Aerovate Therapeutics, Inc._December 31, 2024

 UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 FORM 10-K
 (Mark One)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024
 OR

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO

 Commission File Number: 001-40544
 Aerovate Therapeutics, Inc.
 (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

 Delaware

 83-1377888

 (State or other jurisdiction of

 (I.R.S. Employer

 incorporation or organization)

 Identification No.)

 930 Winter Street, Suite M-500

 Waltham, MA 02451

 02451

 (Address of principal executive offices)

 (Zip Code)

 Registrant's telephone number, including area code: ( 617) 443-2400

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class

 Trading Symbol(s)

 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share

 AVTE

 The Nasdaq Global Market

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES NO

 Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. YES NO

 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES NO

 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). YES NO

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).

 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES NO

 As of June 30, 2024 (the last business day of the Registrant's most recently completed second quarter) the aggregate market value of the Registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was $ 23.0 million, based on the closing price of the Registrant's common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market of $1.66 per share. In determining the market value of non-affiliate common stock, shares of the Registrant's common stock beneficially owned by officers, directors and affiliates have been excluded. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

 The number of shares of Registrant's Common Stock outstanding as of March 24, 2025 was 28,985,019.
 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 The registrant intends to file a definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A relating to the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders within 120 days of the end of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. Portions of such definitive proxy statement are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein.

 Page

 Item 1.

 Business

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 Reserved

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 SUMMARY OF THE MATERIAL AND OTHER RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH OUR BUSINESS
 Our business is subject to numerous material and other risks and uncertainties that you should be aware of in evaluating our business. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

 We may not be successful in consummating the Merger.

 If we are successful in completing the Merger, we may be exposed to other operational and financial risks.

 If the Merger is not completed, our board of directors may pursue a dissolution and liquidation. In such event, the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders will depend heavily on the timing of such liquidation and the amount of cash that will need to be reserved for commitments and contingent liabilities.

 Failure to complete the Merger may result in either Jade or us paying a termination fee to the other party and could harm our common stock price and the future business and operations of each company.

 Some of Jade's and our executive officers and directors have interests in the Merger that are different from yours.

 We are a biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history.

 We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future. We may never achieve or maintain profitability.

 We have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales.

 The results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results.

 We have six issued U.S. patents and many pending patent applications with respect to AV-101, however, we have begun the process of abandoning our patent estate and we are no longer prosecuting our patent applications. Further, we can provide no assurance that any of our future patent applications will result in issued patents. If we cannot protect our patent rights or our other proprietary rights, others may develop products similar or identical to ours, and we may not be able to compete effectively in our market or successfully commercialize any product candidates we may develop.

 We may be unable to obtain regulatory approval under applicable regulatory requirements. The denial or delay of any such approval would delay commercialization of any product candidates and adversely impact our potential to generate revenue, our business and our results of operations.

 Unfavorable global economic or political conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

 The material and other risks summarized above should be read together with the text of the full risk factors below and in the other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes, as well as in other documents that we file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. If any such material and other risks and uncertainties actually occur, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. The risks summarized above or described in full under Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us, or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

 SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains express or implied forward-looking statements that are based on our management's belief and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, these statements relate to future events or our future operational or financial performance, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include, but are not limited to, statements about:

 anticipated expenses and cost savings in connection with our discontinuation of development of AV-101;

 the proposed merger with Jade, and related transactions;

 estimates of our future expenses, revenues, capital requirements and our needs for additional financing;

 our expectations for clinical and regulatory development plans;

 our expectations regarding our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for any product candidates we may develop;

 our ability to identify products, product candidates or technologies with significant commercial potential that are consistent with our commercial objectives;

 the scope of protection we are able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights covering our product candidates, including the projected terms of patent protection;

 potential regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries;

 developments relating to our competitors and our industry, including the impact of government laws and regulations;

 our ability to retain key management personnel in order to operate our business following announcement of our workforce reduction plan and the proposed merger with Jade and related transactions;

 our ability to obtain additional funding for our operations, if needed, should we decide to pursue development of other product candidates; and

 other risks and uncertainties, including those listed under the section titled "Risk Factors."

 In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as "may," "should," "expects," "intends," "plans," "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "predicts," "potential," "continue" or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These statements are only predictions. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors, which are, in some cases, beyond our control and which could materially affect results. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed above under "Summary of the Material Risks Associated with Our Business" and under the section titled "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. If one or more of these risks or uncertainties occur, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual events or results may vary significantly from those implied or projected by the forward-looking statements. No forward-looking statement is a guarantee of future performance. You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents that we reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and have filed with the SEC as exhibits hereto completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from any future results expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.

 The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K represent our views as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We anticipate that subsequent events and developments will cause our views to change. However, while we may elect to update these forward-looking statements at some point in the future, we have no current intention of doing so except to the extent required by applicable law. You should therefore not rely on these forward-looking statements as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 This Annual Report on Form 10-K also contains estimates, projections and other information concerning our industry, our business and the markets for our product candidates. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances that are assumed in this information. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained this industry, business, market, and other data from our own internal estimates and research as well as from reports, research surveys, studies, and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry, medical and general publications, government data and similar sources. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding any third-party information presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, their estimates, in particular as they relate to projections, involve numerous assumptions, are subject to risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the section titled "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Item 1. Business.
 Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to "Aerovate", "we", "us" and "our" refer to Aerovate Therapeutics, Inc.
 Overview
 We are a biopharmaceutical company. Our initial focus was on advancing AV 101, our dry powder inhaled formulation of imatinib for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, or PAH, a devastating disease impacting approximately 70,000 people in the United States and Europe. On June 17, 2024, we announced topline results from the Phase 2b portion of our Phase 2b/Phase 3 Inhaled Imatinib Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Clinical Trial of AV-101, or IMPAHCT. Topline data showed that, while AV-101 was generally well tolerated across all dose groups, the study did not meet its primary endpoint for improvement in pulmonary vascular resistance compared to placebo for any of the studied doses or show meaningful improvements in the secondary endpoint of change in six minute walk distance. We also reviewed data from several additional secondary endpoints of the Phase 2b portion of IMPAHCT, which also failed to show meaningful improvements. Based upon these results and in agreement with the independent study advisory committee, we halted enrollment and shut down the Phase 3 portion of IMPAHCT as well as the long-term extension study. AV-101 for the treatment of PAH was our only product candidate in development. At this time, we do not intend to resume development of AV-101 or any other product candidates. In July 2024, we announced the decision to conduct a comprehensive review of strategic alternatives focused on maximizing shareholder value. We also engaged Wedbush Securities Inc., or Wedbush PacGrow, as our exclusive strategic financial advisor to assist in the process of exploring strategic alternatives.
 In June 2024, following our decision to halt further development of AV-101, we announced our plan to terminate nearly all of our workforce in the coming months, or the Workforce Reduction Plan. As of December 31, 2024, 47 individuals, or approximately 92% of our workforce, have been terminated. The affected individuals have been and will be provided severance benefits, including cash severance payments. Each affected individual's eligibility for severance benefits is contingent upon entering into a separation agreement, which includes a general release of claims against our company. In connection with the Workforce Reduction Plan, we incurred costs (in consideration of releases) of approximately $6.7 million, which are primarily one-time severance benefits.
 On October 30, 2024, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement, by and among us, Caribbean Merger Sub I, Inc., a Delaware corporation and our wholly owned subsidiary, or Merger Sub I, Caribbean Merger Sub II, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and our wholly owned subsidiary, or Merger Sub II and together with Merger Sub I, Merger Subs, and Jade Biosciences, Inc., a Delaware corporation, or Jade, pursuant to which, and subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, among other things, Merger Sub I will merge with and into Jade, with Jade surviving the merger as the surviving corporation, or the First Merger, and as part of the same overall transaction, Jade will merge with and into Merger Sub II, with Merger Sub II continuing as our wholly owned subsidiary and the surviving corporation of the merger, or the Second Merger and together with the First Merger, the Merger. The Merger is intended to qualify for federal income tax purposes as a tax-free reorganization under the provisions of Section 368(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code.
 In addition, in connection with the closing of the Merger, or the Closing, we expect to declare a cash dividend to our pre-Merger stockholders of approximately $65.0 million in the aggregate, or the Cash Dividend, provided such amount is subject to adjustment as set forth in the Merger Agreement.
 Subject to the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the Merger, or the Effective Time, (a) each then-outstanding share of Jade's common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, or Jade Common Stock, will be converted into the right to receive a number of shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, or Aerovate Common Stock, based on a ratio calculated in accordance with the Merger Agreement, or the Exchange Ratio, provided that any unvested restricted shares of Jade Common Stock will be subject to the same terms and conditions (including, without limitation, vesting and repurchase provisions) that are otherwise applicable to such unvested shares as of immediately prior to the Effective Time, (b) each then-outstanding share of Jade's preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share, or Jade Preferred Stock, will be converted into the right to receive a number of shares of our newly authorized

 convertible preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share, equal to (x) the Exchange Ratio divided by (y) 1,000, (c) each then-outstanding option to purchase Jade Common Stock will be assumed by us, subject to adjustment as set forth in the Merger Agreement and (d) each then-outstanding warrant to purchase shares of Jade Common Stock or Jade Preferred Stock will be assumed by us, subject to adjust as set forth in the Merger Agreement.
 We and Jade have each agreed to customary representations, warranties and covenants in the Merger Agreement, including, among others, covenants relating to (1) obtaining the requisite approval of our respective stockholders, (2) non-solicitation of alternative acquisition proposals and (3) the conduct of our respective businesses during the period between the date of signing the Merger Agreement and the Closing.
 On October 30, 2024, Jade entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement, or the Purchase Agreement, with certain existing Jade stockholders and new investors, or the Investors. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, and subject to the terms and conditions thereof, Jade agreed to sell, and the Investors agreed to purchase, immediately prior to the consummation of the Merger, shares of Jade Common Stock and pre-funded warrants for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $300.0 million, or the Concurrent Investment, which reflects the conversion of the previously issued $95 million of convertible notes. The consummation of the Concurrent Investment is conditioned on the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement and in the Purchase Agreement. Shares of Jade Common Stock and pre-funded warrants issued pursuant to this financing transaction will be converted into shares of Aerovate Common Stock and pre-funded warrants to acquire shares of Aerovate Common Stock, in accordance with the Exchange Ratio and the Merger Agreement.
 Consummation of the Merger is subject to certain closing conditions, including, among other things, (1) requisite approval by our stockholders, (2) approval by the requisite Jade stockholders of the adoption and approval of the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, (3) Nasdaq's approval of the listing of the shares of Aerovate Common Stock to be issued in connection with the Merger, and (4) an executed Purchase Agreement for the Concurrent Investment in full force and effect evidencing cash proceeds of not less than $80.0 million to be received by the combined company immediately prior to or following the Closing.
 The Merger Agreement contains certain termination rights of each of us and Jade. Upon termination of the Merger Agreement under specified circumstances, we may be required to pay Jade a termination fee of $2,340,000, and in certain other circumstances, Jade may be required to pay us a termination fee of $5,250,000.
 At the Effective Time, our board of directors is expected to consist of six members, all of whom will be designated by Jade.
 Concurrently and in connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement, (i) certain stockholders of Jade (solely in their respective capacities as Jade stockholders) holding approximately 99% of the outstanding shares of Jade capital stock have entered into support agreements with us and Jade to vote all of their shares of Jade capital stock in favor of the adoption and approval of the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby and (ii) certain of our stockholders holding approximately 38.1% of the outstanding shares of Aerovate Common Stock have entered into support agreements with us and Jade to vote all of their shares of Aerovate Common Stock in favor of, among other things, the adoption and approval of the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby.
 Our Strategy to Date
 PAH is an orphan disease with unmet medical need and is characterized by high pressure in the vessels transporting blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs. This high pressure is caused by abnormal cellular hyperproliferation and resistance to apoptosis, driven by improper signaling in cells of the distal pulmonary arteries, which over time results in narrowing of the pulmonary vessels and forces the heart to work harder to pump blood through the lungs. The severe blood flow restriction and strain on the heart becomes increasingly severe over time and ultimately leads to heart failure that is often fatal. We estimate there are between 30,000 to 40,000 patients treated with approved PAH therapies in the U.S. alone, many of whom are on two or more approved PAH therapies. It is estimated that the combined global sales for PAH products in 2023 was $6.2 billion. Despite the availability of multiple approved therapies, PAH has a five-year survival rate for newly diagnosed and prevalent patients between 61% and 65%. None of the approved therapies directly address

 the abnormal cellular hyperproliferation of the pulmonary vasculature that causes the increased resistance to blood flow. We believe that novel treatments that primarily address abnormal cellular hyperproliferation may provide therapeutic benefit to PAH patients and lead to improved quality of life.
 Our focus on developing AV-101 had been driven by historical results from the Phase 3 IMPRES clinical trial of oral imatinib for the treatment of PAH patients. Oral imatinib is a well-characterized targeted kinase inhibitor and approved oncology treatment, but clinical trials had also supported its potential for the treatment of PAH.
 On June 17, 2024, we announced topline results from the Phase 2b portion of the Phase 2b/Phase 3 IMPAHCT. Results showed that, while AV-101 was well tolerated across all dose groups, the study did not meet its primary endpoint for improvement in pulmonary vascular resistance, or PVR, compared to placebo for any of the studied doses or show meaningful improvements in the secondary endpoint of change in 6MWD.
 Primary Endpoint — ITT analysis of PVR (dynes*sec/cm 5)

 Dose

 Least-squares mean difference as compared with placebo (95% CI)d

 P value

 10mg BID (N=50)

 42.8 (-80.57 to 166.09)

 0.4968

 35mg BID (N=49)

 -5.5 (-129.16 to 118.18)

 0.9306

 70mg BID (N=51)

 -57.0 (-181.14 to 67.20)

 0.3685

 Secondary Endpoint — ITT analysis of 6MWD (meters)

 Dose

 Least-squares mean difference as compared with placebo (95% CI)d

 10mg BID (N=50)

 -11.7 (-34.75 to 11.26)

 35mg BID (N=49)

 -4.2 (-27.74 to 19.37)

 70mg BID (N=51)

 +1.3 (-22.09 to 24.60)

 We also reviewed data from several additional secondary endpoints of the Phase 2b portion of IMPAHCT, which also failed to show meaningful improvements. Based upon these results, we, in agreement with the independent study advisory committee, halted enrollment and shut down the Phase 3 portion of IMPAHCT as well as the long-term extension study. We plan to release full data from the Phase 2b portion of IMPAHCT at a later date, the timing of which is to be determined.
 Manufacturing and Supply
 We use third-party contract manufacturers for the production of our combination product, AV-101. Our active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, is generic and can be purchased from multiple commercial vendors in compliance with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's, or the FDA's, current Good Manufacturing Practice, or current GMP, regulations and European Pharmacopoeia, or EP, standards. To be used in our inhaled product, the API requires an additional manufacturing step, which is completed at our contract manufacturing organization that complies with the FDA's current GMP regulations. The API is converted into drug product for aerosol use by one of our two contract fill/finish providers in the United States. As AV-101 is a drug-device combination product, we have contracted with a third-party to manufacture the single-dose inhaler device that we use for delivering inhaled AV-101 to patients in our Phase 2b/Phase 3 clinical trial.
 Release and stability testing to date supports stability of at least 36 months for API under ambient conditions and supports stability of at least 36 months for drug product also under ambient conditions.
 Our API, finished product, and single-dose inhaler producers are accepted by the health authorities in all countries that were included in our global Phase 2b/Phase 3 clinical trial.
 We have paused manufacturing of AV-101 as we engage in our process to evaluate strategic alternatives, including the Merger.

 Sales and Marketing
 Our commercialization strategy was previously to develop AV-101 into a leading therapy worldwide for the treatment of PAH. Should we resume product development activities and obtain approval for any products, we would need to establish a sales and marketing organization.
 We cannot guarantee that AV-101 or any future product candidate will receive coverage and reimbursement by public and commercial payors.
 Intellectual Property
 Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain proprietary protection for our products, novel discoveries, drug development technologies and know-how; to operate without infringing on or otherwise violating the proprietary rights of others; and to prevent others from infringing or otherwise violating our proprietary rights. Our policy is to seek to protect our proprietary position by, among other methods, filing or in-licensing U.S. and foreign patents and patent applications related to our products and other proprietary technology, inventions and improvements that are important to the development and implementation of our business. We also rely on trademarks, trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovation and potential in-licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our proprietary position. In June 2024, we announced our decision to halt enrollment and shut down the Phase 3 portion of IMPAHCT as well as the long-term extension study of AV-101 in PAH, and we do not intend to continue to seek or maintain intellectual property protection on the technology underlying AV-101.
 Our intellectual property portfolio includes issued patents in the United States, pending patent applications in the United States, under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, or the PCT international applications, and in commercially relevant foreign jurisdictions for our products. The PCT international applications preserve all of our rights to file patent applications in commercially relevant foreign jurisdictions for our products. As of December 31, 2024, we own six U.S. patents, seven U.S. patent applications, no pending PCT international applications, and 19 foreign patent applications. Our U.S. patent portfolio is expected to expire between May 14, 2040 and February 15, 2042, excluding any extension of patent term that may be available and assuming that the filed patent applications will issue as patents. Our foreign patent portfolio is expected to expire between May 14, 2040 and February 15, 2042, excluding any extension of patent terms that may be available and assuming that filed applications will issue as patents and that the foreign patent terms are calculated similarly to the calculation of U.S. patent terms for the corresponding U.S. portion of the patent portfolio. Our patent portfolio is summarized in the following table.

 NO.

 PRODUCT

 EXPIRATION*

 APPLICATION/
 PATENT NO.

 RELATED
 PRODUCT

 PROTECTION SOUGHT

 PROJECTED
 EXPIRATION*

 JURISDICTION

 62/849,054

 N/A

 US

 11,229,650

 US

 11,806,349

 US

 18/377,561

 US

 20806383.4

 Europe

 202080051359.5

 China

 2021-568694

 Japan

 2020274521

 Australia

 3140641

 Canada

 288111

 Israel

 202117055928

 India

 11202112719X

 Singapore

 10-2021-7041312

 Republic of Korea

 MX/A/2021/104029

 Mexico

 BR1120210230149

 Brazil

 2021/09070

 South Africa

 20210285

 Bahrain

 305/2021

 Jordan

 KW/P/2021/466

 Kuwait

 OM/P/2021/00467

 Oman

 QA/202111/000655

 Qatar

 521430873

 Saudi Arabia

 P6002085/2021

 UAE

 PCT/US20/32872

 N/A

 International PCT

 62/849,056

 N/A

 US

 11,298,355

 US

 62/849,058

 Process

 N/A

 US

 11,413,289

 Process

 US

 11,813,263

 Process

 US

 18/378,949

 Process

 US

 62/849,059

 N/A

 US

 16/874,128

 US

 62/877,575

 Composition of Matter; Process

 N/A

 US

 16/874,143

 Composition of Matter; Process

 US

 62/942,408

 N/A

 US

 11,464,776

 US

 17/963,607

 US

 62/984,037

 Use; Kit

 N/A

 US

 16/874,168

 Use; Kit

 US

 17/685,704

 Use; Kit

 US

 62/958,481

 Use

 N/A

 US

 16/874,190

 Use

 US

 PCT/US20/32874

 Use

 N/A

 International PCT

 20806763.7

 Use

 Europe

 63/117,258

 N/A

 US

 63/150,731

 N/A

 US

 18/034,558

 US

 2021382051

 Australia

 3199091

 Canada

 202180076594.2

 China

 21895804.9

 Europe

 202317028210

 India

 2023- 530592

 Japan

 PCT/US21/60526

 N/A

 International PCT

 63/149,446

 N/A

 US

 18/276,396

 US

 2022220017

 Australia

 3211077

 Canada

 202280024931.8

 China

 22753517.6

 Europe

 2023- 548863

 Japan

 PCT/US22/16422

 N/A

 International PCT

 63/619,079

 Use

 N/A

 US

 *

 Projected patent expiration dates were calculated for pending U.S. Nonprovisional Applications and Foreign Applications based on filing date. These calculations do not take into account any terminal disclaimers or patent term adjustments that may occur during prosecution or for pharmaceutical patents in Australia. U.S. Provisional and International PCT filings will not issue as patents and therefore do not have a projected expiration date. European filings will issue only in validated European countries and the projected expiration date will apply to those individual country patents.

 Our intellectual property estate strategy is designed to provide multiple layers of protection, including: (1) proprietary patent rights with claims directed to our drug product; (2) proprietary patent rights covering methods of treatment using our drug product; and (3) proprietary patent rights covering innovative manufacturing processes.
 While we seek broad coverage under our pending patent applications, there is always a risk that a modification of the product or manufacturing process may allow a competitor to avoid infringement claims. In addition, patents, if granted, expire, and we cannot provide any assurance that any patents will be issued from our pending or any future applications or that any issued patents will adequately protect our products.

 We have conducted freedom to operate analyses of the current patent landscape with respect to our lead product candidates. In doing so, we have strived to ensure our ability to operate freely within the complex patent landscape of inhalable kinase inhibitors and the use of such products in the field of PAH.
 New formulations of drug products and new uses for such products would require seeking patent protection on our own to expand the layers of protection provided by our intellectual property estate.
 Patent Protection and Terms
 Individual patents extend for varying periods depending on the date of filing of the patent application or the date of patent issuance and the legal term of patents in the countries in which they are obtained. Generally, patents issued from regularly filed applications in the United States are granted a term of 20 years from the earliest effective filing date. In addition, in certain instances, a patent term can be adjusted to recapture a portion of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or the USPTO, delay in issuing the patent, and extended to recapture a portion of the patent term effectively lost as a result of the FDA regulatory review period of the drug covered by the patent. However, as to the FDA component, the restoration period cannot be longer than five years, the total patent term including the restoration period must not exceed 14 years following FDA approval of the drug, and the extension may only apply to one patent that covers the approved drug (and to only those patent claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it, or a method for manufacturing it). There can be no assurance that any such patent term adjustment or extension will be obtained. The duration of foreign patents varies in accordance with provisions of applicable local law, but typically is also 20 years from the earliest effective filing date. However, the actual protection afforded by a patent varies on a product-by-product basis, from country to country, and depends upon many factors, including the type of patent, the scope of its coverage, the availability of regulatory-related extensions, the availability of legal remedies in a particular country and the validity and enforceability of the patent.
 Furthermore, the patent positions of biotechnology and pharmaceutical products and processes are generally uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. No consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in such patents has emerged to date in the United States. The patent situation outside the United States is even more uncertain. Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries can diminish the ability to protect inventions and enforce intellectual property rights, can make it easier to challenge the validity, enforceability or scope of any patents that may issue, and, more generally, could affect the value of intellectual property. Accordingly, the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in our patents or in third-party patents cannot be predicted.
 Third-Party Patent Filings
 Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and patent applications owned by third parties exist in the fields in which we may resume developing products. In addition, because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be applications unknown to us, which may later result in issued patents that our products or proprietary technologies may infringe. Moreover, we may be aware of patent applications, but incorrectly predict the likelihood of those applications issuing with claims of relevance to us.
 Under U.S. law, a person may be able to patent a discovery of a new way to use a previously known compound, even if such compound itself is patented, provided the newly discovered use is novel and non-obvious. Such a method-of-use patent, however, if valid, only protects the use of a claimed compound for the specified methods claimed in the patent. This type of patent does not prevent persons from using the compound for any previously known use of the compound. Further, this type of patent does not prevent persons from making and marketing the compound for an indication that is outside the scope of the patented method.
 Trade Secrets and Other Protections
 In addition to the protections afforded by patents and other regulatory protections, we may rely, in some circumstances, on trade secrets to protect our technology. Trade secrets may be useful to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable or which we elect not to patent. Trade secrets may also be useful for processes or improvements for which patents are difficult to enforce.

 We also protect our products and proprietary technology through confidentiality agreements with employees, consultants, advisors, contractors and collaborators. These agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information and, in the case of the invention assignment agreements, to grant us ownership of technologies that are developed through a relationship with a third party. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our commercial partners, collaborators, employees and consultants use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.
 We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems.
 Infringement of Third-Party Proprietary Rights
 Our commercial success will depend in part on not infringing upon or otherwise violating the intellectual property and proprietary rights of third parties. If we are found to infringe a third party's intellectual property rights, we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to continue developing and marketing our products and technology. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. We could also be forced, including by court order, to cease commercializing the infringing product or technology. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys' fees, if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent. A finding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our products or force us to cease some of our business operations. For more information regarding these risks, please see "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property."
 Competition
 The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary products. We have faced potential competition from many different sources, including major pharmaceutical, specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions and governmental agencies and public and private research institutions. In June 2024, we announced our decision to halt enrollment and shut down the Phase 3 portion of IMPAHCT as well as the long-term extension study of AV-101 in PAH and will not advance development of AV-101 in PAH.
 Some of our historical competitors have had significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we did. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies.
 The key competitive factors that differentiate products, if approved, are likely to be efficacy, safety, convenience, price, and the availability of reimbursement from commercial, government and other third-party payors.
 Government Regulation
 United States—FDA Process
 In the United States, pharmaceutical products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA. The FDCA and other federal and state statutes and regulations, govern, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, storage, recordkeeping, approval, labeling, promotion and marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, sampling, and import and export of pharmaceutical products. We, along with third-party contractors, will be required to navigate the various preclinical, clinical and commercial approval requirements of the governing regulatory authorities of the countries in which we wish to conduct studies or seek approval of our product candidates. Failure to comply with applicable United States requirements may subject a company to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as FDA refusal to approve pending New Drug Applications, or NDAs, withdrawal of an approval, warning or untitled letters, clinical holds, product recalls or withdrawals from the market, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production

 or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement of profits, civil penalties, and criminal prosecution.
 FDA approval is required before any new unapproved product or a product with certain changes to a previously approved product, including a new use of a previously approved drug, can be marketed in the United States. The steps required to be completed by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally includes the following:

 completion of preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies, and formulation studies performed in accordance with the FDA's Good Laboratory Practice, or GLP, regulations;

 submission to the FDA of an investigational new drug, or IND, application for human clinical testing, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin and must be updated annually or when significant changes are made;

 approval by an independent institutional review board, or IRB, or ethics committee at each clinical site before the clinical trial is commenced;

 performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with applicable IND regulations, GCP, requirements and other clinical-trial related regulations to establish the safety and efficacy of the proposed drug for each indication;

 preparation and submission to the FDA of a NDA after completion of all pivotal clinical trials, which includes not only the results of the clinical trials, but also, detailed information on the chemistry, manufacture and quality controls for the product candidate and proposed labeling;

 satisfactory completion of an FDA Advisory Committee review, if applicable;

 a determination by the FDA within 60 days of its receipt of an NDA to file the application for review;

 satisfactory completion of an FDA pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities at which the proposed drug is produced to assess compliance with current GMP regulations and of selected clinical trial sites to assess compliance with GCPs; and

 FDA review and approval of the NDA to permit commercial marketing of the product for particular indications for use in the United States.

 Satisfaction of FDA pre-market approval requirements typically takes many years and the actual time required may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity, and novelty of the product or disease.
 Preclinical and Clinical Development
 Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry, formulation, and toxicity, as well as animal trials to assess the characteristics and potential safety and efficacy of the product candidate. The conduct of the preclinical tests must comply with federal regulations and requirements, including GLPs. The results of preclinical testing are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND application along with other information, including information about the product candidate, chemistry, manufacturing and controls, any available human data or literature to support the use of the product candidate and a proposed clinical trial protocol. Long term preclinical tests, such as animal tests of reproductive toxicity and carcinogenicity, may continue after the IND is submitted.
 An IND application must become effective before human clinical trials may begin. The IND application automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day period, raises safety concerns or questions relating to one or more proposed clinical trials and places the clinical trial on clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns or questions before the clinical trial can begin. The FDA

 may also impose clinical holds on a product candidate at any time before or during clinical trials due to safety concerns, non-compliance or other issues affecting the integrity of the trial. Accordingly, submission of an IND application may or may not result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence and, once begun, issues may arise that could cause the trial to be suspended or terminated.
 Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational drug product to human subjects under the supervision of a qualified investigator. Clinical trials must be conducted: (i) in compliance with federal regulations; (ii) in compliance with GCP, an international standard meant to protect the rights and health of clinical research participants and to define the roles of clinical trial sponsors, administrators, and monitors; as well as (iii) under protocols detailing the objectives of the trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol involving testing on United States patients and subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Furthermore, an independent IRB or ethics committee for each site proposing to conduct the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial and its informed consent form before the clinical trial begins at that site, and must monitor the study until completed. An IRB is charged with protecting the welfare and rights of trial participants and considers such items as whether the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits.
 Regulatory authorities, the IRB or the sponsor may suspend a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk or that the trial is unlikely to meet its stated objects. The FDA may order the temporary, or permanent, discontinuation of a clinical trial at any time, or impose other sanctions, if it believes that the clinical trial either is not being conducted in accordance with FDA requirements. Further, an IRB may also require the clinical trial at the site to be halted, either temporarily or permanently, for failure to comply with the IRB's requirements, or may impose other conditions. Some trials also include oversight by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical trial sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board, which provides authorization for whether or not a study may move forward at designated check points based on access to certain data from the study and may recommend a clinical trial to be halted if it determines that there is an unacceptable safety risk for subjects or other grounds, such as futility.
 Clinical trials to support an NDA for marketing approval are typically conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap or be combined. In Phase 1 clinical trials, the investigational product is typically introduced into a limited population of healthy human subjects or patients with the target disease or condition. These trials are designed to test the safety, dosage tolerance, pharmacokinetics and pharmacological actions of the investigational product, to identify side effects associated with increasing doses, and, if possible, to gain early evidence on effectiveness. Phase 2 clinical trials usually involve administering the investigational product to a limited patient population with the specified disease or condition to evaluate the preliminarily efficacy, dosage tolerance, and optimum dosage, and to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks. Phase 3 clinical trials are typically undertaken in a larger number of patients, typically at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites, to provide substantial evidence of clinical efficacy and to further test for safety in an expanded and diverse patient population. These clinical trials are intended to permit the FDA to evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the investigational product and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the product candidate.
 In reviewing an NDA, the FDA will consider all information submitted in the NDA, including the results of all clinical trials conducted. In some cases, the FDA may require, or companies may voluntarily pursue, additional clinical trials after a product is approved to gain more information about the product. These so-called Phase 4 studies may be made a condition to approval of the NDA. These trials are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication and further document clinical benefit in the case of drugs approved under accelerated approval regulations. Failure to exhibit due diligence with regard to conducting Phase 4 clinical trials could result in the withdrawal of approval for products.
 Concurrent with clinical trials, companies may complete additional animal studies and develop additional information about the biological characteristics of the product candidate, and must finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with current GMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product candidate and, among other things, must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and

 tested and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the product candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life.
 During all phases of clinical development, regulatory agencies require extensive monitoring and auditing of all clinical activities, clinical data, and clinical study investigators. Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials, among other information, must be submitted at least annually to the FDA, and written IND safety reports must be submitted to the FDA and the investigators for serious and unexpected suspected adverse events, findings from other studies suggesting a significant risk to humans exposed to the product candidate, findings from animal or in vitro testing that suggest a significant risk for human subjects, and any clinically important increase in the rate of a serious suspected adverse reaction over that listed in the protocol or investigator brochure.
 NDA Submission and Review
 Assuming successful completion of the required clinical testing in accordance with all applicable regulatory requirements, an NDA application which includes, among other information, the results of product development, preclinical studies and clinical trials are submitted to the FDA. FDA approval of the NDA is required before marketing of the product may begin in the United States. The NDA must include, among other things, the results of all trials and preclinical testing, and other testing and a compilation of data relating to the product's pharmacology, chemistry, manufacture, controls and proposed labeling. The cost of preparing and submitting an NDA is substantial.
 The FDA has 60 days from its receipt of an NDA to either issue a Refuse to File Letter or accept the NDA for filing, indicating that it is sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review. The FDA has agreed to certain performance goals in the review of NDAs. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, the FDA has a goal of responding to standard review NDAs within ten months after it accepts the application for filing, or, if the application qualifies for priority review, six months after the FDA accepts the application for filing, but this timeframe can be extended such as by the submission of major amendments by applicants during the review period. The FDA reviews an NDA to determine, among other things, whether the product is safe and effective and the facility in which it is manufactured, processed, packed or held meets standards designed to assure the product's continued safety, purity and potency.
 The FDA may refer applications for novel drug products, or drug products that present difficult questions of safety or efficacy, to an advisory committee—typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts—for review, evaluation, and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee, but it generally follows such recommendations. Before approving an NDA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCPs. Additionally, the FDA will inspect the facility or the facilities at which the proposed product is manufactured. If the FDA determines that the application, manufacturing process or manufacturing facilities are not acceptable, it will outline the deficiencies in the submission and often will request additional testing or information. Notwithstanding the submission of any requested additional information, the FDA ultimately may decide that the application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval.
 After the FDA evaluates the NDA and conducts inspections of the manufacturing facilities where the investigational product and/or its drug substance will be produced, it issues either an approval letter or a Complete Response letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with approved prescribing information for specific indications. A Complete Response letter indicates that the review cycle of the application is complete and the application is not ready for approval. A Complete Response letter generally outlines the deficiencies in the submission, except that where the FDA determines that the data supporting the application are inadequate to support approval, the FDA may issue the Complete Response letter without first conducting required inspections or reviewing proposed labeling. In issuing the Complete Response letter, the FDA may require substantial additional clinical data and/or other significant, expensive, and time-consuming requirements related to clinical trials, preclinical studies and/or manufacturing. If a Complete Response letter is issued, the applicant may either resubmit the NDA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, withdraw the application or request a hearing. The FDA has committed to reviewing resubmissions of the NDA addressing such deficiencies in two or six months depending on the type of information included. Even if such data are submitted, however, the FDA may ultimately decide that the NDA does not satisfy the criteria for approval.

 If regulatory approval of a product is granted, such approval will be granted for a particular indication(s) and may include limitations on the indicated use(s) for which such product may be marketed. Further, the FDA may require that certain contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling or may condition the approval of the NDA on other changes to the proposed labeling, development of adequate controls and specifications, or a commitment to conduct post-market testing or clinical trials and surveillance to monitor the effects of approved products. As a condition of NDA approval, the FDA may require a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, to help ensure that the benefits of the drug outweigh the potential risks. REMS can include medication guides, communication plans for healthcare professionals, and elements to assure safe use, or ETASU. ETASU can include, but are not limited to, special training or certification for prescribing or dispensing, dispensing only under certain circumstances, special monitoring, and the use of patient registries. The requirement for REMS can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the product. Moreover, product approval may also be conditioned on substantial post-approval testing, such as Phase 4 post-market studies, and surveillance to monitor the product's safety or efficacy, and FDA may limit further marketing of the product based on the results of these post-approval studies. Once granted, product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or problems are identified following initial marketing.
 Changes to some of the conditions established in an approved application, including changes in indications, labeling, or manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission and FDA approval of a new NDA or NDA supplement before the change can be implemented. An NDA supplement for a new indication typically requires clinical data similar to that in the original application, and the FDA uses the same procedures and actions in reviewing NDA supplements as it does in reviewing NDAs. As with new NDAs, the review process is often significantly extended by the FDA requests for additional information or clarification.
 505(b)(2) NDA Approval Process
 Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA provides an alternate regulatory pathway for the FDA to approve a new product and permits reliance for such approval on published literature or an FDA finding of safety and effectiveness for a previously approved drug product. Specifically, section 505(b)(2) permits the filing of an NDA where one or more of the investigations relied upon by the applicant for approval were not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference. Typically, 505(b)(2) applicants must perform additional trials to support the change from the previously approved drug and to further demonstrate the new product's safety and effectiveness. The FDA may then approve the new product candidate for all or some of the labeled indications for which the referenced product has been approved, as well as for any new indication sought by the section 505(b)(2) applicant.
 Regulation of Combination Products in the United States
 Certain products may be comprised of components, such as drug components and device components, that would normally be regulated under different types of regulatory authorities, and frequently by different centers at the FDA. These products are known as combination products. Specifically, under regulations issued by the FDA, a combination product may be:

 a product comprised of two or more regulated components that are physically, chemically, or otherwise combined or mixed and produced as a single entity;

 two or more separate products packaged together in a single package or as a unit and comprised of drug and device products, device and biological products, or biological and drug products;

 a drug, or device, or biological product packaged separately that according to its investigational plan or proposed labeling is intended for use only with an approved individually specified drug, or device, or biological product where both are required to achieve the intended use, indication, or effect and where upon approval of the proposed product the labeling of the approved product would need to be changed, e.g., to reflect a change in intended use, dosage form, strength, route of administration, or significant change in dose; or

 any investigational drug, or device, or biological product packaged separately that according to its proposed labeling is for use only with another individually specified investigational drug, device, or biological product where both are required to achieve the intended use, indication, or effect.

 Under the FDCA and its implementing regulations, the FDA is charged with assigning a center with primary jurisdiction, or a lead center, for review of a combination product. The designation of a lead center generally eliminates the need to receive approvals from more than one FDA component for combination products, although it does not preclude consultations by the lead center with other components of FDA. The determination of which center will be the lead center is based on the "primary mode of action" of the combination product. Thus, if the primary mode of action of a drug-device combination product is attributable to the drug product, the FDA center responsible for premarket review of the drug product would have primary jurisdiction for the combination product. The FDA has also established an Office of Combination Products to address issues surrounding combination products and provide more certainty to the regulatory review process. That office serves as a focal point for combination product issues for agency reviewers and industry. It is also responsible for developing guidance and regulations to clarify the regulation of combination products, and for assignment of the FDA center that has primary jurisdiction for review of combination products where the jurisdiction is unclear or in dispute.
 A combination product with a drug primary mode of action generally would be reviewed and approved pursuant to the drug approval processes under the FDCA. In reviewing the NDA application for such a product, however, FDA reviewers in the drug center could consult with their counterparts in the device center to ensure that the device component of the combination product met applicable requirements regarding safety, effectiveness, durability and performance. In addition, under FDA regulations, combination products are subject to current GMP requirements applicable to both drugs and devices, including the Quality System, or QS, regulations applicable to medical devices.
 Post-Approval Requirements
 Once an NDA is approved, a product will be subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA including, among other things, requirements relating to current GMPs, quality controls, record-keeping, reporting of adverse experiences, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, and advertising and promotion of the product. For instance, the FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of drugs, including standards and regulations for direct-to-consumer advertising, off-label promotion, industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities and promotional activities involving the internet. Drugs may be marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. Failure to comply with these requirements can result in adverse publicity, warning letters, corrective advertising, and potential civil and criminal penalties. Physicians may prescribe legally available products for uses that are not described in the product's labeling and that differ from those tested by us and approved by the FDA. Such off-label uses are common across medical specialties. Physicians may believe that such off-label uses are the best treatment for many patients in varied circumstances. The FDA does not regulate the practice of medicine by physicians or their choice of treatments. The FDA does, however, regulate manufacturer's communications on the subject of off-label use of their products.
 In addition, quality control, drug manufacture, packaging, and labeling procedures must continue to conform to current GMPs after approval. Drug manufacturers and certain of their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA, and certain state agencies for compliance with current GMPs, which impose certain organizational, procedural and documentation requirements with respect to manufacturing and quality assurance activities. Changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated, and, depending on the significance of the change, may require prior FDA approval before being implemented. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of any deviations from current GMPs and impose reporting requirements upon us and any third-party manufacturers that we may decide to use. NDA holders using contract manufacturers, laboratories or packagers are responsible for the selection and monitoring of qualified firms, and, in certain circumstances, qualified suppliers to these firms. Drug manufacturers and other parties involved in the drug supply chain for prescription drug products must also comply with product tracking and tracing requirements and for notifying the FDA of counterfeit, diverted, stolen and intentionally adulterated products or products that are otherwise unfit for distribution in the United States. The discovery of violative conditions, including failure to conform to current GMP, could result in enforcement actions that interrupt the operation of any such facilities or the ability to distribute products manufactured, processed or tested by them. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money, and effort in the areas of production and quality-control to maintain compliance with current GMPs.

 The FDA may withdraw product approvals or request product recalls if a company fails to comply with regulatory standards or is not maintained, if problems occur following initial marketing, or if previously unrecognized problems are subsequently discovered. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information; imposition of post-market studies or clinical trials to assess new safety risks; or imposition of distribution restrictions or other restrictions under a REMS program. Other potential consequences include, among other things:

 restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of a product, complete withdrawal of the product from the market or product recalls;

 fines, warning letters or holds on post-approval clinical trials;

 refusal of the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications, or suspension or revocation of existing product approvals;

 product seizure or detention, or refusal of the FDA to permit the import or export of products;

 consent decrees, corporate integrity agreements, debarment or exclusion from federal healthcare programs;

 mandated modification of promotional materials and labeling and the issuance of corrective information;

 the issuance of safety alerts, Dear Healthcare Provider letters, press releases and other communications containing warnings or other safety information about the product; or

 injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

 U.S. Patent Term Restoration
 Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of the potential FDA approval of AV-101 and any future product candidates, some of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent restoration term, often referred to as patent term extension, of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. However, patent term restoration cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the product's approval date. The patent term restoration period is generally one-half the time between the effective date of an IND and the submission date of an NDA plus the time between the submission date of an NDA and the approval of that application. Only one patent applicable to an approved drug is eligible for the extension and the application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent. The USPTO, in consultation with the FDA, reviews and approves or denies the application for any patent term extension or restoration.
 U.S. Marketing Exclusivity
 Market exclusivity provisions under the FDCA can also delay the submission or the approval of certain marketing applications, including 505(b)(2) applications. The FDA provides three years of marketing exclusivity for an NDA (including a 505(b)(2) application), or supplement to an existing NDA, if new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability studies, that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant are deemed by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application. Three-year exclusivity is typically awarded to innovative changes to a previously-approved drug product, such as new indications, dosage forms or strengths. This three-year exclusivity covers only the modification for which the drug received approval on the basis of the new clinical investigations and does not prohibit the FDA from approving applications for drugs that do not have the innovative change, such as generic copies of the original, unmodified drug product. Three-year exclusivity blocks approval of 505(b)(2) applications and Abbreviated NDAs, but will not delay the submission or approval of a full NDA. However, an applicant submitting a full NDA would be required to conduct or obtain a right of reference to all of the nonclinical studies and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials necessary to

 demonstrate safety and effectiveness. Orphan drug exclusivity, as described above, may offer a seven-year period of marketing exclusivity, except in certain circumstances. Pediatric exclusivity is another type of regulatory market exclusivity in the United States. Pediatric exclusivity, if granted, adds six months to existing exclusivity periods, including exclusivity attaching to certain patent certifications. This six-month exclusivity, which runs from the end of other exclusivity protection and patent terms, may be granted based on the voluntary completion of a pediatric trial in accordance with an FDA-issued "Written Request" for such a trial, provided that at the time pediatric exclusivity is granted there is not less than nine months of term remaining.
 Orphan Drug Designation
 Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan drug designation to a drug intended to treat a rare disease or condition—generally a disease or condition with either a patient population that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States or a patient population greater than 200,000 individuals in the United States and there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making available the drug will be recovered from sales of the drug in the United States. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting an NDA. After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the generic identity of the product and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process.
 The first NDA applicant to receive FDA approval for a particular active ingredient to treat a particular disease with FDA orphan drug designation is entitled to a seven-year exclusive marketing period in the United States for that product, for that indication. During the seven-year exclusivity period, the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same product for the same disease, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan drug exclusivity or if the FDA finds that the holder of the orphan drug exclusivity has not shown that it can assure the availability of sufficient quantities of the orphan drug to meet the needs of the patients with the disease or condition for which the product was designated. Orphan drug exclusivity does not prevent the FDA from approving a different product for the same disease or condition, or the same product for a different disease or condition. Among the other benefits of orphan drug designation are tax credits for certain research and a waiver of the NDA or BLA application user fee.
 A designated orphan drug may not receive orphan drug exclusivity if it is approved for a use that is broader than the indication for which it received orphan drug designation. In addition, orphan drug exclusive marketing rights in the United States may be lost if the FDA later determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantities of the product to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition.
 Fast Track Designation, Breakthrough Therapy Designation and Accelerated Approval
 The FDA is required to facilitate the development, and expedite the review, of drugs that are intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening disease or condition which demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the condition. These programs include fast track designation, priority review and accelerated approval.
 A product candidate is eligible for fast track designation if it is intended to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for such disease or condition. Fast track designation applies to the combination of the product and the specific indication for which it is being studied. Under the fast track program, the sponsor of a drug candidate may request that the FDA designate the candidate for a specific indication as a fast track product concurrent with, or after, the filing of the IND for the candidate. The FDA must determine if the product candidate qualifies for fast track designation within 60 days of receipt of the sponsor's request. Fast track designation provides increased opportunities for sponsor interactions with the FDA during preclinical and clinical development, in addition to the potential for rolling review of sections of a the applicant's NDA before the application is complete. This rolling review is available if the applicant provides, and the FDA approves, a schedule for the submission of the remaining information and the applicant pays applicable user fees. However, the FDA's time period goal for reviewing an application does not begin until the last section of the NDA is submitted. Additionally, the fast track designation may be withdrawn by the FDA if the FDA believes that the designation is no longer supported by data emerging in the clinical trial process.

 Under the FDA's breakthrough therapy program, a sponsor may seek FDA designation of its product candidate as a breakthrough therapy if the product candidate is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs or biologics, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that it may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. Breakthrough therapy designation comes with all of the benefits of fast track designation. The FDA may take other actions appropriate to expedite the development and review of the product candidate, including intensive guidance on an efficient product development program beginning as early as Phase 1, and FDA organizational commitment to expedited development, including involvement of senior managers and experienced review staff in a cross-disciplinary review, where appropriate.
 Any product submitted to the FDA for marketing, including under the fast track or breakthrough designation program, may also be eligible for other types of FDA programs intended to expedite development and review, such as accelerated approval. Products are eligible for accelerated approval if they can be shown to have an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit, or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality, that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity, or prevalence of the condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments.
 In clinical trials, a surrogate endpoint is a measurement of laboratory or clinical signs of a disease or condition that substitutes for a direct measurement of how a patient feels, functions, or survives. Surrogate endpoints can often be measured more easily or more rapidly than clinical endpoints. A product candidate approved on this basis is subject to rigorous post-marketing compliance requirements, including the conduct of Phase 4, or post-approval, clinical trials to confirm the effect on the clinical endpoint which must be conducted with due diligence and, under the Food and Drug Omnibus Reform Act of 2022, or FDORA, the FDA may require, as appropriate, that such trials be underway prior to approval or within a specific time period after the date accelerated approval is granted. Additionally, under FDORA, the FDA has increased authority for expedited procedures to withdraw a product or indication approved under accelerated approval if, for example, the confirmatory trial fails to verify the predicted clinical benefit of the product. All promotional materials for product candidates approved under accelerated regulations are subject to prior review by the FDA unless otherwise informed by the FDA.
 Priority Review
 A product is eligible for priority review if it has the potential to provide a significant improvement in safety or effectiveness in the treatment, diagnosis or prevention of a serious disease or condition. A priority review means that the goal for the FDA to review an application is six months, rather than the standard review of ten months under current Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, guidelines. Under the current PDUFA agreement, these six and ten month review periods are measured from the "filing" date rather than the receipt date for NDAs for new molecular entities, which typically adds approximately two months to the timeline for review and decision from the date of submission. Most products that are eligible for fast track designation are also likely to be considered appropriate to receive a priority review.
 Pediatric Information
 Under the Pediatric Research Equity Act, or PREA, NDAs or supplements to NDAs must contain data to assess the safety and effectiveness of the drug for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the drug is safe and effective. The FDA may grant full or partial waivers, or deferrals, for submission of data. Unless otherwise required by regulation, PREA does not apply to any drug for an indication for which orphan designation has been granted.
 Disclosure of Clinical Trial Information
 Sponsors of clinical trials of FDA-regulated products, including drugs and combination products, are required to register and disclose certain clinical trial information. Information related to the product, patient population, phase of investigation, trial sites and investigators, and other aspects of the clinical trial is then made public as part of the registration. Sponsors are also obligated to disclose the results of their clinical trials after completion. Competitors may use this publicly available

 information to gain knowledge regarding the progress of development programs. Disclosure of the results of these trials can be delayed until the new product or new indication being studied has been approved. Failure to timely register a covered clinical study or to submit study results as provided for in the law can give rise to civil monetary penalties and also prevent the non-compliant party from receiving future grant funds from the federal government. The Final Rule on ClinicalTrials.gov registration and reporting requirements became effective in 2017, and both the National Institutes of Health and the FDA have signaled the government's willingness to begin enforcing those requirements against non-compliant clinical trial sponsors.
 European Union—Process
 In the European Union, or EU, our product candidate(s) may also be subject to extensive regulatory requirements governing, among other things, clinical trials and any commercial sales and distribution of our product candidate(s).
 Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product candidate, we must obtain the requisite approvals from regulatory authorities located in the EU Member States prior to the commencement of clinical trials as well as EU or national regulatory approvals prior to marketing the product candidate(s).
 Non-Clinical Studies and Clinical Trials
 Similar to the United States, the various phases of non-clinical studies and clinical trials in the EU are subject to significant regulatory controls.
 Non-clinical studies are performed to demonstrate the health or environmental safety of new chemical substances. Non-clinical studies must be conducted in compliance with the principles of GLP as set forth in EU Directive 2004/10/EC. In particular, non-clinical studies, both in vitro and in vivo, must be planned, performed, monitored, recorded, reported and archived in accordance with the GLP principles, which define a set of rules and criteria for a quality system for the organizational process and the conditions for non-clinical studies. These GLP standards reflect the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development requirements.
 Clinical trials of medicinal products in the EU must be conducted in accordance with the EU Clinical Trials Regulation (EU) No 536/2014, or CTR, (which was adopted in April 2014, and repealed the EU Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC on January 31, 2022), and the International Conference on Harmonization, or ICH, guidelines on GCP, as well as the applicable regulatory requirements and the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki. If the sponsor of the clinical trial is not established within the EU, it must appoint an EU entity to act as its legal representative (unless all EU Member States in which the trial is being conducted have chosen not to apply such rule, in which case it may be that only a contact person in the EU is required), who shall be responsible for ensuring compliance with the sponsor's obligations under the CTR and be the addressee for all communications provided for under the CTR. The sponsor must take out a clinical trial insurance policy, and in most EU Member States, the sponsor is liable to provide 'no fault' compensation to any study subject injured in the clinical trial.
 The CTR is directly applicable in all Member States (meaning that no national implementing legislation in each EU Member State is required). Under the CTR, there is a centralized application procedure where one national authority takes the lead in reviewing the application and the other national authorities have only limited involvement (instead of submitting applications separately to each national competent authority and ethics committee in the Member States in which the trial will be conducted, as was the case under the previous EU Clinical Trials Directive). The CTR also makes it more efficient for EU Member States to evaluate and authorize applications together, via the Clinical Trials Information System. Medicines used in clinical trials must be manufactured in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices, or GMP. Other national and EU-wide regulatory requirements may also apply.
 Disclosure of Clinical Trial Information
 The CTR significantly enlarges the publication and transparency obligations for clinical trial sponsors from the previous position under the Clinical Trials Directive. Additionally, the CTR requires that EU Member States adopt specific measures, including penalties, to adequately sanction infringements of the relevant transparency obligations.

 Marketing Authorisations
 In the EU, medicinal products can only be placed on the market after obtaining a marketing authorisation, or MA. To obtain regulatory approval of a product in the EU, we must submit a marketing authorization application, or MAA. The process for doing this depends, among other things, on the nature of the medicinal product.
 Centralized Procedure
 Under the centralized procedure, the European Commission issues a single MA, based on the opinion of the European Medicines Agency's, or EMA, Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, or CHMP, which is valid across the entire territory of the EU, as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway (i.e. the European Economic Area, or EEA). The centralized procedure is compulsory for human medicines that are: (i) derived from biotechnology processes; (ii) advanced-therapy medicinal products (i.e. gene therapy, somatic cell-therapy or tissue-engineered medicines); (iii) contain a new active substance indicated for the treatment of certain diseases, such as HIV, AIDS, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, viral diseases or autoimmune diseases and other immune dysfunctions; and (iv) officially designated orphan medicines. For medicines that do not fall within these categories, an applicant has the option of submitting an application for a centralized MA to the EMA if the product contains a new active substance not yet authorized in the EU, or the medicine concerned is a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation, or that the granting of a centralized authorization would be in the interest of public health at the EU-level.
 Under the centralized procedure the maximum timeframe for the evaluation of an MAA by the EMA is 210 days, excluding clock stops, when additional written or oral information is to be provided by the applicant in response to questions asked by the CHMP. Clock stops may extend the timeframe of evaluation of an MAA considerably beyond 210 days. Where the CHMP gives a positive opinion, the EMA provides the opinion together with supporting documentation to the European Commission, who makes the final decision to grant an MA, which is issued within 67 days of receipt of the EMA's recommendations. Accelerated assessment may be granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases, when a medicinal product is of major interest from the point of view of public health and, in particular, from the point of view of therapeutic innovation. Accelerated assessment of an MAA will be performed by the CHMP in no more than 150 days (excluding clock stops) but it is possible that the CHMP may revert to the standard time limit for the centralized procedure if it determines that the application is no longer appropriate to conduct an accelerated assessment. Innovative products that target an unmet medical need (there is no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment in the EU or, if there is, the new medicine will bring a major therapeutic advantage) may be eligible for a number of expedited development and review programs, such as the PRIME scheme, which provides incentives similar to the breakthrough therapy designation in the United States. PRIME is a voluntary scheme aimed at enhancing the EMA's support for the development of medicines that target unmet medical needs. It is based on increased interaction and early dialogue with companies developing promising medicines, to optimize their product development plans and speed up their evaluation to help them reach patients earlier. Product developers that benefit from PRIME designation can expect to be eligible for accelerated assessment but this is not guaranteed. The benefits of a PRIME designation include the appointment of a CHMP rapporteur before submission of an MAA, early dialogue and scientific advice at key development milestones, and the potential to qualify products for accelerated review earlier in the application process.
 National Authorisation Procedures
 There are also two other possible routes to authorize medicinal products in several Member States. National MAs are issued by the national competent authorities of the EU Member States and only cover their respective territory. They are available for products that fall outside the scope of the centralized procedure:

 Decentralized procedure. If the product has not received a national MA in any Member State at the time of application, an applicant may apply for simultaneous MAs in more than one EU Member State. Under the decentralized procedure an identical dossier is submitted to the national competent authority of each of the Member States in which an MA is sought, one of which is selected by the applicant as the Reference Member State.

 Mutual recognition procedure. Under the mutual recognition procedure, a medicine that has already been authorized in one EU Member State in accordance with the national procedures of that Member State, can be recognized in another Member State.

 MAs have an initial duration of five years. After these five years, the authorization may be renewed for an unlimited period on the basis of a reevaluation of the risk-benefit balance.
 Similar to the United States, there is a process for authorization of generic/biosimilar versions of innovator medicinal products authorized in the EU. Abridged applications for the authorization of generic/biosimilar versions of medicinal products authorized via the EU centralized procedure can be submitted to the EMA through the centralized procedure referencing the innovator's data.
 Data and Market Exclusivity
 In the EU, innovative medicinal products approved on the basis of a complete and independent data package qualify for eight years of data exclusivity upon the grant of an MA and an additional two years of market exclusivity. Data exclusivity prevents generic and biosimilar applicants from referencing the innovator's preclinical and clinical trial data contained in the dossier of the reference product when applying for an MA for a period of eight years from the date on which the reference product was first authorized in the EU. During the additional two-year period of market exclusivity, a generic or biosimilar MAA can be submitted and authorized, and the innovator's data may be referenced, but no generic or biosimilar medicinal product can be marketed until the expiration of the market exclusivity period. The overall 10 year period will be extended to a maximum of 11 years if, during the first eight years of those 10 years, the MA holder obtains an authorization for one or more new therapeutic indications which, during the scientific evaluation prior to authorization, is held to bring a significant clinical benefit in comparison with existing therapies. There is no guarantee that a product will be considered by the EMA to be an innovative medicinal product, and products may not qualify for data exclusivity. Even if a product is considered to be an innovative medicinal product so that the innovator gains the prescribed period of data exclusivity, another company may market another version of the product if such company obtained an MA based on an MAA with a complete and independent data package of pharmaceutical tests, preclinical tests and clinical trials.
 Orphan Medicinal Products
 The criteria for designating an "orphan medicinal product" in the EU are similar in principle to those in the United States. A medicinal product may be designated as orphan if (1) it is intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition; (2) either (a) such condition affects no more than five in 10,000 persons in the EU when the application is made, or (b) it is unlikely that the marketing of the product, without the benefits derived from orphan status, would generate sufficient return in the EU to justify the necessary investment in its development; and (3) there exists no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment of such condition authorized for marketing in the EU or, if such a method exists, the product in question would be of significant benefit compared to products available for that condition.
 In the EU, orphan designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as reduction of fees or fee waivers, regulatory assistance and the possibility to apply for a centralized MA. The application for orphan designation must be submitted before the application for an MA. Orphan designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process. The grant of an MA for an orphan medicinal product leads to ten years of market exclusivity. During the ten-year market exclusivity period, the EMA cannot accept an MAA, or grant an MA, or accept an application to extend an MA, for the same therapeutic indication, in respect of a "similar medicinal product." A "similar medicinal product" is defined as a medicinal product containing a similar active substance or substances as contained in an authorized orphan medicinal product, and which is intended for the same therapeutic indication. An orphan medicinal product can also obtain an additional two years of market exclusivity in the EU for pediatric studies conducted in compliance with an agreed pediatric investigation plan, or PIP. No extension to any supplementary protection certificate can be granted on the basis of pediatric studies for orphan indications.
 The 10-year market exclusivity may be reduced to six years if, at the end of the fifth year, it is established that the orphan designation criteria are no longer met, including where it is shown that the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify

 maintenance of market exclusivity. At any time, an MA may be granted to a similar medicinal product for the same therapeutic indication if: (i) a second applicant can establish that its product, although similar to the authorized product, is safer, more effective or otherwise clinically superior; (ii) the MA holder for the authorized orphan product consents to a second orphan medicinal product application; or (iii) the MA holder for the authorized orphan product cannot supply enough orphan medicinal product.
 Pediatric Development
 In the EU, MAAs for new medicinal products have to include the results of trials conducted in the pediatric population, in compliance with a PIP agreed with the EMA's Pediatric Committee, or PDCO. The PIP sets out the timing and measures proposed to generate data to support a pediatric indication of the product for which an MA is being sought. The PDCO can grant a deferral of the obligation to implement some or all of the measures of the PIP until there are sufficient data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of the product in adults. Further, the obligation to provide pediatric clinical trial data can be waived by the PDCO when these data are not needed or appropriate because the product is likely to be ineffective or unsafe in children, the disease or condition for which the product is intended occurs only in adult populations, or when the product does not represent a significant therapeutic benefit over existing treatments for pediatric patients. Once the MA is obtained in all Member States and study results are included in the product information, even when negative, the product is eligible for a six-months supplementary protection certificate, or SPC extension (provided an application for such extension is made at the same time as filing the SPC application for the product, or at any point up to two years before the SPC expires) or, in the case of orphan medicinal products, a two-year extension of the orphan market exclusivity is granted. This pediatric reward is subject to specific conditions and is not automatically available when data in compliance with the PIP are developed and submitted.
 Failure to comply with EU and Member State laws that apply to the conduct of clinical trials, manufacturing approval, marketing of such products, both before and after grant of the MA, manufacturing of pharmaceutical products, statutory health insurance, bribery and anti-corruption or with other applicable regulatory requirements may result in administrative, civil or criminal penalties. These penalties could include delays or refusal to authorize the conduct of clinical trials, or to grant an MA, product withdrawals and recalls, product seizures, suspension, withdrawal or variation of the MA, total or partial suspension of production, distribution, manufacturing or clinical trials, operating restrictions, injunctions, suspension of licenses, fines and criminal penalties.
 Reform of the Regulatory Framework in the European Union
 The European Commission introduced legislative proposals in April 2023 that, if implemented, will replace the current regulatory framework in the EU for all medicines (including those for rare diseases and for children). The European Commission has provided the legislative proposals to the European Parliament and the European Council for their review and approval. In October 2023, the European Parliament published draft reports proposing amendments to the legislative proposals, which will be debated by the European Parliament. Once the European Commission's legislative proposals are approved (with or without amendment), they will be adopted into EU law.
 Regulation of Combination Products
 The EU regulates medical devices and medicinal products separately, through different legislative instruments, and the applicable requirements will vary depending on the type of drug-device combination product. EU guidance has been published to help manufacturers select the right regulatory framework. In the case of drug-delivery products intended to administer a medicinal product where the device and the medicinal product do not form a single integral product (i.e. where the medicinal product and the device do not form a single product which is intended exclusively for use in the given combination and which is not reusable), the medicinal product is regulated in accordance with the aforementioned rules while the device part is regulated as a medical device and will have to comply with all the requirements set forth by Regulation 2017/745, or the Medical Devices Regulation (which became applicable on May 26, 2021 and repealed the EU Council Directive 93/42/EEC, or the Medical Devices Directive). The dry powder delivery device used with AV-101 is classed as a class IIa device under the Medical Devices Regulation and this will need to be certified under the Medical Devices Regulation in due course as described below. The current CE mark for the delivery device is in accordance with the Medical Devices Directive as a class I device. Under the transitional provisions of the Medical Devices Regulation,

 medical devices for which the conformity assessment procedure pursuant to the Medical Devices Directive did not require the involvement of a notified body, for which the declaration of conformity was drawn up prior to May 26, 2021 and for which the conformity assessment procedure pursuant to the Medical Device Regulation requires the involvement of a notified body, may be placed on the market or put into service until December 31, 2028, after which they must be re-certified under the Medical Devices Regulation.
 The characteristics of non-integral devices used for the administration of medicinal products may impact the quality, safety and efficacy profile of the medicinal products. To the extent that administration devices are co-packaged with the medicinal product or, in exceptional cases, where the use of a specific type of administration device is specifically provided for in the product information of the medicinal product, additional information may need to be provided in the MAA for the medicinal product on the characteristics of the medical device(s) that may impact on the quality, safety and/or efficacy of the medicinal product. The requirements regarding quality aspects for integral drug-device combination products, including devices that are co-packaged with medicinal products, are outlined in an EMA guideline which came into effect on January 1, 2022.
 For a medical device to obtain a CE mark under the Medical Devices Regulation, the device must meet the relevant general safety and performance requirements laid down in Annex I of the Medical Devices Regulation. The most fundamental requirement is that a medical device must be designed and manufactured in such a way that it will not compromise the clinical condition or safety of patients, or the safety and health of users and others. In addition, the device must achieve the performances intended by the manufacturer and be designed, manufactured, and packaged in a suitable manner. To demonstrate compliance with the general safety and performance requirements laid down in Annex I to the Medical Devices Regulation, medical device manufacturers must undergo a conformity assessment procedure, which varies according to the type of medical device and its (risk) classification. Conformity assessment procedures require an assessment of available clinical evidence, literature data for the product, and post-market experience in respect of similar products already marketed. For class IIa medical devices, a conformity assessment procedure requires the intervention of a notified body. Notified bodies are independent organizations designated by EU countries to assess the conformity of devices before being placed on the market. If satisfied that the relevant product conforms to the relevant general safety and performance requirements, the notified body issues a certificate of conformity, which the manufacturer uses as a basis for its own declaration of conformity. The manufacturer may then apply the CE mark to the device, which allows the device to be placed on the market throughout the EU.
 As a general rule, demonstration of conformity of medical devices and their manufacturers with the general safety and performance requirements must be based, among other things, on the evaluation of clinical data supporting the safety and performance of the products during normal conditions of use. Specifically, a manufacturer must demonstrate that the device achieves its intended performance during normal conditions of use, that the known and foreseeable risks, and any adverse events, are minimized and acceptable when weighed against the benefits of its intended performance, and that any claims made about the performance and safety of the device are supported by suitable evidence.
 The aforementioned EU rules are generally applicable in the EEA.
 Brexit and the Regulatory Framework in the United Kingdom
 The United Kingdom, or UK formally left the EU (commonly referred to as "Brexit") on January 31, 2020, and the EU and the UK have concluded a trade and cooperation agreement, or TCA, which was provisionally applicable since January 1, 2021 and has been formally applicable since May 1, 2021. The TCA includes specific provisions concerning pharmaceuticals, which include the mutual recognition of GMP, inspections of manufacturing facilities for medicinal products and GMP documents issued, but does not provide for wholesale mutual recognition of UK and EU pharmaceutical or medical devices regulations. At present, Great Britain has implemented EU legislation on the marketing, promotion and sale of medicinal products through the Human Medicines Regulations 2012 (as amended) (under the Northern Ireland Protocol, the EU regulatory framework currently continues to apply in Northern Ireland). The medicinal products regulatory regime in Great Britain therefore largely aligns with EU regulations, however it is possible that these regimes will diverge more significantly in future now that Great Britain's regulatory system is independent from the EU and the TCA does not provide for mutual recognition of UK and EU pharmaceutical legislation. The new Medical Devices Regulation is not applicable in Great Britain following Brexit and the current legislation is based on the previous Medical

 Devices Directive. However, notwithstanding that there is no wholesale recognition of EU pharmaceutical legislation under the TCA, under a new framework which was put in place by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, or MHRA, the UK medicines and medical devices regulator, on January 1, 2024, the MHRA may take into account decisions on the approval of MAs from the EMA (and certain other regulators) when considering an application for a Great Britain or UK MA.
 On February 27, 2023, the UK government and the European Commission announced a political agreement in principle to replace the Northern Ireland Protocol with a new set of arrangements, known as the "Windsor Framework". This new framework fundamentally changes the existing system under the Northern Ireland Protocol, including with respect to the regulation of medicinal products in the UK. In particular, the MHRA will be responsible for approving all medicinal products destined for the UK market (i.e., Great Britain and Northern Ireland), and the EMA will no longer have any role in approving medicinal products destined for Northern Ireland. A single UK-wide MA will be granted by the MHRA for all medicinal products to be sold in the UK, enabling products to be sold in a single pack and under a single authorization throughout the UK. The Windsor Framework was approved by the EU-UK Joint Committee on March 24, 2023, so the UK government and the EU will enact legislative measures to bring it into law.
 On June 9, 2023, the MHRA announced that the medicines aspects of the Windsor Framework will apply from January 1, 2025.
 Other International Markets—Drug Approval Process
 In some international markets ( e.g., China or Japan), although data generated in United States or EU trials may be submitted in support of an MAA, additional clinical trials conducted in the host territory, or studying people of the ethnicity of the host territory, may be required prior to the filing or approval of MA within the country.
 Pricing and Reimbursement
 In the United States and internationally, sales of products that we market in the future, and our ability to generate revenues on such sales, are dependent, in significant part, on the availability and level of reimbursement from third-party payors such as state and federal governments, managed care providers and private insurance plans. Substantial uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of newly approved healthcare products by third-party payors.
 In the United States no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for drug products exists. Accordingly, decisions regarding the extent of coverage and amount of reimbursement to be provided for any products will be made on a payor by payor basis. Private third-party payors tend to follow Medicare coverage policies and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement rate to a substantial degree, but also have their own methods and approval process apart from Medicare determinations. As a result, coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process that will require providing scientific and clinical support for the use of product candidates to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be obtained. Factors payors consider in determining reimbursement are based on whether the product is:

 a covered benefit under its health plan;

 safe, effective and medically necessary;

 appropriate for the specific patient;

 cost-effective; and

 neither experimental nor investigational.

 Increasingly, third party payors are implementing cost-cutting and reimbursement initiatives and likely will continue to do so in the future. These include establishing formularies that govern the drugs and biologics that will be offered and also

 the out-of-pocket obligations of member patients for such products. In addition, net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. It is possible that future legislation in the United States and other jurisdictions could be enacted which could potentially impact the reimbursement rates for the products in development and that may be developed in the future and also could further impact the levels of discounts and rebates paid to federal and state government entities. Any legislation that impacts these areas could impact, in a significant way, the ability to generate revenues from sales of products that, if successfully developed, are brought to market.
 In addition, in some foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing drug pricing vary widely from country to country. In the EU, governments influence the price of medicinal products through their pricing and reimbursement rules and control of national healthcare systems that fund a large part of the cost of those products to consumers. EU Member States are free to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. Some jurisdictions operate positive and negative list systems under which products may only be marketed once a reimbursement price has been agreed to by the government. Member States may approve a specific price for the medicinal product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the medicinal product on the market, including volume-based arrangements, caps and reference pricing mechanisms. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval, some of the Member States may require the completion of clinical trials that compare the cost effectiveness of a particular product candidate to currently available therapies that are considered the local standard of care. Other EU Member States allow companies to fix their own prices for medicines, but monitor and control company profits. The downward pressure on healthcare costs in general, particularly prescription medicines, has become very intense. It is increasingly common in many EU Member States for MA holders to be required to demonstrate the pharmaco-economic superiority of their products as compared to products already subject to pricing and reimbursement in specific countries. In order for drugs to be evaluated positively under such criteria, pharmaceutical companies may need to re-examine, and consider altering, a number of traditional functions relating to the selection, study, and management of drugs, whether currently marketed, under development, or being evaluated as candidates for research and/or development.
 Sales and Marketing
 Sales, promotion and other activities following product approval are subject to regulation by numerous regulatory authorities in addition to the FDA, including, in the United States, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, other divisions of the Department of Health and Human Services, the U.S. Department of Justice, and similar foreign, state, and local government authorities.
 As described above, the FDA regulates all advertising and promotion activities for products under its jurisdiction both prior to and after approval. A company can make only those claims relating to safety and efficacy that are approved by the FDA in labeling. Physicians may prescribe legally available drugs for uses that are not described in the drug's labeling and that differ from those tested uses and uses approved by the FDA. Such off-label uses are common across medical specialties, and often reflect a physician's belief that the off-label use is the best treatment for the patients. The FDA does not regulate the behavior of physicians in their choice of treatments, but FDA regulations do impose stringent restrictions on manufacturers' communications regarding off-label uses. Failure to comply with applicable FDA requirements may subject a company to adverse publicity, enforcement action by the FDA, corrective advertising, consent decrees and the full range of civil and criminal penalties available to the FDA.
 Healthcare Laws and Regulations
 Pharmaceutical companies are also subject to additional healthcare regulation and enforcement by the federal government and by authorities in the states and foreign jurisdictions in which they conduct their business that may constrain the financial arrangements and relationships through which products are researched, sold, marketed and distributed, when marketing authorization is obtained. Such laws include, without limitation, state and federal anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, false claims, and transparency laws and regulations related to drug pricing and payments and other transfers of value made to physicians and other healthcare providers. If operations are found to be in violation of any of such laws or

 any other governmental regulations that apply, there may to penalties, including, without limitation, administrative, civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, the curtailment or restructuring of operations, integrity oversight and reporting obligations, exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs and responsible individuals may be subject to imprisonment. Such laws include, but are not limited to:

 the United States federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing any remuneration (including any kickback, bribe, or certain rebate), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease, order or recommendation of, any good, facility, item or service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under any United States federal healthcare program, such as Medicare and Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. Violations are subject to civil and criminal fines and penalties for each violation, plus up to three times the remuneration involved, imprisonment, and exclusion from government healthcare programs. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal False Claims Act or federal civil money penalties;

 the United States federal civil monetary penalty and civil and criminal false claims laws, including the civil federal False Claims Act, which can be enforced through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the United States federal government, claims for payment or approval that are false or fraudulent, knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used, a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim, or from knowingly making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the United States federal government. Manufacturers can be held liable under the federal False Claims Act even when they do not submit claims directly to government payors if they are deemed to "cause" the submission of false or fraudulent claims. Pharmaceutical manufacturers can cause false claims to be presented to the United States federal government by engaging in impermissible marketing practices, such as the off-label promotion of a product for an indication for which it has not received FDA approval. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items and services resulting from a violation of the United States federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the civil False Claims Act. The federal False Claims Act also permits a private individual acting as a "whistleblower" to bring actions on behalf of the federal government alleging violations of the federal False Claims Act and to share in any monetary recovery;

 the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which created new federal criminal statutes that prohibit a person from knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or obtain, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations or promises, any of the money or property owned by, or under the custody or control of, any healthcare benefit program, regardless of the payor (e.g., public or private) and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up by any trick or device a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statements or representations in connection with the delivery of, or payment for, healthcare benefits, items or services relating to healthcare matters; similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;

 the FDCA, which prohibits, among other things, the adulteration or misbranding of drugs, biologics and medical devices;

 HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, or HITECH, and their respective implementing regulations, including the Final Omnibus Rule published in January 2013, which impose requirements on certain covered healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses as well as their respective business associates, independent contractors or agents of covered entities, that perform services for them that involve the creation, maintenance, receipt, use, or disclosure of, individually identifiable health information relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information. HITECH also created new tiers of civil monetary penalties, amended HIPAA to

 make civil and criminal penalties directly applicable to business associates, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorneys' fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions. In addition, there may be additional federal, state and non-U.S. laws which govern the privacy and security of health and other personal information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts;

 the United States Physician Payments Sunshine Act and its implementing regulations, which requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies that are reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children's Health Insurance Program, with specific exceptions, to report annually to the government information related to certain payments and other transfers of value to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), certain other licensed health care professionals, and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by the physicians described above and their immediate family members;

 federal consumer protection and unfair competition laws, which broadly regulate marketplace activities and activities that potentially harm consumers;

 federal government price reporting laws, which require us to calculate and report complex pricing metrics in an accurate and timely manner to government programs;

 analogous United States state laws, including: state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to our business practices, including but not limited to, research, distribution, sales and marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including private insurers; state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry's voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the United States federal government, or otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers and other potential referral sources; state laws that require drug manufacturers to file reports relating to pricing and marketing information, which requires tracking gifts and other remuneration and items of value provided to healthcare professionals and entities; and state and local laws requiring the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives;

 the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, which prohibits, among other things, United States companies and their employees and agents from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, corrupt or improper payments or anything else of value to foreign government officials, employees of public international organizations and foreign government owned or affiliated entities, candidates for foreign political office, and foreign political parties or officials thereof; and

 similar healthcare laws in the European Union and other jurisdictions, including reporting requirements detailing interactions with and payments to healthcare providers and laws governing privacy and security of health information, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

 Similar rigid restrictions are imposed on the promotion and marketing of medicinal products in the EU and other countries. Laws (including those governing promotion, marketing and anti-kickback provisions), industry regulations and professional codes of conduct often are strictly enforced. Even in those countries where we are not directly responsible for the promotion and marketing of our products, inappropriate activity by our international distribution partners can have adverse implications for us.
 Healthcare Reform and Legislation
 Payors, whether domestic or foreign, or governmental or private, are developing increasingly sophisticated methods of controlling healthcare costs and those methods are not always specifically adapted for new technologies such as gene therapy and therapies addressing rare diseases. In both the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the health care system that could impact the ability to sell products

 profitably. In particular, in 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively, the ACA, was enacted, which, among other things, subjected biologic products to potential competition by lower-cost biosimilars; increased the minimum Medicaid rebates owed by most manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program; extended the Medicaid Drug Rebate program to utilization of prescriptions of individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations; subjected manufacturers to new annual fees and taxes for certain branded prescription drugs; created a Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 70% point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer's outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D; and provided incentives to programs that increase the federal government's comparative effectiveness research.
 Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the Affordable Care Act was enacted. The Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, included aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers up to 2% per fiscal year. Subsequent legislation extended the 2% payment reduction which remains in effect through 2031. In addition, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 further reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, imaging centers and cancer treatment centers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. On March 11, 2021, President Biden signed the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 into law, which eliminates the statutory Medicaid drug rebate cap, currently set at 100% of a drug's average manufacturer price, for single source and innovator multiple source drugs, beginning January 1, 2024. Due to the Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act of 2010, estimated budget deficit increases resulting from the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, and subsequent legislation, Medicare payments to providers will be further reduced starting in 2025 absent further legislation. These laws and regulations may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding and otherwise affect the prices we may obtain for any of our product candidates for which we may obtain regulatory approval or the frequency with which any such product candidate is prescribed or used. Additionally, in May 2019, CMS issued a final rule to allow Medicare Advantage Plans the option of using step therapy for Part B drugs beginning January 1, 2020.
 The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, includes several provisions that may impact the healthcare industry to varying degrees, including provisions that reduce the out-of-pocket cap for Medicare Part D beneficiaries to $2,000 starting in 2025; impose new manufacturer financial liability on certain drugs under Medicare Part D, allow the U.S. government to negotiate Medicare Part B and Part D price caps for certain high-cost drugs and biologics without generic or biosimilar competition, require companies to pay rebates to Medicare for certain drug prices that increase faster than inflation, and delay the rebate rule that would limit the fees that pharmacy benefit managers can charge. Further, under the IRA, orphan drugs are exempted from the Medicare drug price negotiation program, but only if they have one orphan designation and for which the only approved indication is for that disease or condition. If a product receives multiple orphan designations or has multiple approved indications, it may not qualify for the orphan drug exemption. The implementation of the IRA is currently subject to ongoing litigation challenging the constitutionality of the IRA's Medicare drug price negotiation program. The effects of the IRA on the healthcare industry is not yet known.
 There has been increasing legislative and enforcement interest in the United States with respect to specialty drug pricing practices. Specifically, there have been several recent United States Congressional inquiries and proposed federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, reduce the cost of prescription drugs under Medicare, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs. President Biden has issued multiple executive orders that have sought to reduce prescription drug costs. In February 2023, HHS also issued a proposal in response to an October 2022 executive order from President Biden that includes a proposed prescription drug pricing model that will test whether targeted Medicare payment adjustments will sufficiently incentivize manufacturers to complete confirmatory trials for drugs approved through FDA's accelerated approval pathway. Although a number of these and other proposed measures may require authorization through additional legislation to become effective, and the Biden administration may reverse or otherwise change these measures, both the Biden administration and Congress have indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative measures to control drug costs.
 Further, on May 30, 2018, the Right to Try Act, was signed into law. The law, among other things, provides a federal framework for certain patients to access certain investigational new drug products that have completed a Phase 1 clinical

 trial and that are undergoing investigation for FDA approval. Under certain circumstances, eligible patients can seek treatment without enrolling in clinical trials and without obtaining FDA permission under the FDA expanded access program. There is no obligation for a pharmaceutical manufacturer to make its drug products available to eligible patients as a result of the Right to Try Act.
 At the state level, individual states are increasingly active in passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. In addition, regional health care authorities and individual hospitals are increasingly using bidding procedures to determine what pharmaceutical products and which suppliers will be included in their prescription drug and other health care programs. These measures could reduce the ultimate demand for products or put pressure on product pricing.
 Data Privacy and Security Laws
 Numerous state, federal and foreign laws, including consumer protection laws and regulations, govern the collection, dissemination, use, access to, confidentiality, and security of personal information, including health-related information. In the United States, numerous federal and state laws and regulations, including data breach notification laws, health information privacy and security laws, including HIPAA and federal and state consumer protection laws and regulations (e.g., Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act) govern the collection, use, disclosure, and protection of health-related and other personal information. In addition, certain state and non-U.S. laws, such as the CCPA, and GDPR, govern the privacy and security of personal information, including health-related information in certain circumstances, some of which are more stringent than HIPAA and many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts. Failure to comply with these laws, where applicable, can result in the imposition of significant civil and/or criminal penalties and private litigation. Privacy and security laws, regulations, and other obligations are constantly evolving, may conflict with each other to make compliance efforts more challenging, and can result in investigations, proceedings, or actions that lead to significant penalties and restrictions on data processing.
 Other Laws and Regulatory Processes
 We are subject to a variety of financial disclosure and securities trading regulations as a public company in the United States, including laws relating to the oversight activities of the SEC and, the regulations of The Nasdaq Global Market. In addition, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, the SEC and other bodies that have jurisdiction over the form and content of our accounts, our financial statements and other public disclosure are constantly discussing and interpreting proposals and existing pronouncements designed to ensure that companies best display relevant and transparent information relating to their respective businesses.
 Our international operations are subject to compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA, which prohibits corporations and individuals from paying, offering to pay, or authorizing the payment of anything of value to any foreign government official, government staff member, political party, or political candidate in an attempt to obtain or retain business or to otherwise influence a person working in an official capacity. We also may be implicated under the FCPA for activities by our partners, collaborators, contract research organizations, or CROs, vendors or other agents.
 Our present and future business has been and will continue to be subject to various other laws and regulations. The extent of government regulation, which might result from future legislation or administrative action, cannot accurately be predicted.
 Human Capital Resources
 As of March 24, 2025, we had four full-time employees, all in general and administrative functions. We also contract with consultants to supplement the efforts and responsibilities of our employees. None of our employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreement or represented by a labor or trade union.

 Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and new employees, advisors and consultants. The principal purposes of our equity and cash incentive plans are to attract, retain and reward personnel through the granting of stock-based and cash-based compensation awards, in order to increase stockholder value and the success of our company by motivating such individuals to perform to the best of their abilities and achieve our objectives.
 We are committed to fostering a diverse workforce and a culture of inclusion. We pursue fair employment practices in every aspect of our business and are dedicated to creating a productive work environment for all our employees. Both at work and in the clinic, we are committed to recruiting individuals that exemplify diversity in culture and life experience and are always striving to grow and improve. As an emerging company operating in a competitive industry, much of our success is rooted in investing in the development of each of our employees. It is our goal to empower all employees to take full advantage of their professional growth opportunities, to lead them to long-term job satisfaction and organizational success. Our people are our greatest competitive advantage and as we grow, we plan to continue to add to our human capital initiatives.
 Corporate Information
 We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in July 2018. Our principal corporate office is located at 930 Winter Street, Suite M-500, Waltham, MA 02451, and our telephone number is (617) 443-2400. Our website address is www.aerovatetx.com. Our website and the information contained on, or that can be accessed through, the website will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference in, and are not considered part of, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 We own various U.S. federal trademark applications and unregistered trademarks, including our company name. All other trademarks or trade names referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the property of their respective owners.
 On July 2, 2021, we closed our initial public offering, or IPO, in which we issued and sold 9,984,463 shares of common stock, including the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase up to 1,302,321 additional shares of common stock, at a public offering price of $14.00 per share. Including the option exercise, our aggregate net proceeds from the IPO were $126.9 million, net of underwriting discounts, commissions and estimated offering costs.
 We are an "emerging growth company" as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the completion of the IPO, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of the prior June 30th, and (ii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.
 Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are referred to without the symbols and, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto.
 Available Information
 Our website address is  Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, including exhibits, proxy and information statements and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a), 14, and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, are available through the "Investors" portion of our website free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Information on our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any of our other securities filings unless specifically incorporated herein by reference. In addition, our filings with the SEC may be accessed through the SEC's Interactive Data Electronic Applications system at www.sec.gov. All statements made in any of our securities filings, including all forward-looking statements or information, are made as of the date of the document in which the statement is included, and we do not assume or undertake any obligation to update any of those statements or documents unless we are required to do so by law.

 From time to time, we may use our website, Linked In or our Twitter account (@AerovateTx) to distribute material information. Our financial and other material information is routinely posted to and accessible on the Investors section of our website, available at www.aerovatetx.com. Investors are encouraged to review the Investors section of our website because we may post material information on that site that is not otherwise disseminated by us. Information that is contained in and can be accessed through our website or our Twitter or Linked In posts are not incorporated into, and does not form a part of, this Annual Report.
 Our code of conduct, corporate governance guidelines and the charters of our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are available through the "Investors" portion of our website.
 Item 1A. Risk Factors.
 In evaluating the Company and our business, careful consideration should be given to the following risk factors, in addition to the other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in other documents that we file with the SEC. Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. If any of the following risks and uncertainties actually occurs, our business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. The risks described below are not intended to be exhaustive and are not the only risks facing the Company. New risk factors can emerge from time to time, and it is not possible to predict the impact that any factor or combination of factors may have on our business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations.
 Risks Related to the Merger
 Failure to complete, or delays in completing, the potential Merger with Jade, announced on October 31, 2024, could materially and adversely affect our or Jade's results of operations, business, financial results and may cause a decline in the market price of our common stock.
 On October 30, 2024, we entered into the Merger Agreement. Consummation of the Merger is subject to certain closing conditions, a number of which are not within our control. Any failure to satisfy or, to the extent permitted by applicable law, waive these required closing conditions may prevent, delay or otherwise materially adversely affect the consummation of the Merger. We cannot predict with certainty whether or when any of the required conditions will be satisfied or, to the extent permitted by applicable law, waived, or if another uncertainty may arise and cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully consummate the Merger as currently contemplated under the Merger Agreement or at all.
 Our efforts to complete the Merger could cause substantial disruptions in, and create uncertainty surrounding, our business, which may materially adversely affect our results of operation and our business. Uncertainty as to whether the Merger will be completed may affect our ability to recruit prospective employees or to retain and motivate existing employees. Employee retention may be particularly challenging while the transaction is pending because employees may experience uncertainty about their roles following the transaction. Uncertainty as to whether the Merger will be completed could adversely affect our business and our relationships with collaborators, suppliers, vendors, regulators and other business partners. For example, vendors, collaborators and other counterparties may defer their decisions to work with us or seek to change their existing business relationships with us. Changes to, or termination of, existing business relationships could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, as well as the market price of our common stock. The adverse effects of the pendency of the transaction could be exacerbated by any delays in completion of the transaction or termination of the Merger Agreement.
 The Exchange Ratio will not be adjusted based on the market price of our common stock as the Exchange Ratio depends on the our net cash at the Closing and not the market price of Aerovate common stock, so the Merger consideration at the Closing may have a greater or lesser value than at the time the Merger Agreement was signed.
 At the First Effective Time, as described in the Merger Agreement, outstanding shares of Jade capital stock will be converted into shares of our common stock. Based on our and Jade's capitalization as of October 30, 2024, the Exchange Ratio is estimated to be equal to approximately 21.4388 shares of our common stock for each share of Jade common stock and 0.0214388 shares of our as Series A Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, or our

 Series A Preferred Stock, for each share of Jade Preferred Stock. After applying the Exchange Ratio, the former Jade securityholders immediately before the Merger, excluding shares purchased in the pre-closing financing where certain investors have agreed to purchase shares of Jade common stock or pre-funded warrants for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $300 million, including the conversion of Jade's previously issued $95 million convertible notes, or the Jade Pre-Closing Financing, are expected to own approximately 34.0% of the aggregate number of shares of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis, shares issued in the Jade Pre-Closing financing are expected to represent approximately 64.4% of the outstanding shares of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis and our securityholders immediately before the Merger are expected to own approximately 1.6% of the aggregate number of shares of our common stock on a fully-diluted basis, subject to certain assumptions, including, but not limited to, our net cash as of Closing being no less than $0. In the event our net cash is below $0, the Exchange Ratio will be adjusted such that the number of shares issued to Jade's pre-Closing securityholders will be increased, and our stockholders will own a smaller percentage of the Combined Company.
 Any changes in the market price of our common stock before the completion of the Merger will not affect the Exchange Ratio or the number of shares Jade stockholders will be entitled to receive pursuant to the Merger Agreement. Therefore, if before the completion of the Merger, the market price of our common stock increases from the market price on the date of the Merger Agreement, then Jade stockholders could receive Merger consideration with substantially more value for their shares of Jade capital stock than the parties had negotiated when they established the Exchange Ratio. Similarly, if before the completion of the Merger the market price of our common stock declines from the market price on the date of the Merger Agreement, then Jade stockholders could receive Merger consideration with substantially lower value than the parties negotiated when they established the Exchange Ratio. The Merger Agreement does not include a price-based termination right.
 The issuance of our common stock to Jade stockholders pursuant to the Merger Agreement and the resulting change in control from the Merger must be approved by our stockholders, and the Merger Agreement and transactions contemplated thereby must be approved by the Jade stockholders. Failure to obtain these approvals would prevent the Closing.
 Before the Merger can be completed, our stockholders must approve, among other things, the issuance of our common stock to Jade stockholders pursuant to the Merger Agreement and the resulting change in control from the Merger, and Jade stockholders must adopt the Merger Agreement and approve the Merger and the related transactions. Failure to obtain the required stockholder approvals may result in a material delay in, or the abandonment of, the Merger. Any delay in completing the Merger may materially adversely affect the timing and benefits that are expected to be achieved from the Merger.
 We may not be successful in consummating the Merger.
 In June 2024, based upon 24-week topline results from the Phase 2b portion of our clinical trial evaluating AV-101 for the treatment of PAH we announced our decision to halt enrollment and shut down the Phase 3 portion of the trial as well as the long-term extension study. In July 2024, we announced that we were undertaking a comprehensive review of strategic alternatives focused on maximizing shareholder value, which may include but are not limited to, the Merger or an alternative transaction or liquidation. We have and expect to continue to devote substantial time and resources to exploring strategic alternatives that our board of directors believes will maximize stockholder value. There can be no assurances that the Merger will be successfully consummated or lead to increased stockholder value or that we will make any additional cash distributions to our stockholders.
 The process of completing the Merger may be very costly, time-consuming and complex and we have incurred, and may in the future incur, significant costs related to the Merger, including legal and accounting fees and expenses and other related charges. We may also incur additional unanticipated expenses in connection with the Merger, which will be incurred regardless of whether the Merger is completed. These expenses will decrease the remaining cash available for use in our business.

 We are not currently pursuing further clinical development of AV-101. Resuming the development of AV-101 and any potential commercialization would require substantial additional cash to fund the costs associated with conducting the necessary preclinical and clinical testing and obtaining regulatory approval. Consequently, if the Merger is completed, Jade may choose not to spend additional resources to continue development of AV-101 and may attribute little or no value in the Merger to AV-101. The Merger could have a variety of negative consequences, or yield unexpected results that adversely affects our business and decreases the remaining cash available for use in our business or the execution of our strategic plan. The completion of the Merger is dependent on a number of factors that may be beyond our control, including, among other things, market conditions, industry trends and obtaining stockholder approval. Any failure of the Merger could significantly impair our ability to enter into any future strategic transactions and may significantly diminish or delay any future distributions to our stockholders.
 If the Merger is not completed in a timely fashion, this may cause reputational harm with our stockholders and the value of our securities may be adversely impacted. In addition, speculation regarding the completion of the Merger and perceived uncertainties related to our future could cause our stock price to fluctuate significantly.
 If we are successful in completing the Merger, we may be exposed to other operational and financial risks.
 Although there can be no assurance that the Merger will be completed, the negotiation and consummation of the Merger will require significant time on the part of our management, and the diversion of management's attention may disrupt our business.
 The negotiation and consummation of the Merger may also require more time or greater cash resources than we anticipate and expose us to other operational and financial risks, including:

 increased near-term and long-term expenditures;

 exposure to unknown liabilities;

 higher than expected acquisition or integration costs;

 incurrence of substantial debt or dilutive issuances of equity securities to fund future operations;

 write-downs of assets or goodwill or incurrence of non-recurring, impairment or other charges;

 increased amortization expenses;

 inability to retain key employees to complete the Merger; and

 possibility of future litigation.

 Any of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and prospects.
 If the Merger is not completed, our board of directors may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation. In such an event, the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders will depend heavily on the timing of such liquidation as well as the amount of cash that will need to be reserved for commitments and contingent liabilities.
 If the Merger is not completed, our board of directors may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation. In such an event, the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders will depend heavily on the timing of such decision and, with the passage of time the amount of cash available for distribution will be reduced as we continue to fund our operations. In addition, if our board of directors were to approve and recommend, and our stockholders were to approve, a dissolution and liquidation, we would be required under Delaware corporate law to pay our outstanding obligations, as well as to make reasonable provision for contingent and unknown obligations, prior to making any distributions in liquidation to our stockholders. As a result of this requirement, a portion of our assets may need to be reserved pending the resolution of

 such obligations and the timing of any such resolution is uncertain. In addition, we may be subject to litigation or other claims related to a dissolution and liquidation. If a dissolution and liquidation were pursued, our board of directors, in consultation with its advisors, would need to evaluate these matters and make a determination about a reasonable amount to reserve. Accordingly, holders of our common stock could lose all or a significant portion of their investment in the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up.
 Failure to complete the Merger may result in either Jade or us paying a termination fee to the other party, and could harm our common stock price and future business and operations of each company.
 If the Merger is not completed, we and Jade are subject to the following risks:

 if the Merger Agreement is terminated under specified circumstances, we could be required to pay Jade a termination fee of $2.34 million, or Jade could be required to pay us a termination fee of $5.25 million;

 the price of our common stock may decline and could fluctuate significantly; and

 substantial costs related to the Merger may be incurred by either party, such as financial advisor, legal and accounting fees, a majority of which must be paid even if the Merger is not completed.

 If the Merger Agreement is terminated and the board of directors of Jade or us determines to seek another business combination, there can be no assurance that either we or Jade will be able to find another third party to transact a business combination with, yielding comparable or greater benefits.
 If the conditions to the Merger are not satisfied or waived, the Merger may not occur.
 Even if the Merger is approved by the stockholders of Jade and the necessary approvals are received from our stockholders, specified conditions must be satisfied or, to the extent permitted by applicable law, waived to complete the Merger. We and Jade cannot assure you that all of the conditions to the consummation of the Merger will be satisfied or waived. If the conditions are not satisfied or waived, the Merger may not occur or the Closing may be delayed.
 We and Jade may mutually agree to waive the condition to the Merger requiring approval for listing on Nasdaq, and if such condition is waived, the combined company's stock may not be listed on Nasdaq following completion of the Merger.
 Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, we agreed, to the extent required by the rules and regulations of Nasdaq, to use our commercially reasonable efforts to cause the shares of our common stock being issued in the Merger to be approved for listing on Nasdaq at or prior to the Effective Time. Additionally, under the Merger Agreement, each of our and Jade's obligation to complete the Merger is subject to the satisfaction or waiver by each of the parties of various conditions, including that the shares of our common stock to be issued in the Merger have been approved for listing (subject to official notice of issuance) on Nasdaq as of the closing of the Merger. In the event that the shares of our common stock to be issued in the Merger are not approved for listing on Nasdaq, it is possible that we and Jade may mutually agree to waive the applicable condition and nonetheless proceed with completing the Merger. If such condition is waived, we will not recirculate an updated proxy statement/prospectus, nor will we solicit a new vote of stockholders prior to proceeding with the Merger. If we proceed with the Merger in these circumstances, the combined company's stock may not be listed on Nasdaq.
 If the combined company's stock is not listed on Nasdaq following completion of the Merger, trading of the shares could be conducted in the over-the-counter market or on an electronic bulletin board established for unlisted securities such as the Pink Sheets or the OTC Bulletin Board. In such event, it is likely that there would be significantly less liquidity in the trading of the common stock of the combined company; decreases in institutional and other investor demand for the shares, coverage by securities analysts, market making activity and information available concerning trading prices and volume; and fewer broker dealers willing to execute trades in the common stock of the combined company. Also, it may be difficult for the combined company to raise additional capital if the combined company's common stock is not listed on a major

 exchange. The occurrence of any of these events could result in a further decline in the market price of the common stock of the combined company and could have a material adverse effect on the combined company.
 The Merger may be completed even though a material adverse effect may result from the announcement of the Merger, industry-wide changes or other causes.
 In general, neither we nor Jade is obligated to complete the Merger if there is a material adverse effect affecting the other party between October 30, 2024, the date of the Merger Agreement, and the Closing. However, certain types of events and/or causes are excluded from the concept of a "material adverse effect." Such exclusions include, but are not limited to, changes in general economic or political conditions, industry wide changes, changes resulting from the announcement of the Merger, natural disasters, pandemics (including the COVID-19 pandemic), other public health events, other force majeure events, acts or threat of terrorism or war and changes in U.S. GAAP. Therefore, if any of these events were to occur and adversely affect us or Jade, the other party would still be obligated to consummate the Closing notwithstanding such material adverse effects. If any such adverse effects occur and we and Jade consummate the Closing, the stock price of the combined company may suffer. This, in turn, may reduce the value of the Merger to our stockholders, Jade's stockholders or both.
 If we and Jade complete the Merger, the combined company will need to raise additional capital by issuing equity securities or additional debt or through licensing arrangements, which may cause significant dilution to the combined company's stockholders or restrict the combined company's operations.
 On October 30, 2024, Jade entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain investors, including existing investors of Jade, pursuant to which Jade agreed to sell, and the investors agreed to purchase, immediately prior to the consummation of the Merger, shares of Jade common stock and pre-funded warrants for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $300.0 million in the Jade Pre-Closing financing. The closing of the Jade Pre-Closing financing is conditioned upon the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions to the Closing as well as certain other conditions. The shares of Jade common stock issued in the Jade Pre-Closing Financing will result in dilution to all securityholders of the combined company (i.e., both our pre-Merger securityholders and former pre-Merger Jade securityholders).
 Additional financing may not be available to the combined company when it is needed or may not be available on favorable terms. To the extent that the combined company raises additional capital by issuing equity securities, such financing will cause additional dilution to all securityholders of the combined company, including our pre-Merger securityholders and Jade's former securityholders. It is also possible that the terms of any new equity securities may have preferences over the combined company's common stock. Any debt financing the combined company enters into may involve covenants that restrict its operations. These restrictive covenants may include limitations on additional borrowing and specific restrictions on the use of the combined company's assets, as well as prohibitions on its ability to create liens, pay dividends, redeem its stock or make investments. In addition, if the combined company raises additional funds through licensing arrangements, it may be necessary to grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to the combined company.
 Some of Jade's and our directors and executive officers have interests in the Merger that are different from our other stockholders.
 Our directors and executive officers and those of Jade may have interests in the Merger that are different from, or in addition to, the interests of our other stockholders generally. These interests with respect to our directors and executive officers may include, among others, acceleration of stock option or restricted stock unit vesting, retention bonus payments, extension of exercisability periods of previously issued stock option grants, severance payments if employment is terminated in a qualifying termination in connection with the Merger and rights to continued indemnification, expense advancement and insurance coverage. These interests with respect to Jade's directors and executive officers may include, among others, certain of Jade's directors and executive officers have options, subject to vesting, to purchase shares of Jade common stock which, after the effective time of the Merger, will be converted into and become options to purchase shares of the common stock of the combined company; Jade's executive officers are expected to continue as executive officers of the combined company after the effective time of the Merger; and all of Jade's directors and executive officers are entitled to certain indemnification and liability insurance coverage pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement. In addition, certain of our directors and Jade's directors are affiliated with investment funds which hold an interest in the

 other party, and are participating in the Jade Pre-Closing Financing. Further, current members of Jade's board of directors will continue as directors of the combined company after the effective time of the Merger, and, following the Closing, will be eligible to be compensated as non-employee directors of the combined company pursuant to our non-employee director compensation policy that is expected to remain in place following the effective time of the Merger. The directors and executive officers own options and/or, with respect to us, restricted stock units, to purchase the shares of their respective companies.
 Our board and the Jade board considered the interests in the Merger that the respective directors and officers may have that are different than yours, among other matters, in reaching their decisions to approve and adopt the Merger Agreement, approve the Merger, and recommend the approval of the Merger Agreement to our stockholders and Jade stockholders.
 Our stockholders and Jade stockholders may not realize a benefit from the Merger commensurate with the ownership dilution they will experience in connection with the Merger, including the conversion of Jade common stock issued in the Jade Pre-Closing Financing.
 If the combined company is unable to realize the full strategic and financial benefits currently anticipated from the Merger, our stockholders and Jade stockholders will have experienced substantial dilution of their ownership interests without receiving any commensurate benefit, or only receiving part of the commensurate benefit to the extent the combined company is able to realize only part of the strategic and financial benefits currently anticipated from the Merger.
 If the Merger is not completed, our stock price may decline significantly.
 The market price of our common stock is subject to significant fluctuations. Market prices for securities of pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other life science companies have historically been particularly volatile. In addition, the market price of our common stock will likely be volatile based on whether stockholders and other investors believe that we can complete the Merger or otherwise raise additional capital to support our operations if the Merger is not consummated and another strategic transaction cannot be identified, negotiated and consummated in a timely manner, if at all. The volatility of the market price of our common stock is exacerbated by low trading volume. Additional factors that may cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate include:

 the entry into, or termination of, key agreements, including commercial partner agreements;

 announcements by commercial partners or competitors of new commercial products, clinical progress or lack thereof, significant contracts, commercial relationships or capital commitments;

 the loss of key employees;

 future sales of its common stock;

 general and industry-specific economic conditions that may affect its research and development expenditures;

 the failure to meet industry analyst expectations; and

 period-to-period fluctuations in financial results.

 Moreover, the stock markets in general have experienced substantial volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of individual companies. These broad market fluctuations may also adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company's securities, stockholders have often instituted class action securities litigation against such companies.

 Our securityholders and Jade securityholders will generally have a reduced ownership and voting interest in, and will exercise less influence over the management of, the combined company following the completion of the Merger as compared to their current ownership and voting interests in the respective companies.
 After the completion of the Merger, our current stockholders and the current stockholders of Jade will generally own a smaller percentage of the combined company than their ownership of their respective companies prior to the Merger. Immediately after the Merger, our stockholders as of immediately prior to the Merger are expected to own approximately 1.6% of the outstanding shares of the combined company on a fully diluted basis, former Jade securityholders, excluding shares purchased in the Jade Pre-Closing Financing, are expected to own approximately 34.0% of the outstanding shares of the combined company on a fully diluted basis and shares issued in the Jade Pre-Closing Financing are expected to represent approximately 64.4% of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the combined company on a fully diluted basis, subject to certain assumptions, including, but not limited to, our net cash as of Closing being $0. The Chief Executive Officer of Jade will serve as the Chief Executive Officer of the combined company following the completion of the Merger.
 During the pendency of the Merger, we and Jade may not be able to enter into a business combination with another party on more favorable terms because of restrictions in the Merger Agreement, which could adversely affect their respective business prospects.
 Covenants in the Merger Agreement impede our ability and Jade's ability to make acquisitions during the pendency of the Merger, subject to specified exceptions. As a result, if the Merger is not completed, the parties may be at a disadvantage to their competitors during that period. In addition, while the Merger Agreement is in effect, each party is generally prohibited from soliciting, seeking, initiating or knowingly encouraging, inducing or facilitating the communication, making, submission or announcement of any acquisition proposal or acquisition inquiry or taking any action that could reasonably be expected to lead to certain transactions involving a third party, including a merger, sale of assets or other business combination, subject to specified exceptions. Any such transactions could be favorable to such party's stockholders, but the parties may be unable to pursue them.
 Certain provisions of the Merger Agreement may discourage third parties from submitting competing proposals, including proposals that may be superior to the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement.
 The terms of the Merger Agreement prohibit each of us and Jade from soliciting competing proposals or cooperating with persons making unsolicited takeover proposals, except in limited circumstances. In addition, if we terminate the Merger Agreement under specified circumstances, we could be required to pay Jade a termination fee of $2.34 million, or Jade could be required to pay us a termination fee of $5.25 million. This termination fee may discourage third parties from submitting competing proposals to us, Jade or their respective stockholders, and may cause our or Jade's board of directors to be less inclined to recommend a competing proposal.
 Lawsuits may be filed against us, Jade, or any of the members of our or Jade's boards of directors arising out of the Merger, which may delay or prevent the Merger.
 Putative stockholder complaints, including stockholder class action complaints, and other complaints may be filed against us, our board of directors, Jade, the Jade board of directors and others in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement. The outcome of litigation is uncertain, and we or Jade may not be successful in defending against any such future claims. Lawsuits that may be filed against us, our board of directors, Jade, or the Jade board of directors could delay or prevent the Merger, divert the attention of the Company's or Jade's management and employees from their day-to-day business and otherwise adversely affect us and Jade financially.
 Our ability to consummate the Merger depends on our ability to retain the employees required to consummate such transaction.
 Our ability to consummate the Merger depends upon our ability to retain the employees required to consummate such a transaction, the loss of whose services may adversely impact the ability to consummate such transaction. In connection with the evaluation of strategic alternatives and in order to extend resources, we implemented the Workforce Reduction Plan, which resulted in the termination of nearly all of our workforce. Under the Workforce Reduction Plan, approximately

 92% of our workforce was terminated as of December 31, 2024. Our cash conservation activities may yield unintended consequences, such as attrition beyond our Workforce Reduction Plan and reduced employee morale, which may cause remaining employees to seek alternative employment.
 The Merger process is supported by our deep and broad experience at the board of directors, executive management and supporting staff levels. As of February 15, 2025, we had only four full-time employees. Our ability to successfully complete the Merger depends in large part on our ability to retain certain remaining personnel. Despite our efforts to retain these employees, one or more employees may terminate their employment with us on short notice. The loss of the service of certain employees could potentially harm our ability to consummate the Merger and run our day-to-day business operations, as well as fulfill our reporting obligations as a public company.
 Our cash preservation activities, including the Workforce Reduction Plan, may not result in anticipated savings, could result in total costs and expenses that are greater than expected and could disrupt our business.
 In June 2024, we implemented our Workforce Reduction Plan. In connection with the Workforce Reduction Plan, we incurred costs of approximately $6.7 million, which are primarily one-time severance benefits. We may not realize, in full or in part, the anticipated benefits, savings and improvements in our cost structure from our restructuring efforts due to unforeseen difficulties, delays or unexpected costs. If we are unable to realize the expected operational efficiencies and cost savings from the restructuring, our operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected. Furthermore, our Workforce Reduction Plan may be disruptive to our operations. For example, headcount reductions could yield unanticipated consequences, such as increased difficulties in implementing our business strategy, including retention of remaining employees.
 Due to our limited resources, we may not be able to effectively manage our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, risks that we may not be able to comply with legal and regulatory requirements, and loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. For example, our limited resources and workforce reduction may negatively impact efforts to winddown our clinical trial activities or expose us to cybersecurity risks, which could result in unexpected costs and expenses and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and prospects.
 We may become involved in litigation, including securities class action litigation, that could divert management's attention and harm our business, and insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover all costs and damages.
 In the past, litigation, including securities class action litigation, has often followed certain significant business transactions, such as a Merger, or the announcement of negative events, such as negative results from clinical trials. These events may also result in investigations by the SEC. We may be exposed to such litigation in connection with the Merger even if no wrongdoing occurred.
 Furthermore, the stock market in general, and Nasdaq and biopharmaceutical companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. The market price of our common stock may be volatile, and we may be the target of this type of litigation in the future.
 Litigation is usually expensive and diverts management's attention and resources from other business concerns, which could adversely affect our business and cash resources and our ability to consummate the Merger or the ultimate value our stockholders receive in any such transaction.
 Risks Related to Our Limited Operating History, Financial Position and Capital Requirements
 We are a biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history.
 We are a biopharmaceutical company established in July 2018 with a limited operating history. Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts to organizing and staffing our company, research and development of AV-101, our only product candidate, business planning, raising capital, and providing general and administrative support for

 these operations. We have limited experience and have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully overcome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in new and rapidly evolving fields, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry. In June 2024, we announced our decision to halt enrollment and shut down the Phase 3 portion of our IMPAHCT clinical trial for AV-101 in adults with PAH as well as the long-term extension study. We do not intend to resume development of AV-101 or conduct research on additional product candidates at this time. We have no products approved for commercial sale and therefore have never generated any revenue from product sales, and we do not expect to in the foreseeable future. We have no other experience as a company conducting clinical trials, submitting applications for regulatory approvals, such as a NDA, or commercializing any products.
 We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future. We may never achieve or maintain profitability.
 We have incurred significant operating losses in each year since our incorporation in July 2018, do not expect to become profitable in the near future, and may never achieve profitability. Our net losses were $69.6 million and $75.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $233.1 million. Biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. We have no products approved for commercial sale, have not generated any revenue from product sales and have incurred losses in each year since our inception in July 2018. Substantially all of our operating losses have resulted from costs incurred in connection with our research and development program of AV-101 and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We do not intend to resume development of AV-101 or conduct research on additional product candidates at this time. As a public company, we continue to incur additional costs associated with operating that we did not incur as a private company. In addition, we expect to continue to incur costs and expenditures in connection with the process of winding down our clinical trial of AV-101 and the Merger. As a result, we expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the Merger, we are unable to predict the extent of any future losses. Our prior losses, combined with expected future losses, have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders' deficit and working capital.
 The amount of our future losses is uncertain and our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly or may fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, each of which may cause our stock price to fluctuate or decline. Our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly in the future due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control and may be difficult to predict, including the following:

 the timing and outcome of the Merger;

 the experience of any delays or any issues with winding down our clinical trial activities for AV-101;

 our ability to retain necessary personnel;

 potential litigation, including securities class action litigation;

 the changing and volatile United States and global economic conditions; and

 future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies.

 The cumulative effects of these factors could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly and annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any forecasts we may provide to the market, or if the forecasts we provide to the market are below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Such a stock price decline could occur even when we have met any previously publicly stated guidance we may provide.

 We have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales.
 Our ability to become profitable depends upon our ability to generate revenue. To date, we have not generated revenue, and we do not expect to generate any revenue in the near future. We do not intend to resume development of AV-101 or conduct research on additional product candidates at this time.
 We may require additional capital to finance our operations, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we would be forced to delay, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts.
 Since our inception, we have invested substantially all of our efforts and financial resources in the development of AV-101 to address the core disease processes of PAH. We do not intend to resume development of AV-101 or conduct research on additional product candidates at this time.
 As of December 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of $78.6 million. We expect our existing cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments will be sufficient to fund our planned operations for at least twelve months from the date of filing this Annual Report on Form 10-K based upon our current operating plans. However, our operating plans may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans.
 To date, we have funded our operations through private placements of convertible preferred stock, convertible notes and proceeds from our IPO. We will be required to seek additional funding in the future and currently intend to do so through public or private equity offerings or debt financings, credit or loan facilities or a combination of one or more of these funding sources.
 If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders will suffer dilution and the terms of any financing may adversely affect the rights of our stockholders. In addition, as a condition to providing additional funds to us, future investors may demand, and may be granted, rights superior to those of existing stockholders. Debt financing, if available, is likely to involve restrictive covenants limiting our flexibility in conducting future business activities, and, in the event of insolvency, debt holders would be repaid before holders of our equity securities received any distribution of our corporate assets. Additionally, global economic instability, higher interest rates and diminished credit availability may limit our ability to obtain debt financing on favorable terms.
 Our ability to raise additional funds will depend on financial, economic and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. Fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize such product candidates. Disruptions in the financial markets in general, and due to public health crises, geopolitical conflicts and economic instability, may make equity and debt financing more difficult to obtain, and may have a material adverse effect on our ability to meet our fundraising needs. We cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.
 Risks Related to the Research and Development Activities
 The results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results.
 Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired pharmacological properties or safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through preclinical studies and initial clinical trials. For example, in June 2024, we announced the discontinuation of our Phase 3 portion of IMPAHCT as well as the long-term extension study, despite prior positive results in preclinical studies and initial clinical trials of AV-101.

 Interim, topline and preliminary results from our preclinical studies and clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.
 From time to time, we may publicly disclose preliminary, interim or topline data from our preclinical studies and clinical trials. These interim updates are based on a preliminary analysis of then-available data, and the results and related findings and conclusions are subject to change following a more comprehensive review of the data related to the particular study or trial. We also make assumptions, estimations, calculations and conclusions as part of our analyses of data, and we may not have received or had the opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate all data. As a result, the topline results that we report may differ from future results of the same studies or trials, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results, once additional data have been received and fully evaluated. Topline data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary data we previously published. As a result, topline data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. In addition, we may report interim analyses of only certain endpoints rather than all endpoints. Interim data from clinical trials that we may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Adverse changes between interim data and final data could significantly harm our business and prospects. Further, additional disclosure of interim data by us or by our competitors in the future could result in volatility in the price of our common stock.
 In addition, the information we choose to publicly disclose regarding a particular study or trial is typically selected from a more extensive amount of available information. Investors may not agree with what we determine is the material or otherwise appropriate information to include in our disclosure, and any information we determine not to disclose may ultimately be deemed significant with respect to future decisions, conclusions, views, activities or otherwise regarding a particular product candidate or our business. If the preliminary or topline data that we report differ from late, final or actual results, or if others, including regulatory authorities, disagree with the conclusions reached, our ability to obtain approval for, and commercialize, any of our product candidates may be harmed, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
 Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
 We have six issued U.S. patents, and many pending patent applications with respect to AV-101. We can provide no assurance that any of our other current or future patent applications will result in issued patents. If we cannot protect our patent rights or our other proprietary rights, others may develop products similar or identical to ours, and we may not be able to compete effectively in our market or successfully commercialize any product candidates we may develop.
 Our success has depended to a significant degree upon continuing to secure, enforce and defend intellectual property rights that protect our AV-101 product candidate, and to operate our business without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of others. If we are unable to obtain and maintain sufficient intellectual property protection for AV-101, or if the scope of the intellectual property protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors and other third parties could develop and commercialize product candidates similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize AV-101 may be impaired. In June 2024, we announced our decision to halt enrollment and shut down the Phase 3 portion of IMPAHCT as well as the long-term extension study of AV-101 in PAH and we do not intend to continue to seek or maintain intellectual property protection on the technology underlying AV-101.
 We own six issued U.S. patents with respect to AV-101, and we can provide no assurance that any of our other current or future patent applications will result in issued patents or that any issued patents will provide us with any competitive advantage. Failure to obtain additional issued patents could have a material adverse effect on our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates. Furthermore, other parties may successfully challenge, invalidate or circumvent our issued patents so that our patent rights do not create an effective competitive barrier or revenue source.
 We have sought to protect our proprietary position by, among other things, filing patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our proprietary technologies, development programs and product candidates. The patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent

 applications or to maintain, defend and enforce any patents that may issue from such patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection.
 Further, any of our non-provisional patent applications may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover our proprietary products and technology, including our AV-101 product candidate or any other product candidate in the United States or in other foreign countries, in whole or in part. Although we enter into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to patentable aspects of our research and development output, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, contract research organizations, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties, any of these parties may breach these agreement and disclose such results before a patent application is filed, thereby jeopardizing our ability to seek patent protection.
 The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal, technological and factual questions and has, in recent years, been the subject of much debate and litigation throughout the world. In addition, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, or vice versa. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability, and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. The subject matter claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued, and its scope can be reinterpreted after issuance. Therefore, our pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued in relevant jurisdictions that protect our product candidates, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive product candidates, and even if our patent applications issue as patents in relevant jurisdictions, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection for our product candidates or technology, prevent competitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Additionally, our competitors may be able to circumvent our patents by developing similar or alternative product candidates or technologies in a non-infringing manner.
 In the United States, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years after it is filed. Various extensions may be available; however, the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Without patent protection for our current or future product candidates, we may be open to competition from generic versions of such products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.
 The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. We may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the USPTO or become involved in opposition, derivation, revocation, reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review or interference proceedings challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others, or other proceedings in the USPTO or applicable foreign offices that challenge priority of invention or other features of patentability. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could result in loss of exclusivity or freedom to operate, patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, in whole or in part, limit the scope or duration of the patent protection of AV-101 or any other product candidates that we may identify, all of which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical product candidates or technology to compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize product candidates or approved products (if any) without infringing third-party patent rights. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, regardless of the outcome, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates, or could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise funds necessary to continue our research programs or clinical trials. Such proceedings also may result in substantial cost and require significant time from our scientists and management, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us.
 We cannot be certain that the USPTO and courts in the United States or the patent offices and courts in foreign countries will consider the claims in our patents and applications covering our AV-101 product candidate and possible future product candidates as patentable. Method-of-use patents protect the use of a product for the specified method. This type of patent does not prevent a competitor from making and marketing a product that is identical to our product for an indication that is outside the scope of the patented method. Moreover, even if competitors do not actively promote their product for our

 targeted indications, physicians may prescribe these products off-label. Although off-label prescriptions may infringe or contribute to the infringement of method-of-use patents, the practice is common and such infringement is difficult to prevent, including through legal action.
 Intellectual property litigation could cause us to spend substantial resources and prevent us from pursuing our programs.
 From time to time we may have to defend our intellectual property rights. If we are involved in an intellectual property dispute, we may need to litigate to defend our rights or assert them against others. Disputes can involve arbitration, litigation or proceedings declared by the USPTO or the International Trade Commission or foreign patent authorities. Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses, and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and more mature and developed intellectual property portfolios.
 If we were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering our product candidate, the defendant could counterclaim that our patent is invalid or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States and in Europe, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, for example, lack of novelty, obviousness or non-enablement. Third parties might allege unenforceability of our patents because during prosecution of the patent an individual connected with such prosecution withheld relevant information or made a misleading statement. The outcome of proceedings involving assertions of invalidity and unenforceability during patent litigation is unpredictable. With respect to the validity of patents, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution, but that an adverse third party may identify and submit in support of such assertions of invalidity. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on our product candidate. Our patents and other intellectual property rights also will not protect our technology if competitors design around our protected technology without infringing our patents or other intellectual property rights.
 Because of the expense and uncertainty of litigation, we may not be in a position to enforce our intellectual property rights against third parties.
 Because of the expense and uncertainty of litigation, we may conclude that even if a third party is infringing our issued patent, any patents that may be issued as a result of our pending or future patent applications or other intellectual property rights, the risk-adjusted cost of bringing and enforcing such a claim or action may be too high or not in the best interest of our company or our stockholders. In such cases, we may decide that the more prudent course of action is to simply monitor the situation or initiate or seek some other non-litigious action or solution.
 Third parties may initiate or threaten legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.
 Our commercial success depends upon our ability and the ability of our strategic partners to develop, manufacture, market and sell our drugs and use our proprietary technologies without infringing the proprietary rights and intellectual property of third parties. Extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights is common in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. We may in the future become party to, or threatened with, adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our drugs and technology, including interference, derivation, reexamination, post-grant review, opposition, cancellation or similar proceedings before the USPTO or its foreign counterparts. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing patents or patents that may be granted in the future, resulting in payment of damages. These damages potentially include increased damages and

 attorneys' fees if we are found to have infringed such rights willfully. Parties making claims against us may seek and obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize our product candidates. We may not be aware of all such intellectual property rights potentially relating to our drugs and their uses. If a third party claims that our AV-101 product candidate, any other product candidates that we may identify, or our technology infringe its patents or other intellectual property rights, we or our partners may have to discontinue an important product or product line, alter our products and processes, pay license fees or cease certain activities. We could be required to obtain a license from such third party in order to continue developing and commercializing AV-101 or other product candidates. However, we may not be able to obtain a license to needed intellectual property on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Even if a license can be obtained on reasonable terms, the rights may be nonexclusive, which would give our competitors access to the same intellectual property rights. We might also be forced to redesign or modify our product candidates so that we no longer infringe the third-party intellectual property rights, which may result in significant cost or delay to us, or which redesign or modification could be impossible or technically infeasible. There are many patents issued or applied for in the biotechnology industry, and we may not be aware of patents or patent applications held by others that relate to our business. This is especially true since patent applications in the United States are filed confidentially for the first 18 months. Moreover, the validity and breadth of biotechnology patents involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal issues remain. Thus, we do not know with certainty that our drugs or our intended commercialization thereof, does and will not infringe or otherwise violate any third party's intellectual property.
 If we do not obtain additional protection under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments and similar foreign legislation cannot be obtained to extend the patent protection for a product candidate, business operations may be materially harmed.
 Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of the first FDA marketing authorization of a product candidate, a United States patent may be eligible for limited patent term restoration under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments allow the owner of an approved product to extend patent protection for up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. During this period of extension, the scope of protection is limited to the approved product and approved uses.
 Patent term restoration for products may not succeed if, for example, there is a failure to apply within applicable deadlines, failure to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failure to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than requested. Failure to obtain patent term restoration, or if the term of any such patent restoration is less than requested, competitors may enter the market and compete sooner than anticipated, and the ability to generate revenue could be materially adversely affected.
 We may not identify relevant third-party patents or may incorrectly interpret the relevance, scope or expiration of a third-party patent which might adversely affect our ability to develop, manufacture and market our product candidate.
 We cannot guarantee that any of our patent searches or analyses, including but not limited to the identification of relevant patents, analysis of the scope of relevant patent claims or determination of the expiration of relevant patents, are complete or thorough, nor can we be certain that we have identified each and every third-party patent and pending application in the United States, Europe and elsewhere that is relevant to or necessary for the commercialization of AV-101 or any other product candidates that we may identify in any jurisdiction. For example, in the United States, applications filed before November 29, 2000 and certain applications filed after that date that will not be filed outside the United States remain confidential until patents issue. Patent applications in the United States, EU and elsewhere are published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing for which priority is claimed, with such earliest filing date being commonly referred to as the priority date. Therefore, patent applications covering our product candidates could be filed by others without our knowledge. Additionally, pending patent applications that have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover AV-101 or any other product candidates that we may identify or the use of AV-101 or any other product candidates that we may identify. After issuance, the scope of patent claims remains subject to construction as determined by an interpretation of the law, the written disclosure in a patent and the patent's prosecution history. Our interpretation of the relevance or the scope of a patent or a pending application may be incorrect, which may negatively impact our ability to market our product candidates. We may incorrectly determine that AV-101 or any other product candidates that we may identify is not covered by a third-party patent or may incorrectly predict whether a third

 party's pending application will issue with claims of relevant scope. Our determination of the expiration date of any patent in the United States, the EU or elsewhere that we consider relevant may be incorrect, which may negatively impact our ability to develop and market AV-101 or any other product candidates that we may identify. Our failure to identify and correctly interpret relevant patents may negatively impact our ability to develop and market AV-101 or any other product candidates that we may identify.
 If we fail to correctly identify or interpret relevant patents, we may be subject to infringement claims. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully settle or otherwise resolve such infringement claims. If we fail in any such dispute, in addition to being forced to pay monetary damages, we may be temporarily or permanently prohibited from commercializing AV-101 or any other product candidates that we may identify. We might, if possible, also be forced to redesign AV-101 or any other product candidates that we may identify in a manner that no longer infringes third-party intellectual property rights. Any of these events, even if we were ultimately to prevail, could require us to divert substantial financial and management resources that we would otherwise be able to devote to our business.
 Changes in patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing the ability to protect product candidates.
 Recent court rulings, including rules from the United States Supreme Court, have narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on decisions by the United States Congress, the federal courts, and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that might be obtained in the future.
 In addition, the America Invents Act, or the AIA, which was passed in September 2011, resulted in significant changes to the U.S. patent system. An important change introduced by the AIA is that, as of March 16, 2013, the United States transitioned from a "first-to-invent" to a "first-to-file" system for deciding which party should be granted a patent when two or more patent applications are filed by different parties claiming the same invention. Under a "first-to-file" system, assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application generally will be entitled to a patent on the invention regardless of whether another inventor had made the invention earlier.
 Among some of the other changes introduced by the AIA are changes that limit where a patentee may file a patent infringement suit and providing opportunities for third parties to challenge any issued patent in the USPTO. This applies to all U.S. patents, even those issued before March 16, 2013. Because of a lower evidentiary standard in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in U.S. federal courts necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to invalidate the claim if first presented in a district court action.
 Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate patent claims that would not have been invalidated if first challenged by the third party as a defendant in a district court action. It is not clear what, if any, impact the AIA will have on the operation of our business. However, the AIA and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents.
 We may become involved in opposition, interference, derivation, inter partes review or other proceedings challenging our patent rights, and the outcome of any proceedings are highly uncertain. An adverse determination in any such proceeding could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights.
 There may be significant pressure on the U.S. government and international governmental bodies to limit the scope of patent protection both inside and outside the United States for disease treatments that prove successful, as a matter of public policy regarding worldwide health concerns.

 Further, a new court system recently became operational in the European Union. The Unified Patent Court, or UPC, began accepting patent cases on June 1, 2023. The UPC is a common patent court with jurisdiction over patent infringement and revocation proceedings effective for multiple member states of the European Union. The broad geographic reach of the UPC could enable third parties to seek revocation of any of our European patents in a single proceeding at the UPC rather than through multiple proceedings in each of the individual European Union member states in which the European patent is validated. Under the UPC, a successful revocation proceeding for a European patent under the UPC would result in loss of patent protection in those European Union countries. Accordingly, a single proceeding under the UPC could result in the partial or complete loss of patent protection in numerous European Union countries. Such a loss of patent protection could have a material adverse impact on our business and our ability to commercialize our technology and product candidates and, resultantly, on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations. Moreover, the controlling laws and regulations of the UPC will develop over time and we cannot predict what the outcomes of cases tried before the UPC will be. The case law of the UPC may adversely affect our ability to enforce or defend the validity of our European patents. Patent owners have the option to opt-out their European Patents from the jurisdiction of the UPC, defaulting to pre-UPC enforcement mechanisms. We have decided to opt out certain European patents and patent applications from the UPC. However, if certain formalities and requirements are not met, our European patents and patent applications could be subject to the jurisdiction of the UPC. We cannot be certain that our European patents and patent applications will avoid falling under the jurisdiction of the UPC, if we decide to opt out of the UPC.

 Obtaining and maintaining patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.
 The USPTO and European and other patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. In addition, periodic maintenance and annuity fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the USPTO and European and other patent agencies over the lifetime of a patent. While an inadvertent failure to make payment of such fees or to comply with such provisions can in many cases be cured by additional payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which non-compliance with such provisions will result in the abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, and the partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents within prescribed time limits.
 In June 2024, we announced our decision to halt enrollment and shut down the Phase 3 portion of IMPAHCT as well as the long-term extension study of AV-101 in PAH and we do not intend to continue to seek or maintain intellectual property protection on the technology underlying AV-101. If we fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering AV-101 or if we otherwise allow our patents or patent applications to be abandoned or lapse, it will result in partial or complete loss of patent rights.
 We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property.
 We generally enter into confidentiality and intellectual property assignment agreements with our employees, consultants, and contractors. These agreements generally provide that inventions conceived by the party in the course of rendering services to us will be our exclusive property. However, those agreements may not be honored and may not effectively assign intellectual property rights to us. Moreover, there may be some circumstances, where we are unable to negotiate for such ownership rights. Disputes regarding ownership or inventorship of intellectual property can also arise in other contexts, such as collaborations and sponsored research. If we are subject to a dispute challenging our rights in or to patents or other intellectual property, such a dispute could be expensive and time consuming. If we were unsuccessful, we could lose valuable rights in intellectual property that we regard as our own. The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship.

 We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties.
 We could in the future be subject to claims that we or our employees have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed alleged trade secrets or other confidential information of former employers or competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees and consultants do not use the intellectual property, proprietary information, know-how or trade secrets of others in their work for us, we may become subject to claims that we caused an employee to breach the terms of his or her non-competition or non-solicitation agreement, or that we or these individuals have, inadvertently or otherwise, used or disclosed the alleged trade secrets or other proprietary information of a former employer or competitor.
 While we may litigate to defend ourselves against these claims, even if we are successful, litigation could result in substantial costs and could be a distraction to management. If our defenses to these claims fail, in addition to requiring us to pay monetary damages, a court could prohibit us from using technologies or features that are essential to our product candidates, if such technologies or features are found to incorporate or be derived from the trade secrets or other proprietary information of the former employers. Moreover, any such litigation or the threat thereof may adversely affect our reputation, our ability to form strategic alliances or sublicense our rights to collaborators, engage with scientific advisors or hire employees or consultants, each of which would have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.
 We rely on trade secrets and confidentiality agreements to protect our unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information and to maintain our competitive position. Trade secrets and know-how can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect these trade secrets and other proprietary technology, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, collaborators consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. We cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that may have or has had access to our trade secrets or proprietary technology and processes. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to copy or reverse engineer certain aspects of our product candidates that we consider proprietary. Monitoring unauthorized uses and disclosures is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to protect our proprietary information will be effective.
 We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our confidential proprietary information by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems, but it is possible that these security measures could be breached. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor or other third party, we would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor or other third party, our competitive position would be materially and adversely harmed.
 If we and our partners do not adequately protect the trademarks and trade names for our products, then we and our partners may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.
 Our competitors or other third parties may challenge, infringe or circumvent the trademarks or trade names for our products. We and our partners may not be able to protect these trademarks and trade names. In addition, if the trademarks or trade names for one of our products infringe the rights of others, we or our partners may be forced to stop using the trademarks or trade names, which we need for name recognition in our markets of interest. If we cannot establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, we and our partners may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected.

 Risks Related to Government Regulation
 We may be unable to obtain regulatory approval under applicable regulatory requirements. The denial or delay of any such approval would delay commercialization of any product candidates and adversely impact our potential to generate revenue, our business and our results of operations.
 We have not previously submitted an NDA or any other marketing application to the FDA or similar filings to comparable foreign regulatory authorities. An NDA or other similar regulatory filing requesting approval to market a product candidate must include extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to establish that the product candidate is safe, effective, pure and potent for each desired indication. The NDA or other similar regulatory filing must also include significant information regarding the chemistry, manufacturing and controls for the product.
 The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, sale, marketing and distribution of pharmaceutical products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory authorities in the United States and other countries, and such regulations differ from country to country. Product candidates cannot be marketed in the United States or in any foreign countries until receiving the requisite approval from the applicable regulatory authorities of such jurisdictions.
 The FDA or any foreign regulatory bodies can delay, limit or deny approval of product candidates for many reasons, including:

 the inability to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA or the applicable foreign regulatory body that a product candidate is safe and effective for the requested indication;

 the FDA's or the applicable foreign regulatory agency's disagreement with trial protocol or the interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials;

 the inability to demonstrate that the clinical and other benefits of a product candidate outweigh any safety or other perceived risks;

 the FDA's or the applicable foreign regulatory agency's requirement for additional preclinical studies or clinical trials;

 the FDA's or the applicable foreign regulatory agency's non-approval of the formulation, labeling or specifications for a product candidate;

 the FDA's or the applicable foreign regulatory agency's failure to approve our manufacturing processes and facilities or the facilities of third-party manufacturers relied upon; or

 the potential for approval policies or regulations of the FDA or the applicable foreign regulatory agencies to significantly change in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient for approval.

 Of the large number of pharmaceutical products in development, only a small percentage successfully complete the FDA or other regulatory bodies' approval processes and are commercialized.
 Even if we eventually complete clinical testing and receive approval from the FDA or applicable foreign agencies for any product candidates, the FDA or the applicable foreign regulatory agency may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly additional clinical trials which may be required after approval. The FDA or the applicable foreign regulatory agency also may approve a product candidate for a more limited indication or a narrower patient population than originally requested, and the FDA, or applicable foreign regulatory agency, may not approve it with the labeling that is necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization.

 Should we in the future conduct clinical trials outside the United States, and the FDA, EMA and applicable foreign regulatory authorities may not accept data from such trials.
 The acceptance of trial data from clinical trials conducted outside the United States by the FDA, EMA, or applicable foreign regulatory authority may be subject to certain conditions. In cases where data from foreign clinical trials are intended to serve as the basis for marketing approval in the United States, the FDA will generally not approve the application on the basis of foreign data alone unless (i) the data are applicable to the United States population and United States medical practice; (ii) the trials were performed by clinical investigators of recognized competence and pursuant to GCP regulations; and (iii) the data may be considered valid without the need for an on-site inspection by the FDA or, if the FDA considers such an inspection to be necessary, the FDA is able to validate the data through an on-site inspection or other appropriate means. Additionally, the FDA's clinical trial requirements, including sufficient size of patient populations and statistical powering, must be met. Many foreign regulatory bodies have similar approval requirements.
 In addition, such foreign trials will be subject to the applicable local laws of the foreign jurisdictions where the trials are conducted. There can be no assurance that the FDA, EMA, or any applicable foreign regulatory authority will accept data from trials conducted outside of the United States. If the FDA, EMA, or any applicable foreign regulatory authority does not accept such data, it would result in the need for additional trials, which would be costly and time-consuming and delay the business plan, and which may result in a product candidate not receiving approval or clearance for commercialization in the applicable jurisdiction.
 Even if we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements, which may result in significant additional expenses. If approved, our product candidates could be subject to labeling and other restrictions, and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or experience unanticipated problems with any product candidates.
 We do not intend to resume development of AV-101 or commence development of any other product candidates. However, if we were to have a product candidate approved by the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority, it will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements for manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, advertising, promotion, sampling, record-keeping, conduct of post-marketing studies, and submission of safety, efficacy, and other post-market information, including both federal and state requirements in the United States and requirements of comparable foreign regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, establishment registration and listing, as well as continued compliance with current GMPs for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. Any regulatory approvals that we receive for our product candidates may also be subject to limitations on the approved indicated uses, including the duration of use, for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing studies, including Phase 4 clinical trials, and surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product. The FDA may also require a REMS in order to approve a product candidate, which could entail requirements for a medication guide, physician communication plans or additional elements to ensure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools.
 Manufacturers and manufacturers' facilities are required to comply with extensive FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authority requirements, including ensuring that quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to current GMP regulations and implementing tracking and tracing requirements for certain prescription pharmaceutical products. As such, we and our contract manufacturers will be subject to continual review and inspections to assess compliance with current GMP and adherence to commitments made in any approved marketing application. Accordingly, we and others with whom we work must continue to expend time, money, and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production, and quality control.
 In the event any future product candidates are approved, we would have to comply with requirements concerning advertising and promotion. Promotional communications with respect to prescription drugs are subject to a variety of legal and regulatory restrictions and must be consistent with the information in the product's approved label. As such, we may not promote a product candidate for indications or uses for which it does not have approval. However, companies may share truthful and not misleading information that is otherwise consistent with a product's FDA approved labeling. We

 also must submit new or supplemental applications and obtain approval for certain changes to product labeling, or manufacturing process.
 If we discover previously unknown problems with any product candidate, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where a product candidate is manufactured, or if the FDA disagrees with the promotion, marketing or labeling, the FDA may impose restrictions on it or us, including requiring withdrawal of it from the market. If we fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, the FDA and other regulatory authorities may, among other things:

 issue warning letters or other regulatory enforcement action;

 impose injunctions, fines or civil or criminal penalties;

 suspend or withdraw regulatory approval;

 suspend any clinical studies;

 refuse to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications;

 require revisions to the labeling, including limitations on approved uses or the addition of additional warnings, contraindications or other safety information, including boxed warnings;

 impose a REMS which may include distribution or use restrictions;

 require the conduct of an additional post-market clinical trial or trials to assess the safety of the product;

 impose restrictions on our operations, including closing our contract manufacturers' facilities where regulatory inspections identify observations of noncompliance requiring remediation; or

 restrict the marketing of the product, require a product recall, seizure or detention, or refuse to permit the import or export of the product.

 Any government action or investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response, and could generate negative publicity. Any failure to comply with ongoing regulatory requirements may significantly and adversely affect our ability to commercialize and generate revenue. If regulatory sanctions are applied or if regulatory approval is withdrawn, the value of our company and our operating results will be adversely affected.
 Moreover, the policies of the FDA and of other regulatory authorities may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of any product candidates. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative or executive action, either in the United States or abroad. In addition, if we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may be subject to enforcement action and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.
 We have received orphan drug designation from the FDA and EMA for AV-101 for treatment of PAH, but we may be unable to obtain additional designations or to maintain the benefits associated with orphan drug status, including the potential for non-patent market exclusivity.
 Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including the United States and Europe, may designate drugs for relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a drug or biologic as an orphan drug if it is a product intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally defined as a patient population of fewer than 200,000 individuals annually in the United States, or a patient population of 200,000 or more in the United

 States where there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing the product will be recovered from sales in the United States. In the United States, orphan drug designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as opportunities for grant funding towards clinical trial costs, tax advantages and user-fee waivers.
 Similarly, in the European Union, the European Commission, upon the recommendation of the EMA's Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products, may grant orphan designation in respect of products that are intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of life-threatening or chronically debilitating conditions and either (i) such condition affects not more than five in 10,000 persons in the European Union when the application is made or (ii) without incentives, it is unlikely that the marketing of the product would generate sufficient return in the European Union to justify the necessary investment in its development, and, in each case, for which no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention, or treatment has been authorized (or the product would be a significant benefit to those affected). In the European Union, orphan designation entitles a party to financial incentives such as reduction of fees or fee waivers.
 Generally, if a product with an orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first regulatory approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to a period of marketing exclusivity, which precludes the FDA or the EMA from approving another marketing application for the same product and indication for that time period, except in limited circumstances. Any competitor developing imatinib in the same indication with orphan drug designation may block our ability to obtain orphan drug exclusivity in the future if the competitor receives marketing approval before we do. The applicable exclusivity period is seven years in the United States and ten years in the European Union. The European Union exclusivity period can be reduced to six years if, at the end of the fifth year, it is established that a product no longer meets the criteria for orphan drug designation, including if the product is sufficiently profitable so that market exclusivity is no longer justified. Legislation has been proposed by the European Commission that, if implemented, has the potential in some cases to shorten the ten-year period of orphan drug exclusivity.
 We previously obtained orphan drug designation for AV-101 in the United States from the FDA, and in the European Union from the EMA, for the treatment of PAH. Even with orphan drug exclusivity, that exclusivity may not effectively protect a product from competition because different products can be approved for the same condition. Even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA or EMA can subsequently approve the same product for the same condition if the FDA or EMA concludes that the later product is clinically superior in that it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. In addition, a designated orphan drug may not receive orphan drug exclusivity if it is approved for a use that is broader than the indication for which it received orphan designation. Moreover, orphan drug exclusive marketing rights in the United States may be lost if the FDA later determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the product to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition or if another product with the same active moiety is determined to be safer, more effective, or represents a major contribution to patient care. Orphan drug designation neither shortens the development time or regulatory review time of a product nor gives the product any advantage in the regulatory review or approval process.
 Even if FDA approval is obtained in the United States, it does not guarantee approval for or successful commercialization of a product candidate outside of the United States, which would limit the ability to realize its full market potential.
 Marketing product candidates outside of the United States requires obtaining marketing authorizations and complying with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding quality, safety and efficacy. Clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by foreign regulatory authorities, and regulatory approval in one country does not mean that regulatory approval will be obtained in any other country. Approval processes vary among countries and can involve additional product testing and validation and additional administrative review periods. Seeking foreign regulatory approval could result in difficulties and costs for us and require additional non-clinical studies or clinical trials, which could be costly and time consuming. Regulatory requirements can vary widely from country to country and could delay or prevent the introduction of a product candidate in those countries. We, as a company, do not have experience in obtaining regulatory approval in international markets. Failing to comply with regulatory requirements in international markets or to obtain and maintain required approvals, or if regulatory approval in international markets is delayed, the target market will be reduced and the full market potential of such product candidate could not be realized.

 Our business operations and relationships with investigators, healthcare professionals, consultants, third-party payors, patient organizations and customers have been subject to applicable healthcare regulatory laws, which could expose us to penalties.
 Our business operations and arrangements with investigators, healthcare professionals, consultants, third-party payors, patient organizations and customers, may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the federal civil and criminal False Claims Act and Physician Payments Sunshine Act and regulations. These laws may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we conduct our operations, including how we research, market, sell and distribute product candidates, if approved.
 Ensuring that any internal operations and business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations involves substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations, agency guidance or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws. If operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental laws that may apply, it may result in significant penalties, including civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from government-funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid or similar programs in other countries or jurisdictions, integrity oversight and reporting obligations to resolve allegations of non-compliance, disgorgement, imprisonment, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and the curtailment or restructuring of operations. If any of the physicians or other providers or entities with which business is done are found to not be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to significant criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs and imprisonment, which could affect the ability to operate its business. Further, defending against any such actions can be costly, time-consuming and may require significant personnel resources.
 Healthcare legislative reform measures may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
 The United States and many foreign jurisdictions have enacted or proposed legislative and regulatory changes affecting the healthcare system that could prevent or delay regulatory approval of product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability to profitably sell a product for which regulatory approval is obtained. Changes in regulations, statutes or the interpretation of existing regulations could impact manufacturing arrangements, require additions or modifications to product labeling, result in the recall or discontinuation of products or result in additional record-keeping requirements. If any such changes were to be imposed, they could adversely affect business operations.
 Revenue prospects could be affected by changes in healthcare spending and policy in the United States and abroad. Healthcare is a highly regulated industry and new laws, regulations or judicial decisions, or new interpretations of existing laws, regulations or decisions, related to healthcare availability, the method of delivery or payment for healthcare products and services could negatively impact business, operations and financial condition.
 There have been, and likely will continue to be, legislative and regulatory proposals at the foreign, federal and state levels directed at broadening the availability of healthcare and containing or lowering the cost of healthcare. We cannot predict the initiatives that may be adopted in the future, including repeal, replacement or significant revisions to the ACA. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors, which may adversely affect future profitability.
 Inadequate funding for the FDA, the SEC and other government agencies, including from government-shutdowns, or other disruptions to these agencies' operations, could hinder their ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner or otherwise prevent those agencies from performing normal business functions on which the operation of our business may rely, which could negatively impact our business.
 The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, and statutory, regulatory and policy changes. Average review times at the agency have fluctuated in recent years as a result. Disruptions

 at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new product candidates to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect business operations of regulated entities. In addition, government funding of the SEC and other government agencies on which our operations may rely is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable.
 Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new product candidates to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies. For example, over the last several years the United States government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA and the SEC, have had to furlough critical FDA, SEC and other government employees and stop critical activities. Further, future government shutdowns could impact the ability to access the public markets and obtain necessary capital in order to properly capitalize and continue our operations.
 Risks Related to Employee Matters
 Our insurance policies may be inadequate and potentially expose us to unrecoverable risks.
 We have limited director and officer insurance and product liability insurance policies. Any significant insurance claims would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Insurance availability, coverage terms, including deductibles and pricing, continue to vary with market conditions. We endeavor to obtain appropriate insurance coverage for insurable risks that we identify; however, we may fail to correctly anticipate or quantify insurable risks, we may not be able to obtain appropriate insurance coverage, and insurers may not respond as we intend to cover insurable events that may occur. We have observed rapidly changing conditions in the insurance markets relating to nearly all areas of traditional corporate insurance. Such conditions have resulted in higher premium costs, higher policy deductibles and lower coverage limits. For some risks, we may not have or maintain insurance coverage because of cost or availability.
 We may be unable to adequately protect our information systems and infrastructure from cyberattacks and other cybersecurity incidents, which could result in the disclosure or compromise of confidential or proprietary information, including personal data, damage to our reputation, and subject us to significant financial and legal exposure.
 We rely on information technology systems that we or our third-party providers operate to process, transmit and store electronic information in our day-to-day operations. In connection with our product discovery efforts, we may collect and use a variety of personal data, such as names, mailing addresses, email addresses, phone numbers and clinical trial information. A successful cyberattack or other cybersecurity incident could result in the theft or destruction of this personal data, intellectual property, other data, or other misappropriation of assets, or otherwise compromise our confidential or proprietary information and disrupt our operations. Cybersecurity incidents are increasing in their frequency, sophistication, level of persistence and intensity, and are being conducted by sophisticated and organized groups and individuals with a wide range of motives and expertise. Cyberattacks could include wrongful conduct by hostile foreign governments, industrial espionage, wire fraud and other forms of cyber fraud, the deployment of harmful malware, denial-of-service, ransomware, social engineering fraud or other means to threaten data security, confidentiality, integrity and availability. We may also face increased cybersecurity risks due to our reliance on internet technology and the number of our employees who are working remotely, which may create additional opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit vulnerabilities. Furthermore, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to, or to sabotage, systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. We may also experience cybersecurity incidents that may remain undetected for an extended period. A successful cyberattack could cause serious negative consequences for us, including, without limitation, the disruption of operations, the misappropriation of confidential business information, including financial information, trade secrets, financial loss and the disclosure of corporate strategic plans. Although we devote resources to protect our information systems, we realize that cybersecurity incidents are a threat, and there can be no assurance that our efforts will prevent cybersecurity incidents that would result in business, legal, financial or reputational harm to us, or would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We maintain cybersecurity insurance in the event of a cybersecurity incident; however, the coverage may not be sufficient to cover all financial losses. Any failure to prevent or mitigate cybersecurity incidents or improper access to, use of, or disclosure or compromise of our clinical data or patients' personal data could result in significant liability under state (e.g., state breach notification

 laws), federal, and international law and may cause a material adverse impact to our reputation, affect our ability to conduct new studies and potentially disrupt our business.
 We rely on our third-party providers to implement effective security measures and identify and correct for any such failures, deficiencies or breaches. If we or our third-party providers fail to maintain or protect our information technology systems and data integrity effectively or fail to anticipate, plan for or manage significant disruptions to our information technology systems, we or our third-party providers could have difficulty preventing, detecting and controlling such cyber-attacks and any such incidents could result in the losses described above as well as disputes with physicians, patients and our partners, regulatory sanctions or penalties, increases in operating expenses, other expenses or lost revenues or other adverse consequences, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, prospects and cash flows. Any failure by such third parties to prevent or mitigate cybersecurity incidents or improper access to or disclosure or compromise of such information could have similarly adverse consequences for us. If we are unable to prevent or mitigate the impact of such cybersecurity incidents, we could be exposed to litigation and governmental investigations, which could lead to a potential disruption to our business. By way of example, the California Consumer Privacy Act as amended by the CCPA provides a private right of action for data breaches impacting California residents.
 Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
 Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.
 Under Section 382 of the Code, if a corporation undergoes an "ownership change" (generally defined as a greater than 50 percentage point change (by value) in the ownership of its equity over a three year period), the corporation's ability to use its pre-change net operating loss, or NOL, carryforwards and certain other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post-change income may be limited. We may have experienced such ownership changes in the past, and we may experience ownership changes in the future or subsequent shifts in our stock ownership, some of which are outside our control. As of December 31, 2024, we had federal NOL carryforwards of approximately $95.7 million and are accruing additional NOLs in calendar year 2024, which will be added to the NOL carryover balance once the current year is completed. Our ability to utilize our NOL carryforwards could be limited by an "ownership change" as described above, which could result in increased tax liability to us. Furthermore, our ability to utilize our NOLs or credits is conditioned upon our attaining profitability and generating United States federal and state taxable income. As a result, the amount of the NOL and tax credit carryforwards presented in our financial statements could be limited and may expire unutilized. Federal NOL carryforwards generated since our incorporation in July 2018 will not be subject to expiration. However, any such NOL carryforwards may only offset 80% of our annual taxable income.

 Changes in tax law may adversely affect us or our investors.
 The rules dealing with U.S. federal, state and local income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the Internal Revenue Service and the U.S. Treasury Department. Changes to tax laws (which changes may have retroactive application) could adversely affect us or holders of our common stock. In recent years, many changes have been made and changes are likely to continue to occur in the future. For example, under Section 174 of the code, in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2021, expenses that are incurred for research and development in the U.S. are capitalized and amortized, which may have an adverse effect on our cash flow. In addition, it is unclear how these U.S. federal income tax changes will affect state and local taxation.
 It cannot be predicted whether, when, in what form, or with what effective dates, new tax laws may be enacted, or regulations and rulings may be enacted, promulgated or issued under existing or new tax laws, which could result in an increase in our or our shareholders' tax liability or require changes in the manner in which we operate in order to minimize or mitigate any adverse effects of changes in tax law or in the interpretation thereof.
 Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.
 Our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change of control of our company or changes in our board of directors that our stockholders might consider favorable. Some of these provisions include:

 a board of directors divided into three classes serving staggered three-year terms, such that not all members of the board of directors will be elected at one time;

 a prohibition on stockholder action through written consent, which requires that all stockholder actions be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;

 a requirement that special meetings of the stockholders may be called only by the board of directors acting pursuant to a resolution approved by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors then in office, and special meetings of stockholders may not be called by any other person or persons;

 advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals and nominations for election to our board of directors;

 a requirement that no member of our board of directors may be removed from office by our stockholders except for cause and, in addition to any other vote required by law, upon the approval of not less than two-thirds (2/3) of all outstanding shares of our voting stock then entitled to vote in the election of directors;

 a requirement of approval of not less than a majority of all outstanding shares of our voting stock to amend any bylaws by stockholder action and not less than two-thirds (2/3) of all outstanding shares of our voting stock to amend specific provisions of our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation; and

 the authority of the board of directors to issue preferred stock on terms determined by the board of directors without stockholder approval, which preferred stock may include rights superior to the rights of the holders of common stock.

 In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporate Law, which may prohibit certain business combinations with stockholders owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock. These anti-takeover provisions and other provisions in our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws could make it more difficult for stockholders or potential acquirers to obtain control of our board of directors or initiate actions that are opposed by the then-current board of directors and could also delay or impede a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving our company. These provisions could

 also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for our stockholders to elect directors of their choosing or cause us to take other corporate actions our stockholders desire. Any delay or prevention of a change of control transaction or changes in our board of directors could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
 Our amended and restated bylaws designate certain courts as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.
 Our amended and restated bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for any state law claim for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, and employees to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws (including the interpretation, validity or enforceability thereof) or (iv) any action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each case subject to the Court of Chancery having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein, or the Delaware Forum Provision. The Delaware Forum Provision will not apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. Our amended and restated bylaws further provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, or the Federal Forum Provision. In addition, our bylaws provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our common stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the foregoing provisions; provided, however, that stockholders cannot and will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.
 We recognize that the Delaware Forum Provision in our amended and restated bylaws may impose additional litigation costs on stockholders in pursuing any such claims, particularly if the stockholders do not reside in or near the State of Delaware. Additionally, the forum selection clauses in our amended and restated bylaws may limit our stockholders' ability to bring a claim in a forum that they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees even though an action, if successful, might benefit our stockholders. In addition, while the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in March 2020 that federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court were "facially valid" under Delaware law, there is uncertainty as to whether other courts will enforce our Federal Forum Provision. If the Federal Forum Provision is found to be unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters. The Federal Forum Provision may also impose additional litigation costs on stockholders who assert that the provision is not enforceable or invalid. The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or less favorable to us than our stockholders.
 General Risk Factors
 Unfavorable global economic or political conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
 Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets. A global financial crisis or a global or regional political disruption could cause extreme volatility in the capital markets and lead to diminished liquidity and credit availability, higher interest rates, declines in consumer confidence and economic growth, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability. For instance, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a period of considerable uncertainty and volatility and interest rates in the United States have recently increased to levels not seen in decades. In addition, the impact of geopolitical tension, such as a deterioration in the bilateral relationship between the United States and China or the ongoing war in Ukraine and the conflict in the Middle East, including any resulting sanctions, export controls or other restrictive actions, also could lead to disruption, instability, and volatility in the global markets, as well as disruptions to our business. A severe or prolonged economic downturn or political disruption could result in a variety of risks to our business, our strategic prospects and our ability to

 raise additional capital as needed on acceptable terms, if at all. Any of the foregoing could harm our business and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the political or economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business.
 Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, such as actual events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults, or non-performance by financial institutions or transactional counterparties, could adversely affect our current and projected business operations and its financial condition and results of operations.
 Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems. For example, on March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation as receiver. Similarly, on March 12, 2023, Signature Bank and Silvergate Capital Corp. were each swept into receivership; since then, additional financial institutions have experienced similar failures and have been placed into receivership. It is possible that other banks will face similar difficulty in the future. We had no exposure to the SVB closure and did not experience any adverse impact to our liquidity or to our current and projected business operations, financial condition or results of operations. However, uncertainty remains over liquidity concerns in the broader financial services industry, and there may be additional impacts to our business and our industry that we cannot predict at this time. Similar impacts have occurred in the past, such as during the 2008-2010 financial crisis.

 Although we assess our banking and customer relationships as we believe necessary or appropriate, our access to funding sources and other credit arrangements in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our current and projected future business operations could be significantly impaired by factors that affect us, the financial institutions with which we have credit agreements or arrangements directly, or the financial services industry or economy in general. These factors could include, among others, events such as liquidity constraints or failures, the ability to perform obligations under various types of financial, credit or liquidity agreements or arrangements, disruptions or instability in the financial services industry or financial markets, or concerns or negative expectations about the prospects for companies in the financial services industry. These factors could involve financial institutions or financial services industry companies with which we have financial or business relationships, but could also include factors involving financial markets or the financial services industry generally.

 The results of events or concerns that involve one or more of these factors could include a variety of material and adverse impacts on our current and projected business operations and our financial condition and results of operations. These could include, but may not be limited to, the following:

 Delayed access to deposits or other financial assets or the uninsured loss of deposits or other financial assets;

 Delayed or lost access to, or reductions in borrowings available under revolving existing credit facilities or other working capital sources and/or delays, inability or reductions in our ability to refund, roll over or extend the maturity of, or enter into new credit facilities or other working capital resources;

 Potential or actual breach of contractual obligations that require us to maintain letters of credit or other credit support arrangements; or

 Termination of cash management arrangements and/or delays in accessing or actual loss of funds subject to cash management arrangements.

 Any decline in available funding or access to our cash and liquidity resources could, among other risks, adversely impact our ability to meet our operating expenses, financial obligations or fulfill our other obligations, result in breaches of our financial and/or contractual obligations or result in violations of federal or state wage and hour laws. Any of these impacts, or any other impacts resulting from the factors described above or other related or similar factors not described above, could have material adverse impacts on our liquidity and our current and/or projected business operations and financial condition and results of operations.

 In addition, any further deterioration in the macroeconomic economy or financial services industry could lead to losses or defaults by our suppliers, which in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our current and/or projected business operations and results of operations and financial condition. For example, a supplier may determine that it will no longer deal with us as a customer or a supplier could be adversely affected by any of the liquidity or other risks that are described above as factors that could result in material adverse impacts on us, including but not limited to delayed access or loss of access to uninsured deposits or loss of the ability to draw on existing credit facilities involving a troubled or failed financial institution. Any supplier bankruptcy or insolvency, or the failure of any customer to make payments when due, or any breach or default by a supplier, or the loss of any significant supplier relationships, could result in material losses to us and may have a material adverse impact on our business.
 Our business is affected by macroeconomic conditions, including rising inflation, interest rates and supply chain constraints.
 Various macroeconomic factors could adversely affect our business and the results of our operations and financial condition, including changes in inflation, interest rates and overall economic conditions and uncertainties such as those resulting from the current and future conditions in the global financial markets. For instance, recent supply chain constraints have led to higher inflation, which if sustained could have a negative impact on our development of future product candidates, as well as our business and results of operations. If inflation or other factors were to significantly increase our business costs, our ability to develop our current pipeline and new therapeutic products may be negatively affected. Interest rates, the liquidity of the credit markets and the volatility of the capital markets could also affect the operation of our business and our ability to raise capital on favorable terms, or at all, in order to fund our operations.

 Our employees and independent contractors, including principal investigators, consultants, commercial collaborators, service providers and other vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
 We are exposed to the risk that our employees and independent contractors, including principal investigators, consultants, any future commercial collaborators, service providers and other vendors may engage in misconduct or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or other unauthorized activities that violate the laws and regulations of the FDA and other similar regulatory bodies, including those laws that require the reporting of true, complete and accurate information to such regulatory bodies; manufacturing standards; United States federal and state fraud and abuse laws, data privacy and security laws and other similar non-United States laws; or laws that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data. Activities subject to these laws also involve the improper use or misrepresentation of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, the creation of fraudulent data in our preclinical studies or clinical trials, or illegal misappropriation of product, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees and other third-parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. In addition, we are subject to the risk that a person or government could allege such fraud or other misconduct, even if none occurred. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and financial results, including, without limitation, the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, disgorgement, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other United States federal healthcare programs or healthcare programs in other jurisdictions, integrity oversight and reporting obligations to resolve allegations of non-compliance, imprisonment, other sanctions, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings and curtailment of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.
 Actual or perceived failures to comply with United States and foreign privacy and data protection laws, regulations and standards may adversely affect our business, operations and financial performance.
 We are subject to or affected by numerous federal, state and foreign laws and regulations, as well as regulatory guidance, governing the collection, use, disclosure, retention, and security of personal information, such as information that we

 collect about patients and healthcare providers in connection with clinical trials in the United States and abroad. The global data protection landscape is rapidly evolving, and implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. This evolution may create uncertainty in our business, affect our or any service providers', contractors' or future collaborators' ability to operate in certain jurisdictions or to collect, store, transfer, use and share personal information, necessitate the acceptance of more onerous obligations in our contracts, result in liability or impose additional costs on us. The cost of compliance with these laws, regulations and standards is high and is likely to increase in the future. Any failure or perceived failure by us or our collaborators, service providers and contractors to comply with federal, state or foreign laws or regulations, our internal policies and procedures or our contracts governing processing of personal information could result in negative publicity, diversion of management time and effort and proceedings against us by governmental entities or others. In many jurisdictions, enforcement actions and consequences for noncompliance are rising.
 As our operations and business grow, we may become subject to or affected by new or additional data protection laws and regulations and face increased scrutiny or attention from regulatory authorities. In the United States, HIPAA imposes, among other things, certain standards relating to the privacy, security, transmission and breach reporting of individually identifiable health information. Certain states have also adopted comparable privacy and security laws and regulations, some of which may be more stringent than HIPAA. Such laws and regulations will be subject to interpretation by various courts and other governmental authorities, thus creating potentially complex compliance issues for us and our future customers and strategic partners. For example, the CCPA gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches. The CCPA may increase our compliance costs and potential liability. Following the amendment of the CCPA by the California Privacy Rights Act, or CPRA, the CCPA is implemented and enforced by a new California data protection agency, which may result in increased regulatory scrutiny of California businesses in the areas of data protection and security. The effects of the CCPA, as amended by the CPRA, are potentially significant and may require us to modify our data collection or processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply and increase our potential exposure to regulatory enforcement and/or litigation.
 Certain other state laws impose similar privacy obligations and we also anticipate that more states will increasingly enact legislation similar to the CCPA. Already, laws similar to the CCPA have been passed in numerous other states. While these laws incorporate many similar concepts of the CCPA, there are also several key differences in the scope, application, and enforcement of the laws that will change the operational practices of regulated entities. In addition, Washington state recently passed a comprehensive health information privacy law. Proposed and newly enacted legislation may add additional complexity, variation in requirements, restrictions and potential legal risk, require additional investment of resources in compliance programs, impact strategies and the availability of previously useful data and could result in increased compliance costs and/or changes in business practices and policies.
 Our operations abroad may also be subject to increased scrutiny or attention from data protection authorities. Many countries in these regions have established or are in the process of establishing privacy and data security legal frameworks with which we, our collaborators, service providers, including our CROs, and contractors must comply. For example, the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (with regards to the EEA), and the UK GDPR (with regards to the UK), as well as applicable national data protection legislation and requirements. In this document, GDPR refers to both EU GDPR and the UK GDPR, unless specified otherwise. The GDPR is wide-ranging in scope and imposes numerous requirements on companies that process personal information, including requirements relating to having a legal basis for processing personal data, stricter requirements relating to the processing of sensitive data (such as health sensitive data), where required by GDPR obtaining consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, providing information to individuals regarding data processing activities, implementing safeguards to protect the security and confidentiality of personal data, providing notification of data breaches, requirements to conduct data protection impact assessments for high risk processing and taking certain measures when engaging third-party processors. Failure to comply with the requirements of the GDPR may result in warning letters, mandatory audits, orders to cease/change the use of data, and financial penalties, including fines of up to 4% of global revenues, or 20,000,000 Euro ( 17.5 million for the UK), whichever is greater. The GDPR also confers a private right of action on data subjects and consumer associations to lodge complaints with supervisory authorities, seek judicial remedies, and obtain compensation for damages resulting from violations of the GDPR.

 The GDPR provides that EEA Member States may make their own further laws and regulations in relation to the processing of genetic, biometric or health data, which could result in differences between Member States, limit our ability to use and share personal data or could cause our costs to increase, and harm our business and financial condition.

 The GDPR also includes restrictions on cross-border transfers of personal data to countries outside the EEA and UK that are not considered by the European Commission or UK Government as providing adequate protection to personal data, including the United States, unless a valid GDPR mechanism (for example, the European Commission approved Standard Contractual Clauses, or SCCs, and the UK International Data Transfer Agreement/Addendum, or UK IDTA) has been put in place. Where relying on the SCCs or UK IDTA for data transfers, we may also be required to carry out transfer impact assessments to assess whether the recipient is subject to local laws which allow public authority access to personal data. Further, the EU and United States have adopted its adequacy decision for the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework, or the Framework, which entered into force on July 11, 2023. This Framework provides that the protection of personal data transferred between the EU and the United States is comparable to that offered in the EEA. This provides a further avenue to ensuring transfers to the United States are carried out in line with GDPR. There has been an extension to the Framework to cover UK transfers to the United States. The Framework could be challenged like its predecessor frameworks. The international transfer obligations under the EEA and UK data protection regimes will require significant effort and cost, and may result in us needing to make strategic considerations around where EEA and UK personal data is transferred and which service providers we can utilize for the processing of EEA and UK personal data. Although the UK is regarded as a third country under the EU GDPR, the European Commission has issued a decision recognizing the UK as providing adequate protection under the EU GDPR, or Adequacy Decision, and, therefore, transfers of personal data originating in the EEA to the UK remain unrestricted. The UK government has confirmed that personal data transfers from the UK to the EEA remain free flowing. The UK Government has also now introduced a Data Protection and Digital Information Bill, UK Bill, into the UK legislative process. The aim of the UK Bill is to reform the UK's data protection regime following Brexit. If passed, the final version of the UK Bill will have the effect of further altering the similarities between the UK and EEA data protection regime and threaten the UK Adequacy Decision from the European Commission. This may lead to additional compliance costs and could increase our overall risk. The respective provisions and enforcement of the EU GDPR and UK GDPR may further diverge in the future and create additional regulatory challenges and uncertainties.
 In addition, many jurisdictions outside of Europe are also considering and/or enacting comprehensive data protection legislation. For example, as of August 2020, the Brazilian General Data Protection Law imposes stringent requirements similar to GDPR with respect to personal information collected from individuals in Brazil.
 In China, there have also been recent significant developments concerning privacy and data security. On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People's Congress published the Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China, or the Data Security Law, which took effect on September 1, 2021. The Data Security Law requires data processing (which includes the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision and publication of data), to be conducted in a legitimate and proper manner. The Data Security Law imposes data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data processing activities and also introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development and the degree of harm it may cause to national security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations if such data are tampered with, destroyed, leaked, illegally acquired or illegally used. The appropriate level of protection measures is required to be taken for each respective category of data.
 Also in China, on August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the PRC promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law, or PIPL, which took effect on November 1, 2021. PIPL raises the protection requirements for processing personal information, and many specific requirements of the PIPL remain to be clarified. Fines for PIPL violations range from $7.7 million to up to 5% of the infringing company's previous year's revenues. We may be required to make further significant adjustments to our business practices to comply with the personal information protection laws and regulations in China.
 Although we work to comply with applicable laws, regulations and standards, our contractual obligations and other legal obligations, because the interpretation and application of many privacy and data protection laws (including the GDPR), commercial frameworks, and standards are uncertain, it is possible that these laws, frameworks, and standards may be

 interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing data management practices and policies. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, lawsuits, breach of contract claims, and other claims and penalties, we could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our solutions, which could have an adverse effect on our business. Any inability to adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable privacy and security or data security laws, regulations, and policies, could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit our ability to conduct trials, and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
 We are an "emerging growth company" as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act and a "smaller reporting company" as defined in the Exchange Act, and will be able to avail ourselves of reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies and smaller reporting companies, which could make our common stock less attractive to investors and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
 We are an "emerging growth company," as defined in the JOBS Act. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.235 billion or more; (ii) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of our IPO; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of June 30th. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include:

 not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404;

 not being required to comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor's report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements;

 providing only two years of audited financial statements in addition to any required unaudited interim financial statements and a correspondingly reduced "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" disclosure;

 the requirement to provide detailed compensation discussion and analysis in proxy statements and reports filed under the Exchange Act and instead provide a reduced level of disclosure regarding executive compensation; and

 exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved and some of the disclosure requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act relating to compensation of executive officers.

 Although we are still evaluating the JOBS Act, we currently intend to take advantage of some, but not all, of the available exemptions available to us so long as we qualify as an "emerging growth company." We have taken advantage of reduced reporting burdens in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In particular, we have provided only two years of audited financial statements and have not included all of the executive compensation information that would be required if we were not an emerging growth company. We cannot predict whether investors will find our common stock less attractive if we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.
 In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to "opt out" of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we will adopt the new or revised standard at the time public companies adopt the new or revised standard.

 As a result, changes in rules of United States generally accepted accounting principles or their interpretation, the adoption of new guidance or the application of existing guidance to changes in our business could significantly affect our financial position and results of operations. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting so long as we qualify as an "emerging growth company," which may increase the risk that material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting go undetected. Likewise, so long as we qualify as an "emerging growth company," we may elect not to provide you with certain information, including certain financial information and certain information regarding compensation of our executive officers, that we would otherwise have been required to provide in filings we make with the SEC, which may make it more difficult for investors and securities analysts to evaluate our company. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock, and our stock price may be more volatile and may decline.
 Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may still qualify as a "smaller reporting company," which would allow us to continue to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.
 We may not pay any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future, other than the Cash Dividend in connection with the Merger, and capital appreciation, if any, will be our stockholders' sole source of gain.
 We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We intend to declare and pay to the holders of record of outstanding shares of our common stock as of a record date prior to the Effective Time of the Merger, to be set by the our board of directors as close as reasonably practicable to (but not later than) the anticipated date of Closing. Otherwise, we may retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. In addition, the terms of any future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be our stockholders' sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.
 We incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.
 As a public company, and particularly after we are no longer an "emerging growth company," we will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq have imposed various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect that these rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance.
 Pursuant to Section 404, we are required to furnish a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting. Management's certification under Section 404 was provided with this annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. However, while we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To achieve compliance with Section 404 within the prescribed period, we have engaged in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we have been and will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that neither we nor our independent registered public accounting firm will be able to conclude within

 the prescribed timeframe that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404. This could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements. In addition, if we are not able to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on Nasdaq.
 If we fail to establish and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, our operating results and our ability to operate our business could be harmed.
 Ensuring that we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place so that we can produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis is a costly and time-consuming effort that needs to be re-evaluated frequently. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. In connection with our IPO, we began the process of documenting, reviewing and improving our internal controls and procedures for compliance with Section 404, which will require annual management assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.
 Implementing any appropriate changes to our internal controls may distract our officers and employees, entail substantial costs to modify our existing processes, and take significant time to complete. These changes may not, however, be effective in maintaining the adequacy of our internal controls, and any failure to maintain that adequacy, or consequent inability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, could increase our operating costs and harm our business. In addition, investors' perceptions that our internal controls are inadequate or that we are unable to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis may harm our stock price.
 Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.
 We are subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. We designed our disclosure controls and procedures to reasonably assure that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
 If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they publish negative evaluations of our stock, the price of our stock could decline.
 The trading market for our common stock will rely in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have control over these analysts. There can be no assurance that existing analysts will continue to provide research coverage or that new analysts will begin to provide research coverage. Although we have obtained analyst coverage, if one or more of the analysts covering our business downgrade their evaluations of our stock, the price of our stock could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover our stock, we could lose visibility in the market for our stock, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline.
 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity
 Cyber Risk Management and Strategy
 We rely on information technology systems that we or our third-party providers operate to process, transmit and store electronic information in our day-to-day operations. To help protect against risks from cybersecurity threats to these systems, we have implemented cybersecurity processes in accordance with our risk profile and business that are informed by a recognized cybersecurity industry standard.
 Our cybersecurity risk management process includes a number of components implemented by internal and external resources, including security monitoring tools, penetration tests and vulnerability assessments, and employee cybersecurity awareness training. We also engage the services of external partners who provide information security services to help maintain our hardware and software, assist with security monitoring on our devices, and help us draft and implement appropriate information security policies.
 As part of our cybersecurity risk management process, we take a risk-based approach to the evaluation of third-party vendors based on the criticality and size of the vendor. This process includes a review by our external partners, as appropriate.
 Governance Related to Cybersecurity Risks
 Our President meets regularly with representatives from our external partners to, as applicable, review aspects of the Company's cybersecurity processes or evaluate risks from cybersecurity threats.
 Management, including our President and Chief Financial Officer, reports to the Audit Committee on our major cybersecurity risk exposures, their potential impact on us, and the steps we take to manage them. The Audit Committee considers the Company's cybersecurity risk exposures and the steps that the Company's management has taken to monitor and control such exposures in connection with the Audit Committee's discussion of the Company's risk assessment and management guidelines.
 The Audit Committee reviews and discusses, at least annually, the Company's cybersecurity risks, including the Company's information security and risk management programs, controls and procedures, as well as high level review of the threat landscape facing the Company and the Company's strategy to mitigate cybersecurity risks and potential security incidents. The Audit Committee also reviews the recovery and communication plans for any unplanned outage or security incident.
 The Audit Committee receives periodic updates from management regarding cybersecurity matters and is notified between such updates regarding significant new cybersecurity threats or incidents. The Audit Committee provides updates to the board of directors regarding such oversight.
 Item 2. Properties
 Our headquarters is located in Waltham, Massachusetts, where we lease approximately 5,000 square feet of office space, or the Waltham Lease. Our Waltham Lease expires in December 2025. We also lease approximately 3,500 square feet of office space located in Foster City, California which expires in October 2025, or the Foster City Lease. We believe that our existing facilities, as well as facilities available for rent, are sufficient for our current needs and our needs for the foreseeable future.
 Item 3. Legal Proceedings
 From time to time we may become subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of our business activities. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we are not currently a party to any claim or litigation, the outcome of which, if determined adversely to us, would individually or in the aggregate be reasonably expected to have a material adverse effect on our business. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
 Not applicable.
 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
 Our common stock trades under the symbol "AVTE" on The Nasdaq Global Market and has been publicly traded since June 30, 2021. Prior to this time, there was no public market for our common stock.
 Holders of Our Common Stock
 As of March 24, 2025, there was one holder of record of shares of our common stock. This number does not include stockholders for whom shares are held in "nominee" or "street" name.
 Dividend Policy
 We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying cash dividends on the our common stock for the foreseeable future, except the Cash Dividend that we will declare and pay to the holders of record of outstanding shares of our common stock as of a record date prior to the effective time of the Merger, to be set by our board of directors as close as reasonably practicable to (but not later than) the anticipated date of Closing. The aggregate amount of the Cash Dividend is expected to equal approximately $65.0 million, subject to certain adjustments depending on our net cash. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any determination to pay cash dividends subsequent to the Merger will be at the discretion of the combined company's then-current board of directors and will depend upon a number of factors, including the combined company's results of operations, financial condition, future prospects, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors the then-current board of directors deems relevant.
 Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
 Information about our equity compensation plans is incorporated herein by reference from our Registration Statement on Form S-4, as amended, which is deemed to be a definitive proxy statement under Section 14a-6 of the Exchange Act, that has been filed with the SEC on March 25, 2025, or the 2025 Proxy Statement, under the caption "Equity Compensation Plan Information."
 Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities
 None.
 Use of Proceeds from our Public Offering of Common Stock
 On July 2, 2021, we closed our IPO in which we issued and sold 9,984,463 shares of common stock, including the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase up to 1,302,321 additional shares of common stock, at a public offering price of $14.00 per share. All of the shares of common stock issued and sold in our IPO were registered under the Securities Act pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-256949), which was declared effective by the SEC on June 29, 2021. Jefferies LLC, Cowen and Company, LLC and Evercore Group L.L.C. acted as joint book-running managers for the IPO.
 The aggregate net proceeds to us from the IPO, inclusive of the over-allotment exercise, was approximately $126.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of approximately $12.9 million. No offering expenses were paid directly or indirectly to any of our directors or officers (or their associates) or persons owning 10% or more of any class of our equity securities or to any other affiliates.

 There has been no material change in the planned use of IPO proceeds from that described in our final prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4) under the Securities Act on June 30, 2021.
 Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
 We did not purchase any of our registered equity securities during the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 Item 6. Reserved.

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
 The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs, and involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of certain events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of several factors, including those discussed in the section titled "Risk Factors" included under Part I, Item 1A and elsewhere in this Annual Report. See "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" in this Annual Report.
 Overview
 We are a biopharmaceutical company. Our initial focus was on advancing AV 101, our dry powder inhaled formulation of imatinib for the treatment of PAH a devastating disease impacting approximately 70,000 people in the United States and Europe. On June 17, 2024, we announced topline results from the Phase 2b portion of our Phase 2b/Phase 3 IMPAHCT. Topline data showed that, while AV-101 was generally well tolerated across all dose groups, the study did not meet its primary endpoint for improvement in pulmonary vascular resistance compared to placebo for any of the studied doses or show meaningful improvements in the secondary endpoint of change in six minute walk distance. We also reviewed data from several additional secondary endpoints of the Phase 2b portion of IMPAHCT, which also failed to show meaningful improvements. Based upon these results and in agreement with the independent study advisory committee, we halted enrollment and shut down the Phase 3 portion of IMPAHCT as well as the long-term extension study. AV-101 for the treatment of PAH was our only product candidate in development. We do not intend to resume development of AV-101 or any other product candidates. In July 2024, we announced the decision to conduct a comprehensive review of strategic alternatives focused on maximizing shareholder value. We also engaged Wedbush PacGrow as our exclusive strategic financial advisor to assist in the process of exploring strategic alternatives, which may include but are not limited to, an acquisition, merger, reverse merger, business combination, liquidation or other transaction.
 Recent Developments
 In June 2024, following our decision to halt further development of AV-101, we announced our plan to terminate nearly all of our workforce in the coming months, or the Workforce Reduction Plan. As of December 31, 2024, 47 individuals, or approximately 92% of our workforce, have been terminated. The affected individuals have been and will be provided severance benefits, including cash severance payments. Each affected individual's eligibility for severance benefits is contingent upon entering into a separation agreement, which includes a general release of claims against our company. In connection with the Workforce Reduction Plan, we incurred costs (in consideration of releases) of approximately $6.7 million, which are primarily one-time severance benefits.

 On October 30, 2024, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement, by and among us, Caribbean Merger Sub I, Inc., a Delaware corporation and our wholly owned subsidiary, or Merger Sub I, Caribbean Merger Sub II, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and our wholly owned subsidiary, or Merger Sub II and together with Merger Sub I, Merger Subs, and Jade Biosciences, Inc., a Delaware corporation, or Jade, pursuant to which, and subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, among other things, Merger Sub I will merge with and into Jade, with Jade surviving the merger as the surviving corporation, or the First Merger, and as part of the same overall transaction, Jade will merge with and into Merger Sub II, with Merger Sub II continuing as our

 wholly owned subsidiary and the surviving corporation of the merger, or the Second Merger and together with the First Merger, the Merger. The Merger is intended to qualify for federal income tax purposes as a tax-free reorganization under the provisions of Section 368(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.
 In addition, in connection with the closing of the Merger, or the Closing, we expect to declare a cash dividend to our pre-Merger stockholders of approximately $65.0 million in the aggregate, or the Cash Dividend, provided such amount is subject to adjustment as set forth in the Merger Agreement.
 Subject to the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the Merger, or the Effective Time, (a) each then-outstanding share of Jade's common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, or Jade Common Stock, will be converted into the right to receive a number of shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, or Aerovate Common Stock, based on a ratio calculated in accordance with the Merger Agreement, or the Exchange Ratio, provided that any unvested restricted shares of Jade Common Stock will be subject to the same terms and conditions (including, without limitation, vesting and repurchase provisions) that are otherwise applicable to such unvested shares as of immediately prior to the Effective Time, (b) each then-outstanding share of Jade's preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share, or Jade Preferred Stock, will be converted into the right to receive a number of shares of our newly authorized convertible preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share, equal to (x) the Exchange Ratio divided by (y) 1,000, (c) each then-outstanding option to purchase Jade Common Stock will be assumed by us, subject to adjustment as set forth in the Merger Agreement and (d) each then-outstanding warrant to purchase shares of Jade Common Stock or Jade Preferred Stock will be assumed by us, subject to adjust as set forth in the Merger Agreement.
 We and Jade have each agreed to customary representations, warranties and covenants in the Merger Agreement, including, among others, covenants relating to (1) obtaining the requisite approval of our respective stockholders, (2) non-solicitation of alternative acquisition proposals and (3) the conduct of our respective businesses during the period between the date of signing the Merger Agreement and the Closing.
 On October 30, 2024, Jade entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement, or the Purchase Agreement, with certain existing Jade stockholders and new investors, or the Investors. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, and subject to the terms and conditions thereof, Jade agreed to sell, and the Investors agreed to purchase, immediately prior to the consummation of the Merger, shares of Jade Common Stock and pre-funded warrants for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $300.0 million, or the Concurrent Investment, which reflects the conversion of the previously issued $95.0 million of convertible notes. The consummation of the Concurrent Investment is conditioned on the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement and in the Purchase Agreement. Shares of Jade Common Stock and pre-funded warrants issued pursuant to this financing transaction will be converted into shares of Aerovate Common Stock and pre-funded warrants to acquire shares of Aerovate Common Stock, in accordance with the Exchange Ratio and the Merger Agreement.
 Consummation of the Merger is subject to certain closing conditions, including, among other things, (1) requisite approval by our stockholders, (2) approval by the requisite Jade stockholders of the adoption and approval of the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby, (3) Nasdaq's approval of the listing of the shares of Aerovate Common Stock to be issued in connection with the Merger, and (4) an executed Purchase Agreement for the Concurrent Investment in full force and effect evidencing cash proceeds of not less than $80.0 million to be received by the combined company immediately prior to or following the Closing.
 The Merger Agreement contains certain termination rights of each of us and Jade. Upon termination of the Merger Agreement under specified circumstances, we may be required to pay Jade a termination fee of $2,340,000, and in certain other circumstances, Jade may be required to pay us a termination fee of $5,250,000.
 Pursuant to a Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series A Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock to be filed by us with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, or the Certificate of Designation in connection with the Merger Agreement and the transactions thereunder, we will establish the terms of a new series of preferred stock designated as Series A Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, our Series A Preferred Stock. Holders of our Series A Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive dividends on shares of our Series A Preferred Stock equal to, on an as-if-converted-to-our common stock basis, and in the same form as dividends actually paid on shares of our common

 stock. Except as otherwise required by the Certificate of Designation or law, our Series A Preferred Stock will not have voting rights. However, as long as any shares of our Series A Preferred Stock are outstanding, we will not, without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of our Series A Preferred Stock, (a) alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights given to our Series A Preferred Stock, (b) alter or amend the Certificate of Designation, (c) amend our certificate of incorporation, bylaws or other charter documents in any manner that adversely affects any rights of the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock, (d) file any articles of amendment, certificate of designations, preferences, limitations and relative rights of any series of Preferred Stock (as defined in the Certificate of Designation), if such action would adversely alter or change the preferences, rights, privileges or powers of, or restrictions provided for the benefit of our Series A Preferred Stock, (e) issue further shares of our Series A Preferred Stock or increase or decrease (other than by conversion) the number of authorized shares of our Series A Preferred Stock, (f) at any time while at least 30% of the originally issued Series A Preferred Stock remains issued and outstanding, consummate either (A) a Fundamental Transaction (as defined in the Certificate of Designation) or (B) any merger or consolidation of our Company or other business combination in which our stockholders immediately before such transaction do not hold at least a majority of the capital stock of our Company immediately after such transaction, or (f) enter into any agreement with respect to any of the foregoing. Our Series A Preferred Stock does not have a preference upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of our Company.
 Following the closing of the First Merger, each share of our Series A Preferred Stock then outstanding shall be convertible, at any time and from time to time, at the option of the holder of our Series A Preferred Stock, into a number of shares equal to 1,000 shares of our common stock, subject to certain limitations, including that a holder of our Series A Preferred Stock is prohibited from converting shares of our Series A Preferred Stock into shares of our common stock if, as a result of such conversion, such holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own more than a specified percentage (initially set at 19.99%) of the total number of shares of our common stock issued and outstanding immediately after giving effect to such conversion.
 At the Effective Time, our board of directors of is expected to consist of six members, all of whom will be designated by Jade.
 Concurrently and in connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement, (i) certain stockholders of Jade (solely in their respective capacities as Jade stockholders) holding approximately 99% of the outstanding shares of Jade capital stock have entered into support agreements with us and Jade to vote all of their shares of Jade capital stock in favor of the adoption and approval of the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby and (ii) certain of our stockholders holding approximately 38.1% of the outstanding shares of Aerovate Common Stock have entered into support agreements with us and Jade to vote all of their shares of Aerovate Common Stock in favor of, among other things, the adoption and approval of the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby.

 At-The-Market Offering
 On April 5, 2023, we entered into an ATM Equity Offering SM Sales Agreement, or the Sales Agreement, with BofA Securities, Inc., or the Agent, pursuant to which we established an "at-the-market" offering program to sell, from time to time, at our option, up to an aggregate of $75.0 million of shares of our common stock, through the Agent, as our sales agent. As of December 31, 2024, 3,462,721 shares have been sold under the Sales Agreement, generating $67.9 million of net proceeds after deducting commissions to the Agent and other offering costs. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, up to $6.0 million of shares of our common stock remain available for sale from time to time under the Sales Agreement.
 Components of Results of Operations
 Revenue
 We currently have no products approved for sale, and we have not generated any revenue to date. At this time, we do not intend to resume development of AV-101 or any other product candidates, and as a result, we currently do not anticipate generating revenue. Our ability to generate product revenue will depend on the successful development and eventual

 commercialization of any future drug candidates we may pursue. If we do not resume development activities or if we resume development but fail to obtain regulatory approval for any future drug candidates, our ability to generate future revenue and our results of operations and financial position would be materially adversely affected.
 Operating Expenses
 Research and Development
 Prior to mid-June, our research and development expenses have related to the development of AV-101. Since our decision to halt further development of AV-101, we have also incurred costs related to shutting down our clinical trials and research and development operations. Research and development expenses are recognized as incurred and payments made prior to the receipt of goods or services to be used in research and development are capitalized until the goods or services are received.
 Research and development expenses include:

 external research and development expenses incurred under agreements with CROs and consultants to conduct and support clinical trials of AV-101 and our preclinical studies;

 costs related to manufacturing AV-101 for use in clinical trials;

 personnel-related costs, including salaries, payroll taxes, employee benefits, stock-based compensation charges and severance, for those individuals involved in research and development efforts; and

 costs related to shutting down clinical trials of AV-101.

 Our research and development expenses consist principally of direct costs, such as fees paid to CROs, investigative sites and consultants in connection with our clinical trials, preclinical and non-clinical studies, and costs related to manufacturing clinical trial materials. We deploy our personnel related resources across all of our research and development activities. We track direct expenses on a clinical and non-clinical basis.
 The successful development of any future product candidates is highly uncertain. Therefore, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and estimated costs of the efforts that would be necessary to complete the potential development and commercialization of any future product candidates. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, material net cash inflows will commence from the sale of potential future product candidates, if approved. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing product candidates, including the uncertainty of:

 per patient trial costs;

 the number of trials required for approval;

 the number of sites included in the trials;

 the countries in which the trials are conducted;

 the length of time required to enroll eligible patients;

 the number of patients that participate in the trials;

 the number of doses evaluated in the trials;

 the drop-out or discontinuation rates of patients;

 potential additional safety monitoring requested by regulatory agencies;

 the duration of patient participation in the trials and follow-up; and

 the efficacy and safety profile of the product candidate.

 General and Administrative
 General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs, including salaries, payroll taxes, employee benefits, stock-based compensation and severance charges for those individuals in executive, finance and other administrative functions. Other significant costs include legal fees relating to intellectual property and corporate matters, professional fees for accounting and consulting services, and insurance costs. Our general and administrative expenses decreased for the second half of 2024 as we decreased the size of our organization in connection with the Workforce Reduction Plan. Our future general and administrative expenses will be significantly dependent on our ability to successfully consummate the Merger, related audit and legal expenses and whether we decide to pursue any future product development efforts.
 Results of Operations
 Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023
 The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

 2024

 2023

 Change

 (unaudited)

 Operating expenses:

 Research and development

 $

 53,187

 $

 64,219

 $

 (11,032)

 General and administrative

 21,409

 17,190

 4,219

 Total operating expenses

 74,596

 81,409

 (6,813)

 Loss from operations

 (74,596)

 (81,409)

 6,813

 Other income (expense):

 Interest income

 5,042

 5,945

 (903)

 Other expense

 (19)

 (1)

 (18)

 Total other income

 5,023

 5,944

 (921)

 Net loss before income taxes

 (69,573)

 (75,465)

 5,892

 Provision for income taxes

 (1)

 $

 (69,628)

 $

 (75,521)

 $

 5,893

 Research and Development Expenses
 Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $53.2 million compared to $64.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease of $11.0 million was primarily due to decreases of $6.6 million in clinical trial costs, $3.2 million in contract manufacturing costs, and $2.3 million in headcount related costs, partially offset by lower regulatory and other costs of $1.1 million.
 General and Administrative Expenses
 General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $21.4 million compared to $17.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase of $4.2 million was primarily due to a $2.4 million increase in legal and consulting costs, a $1.3 million increase in headcount related and stock based compensation expense, and a $0.9 million increase in travel and other miscellaneous costs, offset by decreases of $0.4 million in insurance costs.

 Total Other Income
 Other income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $5.0 million compared to $5.9 million of other income for the year ended December 31, 2023. The change was primarily due to interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments for the year ended December 31, 2024.
 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 From our inception through December 31, 2024, we have received aggregate net proceeds of $79.8 million from the sale of shares of our convertible preferred stock and $5.0 million from convertible promissory notes to related parties. In July 2021, we completed our IPO with aggregate net proceeds from the offering of $126.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering costs.
 On October 30. 2024, we entered into the Merger Agreement pursuant to which, subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions therein, Merger Sub I will merge with and into Jade, with Jade surviving the first merger as the surviving corporation and as part of the same overall transaction, Jade will merge with and into Merger Sub II, with Merger Sub II continuing as our wholly owned subsidiary and the surviving corporation of the second merger. The closing of the Merger is subject to approval by our stockholders and the stockholders of Jade and other customary closing conditions. Our future operations are highly dependent on the success of the proposed Merger with Jade.
 At-the-Market Offering

 On April 5, 2023, we entered into the Sales Agreement with the Agent, pursuant to which we can sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate of $75.0 million of shares of our common stock, through the Agent, as our sales agent. As of December 31, 2024, 3,462,721 shares have been sold under the Sales Agreement, generating $67.9 million of net proceeds after deducting commissions to the Agent and other offering costs. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, up to $6.0 million of shares of our common stock remain available for sale from time to time under the Sales Agreement.
 Future Funding Requirements
 We have prepared operating plans and cash flow forecasts which indicate that our existing cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments on-hand of $78.6 million will be sufficient to fund our planned operations for at least twelve months from the filing date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. However, our forecast of the period of time through which our financial resources will be adequate to support our operations is a forward-looking statement that involves risks and uncertainties, and actual results could vary materially. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could deplete our capital resources sooner than we expect. Additionally, the process of conducting clinical trials is costly, and the timing of progress and expenses in these trials is uncertain.
 Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

 the costs and timing of the Merger;

 our ability to successfully consummate the Merger;

 the costs and timing of any future product development efforts;

 the costs associated with retaining key personnel and consultants, and hiring additional personnel should we decide to resume development activities;

 the terms and timing of establishing and maintaining collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements;

 the timing and amount of the milestone or other payments we must make to any future licensors, if we enter into any license agreements;

 the costs and timing of establishing or securing sales and marketing capabilities if a product candidate is approved;

 our ability to achieve sufficient market acceptance, coverage and adequate reimbursement from third- party payors and adequate market share and revenue for any approved products;

 patients' ability and willingness to pay out-of-pocket costs for any approved products in the absence of coverage and/or adequate reimbursement from third-party payors; and

 costs associated with any products or technologies that we may in-license or acquire.

 We expect to finance our cash needs through our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. However, we may be unable to enter into arrangements when needed on favorable terms or at all. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be or could be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders. Debt financing and equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise funds through collaborations, or other similar arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or drug candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us and/or may reduce the value of our common stock. Our failure to raise capital or enter into such other arrangements when needed could have a negative impact on our financial condition and on our ability to pursue our business plans and strategies. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market our drug candidates even if we would otherwise prefer to develop and market such drug candidates ourselves.
 Contractual Obligations and Commitments
 In August 2021, we entered into the Waltham Lease. The base rent under the Waltham Lease is $43.00 per rentable square foot, or approximately $18,000 per month and is subject to scheduled annual increases of $1.00 per rentable square foot during the lease term. In January 2024, we entered into the First Amendment to the Waltham Lease resulting in the lease expiring on December 31, 2025, and an increase of $1.00 per rentable square foot during the additional lease term. In obtaining this lease extension, we no longer have the option to extend the Waltham Lease for one additional period of three years.
 In April 2022, we entered into the Foster City Lease. The base rent under the Foster City Lease is $76.80 per rentable square foot, or approximately $22,600 per month and is subject to scheduled annual increases of 3% on each annual anniversary during the lease term. The term of the Foster City Lease is thirty-nine months, unless extended or earlier terminated pursuant to the terms of the Foster City Lease. We have the option to extend the Foster City Lease for one additional period of one year.
 As of December 31, 2024, we do not have any other operating lease obligations, long-term debt obligations, capital lease obligations, purchase obligations or long-term liabilities.
 We enter into contracts in the normal course of business for contract research services, contract manufacturing services, professional services and other services and products for operating purposes. These contracts generally provide for termination after a notice period, and, therefore, are cancelable contracts and not included above.

 Cash Flows
 Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023
 The following table sets forth a summary of the net cash flow activity for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

 2024

 2023

 (unaudited)

 Net cash used in operating activities

 $

 (71,196)

 $

 (56,778)

 Net cash provided by investing activities

 56,029

 11,876

 Net cash provided by financing activities

 25,427

 45,996

 Net increase in cash and cash equivalents

 $

 10,260

 $

 1,094

 Operating Activities
 Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $71.2 million, consisting primarily of our net loss incurred during the period of $69.6 million adjusted for non-cash charges of $11.3 million for stock-based compensation expense, $2.2 million of accretion on investments, $0.5 million of depreciation and impairment expense, and $11.2 million for net changes in operating assets and liabilities. The net change in operating assets and liabilities primarily related to a $0.3 million increase in prepaid expenses, a $0.6 million decrease in other assets, and a $12.1 million decrease in accounts payable and accrued and other current liabilities.
 Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $56.8 million, consisting primarily of our net loss incurred during the period of $75.5 million adjusted for $8.9 million of noncash charges and $9.7 million for net changes in operating assets and liabilities. Noncash charges consisted primarily of $11.9 million in stock-based compensation expense, partially offset by $3.1 million of amortization of our investments. The net change in operating assets and liabilities related to a $9.8 million increase in accounts payables and accrued liabilities, a $0.5 million increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets, partially offset by a $0.4 million decrease in liabilities and $0.1 million decrease in other long-term assets.
 Investing Activities
 Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 of $56.0 million consisted of maturities of short-term investments of $75.7 million, offset by purchases of short-term investments of $19.7 million.
 Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $11.9 million consisted of maturities of short-term investments of $136.0 million, offset by purchases of short-term investments of $124.0 million and $0.1 million for purchases of property and equipment.
 Financing Activities
 Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 of $25.4 million consisted of $23.6 million in net proceeds received from sales of common stock under the Sales Agreement, after deducting Agent commissions, $0.3 million of payments made for offering costs, and $1.8 million of proceeds from stock option exercises and issuances of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan.
 Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 consisted of $44.9 million in net proceeds received from sales of common stock under the Sales Agreement, after deducting Agent commissions, $1.3 million of proceeds from stock option exercises and issuances of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan, offset by $0.2 million of payments made for offering costs.

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, expenses and the related disclosures of contingent liabilities in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates and assumptions on historical experience and other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates under different assumptions, judgments or conditions.
 See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a summary of significant accounting policies and the effect on our consolidated financial statements.
 Research and Development Expenses
 We are required to estimate our expenses resulting from obligations under contracts with vendors, consultants and CROs, in connection with conducting research and development activities. The financial terms of these contracts are subject to negotiations, which vary from contract to contract and may result in payment flows that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided under such contracts. We reflect research and development expenses in our consolidated financial statements by matching those expenses with the period in which services and efforts are expended. We account for these expenses according to the progress of the preclinical or clinical study as measured by the timing of various aspects of the study or related activities. We determine clinical trial cost estimates through review of the underlying contracts along with preparation of financial models taking into account discussions with research and other key personnel and outsider service providers as to the progress of studies or other services being conducted. During the course of a study, we adjust our rate of expense recognition if actual results differ from our estimates.
 Emerging Growth Company Status
 As an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act we can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to "opt out" of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we will adopt the new or revised standard at the time public companies adopt the new or revised standard. The decision to opt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act is irrevocable.
 Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
 See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10 K for a summary of recently issued accounting pronouncements.
 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
 Interest Rate Risk
 We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks primarily include interest rate sensitivities related to our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. We invest our excess cash primarily in money market funds, commercial paper, corporate debt securities and U.S. Treasury bills. We mitigate credit risk by maintaining a well-diversified portfolio and limiting the amount of investment exposure as to institution, maturity and investment type.
 Because of the short-term maturities of our cash equivalents and short-term investments, along with the low risk profile of our investments, we do not believe that an increase in market rates would have any significant impact on the realized value of our investments. An immediate 100 basis point change in interest rates would not have a material effect on the fair market value of our cash equivalents and short-term investments.

 Inflation Fluctuation Risk
 Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor. We do not believe that inflation had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
 The consolidated financial statements required to be filed pursuant to this Item 8 are appended to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. An index of those consolidated financial statements is found in Item 15, Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
 None.
 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
 Management's Evaluation of our Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 We maintain "disclosure controls and procedures," as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and our management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2024. Based upon such evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of such date.
 Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, and effected by our board of directors, management, and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and includes those policies and procedures that:

 pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets;
 provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors; and
 provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.

 Under the supervision of and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework provided in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring

 Organizations of the Treadway Commission in (2013 Framework). Based on this evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.
 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm
 This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm due to an exemption established by the JOBS Act for "emerging growth companies."
 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 Item 9B. Other Information.
 (a)
 None.
 (b)
 Rule 10b5-1 Plans

 On November 4, 2024, Timothy Noyes, our Chief Executive Officer, terminated a trading arrangement that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c), or the Noyes 10b5-1 Plan. The Noyes 10b5-1 Plan was entered into on November 27, 2023, and commenced on April 1, 2024, with a termination date of the earlier of July 31, 2025, or the date all shares under the plan were sold. The aggregate number of securities sold under the Noyes 10b5-1 Plan was 40,000.
 On November 4, 2024, Ralph Niven, our former Chief Scientific Officer, terminated a trading arrangement that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c), or the Niven 10b5-1 Plan. The Niven 10b5-1 Plan was entered into on April 9, 2024, and commenced on August 8, 2024, with a termination date of the earlier of April 9, 2025, or the date all shares under the plan were sold. There were no securities sold under the Niven 10b5-1 Plan.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.
 Not applicable.
 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
 The information required by this Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference from our Registration Statement on Form S-4, as amended, which is deemed to be a definitive proxy statement under Section 14a-6 of the Exchange Act, that has been filed with the SEC on March 25, 2025, or the 2025 Proxy Statement, under the captions "Proposal No. 7 – The Director Election Proposal," "Aerovate Executive Officers and Corporate Governance," and "Proposal No. 8 – The Auditor Ratification Proposal.".

 Item 11. Executive Compensation.
 The information required by this Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference from the 2025 Proxy Statement, including the information in the 2025 Proxy Statement appearing under the captions "Aerovate Executive Compensation" and "Aerovate Executive Officers and Corporate Governance."
 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
 The information required by this Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference from the 2025 Proxy Statement, including the information in the 2025 Proxy Statement appearing under the captions "Equity Compensation Plan Information" and "Principal Stockholders of Aerovate."
 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
 The information required by this Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference from the 2025 Proxy Statement, including the information in the 2025 Proxy Statement appearing under the captions "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions of the Combined Company" and "Proposal No. 7 – The Director Election Proposal."
 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.
 Our independent public accounting firm is KPMG LLP, San Diego, California (PCAOB Auditor ID: 185).
 The information required by this Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference from the 2025 Proxy Statement, including the information in the 2025 Proxy Statement appearing under the caption "Proposal No. 8 – The Auditor Ratification Proposal.".
 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
 1. All financial statements.
 Our consolidated financial statements, together with the report thereon of KPMG LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, are included in this annual report on Form 10-K beginning on page F-1.
 2. Financial statement schedules.
 All schedules have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not applicable or is shown in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
 3. Exhibits
 A list of exhibits is set forth on the Exhibit Index immediately preceding the signature page of this annual report on Form 10-K and is incorporated herein by reference.
 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
 We have elected not to include summary information.

 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Auditor Firm ID: 185)

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
 To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
 Aerovate Therapeutics, Inc.:
 Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Aerovate Therapeutics, Inc. and subsidiary (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
 Basis for Opinion
 These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
 Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 /s/ KPMG LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2019.

 San Diego, California
 February 24, 2025

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
 (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT SHARE AND PER SHARE AMOUNTS)

 2024

 2023

 Assets

 Current assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents

 $

 33,751

 $

 23,491

 Short-term investments

 44,872

 98,948

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets

 1,494

 1,793

 Total current assets

 80,117

 124,232

 Property and equipment, net

 Operating lease right-of-use assets

 Other long-term assets

 —

 2,284

 Total assets

 $

 80,332

 $

 127,418

 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

 Current liabilities:

 Accounts payable

 $

 $

 2,396

 Accrued and other current liabilities

 3,187

 14,821

 Operating lease liabilities

 Total current liabilities

 3,828

 17,637

 Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion

 —

 Other liabilities

 Total liabilities

 3,898

 17,962

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 5)

 Stockholders' equity:

 Preferred stock, $ 0.0001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively; no shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively

 —

 —

 Common stock, $ 0.0001 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively; 28,985,019 and 27,762,703 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively

 Additional paid-in capital

 309,378

 272,640

 Accumulated other comprehensive gain

 Accumulated deficit

 ( 233,052)

 ( 163,424)

 Total stockholders' equity

 76,434

 109,456

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

 $

 80,332

 $

 127,418

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
 (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT SHARE AND PER SHARE AMOUNTS)

 2024

 2023

 Operating expenses:

 Research and development

 $

 53,187

 $

 64,219

 General and administrative

 21,409

 17,190

 Total operating expenses

 74,596

 81,409

 Loss from operations

 ( 74,596)

 ( 81,409)

 Other income (expense):

 Interest income

 5,042

 5,945

 Other expense:

 ( 19)

 ( 1)

 Total other income

 5,023

 5,944

 Net loss before income taxes

 ( 69,573)

 ( 75,465)

 Provision for income taxes

 $

 $

 Comprehensive loss:

 $

 $

 Other comprehensive loss:

 Unrealized (loss) gain on securities

 ( 132)

 Comprehensive loss

 $

 ( 69,760)

 $

 ( 74,818)

 Net loss per share, basic and diluted

 $

 ( 2.44)

 $

 ( 2.87)

 Weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding, basic and diluted

 28,582,194

 26,331,630

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
 (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT SHARE AMOUNTS)

 Accumulated

 Additional

 Other

 Total

 Common Stock

 Paid-In

 Comprehensive

 Accumulated

 Stockholders'

 Shares

 Amount

 Capital

 (Loss) Income

 Deficit

 Equity

 Balance at December 31, 2022

 24,722,974

 $

 $

 215,110

 $

 ( 466)

 $

 ( 87,903)

 $

 126,743

 Unrealized gain on investments

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Stock based compensation

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Issuance of common stock in connection with ATM, net

 2,662,721

 44,282

 —

 —

 44,283

 Vesting of restricted stock units

 9,913

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options

 338,987

 —

 —

 —

 Issuance of common stock under ESPP

 28,108

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Balance at December 31, 2023

 27,762,703

 $

 $

 272,640

 $

 $

 ( 163,424)

 $

 109,456

 Unrealized loss on investments

 —

 —

 —

 ( 132)

 —

 ( 132)

 Issuance of common stock in connection with ATM, net

 800,000

 —

 23,635

 —

 —

 23,635

 Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options

 382,790

 —

 1,484

 —

 —

 1,484

 Issuance of common stock under ESPP

 34,034

 —

 —

 —

 Vesting of restricted stock units

 5,492

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Stock based compensation

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 —

 Balance at December 31, 2024

 28,985,019

 $

 $

 309,378

 $

 $

 ( 233,052)

 $

 76,434

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 (IN THOUSANDS)

 Year ended December 31,

 2024

 2023

 Cash flow from operating activities:

 $

 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:

 Stock-based compensation expense

 Depreciation and amortization expense

 Impairment of right-of-use asset

 —

 Accretion of discounts and amortization of premiums on investments, net

 ( 2,248)

 ( 3,057)

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets

 Other long-term assets

 ( 110)

 Accounts payable

 ( 2,172)

 ( 164)

 Accrued and other liabilities

 ( 9,913)

 9,999

 Operating lease assets and liabilities, net

 ( 109)

 ( 26)

 Other liabilities

 ( 384)

 Net cash used in operating activities

 $

 ( 71,196)

 $

 ( 56,778)

 Cash flow from investing activities:

 Purchases of short-term investments

 ( 19,683)

 ( 123,982)

 Maturities of short-term investments

 75,712

 136,000

 Purchases of property and equipment

 —

 ( 142)

 Net cash provided by investing activities

 $

 56,029

 $

 11,876

 Cash flow from financing activities:

 Proceeds from sale of common stock in connection with ATM, net

 23,942

 44,888

 Payments for offering costs

 ( 307)

 ( 234)

 Proceeds from issuance of common stock under ESPP

 Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options

 1,484

 Net cash provided by financing activities

 $

 25,427

 $

 45,996

 Net increase in cash and cash equivalents

 10,260

 1,094

 Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year

 23,491

 22,397

 Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period

 $

 33,751

 $

 23,491

 Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities:

 Right-of-use asset obtained in exchange for operating lease liability

 $

 $

 —

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 (1) ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
 (a)

 Organization and Nature of Operations

 Aerovate Therapeutics Inc. ("Aerovate" or the "Company") was incorporated in the state of Delaware in July 2018, and is headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts. The Company has a wholly owned subsidiary, Aerovate Securities Corporation. The Company is a biopharmaceutical company. The Company's initial focus was on advancing AV-101, the Company's dry powder inhaled formulation of imatinib for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension ("PAH"). However, in June 2024, the Company announced negative results from the Phase 2b portion of its global Phase 2b/Phase 3 trial of AV-101 in adults with PAH, and, as a result, the Company decided to halt enrollment and shut down the Phase 3 portion of the Phase 2b/Phase 3 trial as well as the long-term extension study. In June 2024, the Company announced a corporate restructuring and in July 2024, the Company engaged Wedbush Securities Inc. as the Company's exclusive strategic financial advisor to assist in the process of exploring strategic alternatives, including but not limited to an acquisition, merger, reverse merger, business combination, liquidation or other transaction.
 On October 30, 2024, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement"), by and among the Company, Caribbean Merger Sub I, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company ("Merger Sub I"), Caribbean Merger Sub II, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company ("Merger Sub II" and together with Merger Sub I, the "Merger Subs"), and Jade Biosciences, Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Jade"), pursuant to which, and subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, among other things, Merger Sub I will merge with and into Jade, with Jade surviving the merger as the surviving corporation (the "First Merger"), and as part of the same overall transaction, Jade will merge with and into Merger Sub II, with Merger Sub II continuing as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company and the surviving corporation of the merger (the "Second Merger" and together with the First Merger, the "Merger"). In addition, in connection with the closing of the Merger (the "Closing"), the Company expects to declare a cash dividend to its pre-Merger stockholders of approximately $ 65.0 million in the aggregate (the "Cash Dividend"), provided such amount is subject to adjustment as set forth in the Merger Agreement. The Merger was approved by the Company's board of directors (the "Board"), and the Board resolved to recommend approval of the Merger Agreement to the Company's stockholders. The Closing is subject to approval by the stockholders of the Company and Jade as well as other customary closing conditions, including the effectiveness of a registration statement filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") in connection with the transaction. If the Merger is completed, the business of Jade will continue as the business of the combined company.
 (b)

 At-the-Market Offering

 On April 5, 2023, the Company entered into an ATM Equity Offering SM Sales Agreement (the "Sales Agreement") with BofA Securities, Inc., or the Agent, pursuant to which the Company can sell, from time to time, at its option, up to an aggregate of $ 75.0 million of shares of its common stock, through the Agent, as its sales agent. As of December 31, 2024, 3,462,721 shares have been sold under the Sales Agreement, generating $ 67.9 million of net proceeds after deducting commissions to the Agent and other offering costs. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, up to $ 6.0 million of shares of the Company's common stock remain available for sale from time to time under the Sales Agreement.
 (c)

 Liquidity and Management Plans

 Since inception, the Company has devoted substantially all of its resources to research and development activities, business planning, establishing and maintaining its intellectual property portfolio, hiring personnel, raising capital, and providing general and administrative support for these operations and has not realized revenues from its planned principal operations. The Company has incurred losses and negative cash flows from operations since

 inception. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of $ 78.6 million.
 Management believes that the Company's current cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments will provide sufficient funds to enable the Company to meet its obligations for at least twelve months from the filing date of this report while it explores strategic alternatives.
 (2) BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
 (a)

 Basis of Presentation

 The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") and include the Company's wholly owned subsidiary, Aerovate Securities Corporation. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
 (b)

 Use of Estimates

 The preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Reported amounts and note disclosures reflect the overall economic conditions that are most likely to occur and anticipated measures management intends to take. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Accounting estimates and management judgements reflected in the consolidated financial statements include: normal recurring accruals, including the accrual for research and development expenses, stock-based compensation, fair value of investments, and operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed quarterly. Any revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised and in any future periods affected.
 (c)

 Cash and Cash Equivalents

 Cash and cash equivalents include cash in readily available checking accounts, money market funds and commercial paper. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents.
 (d)

 Short-term Investments

 Short-term investments consist of corporate debt securities, commercial paper and U.S. Treasury bills, classified as available-for-sale securities and have maturities of greater than three months. The Company has classified all of its available-for-sale investment securities as current assets on the consolidated balance sheets because these are considered highly liquid securities and are available for use in current operations. The Company carries these securities at fair value and reports unrealized gains and losses as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. The cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of purchase premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. Such amortization and accretion is included in interest income in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Realized gains and losses on sales of securities are determined using the specific identification method and recorded in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.
 (e)

 Concentration of Credit Risk

 Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk, consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. The Company maintains cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments with various high credit quality banks and other financial institutions in the United States. Such deposits may be in excess of federally insured limits. Management believes that the Company is not exposed to

 significant credit risk due to the financial position of the depository institutions in which those deposits are held. The Company has not experienced any losses on deposits since inception.
 (f)

 Comprehensive Loss

 Comprehensive loss consists of net loss and unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale investments. The Company displays comprehensive loss and its components as part of the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
 (g)

 Fair Value Measurements

 The accounting guidance defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or non-recurring basis. Fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the accounting guidance establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:
 Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets.
 Level 2: Inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly.
 Level 3: Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.
 The carrying amounts of prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other current liabilities are reasonable estimates of their fair value due to the short-term nature of these accounts.
 (h)

 Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

 Any expenses paid prior to the related services rendered are recorded as prepaid expenses. Such prepaid expenses are expensed in the period the expense is incurred. If the expense is for a service covering multiple periods, it is expensed from the date the services begin and over the period of the service rendered (or contract service period if services rendered dates are not defined).
 (i)

 Property and Equipment, Net

 Property and equipment, which consist of leasehold improvements, furniture and fixtures, research equipment, computers and construction-in-progress are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation or accumulated amortization. Depreciation and amortization is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which ranges from three to five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the remaining life of the lease for leasehold improvements at the time the asset is placed into service.
 (j)

 Impairment of Long-lived Assets

 The carrying value of long-lived assets, including property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when the total of estimated future undiscounted cash flows, expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition, are less than its carrying amount. Impairment, if any, would be assessed using discounted cash flows or other appropriate measures of fair value. Following the Company's Workforce Reduction Plan, the Company terminated all employees in the Foster City office and vacated the premises in September 2024. As a result, the Company impaired the related right-of-use asset of approximately $ 0.3 million, and recognized a loss on impairment in its general and administrative operating expenses during the year ended December 31, 2024.

 (k)

 Leases

 At the commencement date of a lease, the Company recognizes lease liabilities which represent its obligation to make lease payments, and right-of-use assets ("ROU assets") which represent its right to use the underlying asset during the lease term. The lease liability is measured at the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the Company's leases typically do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. The ROU asset is measured at cost, which includes the initial measurement of the lease liability and initial direct costs incurred by the Company and excludes lease incentives. ROU assets are recorded in operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities are recorded in operating lease liabilities, current and noncurrent in the consolidated balance sheets.
 Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has elected not to separate lease and non-lease components and not recognize lease liabilities and ROU assets for short-term leases with terms of twelve months or less.
 (l)

 Research and Development Expenses

 Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs consist primarily of salaries and other benefits of research and development personnel, including associated share-based compensation, costs related to research activities, preclinical studies, clinical trial, drug manufacturing and allocated overhead and facility-related expenses. The Company accounts for non-refundable advance payments for goods or services that will be used in future research and development activities as expenses when the goods have been received or when the service has been performed rather than when the payment is made.
 Clinical trial costs are a component of research and development expenses. The Company expenses costs for its clinical trial activities performed by third parties, including clinical research organizations and other service providers, as they are incurred, based upon estimates of the work completed over the life of the individual study in accordance with associated agreements. The Company uses information it receives from internal personnel and outside service providers to estimate the clinical trial costs incurred.
 (m)

 Stock-Based Compensation

 Stock-based compensation expense represents the cost of the grant-date fair value of employee, officer, director, and non-employee stock option grants and restricted stock units, estimated in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance, recognized using the straight-line method over the vesting period for service-based options and using the graded vesting method for performance-based options. The vesting period generally approximates the expected service period of the awards. Forfeitures are recognized and accounted for as they occur.
 The fair value of stock options is estimated using a Black-Scholes option pricing model on the date of grant. This method requires certain assumptions be used as inputs, such as the fair value of the underlying common stock, expected term of the option before exercise, expected volatility of the Company's common stock, expected dividend yield, and a risk-free interest rate. Options and awards granted during the year have a maximum contractual term of ten years. The Company has limited historical stock option activity and therefore estimates the expected term of stock options granted using the simplified method, which represents the average of the contractual term of the stock option and its weighted-average vesting period. The expected volatility of stock options is based upon the historical volatility of a number of publicly traded companies in similar stages of clinical development. The Company has historically not declared or paid any dividends and does not currently expect to do so in the foreseeable future. The risk-free interest rates used are based on the U.S. Department of Treasury ("U.S. Treasury") yield in effect at the time of grant for zero-coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities approximately equal to the expected term of the stock options.

 (n)

 Income Taxes

 Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Under the asset and liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and net operating loss ("NOL") and tax credit carryforwards.
 Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance against deferred tax assets is recorded if, based upon the weight of all available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The company records uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process whereby (1) management determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, management recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. The company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within income tax expense. Any accrued interest and penalties are included within the related tax liability.
 (o)

 Segment Reporting

 Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker in making decisions on how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company views its operations and manages its business as one operating segment. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires public entities to disclose information about their reportable segments' significant expenses on an interim and annual basis. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted this standard in the current period and disclosed a summary of significant segment expenses in Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements.
 (p)

 Net Loss Per Share

 Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period, without consideration of potential dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the sum of the weighted average number of common shares plus the potential dilutive effects of potential dilutive securities outstanding during the period. Potential dilutive securities are excluded from diluted earnings or loss per share if the effect of such inclusion is antidilutive. The Company's potentially dilutive securities, which include outstanding stock options under the Company's equity incentive plan, have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as they would be anti-dilutive to the net loss per share. For all periods presented, there is no difference in the number of shares used to calculate basic and diluted shares outstanding due to the Company's net loss position.
 The following table summarizes the Company's net loss per share:

 2024

 2023

 Numerator:

 $

 $

 Net loss attributable to common stockholders

 $

 $

 Denominator:

 Weighted-average common stock outstanding, basic and diluted

 28,582,194

 26,331,630

 Net loss per share, basic and diluted

 $

 ( 2.44)

 $

 ( 2.87)

 Potentially dilutive securities not included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders because to do so would have had an anti-dilutive effect are as follows (in common stock equivalent shares):

 As of December 31,

 2024

 2023

 Options to purchase common stock

 2,434,535

 5,230,344

 Unvested restricted stock units

 —

 21,968

 2,434,535

 5,252,312

 (q)

 Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which expands disclosures in an entity's income tax rate reconciliation table and regarding cash taxes paid both in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the adoption of this standard may have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, and does not anticipate this ASU to materially impact our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
 On November 4, 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 Income Statement Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), which requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses for public business entities. ASU 2024-03 requires, in a tabular presentation, each relevant expense caption on the face of the income statement that includes any of the following natural expenses: (1) purchases of inventory, (2) employee compensation, (3) depreciation, (4) intangible asset amortization, and (5) depreciation, depletion, and amortization (DD&A) recognized as part of oil- and gas-producing activities or other types of depletion expenses. The tabular disclosure would also include certain other expenses, when applicable. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the adoption of this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

 (3) FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
 The following tables summarize the Company's financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and their respective input levels based on the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

 Fair Value Measurements Using

 Quoted Prices in

 Active Markets

 Significant Other

 Significant

 for Identical

 Observable

 Unobservable

 Assets

 Inputs

 Inputs

 2024

 (Level 1)

 (Level 2)

 (level 3)

 Assets:

 Cash equivalents

 Money market funds

 $

 33,529

 $

 33,529

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Total cash equivalents

 33,529

 33,529

 —

 —

 Short-term investments

 27,429

 —

 27,429

 —

 9,057

 —

 9,057

 —

 8,386

 8,386

 —

 —

 Total short-term investments

 44,872

 8,386

 36,486

 —

 Total fair value of assets

 $

 78,401

 $

 41,915

 $

 36,486

 $

 —

 Fair Value Measurements Using

 Quoted Prices in

 Active Markets

 Significant Other

 Significant

 for Identical

 Observable

 Unobservable

 Assets

 Inputs

 Inputs

 2023

 (Level 1)

 (Level 2)

 (level 3)

 Assets:

 Cash equivalents

 Money market funds

 $

 19,787

 $

 19,787

 $

 —

 $

 —

 Total cash equivalents

 19,787

 19,787

 —

 —

 Short-term investments

 42,255

 —

 42,255

 —

 Commercial paper

 38,386

 —

 38,386

 —

 10,362

 10,362

 —

 —

 7,945

 —

 7,945

 —

 Total short-term investments

 98,948

 10,362

 88,586

 —

 Total fair value of assets

 $

 118,735

 $

 30,149

 $

 88,586

 $

 —

 Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments
 Financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of the Company's cash equivalents and short-term investments. Cash equivalents consisted of money market funds and commercial paper, and short-term investments consisted of U.S. Treasury bills, agency bonds, corporate debt securities, and commercial paper. The Company obtains pricing information from its investment manager and generally determines the fair value of investment securities using standard observable inputs, including reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, and bids and/or offers.
 The following tables summarize the Company's short-term investments (in thousands):

 As of December 31, 2024

 Gross

 Gross

 Amortized

 unrealized

 unrealized

 Estimated fair

 Maturity

 cost

 gains

 losses

 value

 1 year or less

 27,358

 —

 27,429

 1 year or less

 9,031

 ( 1)

 9,057

 1 year or less

 8,378

 —

 8,386

 $

 44,767

 $

 $

 ( 1)

 $

 44,872

 As of December 31, 2023

 Gross

 Gross

 Amortized

 unrealized

 unrealized

 Estimated fair

 Maturity

 cost

 gains

 losses

 value

 2 years or less

 $

 42,090

 ( 14)

 $

 42,255

 Commercial paper

 2 years or less

 38,362

 ( 5)

 38,386

 2 years or less

 10,334

 ( 3)

 10,362

 2 years or less

 7,925

 ( 1)

 7,945

 $

 98,711

 $

 $

 ( 23)

 $

 98,948

 The following tables summarize the Company's short-term investments with unrealized losses for less than 12 months and 12 months or greater:

 As of December 31, 2024

 Less than 12 months

 12 months or Greater

 Unrealized

 Unrealized

 Total

 Total Unrealized

 $

 2,016

 $

 ( 1)

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 2,016

 $

 ( 1)

 $

 2,016

 $

 ( 1)

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 2,016

 $

 ( 1)

 As of December 31, 2023

 Less than 12 months

 12 months or Greater

 Unrealized

 Unrealized

 Total

 Total Unrealized

 Commercial paper

 $

 6,042

 $

 ( 5)

 $

 —

 $

 —

 $

 6,042

 $

 ( 5)

 3,760

 ( 6)

 6,579

 ( 8)

 10,339

 ( 14)

 ( 2)

 1,007

 ( 1)

 1,495

 ( 3)

 3,110

 ( 1)

 —

 —

 3,110

 ( 1)

 $

 13,400

 $

 ( 14)

 $

 7,586

 $

 ( 9)

 $

 20,986

 $

 ( 23)

 The Company considers whether unrealized losses have resulted from a credit loss or other factors. The unrealized losses on the Company's short-term investments as of December 31, 2024, were caused by fluctuations in market value and interest rates as a result of the economic environment and not credit risk. The Company concluded that an allowance for credit losses was unnecessary as of December 31, 2024. It is neither management's intention to sell nor is it more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell these investments prior to recovery of their cost basis or recovery of fair value. Unrealized gains and losses are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss.
 Accrued interest receivable is written off through net realized investment gains (losses) at the time the issuer of the bond defaults or is expected to default on payment. Accrued interest receivable related to short-term investments was $ 0.5 million and $ 0.6 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

 (4) BALANCE SHEET COMPONENTS
 Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
 Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

 2024

 2023

 Other current assets

 $

 $

 Prepaid expenses

 1,168

 Prepaid research and development

 —

 Total prepaid expenses and other current assets

 $

 1,494

 $

 1,793

 Accrued and Other Current Liabilities
 In June 2024, following the Company's decision to halt further development of AV-101, the Company announced its plan to terminate nearly all of its workforce in the coming months (the "Workforce Reduction Plan"). As of December 31, 2024, 47 individuals, or approximately 92 % of the Company's workforce, have been terminated.

 The affected individuals have been and will be provided severance benefits, including cash severance payments. Each affected individual's eligibility for severance benefits is contingent upon entering into a separation agreement, which includes a general release of claims against the Company. In connection with the Workforce Reduction Plan, the Company incurred costs (in consideration of releases) of approximately $ 6.7 million, which are primarily one-time severance benefits, during the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company has paid approximately $ 3.8 million of severance benefits, and liabilities associated with the Workforce Reduction Plan were approximately $ 2.9 million as of December 31, 2024. The Company estimates that the remaining liabilities will be paid in the first quarter of 2025.
 Accrued and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

 2024

 2023

 Accrued payroll and other employee benefits

 2,868

 4,368

 Other

 1,090

 Accrued research and development

 —

 9,363

 Total accrued and other current liabilities

 $

 3,187

 $

 14,821

 (5) COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
 In August 2021, the Company entered into a lease agreement (the "Waltham Lease") for approximately 5,000 square feet of office space in Waltham, Massachusetts for the Company's corporate headquarters. The Waltham Lease has a term of thirty-nine months ("Lease Term"), unless extended or earlier terminated. The Company has the option to extend the Waltham Lease for one additional period of three years. The Lease Term had an initial abatement period, and the initial base rent payable is approximately $ 18,000 per month following the abatement period. The initial base rent payable will increase by approximately 2 % per year over the Lease Term. The Waltham Lease commencement date was September 1, 2021. In January 2024, the Company entered into the First Amendment to the Waltham Lease resulting in the lease expiring on December 31, 2025, and an increase of $ 1.00 per rentable square foot during the additional lease term. In obtaining this lease extension, the Company no longer has the option to extend the Waltham Lease for one additional period of three years.
 In April 2022, the Company entered into a lease agreement (the "Foster City Lease") for approximately 3,500 square feet of office space in Foster City, California. The Foster City Lease has a term of thirty-nine months, unless extended or earlier terminated. The Company has the option to extend the Foster City Lease for on additional period of one year. The base rent payable under the Lease Term will be $ 22,600 per month and will be subject to annual increase of 3 % on each anniversary. Following the Company's Workforce Reduction Plan, the Company terminated all employees in the Foster City office and vacated the premises in September 2024. As a result, the Company impaired the related right-of-use asset of approximately $ 0.3 million, and recognized a loss on impairment in its general and administrative operating expenses during the year ended December 31, 2024.
 As of December 31, 2024, the future minimum annual lease payments under the operating leases were as follows (in thousands):

 Total Minimum

 Lease Payments

 2025

 $

 Total operating lease payments

 Less: Amount representing interest

 ( 12)

 Present value of net minimum lease payments

 $

 As the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. The components of operating leases for the years

 ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands except lease term and discount rate):

 Operating lease liabilities:

 2024

 2023

 Current

 Non-current

 —

 Total lease liabilities

 $

 $

 Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)

 0.8

 1.5

 Weighted-average incremental borrowing rate

 6.4

 %

 6.0

 %

 Supplemental cash flow information related to cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was as follows (in thousands):

 Year ended December 31,

 2024

 2023

 Cash paid included in operating cash flows

 $

 $

 Rent expense was as follows (in thousands):

 Year ended December 31,

 2024

 2023

 Operating lease

 $

 $

 Short-term lease

 —

 Total rent expense

 $

 $

 (6) STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
 On July 2, 2021, the Company's certificate of amendment to its certificate of incorporation became effective, which provided 150,000,000 authorized shares of common stock with a par value of $ 0.0001 per share and 10,000,000 authorized shares of undesignated preferred stock with a par value of $ 0.0001 per share.
 The holders of the common stock are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock held at all meetings of stockholders.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had reserved the following shares of common stock for future issuance:

 December 31, 2024

 Common stock options granted and outstanding

 2,434,535

 Shares reserved for issuance under the 2021 Plan

 4,144,366

 Reserved for future ESPP issuances

 401,218

 Total

 6,980,119

 (7) SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
 (a) Stock Option Plan
 The Company's 2021 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the "2021 Plan") was adopted by the Company's board of directors and approved by the Company's stockholders in June 2021 and became effective as of June 29, 2021. Upon the effectiveness of the 2021 Plan, the Company's 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2018 Plan") was

 terminated and no further grants may be made thereunder. The Company's 2021 Plan allows for the grant of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock bonuses, restricted stock, stock units and other forms of awards including cash awards to its officers, directors, employees, consultants and advisors.
 As of December 31, 2024, a total of 5,675,841 shares of the Company's common stock were authorized for issuance with respect to awards granted under the 2021 Plan. The share limit will automatically increase on the first trading day in January of each year (commencing with 2022) by an amount equal to the lesser of (1) 4 % of the total number of outstanding shares of the Company's common stock on the last trading day in December in the prior year, or (2) such lesser number as determined by the Company's board of directors. Since adoption, the annual increases have accumulated to a total of 3,075,841 shares through January 1, 2024.
 Any shares subject to awards granted under the 2021 Plan or the 2018 Plan that are not paid, delivered or exercised before they expire or are canceled or terminated, or otherwise fail to vest, as well as shares used to pay the purchase or exercise price of such awards or related tax withholding obligations, will become available for new award grants under the 2021 Plan.
 As of December 31, 2024, 1,676,073 and 758,462 options been granted and outstanding under the 2021 Plan and 2018 Plan, respectively.
 The options that are granted under the 2021 Plan and the 2018 Plan are exercisable at various dates as determined upon grant and terminate within 10 years of the date of grant. The vesting period generally occurs over three to four years.
 The following table summarizes the option activity under the 2021 Plan and 2018 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2024:

 Weighted-

 Average

 Remaining

 Aggregate

 Weighted-Average

 Contractual Term

 Intrinsic Value

 Options

 Exercise Price

 (in years)

 (in thousands)

 Outstanding at December 31, 2023

 5,230,344

 $

 13.66

 8.16

 $

 49,728

 Granted

 1,489,191

 19.70

 Exercised

 ( 382,790)

 3.88

 Cancelled/Forfeited

 ( 3,902,210)

 18.01

 Outstanding at December 31, 2024

 2,434,535

 $

 11.93

 6.91

 $

 Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2024

 1,740,379

 10.22

 6.44

 The weighted-average grant date fair value of stock option grants was $ 14.92 and $ 15.69 per share for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 As of December 31, 2024 there was approximately $ 7.1 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to nonvested stock-based compensation arrangements granted under the 2021 Plan and 2018 Plan, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.
 (b) Employee Stock Purchase Plan
 The Company's Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP") was adopted by the Company's board of directors and stockholders in June 2021 and became effective upon the consummation of the IPO. A total of 230,000 shares of the Company's common stock is initially available for issuance under the ESPP. The share limit will automatically increase on the first trading day in January of each year (commencing with 2022) by an amount equal to the lesser of (1) 1 % of the total number of outstanding shares of the Company's common stock on the last trading day in December in the prior year, or (2) such lesser number as determined by the Company's board of

 directors. The number of shares available under the 2021 Plan increased by 247,229 shares effective January 1, 2023 as determined by the Company's board of directors. The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company's common stock at a discount through payroll deductions of up to 15 % of their eligible compensation, subject to any plan limitations. The ESPP provides for six-month offering periods, and at the end of each offering period, employees are able to purchase shares at 85 % of the lower of the fair market value of the Company's common stock on the first trading day of the offering period or on the last trading day of the offering period. As of December 31, 2024, 76,011 shares had been issued under the ESPP, and 401,218 shares authorized under the ESPP Plan were available for issuance.

 (c) Restricted Stock Units
 As of December 31, 2024, 31,881 restricted stock units had been awarded under the 2021 Plan. A summary of the status of and changes in unvested restricted stock unit activity under the Company's equity award plans for the year ended December 31, 2024, was as follows:

 Weighted-

 Average Grant

 Date Fair Value

 Units

 Per Unit

 Unvested restricted stock units as of December 31, 2023

 21,968

 $

 22.26

 Granted

 —

 —

 Vested

 ( 5,492)

 21.30

 Forfeited

 ( 16,476)

 22.58

 Unvested restricted stock units as of December 31, 2024

 —

 $

 —

 Stock-based compensation of restricted stock units is based on the fair value of the Company's common stock on the date of grant and recognized over the vesting period. The vesting period generally occurs over one to four years.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had had no unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to its unvested restricted stock units.
 (d) Stock-Based Compensation Expense
 The Company estimated the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The Company accounts for any forfeitures of options when they occur. Previously recognized compensation expense for an award is reversed in the period that the award is forfeited. The fair value of stock options was estimated using the following assumptions:

 2024

 2023

 Expected term (in years)

 5.3 - 6.0

 5.3 - 6.1

 Expected volatility

 70.0 - 89.8

 %

 73.9 - 91.5

 %

 Risk-free interest rate

 3.6 - 4.5

 %

 3.5 - 4.8

 %

 Expected dividend

 —

 —

 Stock-based compensation expense recognized for stock option grants has been reported in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss as follows (in thousands):

 2024

 2023

 General and administrative

 $

 6,296

 $

 5,285

 Research and development

 5,015

 6,621

 Total

 $

 $

 Stock-based compensation expense by type of award included within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income was as follows:

 2024

 2023

 Stock options

 $

 11,133

 $

 11,494

 Restricted stock awards and units

 Employee stock purchase plan awards

 Total

 $

 $

 (8) INCOME TAXES
 Significant components of the Company's net deferred tax assets are as follows (in thousands):

 2024

 2023

 Deferred income tax assets:

 NOL carryforwards

 $

 23,931

 $

 16,199

 Research credit carryforwards

 7,870

 5,153

 Capitalized R&D

 26,132

 19,404

 Stock based compensation

 1,044

 1,929

 Other

 1,265

 1,117

 Gross deferred tax assets

 60,242

 43,802

 Less: valuation allowance

 ( 60,199)

 ( 43,596)

 Total deferred tax assets

 Deferred income tax liabilities:

 Other

 ( 43)

 ( 206)

 Total deferred tax liabilities

 ( 43)

 ( 206)

 Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)

 $

 —

 $

 —

 A reconciliation between the provision for income taxes and income taxes computed using the U.S. federal statutory corporate tax rate is as follows (in thousands):

 Years ended December 31,

 2024

 2023

 U.S. Federal statutory income tax rate

 $

 ( 14,604)

 $

 ( 15,831)

 State taxes

 ( 2,809)

 ( 3,389)

 Permanent and other differences

 Stock-based compensation

 2,704

 1,049

 Research and development credits

 ( 2,054)

 ( 2,676)

 Change in valuation allowance

 16,570

 20,487

 Total tax provision

 $

 $

 The Company had federal NOL carryforwards available of $ 95.7 million and $ 64.8 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, before consideration of limitations under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code or Section 382, as further described below. The NOL generated from 2018 onwards of $ 95.7 million will carryforward indefinitely and be available to offset up to 80% of future taxable income each year. Additionally, the Company had state NOL carryforwards available of $ 64.1 million and $ 43.9 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The state NOLs may be used to offset future taxable income and will begin to expire in 2038. At December 31, 2024 the Company had federal and state research and development credit carryforwards available of $ 9.0 million and $ 2.2 million, respectively. The federal credit carryforwards will begin to expire in 2038, unless previously utilized. The Massachusetts credit carryforwards will begin expiring in 2036, unless previously utilized. The California credits carry forward indefinitely.
 The Company has established a full valuation allowance for its deferred tax assets due to uncertainties that preclude it from determining that it is more likely than not that the Company will be able to generate sufficient taxable income to realize such assets. Management assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to utilize the existing deferred tax assets. A significant piece of objective negative evidence evaluated was the cumulative loss incurred since inception. Such objective evidence limits the ability to consider other subjective evidence such as the Company's projections for future growth. Based on this evaluation, as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, a valuation allowance of $ 60.2 million and $ 43.6 million, respectively, has been recorded against all of the Company's net deferred tax assets, as the Company has determined that none of the Company's balance of net deferred tax assets is more likely than not to be realized. The amount of the deferred tax assets considered realizable, however, could be adjusted in the future if objective negative evidence in the form of cumulative losses is no longer present and additional weight may be given to subjective evidence, such as estimates of future taxable income during carryforward periods and the Company's projections for growth.
 The future utilization of the Company's NOL and tax credit carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be subject to a substantial annual limitation as a result of changes in ownership by stockholders that hold 5% or more of the Company's common stock. An assessment of such ownership changes under Section 382 and 383 was not completed through December 31, 2024. Utilization of our net operating loss and income tax credit carryforwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to ownership changes that may have occurred or that could occur in the future. These ownership changes may limit the amount of the net operating loss and income tax credit carryover that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income. The Company will examine the impact of any potential ownership changes in the future.

 The following table summarizes the activity related to the Company's gross unrecognized tax benefits at the beginning and end of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

 Years ended December 31,

 2024

 2023

 Beginning balance of unrecognized tax benefits

 $

 2,214

 $

 Additions based on tax positions related to the current year

 1,127

 Additions based on tax positions related to the prior year

 —

 Ending balance of unrecognized tax benefits

 $

 3,164

 $

 2,214

 The unrecognized tax benefit amounts are reflected in the determination of the Company's deferred tax assets. If recognized, none of these amounts would affect the Company's effective tax rate, since it would be offset by an equal corresponding adjustment in the deferred tax asset valuation allowance. The Company does not foresee material changes to its liability for uncertain tax benefits within the next twelve months.
 The Company is subject to taxation in the United States and various states. The Company's Federal and state returns are subject to examination, due to the carryforward of unutilized net operating losses and research and development credits.
 (9) Segment Reporting
 Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, or decision making group, in deciding how to allocate resources in assessing performance. The Company has one reportable segment: life science. The life science segment consists of the development of clinical and preclinical product candidates. The Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") is the chief executive officer.
 The accounting policies of the life science segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. The CODM assesses performance for the life science segment based on net loss, which is reported on the income statement as consolidated net loss. The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheet as total consolidated assets.
 To date, the Company has not generated any product revenue and has incurred losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception. The Company's future life science expenses will be significantly dependent on our ability to successfully consummate the Merger, related audit and legal expenses and whether we decide to pursue any future product development efforts.
 The table below summarizes the significant expense categories regularly reviewed by the CODM for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023.

 Years ended December 31,

 2024

 2023

 Operating expenses:

 AV-101 clinical trials

 $

 19,740

 $

 26,548

 Employee costs

 19,512

 21,244

 Professional fees and services

 11,482

 6,289

 Stock-based compensation

 Chemistry, manufacturing, and controls

 11,110

 14,339

 Other segment items (a)

 1,515

 1,140

 Interest income

 ( 5,042)

 ( 5,945)

 Consolidated net loss

 $

 69,628

 $

 75,521

 (a) Other segment items include rent and facilities related expenses.

 EXHIBIT INDEX

 Exhibit

 Number

 Description

 2.1

 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 30, 2024, by and among the Registrant, Caribbean Merger Sub I, Inc., Caribbean Merger Sub II, LLC and Jade Biosciences, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-40544) filed with the SEC on November 12, 2024).

 3.1

 Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40544) filed with the SEC on July 2, 2021).

 3.2

 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40544) filed with the SEC on July 2, 2021).

 4.1

 Form of Specimen Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1A (File No. 333-256949) filed with the SEC on June 17, 2021).

 4.2

 Investors' Rights Agreement among the Registrant and certain of its stockholders, dated August 5, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-256949) filed with the SEC on June 9, 2021).

 4.3

 Description of Securities (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-40544) filed with the SEC on March 30, 2022).

 10.1#

 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, and form of award agreements thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-256949) filed with the SEC on June 9, 2021).

 10.2#

 2021 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, and form of award agreements thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1A (File No. 333-256949) filed with the SEC on June 17, 2021).

 10.3#

 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1A (File No. 333-256949) filed with the SEC on June 17, 2021).

 10.4#

 Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1A (File No. 333-256949) filed with the SEC on June 17, 2021).

 10.5#

 Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and each of its directors and executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1A (File No. 333-256949) filed with the SEC on June 17, 2021).

 10.6#

 Form of Employment Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1A (File No. 333-256949) filed with the SEC on June 17, 2021).

 10.7#

 Senior Executive Cash Incentive Bonus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1A (File No. 333-256949) filed with the SEC on June 17, 2021).

 10.8

 Lease, dated August 6, 2021, by and between the Registrant and PDM 930 Unit, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8 K (File No. 001 40544) filed with the SEC on August 12, 2021).

 10.9

 Lease Amendment, dated January 2, 2024, by and between the Registrant and PDM 930 Unit, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-40544) filed with the SEC on March 25, 2024).

 10.10

 Lease, dated April 26, 2022, by and between the Registrant and Hudson Metro Center, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40544) filed with the SEC on April 29, 2022).

 10.11

 ATM Equity Offering SM Sales Agreement, dated as of April 5, 2023, by and between Aerovate Therapeutics, Inc. and BofA Securities, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40544) filed with the SEC on April 5, 2023).

 10.12

 Separation and Release Agreement, by and between the Registrant and Timothy Pigot, dated August 15, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-40544) filed with the SEC on November 12, 2024).

 19.1

 Aerovate Therapeutics, Inc. Insider Trading Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 19.1 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-40544) filed with the SEC on March 25, 2024).

 21.1

 List of Subsidiaries of Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-40544) filed with the SEC on March 30, 2022).

 23.1*

 Consent of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

 24.1*

 Power of Attorney (included on signature page).

 31.1*

 Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 31.2*

 Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.1**

 Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.2**

 Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 97.1#

 Compensation Recovery Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-40544) filed with the SEC on August 14, 2023).

 101.INS*

 101.SCH*

 101.CAL*

 101.DEF*

 101.LAB*

 101.PRE*

 Cover Page Interactive Data File

 * Filed herewith.
 #

 Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.

 **

 The certifications furnished in Exhibit 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K and will not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such certifications will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the Registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

 SIGNATURES
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 Date: March 27, 2025

 By:

 /s/ Timothy P. Noyes

 Timothy P. Noyes

 Chief Executive Officer

 Each person whose individual signature appears below hereby authorizes and appoints Timothy P. Noyes and George A. Eldridge, and each of them, with full power of substitution and resubstitution and full power to act without the other, as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent to act in his or her name, place and stead and to execute in the name and on behalf of each person, individually and in each capacity stated below, and to file any and all amendments to this annual report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing, ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them or their or his substitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.
 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on March 27, 2025.

 Name

 Title

 Date

 /s/ Timothy P. Noyes

 Chief Executive Officer and Director

 Timothy P. Noyes

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ George A. Eldridge

 Chief Financial Officer

 George A. Eldridge

 (Principal Financial Officer and Principal

 Accounting Officer)

 /s/ Habib Dable

 Habib Dable

 /s/ Allison Dorval

 Allison Dorval

 /s/ David Grayzel, M.D

 David Grayzel, M.D

 /s/ Mark Iwicki

 Mark Iwicki

 /s/ Joshua Resnick, M.D.

 Joshua Resnick, M.D.

 /s/ Donald J. Santel

 Donald J. Santel