UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 FORM 10-K
 (Mark One)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
 OR

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from___________to___________
 Commission File Number 001-36155
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Delaware
 35-2478370

 (State or other jurisdiction of
 incorporation or organization)

 (I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

 23975 Park Sorrento, Suite 400
 Calabasas, California

 91302

 (Address of principal executive offices)

 (Zip Code)

 ( 818) 212-2250
 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share

 MMI
 New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No o
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. x

 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o

 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No

 The aggregate market value of the registrant's voting stock held by non-affiliates at June 30, 2023 was approximately $ 728.0 million, based on the closing price per share of common stock on June 30, 2023 of $31.51 as reported on the New York Stock Exchange. Shares of common stock known by the registrant to be beneficially owned by directors and executive officers of the registrant and 10% stockholders who are affiliates are not included in the computation. The registrant, however, has made no determination that such persons are "affiliates" within the meaning of Rule 12b-2 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

 As of February 23, 2024, there were 38,412,484 shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding.
 ________________________
 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 Portions of the registrant's Proxy Statement to be delivered to stockholders in connection with the annual meeting of stockholders to be held on May 2, 2024 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Such Proxy Statement will be filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") within 120 days of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

 Page

 Item 1.

 Business

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 [RESERVED]

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary

 SIGNATURES

 MARKET, INDUSTRY AND OTHER DATA
 Unless otherwise indicated, information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K concerning the commercial real estate industry and the markets in which we operate, including our general expectations and market position, market opportunity and market size, is based on (i) information gathered from various sources, (ii) certain assumptions that we have made, and (iii) our knowledge of the commercial real estate market. While we believe that the market position, market opportunity and market size information that is included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is generally reliable, such information is inherently imprecise. Unless indicated otherwise, the industry data included herein is generally based on information available through the nine months ended September 30, 2023 since full year 2023 information may not yet have been published. We use market data from CoStar Group, Inc. and Real Capital Analytics that consists of list side information of sales transactions of multifamily, retail, office, and industrial buildings, with a value of $1 million or more.

 SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements, including the Company's business outlook for 2024, market consensus on interest rate decreases in 2024 and for the 2024 economic forecast, our expectations of 2024 commercial real estate sales activity in the wake of reduced interest rates, the execution of our capital return program, including a semi-annual dividend and stock repurchase program, and expectations for market share growth. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends affecting the financial condition of our business. Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results and will not necessarily be accurate indications of the times at, or by, which such performance or results may be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information available at the time those statements are made and/or management's good faith belief as of that time with respect to future events and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to:
 • general uncertainty in the capital markets, a worsening of economic conditions, and the rate and pace of economic recovery following an economic downturn;
 • changes in our business operations;
 • market trends in the commercial real estate market or the general economy, including the impact of inflation and increased interest rates;
 • our ability to attract and retain qualified senior executives, managers, and investment sales and financing professionals;
 • the impact of forgivable loans and related expense resulting from the recruitment and retention of agents;
 • the effects of increased competition on our business;
 • our ability to successfully enter new markets or increase our market share;
 • our ability to successfully expand our services and businesses and to manage any such expansions;
 • our ability to retain existing clients and develop new clients;
 • our ability to keep pace with changes in technology;
 • any business interruption or technology failure, including cybersecurity risks and ransomware attacks, and any related impact on our reputation;
 • changes in interest rates, availability of capital, tax laws, employment laws, or other government regulation affecting our business;
 • our ability to successfully identify, negotiate, execute, and integrate accretive acquisitions; and
 • other risk factors included under "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 In addition, in this Annual Report, the words "believe," "may," "will," "estimate," "continue," "anticipate," "intend," "goal," "expect," "predict," "potential," "should," and similar expressions, as they relate to our Company, our business, and our management, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. In light of these risks and uncertainties, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may not occur and actual results could differ materially from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.
 Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. We assume no obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions or changes in other factors affecting forward-looking information, except to the extent required by applicable laws. If we update one or more forward-looking statements, no inference should be drawn that we will make additional updates with respect to those or other forward-looking statements.

 Unless the context requires otherwise, the words "Marcus & Millichap," "MMI," "we," the "Company," "us" and "our" refer to Marcus & Millichap, Inc., and its consolidated subsidiaries.

 Item 1. Business
 Company Overview
 Marcus & Millichap, Inc. ("MMI") is a leading national real estate services firm specializing in commercial real estate investment sales, financing services, research, and advisory services. We are the leading national investment brokerage company in the $1 million to $10 million private client market. This is the largest and most active market and consistently comprises more than 80% of total U.S. commercial property transactions greater than $1 million in the marketplace. As of December 31, 2023, we had 1,783 investment sales and financing professionals that are primarily exclusive commission-based independent contractors who provide real estate investment brokerage and financing services to sellers and buyers of commercial real estate in over 80 offices in the United States and Canada. In 2023, we closed 7,546 sales, financing, and other transactions with total sales volume of approximately $43.6 billion.
 We service clients by underwriting, marketing, selling, and financing commercial real estate properties in a manner that maximizes value for sellers, provides buyers with the largest and most diverse inventory of commercial properties, and secures the most competitive financing from lenders for borrowers. Our business model is based on several key attributes:
 • for more than 50 years, we have provided investment brokerage and financing services through proprietary inventory and marketing systems, policies and a culture of information sharing, and in-depth investment brokerage training. Our sales force executes these services under the supervision of a dedicated sales management team focused on client service and growing the firm;
 • market leading share and brand within the $1 million to $10 million private client market, which consistently represents more than 80% of total U.S. commercial property transactions greater than $1 million in the marketplace;
 • investment sales and financing professionals providing exclusive client representation across multiple property types;
 • a broad geographic platform in the United States and Canada powered by information sharing and proprietary real estate marketing technologies;
 • an ability to scale with our private clients as they grow and connect private capital with larger assets through our Institutional Property Advisors ("IPA") division;
 • a financing team integrated with our brokerage sales force providing independent mortgage brokerage services by accessing a wide range of lenders on behalf of our clients;
 • a sales management team that supports and leads as Company executives and that does not compete with or participate in investment sales or financing professionals' commissions; and
 • industry-leading research and advisory services tailored to the needs of our clients and supporting our investment sales and financing professionals.
 Corporate Information
 We were formed as a sole proprietorship in 1971, incorporated in California on August 26, 1976 as G. M. Marcus & Company, and we were renamed as Marcus & Millichap, Inc. in August 1978, Marcus & Millichap Real Estate Investment Brokerage Company in September 1985, and Marcus & Millichap Real Estate Investment Services, Inc., ("MMREIS"), in February 2007. Prior to the completion of our initial public offering ("IPO"), MMREIS was majority-owned by Marcus & Millichap Company ("MMC") and all of MMREIS' preferred and common stock outstanding was held by MMC and its affiliates or officers and employees of MMREIS. In June 2013, in preparation for the spin-off of its real estate investment services business, MMC formed a Delaware holding company called Marcus & Millichap, Inc. Prior to the completion of our IPO in November 2013, the shareholders of MMREIS contributed the shares of MMREIS to MMI in exchange for common stock of MMI, and MMREIS became a wholly-owned subsidiary of MMI.

 Our Services
 We generate revenue by collecting real estate brokerage commissions upon the sale, and financing fees upon the financing of commercial properties, by providing equity advisory services and loan sales, loan guarantees and providing consulting and advisory services. Real estate brokerage commissions are typically based upon the value of the property and financing fees are typically based upon the size of the loan. In 2023, approximately 87% of our revenues were generated from real estate brokerage commissions, 10% from financing fees, and 3% from other revenue, including consulting and advisory services.
 We divide commercial real estate into four major markets, characterized by price in order to understand trends in our revenue from period to period:
 • Properties priced less than $1 million;
 • Private client market: properties priced from $1 million to up to but less than $10 million;
 • Middle market: properties priced from $10 million to up to but less than $20 million; and
 • Larger transaction market: properties priced from $20 million and above.
 We serve clients with one property, multiple properties and large investment portfolios. The largest group of investors we serve typically transacts in the $1 million to $10 million private client market. The investment brokerage and financing professionals serving private clients within the private client market represent the largest part of our business, which differentiates us from our competitors. In 2023, approximately 67% of our brokerage commissions came from this market. Properties in this market are characterized by higher asset turnover rates due to the type of investor as compared to other markets. Private clients are often motivated to buy, sell and/or refinance properties not only for business reasons but also due to personal circumstances, such as death, divorce, taxes, changes in partnership structures and other personal or financial circumstances. Therefore, private client investors are influenced less by the macroeconomic trends than other large-scale investors, making the private client market less volatile over the long term than other markets. Accordingly, our business model distinguishes us from our national competitors, who may focus primarily on the more volatile larger transaction and middle markets, or on other business activities such as leasing or property management, and from our local and regional competitors, who lack a broad national platform.
 Geographic Locations
 We were founded in 1971 in the western United States, and we continue to increase our presence throughout North America through execution of our growth strategies by targeting markets based on population, employment, level of commercial real estate sales, inventory, and competitive landscape opportunities where we believe the markets will benefit from our business model. We have grown to have offices in 34 states across the United States and in four provinces in Canada.

 Below is a map reflecting the geographic location of our offices as of December 31, 2023.

 Commercial Real Estate Investment Brokerage
 Our primary business and source of revenue is the representation of commercial property owners as their exclusive investment broker in the sale of their properties. Our investment sales professionals also represent buyers in fulfilling their investment real estate acquisition needs. Commissions from real estate investment brokerage sales accounted for approximately 87% of our revenue in 2023. Sales are generated by maintaining relationships with property owners, providing market information and trends to them during their investment or "hold" period, and being selected as their representative when they decide to sell, buy additional property, or exchange their property for another property. We collect commissions upon the sale of each property based on a percentage of sales price. These commission percentages are typically inversely correlated with sales price and thus are generally higher for smaller transactions.
 We underwrite, value, and market properties to reach the largest and most qualified pool of buyers. We offer our clients one of the industry's largest team of investment sales professionals, who operate with a culture and policy of information sharing powered by our proprietary system, MNet, which enables real-time buyer-seller matching. We use a proactive marketing campaign that leverages the investor relationships of our entire sales force, direct marketing and a suite of proprietary web-based tools that connects each asset with the right buyer pool. Additionally, in January 2023, we launched a division focused on commercial property auction services to offer clients an accelerated way to buy and sell commercial property as a complement to our traditional property marketing channels. We strive to maximize value for the seller by generating high demand for each property. Our approach also provides a diverse, consistently underwritten

 inventory of investment real estate for buyers. When a client engages one of our investment sales professionals, they are engaging an entire system, structure, and organization committed to maximizing value for them.
 In 2023, we closed 5,475 real estate brokerage transactions in a broad range of commercial property types, with a total sales volume of approximately $30.8 billion. For more than 15 years, we have closed more transactions than any other firm.
 We are building on our track record of strength in multifamily, retail, office, and industrial properties by expanding our coverage of additional property types. These include hospitality, self-storage, seniors housing, healthcare, land, and manufactured housing properties, where we are already a leading broker but have significant room for additional growth due to market size, fragmentation, and specific geographic market opportunities. We have expanded our specialty group management and support infrastructure, specialized branding, and business development customized for each property type. In addition, we are continuously focusing on our recruitment efforts for new and experienced investment sales and financing professionals. We expect that these efforts will expand our presence and result in increased business in these property types.
 We service clients in all markets by underwriting, marketing, selling and financing commercial real estate properties in a manner that maximizes value for sellers and provides buyers with the largest and most diverse inventory of commercial properties. In addition, we achieve growth by leveraging the strength of our relationships in the private client market to increase our share of the middle and larger transaction markets. Because commission rates earned on commercial properties are typically inversely correlated with sales price, our expansion into the middle and larger transaction markets has led to our average commission rates fluctuating from period-to-period as a result of changes in the relative mix of transactions closed in the middle and larger transaction markets as compared to the private client market.
 The following table sets forth the number of investment sales transactions, sales volume, and revenue by commercial real estate market for real estate brokerage in 2023 compared to 2022:

 2023
 2022
 Change

 Real Estate Brokerage:
 Volume
 Volume
 Volume

 (in millions)
 (in millions)
 (in millions)

 <$1 million
 $
 $
 20,894
 $
 $
 24,809
 (127)
 $
 (77)
 $
 (3,915)

 Private Client Market ($1 – <$10 million)

 4,097
 13,616
 372,979
 6,850
 24,474
 682,019
 (2,753)
 (10,858)
 (309,040)

 Middle Market ($10 – <$20 million)

 4,117
 73,007
 9,980
 188,593
 (432)
 (5,863)
 (115,586)

 Larger Transaction Market ( $20 million)
 12,607
 92,872
 33,074
 274,889
 (324)
 (20,467)
 (182,017)

 5,475
 $
 30,823
 $
 559,752
 9,111
 $
 68,088
 $
 1,170,310
 (3,636)
 $
 (37,265)
 $
 (610,558)

 Financing
 Marcus & Millichap Capital Corporation ("MMCC") is a financial intermediary that provides commercial real estate capital markets solutions, including senior debt, mezzanine debt, joint venture and preferred equity, as well as loan sales and consultative/due diligence services to commercial real estate owners, developers, investors, and capital providers. Our advisors assist clients to secure capital for both acquisitions and the refinancing of single assets and portfolios. MMCC generates revenue from advisory fees collected from capital placement with an assortment of capital providers including national and regional banks, credit unions, private equity funds, insurance companies, government agencies, including the Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae"), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac"), the Federal Housing Administration ("FHA"), conduit lenders, debt funds, hard money lenders, and structured debt facilitators (including preferred equity and mezzanine providers). MMCC additionally receives recurring loan performance fees from certain lenders and other incentive-based fees based on achieving certain production thresholds. MMCC's financing fees vary by loan amount, transactional complexity, and loan type. In 2023, MMCC completed 1,076 financing transactions representing total financing volume of approximately $6.7 billion, resulting in $66.9 million in financing fees, which accounted for approximately 10% of MMI's total revenue. The combination of MMCC's size, market reach, and financing volume enables us to establish long-term relationships with various capital sources. This, in turn, improves MMCC's value proposition to borrowers who are seeking competitive rates and terms. MMCC seeks to secure the most competitive financing solutions for each client's specific needs and requirements. During 2023, approximately 38% of

 MMCC's revenue came from placing acquisition financing, 37% from refinancing activities, and 25% from other financing activities.
 MMCC is fully integrated with the investment sales force in our brokerage offices. MMCC financing professionals are supervised by our MMCC management team and regional managers, who promote cross-selling, information-sharing, business referrals, and high-quality customer service within the offices. The MMCC national network of financing professionals is also supported by a dedicated, nationally-focused management team coordinating access to a broad range of national and regional capital sources. By combining these resources with the latest property and capital markets data and information, we can differentiate ourselves in the marketplace and deliver tailored financial solutions that meet our clients' financial objectives. In 2021, MMCC entered into a strategic alliance with M&T Realty Capital Corporation ("MTRCC") enabling MMCC to provide clients with increased access to MTRCC's affordable and conventional multifamily agency financing through a highly streamlined process with dedicated resources. MTRCC has a Delegated Underwriting and Servicing Agreement ("DUS Agreement") with Fannie Mae and is an approved lender for Freddie Mac's Conventional and Targeted Affordable Housing loans.
 Ancillary Services: Research, Advisory and Consulting
 Our research, advisory, and consulting services are designed to assist clients in forming their investment strategy and making transaction decisions. Our advisory and consulting services are coordinated with both our investment sales and financing professionals and are designed to provide market and property focused market research, publications, and customized analysis that increase customer loyalty and help sustain long-term relationships.
 We provide a wide range of advisory and consulting services to developers, lenders, owners, real estate investment trusts, high-net-worth individuals, pension fund advisors, and other institutions. Our advisory services include opinions of value, operating and financial performance benchmarking analysis, specific asset buy-sell strategies, market and submarket analysis and ranking, portfolio strategies by property type, market strategy, development and redevelopment feasibility studies, and other services.
 Competitive Strengths
 We believe the following strengths provide us with a competitive advantage and opportunities for success:
 National Platform Built on Investment Brokerage and Financing Services
 We have built a leading national platform serving our clients' needs of investment brokerage and financing services. We continue to be focused on investment brokerage, financing, and other services complementary to our business. Our commitment to specialization is reflected in how we generally organize our investment sales and financing professionals by market area and property type, which enhances our investment sales and financing professionals' skills, relationships, and market knowledge required for achieving the best results for our clients. As a result of these founding principles, we offer an efficient system of matching each property with the largest pool of qualified buyers and therefore maximizing value in the process.
 Market Leader in the Private Client Market
 Since our founding, we have focused on being the leading service provider to the $1 million to $10 million private client market. This market is the largest by ownership and transaction count and consistently accounts for over 80% of total U.S. commercial property transactions and over 60% of the commission pool. It is comprised of high-net-worth individuals, partnerships, and small private fund managers with both passive, long-term investments, as well as those with opportunistic and short-term investment horizons. Private clients are often motivated to buy, sell, and/or refinance properties not only for business reasons but also due to personal and financial circumstances. The vast size and personal transaction drivers of private clients make this market the most active in terms of sales velocity. In addition, this market is highly fragmented with the top 10 brokerage firms accounting for approximately 20% of transactions in 2023. We are the leading broker in the $1 million to $10 million private client market based on transaction count in 2023. With our established market leadership and brand name, we have significant room for market share expansion by further consolidating our leadership position in this market.
 In addition, the private client market is characterized by high barriers to entry. These barriers include the need for a large, specialized sales force prospecting private clients, the difficulties in identifying, establishing, and maintaining

 relationships with such investors, capabilities of exposing properties to a large pool of potential buyers, and the challenge of serving their needs locally, regionally, and nationally. We believe this private client market is the least covered market by other national firms and is significantly underserved by local and regional firms that lack a national platform.
 Platform Built for Maximizing Investor Value
 We have built our business to maximize value for real estate investors through an integrated set of services geared toward our clients' needs. We are committed to an investment brokerage specialization and providing one of the largest sales force in the industry, promoting a culture and policy of information sharing on each property we represent, and equipping our investment sales professionals with exclusive real estate inventory and marketing technologies that enhance the marketability of the properties we represent. Our system generates real-time buyer-seller matching and maximizes value one property at a time. Our investment sales organization can therefore underwrite and market investment real estate to the largest pool of qualified buyers. We coordinate proactive marketing campaigns across investor relationships and resources of the entire firm, far beyond the capabilities of an individual listing agent. These efforts produce wide exposure to investors whom we identify as high-probability bidders for each property. To grow with our clients, we established the IPA division to serve the needs of our private client investors who are now seeking higher valued properties as well as larger institutional investors. Our ability to bridge private capital with larger, institutional assets creates value for private and larger transaction clients, while offering growth opportunities and strengthening the retention of our investment sales and financing professionals.
 Based on the most recent data, our team of financing professionals at MMCC is one of largest producers in the investment brokerage industry, as measured by transaction volume. MMCC provides clients with commercial real estate capital markets financing solutions, including debt, mezzanine financing, preferred and joint venture equity, and sponsor equity. Our long-standing relationships with both foreign and domestic capital puts us in the best position to secure the most favorable financings for clients. Our dedicated market research team analyzes the latest local and national economic and real estate trends and produces proprietary analyses for our clients, enabling them to make informed investment and financing decisions. Integrating all these services into a single national platform increases opportunities to maximize value for our clients across multiple property types, markets, and geographies.
 Local Management with Significant Investment Brokerage Experience
 Our local management team members are dedicated to recruiting, training, developing, and supporting our investment sales and financing professionals. The majority of our local management team are former senior investment sales professionals of our Company who now focus on management, do not compete with our sales force, and have an average of 14 years of real estate investment brokerage experience with our Company. Our training, development, and mentoring programs rely greatly on the regional managers' personal involvement. Their past experience as senior investment sales professionals plays a key role in developing new and experienced investment sales and financing professionals. They help our junior professionals establish technical and client service skills as well as set up, develop, and grow relationships with clients. We believe this management structure has helped differentiate the firm from our competitors and ultimately achieves better results for our clients.

 Growth Strategy
 We have demonstrated the ability over the long term to manage through the cyclical market and continue to be a leader in the $1 million to $10 million private client market. The following graph shows the number of transactions and sales volume of all investment sales, financing and other transactions from 2014 to 2023:

 We have a long track record of growing our business model driven by opening new offices, recruiting, training, and developing new investment sales and financing professionals as well as deploying our client-focused business model to increase coverage of specialty property types and the middle and larger transaction markets. Our long-term growth plan has focused on investing in our current business model through organic growth and acquisitions to provide our unique business model to a wider client base. Our future growth will depend on continually expanding our national footprint and optimizing the size, product segmentation, and specialization of our team of investment sales and financing professionals. Despite the current market circumstances, this remains our long-term strategy. The key strategies of our growth plan include:
 Increase Market Share in the Private Client Market
 Our leading position in the private client market and inherent fragmentation continues to provide significant opportunity for us to expand and bring our client service offerings to a larger portion of this expansive market. We can continue to leverage our existing platform, relationships, and brand recognition among private clients to grow through expanded marketing and coverage.
 Focused Market Expansion
 Since we currently have offices in most major-market and mid-market metropolitan cities, our growth is expected to come from focused market expansion in existing office locations and new locations from acquisitions, targeted hiring, and increased coverage of specialty property types. We have targeted markets based on population, employment, level of commercial real estate sales, inventory, and competitive landscape. Our optimal office plans are used to capitalize on these factors by tailoring sales force size, coverage, and composition by office and business activity to direct efforts to offices with the most opportunity where we believe we can leverage our national footprint and proprietary real estate marketing technologies. These initiatives do not require significant increases in the number of offices or in the size of our offices, which allows us to leverage our current office locations without significant incremental investment.
 Expand and Develop Our Team of Investment Sales and Financing Professionals
 A key to growing our business is recruiting, hiring, training, and developing investment sales and financing professionals. We are always focused on hiring experienced investment sales and financing professionals through our recruiting department, specialty directors, and regional managers in support of our expansion strategy. Our new investment

 sales and financing professionals are trained in all aspects of real estate fundamentals, client service, and our proprietary marketing technologies through formal training, apprenticeship programs, the William A. Millichap Fellowship Program (discussed below), and mentorship by our dedicated regional, district and division managers, as well as our senior investment sales and financing professionals. As these investment sales and financing professionals mature, we continue to provide them with identified best practices and training in specialty property types. We believe this model creates a high level of teamwork, as well as operational and client service consistency. Please see "Human Capital" for more information.
 Pursue Selective Acquisitions
 Acquisitions continue to be a strategy to supplement the growth of our sales force and the services that we provide to our clients. We continually explore acquisition opportunities to augment our investment brokerage and financing services businesses. We primarily look for acquisitions of small-to-medium size investment brokerage and financing services businesses with teams of professionals with consistent revenue and earnings trends, which will expand our geographic or property type coverage.
 Grow in Specialty Property Types and Middle and Larger Transaction Market Presence
 Leveraging our current business model into specialty property types and to the middle and larger transaction markets opens up significant opportunities for growth.
 Specialty Property Types
 We believe that specialty property types, including hospitality, self-storage, seniors housing, land, and manufactured housing offer significant opportunities for our clients. By deploying our unique business model to increase coverage of these property types, we can create growth for us as well as enhance value for our clients through diversification. To create these opportunities, we are increasing our property type expertise by continuing to strategically add specialty directors who can bring added management capacity, business development, and investment sales professional support. These executives will work with our sales management team to increase investment sales professional recruiting, hiring, training, development, and redeployment and to execute various branding and marketing campaigns to expand our presence in these targeted property types.
 Middle and Larger Transaction Market Presence
 Our extensive relationships with private client investors who typically invest in the $1 million to $10 million private client market have enabled us to capture a greater portion of commercial real estate transactions in excess of $10 million and bridge the private client market investor to the middle market and larger transaction markets in recent years. As property values increase and investors grow and expand, they require larger properties. Our IPA division positions us to provide our unique investment brokerage and financing services to investors in those markets. Our ability to connect private client capital with middle and larger transaction market properties allows us to continue to serve our clients as they grow and plays a major role in differentiating our services. The IPA division is a group dedicated to servicing larger investors. This strategy has had market acceptance and provides a vehicle for growth by delivering our unique service platform within the middle and larger transaction markets for the multifamily, retail, and office property types. The evolution of our investors and their utilization of our IPA division has driven incremental growth in these markets over the past several years. Hiring multiple investment sales teams into IPA in 2023 has expanded our capability to service clients and furthers our growth plan.
 Expand Marcus & Millichap Capital Corporation Financing Business
 Our growth plan for MMCC continues to focus on expanding our capital markets services in markets currently served by our investment sales brokerage offices and other strategic markets. This includes increasing the capacity of the existing professionals in offices we currently serve and integrating financing professionals and related services in offices that do not have an MMCC presence. We will also continue to expand our service platform by increasing access to a broad array of new capital resources and pursuing selective acquisitions. We have and continue to expand MMCC's capital markets advisory services and added complementary services in loan sales, consultative/due diligence, and debt and equity advising through acquisitions, as well as expanded service offerings. While maintaining a core focus on our private client market, MMCC, through the IPA division, has commenced a focus on institutional clients. These specialized financing professionals work closely with IPA investment sales professionals across the country, supporting them and their clients in their financing needs as well as working directly with institutional clients.

 We have established alliances with national capital sources that provide access to an assortment of highly competitive products including Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and FHA. These alliances serve to expand the distribution network for each of our capital partners, while affording our financing professionals and clients with more favorable pricing and terms. We will continue to hire and acquire experienced financing professionals and companies to further grow our MMCC business, support the growth of our service platform, and establish relationships with various capital sources. Further, our internally developed training programs are directed at enhancing the skill sets for our professionals, promoting the MMCC value proposition, increasing our internal capture rate with our investment sales brokerage clients, and increasing activity with non-brokerage clients. As of December 31, 2023, we had 39 offices with financing professionals, and we continue to capitalize on the synergies our financing professionals provide to our client-focused service platform.
 Seasonality
 Our real estate brokerage commissions and financing fees have tended to be seasonal and, combined with other factors, can affect an investor's ability to compare our financial condition and results of operations on a quarter-by-quarter basis. Historically, this seasonality has generally caused our revenue, operating income, net income, and cash flows from operating activities to be lower in the first half of the year and higher in the second half of the year, particularly in the fourth quarter. The concentration of earnings and cash flows in the last six months of the year, particularly in the fourth quarter, is due to an industry-wide focus of clients to complete transactions towards the end of the calendar year. This historical trend can be disrupted both positively and negatively by major economic events, or natural disasters or pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which may impact, among other things, investor sentiment for a particular property type or location, volatility in financial markets, current and future projections of interest rates, attractiveness of other asset classes, market liquidity, and the extent of limitations or availability of capital allocations for larger property buyers. For a more detailed description of our seasonality, refer to Item 1A – "Risk Factors – External Business Risks – Seasonal fluctuations and other market data in the investment real estate industry could adversely affect our business and make comparisons of our quarterly results difficult" and Item 7 – "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Overview – Seasonality" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 Competition
 We compete in real estate brokerage and financing within the commercial real estate industry on a national, regional, and local basis. Competition is based on a number of critical factors, including the quality and expertise of our investment sales and financing professionals, our execution skills, sales support, brand recognition, and our business reputation. We primarily compete with other brokerage and financing firms that seek investment brokerage and financing business from real estate owners and investors. To a lesser extent, we compete with in-house real estate departments, owners who may transact without using a brokerage firm, direct lenders, consulting firms, and investment managers. Our relative competitive position also varies across geographies, property types, and services. In investment brokerage, our competitors on a national level include CBRE Group Inc. ("CBRE"), Cushman & Wakefield plc ("Cushman"), Colliers International Group, Inc. ("Colliers"), Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated ("JLL"), Newmark Group Inc. ("Newmark") and NAI Global. Competitors in financing services include institutional firms such as CBRE, JLL, Cushman, Walker & Dunlop Inc., NorthMarq Capital, LLC, and a large group of local and regional mortgage banking firms. These investment brokerage firms mainly focus on larger sales and institutional investors and are not heavily concentrated in our largest market, which is the $1 million to $10 million private client market. However, there is crossover and competition between us and these firms. As a result of the fragmentation in the market, there are also numerous local and regional competitors in our markets, as well as competitors specializing in certain property types. Despite recent consolidation, the commercial real estate services industry remains highly fragmented and competitive.
 Competition to attract and retain qualified professionals is also intense in each of our geographic regions and across all property types. We offer what we believe to be competitive compensation and support programs to our professionals. Our ability to continue to compete effectively will depend on retaining, motivating, and appropriately compensating our professionals.
 Technology and Security
 Investments in Technology
 We have a long-standing tradition of technological orientation, innovation, and advancement. Our efforts include the development of proprietary applications designed to make the process of matching buyers and sellers faster and more efficient as well as state-of-the-art communication technology, infrastructure, internet presence, and electronic marketing.

 We have a proprietary internal marketing system, MNet, which allows our investment sales professionals to share listing information with investors across the United States and Canada. MNet is an integrated tool that contains our entire property inventory, allowing our investment sales professionals to find listings with targeted criteria, such as searching by demographic data surrounding a target property, and to search for properties based on investors' acquisition criteria. This system is an essential part of connecting buyers and sellers through our platform. Our policies require information sharing among our sales force, and the MNet system automates the process of matching each property we represent to the largest pool of qualified buyers tracked by our investment sales professionals. A part of MNet, called Buyer Needs, enables our sales force to register the investment needs of various buyers, which are then matched to our available inventory on a real-time basis.
 A related application, MNet-Launch, is a system for automating the production of property marketing materials and launching marketing campaigns. MNet-Launch allows our investment sales professionals to create a listing proposal or marketing package, which automatically imports property information, data on comparable properties, and other information, and then dynamically populates our e-marketing, print, and internet media. This system allows our investment sales professionals to rapidly create professionally branded and designed materials for marketing properties on behalf of our clients in an efficient and timely manner. This web-based application improves efficiency by tightly integrating MNet data for transaction history, sales and rent comparables, and market insights that differentiate us in the marketplace. The proposals and marketing packages produced by MNet-Launch also deliver updated content and expanded demographic and financial analysis to better market those properties for our clients.
 In 2020, we relaunched the Marcus & Millichap external website, bringing improved search capabilities and enhanced features for our investment sales professionals as well as our clients, via integrated deal room functionality. The website is designed not only to bring in new clients for our investment sales and financing professionals, but also to make our inventory of properties available for maximum exposure for our sellers, and to provide buyers with an opportunity to engage with our investment sales and financing professionals. In October 2022, we launched a new feature on our website called MyMMI, which allows investors to register for an account and create personalized criteria for inventory, research, and events notifications. Since its launch, over 90,000 visitors have created MyMMI accounts. We actively qualify leads generated from the saved search preferences and share those leads with our agents via our customer relationship management platform. During 2023, our websites averaged approximately 144,000 new visitors per month and approximately 473,000 page views per month and also served as a portal for delivery of online marketing materials and for deal collaboration.
 Marketing and Branding
 We were founded over 50 years ago on the idea that when investment sales and financing professionals collaborate, we can optimize outcomes for our clients. Today, we are known for (i) providing investment brokerage and financing services through our proprietary marketing system, (ii) our policies and culture of information sharing, and (iii) our in-depth investment brokerage training. All of this is executed under the supervision of a dedicated local, regional, and national management team focused on client service and growing the firm.
 In recent years we have also garnered recognition among institutions and larger private investors due to our integrated platform and ability to link private and institutional capital. We continue to strengthen and broaden our name recognition and credibility by executing a variety of marketing and branding strategies. Locally, our offices and investment sales and financing professionals engage in numerous events, direct mail campaigns, and investor symposiums as well as participate in real estate conferences and organizations for various markets and property types. Our regional managers and investment sales and financing professionals develop long-term client relationships and promote our brand through these activities.
 Our research division produces more than 2,000 publications and client presentations per year and is a leading source of information for the industry as well as the general business media. We provide research on 10 commercial property types covering: multifamily, retail, office, industrial, single-tenant net lease, seniors housing, self-storage, hospitality, medical office, and manufactured housing, as well as capital markets/financing. This research includes analysis and forecasting of the economy, capital markets, real estate fundamentals, investment, pricing, and yield trends. It is designed to assist investors in their strategy formation and decisions relating to specific assets and to help our investment sales and financing professionals develop and maintain relationships with clients.
 Our transactional and market research expertise result in significant print, radio, television, and online media coverage including major national real estate publications such as Real Estate Forum, GlobeSt, Multi-Housing News,

 Commercial Property Executive, Connect CRE, Wealth Management Real Estate, as well as local market business journals and major national news outlets such as CNBC, The Wall Street Journal, Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, Fox Business, Bloomberg Businessweek, Forbes, and numerous newspapers and trade publications in major metropolitan cities. Our CEO is frequently interviewed on national business channels, such as CNBC, Yahoo! Finance, Schwab Network, Fox Business, and Bloomberg to discuss the commercial real estate market. We frequently have featured speaking roles in key regional and national industry events, we are regularly quoted in regional and national publications and media, and we deliver content directly to the real estate investment community through print, electronic publications, and video. Nationally, our specialty groups and capital markets executives actively participate in various trade organizations, many of which focus on specific property types and provide an effective vehicle for branding and client relationship development.
 We believe all of these activities create significant exposure and name recognition for our firm, which helps to build and foster strong, long-term client relationships.
 Intellectual Property
 We hold various trademarks and trade names, which include the "Marcus & Millichap" name. We believe our intellectual property plays a role in maintaining our competitive position in a number of the markets that we serve. With respect to the Marcus & Millichap name, we maintain trademark registrations for these service marks.
 In addition to trade names, we have developed proprietary technologies for the provision of real estate investment services, such as MNet, MNet-Launch, and CapNet. We also offer proprietary research to clients through our research division. Given the importance of these proprietary technologies to our business, we seek to secure our rights under applicable intellectual property protection laws in these and any other proprietary assets that we use in our business. The expiration or termination of our trademarks or trade names or the loss of any of our other intellectual property rights including the Marcus & Millichap name may have a material adverse effect on our business.
 Government Regulation
 We are subject to various real estate regulations, and we maintain real estate and other broker licenses in 47 states and the District of Columbia in the United States and four provinces in Canada. We are a licensed broker in each state in which we have an office, as well as those states where we frequently do business. We are also subject to numerous other federal, state, and local laws and regulations that contain general standards for, and prohibitions on, the conduct of real estate brokers and sales associates, including agency duties, collection of commissions, telemarketing, advertising, and consumer disclosures. One of our wholly-owned subsidiaries is subject to certain human resource, data security, information technology, and other compliance requirements due to its loan sale and consulting contracts with certain U.S. government agencies.
 Investment Sales Professionals
 Our investment sales professionals are classified as independent contractors under state and Internal Revenue Service guidelines. As such, we generally do not pay for the professionals' expenses or benefits or withhold payroll taxes; rather, they are paid from the commissions earned by us upon the closing of a transaction, and these individuals do not earn a salary from which taxes are withheld. Our investment sales professionals hold applicable real estate sales licenses for their function and execute a "Salespersons Agreement" setting out the relationship between the professional and us. Each professional is obligated to provide brokerage services exclusively to us, and is provided access to our information technology, research and other support and business forms. Each professional generally reports on their activities to either the local regional manager, or in some cases, to product specialty managers.
 Environmental Sustainability
 We recognize that operating our business in an environmentally sustainable manner is important to our success. For this reason, we are exploring ways to address the environmental impact of our business, reduce carbon emissions, increase energy efficiency, reduce waste, and limit our consumption of natural resources.
 Climate Measures
 As an organization, we have made a commitment to identifying, mitigating, and managing risks associated with climate change. In addition, although we do not own or manage real property, we recognize the impact our activities, as

 well as those of our clients and vendors, may have on the environment and are exploring ways to reduce these impacts. We have enacted policies designed to manage our environmental impact and support our clients, vendors, and suppliers in their efforts to advance their own sustainability initiatives.
 Resource Consumption
 We are similarly focused on reducing our waste and energy usage. In addition to exploring the use of reusable materials, the methods of reducing waste, and potential energy efficient improvements, we have pivoted to the use of technology such as online deal rooms and e-signing vendors to reduce paper waste and have partnered with e-waste recycling vendors to recycle our physical technology equipment or dispose of it in an environmentally sound manner.
 We are committed to leasing office space in LEED Certified, Energy Star Rated, and BOMA Best Gold buildings where appropriate and are working with our current landlords to make environmentally sustainable improvements. Thirty-five of our current offices are located in such buildings, and we expect this number to increase as leases expire and new space is acquired. Additionally, we facilitate remote work where appropriate and have invested in best-of-class tools to allow our team to work at the highest levels outside the office, thereby reducing the carbon footprint associated with unnecessary office energy consumption and a regular commute. We also request data regarding our energy consumption and our utilization of other natural resources from each of our landlords.
 We plan to regularly evaluate our environmental sustainability policies and practices to identify potential opportunities for further improvements and support the environmental sustainability initiatives of our employees and vendors.
 More information on our Commitment to Sustainability policy can be found at  The content of the websites referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are not incorporated by reference into this document.
 Human Capital
 We consider our relationship with our employees and independent contractors to be good, and we endeavor to offer reasonable and equitable opportunities to create a workplace that is welcoming, diverse, inclusive, equitable, safe, engaged, and respectful of all people. We take recruiting, development, training, and the retention of talent very seriously to help drive long-term value. Our local management team members, as executives of the Company, are tasked with recruiting, training, developing, and supporting our investment sales and financing professionals. The majority of our local management teams are former senior investment sales professionals of the Company, who now focus on management, do not compete with our sales force and have an average of 14 years of real estate investment brokerage experience with our Company.
 Recruiting
 We seek to attract talent by offering in-depth training to our employees, independent investment sales and financing professionals, as well as competitive salaries and benefit programs for our employees, competitive commissions and business support for our independent investment sales and financing professionals, and through our reputation as the top broker within the $1 million to $10 million private client market.
 Development and Training
 On the development and training front, our National Director of Development and Training is charged with overseeing the training and development of our investment sales and financing professionals. In addition, our regional managers provide extensive training and development to our sales force, including classroom training, coaching, mentoring, workshops, and working with and supporting our professionals. Their past experience as senior investment sales professionals plays a key role in developing new and experienced investment sales and financing professionals. They do not compete with our sales and financing professionals and help to establish technical and client service skills as well as set up, develop, and grow relationships with clients. Our training programs are further facilitated and supported by Marcus & Millichap University, our learning management system, and other professional development opportunities.
 We maintain the William A. Millichap Fellowship Program, a comprehensive two-year training and development program designed to prepare participants for rewarding careers in commercial real estate. The Fellowship Program was

 launched in partnership with the Commercial Real Estate Women Network ("CREW Network"), a premier business network dedicated to transforming the commercial real estate industry by advancing women globally and Project Destined, a leading social impact platform that provides training in financial literacy, entrepreneurship, and real estate, and sponsors real estate internships in HBCUs and Public Universities. The Fellowship Program is currently conducted in 15 major cities within the U.S. We believe our training, development, and mentoring programs have helped differentiate us from our competitors and achieve better results for our clients.
 We continue to partner with a leading analytics and advisory company to implement a robust leadership training program for our senior leadership including our regional managers. This program includes a leadership strengths assessment, a leadership development program, and an employee engagement survey. We also have a variety of training programs available to our employees through Linked In Learning, as well as other training resources.
 Retaining Talent
 We address retention by offering a sales awards program to recognize, retain, and motivate our top investment sales and financing professionals; through our affiliation with Innovating Commerce Serving Communities, NAIOP, and National Multifamily Housing Council; providing business support from our various functional groups; providing the opportunity to earn additional commissions after meeting certain annual financial thresholds for more senior investment sales and financing professionals; and providing competitive base salaries and incentive opportunities for employees.
 Diversity, Equity and Inclusion
 We strive to create a company culture that embraces, supports, and promotes a diverse and inclusive workforce across all levels of the organization where people feel respected, valued, and heard. We are committed to and value an environment, which recognizes and upholds the human rights of both our employees and our independent investment sales and financing professionals. To lead this effort, we have created the role of Head of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion, a Senior Director level position, reporting directly to our executive team. We continue to implement internal initiatives to increase diversity in our workforce and strengthen an inclusive culture. Among these initiatives are our sponsorships of CREW Network, Project Destined, and CORE REimagined. We are currently a National Platinum Sponsor of CREW Network. Our affinity group, MMWomen (Marcus & Millichap Women), holds various networking and virtual events designed for agents and originators who are interested in making connections across the firm, in addition to internal Company events such as Fireside Chats with leaders inside and outside the Company. We also partner with the U.S. Department of Defense's SkillBridge program, which assists retiring military veterans retrain for, and transition to, civilian careers.
 Communication and Engagement with Our Workforce
 We also monitor and measure employee satisfaction and engagement through embedded management, human resource, and legal departments. The Company is committed to maintaining an environment where open, honest communications are the expectation, not the exception, and where employees feel comfortable in approaching supervisors or management with questions and concerns including instances in which potential violations of standards or policies may have occurred. Employees have the ability to communicate directly with Human Resources representatives regularly. In addition, we offer employees several methods to advise the Company of any workplace or compliance issues, including a confidential reporting hotline monitored by the Company's Compliance Officer. In addition, we have relied on an industry leading employee engagement survey as an additional resource for employee feedback and communication.
 Adaptation and Resilience
 The Company's structure and technology investments allow for rapid adaptation to market and societal conditions. We believe our nimble and resilient workforce coupled with cutting edge technology minimizes the likelihood of any significant impact of business disruptions and system outages.
 Promoting Health, Well-being and Employee Safety
 We are committed to protecting the health and safety of our employees, investment sales and financing professionals, and their families, while at the same time focusing on our clients' success. To promote employee health and well-being, we have implemented health and safety measures, and remote work arrangements, with the goal of protecting our employees, investment sales and financing professionals, and clients. We have taken multiple measures to support our

 investment sales and financing professionals' continued ability to generate and execute business remotely. Such measures include multiple technological solutions, intensified internal training and education, as well as a significant increase in client outreach and investor education webcasts.
 To support employee well-being, we maintain the Learn to Live program. These digital tools are available anywhere, anytime to help employees identify thoughts and behavior patterns that affect their emotional well-being and work through them. It provides tools and instruction to manage stress, depression, anxiety, substance use, and sleep issues. The program includes one-on-one coaching, a support team to work through individual programs, and live and on-demand webinars. We also provide "Well-ness Resource Monthly Articles" to all employees, which are available on our intranet. Topics have included: healthy habits, burnout and resilience, financial wellness, vaccine information, breast cancer awareness, suicide prevention, and alcohol and substance abuse. We also hold an annual fitness challenge in which all employees can participate.
 Community Engagement and Empowerment
 We have participated in and continue to be involved in ongoing community and charity events to promote community and employee engagement. Some of these events have included Marcus & Millichap's employee participation in community volunteer events such as Habitat for Humanity, food banks, and monetary donations to various veterans' groups.
 Our policy requires that our outside contractors and vendors are held to the same ethical standards and share our views on corporate responsibility. More information on our Commitment to People and Community policy can be found at
 Key Metrics
 As of December 31, 2023, we had 896 employees, consisting of 89 employees who serve as financing professionals, 46 employees in communications and marketing, 21 employees in research and 740 employees in management, support and general and administrative functions. As we noted above in "Growth Strategy," a key factor to growing our business is recruiting, hiring, training, and developing investment sales and financing professionals.
 As of December 31, 2023, we had 1,783 investment sales and financing professionals, a 6.4% decrease compared to December 31, 2022. The decline in the overall headcount is attributable to a reduction of unproductive investment sales and financing professionals and the challenge of recruiting and retaining investment sales and financing professionals in the current market environment.
 Available Information
 Our website address is www. MarcusMillichap.com. Information on our website does not constitute part of this report and inclusions of our internet address in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are inactive textual references only. We are required to file current, annual and quarterly reports, proxy statements, and other information required by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), with the SEC. We make available free of charge through a link provided on our website, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed by or on behalf of directors, executive officers and certain large stockholders, and any amendments to those documents filed or furnished pursuant to the Exchange Act. Such reports are available as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with the SEC.
 The SEC also maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information about us that we file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.
 We also make available on our website and will provide print copies to stockholders upon request, (i) our corporate governance guidelines, (ii) our code of ethics, and (iii) charters of the audit, compensation, nominating and corporate governance, and executive committees of our Board of Directors.
 From time to time, we may announce key information in compliance with Regulation Fair Disclosure by disclosing that information on our website. The information on our website (or any webpages referenced in this Annual Report on Form 10-K) is not part of this or any other report Marcus & Millichap files with, or furnishes to, the SEC.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors
 Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors and the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Position and Results of Operations," "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk," and our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before making any investment decisions regarding our securities. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected. As a result, the trading price of our securities could decline, and you may lose part or all of your investment. Moreover, the risks below are not the only risks we face, and additional risks not currently known to us or that we presently deem immaterial may emerge or become material at any time and may negatively impact business, financial condition and operating results. Investors should carefully consider all relevant risks and uncertainties before investing in our common stock.
 Overview
 We are impacted by and manage many risk factors detailed below affecting our business including External Business Risks, Human Resource and Personnel Risks, Internal Business Risks, Technology and Cybersecurity Risks, Investment Risks, Risks Related to Our Founder and General Risks as well as the risks discussed in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Position and Results of Operations" and "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk." Many of these factors described below in External Business Risks are outside of our control. In addition, we are a personnel and relationship-intensive business rather than a capital-intensive business. While all the risk factors discussed below have the potential to negatively impact our business, the most significant risks facing us are the risks associated with general economic conditions, commercial real estate market conditions, and our ability to attract and retain qualified and experienced managers and investment sales and financing professionals.
 External Business Risks
 General economic conditions and commercial real estate market conditions have had and may in the future have a negative impact on our business.
 Over the past several years macroeconomic factors have caused significant volatility to the U.S. economy. The impact of these factors has led to uncertainty in the financial markets, inflation, increased interest rates, which has adversely impacted the commercial real estate industry. The commercial real estate industry, in particular, has seen significant slowing, and we experienced a significant decline in revenues in 2023 resulting in an operating loss. We may continue to be negatively impacted by periods of economic downturns, recessions and disruptions in the capital markets; credit and liquidity issues in the capital markets, including international, national, regional and local markets; inflationary pressures; tax and regulatory changes and corresponding declines in the demand for commercial real estate investment and related services. Historically, commercial real estate markets and, in particular, the U.S. commercial real estate market, have tended to be cyclical and related to the flow of capital to the sector, the condition of the economy as a whole, and to the perceptions and confidence of market participants to the economic outlook. Cycles in the real estate markets may lead to similar cycles in our earnings and significant volatility in our stock price. Further real estate markets may "lag" behind the broader economy such that even when underlying economic fundamentals improve in a given market, additional time may be required for these improvements to translate into strength in the real estate markets. The "lag" may be exacerbated when banks delay their resolution of commercial real estate assets whose values are less than their associated loans.
 Negative economic conditions, changes in interest rates such as the significant increase in rates during 2022 and 2023, credit and the availability of capital, both debt and/or equity, disruptions in capital markets, uncertainty of the tax and regulatory environment and/or declines in the demand for commercial real estate investment and related services in international and domestic markets or in significant markets in which we do business, had a significant impact to our financial results in 2023 and could have in the future a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and/or financial condition. In particular, the commercial real estate market is directly impacted by (i) the lack of debt and/or equity financing for commercial real estate transactions, (ii) increased interest rates and changes in monetary policies by the U.S. Federal Reserve, (iii) changes in the perception that commercial real estate is an accepted asset class for portfolio diversification, (iv) changes in tax policy affecting the attractiveness of real estate as an investment choice, (v) changes in regulatory policy impacting real estate development opportunities and capital markets, (vi) slowdowns in economic activity that could cause residential and commercial tenant demand to decline, (vii) declines in the regional or local demand for commercial real estate, or (viii) significant disruptions in other areas of the real estate markets could adversely affect our results of operations. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect the operation and income of commercial real estate

 properties. Additionally, we are subject to inflationary pressures on employee and contractor wages and salaries, which materially impact our financial results.
 These and other types of events have recently led to a decline in transaction activity as well as a decrease in property values which, in turn, has and may continue to lead to a reduction in brokerage commissions and financing fees relating to such transactions. These effects have and may continue to cause us to realize lower revenue from our transaction service fees, including brokerage commissions, which fees usually are tied to the transaction value and are payable upon the successful completion of a particular transaction. Such declines in transaction activity and value have and may continue to also significantly reduce our financing activities and revenue.
 Fiscal uncertainty, significant changes and volatility in the financial markets and business environment, and similar significant changes in the global, political, security and competitive landscape, make it increasingly difficult for us to predict our revenue and earnings into the future. As a result, any revenue or earnings projections or economic outlook which we may give, may be affected by such events or may otherwise turn out to be inaccurate.
 Our business has been, and may in the future, be adversely affected by restrictions in the availability of debt or equity capital, the fluctuating cost of capital, as well as a lack of adequate credit and the risk of deterioration of the debt or credit markets and commercial real estate markets.
 Restrictions on the availability of capital, both debt and/or equity, can create significant reductions in the liquidity and flow of capital to the commercial real estate markets. Severe restrictions in debt or equity liquidity as well as the lack of the availability of credit in the markets we service can significantly reduce the volume and pace of commercial real estate transactions. These restrictions can also have a general negative effect upon commercial real estate prices themselves. Our business is particularly sensitive to the volume of activity and pricing in the commercial real estate market. This has recently had, and may have in the future, a significant adverse effect on our business.
 We cannot predict with any degree of certainty the magnitude or duration of developments in the credit markets and commercial real estate markets as it is inherently difficult to make accurate predictions with respect to such macroeconomic movements that are beyond our control. This uncertainty limits our ability to plan for future developments. In addition, uncertainty regarding market conditions have and may continue to limit the ability of other participants in the credit markets or commercial real estate markets to plan for the future. As a result, market participants have and may continue to act more conservatively than they might in a stabilized market, which may perpetuate and amplify the adverse developments in the markets we service. While business opportunities may emerge from assisting clients with transactions relating to distressed commercial real estate assets, the volume of such transactions has not been, and may in the future not be, sufficient to meaningfully offset the declines in transaction volumes within the overall commercial real estate market.
 Increases in prevailing interest rates may result in downward pressure on the price of real estate and reduce activity in the commercial real estate industry resulting in a negative impact on our business.
 Market interest rates are affected by many factors outside of our control, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic conditions, inflation, deflation, recession, changes in unemployment, the money supply, international disorder and instability in domestic and foreign financial markets. Increased interest rates create downward pressure on the price of real estate and reduce activity in the commercial real estate industry, which have recently and may continue to have an adverse impact on our business.
 Interest rates remained at relatively low levels on a historical basis and the U.S. Federal Reserve maintained the federal funds target range at 0.0% to 0.25% for much of 2020 and 2021. During 2022, the Federal Reserve raised interest rates by an aggregate of 425 basis points. These increases resulted in a slowdown in activity during the second half of 2022. During 2023, the Federal Reserve raised rates by an additional 100 basis points, which further contributed to the market slowdown. The market consensus is that interest rates will decrease during 2024. If interest rates continue at current rates or increase further, the resulting reduction in commercial real estate transactions and subsequent price reduction of commercial real estate generally may result in us continuing to close fewer brokerage, financing and other transactions, which would result in further decreased revenue and adversely impact our business.
 Inflation can have an adverse impact on our business and on our clients.
 Inflation risk is the risk that the value of assets or income from investments will be worth less in the future as inflation decreases the value of money. The annual inflation rate in the U.S. increased to 9.1% in June 2022, the highest

 annual inflation rate since November 1981, but decreased to 3.4% in December 2023. As a result, during 2023, the Federal Reserve increased the federal funds rate an additional 100 basis points in an effort to combat inflation. Inflation has increased the wages paid to our employees and independent contractors. Furthermore, our clients are also affected by inflation and increased interest rates. A significant and continued increase in interest rates and inflation would be expected to have a further negative impact on client demand for commercial real estate and demand for our services, which would, in turn, affect our profitability.
 Our loss sharing indemnification obligation pursuant to our agreement with M&T Realty Capital Corporation may adversely impact our results of operations, cash flows and/or our financial condition.
 In September 2021, MMCC entered into an agreement with MTRCC, which has a DUS Agreement with Fannie Mae and is an approved lender for Freddie Mac's Conventional and Targeted Affordable Housing loans. MTRCC originates, underwrites, closes and services loans under the DUS Agreement and is subject to indemnifying Fannie Mae for a portion of the risk of loss for those loans. Under the agreement with MTRCC, MMCC provides loan opportunities to MTRCC, and for those loans closed under the DUS Agreement by MTRCC, MMCC has the option to assume a portion of the indemnification obligation of MTRCC to Fannie Mae. We may need to secure additional sources of financing to satisfy our loss sharing indemnification obligations under these programs. We cannot make any assurances that such financing would be available on attractive terms, if at all, or that any indemnification obligations might be material or would not have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We have numerous significant competitors and potential future competitors, some of which may have greater resources than we do, and we may not be able to continue to compete effectively.
 We compete in investment sales and financing within the commercial real estate industry. Our investment sales focus is on the private client market, which is highly fragmented. The fragmentation of our market makes it challenging to effectively gain market share. We also face competition from local and regional service providers who have existing relationships with potential clients. Furthermore, transactions in the private client market are smaller than many other commercial real estate transactions. Although the brokerage commissions in this market are generally a higher percentage of the sales price, the smaller size of the transactions requires us to close many more transactions to sustain revenue. If the commission structure or the velocity of transactions were to change, we could be disproportionately affected by changes compared to other companies that focus on larger transactions, institutional clients and other areas of the commercial real estate market.
 There is no assurance that we will be able to continue to compete effectively, maintain our current fee arrangements with our private clients, maintain current margin levels or counteract increased competition. The services we provide to our clients are highly competitive on a national, regional and local level. Depending on the geography, property type or service, we face competition from, including, but not limited to, commercial real estate service providers, in-house real estate departments, private owners and developers, institutional lenders, research and consulting firms, and investment managers, some of whom are clients and many of whom may have greater financial resources than we do. In addition, future changes in laws and regulations could lead to the entry of other competitors. Many of our competitors are local, regional or national firms. Although most are substantially smaller than we are, some of these competitors are larger on a local, regional or national basis, and we believe more national firms are exploring entry into or expansion in the $1 million to $10 million private client market. We may face increased competition from even stronger competitors in the future due to a trend toward acquisitions and consolidation. We are also subject to competition from other large national and multi-national firms as well as regional and local firms that have similar service competencies to ours. Our existing and future competitors may choose to undercut our fees or increase the levels of compensation they are willing to pay to their employees and investment sales and financing professionals. This could result in these competitors recruiting our employees and investment sales and financing professionals, cause us to increase our level of compensation or commission necessary to retain employees or investment sales and financing professionals, and/or require us to recruit new employees or investment sales and financing professionals. These occurrences could cause our revenue to decrease, and/or expenses to increase, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our brokerage operations are subject to geographic and commercial real estate market risks, which could adversely affect our revenue and profitability.
 Our real estate brokerage offices are located in and around large metropolitan areas as well as mid-market regions throughout the U.S. and Canada. Local and regional economic conditions in these locations could differ materially from prevailing conditions in other parts of the country. We realize more of our revenue in California than in any other state. In

 2023, we earned approximately 24% of our revenue from offices in California. In particular, as a result of this concentration, we are subject to risks related to the California economy and real estate markets more than in other geographic markets. In addition to economic conditions, this geographic concentration means that California-specific legislation, real estate and income taxes, rent control or rent stabilization laws and regulations, a migration of residents from the California markets or a reduction in the attractiveness of the California market as a place to live and regional disasters, such as earthquakes and wildfires as well as the impact of climate change, could disproportionately affect us. A downturn in investment real estate demand or economic conditions in California and other regions could result in a further decline in our total gross commission income which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Seasonal fluctuations and other market data in the investment real estate industry could adversely affect our business and make comparisons of our quarterly results difficult.
 Our revenue and profits have historically tended to be significantly higher in the second half of each year than in the first half of the year. This is a result of a general focus in the real estate industry on completing or documenting transactions by calendar year end and because certain of our expenses are relatively constant throughout the year. This historical trend can be disrupted both positively and negatively by major economic, regulatory or political events impacting investor sentiment for a particular property type or location, current and future projections of interest rates and tax rates, attractiveness of other asset classes, market liquidity and the extent of limitations or availability of capital allocations for larger institutional buyers, to name a few. During the year ended December 31, 2023, seasonal fluctuations were disrupted by continued volatility in overall market conditions and increased interest rates. As a result, our historical pattern of seasonality may or may not continue to the same degree experienced in the prior years and may make it difficult to determine, during the course of the year, whether planned results will be achieved, and thus to adjust to changes in expectations.
 A change in the tax laws relating to like-kind exchanges could adversely affect our business and the value of our stock.
 Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), provides for tax-free exchanges of real property for other real property. Legislation has been proposed on several occasions that would repeal or restrict the application of Section 1031. If tax-free exchanges under Section 1031 were to be limited or unavailable, our clients or prospective clients may decide not to purchase or sell property that they would have otherwise purchased or sold due to the tax consequences of the transaction, thus reducing the commissions we would have otherwise received. Any repeal or significant change in the tax rules pertaining to like-kind exchanges could have a substantial adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and the value of our stock.
 A change in the tax laws could adversely affect our business and the value of our stock.
 Changes in tax laws can impact investors' perceived value of real estate, timing of transactions and perception of real estate as a favorable investment. As a result, such changes may increase or decrease investors' desire to engage in real estate transactions, which could have an unfavorable impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and the value of our stock. Changes in tax laws in the various jurisdictions in which we operate may also impact the taxes we are required to pay, our ability to transact business in such jurisdictions, and may make operating in these jurisdictions unprofitable and unfavorably impact our results of operations and ability to execute our growth plans.
 New laws or regulations or changes in existing laws or regulations or the application thereof could adversely affect our businesses, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
 We are subject to numerous federal, state, local and foreign regulations specific to the services we perform in our business, as well as laws of broader applicability, such as securities, financial services and employment laws. In general, the brokerage of real estate transactions requires us to maintain applicable licenses where we perform these services. If we fail to maintain our licenses, conduct these activities without a license, or violate any of the regulations covering our licenses, we may be required to pay fines (including treble damages in certain states), return commissions received or have our licenses suspended or revoked. We could also be subject to disciplinary or other actions in the future due to claimed noncompliance with these regulations, which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and profitability.
 Our business is also governed by various laws and regulations, limiting the manner in which prospective clients may be contacted, including federal and state "Do Not Call" and "Do Not Fax" regulations. We may be subject to legal claims and governmental action if we are perceived to be acting in violation of these laws and regulations. We may also be subject

 to claims to the extent individual employees or investment sales and financing professionals breach or fail to adhere to Company policies and practices designed to maintain compliance with these laws and regulations. The penalties for violating these laws and regulations can be material and could result in changes to the ways in which we are able to contact prospective clients.
 As the size and scope of commercial real estate transactions have increased significantly during the past several years, both the difficulty of ensuring compliance with numerous licensing regimes and the possible loss resulting from non-compliance have increased. New or revised legislation or regulations applicable to our business, both within and outside of the U.S., as well as changes in administrations or enforcement priorities may have an adverse effect on our business. Such new or revised legislation or regulations applicable to our business may impact transaction volumes and values, increase the costs of compliance or prevent us from providing certain types of services in certain jurisdictions or in connection with certain transactions or clients. For example, legislation which limits or prohibits dual agency could have an adverse impact on our revenue. We are unable to predict how any of these new laws, rules, regulations and proposals will be implemented or in what form, or whether any additional or similar changes to laws or regulations, including the interpretation or implementation thereof, will occur in the future. Risks of legislative changes, including as a result of interpretive guidance or other directives from the current administration, and new laws, regulations and interpretations may also come into effect. The impact of any new or revised legislation or regulations under the current administration is unknown. Any such action could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Human Resource and Personnel Risks
 If we are unable to attract and retain qualified and experienced managers, investment sales and financing professionals, our growth may be limited, and our business and operating results could suffer.
 Our most important asset is people, and our continued success is highly dependent upon the efforts of our managers and investment sales and financing professionals. If these managers or investment sales and financing professionals depart, we will lose the substantial time and resources we have invested in training and developing those individuals and our business, financial condition and results of operations may suffer. Additionally, such departures may have a disproportionate adverse effect on our operations if our most experienced investment sales and financing professionals do not remain with us or if departures occur in geographic areas where substantial amounts of our real estate brokerage commissions and financing fee revenue are generated.
 Our competitors frequently attempt to recruit our investment sales and financing professionals or change commission structures in the marketplace. For a variety of reasons, the exclusive independent contractor and employment arrangements we have entered into or may enter into with these professionals may not prevent these professionals from departing and competing against us. As the majority of our investment sales and financing professionals are independent contractors and we currently do not have employment agreements with most key employees, there is no assurance that we will be able to retain their services. Similarly, most key employees in sales leadership roles, which includes our experienced managers, currently do not have employment agreements and there is no assurance that we will be able to retain their services.
 An important component of maintaining and growing our business includes the recruiting, training and retention of new and experienced investment sales and financing professionals. Any future growth will be dependent upon the continued availability of qualified candidates fitting the culture of our firm that can be recruited and retained on favorable economic terms and conditions. However, our competitors compete vigorously with us to recruit and retain investment sales and financing professionals and may offer lucrative compensation packages and commission splits that we may not be able to match on terms that are economically favorable to us.
 The recruitment and retention of key experienced professionals may require substantial investments, such as lucrative compensation packages, support agreements, and commission splits. Additionally, in order to recruit and retain investment sales and financing professionals, we may, and often have had to, advance funds in the form of forgivable loans which would be expensed over the contractual term of the loan agreement. All of these investments involve the risk that such professionals will not perform in accordance with performance expectations under such arrangements and that the business judgments concerning the value, strengths and weaknesses of such professionals will prove incorrect, and therefore may not have been worth the substantial investment.
 During a downturn in the commercial real estate industry, the number of experienced professionals may be reduced temporarily because they have a harder time transacting in a difficult market and may need to seek income from other

 sources. In addition, it is more difficult to recruit and retain less experienced professionals because the industry is less attractive during downturns from an income opportunity perspective.
 If we lose the services of our executive officers or certain other members of our senior management team, we may not be able to execute our business strategy.
 Our success depends in a large part upon the continued service of our senior management team, who are important to our vision, strategic direction and culture. Our current long-term business strategy was developed in large part by our senior-level management team, some of whom have recently retired or will be transitioning to new positions, and depends in part on their skills and knowledge to implement. Our focus on new growth and investment initiatives may require additional management expertise to successfully execute our strategy. We may not be able to offset the impact on our business of the loss of the services of our senior-level management team or other key officers or employees or be able to recruit additional or replacement talent, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our business could be hurt if we are unable to retain our business philosophy and culture of information sharing and efforts to retain our philosophy and culture could adversely affect our ability to maintain and grow our business.
 Our policy of information sharing, matching properties with large pools of investors and the emphasis that we place on our clients, our people and our culture define our business philosophy and differentiates our services from that of our competitors. Various factors could adversely affect this culture. If we do not continue to develop and implement the right processes and tools to manage our changing enterprise and maintain this culture, our ability to compete successfully and achieve our business objectives could be impaired, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 The concentration of sales among our top investment sales and financing professionals could lead to losses if we are unable to retain them or if there is an economic downturn.
 Our most successful investment sales and financing professionals are responsible for a significant percentage of our revenue. They also serve as mentors and role models, and provide invaluable training for younger professionals, which is an integral part of our culture. This concentration among our top investment sales and financing professionals of real estate brokerage commissions and financing fees revenue can lead to greater and more concentrated risk of loss if we are unable to retain them, and could have a material adverse impact on our business and financial condition. Furthermore, many of our investment sales and financing professionals work in teams. If a team leader or manager leaves our Company, his or her team members may leave with the team leader or manager. Additionally, in economic downturns sales are often further concentrated among our top investment sales and financing professionals who have negotiated high commission splits that further reduce our profits and could have a material adverse impact on our business and financial condition.
 Our investment sales professionals are independent contractors, not employees, and if laws, regulations or rulings mandate that they be employees, our business would be adversely impacted.
 Our investment sales professionals are retained as independent contractors, and we are subject to the Internal Revenue Service regulations and applicable state law guidelines regarding independent contractor classification. These regulations and guidelines are subject to judicial and agency interpretation, and it could be determined that the independent contractor classification is inapplicable to some or all of our investment sales professionals. Further, if legal standards for classification of these investment sales professionals as independent contractors change or appear to be changing, it may be necessary to modify our compensation or commission structure for these investment sales professionals in some or all of our markets, including paying additional compensation or reimbursing expenses. If we are forced to classify these investment sales professionals as employees, we would also become subject to laws regarding employee classification and compensation, and to claims regarding overtime, minimum wage, and meal and rest periods. We could also incur substantial costs, penalties and damages due to future challenges by current or former investment sales professionals to our classification or compensation practices. Any of these outcomes could result in substantial costs to us, could significantly impair our financial condition and our ability to conduct our business as we choose, and could damage our reputation and impair our ability to attract clients and investment sales and financing professionals.

 Fraud, or theft, which is difficult to detect and deter, could harm us by impairing our ability to attract and retain clients and subjecting us to significant legal liability and reputational harm.
 If our employees or investment sales and financing professionals engage in misconduct, our business could be adversely affected. It is not always possible to deter misconduct, and the precautions we take to deter and prevent this activity may not be effective in all cases. If our employees or investment sales and financing professionals were to engage in unethical business practices, improperly use, disseminate, fail to disseminate or disclose information provided by our clients, we could be subject to regulatory sanctions, suffer serious harm to our reputation, financial position and current client relationships and significantly impair our ability to attract future clients. These events could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. To the extent any fraud or theft of funds or misconduct result in losses that exceeds our insurance coverage, our business could be materially adversely affected.
 Internal Business Risks
 We may fail to successfully differentiate our brand from those of our competitors, which could adversely affect our revenue.
 The value of our brand and reputation is one of our most important assets. An inherent risk in maintaining our brand is we may fail to successfully differentiate the scope and quality of our service and product offerings from those of our competitors, or we may fail to sufficiently innovate or develop improved products or services that will be attractive to our clients. Additionally, given the rigors of the competitive marketplace in which we operate, there is the risk we may not be able to continue to find ways to operate more productively and more cost-effectively, including by achieving economies of scale, or we will be limited in our ability to further reduce the costs required to operate on a nationally coordinated platform.
 Our attempts to expand our services and businesses may not be successful and we may expend significant resources without corresponding returns.
 We intend to expand our specialty groups, particularly multi-tenant retail, office, industrial and hospitality, as well as various niche markets, including multifamily tax credit, affordable housing, student housing, manufactured housing, seniors housing and self-storage. We also plan to grow our financing services provided through our subsidiary, Marcus & Millichap Capital Corporation. We expect to incur expenses relating to acquisitions, recruitment, training, and expanding our markets and services. The planned expansion of services and platforms requires significant resources, and there can be no assurance we will compete effectively, attract or train a sufficient number of professionals to support the expansion, or operate these businesses profitably. We may incur significant expenses for these plans without corresponding returns, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 If we experience significant growth in the future, such growth may be difficult to sustain and may place significant demands on our administrative, operational and financial resources.
 If we experience significant growth in the future, such growth could place additional demands on our resources and increase our expenses, as we will have to commit additional management, operational and financial resources to maintain appropriate operational and financial systems to adequately support expansion. There can be no assurance we will be able to manage our expanding operations effectively or we will be able to maintain or accelerate our growth, and any failure to do so could adversely affect our ability to generate revenue and control our expenses, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, we may have to delay, alter or eliminate the implementation of certain aspects of our growth strategy due to events beyond our control, including, but not limited to, changes in general economic conditions and commercial real estate market conditions. Such delays or changes to our growth strategy may adversely affect our business.
 Our growth plan includes completing acquisitions, which may or may not happen depending on the acquisition opportunities that are available in the marketplace.
 Our ability to grow by acquiring companies or assets and by making investments to complement our existing businesses will depend upon the availability of suitable acquisition candidates. If we are unable to find suitable acquisition candidates, if we are unable to attract the interest of such candidates, or if we are unable to successfully negotiate and complete such acquisitions, that could limit our ability to grow.

 If we acquire businesses in the future, we may experience high transaction and integration costs, the integration process may be disruptive to our business and the acquired businesses may not perform as we expect.
 From time to time, we pursue strategic acquisitions to add and enhance our real estate brokerage and financing service offerings. The companies we have acquired have generally been regional or specialty firms that expand our network of investing and financing professionals and/or provide further diversification to our brokerage and financing services. Our acquisition structures may include deferred and/or contingent consideration payments in future periods that are subject to the passage of time or achievement of certain financial performance metrics and other conditions. Acquisitions also frequently involve significant costs related to integrating culture, information technology, accounting, reporting and management services and rationalizing personnel levels. If we are unable to fully integrate the culture, accounting, reporting and other systems of the businesses we acquire, we may not be able to effectively manage them, and our financial results may be materially adversely affected.
 In addition, the acquisitions of businesses involve risks that the businesses acquired will not perform in accordance with expectations, that the expected synergies associated with acquisitions will not be achieved, that we will experience attrition from professionals licensed or associated with the acquired companies and that business judgments concerning the value, strengths and weaknesses of the businesses acquired will prove incorrect, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 A majority of our revenue is derived from transaction fees, which are not long-term contracted sources of recurring revenue and are subject to external economic conditions and declines in those engagements could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 We historically have earned principally all our revenue from real estate brokerage transactions and financing fees. We expect that we will continue to rely heavily on revenue from these sources for substantially all our revenue for the foreseeable future. A continued decline in the number of transactions completed or in the value of the commercial real estate we sell could significantly decrease our revenue further, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 If we are unable to retain existing clients and develop new clients, our financial condition may be adversely affected.
 We are substantially dependent on long-term client relationships and on revenue received for services provided for them. Our listing agreements generally expire within six months and depend on the cooperation of the client during the pendency of the agreement, as is typical in the industry. In this competitive market, if we are unable to maintain these relationships or are otherwise unable to retain existing clients and develop new clients, our business, results of operations and/or financial condition may be materially adversely affected. Historically, a global economic downturn and weaknesses in the markets in which our clients and potential clients compete have led to a lower volume of transactions and fewer real estate clients generally, which makes it more difficult to maintain existing and establish new client relationships. These effects have in the past and could increase again in the wake of the continuing political and economic uncertainties in the U.S. and in other countries.
 We may face significant liabilities and/or damage to our professional reputation as a result of litigation allegations and negative publicity.
 As a licensed real estate broker, we and our licensed professionals and brokers are subject to regulatory due diligence, disclosure and standard-of-care obligations. The actual or perceived failure to fulfill these obligations could subject us or our professionals and brokers to litigation from parties who attempted to or in fact financed, purchased or sold properties that we or they brokered, managed or had some other involvement. We could become subject to claims by those who either wished to participate or did participate in real estate transactions alleging that we did not fulfill our regulatory, contractual or other legal obligations. We also face potential conflicts of interest claims when we represent both the buyer and the seller in a transaction.
 We depend on our business relationships and our reputation for integrity and high-caliber professional services to attract and retain clients. As a result, allegations by private litigants or regulators, whether the ultimate outcome is favorable or unfavorable to us, as well as negative publicity and press speculation about us or our investment activities, whether or not valid, may harm our reputation and damage our business prospects. In addition, if any lawsuits were brought against us and resulted in a finding of substantial legal liability, it could materially, adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations or cause significant reputational harm to us, which could materially impact our business.

 In the event of a substantial loss, our commercial insurance coverage and/or self-insurance reserve levels might not be sufficient to pay the full damages, or the scope of available coverage may not cover certain types of claims. Further, the value of otherwise valid claims we hold under insurance policies could become uncollectible in the event of the covering insurance company's insolvency, although we seek to limit this risk by placing our commercial insurance only with highly-rated companies. Any of these events could negatively impact our business, financial condition or results of operations.
 Failure to appropriately deal with actual or perceived conflicts of interest could adversely affect our businesses.
 Outside of our employees and investment sales and financing professionals, our reputation is one of our most important assets. As we have expanded the scope of our services, we increasingly must address potential, actual or perceived conflicts of interest relating to the services we provide to our existing and potential clients. For example, conflicts may arise between our position as an advisor to both the buyer and seller in commercial real estate sales transactions or in instances when a potential buyer requests that we represent them in securing the necessary capital to acquire an asset we are selling for another client, or when a capital source takes an adverse action against an owner client that we are advising in another matter. From time to time, we also advise or represent entities and parties affiliated with us in commercial real estate transactions which also involve clients who are unaffiliated with us. In this context, we may be subject to complaints or claims of a conflict of interest. Appropriately dealing with conflicts of interest is complex and difficult and our reputation could be damaged and cause us to lose existing clients or fail to gain new clients if we fail, or appear to fail, to deal appropriately with conflicts of interest, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Technology and Cybersecurity Risks
 If we do not respond to technological innovations or changes or upgrade our technology systems, our growth prospects and results of operations could be adversely affected.
 To remain competitive, we must continue to enhance and improve the functionality, features and security of our technology infrastructure. Infrastructure upgrades may require significant capital investment outside of the normal course of business. In the future, we will likely need to improve and upgrade our technology, database systems and network infrastructure to allow our business to grow in both size and scope. Without such improvements, our operations might suffer from unanticipated system disruptions, slow performance or unreliable service levels, any of which could negatively affect our ability to provide rapid customer service. We may face significant delays in introducing new services, investment sales professional tools and enhancements. Moreover, if we do not keep pace with the rapid innovations and changes taking place in information technology in our industry, we could be at a competitive disadvantage. The proliferation of freely available information on the Internet, including advancements in areas such as artificial intelligence, for example, has substantially increased the accessibility and transparency of information relating to commercial real estate listings and transactions, which could change the way commercial real estate transactions are conducted. This has occurred to some extent in the residential real estate market as online brokerage and/or auction companies have eroded part of the market for traditional residential real estate brokerage firms. The accumulation of large amounts of data on the Internet could also devalue the information that we gather and disseminate as part of our business model and may harm certain aspects of our investment brokerage business in the event that principals of transactions prefer to transact directly with each other. Further, the rapid dissemination and increasing transparency of information, particularly for public companies, increases the risks to our business that could result from negative media or announcements about ethics lapses, improper behavior or other operational problems, which could lead clients to terminate or reduce their relationships with us. If competitors introduce new products and services using new technologies, our proprietary technology and systems may become less competitive, and our business may be harmed. In addition, the expansion and improvement of our systems and infrastructure may require us to commit substantial financial, operational and technical resources, with no assurance that our business will improve.
 Interruption, data security breaches, or failure of our information technology, communications systems or data services could hurt our ability to effectively provide our services, which could damage our reputation and harm our operating results.
 Our business requires the continued operation of information technology and communication systems and network infrastructure. Our ability to conduct our business may be adversely impacted by disruptions or breaches to these systems or infrastructure. Our information technology and communications systems are vulnerable to damage or disruption from fire, power loss, telecommunications failure, system malfunctions, computer viruses, third-party misconduct or penetration and criminal acts, natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, wildfires and floods, acts of war or terrorism, or other events which are beyond our control. For example, in August 2021, we were subject to a cybersecurity attack on our

 information technology systems. We immediately engaged cybersecurity experts to secure and restore all essential systems and were able to do so with only minimal disruption to our business.
 In addition, the operation and maintenance of these systems and networks is, in some cases, dependent on third-party technologies, systems and service providers for which there is no certainty of security or uninterrupted availability. Any of these events could cause system interruption, delays, and loss of critical data or intellectual property (such as our client lists and information, business methods and research) and may also disrupt our ability to provide services to or interact with our clients, and we may not be able to successfully implement contingency plans that depend on communication or travel. The business continuity planning and backup systems we have in place for such events may not be sufficient and cannot account for all eventualities. An event that results in the destruction or disruption of any of our data centers or our critical business or information technology systems could severely affect our ability to conduct normal business operations and, as a result, our future operating results could be adversely affected. Our business relies significantly on the use of commercial real estate data. We produce much of this data internally, but a significant portion is purchased from third-party providers for which there is no certainty of uninterrupted availability. A disruption of our ability to provide data to our professionals and/or clients could damage our reputation, and our operating results could be adversely affected.
 Failure to maintain the security of our information and technology networks, including personally identifiable and client information could adversely affect us.
 Security breaches and other disruptions could compromise our and our clients' information and expose us to liability, which could cause our business and reputation to suffer. In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including our proprietary business information and intellectual property and that of our clients and personally identifiable information of our employees and contractors, in our data centers and on our networks. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations. Our security measures vary in maturity across our business. Our information technology and infrastructure have been subject to, and may in the future be vulnerable to various cyber-attacks, such as hacking, spoofing and phishing attacks and ransomware attacks, exploitation of system or application vulnerabilities or our systems may be breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. We may also not have sufficient logging available to fully investigate the scope of a cyber-attack.
 Additionally, since 2020, a portion of our workforce has worked remotely in some capacity in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This arrangement introduces new threat vectors and vulnerabilities.
 A significant actual or potential theft, loss, fraudulent use or misuse of client, employee or other personally identifiable data, whether by third parties or as a result of employee malfeasance or otherwise, non-compliance with our contractual or other legal obligations regarding such data or a violation of our privacy and security policies with respect to such data could result in significant costs, fines, litigation or regulatory actions against us. Such an event could additionally disrupt our operations and the services we provide to clients, damage our reputation, and cause a loss of confidence in our services, which could adversely affect our business, revenue and competitive position.
 Additionally, we increasingly rely on third-party data storage providers, including cloud storage solution providers, resulting in less direct control over our data. Such third parties may also be vulnerable to security breaches and compromised security systems, which could adversely affect our reputation. In the past several years, supply chain attacks have increased in frequency and severity. As we are a consumer of information systems and technology, we are at risk of being impacted either directly or indirectly by these attacks. The control systems, cybersecurity program, infrastructure, physical facilities of, and personnel associated with third parties that we rely on are beyond our control.
 We rely on the collection and use of personally identifiable information from clients to conduct our business. We disclose our information collection and dissemination practices in a published privacy statement on our websites, which we may modify from time to time. We may be subject to legal claims, government action, including under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, and damage to our reputation if we act or are perceived to be acting inconsistently with the terms of our privacy statement, client expectations or the law. In the event we or the vendors with which we contract to provide services on behalf of our clients were to suffer a breach of personally identifiable information, our customers could terminate their business with us. Further, we may be subject to claims to the extent individual employees or investment sales and financing professionals breach or fail to adhere to Company policies and practices and such actions jeopardize any personally identifiable information. In addition, concern among potential buyers or sellers about our privacy practices could keep them from using our services or require us to incur significant expense to alter our business practices or educate them about how we use personally identifiable information.

 Investment Risks
 Our investments in marketable debt securities, available-for-sale are subject to certain risks which could affect our overall financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
 We invest a portion of our available cash and cash equivalent balances in money market funds, some of which have floating net asset values or by purchasing marketable debt securities with maturities in excess of three months in a managed portfolio in a variety of fixed or variable rate debt securities, including U.S. government and federal agency securities and corporate debt securities. The primary objective of our investment activity is to maintain the safety of principal, provide for future liquidity requirements while maximizing yields without significantly increasing risk. Should any of our investments or marketable debt securities lose value or have their liquidity impaired, it could affect our overall financial condition. Additionally, if we choose or are required to sell these securities in the future at a loss, our consolidated operating results or cash flows may be affected.
 We may be deemed to be an investment company due to our investments in marketable debt securities, available-for-sale and, if such a determination were made, we would become subject to significant regulation that would adversely affect our business.
 We may be deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "Investment Company Act"), if, among other things, we own "investment securities" with a value exceeding 40% of the value of our total assets, unless we qualify under a particular exemption or safe harbor. We invest part of our available cash and cash equivalents in a variety of short-term, investment-grade securities, some of which may qualify as "investment securities" under the Investment Company Act. Investment companies are subject to registration under the Investment Company Act and compliance with a variety of restrictions and requirements. If we were to be deemed an investment company we would become subject to these restrictions and requirements, and the consequences of having been an investment company without registering under the Investment Company Act could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as restrict our ability to sell and issue securities, borrow funds, engage in various transactions or other activities and make certain investment decisions. In addition, we may incur significant costs or limitation on business opportunities to avoid investment company status if an exemption from the Investment Company Act were to be considered unavailable to us at a time when the value of our "investment securities" exceeds 40% of the value of our total assets. We believe that we satisfy the conditions to be exempt from the Investment Company Act because, among other things, we are engaged directly and primarily in a business other than that of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities. However, absent an exemptive order from the SEC, our status of being exempt cannot be assured.
 Risks Related to Our Founder
 Our Chair and founder owns a significant portion of our common stock, which may prevent other stockholders from influencing significant decisions, and the sale of such stock may depress the price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise capital.
 George M. Marcus, our Chair and founder beneficially owns approximately 15.0 million shares, or approximately 39% of our outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2023. Because of Mr. Marcus' substantial ownership of our outstanding common stock, he may be able to significantly influence the outcome of corporate actions requiring stockholder approval, including the election and removal of directors, so long as he controls a significant portion of our common stock. Mr. Marcus' shares may also be sold in a public or private sale which could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the future sales of equity securities.
 Our Chair may have actual or potential conflicts of interest because of his position with MMC.
 George M. Marcus serves as the Chair of our Board of Directors and is Chair of the Board of Directors of MMC. In addition, Mr. Marcus beneficially owns substantially all of the outstanding stock of MMC. His position at MMC and the ownership of any MMC equity or equity awards creates or may create the appearance of conflicts of interest if and when he is faced with decisions that could have different implications for MMC and for us.

 General Risks
 Our existing goodwill and other intangible assets could become impaired, which may require us to take non-cash charges.
 Under current accounting guidelines, we evaluate our goodwill and other intangible assets for potential impairment annually or more frequently if circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. We perform the required annual goodwill impairment evaluation in the fourth quarter of each year. Any impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets would result in a non-cash charge against earnings, and such charge could materially adversely affect our reported results of operations and the market price of our common stock in future periods.
 In preparing our financial statements we make certain assumptions, judgments, and estimates that affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements, which, if not accurate, may significantly impact our financial results.
 We make assumptions, judgments, and estimates that affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements. These assumptions, judgments, and estimates are drawn from historical experience and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ materially from our estimates, and such differences could significantly impact our financial results.
 The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
 Volatility in the market price of our common stock may prevent shareholders from being able to sell shares of our common stock at or above the price shareholders paid for them. The market price for our common stock could fluctuate significantly for various reasons, including quarterly and annual variations in our results and those of our competitors; changes to the competitive landscape; estimates and projections by the investment community; the arrival or departure of key personnel, especially the retirement or departure of key senior investment sales and financing professionals and management; the introduction of new services by us or our competitors; acquisitions, strategic alliances or joint ventures involving us or our competitors; and general global and domestic economic, credit and liquidity issues, market or political conditions.
 As a result of these factors, investors in our common stock may not be able to resell their shares at or above the price paid to acquire the stock or may not be able to resell them at all. These broad market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. In addition, price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of our common stock is low.
 If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they downgrade our Company or our sector, or we do not meet expectations of the analysts the price of our common stock could decline.
 The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. These research reports about our business may contain information about us, including, but not limited to estimates of our future results of operations and stock price. We do not control these analysts, nor can we assure that any analysts will continue to follow us, issue research reports or publish information that accurately predicts our actual results or stock price. Furthermore, if we do not meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or one or more of the analysts who do cover us downgrades our Company or our industry, or the stock of any of our competitors, the price of our common stock could decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our Company, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause the price of our common stock to decline.
 Significant fluctuations in our revenue and net income may make it difficult for us to achieve steady earnings growth on a quarterly or an annual basis, which may make the comparison between periods difficult and may cause the price of our common stock to decline.
 We have experienced and may continue to experience fluctuations in revenue and net income as a result of many factors, including, but not limited to, economic conditions, capital market disruptions, the timing of transactions, revenue mix and the timing of additional selling, general and administrative expenses to support growth initiatives, recognition and expensing of forgivable loans provided to investment sales and financing professionals. We provide many of our services pursuant to contracts that typically expire within six months and that are dependent on the client's cooperation. Consequently, many of our clients can terminate or significantly reduce their relationships with us on very short notice for any reason. In addition, a significant portion of our expenses are fixed and do not vary proportionately with fluctuations in revenues. If our clients terminate or significantly reduce their relationships with us on short notice for any reason, we may

 be unable to adjust our expenses in a timely manner which could have an immediate material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.
 We plan our capital and operating expenditures based on our expectations of future revenue and, if revenues are below expectations in any given quarter or year, we may be unable to adjust capital or operating expenditures in a timely manner to compensate for any unexpected revenue shortfall, which could have an immediate material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.
 Future sales or the perception of future sales of a substantial amount of our common stock may depress the price of shares of our common stock.
 Future sales, issuances of shares under our Amended and Restated 2013 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the "2013 Plan"), and 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP") or the availability of a substantial amount of our common stock in the public market could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the future sales of equity securities.
 We may issue shares of our common stock or other securities from time to time as consideration for future acquisitions and investments. If any such acquisition or investment is significant, the number of shares of our common stock, or the number or aggregate principal amount, as the case may be, of other securities that we may issue may in turn be substantial. We may also grant registration rights covering those shares of our common stock or other securities in connection with any such acquisitions and investments.
 We cannot predict the size of future issuances or sales of our common stock or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of our common stock will have on the market price of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock (including shares of our common stock issued in connection with an acquisition), or the perception that such sales could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices for our common stock.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
 Not applicable.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity
 Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
 We recognize the importance of assessing, identifying, and managing material risks associated with cybersecurity threats, as such term is defined in Item 106(a) of Regulation S-K. These risks include, among other things, operational risks; intellectual property theft; fraud; extortion; harm to employees or customers; violation of privacy or security laws and other litigation and legal risk; and reputational risks. We have implemented several cybersecurity processes, technologies, and controls to aid in our efforts to assess, identify, and manage such material risks.
 Our process for identifying and assessing material risks from cybersecurity threats operates alongside our broader overall risk assessment process, covering all company risks. As part of this process, appropriate disclosure personnel collaborate with subject matter specialists, as necessary, to gather insights for identifying and assessing material cybersecurity threat risks, their severity, and potential mitigations.
 We also have a cybersecurity specific risk assessment process, which helps identify our cybersecurity threat risks. As part of this process, and our processes to provide for the availability of critical data and systems, maintain regulatory compliance, identify and manage our risks from cybersecurity threats, and to protect against, detect, and respond to cybersecurity incidents, as such term is defined in Item 106(a) of Regulation S-K, we undertake the below listed activities, among others:
 • periodic comparison of our processes to standards set by the National Institute of Standards and Technology;
 • closely monitor emerging data protection laws and implement changes to our processes designed to comply;
 • undertake an annual review of our consumer-facing policies and statements related to cybersecurity;
 • conduct regular phishing email simulations for all employees and all contractors with access to corporate email systems to enhance awareness and responsiveness to such possible threats;
 • conduct annual cybersecurity training for all employees and contractors, along with targeted training on a quarterly basis for specific subsets of employees identified through our phishing simulations;

 • through policy, practice and contract (as applicable) require employees, as well as third-parties who provide services on our behalf, to treat customer information and data with care;
 • conduct regular network and endpoint monitoring and vulnerability assessments to improve our information systems, as such term is defined in Item 106(a) of Regulation S-K;
 • carry information security risk insurance that provides protection against the potential losses arising from a cybersecurity incident;
 • conduct vulnerability scans and leverage the scan results to continuously patch and manage our network as new threats emerge; and
 • active monitoring by our contracted 24x7 Security Operations Center.
 Our incident response plan coordinates the activities we take to prepare for, detect, respond to and recover from cybersecurity incidents, which include processes to triage, assess severity for, escalate, contain, investigate, and remediate the incident, as well as to comply with potentially applicable legal obligations and mitigate brand and reputational damage. The incident response team assesses the severity and priority of incidents on a rolling basis, with escalations of higher severity cybersecurity incidents provided to our management team. If a cybersecurity incident is determined to be a material cybersecurity incident, our incident response processes define the steps to disclose such a material cybersecurity incident.
 As part of the above processes, we regularly engage with assessors, consultants, auditors, and other third parties, including by regularly conducting technical and data reviews with our cybersecurity partners to help identify areas for continued focus, improvement and/or compliance.
 Our processes also address cybersecurity threat risks associated with our use of third-party service providers, including those in our supply chain or who have access to our customer and employee data or our systems. Third-party risks are included within our broader overall risk assessment process, as well as our cybersecurity-specific risk identification program, both of which are discussed above. In addition, cybersecurity considerations affect the selection and oversight of our third-party service providers. We perform diligence on third parties that have access to our systems, data or facilities that house such systems or data, and continually monitor cybersecurity threat risks identified through such diligence. Additionally, we generally require those third parties that could introduce significant cybersecurity risk to us to agree by contract to manage their cybersecurity risks in specified ways, and to agree to be subject to cybersecurity audits, which we conduct as appropriate.
 We describe whether and how risks from identified cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition, under the heading "Technology and Cybersecurity Risks", which disclosure is incorporated by reference herein.
 Cybersecurity Governance
 Cybersecurity is an important part of our risk management processes and an area of increasing focus for our Board and management.
 Our audit committee is responsible for the oversight of risks from cybersecurity threats. At least quarterly, the audit committee receives an overview from management of our cybersecurity threat risk management and strategy processes covering topics such as data security posture, results from third-party assessments, progress towards pre-determined risk-mitigation-related goals, our incident response plan, and material cybersecurity threat risks or incidents and developments, as well as the steps management has taken to respond to such risks. In such sessions, the audit committee generally receives materials indicating current and emerging material cybersecurity threat risks, and describing the company's ability to mitigate those risks, and discusses such matters with our Chief Information Officer. Members of the audit committee are also encouraged to regularly engage in ad hoc conversations with management on cybersecurity-related news events and discuss any updates to our cybersecurity risk management and strategy programs. Material cybersecurity threat risks are also considered during separate Board meeting discussions of important matters like risk management, operational budgeting, business continuity planning, mergers and acquisitions, brand management, and other relevant matters.
 Our cybersecurity risk management and strategy processes, which are discussed in greater detail above, are led by our Chief Information Officer. This individual has over 30 years of work experience in various technology roles involving managing information security, developing cybersecurity strategy, implementing effective information and cybersecurity

 programs. This experience has included positions at large public companies. Our CIO also holds a degree in electrical engineering.
 The firm's senior executive team, inclusive of the CEO, CFO, COOs, CAO and Legal, are informed about and monitor the prevention, mitigation, detection, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents through their management of, and participation in, the cybersecurity risk management and strategy processes described above, including the operation of our incident response plan.
 As discussed above, these members of management report to the audit committee about cybersecurity threat risks, among other cybersecurity related matters.

 Item 2. Properties
 Our principal executive offices are located at 23975 Park Sorrento, Suite 400, Calabasas, California 91302 where our telephone number is (818) 212-2250. We lease all of our brokerage offices (typically less than 12,000 square feet) and other support facilities in the United States and Canada. We believe that our current facilities are adequate to meet our needs through the end of 2024; however, as we continue to evaluate our office footprint, our lease needs could change during the year.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings
 We are involved in claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of our business, some of which involve claims for damages that are substantial in amount. Most of these litigation matters are covered by our insurance policies, which contain deductibles, exclusions, claim limits, and aggregate policy limits. Such litigation and other proceedings may include, but are not limited to, actions relating to commercial relationships, standard brokerage disputes such as the alleged failure to disclose physical or environmental defects or property expenses or contracts, the alleged inadequate disclosure of matters relating to the transaction such as the relationships among the parties to the transaction, potential claims or losses pertaining to the asset, vicarious liability based upon conduct of individuals or entities outside of our control, general fraud claims, conflicts of interest claims, employment law claims, including claims challenging the classification of our sales professionals as independent contractors, claims alleging violations of state consumer fraud statutes, and intellectual property. While the ultimate liability for these legal proceeding cannot be determined, we review the need for an accrual for loss contingencies quarterly, and record an accrual for litigation related losses where the likelihood of loss is both probable and estimable. We do not believe, based on information currently available to us, that the final outcome of these proceedings will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 Market Information
 Our common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol "MMI".
 As of February 13, 2024, there were 66 stockholders of record, and the closing price of our common stock was $37.30 per share as reported on the NYSE.
 Dividends
 On February 9, 2023, the Board of Directors declared a semi-annual regular dividend of $0.25 per share, with a payment date of April 6, 2023, to stockholders of record at the close of business on March 14, 2023. On August 1, 2023, the Board of Directors declared the second semi-annual regular dividend with a payment date of October 6, 2023, to stockholders of record at the close of business on September 15, 2023. The total dividend declared by the Company during the year ended December 31, 2023 was $20.4 million. As of December 31, 2023, $2.5 million remains to be paid upon vesting of stock awards.
 On February 8, 2024, the Board of Directors declared a semi-annual regular dividend of $0.25 per share, payable on April 5, 2024, to stockholders of record at the close of business on March 12, 2024. Based on the estimated number of shares to be outstanding as of March 12, 2024, the dividends declared are estimated to aggregate $10.1 million, including dividend equivalents totaling $0.4 million related to unvested restricted stock units granted under the 2013 Plan. These dividend equivalents will be paid when the underlying restricted stock units vest. We currently expect to continue to declare semi-annual regular dividends; however, the declaration and amount of any future cash dividends will be subject to the sole discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend upon many factors, including our business, financial condition and results of operations and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors from time to time.
 Stock Performance Graph
 The performance graph shall not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Marcus & Millichap, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), or the Exchange Act.
 The following graph shows a comparison from December 31, 2018 through December 31, 2023 of the cumulative total return for our common stock, the Standard & Poor's 500 Stock Index ("S&P 500 Index") and an industry peer group for this period.
 The graph assumes that $100 was invested at the market close on December 31, 2018 in the common stock of Marcus & Millichap Inc., the S&P 500 Index and the peer group, and assumes reinvestment of dividends. The stock price performance of the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance. The industry peer group is comprised of the following publicly-traded real estate services companies: CBRE, Colliers, Cushman, JLL, and Newmark (collectively "Peer Group"). We selected our Peer Group based on companies that represent our primary competitors with certain business lines reasonably comparable to ours and based on how long they have been publicly-traded.

 COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN
 Among Marcus & Millichap, Inc, the S&P 500 Index, and a Peer Group

 Base Period
12/31/18
 12/31/19
 12/31/20
 12/31/21
 12/31/22
 12/31/23

 Marcus & Millichap, Inc.
 100.00
 108.51
 108.45
 149.90
 103.70
 133.59

 S&P 500 Index
 100.00
 131.49
 155.68
 200.37
 164.08
 207.21

 Peer Group
 100.00
 147.96
 137.37
 240.57
 156.91
 188.48

 Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer
 Share repurchase activity during the three months ended December 31, 2023 was as follows:

 Periods
 Total Number of Shares Purchased(1)

 Average Price Paid Per Share
 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
 Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(2)

 October 1, 2023 - October 31, 2023
 161,490
 $
 27.92
 161,490
 $
 71,511,196

 November 1, 2023 - November 30, 2023
 28.52
 71,505,492

 December 1, 2023 - December 31, 2023
 —
 —
 —
 71,505,492

 Total
 161,690
 161,690
 $
 71,505,492

 (1)Excludes shares withheld for employee taxes upon vesting of stock-based awards. Stock repurchases under our program may be made through open market and privately negotiated transactions at times and in such amounts as management deems appropriate. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors including price, corporate and regulatory requirements, capital availability, and other market conditions. The stock repurchase program does not have an expiration date and may be limited or terminated at any time without prior notice.

 (2)On May 2, 2023, the Board of Directors authorized an additional $70 million to repurchase common stock under its common stock repurchase program, resulting in approximately $72 million available to repurchase shares under its common stock repurchase program as of December 31, 2023.
 Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
 None.

 Item 6. [RESERVED]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto included elsewhere herein. The following discussion contains, in addition to historical information, forward-looking statements that include risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those factors set forth under Item 1A – "Risk Factors" and Item 7 – "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Overview – Factors Affecting Our Business" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Overview
 Our Business
 We are a leading national real estate services firm specializing in commercial real estate investment sales, financing services, research, and advisory services. We have been the top commercial real estate investment broker in the United States based on the number of investment transactions for more than 15 years. As of December 31, 2023, we had 1,783 investment sales and financing professionals that are primarily exclusive independent contractors operating in more than 80 offices, who provide real estate brokerage and financing services to sellers and buyers of commercial real estate assets. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we closed 7,546 investment sales, financing and other transactions with total sales volume of approximately $43.6 billion. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we closed 12,272 investment sales, financing and other transactions with total sales volume of approximately $86.3 billion.
 We generate revenue by collecting real estate brokerage commissions upon the sale, and financing fees upon the financing of commercial properties, by providing equity advisory services and loan sales, loan guarantees and providing consulting and advisory services. Real estate brokerage commissions are typically based upon the value of the property and financing fees are typically based upon the size of the loan. During the year ended December 31, 2023, approximately 87% of our revenue was generated from real estate brokerage commissions, 10% from financing fees and 3% from other revenue, including consulting and advisory services.
 Acquisitions
 We continue to pursue opportunities to increase our market presence through the execution of our growth strategies by targeting markets based on population, employment, level of commercial real estate sales, inventory and competitive opportunities where we believe the markets will benefit from our commercial real estate investment sales, financing, research, and advisory services.
 Factors Affecting Our Business
 Our business and our operating results, financial condition and liquidity are significantly affected by the number and size of commercial real estate investment sales and financing transactions that we close in any period. The number and size of these transactions are affected by our ability to recruit and retain investment sales and financing professionals, identify and contract properties for sale, and identify those that need financing and refinancing. We principally monitor the commercial real estate market through four factors, which generally drive our business. The factors are the economy, commercial real estate supply and demand, capital markets, and investor sentiment and investment activity.

 The Economy
 Our business is dependent on economic conditions within the markets in which we operate. Changes in the economy on a global, national, regional, or local basis can have a positive or negative impact on our business. Economic indicators and projections related to job growth, unemployment, interest rates, retail spending and consumer confidence trends can have a positive or negative impact on our business. Overall market conditions, including global trade, interest rate changes, inflation, job creation, and global events can affect investor sentiment and, ultimately, the demand for our services from investors in real estate.
 A "soft landing" has emerged as the consensus 2024 economic forecast suggests the U.S. will likely avoid a recession. However, several factors continue to pose a risk to the outlook, including the potential of the Federal Reserve holding rates too high for too long or dropping rates too soon, the upcoming election and governmental dysfunction that has made it particularly difficult to set a federal budget, geopolitical headwinds including the war in Ukraine and the Middle East conflict and possible financial market and banking sector disruptions.
 Despite the risks, numerous metrics suggest the economy remains sound. Job creation has been durable with the addition of an average of 227,000 jobs per month in the fourth quarter of 2023. The unemployment rate has been range-bound in the mid to upper 3% band for 24 months straight, while weekly first-time unemployment claims from December 9, 2023 to January 20, 2024 remain near 200,000, approximately 35% below the pre-pandemic average. In addition, retail sales increased by 2.8% on an inflation adjusted basis in 2023, and consumer confidence has risen to a more than two year high. These positive trends align with steadily falling inflation. While core Personal Consumption Expenditure (excluding food and energy), the Federal Reserve's favored measure, stood at 2.9% on a year-over-year basis as of December 2023, over the last six months this metric has remained at 1.9% annualized, which is below the Federal Reserve's target of 2%.
 Within this context, the Federal Reserve has suggested they could begin reducing rates in 2024, although the timing of any reductions remains uncertain. Decreasing the overnight rate would send a strong signal to the financial sector and commercial real estate investors that the Federal Reserve has completed the tightening cycle and begun a normalization process. That in turn could lead to modest declines in debt capital interest rates, which could support increased commercial real estate transaction activity.
 Commercial Real Estate Supply and Demand
 Our business is dependent on the willingness of investors to invest in or sell commercial real estate, which is affected by many factors beyond our control. These factors include the supply of commercial real estate, coupled with user demand for these properties, and the performance of real estate assets, when compared with other investment alternatives, such as stocks and bonds.
 Space demand remained positive in 2023 for most commercial real estate property types, with office being the notable exception. Despite office's filling an additional 21 million square feet in the fourth quarter, the total net office space absorption for the year was negative, resulting in a national office vacancy rate of 16.9%. Multifamily demand was positive throughout 2023, but the 236,000 additional filled units failed to keep pace with the record number of apartment completions on a macro level, resulting in a 90 basis point national average vacancy increase in 2023. Industrial properties faced a similar challenge with space demand remaining positive through the year, but falling short of the record development. Retail space also sustained positive absorption throughout the year, with limited new construction helping the sector achieve a record low vacancy rate.
 Although the fundamentals of most property types remain sound, both lending and investor activity remain below the pre-pandemic norm and the expectation gap between buyers and sellers remains wide. The demand for space will continue to be influenced by consumer and business sentiment as well as the broader economic outlook.
 Capital Markets
 Credit and liquidity issues in the financial markets have a direct impact on the flow of capital to the commercial real estate market. Real estate purchases are often financed with debt, and as a result, credit and liquidity impact transaction activity and prices. Movements of interest rates in one direction, whether increasing or decreasing, could adversely or positively affect the operations and income potential of commercial real estate properties, as well as lender and equity underwriting for real estate investments. These changes directly influence investor demand for commercial real estate investments. Furthermore, the use of debt or loan-to-value ratios can shift along with lender confidence and underwriting

 standards. At times of heightened uncertainty or liquidity issues, loan-to-values decline, requiring buyers to provide more equity and take more risk to close deals.
 The capital markets remain at the heart of the commercial real estate transaction slowdown. The combination of sharply higher interest rates with tighter lender underwriting, reduced loan-to-value standards and a broad-based reduction in the volume of available debt capital have restrained market liquidity and forced investors to recalibrate their underwriting. This exacerbated the buyer/seller expectation gap and reduced trading throughout 2023.
 Although the Federal Reserve has suggested an increased likelihood of reductions in the overnight rate in 2024, the timing of any adjustments remains unclear. The Federal Reserve has held interest rates flat in the 5.25% - 5.5% range since July 2023, but considering that the annualized rate of inflation over the last six months has been below the Federal Reserve's 2% target, it appears that inflation risks may be substantively contained. Prevailing Wall Street sentiment has assigned a 90% likelihood that the overnight rate at the end of 2024 will be lowered by 100 basis points or more, which would likely place downward pressure on the interest rates charged for commercial real estate debt capital. The 10-year treasury rate has remained range bound near 4% since early December 2023, and many economists predict it will remain in that range through 2024. In general, rate stability with a modest downward bias in combination with a stable economy could support increased investor activity in 2024.
 Investor Sentiment and Investment Activity
 We facilitate investors buying, selling, and financing properties in order to generate commissions. Investors' desires and need to engage in real estate transactions are dependent on many factors that are beyond our control. The economy, supply and demand for properly positioned properties, available credit and market events impact investor sentiment and, therefore, transaction velocity. In addition, our private clients, who make up the largest source of revenue, are often motivated to buy, sell and/or refinance properties due to personal circumstances, such as death, divorce, partnership breakups and estate planning.
 Commercial real estate sales activity remained constrained through 2023 as tightened lender underwriting, significantly higher interest rates, recession risk and broad-based uncertainty impacted investor decisions. We believe a significant volume of investment capital remains undeployed waiting for economic, interest rate, financial market, geopolitical and commercial real estate pricing clarity. Price adjustments are necessary to recalibrate values to higher interest rates, but the duration of the recalibration process will depend on the combination of Federal Reserve rate policies, political stability and the market forces driving long-term interest rates. Once investors re-engage in the market, it will likely take time to navigate the price discovery process and for sales activity to revive.
 Office properties, particularly those in the urban core, face the greatest uncertainty and the greatest challenges in acquiring debt financing. Apartment financing, underpinned by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, has generally been the most attainable, with typically lower interest rates than other property types. However, the rapid interest rate spike relative to the sector's very low cap rates and the large apartment development pipeline together with slackening rent growth has impacted apartment sales. Defensive assets — such as single-tenant net lease properties backed by high-credit tenants — and medical office assets continue to receive buyer interest, but sales of these types of properties have also fallen as the flow of 1031 exchange capital coming from other property types has diminished. Ultimately, the market velocity will be dictated by a combination of the economic outlook, geopolitical forces, Federal Reserve action, interest rates and the narrowing of the buyer/seller expectation gap. If, and when, the Federal Reserve reduces rates, we believe commercial real estate sales activity should begin to increase toward its historical norm in 2024.
 Seasonality
 Our real estate brokerage commissions and financing fees have tended to be seasonal and, combined with other factors, can affect an investor's ability to compare our financial condition and results of operations on a quarter-by-quarter basis. Historically, this seasonality has generally caused our revenue, operating income, net income, and cash flows from operating activities to be lower in the first half of the year and higher in the second half of the year, particularly in the fourth quarter. The concentration of earnings and cash flows in the last six months of the year, particularly in the fourth quarter, is due to an industry-wide focus of clients to complete transactions towards the end of the calendar year. This historical trend can be disrupted both positively and negatively by major economic events, political events, natural disasters or pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which may impact, among other things, investor sentiment for a particular property type or location, volatility in financial markets, current and future projections of interest rates, attractiveness of other asset classes, market liquidity, and the extent of limitations or availability of capital allocations for larger property

 buyers, among others. Private client investors may accelerate or delay transactions due to personal or business-related reasons unrelated to economic events. In addition, our operating margins are typically lower during the second half of each year due to our commission structure for some of our senior investment sales and financing professionals. These senior investment sales and financing professionals are on a graduated commission schedule that resets annually, pursuant to which higher commissions are paid for higher sales volumes. During the year ended December 31, 2023, seasonal fluctuations were disrupted by changes in overall market conditions and increased interest rates, and going forward our historical pattern of seasonality may or may not continue to the same degree experienced in prior years.

 Key Financial Measures and Indicators
 Our revenue is primarily generated from our real estate investment sales business. In addition to real estate brokerage commissions, we generate revenue from financing fees and from other revenue, which are primarily comprised of consulting and advisory fees.
 Because our business is transaction oriented, we rely on investment sales and financing professionals to continually develop leads, identify properties to sell and finance, market those properties and close the sale timely to generate a consistent flow of revenue. While our sales volume is impacted by seasonality factors, the timing of closings is also dependent on many market and personal factors unique to a particular client or transaction, particularly clients transacting in the $1 million to $10 million private client market. These factors can cause transactions to be accelerated or delayed beyond our control. Further, commission rates earned are generally inversely related to the value of the property sold. As a result of our expansion into the middle and larger transaction markets, we have seen our overall commission rates fluctuate from period-to-period as a result of changes in the relative mix of the number and volume of investment sales transactions closed in the middle and larger transaction markets as compared to the $1 million to $10 million private client market. These factors may result in period-to-period variations in our revenue that differ from historical patterns.
 A small percentage of our transactions include retainer fees and/or breakage fees. Retainer fees are credited against a success-based fee paid upon the closing of a transaction or a breakage fee. Transactions that are terminated before completion will sometimes generate breakage fees, which are usually calculated as a set amount or a percentage of the fee we would have received had the transaction closed.
 Real Estate Brokerage Commissions
 We earn real estate brokerage commissions by acting as a broker for commercial real estate owners seeking to sell or investors seeking to buy properties. Revenue from real estate brokerage commissions is recognized at the close of escrow.
 Financing Fees
 We earn financing fees by securing financing on purchase transactions or by securing refinancing of our clients' existing mortgage debt. We recognize financing fee revenue at the time the loan closes, and we have no remaining significant obligations in connection with the transaction.
 To a lesser extent, we also earn fees on loan performance, equity advisory services, loan sales, loan guarantees and ancillary services associated with financing activities. We recognize guarantee fees over the term of the guarantee and other fees when we have no further obligations, generally upon the closing of the transaction. We no longer hold any mortgage servicing rights ("MSRs"), but prior to the third quarter of 2022, we recognized mortgage servicing revenue upon the acquisition of a servicing obligation. We generated mortgage servicing fees through the provision of collection, remittance, recordkeeping, reporting, and other related mortgage servicing functions, activities, and services.
 Other Revenue
 Other revenue includes fees generated from consulting and advisory services, leasing, as well as referral fees from other real estate brokers, and are recognized when services are provided, upon closing of the transaction or when we have no further obligations.

 Operating Expenses
 Our operating expenses consist of cost of services, selling, general and administrative expenses and depreciation and amortization. The significant components of our expenses are further described below.
 Cost of Services
 The majority of our cost of services expense is variable commissions paid to our investment sales and financing professionals and compensation-related costs related to our financing activities. Commission expenses are directly attributable to providing services to our clients for investment sales and financing services. Most of our investment sales and financing professionals are independent contractors and are paid commissions; however, because there are some who are initially paid a salary and certain of our financing professionals are employees, costs of services also include employee-related compensation, employer taxes and benefits for those employees. The commission rates we pay to our investment sales and financing professionals vary based on individual contracts negotiated and are generally higher for the more experienced professionals. Some of our most senior investment sales and financing professionals can also earn additional commissions after meeting certain annual financial thresholds. These additional commissions are recognized as cost of services in the period in which they are earned. Payment of a portion of these additional commissions are generally deferred for a period of three years, at our election, and paid at the end of the third calendar year. Cost of services also includes referral fees paid to other real estate brokers where we are the principal service provider. Cost of services, therefore, can vary based on the commission structure of the independent contractors that closed transactions in any particular period.
 Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
 The largest expense component within selling, general and administrative expenses is personnel expenses for our management team and sales and support staff, as well as business development, marketing, and expensing of forgivable loans over the retention period of our sales and financing professionals. In addition, these costs include facilities costs (excluding depreciation and amortization), staff related expenses, sales, marketing, legal, telecommunication, network, data sources, transaction costs related to acquisitions, changes in fair value for contingent and deferred consideration and other administrative expenses. Also included in selling, general and administrative are expenses for stock-based compensation to non-employee directors, employees and independent contractors (i.e. investment sales and financing professionals) under the 2013 Plan and the ESPP.
 Depreciation and Amortization Expense
 Depreciation expense consists of depreciation recorded on our computer software and hardware equipment, as well as our furniture, fixtures and equipment. Depreciation is recognized over estimated useful lives ranging from three to seven years for assets. Amortization expense consists of (i) amortization recorded on intangible assets amortized on a straight-line basis using a useful life between one and seven years and (ii) amortization recorded for the 2022 and 2021 periods on our mortgage servicing rights using the interest method over the period that servicing income was expected to be received. Such servicing rights were terminated in June 2022.
 Other Income, Net
 Other income, net primarily consists of interest income, realized gains and losses on our marketable debt securities, available-for-sale, net gains or losses on our deferred compensation plan assets, foreign currency gains and losses and other non-operating income and expenses.
 Interest Expense
 Interest expense primarily consists of interest expense associated with the stock appreciation rights ("SARs") liability, and our credit agreement.
 (Benefit) Provision for Income Taxes
 We are subject to U.S. and Canadian federal taxes and individual state and local taxes based on the income generated in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Our effective tax rate fluctuates as a result of (i) changes in our annual effective tax rate applied to current pre-tax income (loss), (ii) the change in the mix of our activities in the jurisdictions in which we operate due to differing tax rates in those jurisdictions and (iii) the impact of permanent items, including compensation

 charges, qualified transportation fringe benefits, uncertain tax positions, meals and entertainment and tax-exempt deferred compensation plan assets. Our (benefit) provision for income taxes includes the windfall tax benefits and shortfall expenses, net, from shares issued in connection with our 2013 Plan and ESPP.
 We record deferred taxes, net based on the tax rate expected to be in effect at the time those items are expected to be recognized for tax purposes.

 Results of Operations
 The following is a discussion of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The tables included in the period comparisons below provide summaries of our results of operations. The period-to-period comparisons of financial results are not necessarily indicative of future results.
 Key Operating Metrics
 We regularly review a number of key metrics to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate financial projections and make strategic decisions. We also believe these metrics are relevant to investors' and others' assessment of our financial condition and results of operations. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, we closed more than 7,500, 12,200 and 13,200 investment sales, financing and other transactions, respectively, with total sales volume of approximately $43.6 billion, $86.3 billion and $84.4 billion, respectively. Such key metrics for real estate brokerage and financing activities (excluding other transactions) are as follows:

 Real Estate Brokerage
 2023
 2022
 2021

 Average Number of Investment Sales Professionals
 1,744
 1,817
 1,925

 Average Number of Transactions per Investment Sales Professional
 3.14
 5.01
 5.01

 Average Commission per Transaction
 $
 102,238
 $
 128,450
 $
 121,319

 Average Commission Rate
 1.82
 %
 1.72
 %
 1.73
 %

 Average Transaction Size (in thousands)
 $
 5,630
 $
 7,473
 $
 6,994

 Total Number of Transactions
 5,475
 9,111
 9,652

 Total Sales Volume (in millions)
 $
 30,823
 $
 68,088
 $
 67,507

 Financing (1)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Average Number of Financing Professionals

 Average Number of Transactions per Financing Professional
 11.21
 24.92
 29.11

 Average Fee per Transaction
 $
 50,677
 $
 44,546
 $
 37,959

 Average Fee Rate
 0.81
 %
 0.74
 %
 0.81
 %

 Average Transaction Size (in thousands)
 $
 6,254
 $
 5,984
 $
 4,691

 Total Number of Transactions
 1,076
 2,143
 2,474

 Total Financing Volume (in millions)
 $
 6,729
 $
 12,823
 $
 11,605

 (1)Operating metrics exclude certain financing fees not directly associated to transactions.

 Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
 Below are key operating results for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the results for the year ended December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

 Year Ended December 31 2023,
 Percentage
of
 Year Ended December 31 2022,
 Percentage
of
 Change

 Dollar
 Percentage

 Revenue:

 Real estate brokerage commissions
 $
 559,752
 86.6
 %
 $
 1,170,310
 89.9
 %
 $
 (610,558)
 (52.2)
 %

 Financing fees
 66,898
 10.4
 112,978
 8.7
 (46,080)
 (40.8)
 %

 Other revenue
 19,277
 3.0
 18,422
 1.4
 4.6
 %

 Total revenue
 645,927
 1,301,710
 (655,783)
 (50.4)
 %

 Operating expenses:

 Cost of services
 406,645
 63.0
 850,894
 65.4
 (444,249)
 (52.2)
 %

 Selling, general and administrative
 285,023
 44.1
 300,009
 23.0
 (14,986)
 (5.0)
 %

 Depreciation and amortization
 13,627
 2.1
 13,406
 1.0
 1.6
 %

 Total operating expenses
 705,295
 109.2
 1,164,309
 89.4
 (459,014)
 (39.4)
 %

 Operating (loss) income
 (59,368)
 (9.2)
 137,401
 10.6
 (196,769)
 (143.2)
 %

 Other income, net
 19,855
 3.0
 5,336
 0.4
 14,519
 272.1
 %

 Interest expense
 (888)
 (0.1)
 (708)
 (0.1)
 (180)
 25.4
 %

 (Loss) income before (benefit) provision for income taxes
 (40,401)
 (6.3)
 142,029
 10.9
 (182,430)
 (128.4)
 %

 (Benefit) provision for income taxes
 (6,366)
 (1.0)
 2.9
 (44,170)
 (116.8)
 %

 $
 (34,035)
 (5.3)
 %
 $
 8.0
 %
 $
 (138,260)
 (132.7)
 %

 Adjusted EBITDA (1)

 $
 (19,630)
 (3.0)
 %
 $
 165,504
 12.7
 %
 $
 (185,134)
 (111.9)
 %

 (1)Adjusted EBITDA is not a measurement of our financial performance under U.S. GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to net income, operating income or any other measures derived in accordance with U.S. GAAP. For a definition of Adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net (loss) income, which is the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure, see "Non-GAAP Financial Measure" below.
 Our total revenue was $645.9 million in 2023 compared to $1,301.7 million in 2022, a decrease of $655.8 million, or 50.4%. Total revenue decreased as a result of decreases in real estate brokerage commissions and financing fees, as described below. See "Factors Affecting Our Business" section for additional market information.

 Real estate brokerage commissions. Revenue from real estate brokerage commissions decreased to $559.8 million in 2023, from $1,170.3 million in 2022, a decrease of $610.6 million, or 52.2%. The number of transactions decreased by 39.9% and the average transaction size decreased by 24.7%, which drove a decrease of revenue of 45.3% in the Private Client Market and a decrease of 64.2% in the combined Middle Market and Larger Transaction Market. The average commission rate increased by 10 basis points in 2023 compared to 2022, as a result of a shift in the proportion of transactions to the Private Client Market from the Middle Market and Larger Transaction Market as Private Client Market transactions typically earn higher commission rates.
 Financing fees. Revenue from financing fees decreased to $66.9 million in 2023 from $113.0 million in 2022, a decrease of $46.1 million, or 40.8%, resulting primarily from a 49.8% decrease in the number of financing transactions. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in the average transaction size of 4.5%, and an increase in the average fee per transaction of 13.8%, resulting in an increase in the average fee rate of seven basis points.
 Other revenue. Other revenue of $19.3 million in 2023 was comparable to $18.4 million in 2022.

 Total Operating Expenses
 Our total operating expenses were $705.3 million in 2023 compared to $1,164.3 million in 2022, a decrease of $459.0 million, or 39.4%. Cost of services decreased by $444.2 million and selling, general, and administrative expenses decreased by $15.0 million, as described below.
 Cost of services. Cost of services are variable commissions paid to our investment sales professionals and compensation-related costs in connection with our financing activities. Cost of services decreased to $406.6 million in 2023 from $850.9 million in 2022, a decrease of $444.2 million, or 52.2%. The decrease was primarily due to decreased commission expenses driven by the related decreased revenue discussed above. Cost of services as a percentage of total revenue decreased by 240 basis points to 63.0% compared to 2022 primarily due to our senior investment sales and financing professionals earning a lower amount of additional commissions due to lower revenue.
 Selling, general, and administrative expense. Selling, general and administrative expense decreased to $285.0 million in 2023, from $300.0 million in 2022, a decrease of $15.0 million or 5.0%. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction in compensation-related costs, specifically performance-based bonuses for 2023, partially offset by an increase in business development, marketing, and expensing of forgivable loans related to the long-term retention of our sales and financing professionals. As a percentage of revenue, selling, general and administrative expense increased due to the fixed nature of certain of these expenses.
 Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense increased by an immaterial amount in 2023 compared to 2022.
 Other Income, Net
 Other income, net increased to $19.9 million in 2023 from $5.3 million in 2022. The increase of $14.5 million was primarily driven by an increase of $8.9 million in income from investments as a result of increased interest rates and a favorable change of $3.3 million in the value of our deferred compensation plan assets that are held in a rabbi trust.
 Interest Expense
 Interest expense increased by an immaterial amount in 2023 compared to 2022, and primarily relates to interest expense on our SARs liability.
 (Benefit) Provision for Income Taxes
 The benefit for income taxes was $6.4 million in 2023, compared to a provision for income taxes of $37.8 million in 2022. The effective income tax rate for 2023 was 15.8% compared to 26.6% for 2022. The majority of the reduction in the effective tax rate is related to permanent and other items and state income tax expense as presented in Note 12 - "Income Taxes" of our accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
 Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
 A discussion regarding our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the results for the year ended December 31, 2021 can be found under Item 7 – "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023, which is available on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.

 Non-GAAP Financial Measure
 In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we include a non-GAAP financial measure, Adjusted EBITDA. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net (loss) income before (i) interest income and other, including net realized gains (losses) on marketable debt securities, available-for-sale and cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, (ii) interest expense, (iii) (benefit) provision for income taxes, (iv) depreciation and amortization, (v) stock-based compensation, and (vi) non-cash MSR activity. We use Adjusted EBITDA in our business operations to evaluate the performance of our business, develop budgets and measure our performance against those budgets, among other things. We also believe that analysts and investors use Adjusted EBITDA as a supplemental measure to evaluate our overall operating performance. However, Adjusted EBITDA has material limitations as a supplemental metric and should not be considered in isolation, or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under U.S. GAAP. We find Adjusted EBITDA to be a useful management

 metric to assist in evaluating performance, because Adjusted EBITDA eliminates items related to capital structure, taxes and non-cash items. In light of the foregoing limitations, we do not rely solely on Adjusted EBITDA as a performance measure and also consider our U.S. GAAP results. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measurement of our financial performance under U.S. GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to net income, operating income or any other measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Because Adjusted EBITDA is not calculated in the same manner by all companies, it may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures used by other companies. A reconciliation of the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure, net income, to Adjusted EBITDA is as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 (34,035)
 $
 $

 Adjustments:

 Interest income and other (1)

 (17,890)
 (7,951)
 (2,496)

 Interest expense

 (Benefit) provision for income taxes

 (6,366)
 50,833

 Depreciation and amortization
 13,627
 13,406
 11,721

 Non-cash MSR activity (2)

 —
 —
 (467)

 Adjusted EBITDA
 $
 (19,630)
 $
 165,504
 $
 213,002

 (1)Other includes net realized gains (losses) on marketable debt securities, available-for-sale.
 (2)Non-cash MSR activity includes the assumption of servicing obligations.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 Our primary sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents, cash flows from operations, marketable debt securities, available-for-sale and, if necessary, borrowings under the Credit Agreement (as defined herein). In order to enhance our yield, we have invested a portion of our cash in money market funds and fixed and variable income debt securities, in accordance with our investment policy approved by the Board of Directors. Certain of our investments in money market funds may not maintain a stable net asset value and may impose a discretionary liquidity fee. To date, we have not experienced any restrictions on our ability to redeem funds from money market funds. Although we have historically funded our operations through operating cash flows, there can be no assurance that we can continue to meet our cash requirements entirely through our operations, cash and cash equivalents, proceeds from the sale of marketable debt securities, available-for-sale or availability under the Credit Agreement.
 Cash Flows
 Our total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash balance decreased by $65.1 million to $170.8 million at December 31, 2023, compared to $235.9 million at December 31, 2022. The following table sets forth our summary cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities
 $
 (72,430)
 $
 13,629
 $
 255,903

 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
 74,867
 (53,975)
 (108,356)

 Net cash used in financing activities
 (67,679)
 (105,555)
 (5,919)

 Effect of currency exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
 (366)
 (2,640)

 Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
 (65,120)
 (146,267)
 138,988

 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period
 382,140
 243,152

 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period
 $
 170,753
 $
 $
 382,140

 Operating Activities
 Cash flows used in operating activities were $72.4 million in 2023 compared to cash flows provided by operating activities of $13.6 million in 2022. The $86.0 million decrease in cash flows from operating activities in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily due to decreased operating income, as discussed above. The cash flows from operating activities were also affected by the timing of certain cash receipts and payments.
 Investing Activities
 Cash flows provided by investing activities were $74.9 million in 2023 compared to cash flows used in investing activities of $54.0 million in 2022. The $128.9 million increase in cash provided by investing activities in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily due to a net increase of $119.1 million in net proceeds from sales, purchases, and maturities of securities in 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, as well as the 2022 acquisition of a business for $12.5 million, with no corresponding outflow in 2023.
 Financing Activities
 Cash flows used in financing activities were $67.7 million in 2023 compared to $105.6 million in 2022. The decrease of $37.9 million in cash flows used in financing activities in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily due to a decrease of $5.3 million in taxes paid related to net share settlement of stock-based awards, along with a decrease of $40.3 million in dividends paid, partially offset by an increase of $10.4 million in stock repurchases. The decrease in dividend paid relates primarily to a one-time special dividend paid in 2022 with no corresponding one-time dividend payment in 2023.
 Liquidity
 We believe that our existing balances of cash and cash equivalents, cash flows expected to be generated from our operations, and proceeds from the sale of marketable debt securities, available-for-sale will be sufficient to satisfy our operating requirements for at least the next 12 months and beyond. If we need to raise additional capital through public or private debt or equity financings, strategic relationships or other arrangements, this capital might not be available to us in a timely manner, on acceptable terms, or at all. Our failure to raise sufficient capital when needed could prevent us from funding acquisitions or otherwise financing our growth or operations. As of December 31, 2023, cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and marketable debt securities, available-for-sale, aggregated $407.1 million.
 Credit Agreement
 We have a credit agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (as amended, the "Credit Agreement") which provides for a $10.0 million principal amount senior secured revolving credit facility that is guaranteed by all of our domestic subsidiaries and matures on June 1, 2024. We monitor covenant compliance on a regular basis to ensure continued compliance with the Credit Agreement. Our ability to borrow under the Credit Agreement is limited by our ability to comply with its covenants or obtain necessary waivers. See Note 15 – "Commitments and Contingencies" of our accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Credit Agreement.

 Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
 The Company, in connection with the Strategic Alliance with M&T Realty Capital Corporation ("MTRCC"), has agreed to provide loan opportunities that may be funded through MTRCC's agreement with Fannie Mae, which requires MTRCC to guarantee a portion of each funded loan. On a loan-by-loan basis, the Company, at its option, can assume a portion of MTRCC's guarantee obligation to Fannie Mae of loan opportunities presented to and closed by MTRCC. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has agreed to a maximum aggregate guarantee obligation of $152.6 million relating to loans with an unpaid balance of $915.4 million. The maximum guarantee obligation is not representative of the actual loss we would incur. The Company would be liable for this amount only if all of the loans for which it is providing a guarantee to MTRCC were to default and all of the collateral underlying these loans was determined to be without value at the time of settlement. The Company records a loan-loss obligation and is required to provide cash collateral to MTRCC for this obligation and has provided $283,000 as of December 31, 2023 which is included in cash and cash equivalent on the balance sheet.

 Material Cash Requirements
 The following table summarizes current and long-term material cash requirements as of December 31, 2023, which we expect to fund primarily with operating cash flows (in thousands):

 Total
 Less than
1 Year
 1-3
Years
 3-5
Years
 More
Than 5
Years
 Other (7)

 Operating lease liabilities, including imputed interest (1)

 $
 100,099
 $
 21,795
 $
 38,241
 $
 20,711
 $
 19,352
 $
 —

 SARs liability (principal and interest) (2)

 19,264
 2,457
 5,559
 1,382
 9,866
 —

 Deferred commissions payable (3)

 48,706
 20,508
 28,198
 —
 —
 —

 Deferred compensation liability (4)

 8,356
 1,587
 6,140

 Contingent consideration (5)

 5,482
 4,588
 —
 —

 Deferred consideration (5)

 1,570
 1,177
 —
 —
 —

 Other (6)

 15,888
 9,162
 2,130
 1,130
 3,076

 $
 199,365
 $
 56,119
 $
 79,330
 $
 23,505
 $
 31,195
 $
 9,216

 (1)See Note 4 – "Operating Leases" of our accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
 (2)Forecasted principal payments are based on each participant's estimated retirement age and current contractual interest rate of 5.79% as of January 1, 2023 and reflect required payments that resulted from the retirement of certain executives. See Note 7 – "Selected Balance Sheet Data" of our accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
 (3)Includes short-term and long-term deferred commissions payable (excludes commissions currently payable on closed transactions). See Note 7 – "Selected Balance Sheet Data" of our accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
 (4)Represents current estimated payouts for participants currently receiving payments based on their elections at the time of deferral. We hold assets in a rabbi trust of $10.8 million to settle outstanding amounts when they become due. Amounts assume no increase or decrease in the liability due to future returns or losses. See Note 7 – "Selected Balance Sheet Data" of our accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
 (5)Relates to contingent and deferred consideration in connection with our business acquisitions. See Note 6 – "Acquisitions, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets" and Note 9 – "Fair Value Measurements" of our accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
 (6)Relates to amounts that may be advanced to sales and financing professionals. See Note 15 – "Commitments and Contingencies" of our accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
 (7)Amounts in Other represent amounts where payments are dependent on future events, which may occur at any time from less than 1 year to more than 5 years and relates to our deferred compensation liability and certain advances to sales and financing professionals. Payments for deferred compensation liability are based on the participants' elections at the time of deferral and may not begin before separation from service. The ultimate resolution depends on many factors and assumptions. Certain amounts advanced to sales and financing professionals are contingent upon reaching specified performance criteria. Accordingly, we are not able to reasonably estimate the timing of such payments, if any.
 Other than operating expenses, including those accrued and payable as December 31, 2023, cash requirements for 2024 are expected to consist primarily of capital expenditures for the future acquisitions, if any, payment of dividends, payments for stock repurchases, and advances to our investment sales and financing professionals.

 Inflation
 Our commissions and other variable costs related to revenue are primarily affected by real estate market supply and demand, which may be affected by uncertain or changing economic and market conditions, including inflation/deflation arising in connection with and in response to various macroeconomic factors and impact of increased interest rates on the broader economy.
 The annual inflation rate in the U.S. increased to 9.1% in June 2022, the highest annual inflation rate since November 1981, but has fallen to 3.4% in December 2023. In 2022 through 2023, the Federal Reserve increased the federal funds rate to the 5.25%-5.5% range in an effort to combat inflation, and this has had an adverse impact on commercial real estate

 transactions. Inflation has increased the wages paid to our employees and independent contractors. Furthermore, our clients are also affected by inflation and increased interest rates. Entering 2024, consensus forecasts anticipate the Federal Reserve will begin cutting rates this year, but the timing and magnitude of any prospective cuts will be dependent on a continued decline in inflation and slowing economic growth.

 Critical Accounting Estimates
 We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In applying many of these accounting principles, we make assumptions, estimates and/or judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses in our consolidated financial statements. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. These assumptions, estimates and/or judgments, however, are often subjective and our actual results may change based on changing circumstances or changes in our analyses. If actual amounts are ultimately different from our estimates, the revisions are included in our results of operations for the period in which the actual amounts become known.
 We believe that the critical accounting policies discussed below involve a greater degree of judgment or complexity than our other accounting policies. Accordingly, these are the policies we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial condition and results of operations. See the notes to our consolidated financial statements for a summary of our significant accounting policies.
 Income Taxes
 We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to (i) differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis, and (ii) operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. We measure existing deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which we expect to have temporary differences realized or settled. We recognize in the provision for income taxes, the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates in the period that includes the enactment date. We periodically evaluate deferred tax assets to assess whether it is likely that the deferred tax assets will be realized. In determining whether a valuation allowance is required, we consider the timing of deferred tax reversals, current year taxable income, and historical performance. Valuation allowances are provided against deferred tax assets when it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Our valuation allowance is related principally to losses incurred in our Canadian operations. Future results of operations of the Canadian business will impact valuation allowances in the future.
 Due to the nature of our business, which includes activity in the U.S. and Canada, incorporating numerous states and provinces as well as local jurisdictions, our tax position can be complex. As such, our effective tax rate is subject to changes as a result of fluctuations in the mix of our activity in the various jurisdictions in which we operate including changes in tax rates, state apportionment, tax related interest and penalties, valuation allowances and other permanent items, including net windfalls and shortfalls related to stock-based compensation. Calculating some of the amounts involves a high degree of judgment. Our state taxes, net of federal benefit, has ranged from 1.5% to 4.8% over the past 3 years.
 We evaluate our tax positions quarterly. The threshold for recognizing the benefits of tax return positions in the financial statements is "more likely than not" to be sustained by the taxing authority and requires measurement of a tax position meeting the more-likely-than-not criterion, based on the largest benefit that is more than 50% likely to be realized. We assess our inventory of tax positions with respect to all applicable income tax issues for all open tax years (in each respective jurisdiction) and determine whether uncertain tax positions are required to be recognized in our consolidated financial statements.
 The above factors create volatility in our effective tax rate from quarter to quarter and have caused our effective tax rates to range from 15.8% to 26.6% over the past three years.
 We recognize interest and penalties incurred as income tax expense. See Note 12 – "Income Taxes" of our accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

 Leases
 Our leases consist of purpose built-out office space, which reverts to the lessor upon termination of the lease and operating leases for autos. We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Right-of-use assets ("ROU assets") represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our contractual obligation to make lease payments under the lease. Operating leases are included in operating lease ROU assets, non-current, and operating lease liabilities current and non-current captions in the consolidated balance sheets.
 Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized on the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Lease agreements may contain periods of free rent or reduced rent, predetermined fixed increases in the minimum rent and renewal or termination options, all of which add complexity and impact the determination of the lease term and lease payments to be used in calculating the lease liability. Certain facility leases provide for rental escalations related to increases in the lessors' direct operating expenses. We use the implicit rate in the lease when determinable. As most of our leases do not have a determinable implicit rate, determining the rate to be used in our calculations is judgmental. We use an estimated incremental borrowing rate based on borrowing options under our credit agreement and apply a spread over treasury rates for the indicated term of the lease based on the information available on the commencement date of the lease. As a result, the incremental borrowing rate has and will continue to be impacted by market interest rates. The weighted average incremental borrowing rate was 4.7% in 2023 and 3.9% in 2022. Any payments for completed improvements, determined to be owed by the lessor, net of incentives received, are recorded as an increase to the ROU asset and considered in the determination of the lease cost.
 We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for as a single lease component. Lease cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments consist of common area costs, insurance, taxes, utilities, parking, and other lease related costs, which are determined principally based on billings from landlords.
 Investments in Marketable Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale
 We maintain a portfolio of investments in a variety of fixed and variable rate debt securities, including U.S. treasuries, U.S. government sponsored entities, corporate debt, asset-backed securities, and other. We consider our investments in marketable debt securities to be available-for-sale, and accordingly, are recorded at their fair values. We determine the appropriate classification of investments in marketable debt securities at the time of purchase. Interest along with amortization of purchase premiums and accretion of discounts from the purchase date through the estimated maturity date, including consideration of variable maturities and contractual call provisions, are included in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 5 – "Investments in Marketable Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale" of our accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. We typically invest in highly rated debt securities, and our investment policy generally limits the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer. The policy requires substantially all investments to be investment grade, with the primary objective of minimizing the potential risk of principal loss and matching long-term liabilities.
 Unrealized losses on our marketable securities, available-for-sale, fluctuate based on changes in market interest rates due the fixed interest rates of most of the securities. Unrealized losses aggregated $2,635,000 and $5,508,000 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We review our investment portfolio quarterly for all securities in an unrealized loss position to determine if an impairment charge or credit reserve is required. We exclude accrued interest from both the fair value and the amortized cost basis of marketable debt securities, available-for-sale, for the purposes of identifying and measuring an impairment. An investment is impaired if the fair value is less than its amortized cost basis. Impairment relating to credit losses is recorded through a reduction in the amortized cost of the security or an allowance for credit losses and credit loss expense (included in selling, general and administrative expense), limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Impairment that has not been recorded as a credit loss is recorded through other comprehensive (loss) income, net of applicable taxes. We made an accounting policy election to not measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable. We evaluate write-off of accrued interest receivable by the major security-type level at the time credit loss exists for the underlying security.
 Determining whether a credit loss exists requires a high degree of judgment, and we consider both qualitative and quantitative factors in making our determination. We evaluate our intent to sell, or whether we will more likely than not be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. For all securities in an unrealized loss position, we evaluate, among other items, the extent and length of time the fair market value of a security is less than its amortized cost, time to maturity, duration, seniority, the financial condition of the issuer including credit ratings, any changes thereto and relative default rates and loss severity, leverage ratios, availability of liquidity to make principle and interest payments,

 performance indicators of the underlying assets, analyst reports and recommendations, and changes in base and market interest rates. If the qualitative and quantitative analysis is sufficient to conclude that an impairment related to credit losses does not exist, we typically do not perform further quantitative analysis to estimate the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the debt security. Estimates of expected future cash flows are our best estimate based on past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable economic forecasts. To date, we have not recorded any credit losses or impairments on our portfolio of marketable securities, available for sale.
 Contingent and Deferred Consideration
 In connection with certain business acquisitions, the Company may enter into agreements to pay additional cash or other consideration based on the achievement of certain performance measures and/or service and time requirements. Contingent and deferred consideration in connection with the acquisition of a business is measured at fair value on the acquisition date and remeasured at fair value each reporting period thereafter until the consideration is settled, with changes in fair value recorded in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations.
 In its determination of fair value for contingent and deferred consideration, the Company uses judgment in determining the probability of achieving contractual EBITDA and other performance targets and the time frame in which the settlements will occur. Further, judgment is used in determining the appropriate current and future interest rates to apply in each situation. The Company estimated the probability of achievement of contractual EBITDA and other performance targets was between 11.1% to 100.0% based on each acquisition's historical and estimated future performance and risk adjusted discount rates of between 5.3% to 6.4%, which resulted in a recorded fair value for the contingent consideration of $5.5 million and $7.1 million as of December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The Company estimated the fair value of the deferred consideration using a discounted cash flow estimate using market rates, with the only remaining condition on such payments being the passage of time which resulted in a recorded fair value of $1.6 million and $5.1 million as of December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The maximum undiscounted future settlements of contingent and deferred consideration was $14.7 million at December 31, 2023, and the Company is uncertain as to the extent of the volatility in the judgments and unobservable inputs will have on the ultimate settlement of these amounts in the foreseeable future.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 For information regarding recent accounting pronouncements, see Note 2 – "Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements" of our accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We do not believe any of the other accounting pronouncements listed in that note will have a significant impact on our business.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 We maintain a portfolio of investments in a variety of fixed and variable debt rate securities, including U.S. Treasuries, U.S. government sponsored entities, corporate debt, asset-backed securities and others. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of investments in marketable debt securities, available-for-sale was $236.3 million. The primary objective of our investment activity is to maintain the safety of principal and to provide for future liquidity requirements while maximizing yields without significantly increasing risk. While some investments may be securities of companies in foreign countries, all investments are denominated and payable in U.S. Dollars. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. While our intent is not to sell these investment securities prior to their stated maturities, we may choose to sell any of the securities for strategic reasons including, but not limited to, anticipated capital requirements, anticipation of credit deterioration, duration management, yield management and because a security no longer meets the criteria of our investment policy. We do not use derivatives or similar instruments to manage our interest rate risk. We seek to invest in high quality investments. The weighted average credit rating of our portfolio investments (exclusive of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash) was AA as of December 31, 2023. Maturities are maintained consistent with our short-, medium- and long-term liquidity objectives.
 Currently, our portfolio of investments predominantly consists of fixed interest rate debt securities; however, a portion of our investment portfolio may consist of variable interest rate debt securities. Our investments in fixed interest rate debt securities are subject to various market risks. Changes in prevailing interest rates may adversely or positively impact their fair market value should interest rates generally rise or fall. Accordingly, we also may have interest rate risk with variable interest rate debt securities as the income produced may decrease if interest rates fall. Contraction in market liquidity may adversely affect the value of portions of our portfolio and affect our ability to sell securities in the time

 frames required and at acceptable prices. Uncertainty in future market conditions may raise market participant's expectations of returns, thus impacting the value of securities in our portfolio as well. The following table sets forth the impact on the fair value of our investments as of December 31, 2023 from changes in interest rates based on the weighted average duration of the debt securities in our portfolio (in thousands):

 Change in Interest Rates
 Approximate Change in
Fair Value of Investments
Increase (Decrease)

 2% Decrease..................
 $
 4,624

 1% Decrease..................
 $
 2,312

 1% Increase..................
 $
 (2,311)

 2% Increase..................
 $
 (4,621)

 Due to the nature of our business and the manner in which we conduct our operations, we believe we do not face any material interest rate risk with respect to other assets and liabilities, equity price risk or other market risks. The functional currency of our Canadian operations is the Canadian dollar. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk for the settlement of transactions of the Canadian operations as well as unrealized translation adjustments. Historically foreign exchange rate risk has not been material.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
 See pages beginning at F-1.

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f), including maintenance of (i) records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets, and (ii) policies and procedures that provide reasonable assurance that (a) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, (b) our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and our Board of Directors, and (c) we will prevent or timely detect unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 Our management, with the supervision and participation of our chief executive officer ("CEO") and chief financial officer ("CFO"), has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a- 15(e) and 15d- 15(e) under the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, based on the criteria established under the Internal Control Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO") (2013 framework). Based on such evaluation, our management has concluded that as of December 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures are designed at a reasonable assurance level and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
 Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act.

 Our system of internal control is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and preparation of our financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our management, including our CEO and CFO, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In conducting its assessment, management used the criteria issued by COSO. Based on this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria. The effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein.
 Management, including our CEO and CFO, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures, or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all error and fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefit of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected.
 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. We have not experienced any significant impact to our internal controls over financial reporting despite the fact that a number of our employees and independent contractors are still working remotely. The design of our processes and controls allow for remote execution with accessibility to secure data. Given the current environment, we are continually monitoring and assessing the design and operating effectiveness on our internal controls.
 Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
 In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectives because of the inherent limitations of any system of internal control. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses of judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper overriding of controls. As a result of such limitations, there is risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk.

 Item 9B. Other Information
 Insider Adoption or Termination of Trading Arrangements
 During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, none of our directors or officers informed us of the adoption or termination of a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as those terms are defined in Regulation S-K, Item 408.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
 None.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
 Executive Officers
 The names and ages of our executive officers and directors as of February 27, 2024 are as follows:

 Name
 Age
 Position(s)

 Hessam Nadji
 President, Chief Executive Officer and Director

 Steven F. DeGennaro
 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

 John David Parker
 Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, Eastern Division

 Richard Matricaria
 Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, Western Division

 Gregory A. LaBerge
 Senior Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer

 Hessam Nadji
 Mr. Nadji has served as President and Chief Executive Officer and as a director of the Company since March 2016. He previously served as Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Strategy Officer. He joined the Company as Vice President of Research in 1996 and held various other senior management roles through the years, including Chief Marketing Officer and head of the Company's specialty brokerage divisions. He launched the Company's IPA division and played a leading role in the Company's initial public offering in 2013. Mr. Nadji received a B.S. in information management and computer science from City University in Seattle and has over 35 years of experience working in the real estate industry.
 Steven F. DeGennaro
 Mr. DeGennaro has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since August 2020. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. DeGennaro held the position of Chief Financial Officer at InTouch Health Inc., a venture-backed telehealth company, from March 2018 to July 2020. Prior to that he served as Chief Financial Officer at Xirrus, Inc., a manufacturer of wireless networking products, from January 2004 to November 2017. He also served as Chief Financial Officer at Calix Networks, Inc. and Xircom, Inc. Mr. DeGennaro began his career at KPMG. Mr. DeGennaro holds a B.B.A. in Accounting from the University of San Diego.
 John David Parker
 Mr. Parker has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, Eastern Division since June 2021. Mr. Parker joined the Company in 2004 as a multifamily agent in the Manhattan office and transitioned to management in 2006. In 2007, Mr. Parker opened the Company's Brooklyn office and took over responsibility for the New York regional offices soon afterward. Mr. Parker was appointed Division Manager for the Northeast in 2016 and has been instrumental in driving the Company's expansion in Canada. Mr. Parker holds a bachelor's degree in operations and information systems management from Pennsylvania State University.
 Richard Matricaria
 Mr. Matricaria has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, Western Division since June 2021. Mr. Matricaria joined the Company in 2000 as a retail broker from 2002 to 2010 before moving to management in 2010. From 2010 to 2016, Mr. Matricaria opened offices in Orlando and Tampa, and in 2016, Mr. Matricaria moved to Chicago to oversee the Midwest Division. Mr. Matricaria relocated to the Company's headquarters in Calabasas in 2019 as part of his expanded responsibilities. Mr. Matricaria received a B.B.A. in management from the University of Alabama and earned an M.B.A. from St. Thomas University.
 Gregory A. LaBerge
 Mr. LaBerge has served as Senior Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer since 2015. Mr. LaBerge joined the Company in 2005 as an investment broker, became a regional manager in 2008, and was named National Director of our National Hospitality Group in 2012. Prior to that, he worked for 10 years as a management consultant, five years with

 Ernst & Young LLP, and for Diamond Technology Partners (now part of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP). His expertise was in working with Fortune 500 companies on strategic and operational initiatives. Mr. LaBerge received his B.A. degree in economics from Northwestern University and his M.B.A. from the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University.
 Other Proxy Information
 Certain information required by this Item regarding our Audit Committee is incorporated herein by reference to information appearing in our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders ("Proxy Statement"), which information will appear under the caption entitled "Corporate Governance—Board Committees and Charters."

 To comply with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act, we will provide disclosure of delinquent Section 16(a) reports, if any, in our Proxy Statement under the caption entitled "Other Matters—Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" in the Proxy Statement, and such disclosure, if any, is incorporated herein by reference.
 Ethical Business Practices
 We strive to conduct our business with integrity and the highest standards of ethics and governance that support our values. We do so by promoting fair labor practices, upholding human rights, and complying with legal requirements, including those that address bribery and corruption. We also implement policies, practices, and trainings that convey our expectations and values and meet stakeholder needs.
 As part of this effort, we adopted a Code of Ethics. The Code of Ethics does not attempt to identify every possible category of ethical and legal behavior, but instead sets forth the Company's clear expectations for ethical and honest behavior. The Company is committed to legal compliance, fair dealing, and addressing internal and external ethical concerns, which it does in part through its Ethics Hotline, which allows for anonymous reporting and direct communication with the Company's compliance officer. The Company's expectations for ethics are further embedded into the Company's practices through cross-discipline education and trainings, which are provided at the individual, office, and Company-wide levels.
 The Code of Ethics can be found at  and clicking on "Code of Ethics."
 We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirements under Item 5.05(c) of Form 8-K regarding an amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of the Code of Ethics that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller or persons performing similar functions by posting such information on our website, at the address and location specified above.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation
 The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to information appearing in our Proxy Statement, which information will appear under the caption entitled "Compensation Discussion and Analysis" and "Executive Compensation" in the Proxy Statement.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
 The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to information appearing in our Proxy Statement, which information will appear under the captions entitled "Principal Stockholders" in the Proxy statement.

 Equity Compensation Plan Information
 The following table summarizes information about our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2023. All outstanding awards relate to our common stock.

 Plan Category
 Number of Securities
 to be Issued Upon
 Exercise of
 Outstanding
 Options,
 Warrants and
 Rights(1)

 Weighted-
 Average Exercise
 Price of
 Outstanding
 Options,
 Warrants and
 Rights (2)

 Number of Securities
 Remaining Available
 for Future Issuance
 Under Equity
 Compensation Plans
 (Excluding Securities
 Reflected in Column
 (a)) (3)

 (a)
 (b)
 (c)

 Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
 1,982,406
 $
 —
 3,332,511

 Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders
 —
 —
 —

 1,982,406
 $
 —
 3,332,511

 (1)Consists of restricted stock units ("RSUs") granted under our 2013 Plan. Excludes restricted stock awards granted under the 2013 Plan, purchase rights granted under the ESPP. Excludes 17,073 shares of restricted stock units subject to the approval of the revised 2013 Plan by the stockholders at the annual meeting of stockholders on May 2, 2024, which were previously approved by the Compensation Committee subject to shareholder approval.
 (2)Outstanding RSUs have no exercise price.
 (3)Includes 3,221,417 shares available for future issuance under the 2013 Plan. Includes 111,094 shares available for future issuance under the ESPP, including shares subject to purchase during the current offering period, which commenced on November 15, 2023 (the exact number of which will not be known until the purchase date on May 15, 2024). Subject to the number of shares remaining in the share reserve, the maximum number of shares purchasable by any participant on any one purchase date for any purchase period, including the current purchase period, may not exceed 1,250 shares.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
 The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to information appearing in our Proxy Statement, which information will appear under the captions entitled "Corporate Governance—Director Independence" and "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions" in the Proxy Statement.

 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
 The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to information appearing in our Proxy Statement, which information will appear under the caption entitled "Proposal 2: Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for 2024" in the Proxy Statement.

 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
 (a)The following documents are filed as part of this Report:
 (1)Consolidated Financial Statements
 The consolidated financial statements listed in the accompanying Index to Consolidated Financial Statements are attached to this Form 10-K beginning on page F-1.
 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022
 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
 (2)Financial Statement Schedules
 The financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable, or the information required to be set forth therein is included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
 (b)Exhibits
 The following exhibits are included herein or incorporated herein by reference:

 Description

 3.1
 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Marcus & Millichap, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the registrant's quarterly report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-36155) for the quarter ended September 30, 2013 filed on November 22, 2013).

 3.2
 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Marcus & Millichap, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the registrant's quarterly report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-36155) for the quarter ended September 30, 2013 filed on November 22, 2013).

 4.1
 Specimen Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the registrant's registration statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-191316) filed on September 23, 2013).

 4.2
 Description of the registrant's securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (No. 001-36155) for the year ended December 31, 2019 filed on March 2, 2020).

 10.1
 Transition Services Agreement by and between Marcus & Millichap, Inc. and Marcus & Millichap Company dated October 31, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the registrant's quarterly report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-36155) for the quarter ended September 30, 2013 filed on November 22, 2013).

 10.2
 Form of Indemnification Agreement by and between Marcus & Millichap, Inc. and each of its Officers and Directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the registrant's registration statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-191316) filed on September 23, 2013).

 10.3
 Amended and Restated 2013 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (No. 001-36155) for the year ended December 31, 2017 filed on March 16, 2018).

 10.4
 Form of Stock Option Award Agreement under 2013 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the registrant's registration statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-191316) filed on September 23, 2013).

 Description

 10.5
 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under 2013 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the registrant's registration statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-191316) filed on September 23, 2013).

 10.6
 Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under 2013 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the registrant's registration statement on Form S-1/A (No. 333-191316) filed on October 21, 2013).

 10.7
 Form of Amendment, Restatement and Freezing of Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement (Section 409A grandfathered) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the registrant's registration statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-191316) filed on September 23, 2013).

 10.8
 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the registrant's registration statement on Form S-1/A (No. 333-191316) filed on October 28, 2013).

 10.9
 Executive Short-Term Incentive Plan, dated March 13, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the registrant's current report on Form 8-K (No. 001-36155) filed on March 17, 2014).

 10.10
 Employment Agreement between the Company and Hessam Nadji effective as of March 31, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the registrant's current report on Form 8-K/A (No. 001-36155) filed on April 8, 2016).

 10.11
 Marcus & Millichap, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant's quarterly report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-36155) for the quarter ended June 30, 2018 filed on August 9, 2018).

 10.12
 Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association dated July 28, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant's quarterly report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-36155) filed on August 5, 2022).

 10.13
 First Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated September 25, 2023, by and between Marcus & Millichap, Inc. and Wells Fargo Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant's quarterly report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-36155) filed on November 3, 2023).

 10.14

 Employment Agreement between the Company and Steven F. DeGennaro effective as of August 4, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant's quarterly report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-36155) for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 filed on November 9, 2020).

 10.15

 Change in Control Policy dated August 3, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant's quarterly report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-36155) for the quarter ended June 30, 2021 filed on August 6, 2021).

 10.16

 Amended & Restated Death & Disability Policy dated August 3, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the registrant's quarterly report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-36155) for the quarter ended June 30, 2021 filed on August 6, 2021).

 10.17

 Employment Agreement by and between John David Parker and Marcus & Millichap, Inc., dated August 4, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the registrant's quarterly report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-36155) for the quarter ended June 20, 2022 filed on August 5, 2022).

 10.18

 Employment Agreement by and between Richard Matricaria and Marcus & Millichap, Inc., dated August 4, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the registrant's quarterly report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-36155) for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 filed on August 5, 2022).

 21.1*
 List of Subsidiaries.

 23.1*
 Consent of Ernst & Young LLP.

 31.1*
 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Exchange Act, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 31.2*
 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Exchange Act, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.1**
 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 97*
 Restated Compensation Recovery Policy of Marcus & Millichap, Inc.

 Description

 101*

 104*

 Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.
 *Filed herewith.
 **Furnished, not filed.
 (c)Financial Statement Schedules
 Not applicable.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
 Not applicable.

 SIGNATURES
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 Dated: February 27, 2024

 Marcus & Millichap, Inc.

 /s/ Hessam Nadji

 Hessam Nadji

 President and Chief Executive Officer

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signature
 Title
 Date

 /s/ Hessam Nadji
 Director, President
and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)

 Hessam Nadji

 /s/ Steven F. DeGennaro
 Chief Financial Officer
 (Principal Financial Officer)

 Steven F. DeGennaro

 /s/ Kurt H. Schwarz
 First Vice President of Finance
 and Chief Accounting Officer
 (Principal Accounting Officer)

 Kurt H. Schwarz

 /s/ George M. Marcus

 George M. Marcus

 /s/ Collete English Dixon

 Collete English Dixon

 /s/ Norma J. Lawrence

 Norma J. Lawrence

 /s/ Lauralee E. Martin

 Lauralee E. Martin

 /s/ Nicholas F. McClanahan

 Nicholas F. McClanahan

 /s/ George T. Shaheen

 George T. Shaheen

 /s/ Don C. Watters

 Don C. Watters

 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Page

 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42)

 F- 2

 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022

 F- 5

 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 F- 6

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 F- 7

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 F- 8

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 F- 9

 F- 11

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Marcus & Millichap, Inc.
 Opinion on the Financial Statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Marcus & Millichap, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 27, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

 Basis for Opinion
 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matter
 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Deferred commissions payable

 Description of the Matter
 At December 31, 2023, Company's commissions payable to investment sales and financing professionals was $80.9 million. As discussed in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements, certain investment sales and financing professionals have the ability to earn additional commissions after meeting certain annual revenue thresholds. All commissions are recognized as cost of services in the period in which they are earned as they relate to specific transactions closed. The Company has the ability to defer payment of certain commissions, at its election, for up to three years. These payments are referred to as deferred commissions.

 Auditing the Company's deferred commissions was complex with regard to evaluating the completeness of the population of investment sales and financing professionals eligible for deferred commissions and the accuracy of the investment sales and financing professionals' revenue thresholds used in determining deferred commissions earned.

 How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
 We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company's internal controls over the deferred commissions process. For example, we tested controls over the completeness and accuracy of the data used in calculating the deferred commissions, including approvals.

To test the deferred commissions payable, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, performing a predictive test in which we evaluated the completeness of the deferred commissions schedule based on investment sales and financing professionals' sales performance. Additionally, we performed procedures to obtain evidence of eligibility approval and performed a hindsight analysis to evaluate the amount of cash disbursed to the amount of deferred commissions payable previously accrued.

 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP
 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2013.
 Los Angeles, California

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Marcus & Millichap, Inc.
 Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 We have audited Marcus & Millichap, Inc.'s (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and our report dated February 27, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

 Basis for Opinion
 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

 Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP
 Los Angeles, California

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
 (in thousands, except for shares and par value)

 2023
 2022

 Assets

 Current assets:

 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
 $
 170,753
 $

 Commissions receivable
 16,171
 8,453

 Prepaid expenses
 8,813
 9,411

 Income tax receivable
 9,299
 8,682

 Marketable debt securities, available-for-sale (amortized cost of $ 169,018 and $ 254,682 at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and $ 0 allowance for credit losses)

 168,881
 253,434

 Advances and loans, net
 3,574
 4,005

 Other assets, current
 16,203
 7,282

 Total current assets
 393,694
 527,140

 Property and equipment, net
 27,450
 27,644

 Operating lease right-of-use assets, net
 90,058
 87,945

 Marketable debt securities, available-for-sale (amortized cost of $ 69,538 and $ 72,819 at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and $ 0 allowance for credit losses)

 67,459
 68,595

 Assets held in rabbi trust
 10,838
 9,553

 Deferred tax assets, net
 46,930
 41,321

 Goodwill and other intangible assets, net
 51,183
 55,696

 Advances and loans, net
 175,827
 169,955

 Other assets, non-current
 14,972
 15,859

 Total assets
 $
 878,411
 $
 1,003,708

 Liabilities and stockholders' equity

 Current liabilities:

 Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 $
 8,126
 $
 11,450

 Deferred compensation and commissions
 55,769
 75,321

 Operating lease liabilities
 18,336
 16,984

 Accrued bonuses and other employee related expenses
 19,119
 38,327

 Other liabilities, current
 3,919
 9,933

 Total current liabilities
 105,269
 152,015

 Deferred compensation and commissions
 47,771
 64,461

 Operating lease liabilities
 69,407
 65,109

 Other liabilities, non-current
 10,690
 8,614

 Total liabilities
 233,137
 290,199

 Commitments and contingencies
 —
 —

 Stockholders' equity:

 Preferred stock, $ 0.0001 par value:

 Authorized shares – 25,000,000; issued and outstanding shares – none at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively

 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.0001 par value:

 Authorized shares – 150,000,000; issued and outstanding shares – 38,412,484 and 39,255,838 at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively

 Additional paid-in capital
 153,740
 131,541

 Retained earnings
 492,298
 585,581

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 768)
 ( 3,617)

 Total stockholders' equity
 645,274
 713,509

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
 $
 878,411
 $
 1,003,708

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 (in thousands, except per share amounts)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Revenue:

 Real estate brokerage commissions
 $
 559,752
 $
 1,170,310
 $
 1,170,969

 Financing fees
 66,898
 112,978
 109,690

 Other revenue
 19,277
 18,422
 15,781

 Total revenue
 645,927
 1,301,710
 1,296,440

 Operating expenses:

 Cost of services
 406,645
 850,894
 840,209

 Selling, general and administrative
 285,023
 300,009
 255,154

 Depreciation and amortization
 13,627
 13,406
 11,721

 Total operating expenses
 705,295
 1,164,309
 1,107,084

 Operating (loss) income
 ( 59,368)
 137,401
 189,356

 Other income, net
 19,855
 5,336
 4,527

 Interest expense
 ( 888)
 ( 708)
 ( 580)

 (Loss) income before (benefit) provision for income taxes
 ( 40,401)
 142,029
 193,303

 (Benefit) provision for income taxes
 ( 6,366)
 50,833

 $
 $
 $

 (Loss) earnings per share:

 Basic
 $
 ( 0.88)
 $
 2.61
 $
 3.57

 Diluted
 $
 ( 0.88)
 $
 2.59
 $
 3.55

 Weighted average common shares outstanding:

 Basic
 39,893
 39,888

 Diluted
 40,186
 40,187

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 $
 $

 Other comprehensive income (loss):

 Marketable debt securities, available-for-sale:

 Change in net unrealized gains and losses
 2,300
 ( 4,565)
 ( 1,554)

 Reclassification adjustment for net gains and losses included in other income, net
 ( 70)

 Net change, net of tax of $ 813, $( 1,559) and $( 505) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively

 2,442
 ( 4,635)
 ( 1,482)

 Foreign currency translation gain (loss), net of tax of $ 0 for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively

 ( 182)

 Total other comprehensive income (loss)
 2,849
 ( 4,527)
 ( 1,664)

 Comprehensive (loss) income
 $
 ( 31,186)
 $
 99,698
 $
 140,806

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
 (in thousands, except for shares)

 Series A Redeemable Preferred Stock
 Common Stock
 Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 Retained
Earnings
 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
(Loss) Income
 Total

 Shares
 Shares

 Balance as of December 31, 2020
 —
 $
 —
 39,401,976
 $
 $
 113,182
 $
 431,076
 $
 2,574
 $
 546,836

 Net and comprehensive income (loss)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,664)
 140,806

 Stock-based award activity:

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase plan
 —
 —
 20,152
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of common stock for settlement of deferred stock units
 —
 —
 60,373
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of common stock for vesting of restricted stock units
 —
 —
 260,525
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of common stock for unvested restricted stock awards
 —
 —
 13,323
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Shares withheld related to net share settlement of stock-based awards
 —
 —
 ( 91,457)
 —
 ( 3,352)
 —
 —
 ( 3,352)

 Issuance of common stock for stock settled deferred consideration
 —
 —
 27,481
 —
 1,000
 —
 —
 1,000

 Balance as of December 31, 2021
 —
 —
 39,692,373
 121,844
 573,546
 696,304

 Net and comprehensive income (loss)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 4,527)
 99,698

 Dividends

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 62,572)
 —
 ( 62,572)

 Stock-based award activity:

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase plan
 —
 —
 19,813
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of common stock for settlement of deferred stock units
 —
 —
 281,193
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of common stock for vesting of restricted stock units
 —
 —
 292,953
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of common stock for unvested restricted stock awards
 —
 —
 11,494
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Shares withheld related to net share settlement of stock-based awards
 —
 —
 ( 206,390)
 —
 ( 9,741)
 —
 —
 ( 9,741)

 Issuance of common stock for stock settled deferred consideration
 —
 —
 28,673
 —
 1,417
 —
 —
 1,417

 Repurchases of common stock
 —
 —
 ( 864,271)
 —
 —
 ( 29,618)
 —
 ( 29,618)

 Balance as of December 31, 2022
 —
 —
 39,255,838
 131,541
 585,581
 ( 3,617)
 713,509

 Net and comprehensive (loss) income
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,849
 ( 31,186)

 Dividends
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 20,372)
 —
 ( 20,372)

 Stock-based award activity:

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase plan
 —
 —
 25,818
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of common stock for vesting of restricted stock units
 —
 —
 453,986
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of common stock for unvested restricted stock awards
 —
 —
 17,339
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Shares withheld related to net share settlement of stock-based awards
 —
 —
 ( 138,451)
 —
 ( 4,441)
 —
 —
 ( 4,441)

 Issuance of common stock for stock settled deferred consideration
 —
 —
 58,205
 —
 1,833
 —
 —
 1,833

 Repurchases of common stock
 —
 —
 ( 1,260,251)
 —
 —
 ( 38,876)
 —
 ( 38,876)

 Balance as of December 31, 2023
 —
 $
 —
 38,412,484
 $
 $
 153,740
 $
 492,298
 $
 ( 768)
 $
 645,274

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash flows from operating activities

 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash used in operating activities:

 Depreciation and amortization
 13,627
 13,406
 11,721

 Non-cash lease expense
 26,348
 23,112
 23,729

 Credit loss expense (recovery)
 ( 128)
 ( 51)

 Deferred taxes, net
 ( 6,429)
 ( 6,073)
 ( 11,845)

 Unrealized foreign exchange losses (gains)
 ( 37)
 3,824

 Net realized losses (gains) on marketable debt securities, available-for-sale
 ( 86)
 ( 219)

 Other non-cash items
 ( 341)
 ( 973)

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

 Commissions receivable
 ( 7,590)
 8,445
 ( 10,832)

 Prepaid expenses
 3,802
 ( 3,066)

 Advances and loans
 ( 5,177)
 ( 54,818)
 ( 12,382)

 Other assets
 ( 7,208)
 ( 9,830)
 ( 3,046)

 Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 ( 2,960)
 ( 4,071)
 9,779

 Income tax receivable and payable
 ( 616)
 ( 26,535)
 14,128

 Accrued bonuses and other employee related expenses
 ( 19,182)
 ( 11,491)
 29,073

 Deferred compensation and commissions
 ( 35,846)
 ( 24,631)
 75,047

 Operating lease liabilities
 ( 18,364)
 ( 21,176)
 ( 21,276)

 Other liabilities
 2,528
 ( 2,370)

 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities
 ( 72,430)
 13,629
 255,903

 Cash flows from investing activities

 Acquisition of businesses, net of cash received
 —
 ( 12,500)

 Purchases of marketable debt securities, available-for-sale
 ( 302,283)
 ( 380,799)
 ( 378,106)

 Proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable debt securities, available-for-sale
 391,612
 350,993
 285,628

 Purchases of convertible notes
 ( 5,000)
 —
 —

 Purchases of securities, held-to-maturity
 —
 —
 ( 9,500)

 Issuances of employee notes receivable
 ( 126)
 ( 74)
 ( 40)

 Payments received on employee notes receivable

 Purchase of property and equipment
 ( 9,370)
 ( 11,666)
 ( 6,857)

 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
 74,867
 ( 53,975)
 ( 108,356)

 Cash flows from financing activities

 Taxes paid related to net share settlement of stock-based awards
 ( 4,441)
 ( 9,741)
 ( 3,352)

 Proceeds from issuance of shares pursuant to employee stock purchase plan

 Dividends paid
 ( 20,103)
 ( 60,358)
 —

 Principal payments on stock appreciation rights liability
 ( 1,945)
 ( 1,761)
 ( 1,481)

 Principal payments on deferred and contingent consideration
 ( 2,410)
 ( 5,351)
 ( 1,739)

 Cash paid for stock repurchases
 ( 39,441)
 ( 29,053)
 —

 Net cash used in financing activities
 ( 67,679)
 ( 105,555)
 ( 5,919)

 Effect of currency exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
 ( 366)
 ( 2,640)

 Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
 ( 65,120)
 ( 146,267)
 138,988

 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period
 382,140
 243,152

 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period
 $
 170,753
 $
 $
 382,140

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:

 Interest paid during the period
 $
 $
 $

 Income taxes paid, net
 $
 $
 69,847
 $
 48,563

 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities
 $
 22,276
 $
 21,770
 $
 23,662

 Supplemental disclosures of noncash investing and financing activities:

 Unpaid purchases of property and equipment
 $
 $
 $

 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities
 $
 28,306
 $
 27,027
 $
 19,981

 Issuance of stock for the settlement of deferred consideration
 $
 1,833
 $
 1,417
 $
 1,000

 Dividend payable
 $
 $
 2,215
 $
 —

 1. Description of Business and Basis of Presentation
 Description of Business
 Marcus & Millichap, Inc. (the "Company," "Marcus & Millichap," or "MMI"), a Delaware corporation, is a real estate services firm specializing in commercial real estate investment sales, financing services, research and advisory services. As of December 31, 2023, MMI operates over 80 offices in the United States and Canada through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including the operations of Marcus & Millichap Capital Corporation.
 Reorganization and Initial Public Offering
 MMI was formed in June 2013 in preparation for Marcus & Millichap Company ("MMC") to spin-off its majority-owned subsidiary, Marcus & Millichap Real Estate Investment Services, Inc. ("MMREIS"). Prior to the initial public offering ("IPO") of MMI, all of the preferred and common stockholders of MMREIS (including MMC and employees of MMREIS) contributed all of their outstanding shares to MMI, in exchange for new MMI common stock. As a result, MMREIS became a wholly-owned subsidiary of MMI. Thereafter, MMC distributed 80.0 % of the shares of MMI common stock to MMC's shareholders and exchanged the remaining portion of its shares of MMI common stock for cancellation of indebtedness of MMC. MMI completed its IPO on November 5, 2013.
 Basis of Presentation
 The Company's consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

 2. Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 Accounting Policies
 Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash
 The Company considers cash equivalents to include short-term, highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased. Portions of the balance of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash were held in financial institutions, various money market funds with fixed and floating net asset values and short-term commercial paper. Money market funds have floating net asset values and may be subject to liquidity fees. The Company assesses short-term commercial paper for impairment in connection with investments in marketable debt securities, available-for-sale. The likelihood of realizing material losses from cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, including the excess of cash balances over federally insured limits, is remote.
 Revenue Recognition
 The Company generates real estate brokerage commissions by acting as a broker for real estate owners or investors seeking to buy or sell interests in commercial properties and generates financing fees from securing financing on purchase transactions, from refinancing its clients' existing mortgage debt and other ancillary fees associated with financing activities, including, but not limited to, debt and equity advisory services, loan sales, due diligence services, loan guarantee fees, loan performance fees and other consulting.
 Real Estate Brokerage Commissions
 Contracts for representing buyers and sellers of real estate are negotiated on a transaction-by-transaction basis. The consideration associated with the successful outcome remains constrained until the completion of a transaction which happens at the close of escrow. At that time, the Company's performance is complete.
 Financing Fees

 Contracts for representing potential borrowers are negotiated on a transaction-by-transaction basis. The consideration associated with the successful outcome remains constrained until the completion of a transaction which happens at the time the loan closes. At that time, the Company recognizes revenue related to the transaction. The Company's fee arrangements, with an exception for guarantee obligations, do not include terms or conditions that require the Company to perform any service or fulfill any obligation once the loan closes.
 Loan Performance Fees - For loans originated through the Strategic Alliance ("Strategic Alliance") with M&T Realty Capital Corporation ("MTRCC"), the Company receives variable consideration in the form of loan performance fees based on a portion of the servicing fees expected to be received by MTRCC under the servicing contract for servicing the loan. As the Company is not obligated to perform any servicing functions and has no further obligations related to the transaction giving rise to the loan performance fees, the estimated value of the loan performance fees to be received is recorded at the time the loan closes and are collected over the estimated term of the related loan. Any changes in the estimate of loan performance fees to be received are recorded in revenue in the period the estimate changes.
 Guarantee Obligations - For certain loans originated through the Strategic Alliance with MTRCC, the Company may agree, at its option, to indemnify MTRCC for a portion of MTRCC's obligations for loans sold to the Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae"). For these loans, the Company allocates a portion of the transaction price and records a loan guarantee obligation based on its fair value. Revenue for this stand ready obligation is recorded on a straight-line basis over the term of the estimated guarantee period and is recorded in financing fees in the consolidated statements of operations. The guarantee obligation is capped at 16.7 % of any unpaid principal balance in excess of the value of the collateral securing such loan. For these loans, the Company is required to pledge cash in a restricted bank account in support of the guarantee obligation. The Company records an allowance for estimated losses related to the loans subject to the guarantee considering the risk characteristics of the loan, the loan's risk rating, historical loss experience, potential adverse situations affecting individual loans and other forecasted information as appropriate.
 Other Revenue
 Other revenue includes fees generated from consulting and advisory services, leasing, as well as referral fees from other real estate brokers, and such fees are recognized when services are provided, upon closing of the transaction or when the Company has no further obligations.
 Capitalization of Internal Software
 Certain costs related to the development or purchase of internal-use software are capitalized. Internal costs that are incurred in the preliminary project stage are expensed as incurred. Direct consulting costs and certain payroll and related costs that are incurred during the development stage of a project are capitalized and depreciated using the straight-line method over a useful life of five years. Capitalized costs are recorded in property and equipment, net, and amortization is recorded in depreciation and amortization in the consolidated financial statements. Amortization begins for software that has been placed into production and is ready for its intended use. Post-implementation costs such as training, maintenance and support are expensed as incurred. The Company evaluates the carrying value of capitalized software for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable.
 Commissions Receivable, Net
 Commissions receivable, net consists of commissions earned on brokerage and financing transactions for which payment has not yet been received. The Company evaluates the need for an allowance for credit losses based on consideration of historical experience, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. The majority of commissions earned are settled within 10 days after the close of escrow. Certain commissions for leasing transactions are received upon occupancy.
 Advances and Loans, Net
 Advances and loans, net includes amounts advanced and loans due from the Company's investment sales and financing professionals.

 In order to attract and retain highly skilled professionals, from time to time the Company advances funds to its investment sales and financing professionals. The advances are typically in the form of forgivable loans that have terms that are generally between 5 and 10 years. The principal amount of a forgivable loan and accrued interest are forgiven over the term of the loan, so long as the investment sales and financing professionals continue to be a service provider with the Company, and/or upon achieving contractual performance criteria. These amounts are charged to selling, general and administrative expense over the service period. If the investment sales and financing professional's relationship with the Company is terminated before the amount advanced is forgiven, the unforgiven amount, and any accrued interest, becomes due and payable. The Company evaluates the need for an allowance for credit losses based on amounts advanced, expected forgiveness, consideration of historical experience, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Estimated credit losses, net of any reversals, are charged to credit loss expense included in selling, general and administrative expense. Amounts are generally written off when amounts are determined to be no longer collectable.
 The Company, from time to time, also enters into various agreements, including notes receivable, with certain of its investment sales and financing professionals whereby these individuals receive loans that are to be repaid in the future. The notes receivable, along with stated interest, are typically collected from future commissions or repaid based on the terms stipulated in the respective agreements that are generally between one and seven years. The Company evaluates the need for an allowance for credit losses for the loans based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable forecasts of future economic conditions. Estimated credit losses, net of any reversals, are charged to credit loss expense included in selling, general and administrative expense. Amounts are generally written off when amounts are determined to be no longer collectable.
 Cost of Services
 Cost of services principally consists of variable commissions, compensation-related costs related to the Company's financing activities, and other costs for the Company's investment sales and financing professionals related to transactions closed in the period. Commissions are accrued based on revenue from transactions generated by the Company's investment sales and financing professionals. Investment sales and financing professionals are compensated at commission rates based on individual agreements, and a portion of the commissions due upon the closing of a transaction may be deferred in accordance with their contracts. Some of the Company's most senior investment sales and financing professionals also have the ability to earn additional commissions after meeting certain annual financial thresholds. These additional commissions are recognized as cost of services in the period in which they are earned. Payment of a portion of these additional commissions are generally deferred for a period of three years, at our election, and paid at the end of the third calendar year. These deferred commissions are included in deferred compensation and commissions (current and non-current) captions in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Cost of services also includes referral fees paid to other real estate brokers where we are the principal service provider.
 Investments in Marketable Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale
 The Company maintains a portfolio of investments in a variety of fixed and variable rate debt securities, including U.S. treasuries, U.S. government sponsored entities, corporate debt, asset-backed securities ("ABS") and other. The Company considers its investments in marketable debt securities to be available-for-sale, and accordingly, are recorded at their fair values. The Company determines the appropriate classification of investments in marketable debt securities at the time of purchase. Interest along with amortization of purchase premiums and accretion of discounts from the purchase date through the estimated maturity date, including consideration of variable maturities and contractual call provisions, are included in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company typically invests in highly rated debt securities, and its investment policy generally limits the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer. The policy requires substantially all investments to be investment grade, with the primary objective of minimizing the potential risk of principal loss and matching long-term liabilities. See Note 5 – "Investments in Marketable Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale" for additional information.
 The Company reviews quarterly its investment portfolio of all securities in an unrealized loss position to determine if an impairment charge or credit reserve is required. The Company excludes accrued interest from both the fair value and the amortized cost basis of marketable debt securities, available-for-sale, for the purposes of identifying and measuring an impairment. An investment is impaired if the fair value is less than its amortized cost basis. Impairment relating to credit losses is recorded through a reduction in the amortized cost of the security or an allowance for credit losses and credit loss expense (included in selling, general and administrative expense), limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the

 amortized cost basis. Impairment that has not been recorded as a credit loss is recorded through other comprehensive (loss) income, net of applicable taxes. The Company made an accounting policy election to not measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivables. The Company evaluates write-off of accrued interest receivable at the time credit loss exists for the underlying security.
 Determining whether a credit loss exists requires a high degree of judgment and the Company considers both qualitative and quantitative factors in making its determination. The Company evaluates its intent to sell, or whether the Company will more likely than not be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. For all securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company evaluates, among other items, the extent and length of time the fair market value of a security is less than its amortized cost, time to maturity, duration, seniority, the financial condition of the issuer including credit ratings, any changes thereto and relative default rates, leverage ratios, availability of liquidity to make principal and interest payments, performance indicators of the underlying assets, analyst reports and recommendations, and changes in base and market interest rates. If the qualitative and quantitative analysis is sufficient to conclude that an impairment related to credit losses does not exist, the Company typically does not perform further quantitative analysis to estimate the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the debt security. Estimates of expected future cash flows are the Company's best estimate based on past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable economic forecasts.
 Assets Held in Rabbi Trust
 The Company maintains a non-qualified deferred compensation program for certain employees. Deferred amounts are invested in variable whole life insurance policies owned by the Company supporting the deferred obligation and are held in a rabbi trust. Participants elect to invest in various hypothetical equity and debt securities offered within the plan on a notional basis. The net change in the carrying value of the underlying assets held in the rabbi trust is recorded in other income, net. The change in the deferred compensation liability as a result of the change in the notional value of the participants accounts is recorded as a component of selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations.
 Fair Value Measurements
 U.S. GAAP defines the fair value of a financial instrument as the amount that would be received from the sale of an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company is responsible for the determination of fair value and the supporting methodologies and assumptions. The Company uses various pricing sources and third parties to provide and validate the values utilized.
 The degree of judgment used in measuring the fair value of financial instruments is generally inversely correlated with the level of observable valuation inputs. Financial instruments with quoted prices in active markets generally have more pricing observability and less judgment is used in measuring fair value. Financial instruments for which no quoted prices are available have less observability and are measured at fair value using valuation models or other pricing techniques that require more judgment.
 Assets recorded at fair value are measured and classified in accordance with a fair value hierarchy consisting of the three "levels" based on the observability of inputs available in the marketplace used to measure the fair values as discussed below:
 • Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;
 • Level 2: Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs which are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; or
 • Level 3: Unobservable inputs reflect management's best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model. Management estimates include certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.

 Recurring Fair Value Measurements
 The Company values its investments including commercial paper and floating net asset value money market funds recorded in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, investments in marketable debt securities, available-for-sale, assets held in the rabbi trust, deferred compensation liability, contingent and deferred consideration and investments in convertible notes at fair value on a recurring basis.
 Fair values for investments included in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and marketable debt securities, available-for-sale, were determined for each individual security in the investment portfolio and all these securities are Level 1 or 2 measurements as appropriate.
 Fair values for assets held in the rabbi trust and related deferred compensation liability were determined based on the cash surrender value of the Company owned variable life insurance policies and underlying investments in the trust, and are Level 2 and Level 1 measurements, respectively.
 Contingent consideration in connection with acquisitions, is carried at fair value and determined on a contract-by-contract basis, calculated using unobservable inputs based on a probability of achieving EBITDA and other performance requirements (refer to Note 9 – "Fair Value Measurements"), and is a Level 3 measurement. Deferred consideration in connection with acquisitions is carried at fair value and calculated using a discounted cash flow estimate with the only remaining condition on such payments being the passage of time, and is a Level 2 measurement.
 We have elected to account for our investments in convertible notes, included in other assets, under the fair value option, with changes in fair value recognized in other income, net in the consolidated statement of operations. We estimate the fair value of each convertible note at each balance sheet date using a scenario-based framework that incorporates various scenarios weighted based on the expected likelihood of occurrence. Within each scenario, a discounted cash flow approach was utilized, taking the expected settlement for the event, and discounting it based on the expected timing and a discount rate. Each of the assumptions in the model were considered significant assumptions. We noted that a change in the expected probability, expected payoff, timing, or discount rate, would result in a change to the fair value ascribed to the convertible notes. As these are significant inputs not observable in the market, the valuation is classified as a Level 3 measurement.
 Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
 In accordance with U.S. GAAP, from time to time, the Company measures certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. The Company reviews the carrying value of intangibles, goodwill and other assets for indications of impairment at least annually. When indications of potential impairment are identified, the Company may be required to determine the fair value of those assets and record an adjustment for the carrying amount in excess of the fair value determined. Any fair value determination would be based on valuation approaches, which are appropriate under the circumstances and utilize Level 2 and Level 3 measurements as required.
 Assets and Liabilities not Measured at Fair Value
 The Company's commissions receivable, amounts due from employees and investment sales and financing professionals (included in the other assets, current and other assets, non-current captions), accounts payable and other liabilities and commissions payable (included in deferred compensation and commissions, current and deferred compensation and commissions, non-current captions) are carried at cost, which approximates fair value based on their immediate or short-term maturities and terms which approximate current market rates.
 The Company's obligations under stock appreciation rights ("SARs") liability (included in the deferred compensation and commissions, current and deferred compensation and commissions, non-current captions) bear interest at a variable rate based on U.S. Treasuries, and the Company has determined that the carrying value approximates their fair value.

 Property and Equipment, Net
 Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. The Company uses the straight-line method for depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization is recorded over estimated useful lives ranging from three to seven years.
 The Company evaluates its fixed assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable.
 Other Assets
 Other assets consist primarily of securities, held-to-maturity, investments in convertible notes, loan performance fee receivable, security deposits made in connection with operating leases, customer trust accounts, employee notes receivable and other assets and receivables. In connection with a brokerage transaction, the Company may need to, or be required to, hold cash in escrow for a transaction participant. These amounts are deposited into separate customer trust accounts controlled by the Company. The amounts are included in current other assets, net, with a corresponding liability included in accounts payable and other liabilities, both in the consolidated balance sheets.
 Leases
 The Company utilizes operating leases for all its facilities and autos. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Right-of-use assets ("ROU assets") represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's contractual obligation to make lease payments under the lease. Operating leases are included in operating lease ROU assets, and operating lease liabilities, current and non-current captions in the consolidated balance sheets.
 ROU assets and liabilities are recognized on the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Lease agreements may contain periods of free rent or reduced rent, predetermined fixed increases in the minimum rent and renewal or termination options, all of which add complexity and impact the determination of the lease term and lease payments to be used in calculating the lease liability. Certain facility leases provide for rental escalations related to increases in the lessors' direct operating expenses. The Company uses the implicit rate in the lease when determinable. As most of the Company's leases do not have a determinable implicit rate, the Company uses an estimated incremental borrowing rate calculated on a spread over treasuries based on our estimated credit rating for the indicated term of the lease based on the information available on the commencement date of the lease. The Company typically leases general purpose built-out office space, which reverts to the lessor upon termination of the lease. Any payments for completed improvements, determined to be owed by the lessor, net of incentives received, are recorded as an increase to the ROU asset and considered in the determination of the lease cost.
 The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for as a single lease component. Lease cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments consist of common area costs, insurance, taxes, utilities, parking and other lease related costs, which are determined principally based on billings from landlords. Sub-lease income is recorded as a component of selling general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations.
 Litigation
 The Company is subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, some of which involve claims for damages that are substantial in amount. Most of these litigation matters are covered by insurance, which contain deductibles, exclusions, claim limits and aggregate policy limits. While the ultimate liability for these legal proceedings cannot be determined, the Company uses judgment in the evaluation of claims and the need for accrual for loss contingencies quarterly. The Company records an accrual for litigation related losses where the likelihood of loss is both probable and estimable. The Company accrues legal fees for litigation as the legal services are provided.

 Advertising Costs
 Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs are included in selling, general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
 Advertising costs for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were $ 1,892,000, $ 1,653,000, and $ 830,000 respectively.
 Income Taxes
 The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to (i) differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis, and (ii) operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. The Company measures existing deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the Company expects to have temporary differences realized or settled. The Company recognizes in the (benefit) provision for income taxes, the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company periodically evaluates deferred tax assets to assess whether it is likely that the deferred tax assets will be realized. In determining whether a valuation allowance is required, the Company considers the timing of deferred tax reversals, current year taxable income and historical performance. Valuation allowances are provided against deferred tax assets when it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized.
 Because of the nature of the Company's business, which includes activity in the U.S. and Canada, incorporating numerous states and provinces as well as local jurisdictions, the Company's tax position can be complex. As such, the Company's effective tax rate is subject to changes as a result of fluctuations in the mix of its activity in the various jurisdictions in which the Company operates including changes in tax rates, state apportionment, tax related interest and penalties, valuation allowances and other permanent items. Calculating some of the amounts involves a high degree of judgment.
 The Company evaluates its tax positions quarterly. The threshold for recognizing the benefits of tax return positions in the financial statements is "more likely than not" to be sustained by the taxing authority and requires measurement of a tax position meeting the more-likely-than-not criterion, based on the largest benefit that is more than 50% likely to be realized. The Company assesses its inventory of tax positions with respect to all applicable income tax issues for all open tax years (in each respective jurisdiction) and determines whether uncertain tax positions are required to be recognized in the Company's consolidated financial statements.
 The Company recognizes interest and penalties incurred as income tax expense.
 Stock-Based Compensation
 The Company measures and records compensation expense for all stock-based awards made to employees, independent contractors and non-employee directors. Awards are issued under the Amended and Restated 2013 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan ("2013 Plan") and 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP").
 For awards made to the Company's employees, directors and independent contractors, the Company initially values restricted stock units ("RSUs") and restricted stock awards ("RSAs") based on the grant date closing price of the Company's common stock. For awards with periodic vesting, the Company recognizes the related expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award, subject to periodic adjustments to ensure that the cumulative amount of expense recognized through the end of any reporting period is at least equal to the portion of the grant date value of the award that has vested through that date. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.
 For shares issued under the ESPP, the Company determined that the plan was a compensatory plan and is required to expense the fair value of the awards over each six-month offering period. The Company estimates the fair value of these awards using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Company calculates the expected volatility based on the historical volatility of the Company's common stock, the risk-free interest rate based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in

 effect at the time of grant, both consistent with the term of the offering period. The Company includes a dividend yield based on the recurring semi-annual dividend. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.
 Earnings per Share
 Basic weighted average shares outstanding includes vested, but unissued, deferred stock units ("DSUs"). The difference between basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding represents the dilutive impact of common stock equivalents consisting of shares to be issued under the 2013 Plan and ESPP, and contingently issuable shares in connection with stock settled consideration for acquired businesses.
 Foreign Currency Translation
 The Company prepares the financial statements of its Canadian subsidiary using the local currency as the functional currency. The assets and liabilities of the Company's Canadian subsidiary are translated into U.S. dollars at the rates of exchange at the balance sheet date with the resulting translation adjustments included as a separate component of stockholder's equity through other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income.
 Income and expenses are translated at the average monthly rates of exchange. The Company includes gains and losses from foreign currency transactions in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations.
 The effect of foreign currency translation on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash is reflected in cash flows from operating activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows, and is not material for any period presented.
 Taxes Collected from Clients and Remitted to Governmental Authorities
 The Company accounts for tax assessed by any governmental authority that is based on revenue or transaction value (e.g. sales, use and value added taxes) on a net basis, and, accordingly, such amounts are not included in revenue. Collected amounts are recorded as a current liability until paid.
 Use of Estimates
 The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the related disclosures at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 Concentrations of Credit Risk
 Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk principally consist of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, investments in marketable debt securities, available-for-sale, investments in strategic alliance partners (included in other assets), security deposits (included under other assets, non-current), and commissions receivable, net. Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash are placed with high-credit quality financial institutions and invested in high-credit quality money market funds and commercial paper. Concentrations and ratings of investments in marketable debt securities, available-for-sale are limited by the approved investment policy.
 To reduce its credit risk, the Company monitors the credit standing of the financial institutions money market funds that represent amounts recorded as cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash. The Company historically has not experienced any significant losses related to cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash.
 The Company has entered into a Strategic Alliance with MTRCC pursuant to which the Company has agreed to provide loan opportunities that may be funded through MTRCC's Delegated Underwriting and Servicing Agreement ("DUS Agreement") with Fannie Mae that requires MTRCC to guarantee a portion of each loan funded. On a loan-by-loan basis, the Company, at its option, can indemnify a portion of MTRCC's guarantee obligation of loan opportunities presented to and closed by MTRCC though the DUS Agreement. The Company manages and limits the concentration of

 risk related to the guarantees assumed by monitoring the underlying property type, geographic location, credit of the borrowers, underlying debt service coverage, and loan to value ratios.
 The Company derives its revenue from a broad range of real estate investors, owners, and users in the United States and Canada, none of which individually represents a significant concentration of credit risk. The Company maintains allowances, as needed, for estimated credit losses based on management's assessment of the likelihood of collection. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, no transaction represented 10% or more of total revenue. Further, while one or more transactions may represent 10% or more of commissions receivable at any reporting date, amounts due are typically collected within 10 days of settlement and, therefore, do not expose the Company to significant credit risk.
 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company's Canadian operations represented approximately 4 % of total revenue. During each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company's Canadian operations represented 2 % of total revenue.
 During each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, no office represented 10% or more of total revenue.
 Business Combinations
 The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, under which the consideration for the acquisition, including the fair value of any contingent and deferred consideration, is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company recognizes identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values as determined by management as of the acquisition date. The excess of the consideration over the assets acquired net of liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill. During the measurement period, which is not to exceed one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded as expense in the consolidated statements of operations.
 In connection with certain acquisitions, the Company enters into agreements to pay additional cash amounts based on the achievement of certain performance measures and/or service and time requirements. Contingent and deferred consideration in connection with the acquisition of a business is measured at fair value on the acquisition date and remeasured at fair value each reporting period thereafter until the consideration is settled in cash or stock, with changes in fair value recorded in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations.
 Acquisition-related costs, such as due diligence, legal and accounting fees, are expensed as incurred and not considered in determining the fair value of the acquired assets. Acquisition-related costs are reflected in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations.
 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
 The Company evaluates goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter. In addition to the annual impairment evaluation, the Company evaluates at least quarterly whether events or circumstances have occurred in the period subsequent to the annual impairment testing which indicate that it is more likely than not an impairment loss has occurred. The initial impairment evaluation of goodwill is a qualitative assessment and is performed to assess whether the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The Company completes a quantitative impairment test if evidence from the qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the Company determines the quantitative impairment test is required, the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is determined and compared to its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value, an impairment loss is recognized equal to that excess. The loss recognized cannot exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The Company currently has only one reporting unit, therefore, all goodwill is allocated to that one reporting unit.
 The Company evaluates its finite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually, or as events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. The Company records an impairment loss if impairment triggers exist and the fair value of the asset is less than the asset's carrying amount. The Company measures recoverability by comparing the carrying amount to the future undiscounted cash flows that the intangible assets are expected to generate.

 If the carrying value of the intangible assets are not recoverable, the impairment recognized is measured as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds its fair value. The Company's intangible assets primarily include non-compete agreements, customer relationships and contracts in progress that resulted from its business combinations. These intangible assets are generally amortized on a straight-line basis using a useful life between 1 and 7 years.
 Segment Reporting
 The Company follows U.S. GAAP for segment reporting, which requires reporting information on operating segments in interim and annual financial statements. Substantially all of the Company's operations involve the delivery of commercial real estate services to its customers including real estate investment sales, financing and consulting and advisory services. Management makes operating decisions, assesses performance and allocates resources based on an ongoing review of these integrated operations, which constitute the Company's only operating segment for financial reporting purposes.
 Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 In October 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC's Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative ("ASU 2023-06"). ASU 2023-06 was issued in response to the SEC's final amendments in Release No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification that updated and simplified disclosure requirements that the SEC believed were duplicative, overlapping, or outdated, and to align the requirements in the Codification with the SEC's disclosure requirements. The effective date for each amendment in ASU 2023-06 will be the date on which the SEC's removal of that related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. If by June 30, 2027, the SEC has not removed the applicable requirement from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K, the pending content of the related amendment will be removed from the Codification and will not become effective for any entity. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2023-06 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
 In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, to require the disclosure of segment expenses if they are (i) significant to the segment, (ii) regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (the "CODM"), and (iii) included in each reported measure of a segment's profit or loss. Public entities will be required to provide this disclosure quarterly. In addition, this ASU requires an annual disclosure of the CODM's title and a description of how the CODM uses the segment's profit/loss measure to assess segment performance and to allocate resources. Pursuant to this ASU, the notes to the Company's consolidated financial statements will include incremental disclosures related to the Company's single reportable segment, including the disclosures about the CODM's review of the Company's consolidated net operating income — the profit/loss measure of its single reportable segment — and a reconciliation of consolidated net operating income to its consolidated net income. Compliance with these and certain other disclosure requirements will be required for the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year 2024, and for subsequent quarterly and annual reports, with early adoption permitted. The Company expects to adopt this ASU for its 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09"), to require disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation, as well as information on income taxes paid. The new requirements should be applied on a prospective basis with an option to apply them retrospectively. ASU 2023-09 will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

 3. Property and Equipment, Net
 Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Computer software and hardware equipment
 $
 49,851
 $
 42,617

 Furniture, fixtures and equipment
 26,097
 26,453

 Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization
 ( 48,498)
 ( 41,426)

 $
 27,450
 $
 27,644

 Depreciation expense for property and equipment was $ 8.9 million, $ 7.5 million and $ 7.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company wrote-off approximately $ 2.0 million and $ 1.2 million, respectively, of fully depreciated computer software and hardware equipment and furniture, fixtures and equipment.

 4. Operating Leases
 The Company has operating leases for all of its facilities and autos. The operating lease cost, included in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations, consisted of the following (in thousands):

 Years Ended

 2023
 2022

 Operating lease cost:

 Lease cost (1)

 $
 30,269
 $
 26,038

 Variable lease cost (2)

 5,283
 5,586

 Sublease income

 ( 976)
 ( 896)

 $
 34,576
 $
 30,728

 (1)Includes charges related to consolidation of office space during the year ended December 31, 2023.
 (2) Primarily relates to common area maintenance, property taxes, insurance, utilities and parking.
 Maturities of lease liabilities by year consisted of the following (in thousands):

2023

 2024
 $
 21,795

 2025
 21,085

 2026
 17,156

 2027
 11,971

 2028
 8,740

 Thereafter
 19,352

 Total future minimum lease payments
 100,099

 Less imputed interest
 ( 12,356)

 Present value of operating lease liabilities
 $
 87,743

 Other information related to the operating leases consisted of the following:

 2023
 2022

 Weighted average remaining operating lease term
 5.40 years
 4.97 years

 Weighted average discount rate
 4.7
 %
 3.9
 %

 5. Investments in Marketable Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale
 Amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, gross unrealized gains (losses) in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income and fair value of marketable debt securities, available-for-sale, by type of security consisted of the following (in thousands):

 Amortized
Cost
 Allowance
for Credit
 Gross
Gains
 Gross
 Fair
Value

 Short-term investments:

 $
 91,951
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 171)
 $
 91,840

 77,067
 —
 ( 40)
 77,041

 $
 169,018
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 211)
 $
 168,881

 Long-term investments:

 $
 10,097
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 245)
 $
 9,852

 1,069
 —
 ( 58)
 1,040

 45,990
 —
 ( 1,669)
 44,565

 Asset-backed securities ("ABS") and other
 12,382
 —
 ( 452)
 12,002

 $
 69,538
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 2,424)
 $
 67,459

 Amortized
Cost
 Allowance
for Credit
 Gross
Gains
 Gross
 Fair
Value

 Short-term investments:

 $
 135,688
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 1,153)
 $
 134,549

 118,135
 —
 ( 95)
 118,041

 —
 —
 ( 15)
 $

 $
 254,682
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 1,263)
 $
 253,434

 Long-term investments:

 $
 21,434
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 719)
 $
 20,715

 —
 —
 ( 66)

 44,214
 —
 ( 2,877)
 41,358

 6,569
 —
 —
 ( 583)
 5,986

 $
 72,819
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 4,245)
 $
 68,595

 The Company's investments in marketable debt securities, available-for-sale, that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, by type of security consisted of the following (in thousands):

 Less than 12 months
 12 months or greater
 Total

 Fair
Value
 Gross
 Fair
Value
 Gross
 Fair
 Value(1)

 Gross

 $
 9,982
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 20,610
 $
 ( 415)
 $
 30,592
 $
 ( 416)

 —
 —
 ( 58)
 ( 58)

 45,251
 ( 59)
 30,423
 ( 1,650)
 75,674
 ( 1,709)

 1,701
 ( 15)
 5,988
 ( 437)
 7,689
 ( 452)

 $
 56,934
 $
 ( 75)
 $
 57,509
 $
 ( 2,560)
 $
 114,443
 $
 ( 2,635)

 Less than 12 months
 12 months or greater
 Total

 Fair
Value
 Gross
 Fair
Value
 Gross
 Fair
 Value(1)

 Gross

 $
 73,055
 $
 ( 1,232)
 $
 66,144
 $
 ( 640)
 $
 139,199
 $
 ( 1,872)

 ( 46)
 ( 20)
 ( 66)

 130,816
 ( 1,909)
 10,681
 ( 1,063)
 141,497
 ( 2,972)

 4,710
 ( 314)
 2,091
 ( 284)
 6,801
 ( 598)

 $
 209,028
 $
 ( 3,501)
 $
 79,003
 $
 ( 2,007)
 $
 288,031
 $
 ( 5,508)

 (1)
 The fair value excludes accrued interest receivable.

 Gross realized gains and losses from the sales of the Company's marketable debt securities, available-for-sale, consisted of the following (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Gross realized gains (1)

 $
 —
 $
 $

 Gross realized losses (1)

 $
 ( 190)
 $
 ( 27)
 $
 ( 2)

 (1)
 Recorded in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations. The cost basis of securities sold were determined based on the specific identification method.

 The Company invests its excess cash in a diversified portfolio of fixed and variable rate debt securities to meet current and future cash flow needs. All investments are made in accordance with the Company's approved investment policy. As of December 31, 2023, the portfolio had a weighted average credit rating of AA and a weighted term to contractual maturity of 1.9 years, with 176 securities in the portfolio representing an unrealized aggregate loss of $ 2.6 million, or 1 % of amortized cost, and a weighted average credit rating of AA-.
 As of December 31, 2023, the Company performed an impairment analysis and determined an allowance for credit losses was not required. The Company determined that it did not have an intent to sell and it was not more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell any security based on its current liquidity position, or to maintain compliance with its investment policy, specifically as it relates to minimum credit ratings. The Company evaluated the securities with an unrealized loss considering severity of loss, credit ratings, specific credit events during the period since acquisition, overall likelihood of default, market sector, potential impact from the current economic environment, including interest rates, geopolitical unrest and a review of an issuer's and securities' liquidity and financial strength, as needed. The

 Company concluded that it would receive all scheduled interest and principal payments. The Company, therefore, determined qualitatively that the unrealized loss was related to changes in interest rates and other market factors and therefore no allowance for credit losses was required.
 Amortized cost and fair value of marketable debt securities, available-for-sale, by contractual maturity consisted of the following (in thousands, except weighted average data):

 Amortized
 Cost
 Fair Value
 Amortized
 Cost
 Fair Value

 Due in one year or less
 $
 169,018
 $
 168,881
 $
 254,683
 $
 253,434

 Due after one year through five years
 48,241
 47,200
 56,507
 54,169

 Due after five years through ten years
 12,950
 12,279
 13,435
 11,850

 Due after ten years
 8,347
 7,980
 2,876
 2,576

 $
 238,556
 $
 236,340
 $
 327,501
 $
 322,029

 Weighted average contractual maturity
 1.9 years
 1.1 years

 Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain issuers have the right to prepay certain obligations with or without prepayment penalties.

 6. Acquisitions, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
 Goodwill is recorded as part of the Company's acquisitions and primarily arose from the acquired assembled workforce and brokerage and financing sales platforms. The Company expects all of the goodwill to be tax deductible, with the tax-deductible amount of goodwill related to the contingent and deferred consideration to be determined once the cash payments are made to settle any contingent and deferred consideration. The goodwill resulting from acquisitions is allocated to the Company's one reporting unit.
 Goodwill and intangible assets, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

 Gross
Carrying
 Accumulated
Amortization
 Net Book
Value
 Gross
Carrying
 Accumulated
Amortization
 Net Book
Value

 Goodwill and intangible assets:

 Goodwill
 $
 38,046
 $
 —
 $
 38,046
 $
 37,914
 $
 —
 $
 37,914

 Intangible assets (1)

 31,022
 ( 17,885)
 13,137
 32,287
 ( 14,505)
 17,782

 $
 69,068
 $
 ( 17,885)
 $
 51,183
 $
 70,201
 $
 ( 14,505)
 $
 55,696

 (1)

 Weighted average remaining amortization period was 3.8 years and 4.5 years as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Intangible assets principally include non-competes and customer relationships.

 The Company recorded amortization expense for intangible assets of $ 4.7 million for both of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and $ 3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

 The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill consisted of the following (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Beginning balance
 $
 37,914
 $
 34,071

 Additions from acquisitions
 —
 4,030

 Impact of foreign currency translation
 ( 187)

 Ending balance
 $
 38,046
 $
 37,914

 Estimated amortization expense for intangible assets by year for the next five years and thereafter consisted of the following (in thousands):

 2024
 $
 4,035

 2025
 3,880

 2026
 2,156

 2027
 1,856

 2028
 1,210

 Thereafter
 —

 $
 13,137

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company considered the impact of economic conditions and evaluated its goodwill and intangible assets for impairment testing. The Company estimated the recoverability of the intangible assets by comparing the carrying amount of each asset to the future undiscounted cash flows that the Company expects the asset to generate. The sum of the undiscounted expected future cash flows was greater than the carrying amount of the intangible assets. The Company concluded that there was no impairment of goodwill or intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 7. Selected Balance Sheet Data
 Allowances on Advances and Loans
 Allowance for credit losses for advances and loans as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 680,000 and $ 791,000, respectively.
 Other Assets
 Other assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

 Non-Current

 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022

 Security deposits
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 1,491
 $
 1,625

 Employee notes receivable
 —

 Securities, held-to-maturity(1)

 9,500
 —
 —
 9,500

 Loan performance fee receivable
 1,725
 7,885
 4,261

 Investments in convertible notes(2)

 —
 —
 5,081
 —

 Other(3)

 4,941
 6,510

 $
 16,203
 $
 7,282
 $
 14,972
 $
 15,859

 (1)
 Securities, held-to-maturity, are expected to mature on September 1, 2024 and accrue interest based on the 1 -year treasury rate.

 (2)
 Convertible notes were purchased during the fourth quarter 2023 in connection with strategic alliances with companies in the real estate sector. The convertible notes accrue interest at rates between 6 % and 10 %, are convertible into equity for premiums and mature in a weighted average 1.7 years subject to extension at the option of the holders.

 (3)
 Other primarily includes customer trust accounts and prepaid lease costs.

 Deferred Compensation and Commissions
 Deferred compensation and commissions consisted of the following (in thousands):

 Non-Current

 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022

 SARs liability (1)

 $
 2,480
 $
 2,323
 $
 11,418
 $
 13,137

 Commissions payable to investment sales and financing professionals
 52,689
 72,247
 28,198
 45,156

 Deferred compensation liability (1)

 8,155
 6,168

 Other
 —
 —

 $
 55,769
 $
 75,321
 $
 47,771
 $
 64,461

 (1)
 The SARs and deferred compensation liabilities become subject to payout at the time the participant is no longer considered a service provider. As a result of the retirement of certain participants, estimated amounts to be paid to participants within the next twelve months have been classified as current.

 SARs Liability
 Prior to the IPO, certain employees of the Company were granted SARs under a stock-based compensation program assumed by MMC. In connection with the IPO, the SARs agreements were revised, the MMC liability of $ 20.0 million for

 the SARs was frozen as of March 31, 2013 and was transferred to MMI through a capital distribution. The SARs liability will be settled with each participant in ten annual installments in January of each year upon retirement or termination from service, or in full upon consummation of a change in control of the Company.
 Under the revised agreements, MMI is required to accrue interest on the outstanding balance beginning on January 1, 2014, at a rate based on the 10-year treasury note, plus 2 %. The rate resets annually. The rates at January 1, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were 5.79 %, 3.63 % and 2.93 %, respectively. MMI recorded interest expense related to this liability of $ 761,000, $ 542,000 and $ 488,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 Estimated payouts within the next twelve months for participants that have separated from service have been classified as current. The Company made payments of $ 2.3 million and $ 2.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, consisting of principal and accumulated interest.
 Commissions Payable
 Certain investment sales and financing professionals can earn additional commissions after meeting certain annual revenue thresholds. These commissions are recognized as cost of services in the period in which they are earned as they relate to specific transactions closed. The Company may defer payment of certain commissions, at its election, for up to three years. Commissions that are not expected to be paid within twelve months are classified as long-term.
 Deferred Compensation Liability
 A select group of management is eligible to participate in the Marcus & Millichap Deferred Compensation Plan (the "Deferred Compensation Plan"). The Deferred Compensation Plan is a non-qualified deferred compensation plan that is intended to comply with Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code and permits participants to defer compensation up to the limits set forth in the Deferred Compensation Plan. Amounts are paid out generally when the participant is no longer a service provider; however, an in-service payout election is available to participants. Participants may elect to receive payouts as a lump sum or quarterly over a two to fifteen-year period. The Company elected to fund the Deferred Compensation Plan through Company-owned variable life insurance policies. The Deferred Compensation Plan is managed by a third-party institutional fund manager, and the deferred compensation and investment earnings are held as a Company asset in a rabbi trust, which is recorded in assets held in rabbi trust in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The assets in the trust are restricted unless the Company becomes insolvent, in which case the trust assets are subject to the claims of the Company's creditors. The Company may also, in its sole and absolute discretion, elect to withdraw at any time a portion of the trust assets by an amount by which the fair market value of the trust assets exceeds 110 % of the aggregate deferred compensation liability represented by the participants' accounts. Estimated payouts within the next twelve months for participants that have separated from service or elected an in-service payout have been classified as current. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company made total payments to participants of $ 0.5 million and $ 1.1 million respectively.
 The assets held in the rabbi trust are carried at the cash surrender value of the variable life insurance policies, which represents its fair value. The net change in the carrying value of the assets held in the rabbi trust and the net change in the carrying value of the deferred compensation liability, each exclusive of additional contributions, distributions and trust expenses, consisted of the following (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Increase (decrease) in the carrying value of the assets held in the rabbi trust (1)

 $
 1,526
 $
 ( 1,743)
 $
 1,445

 (Increase) decrease in the net carrying value of the deferred compensation obligation (2)

 $
 ( 1,439)
 $
 1,743
 $
 ( 1,104)

 (1)Recorded in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations.
 (2)Recorded in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

 Other Liabilities
 Other liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

 Non-Current

 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022

 Deferred consideration
 $
 1,178
 $
 3,633
 $
 $
 1,486

 Contingent consideration
 1,726
 4,663
 5,341

 Dividends payable
 1,680
 1,603

 Stock repurchase payable
 —
 —
 —

 Loan guarantee obligation
 2,040
 3,194
 —

 Other
 1,357

 $
 3,919
 $
 9,933
 $
 10,690
 $
 8,614

 8. Related-Party Transactions
 Shared and Transition Services
 Certain services are provided to the Company under a Transition Services Agreement ("TSA") between MMC and the Company. The TSA is intended to provide certain services until the Company acquires these services separately. In addition, the Company charges MMC for certain shared licensing arrangements. Under the TSA, the Company earned net charge-backs during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 of $ 77,000, $ 64,000, and $ 12,000, respectively. These amounts are included in selling, general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
 Brokerage and Financing Services with the Subsidiaries of MMC
 MMC has wholly or majority owned subsidiaries that buy and sell commercial real estate properties. The Company performs certain brokerage and financing services related to transactions of the subsidiaries of MMC. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company earned real estate brokerage commissions and financing fees of $ 1.1 million, $ 3.6 million, and $ 2.4 million, respectively, from transactions with subsidiaries of MMC related to these services. The Company incurred cost of services of $ 0.7 million, $ 2.4 million, and $ 1.4 million respectively, related to this revenue.
 Operating Lease with MMC
 The Company extended its operating lease with MMC for a single-story office building located in Palo Alto, California, which expires in May 2032. The related operating lease cost was $ 1,200,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, and $ 1,300,000 for each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Operating lease cost is included in selling, general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The related operating lease ROU asset, net and operating lease liability as of December 31, 2023 was $ 7,800,000 and $ 8,300,000, respectively and as of December 31, 2022 was $ 9,041,000 and $ 9,262,000, respectively.
 Amounts due to MMC
 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded a payable of $ 10,000 and $ 79,000 with MMC, respectively. These amounts are included in accounts payable, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
 Other
 The Company makes advances to non-executive employees from time-to-time. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the aggregate principal amount for employee notes receivable was $ 63,000 and $ 4,000, respectively, which is included in other assets and in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. See Note 7 – "Selected Balance Sheet Data".

 As of December 31, 2023, George M. Marcus, the Company's founder and Chairman, beneficially owned approximately 39 % of the Company's issued and outstanding common stock, including shares owned by Phoenix Investments Holdings, LLC and the Marcus Family Foundation II.

 9. Fair Value Measurements
 Assets and liabilities carried at fair value on a recurring basis consisted of the following (in thousands):

 Fair Value
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Fair Value
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3

 Assets:

 Assets held in rabbi trust
 $
 10,838
 $
 —
 $
 10,838
 $
 —
 $
 9,553
 $
 —
 $
 9,553
 $
 —

 Convertible notes
 $
 5,081
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 5,081
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Cash equivalents (1):

 Commercial paper
 $
 27,998
 $
 —
 $
 27,998
 $
 —
 $
 41,324
 $
 —
 $
 41,324
 $
 —

 Money market funds
 68,364
 68,364
 —
 —
 139,025
 139,025
 —
 —

 $
 96,362
 $
 68,364
 $
 27,998
 $
 —
 $
 180,349
 $
 139,025
 $
 41,324
 $
 —

 Marketable debt securities, available-for-sale:

 Short-term investments:

 $
 91,840
 $
 91,840
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 134,549
 $
 134,549
 $
 —
 $
 —

 77,041
 —
 77,041
 —
 118,041
 —
 118,041
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 $
 168,881
 $
 91,840
 $
 77,041
 $
 —
 $
 253,434
 $
 134,549
 $
 118,885
 $
 —

 Long-term investments:

 $
 9,852
 $
 9,852
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 20,715
 $
 20,715
 $
 —
 $
 —

 1,040
 —
 1,040
 —
 —
 —

 44,565
 —
 44,565
 —
 41,358
 —
 41,358
 —

 12,002
 —
 12,002
 —
 5,986
 —
 5,986
 —

 $
 67,459
 $
 9,852
 $
 57,607
 $
 —
 $
 68,595
 $
 20,715
 $
 47,880
 $
 —

 Liabilities:

 Contingent consideration
 $
 5,482
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 5,482
 $
 7,067
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 7,067

 Deferred consideration
 $
 1,571
 $
 —
 $
 1,571
 $
 —
 $
 5,119
 $
 —
 $
 5,119
 $
 —

 Deferred compensation liability
 $
 8,356
 $
 8,356
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 6,661
 $
 6,661
 $
 —
 $
 —

 (1)

 Included in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

 There were no transfers in or out of Level 3 during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company considered current interest rates and the probability of achieving EBITDA and other performance targets in its determination of fair value for the contingent consideration. The Company is uncertain as to the extent of the volatility in the unobservable inputs in the foreseeable future. Deferred consideration in connection with acquisitions is carried at fair value and calculated using a discounted cash flow estimate with the only remaining condition on such payments being the passage of time.

 As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, contingent and deferred consideration had a maximum undiscounted payment to be settled in cash or stock of $ 14.7 million and $ 21.3 million, respectively. Assuming the achievement of the applicable performance criteria and/or service and time requirements, the Company anticipates these payments will be made over the next one to four-year period. Changes in fair value are included in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations.
 A reconciliation of contingent consideration measured at fair value on a recurring basis consisted of the following (in thousands):

 Twelve Months Ended

 2023
 2022

 Beginning balance
 $
 7,067
 $
 9,312

 Change in fair value of contingent consideration(1)

 ( 16)
 ( 161)

 Payments of contingent consideration
 ( 1,569)
 ( 2,084)

 Ending balance
 $
 5,482
 $
 7,067

 (1)

 Includes immaterial impact of foreign currency translation.

 Quantitative information about the valuation technique and significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of the Company's Level 3 financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):

 Fair Value at
 Valuation Technique
 Unobservable inputs
 Range (Weighted Average)(1)

 Contingent
 consideration

 $
 5,482
 Discounted cash flow
 Expected life of cash flows
 0.75 - 3.83 years

 ( 1.42 years)

 Discount rate
 5.3 %- 6.4 %

 ( 6.1 %)

 Probability of achievement
 11.1 %- 100.0 %

 ( 96.5 %)

 Fair Value at
 Valuation Technique
 Unobservable inputs
 Range (Weighted Average)(1)

 Contingent
 consideration

 $
 7,067
 Discounted cash flow
 Expected life of cash flows
 0.4 - 4.8 years

 ( 2.7 years)

 Discount rate
 6.0 %- 7.0 %

 ( 6.5)%

 Probability of achievement
 0.0 %- 100.0 %

 ( 95.4)%

 (1)

 Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative fair value of the instruments.

 The fair value of the convertible notes considered (i) the contractual maturity which may be extended at the option of the holders, (ii) a weighted average premium at settlement of 112 % upon a subsequent financing, equity financing or a change in control, and (iii) a weighted average discount rate of 15.3 %. During the three months ended December 31, 2023, the fair value of the convertible notes increased by approximately $ 81,000 due to the reduction in the estimated time to the settlement from a weighed average of 1.9 years to 1.7 years.
 Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
 In accordance with U.S. GAAP, from time to time, the Company measures certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. The Company reviews the carrying value of intangibles, goodwill and other assets for indications of impairment at least annually. When indications of potential impairment are identified, the Company may be required to determine the fair value of those assets and record an adjustment for the carrying amount in excess of the fair value

 determined. Any fair value determination would be based on valuation approaches, which are appropriate under the circumstances and utilize Level 2 and Level 3 measurements as required.

 10. Stockholders' Equity
 Common Stock
 As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were 38,412,484 and 39,255,838 shares of common stock, $ 0.0001 par value, issued and outstanding, which included unvested restricted stock awards ("RSAs") issued to non-employee directors, respectively. See Note 14 – "(Loss) Earnings per Share" for additional information.
 On February 9, 2023, the Board of Directors declared a semi-annual regular dividend of $ 0.25 per share, with a payment date of April 6, 2023, to stockholders of record at the close of business on March 14, 2023. On August 1, 2023, the Board of Directors declared the second semi-annual regular dividend of $ 0.25 per share, with a payment date of October 6, 2023, to stockholders of record at the close of business on September 15, 2023. The total dividends declared by the Company during the year ended December 31, 2023 were $ 20.4 million.
 As of December 31, 2023, the dividend payable related to unvested stock awards remaining to be paid upon vesting of stock awards was $ 2.5 million The dividend payable is recorded in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. See Note 7 – "Selected Balance Sheet Data."
 Preferred Stock
 The Company has 25,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock with a par value $ 0.0001 per share. At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no preferred shares issued or outstanding.
 Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income are included as a component of other income, net or selling, general and administrative expense, as applicable, in the consolidated statements of operations. The reclassifications were determined on a specific identification basis.
 The Company has not provided for U.S. taxes on unremitted earnings of its foreign subsidiary as it is operating at a loss and has no earnings and profits to remit. As a result, deferred taxes were not provided related to the cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments.
 Repurchases of Common Stock
 On August 2, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a common stock repurchase program of up to $ 70 million. On May 2, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors authorized an additional $ 70 million to repurchase common stock under its common stock repurchase program. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased and retired 1,260,251 shares of common stock for $ 38.9 million, at an average cost of $ 30.85 per share. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased and retired 864,271 shares of common stock for $ 29.6 million, at an average cost of $ 34.27 per share. As of December 31, 2023, $ 71.5 million remained authorized for repurchases under the common stock repurchase program.

 11. Stock-Based Compensation Plans
 2013 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan
 The Company's Board of Directors adopted the 2013 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (the "2013 Plan") on October 7, 2013. In February 2017, the Board of Directors amended and restated the 2013 Plan, which was approved by the Company's stockholders in May 2017. On October 6, 2023, the Board of Directors amended the 2013 Plan, subject to and contingent upon the approval of stockholders of the Company at the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to eliminate the term of the 2013 Plan such that the 2013 Plan shall continue in effect until it is terminated by the Compensation

 Committee. The Compensation Committee has approved 17,073 shares of restricted stock units subject to the approval of the revised 2013 Plan by the stockholders.
 Grants are made from time to time by the Compensation Committee of the Company's Board of Directors at its discretion, subject to certain restrictions as to the number and value of shares that may be granted to any individual. In addition, non-employee directors receive annual grants under a director compensation policy. The Compensation Committee of the Company's Board of Directors has the option to grant dividend equivalents to unvested grants. Any dividend equivalents granted to unvested awards are paid to the participant at the time the related grants vest. As of December 31, 2023, there were 3,221,417 shares available for future grants under the 2013 Plan.
 Awards Granted and Settled
 Under the 2013 Plan, the Company has issued RSAs to non-employee directors and restricted stock units ("RSUs") to employees and independent contractors. RSAs vest over a one-year period from the date of grant, subject to service requirements. RSUs generally vest in equal annual installments over a five-year period from the date of grant or earlier as approved by the Compensation Committee of the Company's Board of Directors. Dividend equivalents granted for unvested stock awards are paid at the time the stock awards vest. Any unvested awards and dividend equivalents are canceled upon termination as a service provider. As of December 31, 2023, there were no issued or outstanding options, SARs, performance units or performance share awards under the 2013 Plan.
 During the year ended December 31, 2023, 465,480 shares of RSUs and RSAs vested, with 138,451 shares of common stock withheld to pay applicable required employee statutory withholding taxes based on the market value of the shares on the vesting date. The shares withheld for taxes were returned to the share reserve and are available for future issuance in accordance with provisions of the 2013 Plan. Unvested RSUs will be settled through the issuance of new shares of common stock.
 Outstanding Awards
 Activity under the 2013 Plan consisted of the following (dollars in thousands, except weighted average per share data):

 Shares
 Weighted-
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
Per Share

 Nonvested shares at December 31, 2020
 918,379
 $
 33.73

 Granted
 381,215
 $
 39.03

 Vested
 ( 277,253)
 $
 31.89

 Forfeited/canceled
 ( 41,405)
 $
 33.47

 Nonvested shares at December 31, 2021
 980,936
 $
 36.32

 Granted
 1,094,507
 $
 45.41

 Vested
 ( 306,276)
 $
 35.49

 Forfeited/canceled
 ( 27,706)
 $
 39.11

 Nonvested shares at December 31, 2022
 1,741,461
 $
 42.14

 Granted
 734,388
 $
 35.20

 Vested
 ( 465,480)
 $
 40.87

 Forfeited/canceled
 ( 10,624)
 $
 40.96

 Nonvested shares at December 31, 2023
 1,999,745
 $
 39.90

 (1)
 Nonvested RSUs will be settled through the issuance of new shares of common stock.

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation relating to RSUs and RSAs of approximately $ 64.1 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.32 years.

 The aggregate fair value of RSUs and RSAs that vested were $ 15.1 million, $ 13.4 million and $ 10.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
 The fair value of fully vested DSUs that settled was $ 13.4 million and $ 2.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, all DSUs were settled. See "SARs and DSUs" section below and Note 14 – "(Loss) Earnings per Share" for additional information.
 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
 In 2013, the Company adopted the 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP"). The ESPP is intended to qualify under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code and provides for consecutive, non-overlapping six-month offering periods. The offering periods generally start on the first trading day on or after May 15 and November 15 of each year. Qualifying employees may purchase shares of the Company stock at a 10 % discount based on the lower of the market price at the beginning or end of the offering period, subject to Internal Revenue Service limitations. The Company determined that the ESPP was a compensatory plan and is required to expense the fair value of the awards over each six-month offering period.
 The ESPP initially had 366,667 shares of common stock reserved, and 111,094 shares of common stock remain available for issuance as of December 31, 2023. The ESPP provided for annual increases in the number of shares available for issuance under the ESPP, equal to the lesser of (i) 366,667 shares, (ii) 1 % of the outstanding shares on such date, or (iii) an amount determined by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Pursuant to the provisions of the ESPP, the Board of Directors determined to not provide for any annual increases to date. As of December 31, 2023, total unrecognized compensation cost related to the ESPP was $ 79,000 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.37 years.
 On October 6, 2023, the Board of Directors amended the ESPP to (i) eliminate the evergreen provision set forth in the ESPP such that the maximum number of shares of common stock of the Company made available for sale under the ESPP shall not automatically increase on the first day of each fiscal year of the Company and (ii) subject to and contingent upon the approval of the stockholders of the Company at the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, eliminate the term of the ESPP such that the ESPP shall continue in effect until the ESPP is terminated by the Board of Directors or the Compensation Committee.
 SARs and DSUs
 Prior to the IPO, certain employees were granted SARs. As of March 31, 2013, the outstanding SARs were frozen at the liability amount, and will be paid out to each participant in installments upon retirement or departure under the terms of the revised SARs agreements. To replace beneficial ownership in the SARs, the difference between the book value liability and the fair value of the awards was granted to plan participants in the form of DSUs, which were fully vested upon receipt and were settled in actual stock at a rate of 20 % per year if the participant remains employed by the Company during that period (otherwise all unsettled shares of stock upon termination from service will be settled five years from the termination date, unless otherwise agreed to by the Company). In the event of death or termination of service after reaching the age of 67, 100 % of the DSUs were to be settled. As of December 31, 2022, all DSUs were settled.
 Summary of Stock-Based Compensation
 Components of stock-based compensation are included in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations and consisted of the following (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 ESPP
 $
 $
 $

 RSUs and RSAs
 24,000
 17,162
 10,219

 $
 $
 $

 12. Income Taxes
 The components of income from continuing operations before (benefit) provision for income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 United States
 $
 ( 39,708)
 $
 143,815
 $
 193,147

 Foreign
 ( 693)
 ( 1,786)

 $
 ( 40,401)
 $
 142,029
 $
 193,303

 The (benefit) provision for income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Federal:

 $
 ( 220)
 $
 34,968
 $
 48,785

 Deferred
 ( 5,342)
 ( 4,973)
 ( 9,600)

 ( 5,562)
 29,995
 39,185

 State:

 8,857
 13,903

 Deferred
 ( 1,087)
 ( 1,100)
 ( 2,243)

 ( 810)
 7,757
 11,660

 Foreign:

 —
 —
 —

 Deferred
 ( 12)

 ( 12)

 $
 ( 6,366)
 $
 $
 50,833

 Significant components of the Company's deferred tax assets, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Deferred Tax Assets:

 Accrued expenses and bonuses
 $
 3,201
 $
 6,406

 Advances and loans and other reserves
 12,612
 9,655

 Deferred compensation and commissions
 17,764
 21,018

 Operating lease ROU assets, net
 23,359
 20,798

 7,106
 7,273

 Net operating and capital loss carryforwards
 13,664
 3,835

 Other comprehensive income
 1,676

 Amortizable intangibles and other
 2,687
 2,221

 Deferred tax assets before valuation allowance
 80,973
 72,882

 Valuation allowance
 ( 5,296)
 ( 4,935)

 Deferred Tax Assets
 75,677
 67,947

 Deferred Tax Liabilities:

 Property and equipment
 ( 4,366)
 ( 5,715)

 Operating lease liabilities
 ( 20,781)
 ( 18,523)

 Prepaid expenses
 ( 841)
 ( 1,180)

 State taxes
 ( 1,385)
 ( 472)

 Goodwill and other
 ( 1,374)
 ( 736)

 Deferred Tax Liabilities
 ( 28,747)
 ( 26,626)

 Deferred Tax Assets, Net
 $
 46,930
 $
 41,321

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $ 7.8 million of net operating loss carryforwards, which are available to reduce future federal income taxes, and have no expiration date. Under the Coronavirus Aid Relief and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) and Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (2017 Tax Act), federal NOLs incurred after December 31,2017 carried forward indefinitely and can offset up to 80% of future taxable income for tax years after December 31, 2020. State NOLs of $ 1.7 million is also available to reduce future state income taxes and will expire between 2034 and 2044. As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, the Company had Canadian net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $ 4.2 million and $ 3.8 million, respectively, principally all of which will begin to expire in 2035.
 A valuation allowance is required when it is more-likely-than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Realization of a deferred tax asset is dependent upon taxable income in prior carryback years as appropriate, depending on jurisdiction, estimates of future taxable income, tax planning strategies and reversals of existing taxable temporary differences. The Company determined that as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $ 5.3 million and $ 4.9 million, respectively, of the deferred tax assets related to Canadian losses do not satisfy the recognition criteria. The Company has therefore recorded a valuation allowance for this amount. The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets was increased by $ 361,000, $ 337,000 and $ 179,000 during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increases are primarily related to the Company's Canadian operations.

 The (benefit) provision for income taxes differs from the amount computed by applying the U.S. federal statutory rate to income before provision for income taxes and consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Rate
 Rate
 Rate

 Income tax (benefit) expense at the federal statutory rate
 $
 ( 8,484)
 21.0
 %
 $
 29,826
 21.0
 %
 $
 40,594
 21.0
 %

 State income tax (benefit) expense, net of federal benefit
 ( 602)
 1.5
 %
 6,127
 4.3
 %
 9,210
 4.8
 %

 Shortfall (windfall) tax benefits, net related to stock-based compensation
 1,260
 ( 3.1)
 %
 ( 2,714)
 ( 1.9)
 %
 ( 555)
 ( 0.3)
 %

 Change in valuation allowance
 ( 0.9)
 %
 0.2
 %
 0.1
 %

 Permanent and other items (1)

 1,072
 ( 2.7)
 %
 4,228
 3.0
 %
 1,405
 0.7
 %

 $
 ( 6,366)
 15.8
 %
 $
 26.6
 %
 $
 50,833
 26.3
 %

 (1)
 Permanent items relate principally to compensation charges, qualified transportation fringe benefits, meals and entertainment, and other items.

 A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits consisted of the following (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Beginning balance
 $
 —
 $
 $

 Gross increases/ (decreases) as a result of positions taken:

 Prior periods
 —
 ( 304)

 Current period
 —
 —

 Expiration of applicable statutes of limitation
 —
 —
 ( 56)

 Ending balance
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 There were no unrecognized tax benefits and no amounts accrued for interest and penalties as of December 31, 2023, and 2022.
 The Company is subject to tax in various jurisdictions and, as a matter of ordinary course, the Company may be subject to income tax examinations by the federal, state and foreign taxing authorities for the tax years 2019 to 2023. The Company is currently under income tax examination by the state of Illinois, and the examination by the state of New York was closed without any assessment.
 The Company has not provided for U.S. taxes on unremitted earnings of its foreign subsidiary as this subsidiary is operating at a loss and has no earnings and profits to remit. As a result, deferred taxes were not provided related to the cumulative translation adjustments.

 13. Retirement Plans
 The Company has a defined contribution plan (the "Marcus & Millichap, Inc. 401(k) Plan") under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code for all eligible employees who have completed one month of service. The contribution plan is subject to the provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), as amended. Participants may contribute up to 100 % of their annual eligible compensation, subject to Internal Revenue Service limitations and ERISA. The Company matches employees' contributions each pay period, dollar for dollar, up to an annual maximum of $ 4,000 ("Company Match"). For the 2023 Plan year, the discretionary Company Match was suspended during the period of April 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023. Employees become vested in Company Match contributions 33 % upon completion of one year of service, 66 % upon completion of two years of service and 100 % upon completion of three years

 of service. Company Match contributions aggregated $ 1.1 million, $ 2.0 million and $ 1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, which is included in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

 14. (Loss) Earnings per Share
 Basic and diluted (loss) earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively consisted of the following (in thousands, except per share data):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Numerator (Basic and Diluted):

 $
 $
 $

 Change in value for stock settled consideration(1)

 ( 37)

 Adjusted net (loss) income
 $
 ( 33,970)
 $
 104,188
 $
 142,497

 Denominator:

 Basic

 Weighted average common shares issued and outstanding
 38,674
 39,751
 39,575

 Deduct: Unvested RSAs (2)

 ( 15)
 ( 12)
 ( 14)

 Add: Fully vested DSUs (3)

 —

 Weighted average common shares outstanding
 39,893
 39,888

 Basic (loss) earnings per common share
 $
 ( 0.88)
 $
 2.61
 $
 3.57

 Diluted

 Weighted average common shares outstanding from above
 39,893
 39,888

 Add: Dilutive effect of RSUs, RSAs & ESPP(4)

 —

 Add: Contingently issuable shares(1)(4)

 —

 Weighted average common shares outstanding
 40,186
 40,187

 Diluted (loss) earnings per common share
 $
 ( 0.88)
 $
 2.59
 $
 3.55

 Antidilutive shares excluded from diluted earnings per common share(5)

 1,593
 1,084

 (1)Relates to contingently issuable stock settled consideration.
 (2)RSAs were issued and outstanding to the non-employee directors and have a one-year vesting term subject to service requirements. See Note 11 – "Stock-Based Compensation Plans" for additional information.
 (3)Shares are included in weighted average common shares outstanding as the shares are fully vested but have not yet been delivered. See Note 11 – "Stock-Based Compensation Plans" for additional information.
 (4)Shares related to the Company's RSUs, RSAs, ESPP, and contingently issuable shares were excluded from the weighted average common shares outstanding for the year ended December 31, 2023 because inclusion of such shares would be antidilutive in a period of loss.
 (5) Primarily pertaining to RSU grants to the Company's employees and independent contractors.

 15. Commitments and Contingencies
 Credit Agreement
 On June 18, 2014, the Company entered into a credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (the "Bank"). On May 31, 2022, the Company executed an amended and restated Credit Agreement to extend the maturity date of the Credit Agreement to August 1, 2022, and which included substantially the same terms and conditions as the original credit facility. On July 28, 2022, the Company entered into the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to adjust the maturity date of the Credit Agreement to June 1, 2025, with principally the same terms and conditions as the extension signed in May 2022. On September 25, 2023, the Company executed the First

 Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement which provides for a $ 10 million line of credit and a maturity date of June 1, 2024 (the "Credit Facility").
 The Company may borrow, repay and reborrow amounts under the Credit Facility until its maturity date, at which time all amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility must be repaid in full. Borrowings under the Credit Facility are available for general corporate purposes and working capital. The Credit Facility includes a $ 3.0 million sublimit for the issuance of standby letters of credit of which $ 1.05 million was utilized at December 31, 2023. Borrowings under the Credit Facility will bear interest at the Daily Simple SOFR rate plus a spread of 175 basis points. In connection with the amendments to the Credit Agreement, the Company paid bank fees and other expenses, which are being amortized over the remaining term of the Credit Agreement. The Company pays a commitment fee of up to 0.5 % per annum, payable quarterly, based on the amount of unutilized commitments under the Credit Facility. The amortization and commitment fees are included in interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and were $ 128,000 and $ 167,000 during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, there were no amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement.
 The Credit Facility contains customary covenants, including financial covenants, financial reporting requirements and events of default. Financial covenants require the Company, on a combined basis with its guarantors, to maintain total liquidity including cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities, held for sale of $ 100 million and an average daily cash balance of $ 35 million with the Bank, on a combined basis with all the guarantors, calculated as of the end of the month. The Credit Facility is secured by substantially all assets of the Company, including pledges of 100 % of the stock or other equity interest of each subsidiary except for the capital stock of a controlled foreign corporation (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code), in which case no such pledge is required. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all financial and non-financial covenants and has not experienced any limitation in its operations as a result of the covenants. Our ability to borrow under our Credit Facility is limited by our ability to comply with its covenants or obtain necessary waivers.
 Strategic Alliance
 The Company, in connection with the Strategic Alliance with MTRCC, has agreed to provide loan opportunities that may be funded through MTRCC's DUS Agreement with Fannie Mae. MTRCC's agreement with Fannie Mae requires MTRCC to guarantee a portion of each funded loan. On a loan-by-loan basis, the Company, at its option, can indemnify a portion of MTRCC's guarantee obligation of loan opportunities presented to and closed by MTRCC. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has agreed to a maximum aggregate guarantee obligation of $ 152.6 million relating to loans with an unpaid balance of $ 915.4 million. The Company would be liable for its maximum aggregate guarantee obligation only if all of the loans for which it is providing a guarantee to MTRCC were to default and all of the collateral underlying these loans were determined to be without value at the time of settlement. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has recorded an allowance for loss-sharing obligations of $ 851,000 and $ 275,000, respectively, and pledged $ 283,000 and $ 16,000, respectively, in a restricted bank account in support of the guarantee obligation.
 Other
 In connection with certain agreements with investment sales and financing professionals, the Company may agree to advance amounts to such professionals upon reaching certain time and performance goals. Such commitments as of December 31, 2023 aggregated $ 15.9 million, of which $ 4.6 million has been paid subsequent to year end.

 16. Subsequent Events
 On February 8, 2024, the Board of Directors declared a semi-annual regular dividend of $ 0.25 per share, or $ 10.1 million, payable on April 5, 2024, to stockholders of record at the close of business on March 12, 2024.