was primarily related to a decrease in "Income (loss) before income taxes."

 Non-GAAP Performance Measures and Reconciliation

 It is management's intent to provide non-GAAP financial information to enhance the understanding of our financial information prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"), and it should be considered by the reader in addition to, but not instead of, the financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. Each non-GAAP financial measure is presented along with the corresponding GAAP measure so as not to imply that more emphasis should be placed on the non-GAAP measure. We believe that providing these non-GAAP measures in addition to the GAAP measures allows management, investors and other users of our financial information to more fully and accurately assess both consolidated and segment performance. The non-GAAP financial information presented may be determined or calculated differently by other companies and may not be directly comparable to that of other companies.

 OIBDA

 OIBDA, which is presented below, is a non-GAAP measure and does not purport to be an alternative to operating income (loss) as a measure of operating performance. We believe this measure is useful to management, investors and other users of our financial information in evaluating operating profitability of our business on a more variable cost basis as it excludes the depreciation and amortization expenses related primarily to capital expenditures and acquisitions, as well as in evaluating operating performance in relation to our competitors. OIBDA is calculated by adding back depreciation and amortization expense to operating income (loss).

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Operating income (loss)

 $

 2,512,429

 $

 2,597,438

 $

 2,822,656

 OIBDA

 $

 2,788,460

 $

 2,913,098

 $

 3,177,017

 The changes in OIBDA during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were primarily a result of the factors described in connection with operating revenues and operating expenses.

 GUARANTOR FINANCIAL INFORMATION

 Our registered senior notes, consisting of our 7 3/4% Senior Notes due 2026, 7 3/8% Senior Notes due 2028, and 5 1/8% Senior Notes due 2029, are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally on a senior unsecured basis by certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries (the "Guarantors").

 Certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries are designated as "Unrestricted Subsidiaries" and do not guarantee any of our registered senior notes.

 We and our subsidiaries participate with our parent company, DISH Network, in a centralized system for the management of our cash and marketable investment securities. Please see Note 3 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

 The guarantee of a Guarantor will be deemed automatically discharged and released in accordance with the terms of the applicable indenture: (i) in connection with any direct or indirect sale, conveyance or other disposition of all of the capital stock or all or substantially all of the assets of that Guarantor (including by way of merger or consolidation), if such sale or disposition is made in compliance with the applicable provisions of the indenture; (ii) if such Guarantor is dissolved or liquidated in accordance with the provisions of the indenture; (iii) if we designate any such Guarantor as an "Unrestricted Subsidiary" in compliance with the terms of the indenture; or (iv) with respect to a Guarantor which constitutes a Non-Core Asset (as such term is defined in the applicable indenture), upon the sale or other disposition of certain equity interests of such Guarantor, if such sale or disposition is made in compliance with the applicable provisions of the indenture. There are no restrictions on our ability to obtain cash dividends or other distributions of funds from the Guarantors, except those imposed by applicable law.

 The rights of holders of the registered senior notes against the Guarantors may be limited under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code or state fraudulent transfer or conveyance law. Under certain circumstances (including a finding that a Guarantor was insolvent at the time its guarantee of the registered senior notes was issued), a court could hold that the obligations of a Guarantor under a guarantee may be voided or are subordinate to other obligations of the Guarantor. Each guarantee contains a provision intended to limit the Guarantor's liability to the maximum amount that it could incur without causing the incurrence of obligations under its guarantee to be a fraudulent conveyance or transfer under U.S. federal or state law.

 The summarized balance sheet information for the combined obligor group of our registered senior notes is presented in the table below.

 2024

 2023

 Current assets

 $

 1,780,162

 $

 2,337,400

 Noncurrent assets

 6,395,280

 9,256,110

 Current liabilities

 2,147,507

 4,435,452

 Noncurrent liabilities

 12,617,150

 10,294,282

 Due from non-guarantors

 594,492

 589,361

 Due from related parties

 4,928,291

 7,945,151

 Due to non-guarantors

 2,403,527

 —

 Due to related parties

 34,273

 55,392

 The summarized results of operations information for the combined obligor group of our registered senior notes is presented in the table below.

 For the Year Ended

 December 31, 2024

 Total revenues

 $

 4,771,941

 Operating income

 794,123

 Net income

 205,977

 Operating expenses to related parties

 261,995

 Other income from related parties

 267,440

 Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

 Market Risks Associated with Financial Instruments

 Our investments and debt are exposed to market risks, discussed below.

 Cash, Cash Equivalents and Current Marketable Investment Securities

 As of December 31, 2024, our unrestricted cash, cash equivalents and current marketable investment securities had a fair value of $419 million. Of that amount, a total of $419 million was invested in: (a) cash; (b) money market funds; (c) debt instruments of the United States Government and its agencies; (d) commercial paper and corporate notes with an overall average maturity of less than one year and rated in one of the four highest rating categories by at least two nationally recognized statistical rating organizations; and/or (e) instruments with similar risk, duration and credit quality characteristics to the commercial paper and corporate obligations described above. The primary purpose of these investing activities has been to preserve principal until the cash is required to, among other things, continue investing in our business, pursue acquisitions and other strategic transactions, fund ongoing operations, repay debt obligations and expand our business. Consequently, the size of this portfolio can fluctuate significantly as cash is received and used in our business for these or other purposes. The value of this portfolio is negatively impacted by credit losses; however, this risk is mitigated through diversification that limits our exposure to any one issuer.

 Interest Rate Risk

 A change in interest rates would affect the fair value of our cash, cash equivalents and current marketable investment securities portfolio; however, we normally hold these investments to maturity. Based on our December 31, 2024 current non-strategic investment portfolio of $419 million, a hypothetical 10% change in average interest rates would not have a material impact on the fair value due to the limited duration of our investments.

 Our cash, cash equivalents and current marketable investment securities had an average annual rate of return for the year ended December 31, 2024 of 5.8%. A change in interest rates would affect our future annual interest income from this portfolio, since funds would be re-invested at different rates as the instruments mature. A hypothetical 10% decrease in average interest rates during 2024 would result in a decrease of approximately $2 million in annual interest income.

 Restricted Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Investment Securities

 As of December 31, 2024, we had $210 million of restricted cash, cash equivalents and marketable investment securities invested in: (a) cash; (b) money market funds; (c) debt instruments of the United States Government and its agencies; and/or (d) instruments with similar risk, duration and credit quality characteristics to commercial paper. Based on our December 31, 2024 investment portfolio, a hypothetical 10% increase in average interest rates would not have a material impact on the fair value of our restricted cash, cash equivalents and marketable investment securities.

 Debt

 As of December 31, 2024, we had debt of $12.282 billion, excluding finance lease obligations and unamortized deferred financing costs and debt discounts, on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We estimated the fair value of this debt to be approximately $10.537 billion using quoted market prices. The fair value of our debt is affected by fluctuations in interest rates. A hypothetical 10% decrease in assumed interest rates would increase the fair value of our debt by approximately $351 million. To the extent interest rates increase, our future costs of financing would increase at the time of any future financings. As of December 31, 2024, primarily all of our long-term debt consisted of fixed rate indebtedness.

 Derivative Financial Instruments

 From time to time, we invest in speculative financial instruments, including derivatives. As of December 31, 2024, we did not hold any derivative financial instruments.

 Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

 Our consolidated financial statements are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K beginning on page F-1.
 Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

 Not applicable.

 Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

 Disclosure controls and procedures

 Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

 Changes in internal control over financial reporting

 There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) during our most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles.

 Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

 (i)
 pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and dispositions of our assets;

 (ii)
 provide reasonable assurance that our transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of our financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and our directors; and

 (iii)
 provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.

 Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

 N o n e

 Item 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

 Not applicable.

 Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

 Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for 2024. KPMG LLP served as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

 EchoStar's Board of Directors, in its discretion, may direct the appointment of a different independent registered public accounting firm at any time during the year if the Board of Directors believes that a change would be in its best interests.

 Fees Paid to KPMG LLP for 2024 and 2023

 The following table presents fees for the aggregate professional audit services rendered by KPMG LLP for the annual audit of the financial statements of EchoStar and its subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and fees billed for other services rendered by KPMG LLP to EchoStar and its subsidiaries during those periods. We have reported the fees billed for services rendered to both EchoStar and its subsidiaries because the services are not rendered or billed specifically for us but for the EchoStar consolidated group as a whole. Prior year fees paid to KPMG for both EchoStar and DISH Network pre-Merger have been combined to be consistent with the current year presentation.

 2024

 2023

 Audit Fees (1)

 $

 7,756,168

 $

 9,724,769

 Audit-Related Fees

 480,000

 1,052,603

 Tax Compliance Fees

 643,786

 858,580

 All Other Fees (2)

 141,744

 115,000

 Total Fees

 $

 9,021,698

 $

 11,750,952

 (1)
 Consists of fees paid by EchoStar and its subsidiaries for the audit of our consolidated financial statements included in EchoStar and its subsidiaries Annual Reports on Form 10-K, review of EchoStar and its subsidiaries unaudited financial statements included in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and fees in connection with the audit of EchoStar and its subsidiaries internal control over financial reporting.

 (2)
 Consists of fees for services related to review of contract compliance.

 Policy on Audit Committee Pre-Approval of Audit and Permissible Non-Audit Services of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 EchoStar's Board of Directors delegated to EchoStar's Audit Committee the responsibility for appointing, setting compensation, retaining, and overseeing the work of its independent registered public accounting firm until December 31, 2024.

 Requests are submitted to the Audit Committee of EchoStar in one of the following ways:

 Request for approval of services at a meeting of the Audit Committee; or

 Request for approval of services by members of the Audit Committee acting by written consent.

 The request may be made with respect to either specific services or a type of service for predictable or recurring services. 100% of the fees paid to KPMG LLP for services rendered in 2024 and 2023 were pre-approved by the Audit Committee of EchoStar.

 Item 15.

 EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

 (a)

 The following documents are filed as part of this report:

 (1)

 Financial Statements

 Page

 Report of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholder's Equity (Deficit)

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 (2)

 Financial Statement Schedules

 None. All schedules have been included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.

 (3)

 Exhibits

 Exhibit No.

 Description

 3.1(a)*

 Composite Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of DISH DBS Corporation (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1a to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of DISH DBS Corporation filed April 1, 2024).

 3.1(b)*

 Bylaws of DISH DBS Corporation (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.4(b) to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 of DISH DBS Corporation).

 4.1*

 Indenture, relating to the 7 3/4% Senior Notes due 2026, dated as of June 13, 2016, among DISH DBS Corporation, the guarantors named on the signature pages thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of DISH DBS Corporation filed June 13, 2016).

 4.2*

 Indenture, relating to the 7 3/8% Senior Notes due 2028, dated as of July 1, 2020, among DISH DBS Corporation, the guarantors named on the signature pages thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of DISH DBS Corporation filed July 1, 2020).

 4.3*

 Indenture, relating to the 5 1/8% Senior Notes due 2029, dated as of May 24, 2021, among DISH DBS Corporation, the guarantors named on the signature pages thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of DISH DBS Corporation filed May 24, 2021).

 4.4*

 Indenture, relating to the 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 and the 5 3/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2028, dated as of November 26, 2021, among DISH DBS Corporation, the guarantors named on the signature pages thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee and collateral agent (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of DISH DBS Corporation filed November 26, 2021).

 4.5*

 Security Agreement, dated as of November 26, 2021, among DISH DBS Corporation, the guarantors named on the signature pages thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as collateral agent (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of DISH DBS Corporation filed November 26, 2021).

 4.6*

 Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of November 26, 2021, between DISH DBS Corporation and DISH Network Corporation (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of DISH DBS Corporation filed November 26, 2021).

 4.7*

 Supplemental Indenture relating to the 7 3/4% Senior Notes due 2026 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.16 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of DISH DBS Corporation filed March 29, 2018).

 10.1*

 2002 Class B CEO Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference from Appendix A to DISH Network Corporation's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A dated April 9, 2002). **

 10.2*

 Nonemployee Director Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 99.6 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of DISH Network Corporation filed July 7, 2005). **

 10.3*

 DISH Network Corporation 2009 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Appendix A to DISH Network Corporation's Definitive Proxy Statement on Form 14A filed September 19, 2014). **

 10.4*

 Amended and Restated DISH Network Corporation 2001 Nonemployee Director Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference from Appendix B to DISH Network Corporation's Definitive Proxy Statement on Form 14A filed March 31, 2009). **

 10.5*

 Amended and Restated DISH Network Corporation 1999 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference from Appendix C to DISH Network Corporation's Definitive Proxy Statement on Form 14A filed March 31, 2009). **

 10.6*

 Description of the 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan dated December 2, 2016 (incorporated by reference from the Current Report on Form 8-K of DISH Network Corporation filed December 8, 2016). **

 10.7*

 Description of the 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan dated August 17, 2018 (incorporated by reference from the Current Report on Form 8-K of DISH Network Corporation filed August 23, 2018). **

 10.8*

 Incentive Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of DISH Network Corporation filed November 6, 2020). **

 10.9*

 Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of DISH Network Corporation filed November 6, 2020). **

 10.10*

 Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of DISH Network Corporation filed November 6, 2020). **

 10.11*

 Loan and Security Agreement, dated September 29, 2024, by and among DISH DBS Issuer LLC, as borrower, Alter Domus (US) LLC, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K of EchoStar Corporation filed September 30, 2024).

 19 *

 EchoStar Corporation's Insider Trading Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 19 to EchoStar Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed February 27, 2025).

 List of Subsidiary Guarantors

 31.1

 Section 302 Certification of Chief Executive Officer.

 31.2

 Section 302 Certification of Chief Financial Officer.

 32.1

 Section 906 Certification of Chief Executive Officer.

 32.2

 Section 906 Certification of Chief Financial Officer.

 Filed herewith.

 *

 Incorporated by reference.

 **

 Constitutes a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

 ***

 Certain portions of the exhibit have been omitted and separately filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission with a request for confidential treatment.

 Item 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

 None.

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 By:

 /s/ Paul W. Orban

 Paul W. Orban

 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, DISH

 Date: March 19, 2025

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signature

 Title

 Date

 /s/ Hamid Akhavan

 President and Chief Executive Officer

 Hamid Akhavan

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ Paul W. Orban

 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, DISH

 Paul W. Orban

 (Principal Financial Officer)

 /s/ James S. Allen

 Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer

 James S. Allen

 (Principal Accounting Officer)

 /s/ Charles W. Ergen

 Chairman

 Charles W. Ergen

 /s/ Jeffrey H. Blum

 Director

 Jeffrey H. Blum

 /s/ Tom A. Ortolf

 Director

 Tom A. Ortolf

 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Page

 Consolidated Financial Statements:

 Report of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 185)

 F–2

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 F–4

 Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 F–5

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholder's Equity (Deficit)

 F–6

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 F–7

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 F–8

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholder and Board of Directors
 DISH DBS Corporation:

 Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of DISH DBS Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholder's equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

 Basis for Opinion
 These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

 Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matter
 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Sufficiency of audit evidence over revenue

 As discussed in Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company reported $10.6 billion in total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024. This category of revenue has multiple revenue streams and certain aspects of the Company's processes and information technology (IT) systems differ among the revenue streams.

 We identified the evaluation of sufficiency of audit evidence over certain revenue streams as a critical audit matter. Specifically, subjective auditor judgment was required to evaluate that revenue data was captured and aggregated throughout these various IT applications. Additionally, IT professionals with specialized skills and knowledge were required to evaluate the nature and extent of evidence obtained over certain revenue streams.

 The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We applied auditor judgment to determine the nature and extent of procedures to be performed over revenue. For each revenue stream where procedures were performed, we evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company's revenue recognition process, including recording of revenue. We also evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain general IT and application controls. We involved IT professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in testing certain IT applications used by the Company in its revenue recognition processes and the transfer of relevant revenue data between certain systems used in the revenue recognition processes. For certain revenue streams, we assessed the recorded revenue by comparing total cash received during the year, adjusted for reconciling items, to the revenue recognized. Such assessment also evaluated the relevance and reliability of reconciling items to underlying documentation, including the changes in accounts receivable and deferred revenue. We evaluated the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained by assessing the results of the procedures performed, including the appropriateness of the nature and extent of such evidence.

 /s/ KPMG LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2002.
 Denver, Colorado

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
 (Dollars in thousands, except share amounts)

 2024

 2023

 Assets

 Current Assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents

 $

 419,087

 $

 373,641

 Current restricted cash and cash equivalents

 150,898

 —

 Marketable investment securities

 —

 Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $ 42,270 and $ 34,884, respectively

 592,355

 619,604

 Advances to affiliates

 —

 421,457

 Inventory

 183,202

 267,841

 Interest receivable - DISH Network (Note 15)

 14,222

 17,761

 Prepaids and other assets

 118,070

 147,740

 Other current assets

 1,588

 2,306

 Total current assets

 1,479,422

 1,850,747

 Noncurrent Assets:

 Restricted cash, cash equivalents and marketable investment securities

 58,676

 54,980

 Property and equipment, net

 624,769

 808,065

 Regulatory authorizations, net

 Other investments, net

 22,641

 90,168

 Operating lease assets

 81,024

 92,972

 Notes Receivable - DISH Network, including interest (Note 15)

 4,913,689

 7,515,077

 Other noncurrent assets, net

 99,908

 107,987

 Total noncurrent assets

 6,412,501

 9,281,043

 Total assets

 $

 7,891,923

 $

 11,131,790

 Liabilities and Stockholder's Equity (Deficit)

 Current Liabilities:

 Trade accounts payable

 $

 207,531

 $

 248,640

 Deferred revenue and other

 416,156

 505,361

 Accrued programming

 1,339,072

 1,427,762

 Accrued interest

 153,409

 160,137

 Other accrued expenses and liabilities

 373,915

 415,109

 Current portion of debt, finance lease and other obligations (Note 8)

 744,556

 2,023,976

 Total current liabilities

 3,234,639

 4,780,985

 Long-Term Obligations, Net of Current Portion:

 Long-term debt, finance lease and other obligations, net of current portion (Note 8)

 11,402,894

 9,755,538

 Deferred tax liabilities, net

 205,064

 268,170

 Operating lease liabilities

 52,156

 61,381

 Long-term deferred revenue and other long-term liabilities

 203,190

 211,414

 Total long-term obligations, net of current portion

 11,863,304

 10,296,503

 Total liabilities

 15,097,943

 15,077,488

 Commitments and Contingencies (Note 12)

 Stockholder's Equity (Deficit):

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value, 1,000,000 shares authorized, 1,015 shares issued and outstanding

 —

 —

 Additional paid-in capital

 1,558,325

 1,547,164

 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

 ( 3,047)

 ( 2,501)

 Accumulated earnings (deficit)

 ( 8,761,298)

 ( 5,490,361)

 Total stockholder's equity (deficit)

 ( 7,206,020)

 ( 3,945,698)

 Total liabilities and stockholder's equity (deficit)

 $

 7,891,923

 $

 11,131,790

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Revenue:

 Service revenue

 $

 10,564,288

 $

 11,320,526

 $

 12,281,346

 Equipment sales and other revenue

 53,749

 153,699

 96,862

 Total revenue

 10,618,037

 11,474,225

 12,378,208

 Costs and Expenses (exclusive of depreciation and amortization):

 Cost of services

 6,691,649

 7,100,543

 7,527,563

 Cost of sales - equipment and other

 73,384

 78,219

 79,905

 Selling, general and administrative expenses

 1,064,544

 1,375,908

 1,593,723

 Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill (Note 2)

 —

 6,457

 —

 Total costs and expenses

 8,105,608

 8,876,787

 9,555,552

 Operating income (loss)

 2,512,429

 2,597,438

 2,822,656

 Other Income (Expense):

 Interest income

 306,669

 464,939

 440,412

 Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized

 ( 816,494)

 ( 753,162)

 ( 871,530)

 Other, net (Note 4)

 ( 65,174)

 4,466

 Total other income (expense)

 ( 574,999)

 ( 287,705)

 ( 426,652)

 Income (loss) before income taxes

 1,937,430

 2,309,733

 2,396,004

 Income tax (provision) benefit, net

 ( 489,850)

 ( 565,104)

 ( 585,259)

 $

 $

 $

 Comprehensive Income (Loss):

 $

 $

 $

 Other comprehensive income (loss):

 Foreign currency translation adjustments

 ( 549)

 ( 48)

 ( 1,245)

 Unrealized holding gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt securities

 —

 Deferred income tax (expense) benefit, net

 ( 22)

 ( 45)

 Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax

 ( 546)

 ( 56)

 ( 1,183)

 Comprehensive income (loss)

 $

 1,447,034

 $

 1,744,573

 $

 1,809,562

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDER'S EQUITY (DEFICIT)

 Accumulated

 Additional

 Other

 Accumulated

 Common

 Paid-In

 Comprehensive

 Earnings

 Stock

 Capital

 Income (Loss)

 (Deficit)

 Total

 Balance, December 31, 2021

 $

 —

 $

 1,492,174

 $

 ( 1,262)

 $

 ( 9,045,735)

 $

 ( 7,554,823)

 Non-cash, stock-based compensation

 —

 40,732

 —

 —

 40,732

 Other comprehensive income (loss)

 —

 —

 ( 1,183)

 —

 ( 1,183)

 —

 —

 —

 Balance, December 31, 2022

 $

 —

 $

 1,532,906

 $

 ( 2,445)

 $

 ( 7,234,990)

 $

 ( 5,704,529)

 Non-cash, stock-based compensation

 —

 14,258

 —

 —

 14,258

 Other comprehensive income (loss)

 —

 —

 ( 56)

 —

 ( 56)

 —

 —

 —

 Balance, December 31, 2023

 $

 —

 $

 1,547,164

 $

 ( 2,501)

 $

 ( 5,490,361)

 $

 ( 3,945,698)

 Non-cash, stock-based compensation

 —

 11,161

 —

 —

 11,161

 Other comprehensive income (loss)

 —

 —

 ( 546)

 —

 ( 546)

 Intercompany Loan - 2026 Tranche

 —

 —

 —

 ( 4,718,517)

 ( 4,718,517)

 —

 —

 —

 Balance, December 31, 2024

 $

 —

 $

 1,558,325

 $

 ( 3,047)

 $

 ( 8,761,298)

 $

 ( 7,206,020)

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Cash Flows From Operating Activities:

 $

 $

 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash flows from operating activities:

 Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill

 —

 6,457

 —

 Realized and unrealized losses (gains) on investments and other

 —

 ( 1,262)

 Non-cash, stock-based compensation

 11,161

 14,258

 40,732

 Deferred tax expense (benefit)

 ( 63,103)

 ( 84,600)

 ( 116,715)

 Equity in (earnings) losses of affiliates

 67,214

 1,202

 ( 4,112)

 Changes in allowance for credit losses

 7,386

 ( 5,758)

 7,781

 38,309

 36,338

 67,306

 Non-cash interest income - DISH Network

 ( 128,058)

 ( 318,050)

 ( 415,188)

 Changes in current assets and current liabilities:

 Trade accounts receivable

 19,863

 46,962

 ( 67,036)

 Inventory

 67,322

 36,925

 ( 11,143)

 Other current assets

 20,038

 12,865

 93,482

 Trade accounts payable

 ( 39,610)

 ( 128,331)

 ( 145,552)

 Deferred revenue and other

 ( 89,205)

 ( 49,790)

 ( 47,370)

 Accrued programming and other accrued expenses

 ( 133,230)

 ( 98,474)

 ( 840)

 Net cash flows from operating activities

 1,501,698

 1,529,031

 1,567,373

 Cash Flows From Investing Activities:

 (Purchases) Sales and maturities of marketable investment securities, net

 282,350

 1,388,113

 Purchases of property and equipment

 ( 88,756)

 ( 132,607)

 ( 122,477)

 Notes Receivable - DISH Network (Note 15)

 ( 1,564,589)

 ( 421,457)

 ( 1,500,000)

 9,775

 5,016

 5,313

 Net cash flows from investing activities

 ( 1,643,173)

 ( 266,698)

 ( 229,051)

 Cash Flows From Financing Activities:

 Repayment of long-term debt, finance lease and other obligations

 ( 41,431)

 ( 49,850)

 ( 33,713)

 Proceeds from New DISH DBS Financing (Note 8)

 2,500,000

 —

 —

 Debt issuance costs and debt (discount) premium from New DISH DBS Financing

 ( 134,510)

 —

 —

 Redemption and repurchases of senior notes

 ( 1,982,544)

 ( 1,460,635)

 ( 2,056,821)

 —

 1,273

 ( 906)

 Net cash flows from financing activities

 341,515

 ( 1,509,212)

 ( 2,091,440)

 Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents

 200,040

 ( 246,879)

 ( 753,118)

 Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period (Note 4)

 428,621

 675,500

 1,428,618

 Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, end of period (Note 4)

 $

 628,661

 $

 428,621

 $

 675,500

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 1. Organization and Business Activities

 Principal Business

 DISH DBS Corporation (which together with its subsidiaries is referred to as "DISH DBS," the "Company," "we," "us" and/or "our," unless otherwise required by the context) is a holding company and an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of DISH Network Corporation ("DISH Network"), our parent company. DISH Network is a wholly-owned subsidiary of EchoStar Corporation ("EchoStar"), our ultimate parent company, a publicly traded company listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market ("NASDAQ") under the symbol "SATS." DISH DBS was formed under Colorado law in January 1996 and its common stock is held by DISH Orbital Corporation ("DOC"), a direct subsidiary of DISH Network. Our subsidiaries operate one business segment, Pay-TV.

 Merger with EchoStar

 On December 31, 2023, EchoStar completed the acquisition of DISH Network pursuant to the Amended and Restated Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 2, 2023 (the "Amended Merger Agreement"), by and among EchoStar, EAV Corp., a Nevada corporation and its wholly owned subsidiary ("Merger Sub"), and DISH Network, our parent, pursuant to which EchoStar acquired DISH Network by means of the merger of Merger Sub with and into DISH Network (the "Merger"), with DISH Network surviving the Merger as EchoStar's wholly owned subsidiary. For further information, refer to the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in EchoStar's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Recent Developments

 DIRECTV Transaction

 On September 29, 2024, EchoStar and DIRECTV Holdings, LLC ("DTV") entered into an Equity Purchase Agreement (the "Purchase Agreement"). Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement, DTV agreed to acquire from us all of the issued and outstanding equity interests of DISH DBS, which operates our Pay-TV business (the "Business" and such acquisition of the Business the "DIRECTV Transaction").

 Following written notice from DTV received on November 20, 2024, DTV terminated the Purchase Agreement effective at 11:59 pm ET on November 22, 2024 pursuant to Section 7.01(a)(iv) of the Purchase Agreement because the DISH DBS Exchange Offers (as defined in Note 8) were not consummated by the Exchange Offer Settlement Date (as defined in the Purchase Agreement). No termination fee or other payment was due from either party to the other as a result of the termination of the Purchase Agreement.

 Financing Transactions

 During the third quarter of 2024, we completed our issuance of $ 2.5 billion of New DISH DBS Financing (defined in Note 8), which included $ 2.047 billion of funds used for the redemption of our 5 7/8% Senior Notes due November 15, 2024.

 Other Developments

 Asset Transfer

 Concurrently with the issuance of the 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 and the 5 3/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 and using the proceeds thereof, we made two advances to DISH Network pursuant to a Loan and Security Agreement dated November 26, 2021 (the "Intercompany Loan") to be used by DISH Network to finance the purchase of certain wireless spectrum licenses and for general corporate purposes, including the buildout of wireless infrastructure. The aggregate principal amount of the Intercompany Loan was initially $ 5.250 billion, and on February 11, 2022, we advanced an additional $ 1.5 billion to DISH Network. As of December 31, 2023, the receivable including capitalized paid in kind interest was $ 7.496 billion.

 On January 10, 2024, we, in our capacity as "Lender" under the terms of the Loan and Security Agreement related to the Intercompany Loan between DISH Network and us, have consummated the assignment pursuant to such terms, without any modification or amendment thereto, of our receivable in respect to the first tranche which matures on December 1, 2026 ("2026 Tranche") of $ 4.7 billion (the "Intercompany Loan – 2026 Tranche") to DBS Intercompany Receivable L.L.C. DBS Intercompany Receivable L.L.C. has subsequently assigned its rights as lender thereunder to EchoStar Intercompany Receivable Company L.L.C., our ultimate parent, EchoStar's direct wholly-owned subsidiary, such that amounts owed in respect of the 2026 Tranche will now be paid by DISH Network to EchoStar Intercompany Receivable L.L.C. As of December 31, 2024, our remaining intercompany receivable (the "Intercompany Loan – 2028 Tranche") amount outstanding plus interest paid in kind was $ 2.844 billion, not including accrued interest receivable of $ 14 million which must be paid to us in cash.

 Pay-TV

 We offer pay-TV services under the DISH brand and the SLING brand (collectively "Pay-TV" services). The DISH branded pay-TV service consists of, among other things, Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") licenses authorizing us to use direct broadcast satellite ("DBS") and Fixed Satellite Service ("FSS") spectrum, our owned and leased satellites, receiver systems, broadcast operations, a leased fiber optic network, in-home service and call center operations, and certain other assets utilized in our operations ("DISH TV"). We also design, develop and distribute receiver systems and provide digital broadcast operations, including satellite uplinking/downlinking, transmission and other services to third-party pay-TV providers. The SLING branded pay-TV services consist of, among other things, multichannel, live-linear and on-demand streaming over-the-top ("OTT") Internet-based domestic, international, Latino and Freestream video programming services ("SLING TV"). As of December 31, 2024, we had 7.778 million Pay-TV subscribers in the United States, including 5.686 million DISH TV subscribers and 2.092 million SLING TV subscribers.

 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

 The accompanying consolidated financial statements include all balances and results of operations of DISH DBS and our consolidated subsidiaries and are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). We consolidate all majority owned subsidiaries, investments in entities in which we have controlling influence and variable interest entities ("VIEs") where we have been determined to be the primary beneficiary. Minority interests are recorded as noncontrolling interests or redeemable noncontrolling interests. Non-consolidated investments are accounted for using the equity method when we have the ability to significantly influence the operating decisions of the investee. When we do not have the ability to significantly influence the operating decisions of an investee, these equity securities are classified as either marketable investment securities or other investments, which will be initially recorded at cost, and based on observable market prices, will be adjusted to their fair value. We record fair value adjustments in "Other, net" within "Other Income (Expense)" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

 Use of Estimates

 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense for each reporting period. Estimates are based on historical experience, observable market inputs, and other reasonable assumptions in accounting for, among other things, allowances for credit losses (including those related to our installment billing programs), self-insurance obligations, deferred taxes and related valuation allowances, uncertain tax positions, loss contingencies, fair value of financial instruments, fair value of options granted under EchoStar's stock-based compensation plans, fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in business combinations, inputs or outputs used to recognize revenue over time, including the relative standalone selling prices of performance obligations, finance leases, asset impairments, estimates of future cash flows used to evaluate and recognize impairments, useful lives of property, equipment and intangible assets, incremental borrowing rate ("IBR") on lease right of use assets, estimates of the timing of future cash flows used to pay principal on certain debt obligations, estimated credit risk underlying installment receivables, nonrefundable upfront fees, independent third-party retailer incentives, programming expenses, subscriber lives and likelihood of certain contingent events. Economic conditions may increase the inherent uncertainty in the estimates and assumptions indicated above. Actual results may differ from previously estimated amounts, and such differences may be material to our consolidated financial statements. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed periodically, and the effects of revisions are reflected prospectively in the period they occur.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents

 We consider all liquid investments purchased with a remaining maturity of 90 days or less at the date of acquisition to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 may consist of money market funds, government bonds, corporate notes and commercial paper. The amortized cost of these investments approximates their fair value.

 Marketable Investment Securities

 All equity securities are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in "Other, net" within "Other Income (Expense)" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

 All debt securities are classified as available-for-sale and are recorded at fair value. We report the temporary unrealized gains and losses related to changes in market conditions of marketable debt securities as a separate component of "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" within "Stockholder's Equity (Deficit)," net of related deferred income tax on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The changes in the fair value of marketable debt securities, which are determined to be company specific credit losses are recorded in "Other, net" within "Other Income (Expense)" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

 We evaluate our debt investment portfolio to determine whether declines in the fair value of these securities are related to credit loss. Management estimates credit losses on marketable debt securities utilizing a credit loss impairment model on a quarterly basis. We estimate the expected credit losses, measured over the contractual life of marketable debt securities considering relevant issuer specific factors, including, but not limited to, a decrease in credit ratings or an entity's ability to pay.

 Receivables and Related Allowance for Credit Losses

 Trade accounts receivable represent our unconditional rights to consideration arising from our performance under our customer contracts and are recorded at cost less an allowance for expected credit losses that are not expected to be recovered. We maintain allowances for credit losses resulting from the expected failure or inability of our customers to make required payments. We recognize the allowance for expected credit losses at inception and reassess quarterly based on management's expectation of the asset's collectability. Management estimates credit losses on financial assets, including our trade accounts receivable, utilizing a current expected credit loss impairment model. We estimate the expected credit losses, measured over the contractual life of an asset considering relevant historical loss information, credit quality of the customer base, current economic conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions.

 In determining the allowance for credit losses, management groups similar types of financial assets with consistent risk characteristics. Pools identified by management include, but are not limited to residential customers, commercial customers and advertising services. The risk characteristics of the financial asset portfolios are monitored by management and reviewed periodically. The forecasts for future economic conditions are based on several factors including, but not limited to, changes in the unemployment rate, external economic forecasts and current collection rates. Our estimates of the allowance for credit losses may not be indicative of our actual credit losses requiring additional charges to be incurred to reflect the actual amount collected. Past due trade accounts receivable balances are written off against our allowance for credit losses when our internal collection efforts have been unsuccessful.

 Inventory

 Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out method. The cost of manufactured inventory includes the cost of materials, labor, freight-in, royalties and manufacturing overhead. Net realizable value is calculated as the estimated selling price less reasonable costs necessary to complete, sell, transport and dispose of the inventory. We record write downs for inventory for obsolete and slow moving items based on trends and experience. We enter into arrangements with distributors where physical delivery of a product to a distributor has occurred, but we maintain control of the product until such time it is sold to an end consumer. For these arrangements, we account for the products as consigned inventory.

 Property and Equipment

 Property and equipment, including capitalized expenditures related to our satellites, are stated at cost less depreciation and impairment losses, if any. Capitalized expenditures include the cost of long-lived assets, plus the cost to construct the asset such as labor and overhead directly benefiting the asset. Interest is capitalized when pre-construction activity commences and ends once the asset is ready for its intended purpose. Our equipment leased to customers is generally capitalized when they are installed in customers' homes. We have certain assets acquired under finance leases. The recorded costs of those assets are the present values of all lease payments. We amortize our finance lease right of use ("ROU") assets over their respective lease terms.

 If a satellite were to fail while in-orbit, the resultant loss would be charged to expense in the period such loss was incurred. The amount of any such loss would be reduced to the extent of insurance proceeds estimated to be received, if any. Depreciation is recorded on a straight-line basis over useful lives ranging from two to 40 years. Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense when incurred. Renewals and improvements that add value or extend the asset's useful life are capitalized.

 Internal Use Software

 We capitalize certain costs related to developing or acquiring internal use software. Capitalization of software costs begins once the preliminary project stage is completed and we commit to funding the software project. Capitalizing ceases when the software project is ready for its intended use. Capitalized software costs are recorded in "Property and equipment, net" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and are amortized over the estimated useful life of the software. Costs incurred during the preliminary project stage plus costs associated with training and maintenance are expensed as incurred.

 Other Investments

 Equity Method Investments

 We use the equity method to account for investments when we have the ability to exercise significant influence on the operating decisions of the affiliate. Such investments are initially recorded at cost and subsequently adjusted for our proportionate share of the net earnings or loss of the investee, which is reported in "Other, net" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). The carrying amount of such investments includes a component of goodwill when the cost of our investment exceeds the fair value of the underlying identifiable assets and liabilities of the affiliate. Dividends received from these affiliates reduces the carrying amount of our investment.

 Cost Method Investments

 We generally measure investments in non-publicly traded equity instruments without a readily determinable fair value at cost adjusted for observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar securities of the same issuer and changes resulting from impairments, if any. Other equity instruments are measured to determine their value based on observable market information. When we adjust the carrying amount of an investment to its estimated fair value, the gain or loss is recorded in "Other, net" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

 Impairment Considerations

 We periodically evaluate all of our other investments to determine whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment. We consider information if provided to us by our investees such as current financial statements, business plans, investment documentation, capitalization tables, liquidation waterfalls, litigation updates and board materials; and we may make additional inquiries of investee management.

 Indicators of impairment may include, but are not limited to, unprofitable operations, material loss contingencies, changes in business strategy, changes in market trends or market conditions, changes in the investees' enterprise value, regulatory matters, and changes in the investees' investment pricing. When we determine that one of our other investments is impaired we reduce its carrying value to its estimated fair value and recognize the impairment loss in "Other, net" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

 Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Finite-Lived Intangible Assets

 We review our long-lived assets and identifiable finite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Intangible assets that have finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives. For assets which are held and used in operations, the asset would be impaired if the carrying amount of the asset (or asset group) exceeded its undiscounted future net cash flows. When an impairment is determined, the actual impairment recognized is the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value as estimated using one of the following approaches: income, cost and/or market. In the event of an impairment, a loss is recorded in "Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) based on the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the long-lived asset or asset group. Assets which are to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Fair value, using the income approach, is determined primarily using a discounted cash flow model that uses the estimated cash flows associated with the asset or asset group under review, discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk involved. Fair value, utilizing the cost approach, is determined based on the replacement cost of the asset reduced for, among other things, depreciation and obsolescence. Fair value, utilizing the market approach, benchmarks the fair value against the carrying amount.

 Pay-TV Satellite Fleet

 We currently evaluate our Pay-TV satellite fleet for impairment as one asset group whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable. We do not believe any triggering event has occurred which would indicate impairment as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. We will continue to monitor our Pay-TV satellite fleet for indicators of impairment.

 Finite-Lived Intangible Assets

 Intangible assets include customer relationships, trademarks, and certain below market contracts. These assets are amortized over their respective useful lives. We do not believe any triggering event has occurred which would indicate impairment as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets and Goodwill

 We do not amortize indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill but test these assets for impairment annually during the fourth quarter or more often if indicators of impairment arise. We have the option to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative impairment test. However, we may elect to bypass the qualitative assessment in any period and proceed directly to performing the quantitative impairment test. Our intangible assets with indefinite lives primarily consist of FCC licenses. Generally, we have determined that our FCC licenses have indefinite useful lives due to the following:

 FCC licenses are a non-depleting asset;

 existing FCC licenses are integral to our business segments and will contribute to cash flows indefinitely;

 replacement satellite applications are generally authorized by the FCC subject to certain conditions, without substantial cost under a stable regulatory, legislative and legal environment;

 maintenance expenditures to obtain future cash flows are not significant;

 FCC licenses are not technologically dependent; and

 we intend to use these assets indefinitely.

 Pay-TV Licenses

 We combine all of our indefinite-lived Pay-TV licenses that we currently utilize or plan to utilize in the future into a single unit of accounting. For 2024, 2023 and 2022, management performed a qualitative assessment to determine whether it was more likely than not that the fair value of the Pay-TV licenses exceeds the carrying amount. In our assessment, we considered several factors, including, among others, overall financial performance, industry and market considerations, and relevant company specific events. In contemplating all factors in their totality, we concluded that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the Pay-TV licenses exceeds the carrying amount. As such, no further analysis was required.

 Goodwill

 We perform our annual impairment assessment for goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets each year during the fourth quarter or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate an impairment may be possible.

 For the year ended December 31, 2023, our assessment indicated the goodwill attributed to certain acquisitions was no longer supported based on the sustained decrease in our ultimate parent, EchoStar's market capitalization. As such, we recorded a total noncash impairment charge equal to all of our goodwill of approximately $ 6 million in "Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

 Business Combinations

 When we acquire a business that is not subject to rules pertaining to common control, we allocate the purchase price to the various components of the acquisition based upon the fair value of each component using various valuation techniques, including the market approach, income approach and/or cost approach. The accounting standard for business combinations requires identifiable assets, liabilities, noncontrolling interests and goodwill acquired to be recorded at acquisition date fair values. Transaction costs related to the acquisition of the business are expensed as incurred. Costs associated with the issuance of debt associated with a business combination are capitalized and included as a yield adjustment to the underlying debt's stated rate. Acquired intangible assets other than goodwill are amortized over their estimated useful lives unless the lives are determined to be indefinite. Amortization of these intangible assets in general are recognized on a straight-line basis over an average finite useful life primarily ranging from approximately 13 to 20 years or in relation to the estimated discounted cash flows over the life of the intangible asset.

 Long-Term Deferred Revenue and Other Long-Term Liabilities

 Certain programmers provide us up-front payments. Such amounts are deferred and recognized as reductions to "Cost of services" on a straight-line basis over the relevant remaining contract term (generally up to ten years). The current and long-term portions of these deferred credits are recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets in "Deferred revenue and other" and "Long-term deferred revenue and other long-term liabilities," respectively.

 Sales Taxes

 We account for sales taxes imposed on our goods and services on a net basis on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Since we primarily act as an agent for the governmental authorities, the amount charged to the customer is collected and remitted directly to the appropriate jurisdictional entity.

 Income Taxes

 We establish a provision for income taxes currently payable or receivable and for income tax amounts deferred to future periods. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for the estimated future tax effects of differences that exist between the book and tax basis of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets are offset by valuation allowances when we believe it is more likely than not that such net deferred tax assets will not be realized.

 From time to time, we engage in transactions where the tax consequences may be subject to uncertainty. We record a liability when, in management's judgment, a tax filing position does not meet the more likely than not threshold. For tax positions that meet the more likely than not threshold, we may record a liability depending on management's assessment of how the tax position will ultimately be settled. We adjust our estimates periodically for ongoing examinations by and settlements with various taxing authorities, as well as changes in tax laws, regulations and precedent. We classify interest and penalties, if any, associated with our uncertain tax positions as a component of "Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized" and "Other, net," respectively, on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

 Fair Value Measurements

 We determine fair value based on the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Market or observable inputs are the preferred source of values, followed by unobservable inputs or assumptions based on hypothetical transactions in the absence of market inputs. We apply the following hierarchy in determining fair value:

 Level 1, defined as observable inputs being quoted prices in active markets for identical assets;

 Level 2, defined as observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, including quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; and quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-derived valuations in which significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and

 Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs for which little or no market data exists, consistent with reasonably available assumptions made by other participants therefore requiring assumptions based on the best information available.

 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the carrying amount for cash and cash equivalents, trade accounts receivable (net of allowance for credit losses) and current liabilities (excluding the "Current portion of debt, finance lease and other obligations") was equal to or approximated fair value due to their short-term nature or proximity to current market rates. Fair values of our marketable investment securities are measured on a recurring basis based on a variety of observable market inputs. For our investments in publicly traded equity securities and U.S. government securities, fair value ordinarily is determined based on Level 1 measurements that reflect quoted prices for identical securities in active markets. Fair values of our investments in other marketable debt securities are generally based on Level 2 measurements as the markets for such debt securities are less active. We consider trades of identical debt securities on or near the measurement date as a strong indication of fair value and matrix pricing techniques that consider par value, coupon rate, credit quality, maturity and other relevant features may also be used to determine fair value of our investments in marketable debt securities. Additionally, we use fair value measurements from time to time in connection with other investments, asset impairment testing and the assignment of purchase consideration to assets and liabilities of acquired companies. Those fair value measurements typically include significant unobservable inputs and are categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Transfers between levels in the fair value hierarchy are considered to occur at the beginning of the quarterly accounting period. See Note 4 for the fair value of our marketable investment securities.

 Fair values for our publicly traded debt securities are based on quoted market prices, when available. The fair values of private debt are based on, among other things, available trade information, and/or an analysis in which we evaluate market conditions, related securities, various public and private offerings, and other publicly available information. In performing this analysis, we make various assumptions regarding, among other things, credit spreads, and the impact of these factors on the value of the debt securities. See Note 8 for the fair value of our debt.

 Deferred Debt Issuance Costs and Debt Discounts

 Costs of issuing debt, including premiums and discounts relative to par value, are generally deferred and amortized to "Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) using the effective interest rate method over the terms of the respective notes. We report unamortized debt issuance costs as a reduction of the related long-term debt on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 8 for further information.

 Revenue Recognition

 Our revenue is primarily derived from Pay-TV subscriber revenue. We also generate revenue from equipment rental fees and other hardware related fees, including DVRs and fees from subscribers with multiple receivers; advertising services; fees earned from our in-home service operations; warranty services; sales of digital receivers and related equipment to third-party pay-TV providers; satellite uplink and telemetry, tracking and control ("TT&C") services; and revenue from in-home services. See Note 14 for further information, including revenue disaggregated by major source.

 Our residential video subscribers contract for individual services or combinations of services, as discussed above, the majority of which are generally distinct and are accounted for as separate performance obligations. We consider our installations for first time DISH TV subscribers to be a service. However, since we provide a significant integration service combining the installation with programming services, we have concluded that the installation is not distinct from programming and thus the installation and programming services are accounted for as a single performance obligation. We generally satisfy these performance obligations and recognize revenue as the services are provided, for example as the programming is broadcast to subscribers, as this best represents the transfer of control of the services to the subscriber.

 In cases where a subscriber is charged certain nonrefundable upfront fees, those fees are generally considered to be material rights to the subscriber related to the subscriber's option to renew without having to pay an additional fee upon renewal. These fees are deferred and recognized over the estimated period of time during which the fee remains material to the customer, which we estimate to be less than one year. Revenues arising from our in-home services that are separate from the initial installation, such as mounting a TV on a subscriber's wall, are generally recognized when these services are performed.

 For our residential video subscribers, we have concluded that the contract term under Accounting Standard Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606") is one month and as a result the revenue recognized for these subscribers for a given month is equal to the amount billed in that month, except for certain nonrefundable upfront fees that are accounted for as material rights, as discussed above.

 Revenues from our advertising services are typically recognized as the advertisements are broadcast. Sales of equipment to subscribers or other third parties are recognized when control is transferred under the contract. Revenue from our commercial video subscribers typically follows the residential model described above, with the exception that the contract term for most of our commercial subscribers exceeds one month and can be multiple years in length. However, commercial subscribers typically do not receive time-limited discounts or free service periods and accordingly, while they may have multiple performance obligations, revenue is equal to the amount billed in a given month.

 Contract Balances

 The timing of revenue recognition generally differs from the timing of invoicing to customers. A contract asset is recorded when revenue is recognized in advance of our right to receive consideration (i.e., we must perform additional services in order to receive consideration). Amounts are recorded as trade accounts receivable when our right to consideration is unconditional. When consideration is received, or we have an unconditional right to consideration in advance of delivery of goods or services, a contract liability is recorded. The transaction price can include nonrefundable upfront fees, which are allocated to the identifiable performance obligations. Our residential video subscribers are typically billed monthly, and the contract balances for those customers arise from the timing of the monthly billing cycle. We do not adjust the amount of consideration for financing impacts when we anticipate that the period between transfer of goods and services and eventual payment for those goods and services will be less than one year. Contract assets are included in "Trade accounts receivable, net" and contract liabilities are included in "Deferred revenue and other" and "Long-term deferred revenue and other long-term liabilities" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Contract balances are amortized over the contract term. See Note 14 for further information, including balance and activity detail about our allowance for credit losses and deferred revenue related to contracts with subscribers.

 Assets Recognized Related to the Costs to Obtain a Contract with a Customer

 We recognize an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if we expect the benefit of those costs to be longer than one year. We have determined that certain sales incentive programs, including those with our independent third-party retailers, meet the requirements to be capitalized, and payments made under these programs are capitalized and amortized to expense over the estimated customer life or the contract term. These amounts are capitalized in "Prepaids and other assets" and "Other noncurrent assets, net" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, and then amortized in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

 Leases

 Lessee Accounting

 We enter into non-cancelable operating and finance leases for, among other things, satellites, satellite-related ground infrastructure, data centers, office space, warehouses and distribution centers, vehicles and other equipment. Substantially all of our leases have remaining lease terms from one to seven years, some of which include renewal options, and some of which include options to terminate the leases within one year. For certain arrangements, the lease term includes the non-cancelable period plus the renewal period that we are reasonably certain to exercise.

 We determine if an arrangement is a lease and classify that lease as either an operating or finance lease at inception. Operating leases are included in "Operating lease assets," "Other accrued expenses and liabilities" and "Operating lease liabilities" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Finance leases are included in "Property and equipment, net," "Current portion of debt, finance lease and other obligations" and "Long-term debt, finance lease and other obligations, net of current portion" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet and we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). See Note 7 for further information on our lease expenses.

 Right of use ("ROU") assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the present value of our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The operating lease ROU asset also includes the impact of prepaid or deferred lease payments. When our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our IBR based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Our IBR is based on an estimated secured rate for the same term as the underlying lease plus a credit spread as secured by our assets. For leases denominated in a currency different than U.S. dollar, IBR is estimated using the collateralized borrowing rate in the foreign currency using the U.S. dollar and foreign currency swap spread, when available. The length of our lease term may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

 We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately.

 Lessor Accounting

 DISH TV subscribers have the choice of leasing or purchasing the satellite receiver and other equipment necessary to receive our DISH TV services. Most of our new DISH TV subscribers choose to lease equipment and thus we retain title to such equipment. Equipment leased to new and existing DISH TV subscribers is capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives.

 For equipment leased to new and existing DISH TV subscribers, we made an accounting policy election to combine the equipment with our programming services as a single performance obligation in accordance with the revenue recognition guidance as the programming services are the predominant component. The non-lease service revenue related to equipment leased to new and existing DISH TV subscribers would have otherwise been accounted for as an operating lease.

 Cost of Services

 "Cost of services" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) principally includes programming expenses and other operating costs related to our Pay-TV services.

 The cost of television programming distribution rights is generally incurred on a per subscriber basis and various upfront carriage payments are recognized when the related programming is distributed to subscribers. Long-term flat rate programming contracts are generally charged to expense using the straight-line method over the term of the agreement. The cost of television programming rights to distribute live sporting events for a season or tournament is charged to expense using the straight-line method over the course of the season or tournament.

 Cost of Sales – Equipment and Other

 "Cost of sales – equipment and other" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) principally includes costs related to the non-subsidized sales of Pay-TV equipment. Costs are generally recognized as products are delivered to customers and the related revenue is recognized.

 Advertising Costs

 We recognize advertising expense when incurred as a component of "Selling, general and administrative expenses" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Advertising expenses totaled $ 209 million, $ 365 million and $ 480 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Research and Development

 Research and development costs, not incurred in connection with customer requirements, are expensed as incurred and are included as a component of "Selling, general and administrative expenses" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Research and development costs totaled $ 27 million, $ 42 million and $ 45 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 New Accounting Pronouncements

 Not Yet Adopted

 Joint Ventures. On August 23, 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-05, Business Combinations — Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60) ("ASU 2023-05"), which requires an entity that qualifies as either a joint venture or a corporate joint venture as defined in the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) master glossary to apply a new basis of accounting upon the formation of the joint venture. This standard will be effective for all joint venture formations with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025. A joint venture that was formed before January 1, 2025 may elect to apply the amendments retrospectively if it has sufficient information. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period in which financial statements have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. We plan to adopt the standard if applicable and we expect the adoption of the standard will have an immaterial impact on our disclosures.

 Income Taxes. On December 14, 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-9, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09"), which will enhance income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires among other items disaggregated information in a reporting entity's rate reconciliation table, clarification on uncertain tax positions and the related financial statement impact as well as information on income taxes paid on a disaggregated basis. This standard will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2023-09 will have on our Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

 Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. On November 5, 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) ("ASU 2024-03"), which will enhance financial statement reporting by providing additional information about specific expense categories, including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and amortization. This standard will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2024-03 will have on our Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

 3. Supplemental Data - Statements of Cash Flows

 The following table presents certain supplemental cash flow and other non-cash data. See Note 7 for supplemental cash flow and non-cash data related to leases.

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Cash paid for interest

 $

 774,348

 $

 747,332

 $

 899,382

 Cash received for interest

 26,508

 19,972

 20,967

 Cash received for interest - Intercompany Loan

 127,316

 104,940

 —

 Cash paid for income taxes, net of (refunds)

 11,493

 12,951

 29,000

 Cash paid for income taxes to DISH Network

 552,405

 622,512

 489,819

 Intercompany Loan - 2026 Tranche

 4,718,517

 —

 —

 Vendor financing

 —

 26,751

 —

 Our parent, DISH Network, provides a centralized system for the management of our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable investment securities as it does for all of its subsidiaries to, among other reasons, maximize yield of the portfolio. As a result, the cash and marketable investment securities included on our Consolidated Balance Sheets are a component or portion of the overall cash and marketable investment securities portfolio included on DISH Network's Consolidated Balance Sheets and are managed by DISH Network. We are reflecting the purchases and sales of marketable investment securities on a net basis for each period presented on our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as we believe the net presentation is more meaningful to our cash flows from investing activities.

 4. Marketable Investment Securities, Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents, and Other Investments

 Our marketable investment securities, restricted cash and cash equivalents, and other investments consisted of the following:

 2024

 2023

 Marketable investment securities:

 Current marketable investment securities

 $

 —

 $

 Restricted cash and cash equivalents (1)

 209,574

 54,980

 Other investments, net:

 Equity method investments (2)

 20,440

 90,168

 Cost method investments

 2,201

 —

 Total other investments, net

 22,641

 90,168

 Total marketable investment securities, restricted cash and cash equivalents, and other investments, net

 $

 232,215

 $

 145,545

 (1)
 Restricted marketable investment securities and restricted cash and cash equivalents are included in "Current restricted cash and cash equivalents" and "Restricted cash, cash equivalents and marketable investment securities" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and discussed below.

 (2)
 This decrease primarily resulted from our Invidi Technologies Corporation investment, discussed below.

 Marketable Investment Securities

 Our marketable investment securities portfolio may consist of debt and equity instruments. All equity securities are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in "Other, net" within "Other Income (Expense)" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). All debt securities are classified as available-for-sale and are recorded at fair value. We report the temporary unrealized gains and losses related to changes in market conditions of marketable debt securities as a separate component of "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" within "Stockholder's Equity (Deficit)," net of related deferred income tax on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The corresponding changes in the fair value of marketable debt securities, which are determined to be company specific credit losses are recorded in "Other, net" within "Other Income (Expense)" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

 Current Marketable Investment Securities

 Our current marketable investment securities portfolio can include investments in various debt instruments including, among others, commercial paper, corporate securities and United States treasury and/or agency securities.

 Commercial paper consists mainly of unsecured short-term, promissory notes issued primarily by corporations with maturities ranging up to 365 days. Corporate securities consist of debt instruments issued by corporations with various maturities normally less than 18 months. U.S. Treasury and agency securities consist of debt instruments issued by the federal government and other government agencies.

 Restricted Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Investment Securities

 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our restricted marketable investment securities, together with our restricted cash and cash equivalents, included amounts required as collateral for our letters of credit, surety bonds and trusts.

 Current restricted cash and cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2024, we had $ 151 million included in "Current restricted cash and cash equivalents" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets that primarily consists of funds received by our subsidiary, DISH DBS Issuer LLC ("DBS SubscriberCo") from subscriber payments and certain other revenue, which are required to be restricted per the terms of the New DISH DBS Financing, as detailed and defined in Note 8. DBS SubscriberCo holds certain DISH TV subscribers and their related subscription and equipment agreements.

 Other Investments, net

 We have strategic investments in certain debt and/or equity securities that are included in noncurrent "Other investments, net" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our debt securities are classified as available-for-sale and are recorded at fair value. Generally, our debt investments in non-publicly traded debt instruments without a readily determinable fair value are recorded at amortized cost. Our equity investments where we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the investee are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Certain of our equity method investments are detailed below.

 NagraStar L.L.C. We own a 50 % interest in NagraStar L.L.C. ("NagraStar"), a joint venture that is our primary provider of encryption and related security systems intended to assure that only authorized customers have access to our programming. The three main technologies NagraStar provides to its customers are microchips, set-top box software, and uplink computer systems. NagraStar also provides end-to-end platform security testing services.

 Invidi Technologies Corporation. We own a 35 % interest in Invidi Technologies Corporation ("Invidi"), an entity that provides proprietary software for the addressable advertising market. Invidi contracts with multichannel video programming distributers to include its software in their respective set-top boxes and DVRs in order to deliver targeted advertisements based on a variety of demographic attributes selected by the advertisers. Invidi has also developed a cloud-based solution for internet protocol-based platforms. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Invidi impaired the goodwill on their financial statements and our portion of this impairment resulted in a $ 63 million loss in "Equity in earnings (losses) of affiliates" recorded in "Other, net" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) during the year ended December 31, 2024.

 We also hold investments that are not accounted for using the equity method of accounting, which are measured at fair value. Investments in equity securities without readily determinable fair values are accounted for at cost, less impairment, and adjusted for observable price changes for identical or similar investments of the same issuer.

 Our ability to realize value from our strategic investments in securities that are not publicly traded depends on, among other things, the success of the issuers' businesses and their ability to obtain sufficient capital, on acceptable terms or at all, and to execute their business plans. Because private markets are not as liquid as public markets, there is also increased risk that we will not be able to sell these investments, or that when we desire to sell them, we will not be able to obtain fair value for them.

 Fair Value Measurements

 Our investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:

 2024

 2023

 Total

 Level 1

 Level 2

 Level 3

 Total

 Level 1

 Level 2

 Level 3

 Cash equivalents (including restricted)

 $

 504,301

 $

 463,394

 $

 40,907

 $

 —

 $

 411,571

 $

 358,545

 $

 53,026

 $

 —

 Debt securities (including restricted):

 U.S. Treasury and agency securities

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Other

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Total

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 $

 —

 $

 $

 —

 Gains and Losses on Sales and Changes in Carrying Amounts of Investments and Other

 "Other, net" within "Other Income (Expense)" included on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) is as follows:

 Other, net:

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Gains (losses) related to early redemption of debt

 $

 —

 $

 1,262

 $

 ( 922)

 Equity in earnings (losses) of affiliates

 ( 67,214)

 ( 1,202)

 4,112

 Other

 2,040

 1,276

 Total

 $

 ( 65,174)

 $

 $

 4,466

 5. Inventory

 Inventory consisted of the following:

 2024

 2023

 Finished goods

 $

 149,172

 $

 208,049

 Work-in-process and service repairs

 27,415

 35,457

 Raw materials

 6,615

 24,335

 Total inventory

 $

 183,202

 $

 267,841

 6. Property and Equipment and Intangible Assets

 Property and Equipment

 Property and equipment consisted of the following:

 Depreciable

 Life

 (In Years)

 2024

 2023

 Equipment leased to customers

 2 - 5

 $

 1,002,518

 $

 1,175,734

 EchoStar XV

 277,658

 277,658

 EchoStar XVIII

 411,255

 411,255

 Satellites acquired under finance lease agreements (1)

 -

 —

 174,685

 Furniture, fixtures, equipment and other

 2 - 10

 746,585

 755,163

 Software and computer equipment (2)

 3 - 5

 670,503

 1,197,632

 Buildings and improvements

 5 - 40

 288,573

 294,890

 Land

 -

 12,007

 12,505

 Construction in progress

 -

 34,232

 45,413

 Total property and equipment

 3,443,331

 4,344,935

 Accumulated depreciation

 ( 2,818,562)

 ( 3,536,870)

 Property and equipment, net

 $

 624,769

 $

 808,065

 (1)
 This decrease is related to the Nimiq 5 finance lease which DISH Network extended in October 2024 and as a result is currently accounted for as an operating lease.

 (2)
 This decrease is primarily related to the retirement of obsolete software with a net book value of zero.

 Depreciation and amortization expense consisted of the following:

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Equipment leased to customers

 $

 147,282

 $

 166,918

 $

 191,712

 Satellites

 71,701

 80,292

 84,016

 Buildings, furniture, fixtures, equipment and other

 19,166

 27,693

 25,333

 Software and computer equipment

 37,882

 40,757

 53,300

 Total depreciation and amortization

 $

 $

 $

 Cost of sales and operating expense categories included in our accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) do not include depreciation and amortization expense related to satellites, equipment leased to customers or software.

 Satellites

 We currently utilize nine satellites in geosynchronous orbit approximately 22,300 miles above the equator, two of which we own and depreciate over their estimated useful life. We currently utilize certain capacity on six satellites that we lease from DISH Network, which are accounted for as operating leases. Through the third quarter of 2024, our Nimiq 5 lease was accounted for as a finance lease. However, during October 2024, DISH Network extended the Nimiq 5 lease to October 2029 and as a result, it is currently accounted for as an operating lease. We also lease one satellite from a third party, the Anik F3 satellite, which is accounted for as an operating lease.

 As of December 31, 2024, our Pay-TV satellite fleet consisted of the following:

 Degree

 Launch

 Orbital

 Lease

 Satellites

 Date

 Location

 Termination Date

 Owned:

 EchoStar XV

 July 2010

 61.5

 N/A

 EchoStar XVIII

 June 2016

 61.5

 N/A

 Under Construction:

 EchoStar XXV

 2026

 N/A

 Leased from DISH Network (1):

 EchoStar X

 February 2006

 February 2026

 EchoStar XI

 July 2008

 February 2026

 EchoStar XIV

 March 2010

 February 2026

 EchoStar XVI

 November 2012

 61.5

 January 2026

 EchoStar XXIII

 March 2017

 Month to Month

 Nimiq 5

 September 2009

 72.7

 Month to Month

 Leased from Other Third-Party:

 Anik F3

 April 2007

 118.7

 April 2025

 (1)
 See Note 15 for further information on our Related Party Transactions with DISH Network.

 Satellite Under Construction

 EchoStar XXV. On March 20, 2023, DISH Network entered into a contract with Maxar Space LLC for the construction of EchoStar XXV, a DBS satellite that is capable of providing service to the continental United States ("CONUS") and is intended to be used at the 110 degree orbital location. During the fourth quarter of 2023, DISH Network entered into an agreement with Space Exploration Technologies Corp ("SpaceX") for launch services for this satellite, which is expected to be launched during 2026.

 Satellite Anomalies and Impairments

 Operation of our DISH TV services requires that we have adequate satellite transmission capacity for the programming that we offer. While we generally have had in-orbit satellite capacity sufficient to transmit our existing channels and some backup capacity to recover the transmission of certain critical programming, our backup capacity is limited.

 In the event of a failure or loss of any of our owned or leased satellites, we may need to acquire or lease additional satellite capacity or relocate one of our other owned or leased satellites and use it as a replacement for the failed or lost satellite. Such a failure could result in a prolonged loss of critical programming or a significant delay in our plans to expand programming as necessary to remain competitive and thus may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 In the past, certain of our owned and leased satellites have experienced anomalies, some of which have had a significant adverse impact on their remaining useful life and/or commercial operation. There can be no assurance that future anomalies will not impact the remaining useful life and/or commercial operation of any of the owned and leased satellites in our fleet. See Note 2 for further information on evaluation of impairment. There can be no assurance that we can recover critical transmission capacity in the event one or more of our owned or leased in-orbit satellites were to fail. We are not aware of any anomalies with respect to our owned or leased satellites that have had any such significant adverse effect during the year ended December 31, 2024. We generally do not carry commercial in-orbit insurance on any of the satellites that we own and therefore, we will bear the risk associated with any uninsured in-orbit satellite failures.

 Intangible Assets

 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our identifiable intangibles subject to amortization consisted of the following:

 2024

 2023

 Intangible

 Accumulated

 Intangible

 Accumulated

 Assets

 Amortization

 Assets

 Amortization

 Technology-based

 $

 58,162

 $

 ( 56,167)

 $

 58,162

 $

 ( 55,623)

 Trademarks

 18,251

 ( 17,270)

 18,251

 ( 17,160)

 Contract-based

 4,500

 ( 4,500)

 4,500

 ( 4,500)

 Customer relationships

 23,632

 ( 23,632)

 23,632

 ( 23,632)

 Total

 $

 104,545

 $

 ( 101,569)

 $

 104,545

 $

 ( 100,915)

 These identifiable intangibles are included in "Other noncurrent assets, net" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amortization of these intangible assets is recorded on a straight-line basis over an average finite useful life primarily ranging from approximately 13 to 20 years. Amortization was $ 1 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

 Estimated future amortization of our identifiable intangible assets as of December 31, 2024 is as follows:

 Total

 2025

 $

 2026

 2027

 2028

 2029

 Thereafter

 Total

 $

 2,976

 Goodwill

 Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration transferred over the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date and is not subject to amortization but is subject to impairment testing annually or whenever indicators of impairment arise.

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a noncash impairment charge for goodwill of $ 6 million in "Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). See Note 2 for further information. The non-recurring measurement of fair value of goodwill is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we have zero goodwill recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 Regulatory Authorizations

 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our Regulatory Authorizations with indefinite lives consisted of the following:

 2024

 2023

 DBS Licenses

 $

 $

 Total

 $

 $

 7. Leases

 Lessee Accounting

 We enter into non-cancelable operating and finance leases for, among other things, satellites, satellite-related ground infrastructure, data centers, office space, warehouses and distribution centers, vehicles and other equipment. Substantially all of our leases have remaining lease terms from one to seven years, with a weighted average remaining lease term of 4.2 years, some of which include renewal options and some of which include options to terminate the leases within one year. For certain arrangements, the lease term includes the non-cancelable period plus the renewal period that we are reasonably certain to exercise.

 Through the third quarter of 2024, our Nimiq 5 lease was accounted for as a finance lease. However, during October 2024, DISH Network extended the Nimiq 5 lease to October 2029 and as a result, it is currently accounted for as an operating lease. Substantially all of our remaining leases are accounted for as operating leases, including our Anik F3 satellite.

 The components of lease expense were as follows:

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Operating lease cost (1)

 $

 48,551

 $

 70,262

 $

 166,599

 Short-term lease cost (1)(2)

 197,156

 169,159

 74,514

 Finance lease cost (3):

 Amortization of right-of-use assets

 25,787

 34,448

 38,322

 Interest on lease liabilities

 1,071

 4,845

 8,566

 Total finance lease cost

 26,858

 39,293

 46,888

 Total lease costs

 $

 272,565

 $

 278,714

 $

 288,001

 (1)
 The decrease in "Operating lease cost" is primarily related to our intercompany satellite leases with DISH Network, which were reclassified to "Short-term lease costs" during 2022 and the first quarter of 2023. All of our satellite operating leases with DISH Network are now short-term leases.

 (2)
 Leases that have terms of 12 months or less.

 (3)
 The decrease in finance lease cost is primarily related to the Nimiq 5 finance lease that was extended in October 2024 and as a result is currently accounted for as an operating lease.

 Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:

 Operating cash flows from operating leases

 $

 46,356

 $

 96,195

 $

 138,318

 Operating cash flows from finance leases

 $

 1,042

 $

 6,633

 $

 6,733

 Financing cash flows from finance leases

 $

 $

 47,030

 $

 31,030

 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:

 Operating leases

 $

 35,000

 $

 30,657

 $

 74,317

 Finance leases

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

 2024

 2023

 Operating Leases:

 Operating lease assets

 $

 81,024

 $

 92,972

 Other current liabilities

 $

 33,210

 $

 36,618

 Operating lease liabilities

 52,156

 61,381

 Total operating lease liabilities

 $

 85,366

 $

 97,999

 Finance Leases:

 Property and equipment, gross

 $

 1,019

 $

 175,704

 Accumulated depreciation

 ( 1,019)

 ( 149,917)

 Property and equipment, net

 $

 —

 $

 25,787

 Other current liabilities

 $

 —

 $

 Other long-term liabilities

 —

 —

 Total finance lease liabilities

 $

 —

 $

 Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term:

 Operating leases

 4.2 years

 4.1 years

 Finance leases

 0.0 years

 0.8 years

 Weighted Average Discount Rate:

 Operating leases

 9.8 %

 8.3 %

 Finance leases

 0.0 %

 10.0 %

 Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 were as follows:

 Maturities of Lease Liabilities

 Operating

 Finance

 For the Years Ending December 31,

 Leases

 Leases

 Total

 2025

 $

 34,244

 $

 —

 $

 34,244

 2026

 24,504

 —

 24,504

 2027

 15,286

 —

 15,286

 2028

 10,685

 —

 10,685

 2029

 7,222

 —

 7,222

 Thereafter

 12,261

 —

 12,261

 Total lease payments

 104,202

 —

 104,202

 Less: Imputed interest

 ( 18,836)

 —

 ( 18,836)

 Total

 85,366

 —

 85,366

 Less: Current portion

 ( 33,210)

 —

 ( 33,210)

 Long-term portion of lease obligations

 $

 52,156

 $

 —

 $

 52,156

 8. Debt, Finance Lease and Other Obligations

 Fair Value of our Debt

 The following table summarizes the carrying amount and fair value of our debt facilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 2024

 2023

 Issuer

 Carrying
Amount

 Fair Value

 Carrying
Amount

 Fair Value

 5 7/8% Senior Notes due 2024 (1)

 DDBS

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 1,982,544

 $

 1,872,275

 Term Loan due 2025 (2)

 DBS SubscriberCo

 500,000

 500,000

 —

 —

 7 3/4% Senior Notes due 2026

 DDBS

 2,000,000

 1,678,640

 2,000,000

 1,388,060

 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2026

 DDBS

 2,750,000

 2,507,780

 2,750,000

 2,366,073

 7 3/8% Senior Notes due 2028

 DDBS

 1,000,000

 715,680

 1,000,000

 600,160

 5 3/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2028

 DDBS

 2,500,000

 2,143,350

 2,500,000

 2,013,125

 5 1/8% Senior Notes due 2029

 DDBS

 1,500,000

 959,610

 1,500,000

 774,600

 Term Loan due 2029 (2)(3)

 DBS SubscriberCo

 1,800,000

 1,800,000

 —

 —

 Mandatorily Redeemable Preferred Shares due 2029 (2)(3)(4)

 DBS SubscriberCo

 200,000

 200,000

 —

 —

 Other notes payable

 42,678

 42,678

 Subtotal

 12,282,350

 $

 10,537,410

 11,775,222

 $

 9,056,971

 Unamortized deferred financing costs and other debt discounts, net

 ( 134,900)

 ( 26,812)

 Finance lease obligations (5)

 —

 Total

 12,147,450

 11,779,514

 Less: current portion (3)

 ( 744,556)

 ( 2,023,976)

 Total debt, finance lease and other obligations, net of current portion

 $

 11,402,894

 $

 9,755,538

 (1)
 We repurchased or redeemed the principal balance of our 5 7/8% Senior Notes due 2024 as of November 15, 2024, the instrument's maturity date.

 (2)
 See "New DISH DBS Financing" below for further information.

 (3)
 A portion of the principal balance of these instruments is classified as "Current portion of debt, finance lease and other obligations" due to payment terms upon which we may pay a portion of principal balance based on estimated variable cash flows for certain Pay-TV business metrics which could change significantly based on actual performance.

 (4)
 Due to the June 30, 2029 mandatory redemption feature of this instrument, it is considered a debt instrument.

 (5)
 Disclosure regarding fair value of finance leases is not required.

 We estimated the fair value of our publicly traded long-term debt using market prices in less active markets (Level 2).

 DISH DBS Exchange Offers

 On September 30, 2024, we commenced offers to exchange (the "DISH DBS Exchange Offers") any and all of our (a) 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 (the "Outstanding 2026 DBS Secured Notes") for an equal principal amount of our new 5 1/4% First Lien Notes due 2026 (the "New 2026 DBS First Lien Notes"), (b) 5 3/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 (the "Outstanding 2028 DBS Secured Notes") for an equal principal amount of our new 5 3/4 % First Lien Notes due 2028 (the "New 2028 DBS First Lien Notes"), (c) 7 3/4% Senior Notes due 2026 (the "Outstanding 2026 DBS Notes") for an equal principal amount of our new 7 3/4% Second Lien Notes due 2026 (the "New 2026 DBS Second Lien Notes"), (d) 7 3/8% Senior Notes due 2028 (the "Outstanding 2028 DBS Notes") for an equal principal amount of our new 7 3/8 % Second Lien Notes due 2028 (the "New 2028 DBS Second Lien Notes") and (e) 5 1/8 % Senior Notes due 2029 (the "Outstanding 2029 DBS Notes" and, together with the Outstanding 2026 DBS Secured Notes, the Outstanding 2028 DBS Secured Notes, the Outstanding 2026 DBS Notes and the Outstanding 2028 DBS Notes, the "Outstanding DBS Notes") for an equal principal amount of our new 5 1/8% Second Lien Notes due 2029 (the "New 2029 DBS Second Lien Notes" and, together with the New 2026 DBS First Lien Notes, the New 2028 DBS First Lien Notes, the New 2026 DBS Second Lien Notes and the New 2028 DBS Second Lien Notes, the "New DBS Notes"), in each case, pursuant to the terms described in a confidential exchange offering memorandum and consent solicitation statement, dated September 30, 2024 ("Original Exchange Offering Memorandum"). On October 28, 2024, we amended certain terms of the DISH DBS Exchange Offers pursuant to the terms described in Supplement No. 1, dated October 28, 2024 (the "Supplement" and together with the Original Exchange Offering Memorandum, the "Exchange Offering Memorandum"). On November 12, 2024 (the "Exchange Offer Settlement Date"), the DISH DBS Exchange Offers expired and were terminated.

 New DISH DBS Financing

 On September 29, 2024 (the "Financing Closing Date"), we and our subsidiary, DBS SubscriberCo, received $ 2.5 billion in financing from TPG Angelo Gordon and other co-lenders in the form of Term Loans and Mandatorily Redeemable Preferred Shares (each as defined below and together, the "New DISH DBS Financing"). Approximately $ 2.047 billion in proceeds received from the New DISH DBS Financing were used for the redemption of the principal balance and remaining interest outstanding on our 5 7/8% Senior Notes due November 15, 2024. Solely in the case that the DIRECTV Transaction is not consummated on or prior to the Outside Date (as defined in the Purchase Agreement as in effect on the Financing Closing Date and as it may be extended in accordance with the terms of the Purchase Agreement as in effect on the Financing Closing Date) and until the date that is 180 days after such Outside Date, DBS SubscriberCo may prepay the outstanding New DISH DBS Financing in whole, together with accrued interest to the date of such prepayment, without premium or penalty.

 Term Loans

 On the Financing Closing Date, DBS SubscriberCo, Alter Domus (US) LLC, as Administrative Agent, and the lenders party thereto, entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (together with all the exhibits, annexes and schedules thereto, the "Loan and Security Agreement"), pursuant to which, among other things and subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, the lenders agreed to extend credit to DBS SubscriberCo in an aggregate principal amount of up to $ 2.3 billion secured by the assets of DBS SubscriberCo, which includes approximately three million DISH TV subscribers and their related subscription and equipment agreements (such transactions, the "Loan Financing"). The Loan Financing consists of the following: (i) initial term loans in an aggregate principal amount of $ 1.8 billion that mature on June 30, 2029 (the "Term Loan due 2029"), (ii) incremental term loans in an aggregate principal amount of $ 500 million that are payable in equal monthly installments which began in January 2025 and mature on September 30, 2025 (the "Term Loan due 2025") and (iii) an additional amount of incremental term loans (the "Roll-up Incremental Term Loans" and, together with the Term Loan due 2029 and the Term Loan due 2025, the "Term Loans"). The Roll-up Incremental Term Loans may be incurred from time to time, subject to DBS SubscriberCo's prior approval and pro forma compliance with a leverage ratio set forth in the Loan and Security Agreement, and mature on June 30, 2029.

 The Roll-up Incremental Term Loans may be incurred in exchange for Outstanding DBS Notes in an aggregate principal amount equal to: (i) the price at which certain lenders acquire such notes plus (ii)(A) in the case of Outstanding 2028 DBS Notes and Outstanding 2029 DBS Notes, 15 % of the difference between the aggregate principal amount of such notes and the purchase price thereof, or (B) in the case of Outstanding 2026 DBS Notes, Outstanding 2026 DBS Secured Notes and Outstanding 2028 DBS Secured Notes, 20 % of the difference between the aggregate principal amount of such notes and the purchase price thereof.

 Interest on the Term Loans accrues and is payable monthly, generally in cash. The interest rate with respect to the Term Loan due 2029 is: (i) from (and including) the Financing Closing Date and until (but excluding) the date that is twelve months thereafter, 10.75 % per annum and (ii) from (and including) the date that is twelve months after the Financing Closing Date and until June 30, 2029, 11.25 % per annum. The interest rate with respect to the Term Loan due 2025 is 11.00 % per annum. The interest rate with respect to the Roll-up Incremental Term Loans is (i) from (and including) the Financing Closing Date and until (but excluding) the date that is twelve months thereafter, 11.00 % per annum and (ii) from (and including) the date that is twelve months after the Financing Closing Date and until the Maturity Date, 11.50 % per annum.

 The Loan and Security Agreement specifies a priority of payments for funds received by DBS SubscriberCo from subscriber payments and certain other revenue. Specifically, on each Transfer Date, as defined in the Loan and Security Agreement, payments will be made, as applicable to the Administrative Agent for certain administrative and other fees, to DBS SubscriberCo for reimbursement of certain operating costs, to a subsidiary of DISH Network as Manager under the Loan and Security Agreement and as Servicer for DBS SubscriberCo, and to an account used to collect and remit interest on the Term Loans, preferred distributions with respect to Preferred Membership interests (as defined below), and monthly principal payments on the Term Loan due 2025. After remitting those payments, through September 30, 2025 if DBS SubscriberCo is in compliance with the terms of the Loan and Security Agreement, it will have the ability to accumulate any excess collections, subject to the terms of the Loan and Security Agreement. At its election, any such excess collections can be distributed by DBS SubscriberCo to its parent via an intercompany loan. No later than September 30, 2025, all excess collections will be used to fund the payment of the Term Loans, the Mandatorily Redeemable Preferred Shares and the associated interest and preferred distributions. If DBS SubscriberCo is not in compliance with its covenants, the entity will lose the ability to accumulate any excess collections with those proceeds being utilized to satisfy the debt obligation and associated interest.

 Mandatorily Redeemable Preferred Shares Due 2029

 On the Financing Closing Date, DBS SubscriberCo, entered into an amended and restated limited liability company agreement (the "SubscriberCo LLCA"), pursuant to which, among other things, DBS SubscriberCo issued to certain investors (the "Preferred Members") redeemable preferred equity interests (the "Preferred Membership Interests") with an aggregate liquidation preference of $ 200 million (the "Mandatorily Redeemable Preferred Shares"). The Mandatorily Redeemable Preferred Shares mature on June 30, 2029. Due to the mandatory redemption feature of this instrument, it is considered a debt instrument and recorded in "Long-term debt, finance lease and other obligations, net of current portion" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 The Preferred Membership Interests have a preferential cumulative return that accumulates daily in arrears at a rate of: (a) from (and including) the Financing Closing Date and until (but excluding) the date that is 12 months thereafter, 13.25 % per annum and (b) from (and including) the date that is 12 months after the Financing Closing Date and until June 30, 2029 (or the first business day thereafter), 13.75 % per annum, payable in cash monthly and a liquidation preference equal to the issue price plus all accrued and unpaid dividends.

 The Preferred Membership Interests are redeemable at DBS SubscriberCo's option prior to the June 30, 2029 maturity date at a premium as described in the SubscriberCo LLCA. Upon the maturity date, DBS SubscriberCo is required to redeem all of the Preferred Membership Interests issued and outstanding at such time, and upon payment in full of the aggregate liquidation preference, all rights of the Preferred Members will terminate. The Preferred Members also have certain governance and economic rights set forth in the SubscriberCo LLCA.

 DBS SubscriberCo Intercompany Loan (Eliminated in Consolidations at DISH DBS)

 A portion of the net proceeds from the New DISH DBS Financing were used by DBS SubscriberCo to make an intercompany loan of $ 323 million to DISH DBS pursuant to a Loan, Guaranty and Security Agreement dated September 29, 2024 (the "DBS SubscriberCo Intercompany Loan") between DBS SubscriberCo and DISH DBS as funding for general corporate purposes. The DBS SubscriberCo Intercompany Loan matures on June 30, 2029. Interest accrues and is payable monthly and interest payments are payable in kind. The interest rate with respect to the DBS SubscriberCo Intercompany Loan is (i) for the first twelve months following the effective date of September 29, 2024 at 11 % per annum and (ii) thereafter at 11.50 % per annum. The DBS SubscriberCo Intercompany Loan is secured by DISH DBS's rights and interest receivable in respect to the Intercompany Loan – 2028 Tranche. During November 2024, DBS SubscriberCo loaned DISH DBS an additional $2.0 billion to satisfy its obligations related to the 5 7/8% Senior Notes due 2024. As of December 31, 2024, the total DBS SubscriberCo Intercompany Loan amount outstanding plus interest paid in kind was $ 2.404 billion.

 Unsecured Senior Notes

 Our Senior Notes are:

 general unsecured senior obligations of DISH DBS;

 ranked equally in right of payment with all of DISH DBS' and the guarantors' existing and future unsecured senior debt; and

 ranked effectively junior to our and the guarantors' current and future secured senior indebtedness up to the value of the collateral securing such indebtedness.

 The indentures related to our Senior Notes contain restrictive covenants that, among other things, impose limitations on the ability of DISH DBS and its restricted subsidiaries to:

 incur additional debt;

 pay dividends or make distributions on DISH DBS' capital stock or repurchase DISH DBS' capital stock;

 make certain investments;

 create liens or enter into sale and leaseback transactions;

 enter into transactions with affiliates;

 merge or consolidate with another company; and

 transfer or sell assets.

 In the event of a change of control, as defined in the related indentures, we would be required to make an offer to repurchase all or any part of a holder's Senior Notes at a purchase price equal to 101 % of the aggregate principal amount thereof, together with accrued and unpaid interest thereon, to the date of repurchase.

 7 3/4% Senior Notes due 2026

 On June 13, 2016, we issued $ 2.0 billion aggregate principal amount of our ten-year 7 3/4% Senior Notes due July 1, 2026. On October 3, 2016, we completed an exchange offer in which we exchanged substantially all of the notes for a like principal amount of notes with identical terms, except that such new notes have been registered under the Securities Act. We did not receive any proceeds in the exchange offer. Interest accrues at an annual rate of 7 3/4% and is payable semi-annually in cash, in arrears on January 1 and July 1 of each year.

 The 7 3/4% Senior Notes are redeemable, in whole or in part, at any time at a redemption price equal to 100 % of the principal amount plus a "make-whole" premium, as defined in the related indenture, together with accrued and unpaid interest.

 7 3/8% Senior Notes due 2028

 On July 1, 2020, we issued $ 1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of our 7 3/8% Senior Notes due July 1, 2028. On September 29, 2020, we completed an exchange offer in which we exchanged substantially all of the notes for a like principal amount of notes with identical terms, except that such new notes have been registered under the Securities Act. We did not receive any proceeds in the exchange offer. Interest accrues at an annual rate of 7 3/8% and is payable semi-annually in cash, in arrears on January 1 and July 1 of each year.

 The 7 3/8% Senior Notes are redeemable, in whole or in part, at any time at the redemption prices specified under the related indenture, together with accrued and unpaid interest.

 5 1/8% Senior Notes due 2029

 On May 24, 2021, we issued $ 1.5 billion aggregate principal amount of our 5 1/8% Senior Notes due June 1, 2029. On August 30, 2021, we completed an exchange offer in which we exchanged substantially all of the notes for a like principal amount of notes with identical terms, except that such new notes have been registered under the Securities Act. We did not receive any proceeds in the exchange offer. Interest accrues at an annual rate of 5 1/8% and is payable semi-annually in cash, in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year.

 The 5 1/8% Senior Notes are redeemable, in whole or in part, at any time at a redemption price equal to 100 % of the principal amount plus a "make-whole" premium, as defined in the related indenture, together with accrued and unpaid interest.

 Senior Secured Notes

 Our Senior Secured Notes are:

 general senior secured obligations of DISH DBS;

 secured by security interests in substantially all existing and future tangible and intangible assets of DISH DBS and its principal operating subsidiaries on a first priority basis, subject to certain exceptions;

 ranked equally in right of payment with all of DISH DBS' and the guarantors' existing and future senior debt;

 ranked senior in right of payment and effectively senior to any of DISH DBS' and the guarantors' junior lien or unsecured debt to the extent of the value of the pledged collateral that secures the Senior Secured Notes; and

 ranked effectively junior to DISH DBS' and the guarantors' obligations that are secured by assets that are not part of the pledged collateral that secures the Senior Secured Notes, to the extent of the value of such assets.

 The indenture related to our Senior Secured Notes contain restrictive covenants that, among other things, impose limitations on the ability of DISH DBS and its restricted subsidiaries to:

 incur additional debt;

 pay dividends or make distributions on DISH DBS' capital stock or repurchase DISH DBS' capital stock;

 make certain investments;

 create liens or enter into sale and leaseback transactions;

 enter into transactions with affiliates;

 merge or consolidate with another company; and

 transfer or sell assets.

 In the event of a change of control, as defined in the related indentures, we would be required to make an offer to repurchase all or any part of a holder's Senior Secured Notes at a purchase price equal to 101 % of the aggregate principal amount thereof, together with accrued and unpaid interest thereon, to the date of repurchase.

 The net proceeds from the offering of our Senior Secured Notes were used to make an intercompany loan to DISH Network pursuant to a Loan and Security Agreement dated November 26, 2021 (together with future advances to DISH Network, the "Intercompany Loan") between us and DISH Network in order to finance the potential purchase of wireless spectrum licenses and for general corporate purposes, including the buildout of wireless infrastructure. We may make additional advances to DISH Network under the Intercompany Loan, and on February 11, 2022, we advanced an additional $ 1.5 billion to DISH Network under the Intercompany Loan. The Intercompany Loan is secured by (i) the cash proceeds of the loan and (ii) an interest in any wireless spectrum licenses acquired using such proceeds. In certain cases, DISH Network wireless spectrum licenses (valued based upon a third-party valuation) may be substituted for the collateral. The Intercompany Loan is not included as collateral for the Senior Secured Notes, and the Senior Secured Notes are subordinated to our existing and certain future unsecured notes with respect to certain realizations under the Intercompany Loan and any collateral pledged as security for the Intercompany Loan.

 The initial cash proceeds of the Intercompany Loan were paid to the FCC by DISH Network in connection with DISH Network's wholly-owned subsidiary Weminuche L.L.C.'s ("Weminuche") winning bids in the FCC's auction for the Flexible-Use Service Licenses in the 3.45–3.55 GHz band ("Auction 110"). As a result, the Intercompany Loan is secured by Weminuche's interest in the wireless spectrum licenses acquired in Auction 110 with such cash proceeds.

 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2026

 On November 26, 2021, we issued $ 2.750 billion aggregate principal amount of our 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due December 1, 2026. Interest accrues at an annual rate of 5 1/4% and is payable semi-annually in cash, in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year.

 The 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 are redeemable, in whole or in part, at any time prior to June 1, 2026 (the "2026 Par Call Date") at a redemption price equal to 100 % of the principal amount plus a "make-whole" premium, as defined in the related indenture, together with accrued and unpaid interest. At any time on or after the 2026 Par Call Date, we may redeem the 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2026, in whole at any time or in part from time to time, at a price equal to 100 % of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date. Prior to December 1, 2024, we may also redeem up to 35 % of the 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 at a specified premium with the net cash proceeds from certain equity offerings or capital contributions. At any time and from time to time during the 36 -month period following the issue date of the 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2026, we may redeem up to 10 % of the aggregate principal amount during each twelve-month period commencing with the issue date at a redemption price of 103 % of the aggregate principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date.

 5 3/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2028

 On November 26, 2021, we issued $ 2.5 billion aggregate principal amount of our 5 3/4% Senior Secured Notes due December 1, 2028. Interest accrues at an annual rate of 5 3/4% and is payable semi-annually in cash, in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year.

 The 5 3/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 are redeemable, in whole or in part, at any time prior to December 1, 2027 (the "2028 Par Call Date") at a redemption price equal to 100 % of the principal amount plus a "make-whole" premium, as defined in the related indenture, together with accrued and unpaid interest. At any time on or after the 2028 Par Call Date, we may redeem the 5 3/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2028, in whole at any time or in part from time to time, at a price equal to 100 % of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date. Prior to December 1, 2024, we may also redeem up to 35 % of the 5 3/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 at a specified premium with the net cash proceeds from certain equity offerings or capital contributions. At any time and from time to time during the 36 -month period following the issue date of the 5 3/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2028, we may redeem up to 10 % of the aggregate principal amount during each twelve-month period commencing with the issue date at a redemption price of 103 % of the aggregate principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date.

 Interest on Long-Term Debt

 Annual

 Semi-Annual

 Debt Service

 Payment Dates

 Requirements (1)

 7 3/4% Senior Notes due 2026

 January 1 and July 1

 $

 155,000

 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2026

 June 1 and December 1

 $

 144,375

 7 3/8% Senior Notes due 2028

 January 1 and July 1

 $

 73,750

 5 3/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2028

 June 1 and December 1

 $

 143,750

 5 1/8% Senior Notes due 2029

 June 1 and December 1

 $

 76,875

 (1)
 Annual debt service requirements exclude the interest on the New DISH DBS Financing, discussed below.

 Interest on the New DISH DBS Financing

 The Term Loans and the Mandatorily Redeemable Preferred Shares due 2029 have variable interest rates and payment terms upon which we may pay a portion of principal balance based on estimated variable cash flows for certain Pay-TV business metrics which could change significantly based on actual performance. The estimated annual interest requirement for the Term Loans and the Mandatorily Redeemable Preferred Shares due 2029 for the year ended December 31, 2025 is approximately $ 245 million.

 Our ability to meet our debt service requirements will depend on, among other factors, the successful execution of our business strategy, which is subject to uncertainties and contingencies beyond our control.

 Other Debt, Finance Lease and Other Obligations

 Other debt, finance lease and other obligations consisted of the following:

 2024

 2023

 Satellites and other finance lease obligations

 $

 —

 $

 Notes payable related to satellite vendor financing and other debt payable in installments through 2031 with interest rates ranging from approximately 4.0 % to 6.0 %

 42,678

 Total

 73,782

 Less: current portion

 ( 9,425)

 ( 41,432)

 Other debt, finance lease and other obligations, net of current portion

 $

 22,925

 $

 Finance Lease Obligations

 Anik F3. Anik F3, an FSS satellite, was launched and commenced commercial operation in April 2007. This satellite was previously accounted for as a finance lease and depreciated over the term of the satellite service agreement. We leased 100 % of the Ku-band capacity on Anik F3 for an initial period of 15 years. During April 2022, we extended the Anik F3 lease and as a result it is currently accounted for as an operating lease.

 Nimiq 5. On May 19, 2019, DISH Network entered into an agreement pursuant to which, on September 10, 2019, the satellite service agreement for Nimiq 5 was transferred to DISH Network and we began leasing it from an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of DISH Network. Nimiq 5 was launched in September 2009 and commenced commercial operation at the 72.7 degree west longitude orbital location during October 2009.

 This satellite was previously accounted for as a finance lease and depreciated over the term of the satellite service agreement. During October 2024, DISH Network extended the Nimiq 5 lease and as a result of the new terms it is currently accounted for as an operating lease. See Note 15 for further information.

 The summary of future maturities of our outstanding debt as of December 31, 2024 is included in the commitments table in Note 12.

 Future Liquidity

 We have made cash distributions and intercompany loans to partially finance the development of DISH Network's 5G Network Deployment, including, but not limited to, the purchase of wireless spectrum licenses and the wireless business to date, and we may make additional funds available to DISH Network in the form of cash distributions or loans to finance, in whole or in part, DISH Network's future efforts. These factors, including, but not limited to, debt maturities, continuing investment in our business, financing acquisitions and other strategic transactions, may require us to raise additional capital in the future which may not be available on favorable terms, or at all.

 9. Income Taxes and Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes

 Income Taxes

 Beginning in 2024, DISH DBS and its domestic subsidiaries join with our parent, DISH Network, and our ultimate parent, EchoStar, in filing U.S. consolidated federal income tax returns and, in some states, combined or consolidated returns. The federal and state income tax provisions or benefits recorded by DISH DBS are generally those that would have been recorded if DISH DBS and its domestic subsidiaries had filed returns as a consolidated group independent of EchoStar. Cash is due and paid to DISH Network based on amounts that would be payable based on DISH DBS consolidated or combined group filings. The amounts paid to DISH Network during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were $ 552 million, $ 623 million and $ 490 million, respectively.

 Our income tax policy is to record the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and amounts reported on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, as well as probable operating loss, tax credit and other carryforwards. Deferred tax assets are offset by valuation allowances when we believe it is more likely than not that net deferred tax assets will not be realized. We periodically evaluate our need for a valuation allowance. Determining necessary valuation allowances requires us to make assessments about historical financial information as well as the timing of future events, including the probability of expected future taxable income and available tax planning opportunities.

 As of December 31, 2024, we had no net operating loss carryforwards ("NOLs") for federal and state income tax purposes. In addition, there are $ 5 million of tax benefits related to credit carryforwards which are fully offset by a valuation allowance. Portions of the credit carryforwards expired in 2024.

 The components of the (benefit from) provision for income taxes were as follows:

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Current (benefit) provision:

 Federal

 $

 452,327

 $

 528,689

 $

 572,754

 State

 98,273

 118,540

 133,475

 Foreign

 2,353

 2,475

 ( 4,255)

 Total current (benefit) provision

 552,953

 649,704

 701,974

 Deferred (benefit) provision:

 Federal

 ( 70,531)

 ( 69,321)

 ( 95,995)

 State

 ( 6,043)

 ( 15,794)

 ( 20,720)

 Increase (decrease) in valuation allowance

 13,471

 —

 Total deferred (benefit) provision

 ( 63,103)

 ( 84,600)

 ( 116,715)

 Total (benefit) provision

 $

 489,850

 $

 565,104

 $

 585,259

 Our $ 1.937 billion of "Income (loss) before income taxes" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) included income of $ 13 million related to our foreign operations.

 The following table shows the principal reasons for the difference between the effective income tax rate and the statutory federal tax rate:

 2024

 2023

 2022

 % of pre-tax income/(loss)

 Statutory rate

 21.0

 21.0

 21.0

 State income taxes, net of federal benefit

 3.7

 3.4

 3.5

 0.6

 0.1

 ( 0.1)

 Total

 25.3

 24.5

 24.4

 Deferred taxes arise because of the differences in the book and tax bases of certain assets and liabilities. Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

 2024

 2023

 Deferred tax assets:

 NOL, interest, credit and other carryforwards

 $

 4,684

 $

 7,277

 Accrued and prepaid expenses

 27,441

 22,449

 Stock-based compensation

 18,967

 16,686

 Deferred revenue

 4,782

 6,118

 Bases differences in partnerships and cost method investments

 21,605

 3,360

 Total deferred tax assets

 77,479

 55,890

 Valuation allowance

 ( 24,368)

 ( 8,194)

 Deferred tax asset after valuation allowance

 53,111

 47,696

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Depreciation

 ( 155,198)

 ( 193,564)

 Regulatory authorizations and other intangible amortization

 ( 102,977)

 ( 122,302)

 Total deferred tax liabilities

 ( 258,175)

 ( 315,866)

 Net deferred tax asset (liability)

 $

 ( 205,064)

 $

 ( 268,170)

 Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes

 In addition to filing federal income tax returns, we and one or more of our subsidiaries file income tax returns in all states that impose an income tax and a small number of foreign jurisdictions where we have immaterial operations. We are subject to United States federal, state and local income tax examinations by tax authorities for the years beginning in 2008 due to the carryover of previously incurred NOLs. We are currently under a federal income tax examination for years 2008 through 2011, 2013 through 2016, and 2018 through 2019.

 A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits included in "Long-term deferred revenue and other long-term liabilities" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets was as follows:

 Unrecognized tax benefit

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Balance as of beginning of period

 $

 202,466

 $

 204,378

 $

 198,511

 Additions based on tax positions related to the current year

 3,715

 3,601

 3,444

 Additions based on tax positions related to prior years

 —

 2,892

 9,523

 Reductions based on tax positions related to prior years

 ( 23,276)

 ( 7,219)

 ( 7,100)

 Reductions based on tax positions related to settlements with taxing authorities

 —

 ( 834)

 —

 Reductions based on tax positions related to the lapse of the statute of limitations

 ( 224)

 ( 352)

 —

 Balance as of end of period

 $

 182,681

 $

 202,466

 $

 204,378

 We have $ 168 million in unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, could favorably affect our effective tax rate. We do not expect any material portion of this amount to be paid or settled within the next 12 months. Accrued interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions are recorded as a component of "Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized" and "Other, net," respectively, on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we recorded $ 18 million, $ 14 million and $ 8 million in net interest and penalty expense to earnings, respectively. Accrued interest and penalties were $ 80 million and $ 62 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The above table excludes these amounts.

 10. Employee Benefit Plans

 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

 Our employees may participate in the EchoStar employee stock purchase plan (the "ESPP"), in which EchoStar is authorized to issue up to 8.0 million shares of Class A common stock. At December 31, 2024, EchoStar had 3.4 million shares of Class A common stock which remain available for issuance under the ESPP. Substantially all full-time employees who have been employed by EchoStar for at least one calendar quarter are eligible to participate in the ESPP. Employee stock purchases are made through payroll deductions. Under the terms of the ESPP, employees may not deduct an amount which would permit such employee to purchase EchoStar's capital stock under all of EchoStar's stock purchase plans at a rate which would exceed $ 25,000 in fair value of capital stock in any one year. The purchase price of the stock is 85 % of the closing price of EchoStar's Class A common stock on the last business day of each calendar quarter in which such shares of EchoStar's Class A common stock are deemed sold to an employee under the ESPP and such shares must be held for a minimum of 180 days from the purchase date.

 401(k) Employee Savings Plans

 EchoStar sponsors a 401(k) Employee Savings Plan (the "DISH Network 401(k) Plan") for our eligible employees. Voluntary employee contributions to the DISH Network 401(k) Plan may be matched 50 % by EchoStar, subject to a maximum annual contribution of $ 5,000 per employee. Forfeitures of unvested participant balances which are retained by the DISH Network 401(k) Plan may be used to fund matching and discretionary contributions. EchoStar's Board of Directors may also authorize an annual discretionary contribution to the DISH Network 401(k) Plan, subject to the maximum deductible limit provided by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. These contributions may be made in cash or in EchoStar's stock.

 The following table summarizes the expense associated with our matching contributions and discretionary contributions:

 Expense Recognized Related to the 401(k) Plan

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Matching contributions, net of forfeitures

 $

 11,972

 $

 10,966

 $

 10,150

 Discretionary stock contributions, net of forfeitures

 $

 9,389

 $

 $

 11,150

 11. Stock-Based Compensation

 Stock Incentive Plans

 EchoStar maintains stock incentive plans to attract and retain officers, directors and key employees. Our employees participate in the EchoStar stock incentive plans. Stock awards under these plans include both performance and non-performance based stock incentives. Many of our employees work on projects associated with our business and projects associated with EchoStar's business and other operations of EchoStar. Stock options, restricted stock units and non-cash stock-based compensation expense are included below only for employees who devote 50 % or more of their time to our business. For each employee, a change in status in relation to the 50 % threshold is reflected as a transfer to or from another EchoStar subsidiary that is not part of DISH DBS. As of December 31, 2024, EchoStar had outstanding under these plans stock options to acquire 3.1 million shares of EchoStar's Class A common stock and 91 thousand restricted stock units and awards associated with our employees. Stock options granted on or prior to December 31, 2024 were granted with exercise prices equal to or greater than the market value of EchoStar's Class A common stock at the date of grant and with a maximum term of approximately ten years. EchoStar accounts for forfeitures as they are incurred. While historically EchoStar has issued stock awards subject to vesting, typically at the rate of 20 % per year, certain stock awards have been granted with immediate vesting and certain other stock awards vest only upon the achievement of certain EchoStar-specific subscriber, operational and/or financial goals. As of December 31, 2024, EchoStar had 21.7 million shares of its Class A common stock available for future grant under the stock incentive plans.

 Exchange Offer. On March 4, 2024, EchoStar commenced a tender offer to eligible employees to exchange eligible stock options for new options as detailed in its Schedule TO filed March 4, 2024 with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Exchange Offer"), to, among other things, further align employee incentives with the current market. The Exchange Offer expired on April 1, 2024 and EchoStar accepted for exchange approximately 7 million stock options. As a result of the Exchange Offer, during the second quarter of 2024, the exercise price of approximately 3 million new stock options associated with our employees, affecting approximately 580 eligible employees, was adjusted to $ 14.04.

 Stock Award Activity

 EchoStar stock option activity associated with our employees was as follows:

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2024

 Options

 Weighted- Average Exercise Price

 Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In thousands)

 Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life

 Total options outstanding, beginning of period (1)

 3,288,033

 $

 65.81

 Granted (2)

 2,568,496

 $

 14.23

 Exercised

 ( 91,701)

 $

 14.04

 Forfeited, cancelled and transferred (3)(4)

 ( 2,658,428)

 $

 53.12

 Total options outstanding, end of period

 3,106,400

 $

 35.52

 $

 —

 7.71

 Performance-based options outstanding,
end of period (5)

 576,696

 $

 104.17

 Exercisable at end of period

 743,045

 $

 32.90

 $

 —

 6.22

 (1)
 The beginning of period weighted-average exercise price for the year ended December 31, 2024 of $ 65.81 does not reflect the Exchange Offer, which occurred subsequent to December 31, 2023.

 (2)
 Includes approximately 3 million stock options granted in connection with the Exchange Offer.

 (3)
 Includes approximately 3 million stock options cancelled in connection with the Exchange Offer.

 (4)
 Certain of these stock options include options that were granted to individuals who transferred to and/or from another EchoStar subsidiary not a part of DISH DBS.

 (5)
 These stock options are included in the caption "Total options outstanding, end of period." See discussion of the 2017 LTIP, 2019 LTIP and 2022 Incentive Plan below.

 We realized tax benefits from stock awards exercised as follows:

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Tax benefit from stock awards exercised

 $

 $

 $

 EchoStar restricted stock unit and award activity associated with our employees was as follows:

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2024

 Restricted Stock Units/Awards

 Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value

 Total restricted stock units/awards outstanding, beginning of period

 3,978

 $

 120.95

 Granted

 74,375

 $

 16.59

 Vested

 ( 16,291)

 $

 81.84

 Forfeited, cancelled and transferred (1)

 29,166

 $

 93.53

 Total restricted stock units/awards outstanding, end of period

 91,228

 $

 34.08

 (1)
 Certain of these restricted stock units/awards include restricted stock units/awards that were granted to individuals who transferred to and/or from another EchoStar subsidiary not a part of DISH DBS.

 The following table summarizes additional information about EchoStar stock options and restricted stock units and awards associated with our employees:

 2024

 2023

 2022

 (In thousands, except per share amounts)

 Stock options:

 Weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted

 $

 14.23

 $

 34.42

 $

 66.92

 Intrinsic value of options exercised

 $

 $

 —

 $

 Restricted stock units and awards:

 Weighted-average grant date fair value of units and awards granted

 $

 16.59

 $

 17.18

 $

 84.56

 Fair value of units and rewards vested

 $

 $

 4,030

 $

 Long-Term Performance-Based Plans

 2017 LTIP. On December 2, 2016, EchoStar adopted a long-term, performance-based stock incentive plan (the "2017 LTIP"). The 2017 LTIP provided stock options, which were subject to vesting based on certain EchoStar-specific subscriber and financial performance conditions. Awards were initially granted under the 2017 LTIP as of January 1, 2017. Exercise of the stock awards was contingent on achieving these performance conditions by December 31, 2020, however, none of the performance conditions were achieved. This plan will expire on January 1, 2027 which as of December 31, 2024, would result in the cancellation of 297,645 stock options.

 2019 LTIP. On August 17, 2018, EchoStar adopted a long-term, performance-based stock incentive plan (the "2019 LTIP"). The 2019 LTIP provides stock options, which vest based on certain EchoStar-specific subscriber, operational and/or financial performance conditions. Vesting of the stock awards is contingent on achieving these conditions by December 31, 2023.

 Although no awards vest until EchoStar attains the performance conditions described above, compensation related to the 2019 LTIP will be recorded based on EchoStar's assessment of the probability of meeting the performance conditions. If the performance conditions are probable of being achieved, we will begin recognizing the associated non-cash, stock-based compensation expense on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) over the estimated period to achieve the performance condition.

 During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, EchoStar determined that 85 % and 89 %, respectively, of the 2019 LTIP performance conditions were probable of achievement. As a result, non-cash, stock-based compensation expense was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, as indicated in the table below titled "Non-Cash, Stock-Based Compensation Expense Recognized." As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, approximately 78 % and 75 %, respectively, of the 2019 LTIP awards had vested.

 2022 Incentive Plan. On December 30, 2021, EchoStar adopted a performance-based incentive plan (the "2022 Incentive Plan"). The 2022 Incentive Plan provides stock options, which vest based on certain EchoStar-specific operational and/or financial performance conditions. Awards were initially granted under the 2022 Incentive Plan as of February 1, 2022. Exercise of the stock awards is contingent on achieving these conditions by December 31, 2026.

 Although no awards vest until EchoStar attains the performance conditions described above, compensation related to the 2022 Incentive Plan will be recorded based on EchoStar's assessment of the probability of meeting the performance conditions. If the performance conditions are probable of being achieved, we will begin recognizing the associated non-cash, stock-based compensation expense on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) over the estimated period to achieve the performance condition.

 During each of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, EchoStar determined that 100 % of the 2022 Incentive Plan performance conditions were probable of achievement. As a result, non-cash, stock-based compensation expense was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 as indicated in the table below titled "Non-Cash, Stock-Based Compensation Expense Recognized." As of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, approximately 33 %, 17 % and 33 %, respectively, of the 2022 Incentive Plan awards had vested.

 The non-cash, stock-based compensation expense associated with these awards for our employees was as follows:

 Non-Cash, Stock-Based Compensation Expense Recognized (1)

 2024

 2023

 2022

 2022 Incentive Plan

 $

 1,151

 $

 5,573

 $

 15,024

 2019 LTIP

 —

 ( 1,631)

 ( 131)

 Other employee performance awards

 —

 3,711

 Total non-cash, stock-based compensation expense recognized for performance-based awards

 $

 1,151

 $

 4,223

 $

 18,604

 (1)
 "Non-Cash, Stock-Based Compensation Expense Recognized" includes actual forfeitures.

 Estimated Remaining Non-Cash, Stock-Based Compensation Expense

 2022 Incentive Plan

 Expense estimated to be recognized during 2025

 $

 1,087

 Estimated contingent expense subsequent to 2025

 Total estimated remaining expense over the term of the plan

 $

 1,248

 Given the competitive nature of EchoStar's business, small variations in subscriber churn, gross new subscriber activation rates and certain other factors can significantly impact subscriber growth. Consequently, while it was determined that achievement of certain other EchoStar-specific subscriber, operational and/or financial performance conditions were not probable as of December 31, 2024, that assessment could change in the future.

 Of the 3.1 million stock options and 91 thousand restricted stock units and awards outstanding under the EchoStar stock incentive plans associated with our employees as of December 31, 2024, the following awards were outstanding pursuant to the performance based stock incentive plans:

 As of December 31, 2024

 Performance-Based Stock Options

 Number of
Awards

 Weighted-Average
Grant Price

 2022 Incentive Plan

 115,730

 $

 14.67

 2019 LTIP

 163,321

 $

 59.22

 2017 LTIP

 297,645

 $

 163.64

 Total

 576,696

 $

 104.17

 Stock-Based Compensation

 Total non-cash, stock-based compensation expense for all of our employees is shown in the following table for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 and was allocated to the same expense categories as the base compensation for such employees:

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Cost of services

 $

 1,155

 $

 2,240

 $

 5,817

 Selling, general and administrative

 10,006

 12,018

 34,915

 Total non-cash, stock-based compensation

 $

 11,161

 $

 14,258

 $

 40,732

 As of December 31, 2024, our total unrecognized compensation cost related to the non-performance based unvested stock awards was $ 26 million and will be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 3.3 years. Share-based compensation expense is recognized based on stock awards ultimately expected to vest.

 Valuation

 The fair value of each stock option granted for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was estimated at the date of the grant using a Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following assumptions:

 Stock Options

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Risk-free interest rate

 3.58

 %

 -

 4.49

 %

 3.58

 %

 -

 4.61

 %

 1.35

 %

 -

 4.02

 %

 Volatility factor

 37.10

 %

 -

 46.39

 %

 34.30

 %

 -

 41.25

 %

 32.67

 %

 -

 34.84

 %

 Expected term of options in years

 3.3

 -

 6.7

 4.1

 -

 6.6

 4.1

 -

 6.0

 Fair value of options granted

 $

 5.15

 -

 $

 12.40

 $

 7.40

 -

 $

 7.77

 $

 5.97

 -

 $

 9.27

 While EchoStar currently does not intend to declare dividends on its Class A common stock, EchoStar may elect to do so from time to time. Accordingly, the dividend yield percentage used in the Black-Scholes option valuation model was set at zero for all periods. The Black-Scholes option valuation model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded stock options which have no vesting restrictions and are fully transferable. Consequently, our estimate of fair value may differ from other valuation models. Further, the Black-Scholes option valuation model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions. Changes in these subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate.

 We will continue to evaluate the assumptions used to derive the estimated fair value of EchoStar's stock options as new events or changes in circumstances become known.

 12. Commitments and Contingencies

 Commitments

 As of December 31, 2024, future maturities of our long-term debt, finance lease and contractual obligations are summarized as follows:

 Payments Due in the Years Ending December 31,

 Total

 2025

 2026

 2027

 2028

 2029

 Thereafter

 Long-term debt obligations

 $

 12,282,350

 $

 749,465

 $

 5,640,166

 $

 838,859

 $

 3,548,868

 $

 1,501,599

 $

 3,393

 Interest expense on long-term debt

 2,282,950

 840,295

 750,430

 352,182

 301,201

 38,637

 Other long-term obligations (1)

 1,457,904

 759,819

 542,674

 132,816

 22,595

 —

 —

 Operating lease obligations (2)

 104,202

 34,244

 24,504

 15,286

 10,685

 7,222

 12,261

 Purchase obligations

 1,612,507

 1,607,629

 4,820

 —

 —

 —

 Total

 $

 17,739,913

 $

 3,991,452

 $

 6,962,594

 $

 1,339,201

 $

 3,883,349

 $

 1,547,458

 $

 15,859

 (1)
 Represents obligations for satellite related executory costs, TT&C services and certain expenses associated with DISH Network's Wireless segment.

 (2)
 See Note 7 for further information on leases.

 In certain circumstances the dates on which we are obligated to make these payments could be delayed.

 The table above does not include $ 183 million of liabilities associated with unrecognized tax benefits that were accrued, as discussed in Note 9, and are included on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024. We do not expect any portion of this amount to be paid or settled within the next 12 months.

 The table above includes certain obligations incurred by us on behalf of DISH Network's Wireless segment. These obligations will be either paid directly by DISH Network or settled monthly as part of our centralized cash management system with our parent, DISH Network. See Note 3 for further information.

 On March 20, 2023, DISH Network entered into a contract with Maxar Space LLC for the construction of EchoStar XXV, a DBS satellite that is capable of providing service to the CONUS and is intended to be used at the 110 degree orbital location. During the fourth quarter of 2023, DISH Network entered into an agreement with SpaceX for launch services for this satellite, which is expected to be launched during 2026. The satellite construction and launch costs for EchoStar XXV and any future lease obligations are not included in "Other long-term obligations" above.

 5G Network Deployment

 DISH Network initially invested a total of over $ 30 billion in wireless spectrum licenses. DISH Network's wireless spectrum licenses are subject to certain interim and final build-out requirements, as well as certain renewal requirements. DISH Network continues to commercialize its wireless spectrum licenses through the completion of the nation's first cloud-native, Open Radio Access Network ("O-RAN") based 5G network (the "5G Network Deployment"). DISH Network currently expects capital expenditures, excluding capitalized interest, for its 5G Network Deployment to be approximately $ 10 billion, including amounts incurred in 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024. DISH Network may need to make significant additional investments or partner with others to, among other things, continue its 5G Network Deployment and further commercialize, build-out and integrate these licenses and related assets and any additional acquired licenses and related assets, as well as to comply with regulations applicable to such licenses. Depending on the nature and scope of such activities, any such investments or partnerships could vary significantly.

 In addition, as DISH Network continues its 5G Network Deployment, DISH Network has and may continue to incur significant additional expenses related to, among other things, research and development, wireless testing and ongoing upgrades to the wireless network infrastructure, software and third-party integration. As a result of these investments, among other factors, DISH Network may need to raise additional capital, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all. DISH Network may also determine that additional wireless spectrum licenses may be required for its 5G Network Deployment, which will enhance its ability to compete effectively with other wireless service providers.

 In connection with the development of DISH Network's wireless business, including, without limitation, the efforts described above, we have made cash distributions and intercompany loans to partially finance these efforts to date and may make additional cash distributions or loans to finance, in whole or in part, DISH Network's future efforts, including, among other things, any potential Northstar re-auction payment and SNR re-auction payment. There can be no assurance that DISH Network will be able to profitably deploy these wireless spectrum licenses.

 See Note 15 "Commitments and Contingencies – 5G Network Deployment" in the Notes to EchoStar's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for further information.

 Satellite Insurance

 We generally do not carry commercial in-orbit insurance on any of the satellites we own. We generally do not use commercial insurance to mitigate the potential financial impact of in-orbit failures because we believe that the cost of insurance premiums is uneconomical relative to the risk of such failures. While we generally have had in-orbit satellite capacity sufficient to transmit our existing channels and some backup capacity to recover the transmission of certain critical programming, our backup capacity is limited. In the event of a failure or loss of any of our owned or leased satellites, we may need to acquire or lease additional satellite capacity or relocate one of our other owned or leased satellites and use it as a replacement for the failed or lost satellite.

 Purchase Obligations

 Our 2025 purchase obligations primarily consist of binding purchase orders for certain fixed contractual commitments to purchase programming content, receiver systems and related equipment, broadband equipment, digital broadcast operations, transmission costs, streaming delivery technology and infrastructure, engineering services, software and other products and services. In addition, our 2025 purchase obligations also include DISH Network's purchase obligations for certain wireless devices related to its wireless business. Our purchase obligations may fluctuate significantly from period to period due to, among other things, management's timing of payments and inventory purchases, which can materially impact our future operating asset and liability balances, and our future working capital requirements. The purchase obligations incurred by us on behalf of DISH Network's Wireless segment will be either paid directly by DISH Network or settled monthly as part of our centralized cash management system with our parent, DISH Network.

 Programming Contracts

 In the normal course of business, we enter into contracts to purchase programming content in which our payment obligations are generally contingent on the number of Pay-TV subscribers to whom we provide the respective content. These programming commitments are not included in the "Commitments" table above. The terms of our contracts typically range from one to ten years with annual rate increases. Our programming expenses will increase to the extent we are successful in growing our Pay-TV subscriber base. In addition, programming costs per subscriber continue to increase due to contractual price increases and the renewal of long-term programming contracts on less favorable pricing terms.

 Patents and Intellectual Property

 Many entities, including some of our competitors, have or may in the future obtain patents and other intellectual property rights that cover or affect products or services that we offer or that we may offer in the future. We may not be aware of all intellectual property rights that our products or services may potentially infringe. Damages in patent infringement cases can be substantial, and in certain circumstances can be trebled. Further, we cannot estimate the extent to which we may be required in the future to obtain licenses with respect to patents held by others and the availability and cost of any such licenses. Various parties have asserted patent and other intellectual property rights with respect to components of our products and services. We cannot be certain that these persons do not own the rights they claim, that our products do not infringe on these rights, and/or that these rights are not valid. Further, we cannot be certain that we would be able to obtain licenses from these persons on commercially reasonable terms or, if we were unable to obtain such licenses, that we would be able to redesign our products to avoid infringement.

 Contingencies

 Litigation

 We are involved in a number of legal proceedings (including those described below) concerning matters arising in connection with the conduct of our business activities. Many of these proceedings are at preliminary stages, and many of these proceedings seek an indeterminate amount of damages. We regularly evaluate the status of the legal proceedings in which we are involved to assess whether a loss is probable or there is a reasonable possibility that a loss or an additional loss may have been incurred and to determine if accruals are appropriate. If accruals are not appropriate, we further evaluate each legal proceeding to assess whether an estimate of the possible loss or range of possible loss can be made.

 For certain cases described on the following pages, management is unable to provide a meaningful estimate of the possible loss or range of possible loss because, among other reasons, (i) the proceedings are in various stages; (ii) damages have not been sought; (iii) damages are unsupported and/or exaggerated; (iv) there is uncertainty as to the outcome of pending appeals or motions; (v) there are significant factual issues to be resolved; and/or (vi) there are novel legal issues or unsettled legal theories to be presented or a large number of parties. For these cases, however, management does not believe, based on currently available information, that the outcomes of these proceedings will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, though the outcomes could be material to our operating results for any particular period, depending, in part, upon the operating results for such period.

 ClearPlay, Inc.

 On March 13, 2014, ClearPlay, Inc. ("ClearPlay") filed a complaint against EchoStar and its wholly-owned subsidiaries DISH Network, DISH Network L.L.C., and EchoStar's then wholly-owned subsidiary EchoStar Technologies L.L.C., in the United States District Court for the District of Utah. The complaint alleges willful infringement of United States Patent Nos. 6,898,799 (the "799 patent"), entitled "Multimedia Content Navigation and Playback"; 7,526,784 (the "784 patent"), entitled "Delivery of Navigation Data for Playback of Audio and Video Content"; 7,543,318 (the "318 patent"), entitled "Delivery of Navigation Data for Playback of Audio and Video Content"; 7,577,970 (the "970 patent"), entitled "Multimedia Content Navigation and Playback"; and 8,117,282 (the "282 patent"), entitled "Media Player Configured to Receive Playback Filters From Alternative Storage Mediums." ClearPlay alleges that the AutoHop feature of our Hopper set-top box infringes the asserted patents. On February 11, 2015, the case was stayed pending various third-party challenges before the United States Patent and Trademark Office regarding the validity of certain of the patents asserted in the action.

 In those third-party challenges, the United States Patent and Trademark Office found that all claims of the 282 patent are unpatentable, and that certain claims of the 784 patent and 318 patent are unpatentable. ClearPlay appealed as to the 784 patent and the 318 patent, and on August 23, 2016, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the findings of the United States Patent and Trademark Office. On October 31, 2016, the stay was lifted, and in May 2017, ClearPlay agreed to dismiss EchoStar and DISH Network as defendants, leaving DISH Network L.L.C. and DISH Technologies L.L.C. as the sole defendants.

 On October 16, October 21, November 2, 2020 and November 9, 2020, DISH Network L.L.C. filed petitions with the United States Patent and Trademark Office requesting ex parte reexamination of the validity of the asserted claims of, respectively, the 784 patent, the 799 patent, the 318 patent and the 970 patent; and on November 2, November 20, December 14 and December 15, 2020, the United States Patent and Trademark Office granted each request for reexamination. On May 7, 2021, May 25, 2021, June 25, 2021 and July 7, 2021, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued Ex Parte Reexamination Certificates confirming the patentability of the challenged claims of, respectively, the 799 patent, the 784 patent, the 318 patent and the 970 patent.

 In October and November 2021, DISH Network L.L.C. filed petitions with the United States Patent and Trademark Office requesting ex parte reexamination of the validity of certain asserted claims of the 784 patent, the 799 patent and the 970 patent. In November and December, 2021, the United States Patent and Trademark Office granted review of the challenged claims of the 799 patent and the 970 patent, but denied review of the challenged claims of the 784 patent. On January 24, 2022, an examiner of the United States Patent and Trademark Office affirmed the challenged claims of the 799 patent, and on January 19, 2023, an examiner of the United States Patent and Trademark Office affirmed the challenged claims of the 970 patent.

 In an order dated January 31, 2023, the Court granted in part and denied in part DISH Network L.L.C.'s and DISH Technologies L.L.C.'s motion for summary judgment. Thereafter, ClearPlay narrowed its case to three asserted claims: one under the 799 patent and two under the 970 patent. Following a two-week trial, on March 10, 2023, the jury returned a verdict that DISH Network L.L.C. and DISH Technologies L.L.C. infringed each of the asserted patent claims (though not willfully), and awarded damages of $ 469 million. That verdict became moot on March 21, 2023, when the trial court indicated that it would grant DISH Network L.L.C.'s and DISH Technologies L.L.C.'s motion for judgment as a matter of law, thus effectively vacating the jury award. On June 2, 2023, the Court entered its formal order granting judgment as a matter of law. On December 12, 2023, the Court denied ClearPlay's motion to alter or amend the judgment. ClearPlay has filed a notice of appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and briefing was completed on November 27, 2024.

 We intend to vigorously defend this case. In the event that a court ultimately determines that we infringe the asserted patents, we may be subject to substantial damages, which may include treble damages, and/or an injunction that could require us to materially modify certain features that we currently offer to consumers. We cannot predict with any degree of certainty the outcome of the suit or determine the extent of any potential liability or damages.

 Data Breach Class Actions

 On May 9, 2023, Susan Owen-Brooks, an alleged customer, filed a putative class action complaint against DISH Network, our parent, in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado. She purports to represent a nationwide class of all individuals in the United States who allegedly had private information stolen as a result of the February 23, 2023 Cybersecurity Incident (and a North Carolina statewide subclass of the same individuals). Since that filing, ten additional putative class action complaints have been filed in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado, purporting to represent the same nationwide class of people, and Owen-Brooks has filed an amended complaint. On August 2, 2023, the Court issued an order consolidating the first ten cases (the eleventh was dismissed) and, on November 16, 2023 and January 16, 2024, the plaintiffs filed consolidated amended class action complaints. On September 27, 2024, the Court granted DISH Network's motion to dismiss the First Amended Consolidated Class Action Complaint as to eight of the eleven named plaintiffs and as to certain causes of action. On October 29, 2024, the Plaintiffs filed the operative Second Amended Consolidated Class Action Complaint, which deletes the allegations as to the dismissed plaintiffs and causes of action, leaving three named plaintiffs and causes of action for negligence, negligence per se, breach of implied contract, and declaratory judgment.

 DISH Network intends to vigorously defend this case. DISH Network cannot predict with any degree of certainty the outcome of the suit or determine the extent of any potential liability or damages.

 Digital Broadcasting Solutions, LLC
 On August 29, 2022, Digital Broadcasting Solutions, LLC filed a complaint against our wholly-owned subsidiaries DISH Network L.L.C. and DISH Technologies L.L.C. in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. The complaint alleges infringement of U.S. Patent No. 8,929,710 (the "710 patent") and U.S. Patent No. 9,538,122 (the "122 patent"), each entitled "System and method for time shifting at least a portion of a video program." Generally, the plaintiff contends that the AutoHop feature of our Hopper set-top boxes infringes the asserted patents. On June 21, 2023, the Court granted the motion of DISH Network L.L.C. and DISH Technologies L.L.C. to have the case transferred to the United States District Court for the District of Colorado.

 In May 2023, DISH Network L.L.C. and DISH Technologies L.L.C. filed petitions with the United States Patent and Trademark Office challenging the validity of all claims of the 710 patent and the 122 patent and, on December 9, 2024, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued final written decisions invalidating 38 of the 39 challenged claims. On January 13, 2025, Digital Broadcasting Solutions filed a notice of appeal of those final written decisions, and on February 7, 2025, DISH Network L.L.C. and DISH Technologies L.L.C. cross-appealed as to the single patent claim that wasn't invalidated. The underlying case has been stayed since May 9, 2024, pending resolution of the petitions before the United States Patent and Trademark Office and any related appeals.

 We intend to vigorously defend this case. In the event that a court ultimately determines that we infringe the asserted patents, we may be subject to substantial damages, which may include treble damages, and/or an injunction that could require us to materially modify certain features that we currently offer to consumers. We cannot predict with any degree of certainty the outcome of the suit or determine the extent of any potential liability or damages.

 Entropic Communications, LLC (first action)

 On March 9, 2022, Entropic Communications, LLC ("Entropic") filed a complaint against DISH Network and our wholly-owned subsidiaries DISH Network L.L.C. and Dish Network Service L.L.C. in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. The complaint alleges infringement of U.S. Patent No. 7,130,576 (the "576 patent"), entitled "Signal Selector and Combiner for Broadband Content Distribution"; U.S. Patent No. 7,542,715 (the "715 Patent"), entitled "Signal Selector and Combiner for Broadband Content Distribution"; and U.S. Patent No. 8,792,008 (the "008 Patent"), entitled "Method and Apparatus for Spectrum Monitoring." On March 30, 2022, Entropic filed an amended complaint alleging infringement of the same patents. Generally, the plaintiff accuses satellite antennas, low-noise block converters, signal selector and combiners, and set-top boxes and the manner in which they process signals for satellite television customers of infringing the asserted patents. The plaintiff is an entity that seeks to license a patent portfolio without itself practicing any of the claims recited therein.

 On October 24, 2022, this case was ordered to be transferred to the United States District Court for the Central District of California. A companion case against DirecTV was also ordered transferred to the United States District Court for the Central District of California. In January and February of 2023, DISH Network L.L.C. and Dish Network Service L.L.C. filed petitions with the United States Patent and Trademark Office challenging the validity of all claims of the 715 patent, all claims of the 008 patent and 25 claims of the 576 patent, which includes all of its asserted claims. In August and September 2023, the Patent Office denied institution on the petitions challenging the 715 patent and the 576 patent. In September 2023, at the parties' joint request, the Patent Office dismissed the petition challenging the 008 patent, as Entropic agreed to drop its claims against DISH Network on that patent. On July 12, 2024, the United States Patent and Trademark Office granted a request for reexamination of the 715 patent.

 We intend to vigorously defend this case. In the event that a court ultimately determines that we infringe the asserted patents, we may be subject to substantial damages, which may include treble damages, and/or an injunction that could require us to materially modify certain features that we currently offer to consumers. We cannot predict with any degree of certainty the outcome of the suit or determine the extent of any potential liability or damages.

 Entropic Communications, LLC (second action)

 On February 10, 2023, Entropic filed a second lawsuit against DISH Network and our wholly-owned subsidiaries DISH Network L.L.C., Dish Network Service L.L.C. and Dish Network California Service Corporation in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. The complaint alleges infringement of U.S. Patent No. 7,295,518 (the "518 patent"), entitled "Broadband network for coaxial cable using multi-carrier modulation"; U.S. Patent No. 7,594,249 (the "249 patent"), entitled "Network interface device and broadband local area network using coaxial cable"; U.S. Patent Nos. 7,889,759 (the "759 patent"), entitled "Broadband cable network utilizing common bit-loading"; U.S. Patent No. 8,085,802 (the "802 Patent"), entitled "Multimedia over coaxial cable access protocol"; U.S. Patent No. 9,838,213 (the "213 patent"), entitled "Parameterized quality of service architecture in a network"; U.S. Patent No. 10,432,422 (the "422 patent"), entitled "Parameterized quality of service architecture in a network"; U.S. Patent No. 8,631,450 (the "450 patent"), entitled "Broadband local area network"; U.S. Patent No. 8,621,539 (the "539 patent"), entitled "Physical layer transmitter for use in a broadband local area network"; U.S. Patent No. 8,320,566 (the "0,566 patent"), entitled "Method and apparatus for performing constellation scrambling in a multimedia home network"; U.S. Patent No. 10,257,566 (the "7,566 patent"), entitled "Broadband local area network"; U.S. Patent No. 8,228,910 (the "910 Patent"), entitled "Aggregating network packets for transmission to a destination mode"; and U.S. Patent No. 8,363,681 (the "681 patent"), entitled "Method and apparatus for using ranging measurements in a multimedia home network." Generally, the patents relate to Multimedia over Coax Alliance standards and the manner in which we provide a whole-home DVR network over an on-premises coaxial cable network.

 Entropic has asserted the same patents in the same court against Comcast, Cox and DirecTV. On September 7, 2023, the Court granted the motion of DISH Network L.L.C., Dish Network Service L.L.C. and Dish Network California Service Corporation to dismiss the claims arising from the 7,566 patent and the 910 patent on the grounds that they claimed in eligible subject matter. In January and February 2024, DISH Network L.L.C. filed petitions with the United States Patent and Trademark Office challenging the validity of the 249 patent, the 518 patent, the 759 patent, the 450 patent, the 539 patent, the 0,566 patent, and the 681 patent. In July and August 2024, the United States Patent and Trademark Office agreed to institute proceedings on the petitions challenging the 249 patent and the 518 patent, but denied institution on the remaining petitions. On February 24, 2025, the Court granted other defendants' motions to dismiss the claims arising from the 213 patent, the 422 patent, the 601 patent and the 802 patent on the grounds that they claimed in eligible subject matter.

 We intend to vigorously defend this case. In the event that a court ultimately determines that we infringe the asserted patents, we may be subject to substantial damages, which may include treble damages, and/or an injunction that could require us to materially modify certain features that we currently offer to consumers. We cannot predict with any degree of certainty the outcome of the suit or determine the extent of any potential liability or damages.

 Freedom Patents

 On April 7, 2023, Freedom Patents LLC filed a complaint against DISH Network and our wholly-owned subsidiaries DISH Network L.L.C. and Dish Network Service L.L.C. in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. The complaint alleges infringement of U.S. Patent No. 8,284,686 (the "686 Patent"), entitled "Antenna/Beam Selection Training in MIMO Wireless LANS with Different Sounding Frames"; U.S. Patent No. 8,374,096 (the "096 Patent"), entitled "Method for Selecting Antennas and Beams in MIMO Wireless LANs"; and U.S. Patent No. 8,514,815 (the "815 Patent"), entitled "Training Signals for Selecting Antennas and Beams in MIMO Wireless LANs." Similar complaints were also filed against Acer, Altice, Charter, Comcast and Verizon. In general, the asserted patents relate to the 802.11 wireless standard, and the products accused of infringement are the Wireless Joey, its access point, and certain Ring, Nest and Linksys products that we sell.

 On March 15, 2024, the Court denied the defendants' motion to transfer the case to the United States District Court for the District of Colorado. On May 24, 2024, the case was dismissed pursuant to a settlement under which DISH Network, DISH Network L.L.C. and Dish Network Service L.L.C. paid an immaterial amount. This matter is now concluded.

 Jones 401(k) Litigation

 On December 20, 2021, four former employees filed a class action complaint in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado against DISH Network, DISH Network's Board of Directors, and DISH Network's Retirement Plan Committee alleging fiduciary breaches arising from the management of our 401(k) Plan. The putative class, comprised of all participants in the Plan on or after January 20, 2016, alleges that the Plan had excessive recordkeeping and administrative expenses and that it maintained underperforming funds. On February 1, 2023, a Magistrate Judge issued a recommendation that the defendants' motion to dismiss the complaint be granted, and on March 27, 2023, the district court judge granted the motion. As permitted by the Court's order, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on April 10, 2023, which is limited to allegations regarding the alleged underperformance of the Fidelity Freedom Funds. On November 7, 2023, a Magistrate Judge issued a recommendation that the defendants' motion to dismiss the amended complaint be denied as to the duty to prudently monitor fund performance, but be granted as to the duty of loyalty and, on November 27, 2023, the district court judge entered an order adopting the recommendation. On March 1, 2024, by stipulation, the plaintiffs dismissed their claims against the Board of Directors and the Retirement Plan Committee, leaving DISH Network as the sole defendant. On April 30, 2024, pursuant to the parties' stipulation, the Court certified the proposed plaintiff class. On October 30, 2024, pursuant to the parties' stipulation, the Court stayed the litigation pending a mediation.

 DISH Network intends to vigorously defend this case. DISH Network cannot predict with any degree of certainty the outcome of the suit or determine the extent of any potential liability or damages.

 Lingam Securities Class Action (formerly Jaramillo)

 On March 23, 2023, a securities fraud class action complaint was filed against DISH Network and Messrs. Ergen, Carlson and Orban in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado. The complaint was brought on behalf of a putative class of purchasers of DISH Network's securities during the February 22, 2021 to February 27, 2023 class period. In general, the complaint alleged that DISH Network's public statements during that period were false and misleading and contained material omissions, because they did not disclose that DISH Network allegedly maintained a deficient cybersecurity and information technology infrastructure, were unable to properly secure customer data and DISH Network's operations were susceptible to widespread service outages.

 In August 2023, the Court appointed a new lead plaintiff and lead plaintiff's counsel, and, on October 20, 2023, they filed an amended complaint that abandoned the original allegations. In their amended complaint, plaintiffs allege that, during the class period, the defendants concealed problems concerning the 5G network buildout that prevented scaling and commercializing the network to obtain enterprise customers. The amended complaint added as individual defendants James S. Allen, DISH Network's Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer; John Swieringa, DISH Network's President, Technology and Chief Operating Officer; Dave Mayo, DISH Network's former Executive Vice President of Network Development; Marc Rouanne, DISH Network's former Executive Vice President and Chief Network Officer; and Stephen Bye, DISH Network's former Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer. After the defendants filed a motion to dismiss, the plaintiffs filed a further amended complaint, asserting the same theory, on February 23, 2024. The new complaint drops Erik Carlson, John Swieringa, Paul Orban and James Allen as individual defendants.

 DISH Network intends to vigorously defend this case. DISH Network cannot predict with any degree of certainty the outcome of the suit or determine the extent of any potential liability or damages.

 Quantum Technology Innovations LLC

 On June 5, 2024, Quantum Technology Innovations, LLC filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas against DISH Network alleging infringement of United States Patent No. 7,650,376, entitled "Content Distribution System for Distributing Content Over a Network, with Particular Applicability to Distributing High-Bandwidth Content." The plaintiff is an entity that seeks to license a patent portfolio without itself practicing any of the claims recited therein. On August 8, 2024, Quantum Technology Innovations dismissed its complaint without prejudice. This matter is now concluded.

 Realtime Data LLC and Realtime Adaptive Streaming LLC

 On June 6, 2017, Realtime Data LLC d/b/a IXO ("Realtime") filed an amended complaint in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (the "Original Texas Action") against EchoStar, DISH Network; our wholly-owned subsidiaries DISH Network L.L.C., DISH Technologies L.L.C. (then known as EchoStar Technologies L.L.C.), Sling TV L.L.C., Sling Media L.L.C. and EchoStar's wholly-owned subsidiary Hughes Network Systems, L.L.C. ("HNS"); and Arris Group, Inc. Realtime's initial complaint in the Original Texas Action, filed on February 14, 2017, had named only EchoStar and HNS as defendants.

 The amended complaint in the Original Texas Action alleges infringement of United States Patent No. 8,717,204 (the "204 patent"), entitled "Methods for encoding and decoding data"; United States Patent No. 9,054,728 (the "728 patent"), entitled "Data compression systems and methods"; United States Patent No. 7,358,867 (the "867 patent"), entitled "Content independent data compression method and system"; United States Patent No. 8,502,707 (the "707 patent"), entitled "Data compression systems and methods"; United States Patent No. 8,275,897 (the "897 patent"), entitled "System and methods for accelerated data storage and retrieval"; United States Patent No. 8,867,610 (the "610 patent"), entitled "System and methods for video and audio data distribution"; United States Patent No. 8,934,535 (the "535 patent"), entitled "Systems and methods for video and audio data storage and distribution"; and United States Patent No. 8,553,759 (the "759 patent"), entitled "Bandwidth sensitive data compression and decompression." Realtime alleges that DISH Network's, Sling TV L.L.C.'s, Sling Media L.L.C's and Arris Group, Inc.'s streaming video products and services compliant with various versions of the H.264 video compression standard infringe the 897 patent, the 610 patent and the 535 patent, and that the data compression system in HNS' products and services infringes the 204 patent, the 728 patent, the 867 patent, the 707 patent and the 759 patent.

 On July 19, 2017, the Court severed Realtime's claims against DISH Network, DISH Network L.L.C., Sling TV L.L.C., Sling Media L.L.C. and Arris Group, Inc. (alleging infringement of the 897 patent, the 610 patent and the 535 patent) from the Original Texas Action into a separate action in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (the "Second Texas Action"). On August 31, 2017, Realtime dismissed the claims against DISH Network, Sling TV L.L.C., Sling Media Inc., and Sling Media L.L.C. from the Second Texas Action and refiled these claims (alleging infringement of the 897 patent, the 610 patent and the 535 patent) against Sling TV L.L.C., Sling Media Inc., and Sling Media L.L.C. in a new action in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado (the "Colorado Action"). Also on August 31, 2017, Realtime dismissed DISH Technologies L.L.C. from the Original Texas Action, and on September 12, 2017, added it as a defendant in an amended complaint in the Second Texas Action. On November 6, 2017, Realtime filed a joint motion to dismiss the Second Texas Action without prejudice, which the Court entered on November 8, 2017.

 On October 10, 2017, Realtime Adaptive Streaming LLC ("Realtime Adaptive Streaming") filed suit against our wholly-owned subsidiaries DISH Network L.L.C. and DISH Technologies L.L.C., as well as Arris Group, Inc., in a new action in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (the "Third Texas Action"), alleging infringement of the 610 patent and the 535 patent. Also on October 10, 2017, an amended complaint was filed in the Colorado Action, substituting Realtime Adaptive Streaming as the plaintiff instead of Realtime, and alleging infringement of only the 610 patent and the 535 patent, but not the 897 patent. On November 6, 2017, Realtime Adaptive Streaming filed a joint motion to dismiss the Third Texas Action without prejudice, which the court entered on November 8, 2017. Also on November 6, 2017, Realtime Adaptive Streaming filed a second amended complaint in the Colorado Action, adding our wholly-owned subsidiaries DISH Network L.L.C. and DISH Technologies L.L.C., as well as Arris Group, Inc., as defendants.

 As a result, neither DISH Network nor any of its subsidiaries is a defendant in the Original Texas Action; the Court has dismissed without prejudice the Second Texas Action and the Third Texas Action; and our wholly-owned subsidiaries DISH Network L.L.C., DISH Technologies L.L.C., Sling TV L.L.C. and Sling Media L.L.C. as well as Arris Group, Inc., are defendants in the Colorado Action, which now has Realtime Adaptive Streaming as the named plaintiff. Following settlements with the plaintiff, EchoStar and HNS were dismissed from the Original Texas Action in February 2019, and Arris Group, Inc. was dismissed from the Colorado Action in March 2021.

 On July 3, 2018, Sling TV L.L.C., Sling Media L.L.C., DISH Network L.L.C., and DISH Technologies L.L.C. filed petitions with the United States Patent and Trademark Office challenging the validity of each of the asserted patents. On January 31, 2019, the United States Patent and Trademark Office agreed to institute proceedings on DISH Network's petitions, and it held trial on the petitions on December 5, 2019. On January 17, 2020, the United States Patent and Trademark Office terminated the petitions as time-barred, but issued a final written decision invalidating the 535 patent to third parties that had timely joined in DISH Network's petition (and, on January 10, 2020, issued a final written decision invalidating the 535 patent in connection with a third party's independent petition). On March 16, 2020, Sling TV L.L.C., Sling Media L.L.C., DISH Network L.L.C., and DISH Technologies L.L.C. filed a notice of appeal from the terminated petitions to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. On June 29, 2020, the United States Patent and Trademark Office filed a notice of intervention in the appeal. On March 16, 2021, the Court of Appeals dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction. On April 29, 2021, Sling TV L.L.C., Sling Media L.L.C., DISH Network L.L.C., and DISH Technologies L.L.C. filed a petition for rehearing, which was denied on June 28, 2021. On January 12, 2021, Realtime Adaptive Streaming filed a notice of dismissal of its claims on the 535 patent.

 On July 30, 2021, the District Court granted summary judgment in favor of DISH Network L.L.C., DISH Technologies L.L.C., Sling TV L.L.C. and Sling Media L.L.C., holding that the remaining asserted patent, the 610 patent, is invalid because it claims patent-ineligible abstract subject matter. Realtime Adaptive Streaming appealed that ruling to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, and on May 11, 2023, that Court affirmed the District Court's summary judgment order. Independently, on September 21, 2021, in connection with an ex parte reexamination of the validity of the 610 patent, an examiner at the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued a final office action rejecting each asserted claim of the 610 patent as invalid over the cited prior art. On April 19, 2023, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board rejected Realtime Adaptive Streaming's appeal and affirmed the examiner's rejection of the asserted claims of the 610 patent. Realtime did not further appeal the Patent Trial and Appeal Board's determination and, thus, the asserted claims of the 610 patent were canceled. As a result, DISH Network L.L.C., DISH Technologies L.L.C., Sling TV L.L.C. and Sling Media L.L.C. no longer face any possible exposure from this matter, and the liability phase of this case is concluded.

 On January 21, 2022, the District Court granted the motion by DISH Network L.L.C., DISH Technologies L.L.C., Sling TV L.L.C. and Sling Media L.L.C. to have the case declared "exceptional," and on September 20, 2022, awarded them $ 3.9 million in attorneys' fees. Realtime Adaptive Streaming filed a notice of appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit from the exceptionality and fee award orders, and on August 23, 2024, that Court vacated the exceptionality finding and remanded for further consideration of the issue. On November 26, 2024, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit denied DISH Network L.L.C., DISH Technologies L.L.C., Sling TV L.L.C. and Sling Media L.L.C.'s petition seeking rehearing en banc. On February 5, 2024, on remand, the District Court denied the motion to declare the case exceptional. On March 6, 2025, DISH Network L.L.C., DISH Technologies L.L.C., Sling TV L.L.C. and Sling Media L.L.C. filed a notice of appeal of that order.

 SafeCast Limited

 On June 27, 2022, SafeCast Limited filed a complaint against DISH Network in the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas. The complaint alleges that DISH Network infringes U.S. Patent No. 9,392,302, entitled "System for providing improved facilities in time-shifted broadcasts" (the "302 patent"). On the same day, it brought complaints in the same court asserting infringement of the same patent against AT&T, Google, HBO, NBCUniversal, Paramount and Verizon. On October 24, 2022, in response to the parties' joint motion, the Court ordered the case against DISH Network transferred to the United States District Court for the District of Colorado. On December 1, 2022, SafeCast filed an amended complaint naming our wholly-owned subsidiaries DISH Network L.L.C. and DISH Technologies L.L.C. as defendants and withdrawing the allegations as to DISH Network. The plaintiff is an entity that seeks to license a patent portfolio without itself practicing any of the claims recited therein.

 On June 22, 2023, DISH Network L.L.C. and DISH Technologies L.L.C. filed a petition with the United States Patent and Trademark Office challenging the validity of the asserted claims of the 302 patent, and on June 26, 2024, the United States Patent and Trademark Office agreed to institute proceedings on that petition. On August 28, 2023, the Court stayed the case pending resolution of the petition. On October 3, 2024, in connection with a third party's petition citing different prior art, the United States Patent and Trademark Office invalidated all claims asserted against DISH Network L.L.C. and DISH Technologies L.L.C. Because SafeCast Limited did not appeal that decision, on January 27, 2025, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued a certificate canceling the challenged claims.

 We intend to vigorously defend this case. In the event that a court ultimately determines that we infringe the asserted patent, we may be subject to substantial damages, which may include treble damages, and/or an injunction that could require us to materially modify certain features that we currently offer to consumers. We cannot predict with any degree of certainty the outcome of the suit or determine the extent of any potential liability or damages.

 Sound View Innovations, LLC

 On December 30, 2019, Sound View Innovations, LLC filed one complaint against our wholly-owned subsidiaries DISH Network L.L.C. and DISH Technologies L.L.C. and a second complaint against our wholly-owned subsidiary Sling TV L.L.C. in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado. The complaint against DISH Network L.L.C. and DISH Technologies L.L.C. alleges infringement of United States Patent No 6,502,133 (the "133 patent"), entitled "Real-Time Event Processing System with Analysis Engine Using Recovery Information" and both complaints allege infringement of United States Patent No. 6,708,213 (the "213 patent), entitled "Method for Streaming Multimedia Information Over Public Networks"; United States Patent No. 6,757,796 (the "796 patent"), entitled "Method and System for Caching Streaming Live Broadcasts transmitted Over a Network"; and United States Patent No. 6,725,456 (the "456 patent"), entitled "Methods and Apparatus for Ensuring Quality of Service in an Operating System." All but the 133 patent are also asserted in the complaint against Sling TV L.L.C. The plaintiff is an entity that seeks to license a patent portfolio without itself practicing any of the claims recited therein.

 On May 21, 2020, June 3, 2020, June 5, 2020 and July 10, 2020, DISH Network L.L.C., DISH Technologies L.L.C. and Sling TV L.L.C. filed petitions with the United States Patent and Trademark Office challenging the validity of, respectively, the 213 patent, the 133 patent, the 456 patent and the 796 patent. On November 25, 2020, the United States Patent and Trademark Office declined to review the validity of the 213 patent, and on September 29, 2021, denied a request for rehearing of that decision. On January 19, 2021, the United States Patent and Trademark Office agreed to institute proceedings on the 456 patent but declined to review the 133 patent. On February 24, 2021, the United States Patent and Trademark Office agreed to institute proceedings on the 796 patent. On January 18, 2022, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued a final written decision holding that the challenged claim of the 456 patent is patentable, and on February 8, 2022, it issued a final written decision holding that the challenged claims of the 796 patent are patentable.

 On March 22, 2022, DISH Network L.L.C., DISH Technologies L.L.C. and Sling TV L.L.C. filed a notice of appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit from the adverse final written decision regarding the 456 patent, and on April 8, 2022, they filed a notice of appeal to the same court from the adverse final written decision regarding the 796 patent. The appeal on the 456 patent was voluntarily dismissed on December 6, 2022. The Federal Circuit heard oral argument on the 796 patent appeal on October 3, 2023, and affirmed the United States Patent and Trademark Office's adverse final written decision on October 5, 2023.

 On April 20, 2022, DISH Network L.L.C., DISH Technologies L.L.C. and Sling TV L.L.C. filed a petition with the United States Patent and Trademark Office requesting ex parte reexamination of the validity of one of the asserted claims of the 213 patent, and reexamination was ordered on June 16, 2022. On November 13, 2023, the United States Patent and Trademark Office confirmed the patentability of the challenged claim. On January 18, 2023, DISH Network L.L.C., DISH Technologies L.L.C. and Sling TV L.L.C. filed a second petition requesting ex parte reexamination of the validity of the four other asserted claims of the 213 patent, reexamination was ordered on April 17, 2023 and it remains pending. On October 17, 2024, the Court ordered that the stay of the case, which had been entered for the pendency of the original petitions before the United States Patent and Trademark Office, would remain in place pending the outcome of Sound View's appeal in a parallel action against Hulu.

 We intend to vigorously defend these cases. In the event that a court ultimately determines that we infringe the asserted patents, we may be subject to substantial damages, which may include treble damages, and/or an injunction that could require us to materially modify certain features that we currently offer to consumers. We cannot predict with any degree of certainty the outcome of the suit or determine the extent of any potential liability or damages.

 TQ Delta, LLC

 On July 17, 2015, TQ Delta, LLC ("TQ Delta") filed a complaint against us, DISH Network and our wholly-owned subsidiary DISH Network L.L.C. in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware. The Complaint alleges infringement of United States Patent No. 6,961,369 (the "369 patent"), which is entitled "System and Method for Scrambling the Phase of the Carriers in a Multicarrier Communications System"; United States Patent No. 8,718,158 (the "158 patent"), which is entitled "System and Method for Scrambling the Phase of the Carriers in a Multicarrier Communications System"; United States Patent No. 9,014,243 (the "243 patent"), which is entitled "System and Method for Scrambling Using a Bit Scrambler and a Phase Scrambler"; United States Patent No. 7,835,430 (the "430 patent"), which is entitled "Multicarrier Modulation Messaging for Frequency Domain Received Idle Channel Noise Information"; United States Patent No. 8,238,412 (the "412 patent"), which is entitled "Multicarrier Modulation Messaging for Power Level per Subchannel Information"; United States Patent No. 8,432,956 (the "956 patent"), which is entitled "Multicarrier Modulation Messaging for Power Level per Subchannel Information"; and United States Patent No. 8,611,404 (the "404 patent"), which is entitled "Multicarrier Transmission System with Low Power Sleep Mode and Rapid-On Capability."

 On September 9, 2015, TQ Delta filed a first amended complaint that added allegations of infringement of United States Patent No. 9,094,268 (the "268 patent"), which is entitled "Multicarrier Transmission System With Low Power Sleep Mode and Rapid-On Capability." On May 16, 2016, TQ Delta filed a second amended complaint that added EchoStar Corporation and its then wholly-owned subsidiary EchoStar Technologies L.L.C. as defendants. TQ Delta alleges that our satellite TV service, Internet service, set-top boxes, gateways, routers, modems, adapters and networks that operate in accordance with one or more Multimedia over Coax Alliance Standards infringe the asserted patents.

 TQ Delta has filed actions in the same court alleging infringement of the same patents against Comcast Corp., Cox Communications, Inc., DirecTV, Time Warner Cable Inc. and Verizon Communications, Inc. TQ Delta is an entity that seeks to license an acquired patent portfolio without itself practicing any of the claims recited therein.

 On July 14, 2016, TQ Delta stipulated to dismiss with prejudice all claims related to the 369 patent and the 956 patent. On July 20, 2016, DISH Network filed petitions with the United States Patent and Trademark Office challenging the validity of all of the patent claims of the 404 patent and the 268 patent that have been asserted against DISH Network. Third parties filed petitions with the United States Patent and Trademark Office challenging the validity of all of the patent claims that have been asserted against us in the action. On November 4, 2016, the United States Patent and Trademark Office agreed to institute proceedings on the third-party petitions related to the 158 patent, the 243 patent, the 412 patent and the 430 patent.

 On December 20, 2016, pursuant to a stipulation of the parties, the Court stayed the case until the resolution of all petitions to the United States Patent and Trademark Office challenging the validity of all of the patent claims at issue. On January 19, 2017, the United States Patent and Trademark Office granted DISH Network's motions to join the instituted petitions on the 430 and 158 patents.

 On February 9, 2017, the United States Patent and Trademark Office agreed to institute proceedings on DISH Network's petition related to the 404 patent, and on February 13, 2017, the United States Patent and Trademark Office agreed to institute proceedings on our petition related to the 268 patent. On February 27, 2017, the United States Patent and Trademark Office granted DISH Network's motions to join the instituted petitions on the 243 and 412 patents. On October 26, 2017, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued final written decisions on the petitions challenging the 158 patent, the 243 patent, the 412 patent and the 430 patent, and it invalidated all of the asserted claims of those patents.

 On February 7, 2018, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued final written decisions on the petitions challenging the 404 patent, and it invalidated all of the asserted claims of that patent on the basis of DISH Network's petition. On February 10, 2018, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued a final written decision on DISH Network's petition challenging the 268 patent, and it invalidated all of the asserted claims.

 On March 12, 2018, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued a final written decision on a third-party petition challenging the 268 patent, and it invalidated all of the asserted claims. TQ Delta filed notices of appeal from the final written decisions adverse to it. On May 9, 2019, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the invalidity of the 430 patent and the 412 patent. On July 10, 2019, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the invalidity of the asserted claims of the 404 patent. On July 15, 2019, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the invalidity of the asserted claims of the 268 patent. On November 22, 2019, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit reversed the invalidity finding on the 243 patent and the 158 patent, and then, on March 29, 2020, denied a petition for panel rehearing as to those findings. On April 13, 2021, the Court lifted the stay, and the case is proceeding on the 243 patent and the 158 patent. On April 23 and April 26, 2021, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued orders granting requests for ex parte reexamination of, respectively, the 243 patent and the 158 patent, but on July 27, 2023 and October 11, 2023, respectively, the United States Patent and Trademark Office confirmed the challenged claims of the 243 patent and the 158 patent. In a proposed supplemental report, TQ Delta's damages expert contends that TQ Delta is entitled to $ 251 million in damages.

 We intend to vigorously defend this case. In the event that a court ultimately determines that we infringe the asserted patents, we may be subject to substantial damages, which may include treble damages, and/or an injunction that could require us to materially modify certain features that we currently offer to consumers. We cannot predict with any degree of certainty the outcome of the suit or determine the extent of any potential liability or damages.

 Uniloc 2017 LLC

 On January 31, 2019, Uniloc 2017 LLC ("Uniloc") filed a complaint against our wholly-owned subsidiary Sling TV L.L.C. in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado. The Complaint alleges infringement of United States Patent No. 6,519,005 (the "005 patent"), which is entitled "Method of Concurrent Multiple-Mode Motion Estimation for Digital Video"; United States Patent No. 6,895,118 (the "118 patent"), which is entitled "Method of Coding Digital Image Based on Error Concealment"; United States Patent No. 9,721,273 (the "273 patent"), which is entitled "System and Method for Aggregating and Providing Audio and Visual Presentations Via a Computer Network"); and United States Patent No. 8,407,609 (the "609 patent"), which is entitled "System and Method for Providing and Tracking the Provision of Audio and Visual Presentations Via a Computer Network." Uniloc is an entity that seeks to license an acquired patent portfolio without itself practicing any of the claims recited therein.

 On June 25, 2019, Sling TV L.L.C. filed a petition with the United States Patent and Trademark Office challenging the validity of all of the asserted claims of the 005 patent. On July 19, 2019 and July 22, 2019, respectively, Sling TV L.L.C. filed petitions with the United States Patent and Trademark Office challenging the validity of all asserted claims of the 273 patent and the 609 patent. On August 12, 2019, Sling TV L.L.C. filed a petition with the United States Patent and Trademark Office challenging the validity of all of the asserted claims of the 118 patent. On October 18, 2019, pursuant to a stipulation of the parties, the Court entered a stay of the trial proceedings.

 On January 9, 2020, the United States Patent and Trademark Office agreed to institute proceedings on the petition challenging the 005 patent. On January 15, 2020, the United States Patent and Trademark Office agreed to institute proceedings on the petition challenging the 273 patent. On February 4, 2020, the United States Patent and Trademark Office agreed to institute proceedings on the petition challenging the 609 patent. On February 25, 2020, the United States Patent and Trademark Office declined to institute proceedings on the petition challenging the 118 patent.

 On December 28, 2020, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued a final written decision upholding the validity of the challenged claims of the 273 patent. Sling TV L.L.C. appealed that decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, and on February 2, 2022, the Federal Circuit vacated the final written decision and remanded to the United States Patent and Trademark Office to reconsider its ruling. On remand, on September 7, 2022, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued a revised final written decision finding all challenged claims of the 273 patent invalid. Uniloc filed a notice of appeal of that revised final written decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and on September 4, 2024, that court affirmed the United States Patent and Trademark Office's invalidity finding.

 On January 5, 2021, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued a final written decision invalidating all challenged claims of the 005 patent. On January 19, 2021, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued a final written decision invalidating all challenged claims of the 609 patent (and a second final written decision invalidating all challenged claims of the 609 patent based on a third party's petition). Uniloc did not appeal those decisions. Thus, the sole remaining asserted patent is the 118 patent.

 We intend to vigorously defend this case. In the event that a court ultimately determines that we infringe the asserted patents, we may be subject to substantial damages, which may include treble damages, and/or an injunction that could require us to materially modify certain features that we currently offer to consumers. We cannot predict with any degree of certainty the outcome of the suit or determine the extent of any potential liability or damages.

 U.S. Bank Trust Company

 On April 26, 2024, U.S. Bank Trust Company, in its capacity as Trustee under the Indentures for DISH DBS Corporation's 5.75 % Senior Secured Notes due 2028 and 7.75 % Senior Notes due 2026, filed an action in state court in New York City against DISH DBS Corporation, DISH Network L.L.C., EchoStar Intercompany Receivable Company L.L.C., DISH DBS Issuer LLC, and DBS Intercompany Receivable L.L.C. In its complaint, the Trustee contends that certain intracompany asset transfers in January 2024 breached the Indentures for those Notes, and that the transfers were intentional and constructive fraudulent transfers under the Colorado Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act. The Trustee seeks a declaratory judgment that DISH DBS Corporation breached the Indentures and that an Event of Default occurred under the DBS Indentures. It further asks the Court to unwind certain intracompany asset transfers and to award damages. On May 13, 2024, the defendants removed the case to the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and, on June 28, 2024, filed a motion to dismiss the complaint. Rather than opposing the motion, on July 18, 2024, the Trustee filed a first amended complaint, which added a new declaratory judgment claim challenging certain intercompany advances and new factual allegations challenging a certification of compliance with the DBS Indentures. On January 22, 2025, with permission from the Court, the Trustee filed a second amended complaint, which added allegations regarding our New DISH DBS Financing, a related intercompany loan, and the DIRECTV Transaction.

 We intend to vigorously defend this case. We cannot predict with any degree of certainty the outcome of the suit or determine the extent of any potential liability or damages.

 Vermont National Telephone Company

 On September 23, 2016, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia unsealed a qui tam complaint that, on May 13, 2015, Vermont National Telephone Company ("Vermont National") filed against DISH Network; DISH Network's wholly-owned subsidiaries, American AWS-3 Wireless I L.L.C., American II, American III, and DISH Wireless Holding L.L.C.; Charles W. Ergen (DISH Network's Chairman) and Cantey M. Ergen (a member of DISH Network's Board of Directors, at that time); Northstar Wireless; Northstar Spectrum; Northstar Manager, LLC; SNR Wireless; SNR HoldCo; SNR Wireless Management, LLC; and certain other parties. The complaint alleges violations of the federal civil False Claims Act (the "FCA") based on, among other things, allegations that Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless falsely claimed bidding credits of 25 % in the AWS-3 Auction when they were allegedly under the de facto control of DISH Network and, therefore, were not entitled to the bidding credits as designated entities under applicable FCC rules. Vermont National participated in the AWS-3 Auction through its wholly-owned subsidiary, VTel Wireless. The complaint was unsealed after the United States Department of Justice notified the District Court that it had declined to intervene in the action. Vermont National seeks to recover on behalf of the United States government approximately $ 10 billion, which reflects the $ 3.3 billion in bidding credits that Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless claimed in the AWS-3 Auction, trebled under the FCA. Vermont National also seeks civil penalties of not less than $ 5,500 and not more than $ 11,000 for each violation of the FCA. On March 2, 2017, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia entered a stay of the litigation until such time as the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (the "D.C. Circuit") issued its opinion in SNR Wireless LicenseCo, LLC, et al. v. F.C.C. The D.C. Circuit issued its opinion on August 29, 2017 and remanded the matter to the FCC for further proceedings.

 Thereafter, the District Court maintained the stay until October 26, 2018. On February 11, 2019, the District Court granted Vermont National's unopposed motion for leave to file an amended complaint. On March 28, 2019, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss Vermont National's amended complaint, and on March 23, 2021, the District Court granted the motion to dismiss. On April 21, 2021, Vermont National filed a notice of appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit and, on May 17, 2022, that court reversed the District Court's dismissal of the complaint. On June 16, 2022, the Defendants-Appellees filed a petition for rehearing or rehearing en banc, but on August 17, 2022, that petition was denied.

 On August 25, 2023, the FCC provided a sworn declaration stating that "the FCC considers SNR and Northstar to have fully and timely satisfied their obligations to pay money to the Government arising from the AWS-3 Auction." On that basis, on September 22, 2023, the Defendants filed a motion seeking partial summary judgment of no damages. On September 26, 2023, the Court denied the motion as premature. On March 8, 2024, the United States filed a motion to exercise its statutory prerogative to intervene in the case for the purpose of moving to dismiss it with prejudice, stating that the case is "unlikely to vindicate the United States' interests and would needlessly expend the Government's and this Court's resources." On November 21, 2024, a magistrate judge held a hearing on the motion.

 DISH Network intends to vigorously defend this case. DISH Network cannot predict with any degree of certainty the outcome of this proceeding or determine the extent of any potential liability or damages.

 Other

 In addition to the above actions, we are subject to various other legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, including, among other things, disputes with programmers regarding fees. In our opinion, the amount of ultimate liability with respect to any of these actions is unlikely to materially affect our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity, though the outcomes could be material to our operating results for any particular period, depending, in part, upon the operating results for such period.

 13. Segment Reporting

 We currently operate one primary business segment, Pay-TV. See Note 1 for further information. Our chief operating decision maker ("CODM") is our President and Chief Executive Officer. "OIBDA," defined as "Operating income (loss)" plus "Depreciation and amortization," is the primary measure used by our CODM to evaluate segment operating performance. The CODM regularly reviews budget-to-actual variances of OIBDA when evaluating segment performance and allocating resources to each segment. The CODM is not regularly provided assets on a segment basis; therefore, such information is not presented.

 Pay-TV

 2024

 2023

 2022

 (in thousands)

 Revenue

 Revenue from external customers:

 Service revenue

 $

 10,564,288

 $

 11,320,526

 $

 12,281,346

 Equipment sales and other revenue

 53,749

 153,699

 96,862

 Total Revenue

 10,618,037

 11,474,225

 12,378,208

 Operating Expenses

 Cost of services:

 Programming

 5,056,847

 5,298,052

 5,581,395

 Connectivity services (1)

 399,844

 416,739

 420,255

 Other (2)

 1,234,958

 1,385,752

 1,525,913

 Total cost of services

 6,691,649

 7,100,543

 7,527,563

 Cost of services - equipment and other

 73,384

 78,219

 79,905

 Selling, general and administrative expenses:

 Subscriber acquisition costs

 425,227

 687,333

 879,527

 General and administrative expenses

 639,317

 688,575

 714,196

 Total selling, general and administrative expenses

 1,064,544

 1,375,908

 1,593,723

 Impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill

 —

 6,457

 —

 OIBDA (3)

 2,788,460

 2,913,098

 3,177,017

 Total costs and expenses

 8,105,608

 8,876,787

 9,555,552

 Operating income (loss)

 $

 2,512,429

 $

 2,597,438

 $

 2,822,656

 Unallocated Amounts

 Interest income

 306,669

 464,939

 440,412

 Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized

 ( 816,494)

 ( 753,162)

 ( 871,530)

 ( 65,174)

 4,466

 Total other income (expense)

 ( 574,999)

 ( 287,705)

 ( 426,652)

 Income (loss) before income taxes

 1,937,430

 2,309,733

 2,396,004

 Income tax (provision) benefit, net

 ( 489,850)

 ( 565,104)

 ( 585,259)

 $

 $

 $

 Purchases of property and equipment, net of refunds

 $

 88,756

 $

 132,607

 $

 122,477

 (1)
 "Connectivity services" is the cost to deliver our services and products to customers, which includes, among other things, satellite and transmission, and other related costs.

 (2)
 "Other" primarily consists of variable costs including call center, manufacturing, dealer incentive, bad debt, billing and other variable costs, as well as costs to retain our subscribers.

 (3)
 OIBDA is a non-GAAP measure and does not purport to be an alternative to operating income (loss) as a measure of operating performance. We believe this measure is useful to management, investors and other users of our financial information in evaluating operating profitability of our business segments on a more variable cost basis as it excludes the depreciation and amortization expenses related primarily to capital expenditures and acquisitions for those business segments, as well as in evaluating operating performance in relation to our competitors.

 Geographic Information. Revenue is attributed to geographic regions based upon the customer billing location. Long-lived assets are associated with the geographic regions based upon the location where the asset resides. All revenue was derived from North America, with all service revenue coming from the United States. Substantially all of our long-lived assets reside in the United States.

 The revenue from external customers disaggregated by major revenue source was as follows:

 Category:

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Pay-TV subscriber and related revenue

 $

 10,564,288

 $

 11,320,526

 $

 12,281,346

 Pay-TV equipment sales and other revenue

 53,749

 153,699

 96,862

 Total

 $

 10,618,037

 $

 11,474,225

 $

 12,378,208

 14. Revenue Recognition

 Contract Balances

 Our allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Balance at beginning of period

 $

 34,884

 $

 40,642

 $

 32,861

 Current period provision for expected credit losses

 56,628

 56,047

 75,245

 Write-offs charged against allowance

 ( 49,242)

 ( 61,805)

 ( 67,464)

 Balance at end of period

 $

 42,270

 $

 34,884

 $

 40,642

 Contract liabilities arise when we bill our customers and receive consideration in advance of providing the service. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue when the service has been provided to the customer. Contract liabilities are recorded in "Deferred revenue and other" and "Long-term deferred revenue and other long-term liabilities" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 The following table summarizes our contract liability balances:

 2024

 2023

 Contract liabilities

 $

 386,638

 $

 427,319

 Our beginning of period contract liability recorded as customer contract revenue during 2024 was $ 425 million.

 Performance Obligations

 We apply a practical expedient and do not disclose the value of the remaining performance obligations for contracts that are less than one year in duration, which represent a substantial majority of our revenue. As such, the amount of revenue related to unsatisfied performance obligations is not necessarily indicative of our future revenue.

 Contract Acquisition Costs

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Balance at beginning of period

 $

 175,685

 $

 230,146

 $

 298,112

 Additions

 69,130

 71,931

 86,740

 Amortization expense

 ( 96,643)

 ( 126,392)

 ( 154,706)

 Balance at end of period

 $

 148,172

 $

 175,685

 $

 230,146

 15. Related Party Transactions

 Related Party Transactions with DISH Network, our parent, and EchoStar, our ultimate parent.

 The following table summarizes our notes receivable balances with DISH Network:

 As of December 31, 2024

 Notes Receivable - DISH Network

 Principal

 Accrued Interest Receivable

 Intercompany Loan - DISH Network - 2028 Tranche

 $

 2,844,401

 $

 14,222

 Q2 2024 Notes Receivable - DISH Network (1)

 1,576,518

 —

 Q3 2024 Notes Receivable - DISH Network (1)

 492,770

 —

 Total Notes Receivable - DISH Network

 $

 4,913,689

 $

 14,222

 (1)
 Interest is recorded monthly as paid in kind.

 "Intercompany Loan – DISH Network"

 Concurrently with the issuance of the 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 and the 5 3/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 (our "Senior Secured Notes") and using the proceeds thereof, we made the Intercompany Loan to DISH Network to be used by DISH Network to finance the purchase of certain wireless spectrum licenses and for general corporate purposes, including the buildout of wireless infrastructure. The Intercompany Loan is secured by: (i) the cash proceeds of the loan and (ii) an interest in the wireless spectrum licenses acquired using such proceeds. Such collateral may be replaced by other then-existing wireless spectrum licenses held directly or indirectly by DISH Network of equivalent value (based upon a third-party valuation). The Intercompany Loan will mature in two tranches, with the first tranche maturing on December 1, 2026 (the "2026 Tranche") and the second tranche maturing on December 1, 2028 (the "2028 Tranche"). The aggregate principal amount of the Intercompany Loan was initially $ 5.250 billion, and on February 11, 2022, we advanced an additional $ 1.5 billion to DISH Network under the 2026 Tranche. Interest accrues and is payable semiannually, and interest payments with respect to the Intercompany Loan are, at DISH Network's option, payable in kind for the first two years. In the third year, beginning November 2023, a minimum of 50 % of each interest payment due with respect to each tranche of the Intercompany Loan must be paid in cash. Thereafter, beginning in November 2024, interest payments must be paid in cash. Interest accrues: (a) when paid in cash, at a fixed rate of 0.25 % per annum in excess of the interest rate applicable to, in the case of the 2026 Tranche, the 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2026, and in the case of the 2028 Tranche, the 5 3/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 (each, the "Cash Accrual Rate" with respect to the applicable tranche); and (b) when paid in kind, at a rate of 0.50 % per annum in excess of the Cash Accrual Rate for the applicable tranche.

 The Intercompany Loan is repayable by DISH Network in whole or in part, at any time or from time to time, at a price equal to 100 % of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued but unpaid interest thereon. We may use the proceeds of any such pre-payment for general corporate purposes, including refinancing of indebtedness, but may not use any such prepaid amounts to make a cash dividend or distribution to DISH Network prior to the repayment in full of the Intercompany Loan. The 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 and the 5 3/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 are subordinated to our existing and certain future unsecured notes with respect to certain realizations under the Intercompany Loan and any collateral pledged as security therefor. Any material amendments or modifications to the terms of the Intercompany Loan will require the written consent of the holders of a majority of the then-outstanding 5 1/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 and the 5 3/4% Senior Secured Notes due 2028.

 As of December 31, 2023, the receivable including capitalized paid in kind interest was $ 7.496 billion. On January 10, 2024, we, in our capacity as "Lender" under the terms of the Loan and Security Agreement related to the Intercompany Loan between DISH Network and us, have consummated the assignment pursuant to such terms, without any modification or amendment thereto, of our receivable in respect to the 2026 Tranche of $ 4.7 billion to DBS Intercompany Receivable L.L.C. DBS Intercompany Receivable L.L.C. has subsequently assigned its rights as lender thereunder to EchoStar Intercompany Receivable Company L.L.C., our ultimate parent, EchoStar's direct wholly-owned subsidiary, such that amounts owed in respect of the 2026 Tranche will now be paid by DISH Network to EchoStar Intercompany Receivable L.L.C.

 During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded $ 179 million and $ 441 million, respectively, of "Interest income" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, "Notes Receivable – DISH Network, including interest" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets related to the Intercompany Loan – 2028 Tranche was $ 2.844 billion and $ 7.496 billion, respectively, including interest paid in kind, respectively. In addition, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, "Interest receivable – DISH Network" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets was $ 14 million which must be paid in cash and $ 37 million ($ 18 million which was paid in cash and $ 19 million which was paid in kind), respectively.

 "Q2 2024 Notes Receivable – DISH Network"

 Our ordinary course business practice routinely involves entities within our corporate family making intercompany loans, which are part of our routine cash management system, and consistent with many years of past practice. Such advances are obligations of the recipient entity and an asset of the advancing entity within our corporate family, and historically are short duration in nature. Effective for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, we and DISH Network determined that the balance of such intercompany loans previously classified as current "Advances to affiliates" on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets had become longer-term in nature.

 As a result, in June 2024, we and DISH Network entered into an intercompany loan (the "Q2 2024 Notes Receivable – DISH Network") with an initial principal amount of $ 1.508 billion. The Q2 2024 Notes Receivable – DISH Network matures on August 13, 2028. Interest accrues and is payable monthly and interest payments shall be payable "in kind" and shall be added to the principal amount of the loan on each interest payment date. The interest rate with respect to the Q2 2024 Notes Receivable – DISH Network is at a variable rate subject to adjustments based on, among other things, the weighted average cost of borrowing. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded $ 74 million of "Interest income" related to the above on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of December 31, 2024, the total Q2 2024 Notes Receivable – DISH Network amount outstanding plus interest paid in kind was $ 1.577 billion. This is recorded in "Notes Receivable – DISH Network, including interest" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 "Q3 2024 Notes Receivable – DISH Network"

 During the quarter ended September 30, 2024, we and DISH Network entered into an intercompany loan (the "Q3 2024 Notes Receivable – DISH Network") with an initial principal amount of $ 481 million. The Q3 2024 Notes Receivable – DISH Network matures on November 13, 2028. Interest accrues and is payable monthly and interest payments shall be payable "in kind" and shall be added to the principal amount of the loan on each interest payment date. The interest rate with respect to the Q3 2024 Notes Receivable – DISH Network is at a variable rate subject to adjustments based on, among other things, the weighted average cost of borrowing. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded $ 13 million of "Interest income" related to the above on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of December 31, 2024, the total Q3 2024 Notes Receivable – DISH Network amount outstanding plus interest paid in kind was $ 493 million. This is recorded in "Notes Receivable – DISH Network, including interest" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 "Cost of services"

 During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we incurred $ 209 million, $ 206 million and $ 194 million, respectively, for satellite capacity leased from DISH Network and TT&C and other professional services provided to us by DISH Network. DISH Network is a supplier of the vast majority of our transponder capacity. These amounts are recorded in "Cost of services" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). The agreements pertaining to these expenses are discussed below.

 Satellite Capacity Leased from DISH Network. We lease satellite capacity on satellites owned or leased by DISH Network from a wholly-owned subsidiary of DISH Network. See "Satellites" in Note 6 for further information. The term of each lease is set forth below:

 EchoStar X, XI, XIV and XVI. We lease all available capacity on the EchoStar X, XI, XIV and XVI satellites from a wholly-owned subsidiary of DISH Network. The term of each satellite capacity agreement generally terminates upon the earlier of: (i) the end-of-life of the satellite; (ii) the date the satellite fails; or (iii) a certain date, which depends upon, among other things, the estimated useful life of the satellite. We generally have the option to renew each satellite capacity agreement on a year-to-year basis through the end of the respective satellite's life.

 EchoStar XXIII. On March 1, 2023, we began leasing certain capacity on the EchoStar XXIII satellite from a wholly-owned subsidiary of DISH Network on a month to month basis.

 Nimiq 5. DISH Network had a 15-year satellite service agreement with Telesat Canada ("Telesat") to receive service on all 32 DBS transponders on the Nimiq 5 satellite at the 72.7 degree orbital location with the option to renew on a year-to-year basis through the end-of-life of the Nimiq 5 satellite. We were receiving transponder service on all 32 of the DBS transponders on this satellite from DISH Network. As discussed in Note 6, "Property and Equipment and Intangible Assets," the Nimiq 5 lease was accounted for as a finance lease until the fourth quarter of 2024. Expenses related to this lease were recorded in "Depreciation and amortization" and "Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we recorded $ 26 million, $ 34 million and $ 34 million of "Depreciation and amortization" expense related to Nimiq 5, respectively, and $ 1 million, $ 5 million and $ 8 million of "Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized," respectively. During October 2024, DISH Network extended the Nimiq 5 lease and, as a result of the new terms, our lease is accounted for as an operating lease. We are currently receiving transponder service on 31 of the DBS transponders on this satellite from DISH Network and this number will periodically decrease down to 16 transponders in 2026.

 TT&C Agreement. We receive TT&C services from a wholly-owned subsidiary of EchoStar for certain satellites (the "TT&C Agreement"). The fees for services provided under the TT&C Agreement are calculated at either: (i) a fixed fee; or (ii) cost plus a fixed margin, which will vary depending on the nature of the services provided. We and EchoStar are able to terminate the TT&C Agreement for any reason upon 12 months ' notice.

 "Selling, general and administrative expenses"

 During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we incurred $ 23 million, $ 9 million and $ 11 million, respectively, for selling, general and administrative expenses for services provided to us by EchoStar. These amounts are recorded in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

 Other Agreements

 Broadband, Wireless and Other Operations. We provide certain administrative, call center, installation, marketing and other services to our parent's broadband, wireless and other operations. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the costs associated with these services were $ 134 million, $ 115 million and $ 116 million, respectively.

 Related Party Transactions with NagraStar L.L.C.

 We own a 50 % interest in NagraStar, a joint venture that is our primary provider of encryption and related security systems intended to assure that only authorized customers have access to our programming. Certain payments related to NagraStar are recorded in "Cost of services" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). In addition, certain other payments are initially included in "Inventory" and are subsequently capitalized as "Property and equipment, net" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets or expensed as "Selling, general and administrative expenses" or "Cost of services" on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) when the equipment is deployed. We record all payables in "Trade accounts payable" or "Other accrued expenses and liabilities" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our investment in NagraStar is accounted for using the equity method.

 The table below summarizes our transactions with NagraStar.

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Purchases (including fees):

 Purchases from NagraStar

 $

 32,508

 $

 37,068

 $

 43,416

 2024

 2023

 Amounts Payable and Commitments:

 Amounts payable to NagraStar

 $

 5,569

 $

 9,821

 Commitments to NagraStar

 $

 $

 1,727