UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 FORM 10-K
 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
 or
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from ______ to ______
 Commission file number: 001-40252
 DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc.
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 Delaware 45-5207470
 ( State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
 101 6th Avenue, New York, New York 10013
 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
 Registrant's telephone number, including area code: ( 646) 827-4366
 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common stock, par value $0.000025 per share
 DOCN
 The New York Stock Exchange

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act) Yes No
 The aggregate market value of the registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates, based on the closing price of the registrant's common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2023 (the last business day of the registrant's second fiscal quarter), was approximately $ 2.50 billion.
 As of February 8, 2024, the registrant had 90,796,695 shares of common stock outstanding.
 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:
 Portions of the registrant's Proxy Statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. Such Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

 Page

 Item 1.
 Business

 Item 1A.
 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.
 Properties

 Item 3.
 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 Reserved

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.
 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.
 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.
 Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.
 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.
 Other Information

 Item 9C.
 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements about us and our industry that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements regarding our future results of operations or financial condition, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as "anticipate," "believe," "contemplate," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "plan," "potential," "predict," "project," "should," "target," "will" or "would" or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions.
 You should not rely on forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K primarily on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and operating results. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors described in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results, events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur, and actual results, events or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.
 In addition, statements that "we believe" and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based on information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. While we believe such available information provides a reasonable basis for these statements, that information may be limited or incomplete. Our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain, and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely on these statements.
 The forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments.
 MARKET, INDUSTRY AND OTHER DATA
 This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains statistical data, estimates and forecasts, including related to our market opportunity, that are based on independent industry publications and other publicly available information, as well as other information based on our internal sources. This information involves many assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to these estimates. We have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the data contained in these industry publications and other publicly available information. Further, while we believe our internal research is reliable, such research has not been verified by any third party. The industry in which we operate is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in Part I, Item IA. "Risk Factors," that could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in these publications and other publicly available information.
 Certain information in the text of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is contained in an independent industry publication: IDC: Worldwide Software and Public Cloud Services Spending Guide (Feb. 2024). This publication was not prepared on our or on our affiliates' behalf or at our expense.
 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
 Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to "DigitalOcean," the "company," "we," "our," "us" or similar terms refer to DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
 "DigitalOcean ", "Droplet " and our other registered and common law trade names, trademarks and service marks are the property of DigitalOcean. Other trade names, trademarks and service marks used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names contained

 herein may be referred to without the and symbols, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that their respective owners will not assert their rights thereto.
 We may announce material business and financial information to our investors using our investor relations website ( We therefore encourage investors and others interested in our company to review the information that we make available on our website, in addition to following our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, webcasts, press releases and conference calls.

 RISK FACTORS SUMMARY
 Our operations and financial results and an investment in our common stock are subject to various risks and uncertainties. The following summary highlights some of the risks we are exposed to in the normal course of our business activities. You should consider and read carefully the summary below and the risks and uncertainties described in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes. The risks described below are not the only ones we face. The occurrence of any of the following risks or additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations:
 • We expect fluctuations in our financial results, making it difficult to project future results, and if we fail to meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors with respect to our results of operations, our stock price and the value of your investment could decline.
 • We have a history of operating losses and we may not be able to sustain profitability in the future.
 • We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting and we cannot be assured that additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies will not occur in the future, which may impact our ability to accurately report our financial statements and/or prevent fraud.
 • If we are unable to attract new customers, retain existing customers and/or expand usage of our platform by such customers, we may not achieve the growth we expect, which would adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
 • If we fail to timely release updates and new features to our platform and adapt and respond effectively to rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, changing regulations, or customer needs, our platform and products may become less competitive.
 • If we or our third-party service providers experience an actual or suspected security incident or unauthorized parties otherwise obtain access to, or prevent access to, our platform or our customers' data or our sensitive or proprietary data, we may incur significant liabilities and our reputation and business may be harmed.
 • The markets in which we participate are competitive, and if we do not compete effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.
 • If we fail to effectively onboard our new chief executive officer and successfully manage the chief executive officer transition or if we fail to retain and motivate members of our management team and other key employees in light of our chief executive officer succession plan, our business and future growth prospects could be harmed.
 • Unfavorable conditions in our industry or the global economy, or reductions in information technology spending, could limit our ability to grow our business and negatively affect our results of operations.
 • Our current operations are international in scope, and we plan further geographic expansion, creating a variety of operational challenges.
 • If we are unsuccessful at integrating or developing the businesses of acquired companies, including Paperspace, we may not be able to achieve our growth objectives.
 • Activities of our customers or the content on their websites could subject us to liability.
 • The success of our business depends on our customers' continued and unimpeded access to our platform on the internet and, as a result, also depends on internet providers and the related regulatory environment.

 ITEM 1. BUSINESS
 Overview
 Our mission is to simplify cloud computing so businesses can spend more time creating software that changes the world.
 DigitalOcean is a leading cloud computing platform offering on-demand infrastructure and platform tools for developers at startups and growing digital businesses. We were founded with the guiding principle that the transformative benefits of the cloud should be easy to leverage, broadly accessible, reliable and affordable. Our platform simplifies cloud computing, enabling our customers to rapidly accelerate innovation and increase their productivity and agility. Our users include software engineers, researchers, data scientists, system administrators, students and hobbyists. Our customers use our platform across numerous industry verticals and for a wide range of use cases, such as web and mobile applications, website hosting, e-commerce, media and gaming, personal web projects, managed services, and, most recently, artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) applications, among many others. We believe that our focus on simplicity, community, open source and customer support are the four key differentiators of our business, driving a broad range of customers around the world to build their applications on our platform. As of December 31, 2023, we had collectively approximately 644,000 Learners (users that have a monthly spend less than or equal to $50 and have been on our platform for more than three months), Builders (users that have a monthly spend between $50 and $500) and Scalers (users that have a monthly spend greater than $500) using our platform to build, deploy and scale applications. We exclude Testers (users that spend less than or equal to $50 per month and utilize our platform for three months or less) from our customer count because we do not consider them to be a meaningful part of our customer base, given their short time on our platform and their relatively small individual and aggregate spend.
 Cloud computing has revolutionized how companies across the globe develop and deploy applications. The cloud offers lower upfront cost and superior flexibility, extensibility and scalability as compared to on-premise software development environments. These benefits are especially valuable for startups and growing digital businesses, as they typically have more limited financial resources, operational expertise and IT personnel. As software and cloud-based technologies have become essential across industries and businesses of all sizes, the strategic importance of software developers to organizations has increased significantly.
 We offer mission-critical solutions across Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), including our Droplet virtual machines, storage and networking offerings; Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), including our Managed Database and Managed Kubernetes offerings; Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), including our Managed Hosting and Marketplace offerings; and AI/ML, including our Machines, Notebooks and Deployments offerings. Our cloud platform was designed with simplicity in mind to ensure that startups and growing digital businesses can spend less time managing their infrastructure and more time building innovative applications that drive business growth. The markets in which we operate continue to grow. According to International Data Corporation (IDC), the aggregate worldwide IaaS and PaaS markets for individuals and companies with less than 500 employees is estimated to grow from approximately $113.8 billion in 2024 to $213.1 billion in 2027, representing a 23.3% compound annual growth rate. IDC defines the IaaS market as compute, storage and networking, and the PaaS market as database management systems, application platforms, artificial intelligence platforms and other platform services.
 Improving the developer experience and increasing productivity are core to our mission. In just minutes, developers can set up thousands of virtual machines, secure their projects, enable performance monitoring and scale up and down as needed. Our customers depend on us for their critical business needs, and we are passionate about providing superior 24x7 customer support to all of our customers, regardless of size. Our pricing is primarily consumption-based and billed monthly in arrears, making it easy for our customers to track usage on an ongoing basis and optimize their workloads.
 We have a highly efficient self-service customer acquisition model, which we complement with a sales force focused on inside sales, targeted outside sales and partnership opportunities to drive revenue growth. The efficiency of our go-to-market model and our focus on the needs of startups and growing digital businesses have enabled us to drive organic growth and establish a truly global customer base across a broad range of industries. Our customers are spread across approximately 190 countries, and approximately two-thirds of our revenue has historically come from customers located outside the United States. We believe our customer support, coupled with our easy-to-use self-help resources and active developer community, has created tremendous brand loyalty amongst our growing customer base.

 Growing our Builders and Scalers is a critical focus for us, and we have successfully increased the number of these customers and their percentage of our total revenue. We had approximately 17,000 Scalers as of December 31, 2023, up from approximately 15,000 and 11,000 as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. We had approximately 139,000 Builders as of December 31, 2023, up from approximately 129,000 and 89,000 as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Revenue from Builders and Scalers increased 26% and 18%, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Revenue from Builders and Scalers as a percentage of total revenue was 86%, 85% and 83% in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our average revenue per customer (ARPU), which consists of the aggregate revenue and customer counts for our Learners, Builders and Scalers, has increased from $65.83 in 2021 to $82.76 in 2022 to $90.99 in 2023. See Part II, Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Key Business Metrics" for additional information.
 Our Solution
 DigitalOcean was founded with the guiding principle that the transformative benefits of the cloud should be easy to leverage, broadly accessible, reliable and affordable. We pioneered our cloud platform to simplify cloud computing, enabling startups and growing digital businesses to quickly deploy and scale applications, collaborate efficiently and improve business performance. Empowered by an easy-to-use self-service model, intuitive control panel and highly predictable pricing, our customers are able to rapidly accelerate innovation and increase their productivity and agility.
 • Simple and Intuitive. Our platform is engineered to take a user from inquiry to deployment within minutes, without any specialized training or heavy implementation. We abstract away the complexity that is generally found across legacy cloud providers to provide a compelling, intuitive interface with click-and-go options. Our platform provides users with a deployment interface that is comparable to interfaces provided by consumer internet leaders and is designed to minimize the number of steps to deployment. In addition, all DigitalOcean products come with detailed product and technical documentation to help our customers deploy to our cloud platform more quickly.
 • Designed to Help Businesses Easily Scale. Our highly-curated set of solutions are designed to address the needs of startups and growing digital businesses as they scale their businesses and require more cloud capabilities. Our platform can support a wide range of use cases, such as web and mobile applications, website hosting, e-commerce, media and gaming, personal web projects, managed services, and AI/ML applications, among many others. Our offerings give customers the ability to select their desired level of technical infrastructure management. Customers with any type of use case have the ability to choose from managing their own infrastructure and building their own bespoke solutions using our IaaS or AI/ML offerings, offloading the technical infrastructure entirely through our Managed Hosting offering or delegating certain aspects of the management using our managed PaaS or AI/ML offerings.
 • Transparent and Predictable Pricing. Our approach to billing and pricing is simple, intuitive and transparent. Our pricing is primarily consumption-based and renewable monthly, making it easy for our customers to optimize their deployments. We provide detailed monthly invoices, irrespective of the customer's size or number of products purchased, making it easy to track usage on an ongoing basis. We enable our customers to control their spending and ensure there are no hidden charges that appear at the end of the month. Like everything we do, we approach billing with a customer-first focus, enabling our customers to spend more time developing and deploying innovative applications rather than interpreting and navigating convoluted invoices.
 • Differentiated Customer Support. We offer expert 24x7 technical support and customer service, with support staff spanning various time zones to ensure our customers quickly achieve their objectives and overcome challenges. Developers and engineers are a key part of our customer support team, and we offer robust technical support free of charge to all customers. We also offer paid support plans, which enable users to get faster response times and dedicated support from technical managers. Customers cite our attentive support as a key driver of their decision to start and grow their businesses on our platform.
 • Security and Data Protection. Maintaining the security and integrity of our platform is a critical focus for us, as well as for our customers who rely on us for their critical business needs. We invest significantly in securing the computing infrastructure foundation upon which our customers build and scale their projects. We remove the complexity of securing infrastructure for our customers and make it simple for them to build the security layers required for their use cases. We are also committed to customer data privacy and utilize best-in-class access, encryption and data protection technologies and processes.

 • Open Source. Startups and growing digital businesses especially value open source technology as it allows them greater choice, affordability and flexibility, and our platform is designed to take advantage of open source technology to provide our customers with a much more efficient way to work. Our participation in and support of the open source software community enhances the attractiveness, depth and scalability of our offering. It increases the transparency of our technology and allows our customers to more efficiently write their own integrations. We give back to the community by sponsoring projects to create content and tools that help developers build great software and hosting events that are focused on driving the growth of open source.
 • Broad-Based Community Ecosystem. We have built one of the world's largest developer learning communities, with numerous high-quality developer tutorials and community-generated questions and answers. The strength of our community ecosystem is predicated on differentiated content on our community education websites, which ultimately attracts users and reinforces our highly efficient self-service model.
 Key Benefits to Our Customers
 Our solution is designed to empower our target customers with best-in-class cloud technologies, while supporting them with superior customer service. This customer-centric focus underpins our mission of simplifying cloud computing so startups and growing digital businesses can spend more time creating software that changes the world. For our customers, the key benefits of our solution include:
 • Accelerating innovation by leveraging the full power of the cloud
 • Making it simple to build, deploy and scale applications
 • Spending less time managing infrastructure and more time on higher value tasks that drive the growth and success of their businesses
 • Achieving rapid time-to-value with a reliable, highly-performant and cost-effective platform
 • Providing optionality for customers to choose whether to manage their own infrastructure or allow us to manage the infrastructure for them
 • A highly-reliable, scalable and secure platform
 • Superior customer support designed to help customers quickly achieve their objectives
 • Detailed product and technical documentation to help customers more easily deploy their applications
 Our Growth Strategies
 We are driving significant growth by executing on the following key strategies:
 • Increasing Usage by Our Existing Customers. Our existing customer base represents a significant opportunity for further sales expansion through increased usage of our platform and adoption of additional product offerings. We are highly focused on gaining a better understanding of the needs and growth plans of our existing customers. This deeper relationship with our customers will help us identify opportunities to educate our customer base on ways to utilize the platform more effectively for their individual use cases, as well as provide a feedback loop to inform our product roadmap. We are focusing our sales and support teams to prevent customer churn by ensuring that our products and services provide a high level of value. We closely monitor our net dollar retention (NDR), which reflects our ability to retain and grow revenue from our existing customers. While NDR decreased from 2022 to 2023, as we lapped the effects of the price increase and addition of revenue from our Cloudways acquisition, each of which occurred in 2022, we expect to increase our revenue in the future from existing customers through the introduction of new products and features tailored to our customer base in addition to expanded customer outreach, focused on larger customers and specific use cases.
 • Growing Our Base of Higher Spend Customers. We believe there is a substantial opportunity to further expand our customer base to attract more businesses that can scale on our platform. We are investing in strategies that we believe will attract Builders and Scalers, including new marketing initiatives that further optimize our self-service revenue funnel to help customers expand their usage and partnership initiatives to identify potential Builders and Scalers. In addition, our Cloudways and Paperspace acquisitions added a significant number of Builders and Scalers as these offerings provide premium managed services and high value AI/ML offerings, respectively. We had approximately 156,000 Builders and Scalers as of December 31, 2023, up from approximately 144,000 and

 99,000 as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. These Builders and Scalers represented 86% of our total revenue in 2023, up from 85% and 83% in 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 • Investing in Our Platform and Product Offerings. We have a history of, and will continue to invest significantly in, delivering innovative products, features and functionality targeted at our core customer base. The market opportunity for our core IaaS services of compute, storage and networking continues to expand and we are making targeted investments to expand our IaaS revenue. For example, in 2023, we invested in our content delivery network, launched Scalable Storage for our Managed Databases offering and broadened the geographic availability of our Spaces offering. Beyond IaaS, we continue to see large growth opportunities in the PaaS, SaaS and AI/ML markets and, accordingly, we have expanded our portfolio of products and offerings over the last few years. In the third quarter of 2023, we acquired Paperspace, a leading provider of cloud infrastructure for highly scalable GPU-accelerated applications, to enable customers to more easily test, develop and deploy AI/ML applications or augment and enhance existing AI/ML applications. We expect to make additional investments to offer an enhanced and tailored suite of IaaS, PaaS, SaaS and AI/ML offerings that address the changing needs of our business customers.
 • Augmenting Our Platform through Opportunistic Strategic Acquisitions. We believe that acquisitions and strategic partnerships will allow us to accelerate our key platform, product and marketing initiatives. For example, we acquired Paperspace in 2023, which launched our AI/ML offerings, and Cloudways in 2022, which added our Managed Hosting offering to our platform. We believe that additional acquisition opportunities will supplement our organic growth strategy. We intend to actively pursue both acquisitions and strategic partnerships that we believe will be complementary to our business, accelerate customer acquisition, increase usage of our platform and/or expand our product offerings in our core markets.
 • Growing and Engaging Our Community. More than 7 million unique visitors interact with our websites, including our education websites, on a monthly basis to learn, share and educate others. We are committed to supporting and expanding this community of innovators and technologists through high-quality content and expanded developer-focused programs and events around the world. Supporting and educating the developer community is one of our core values, but it also drives brand loyalty, expands our customer base and drives increased adoption of our products.
 Our Platform and Product Offerings
 We have designed our global cloud platform to ensure a simple, reliable and affordable cloud computing experience for our customer base of startups and growing digital businesses. This entails maintaining a high-performance global infrastructure, offering a highly curated set of solutions and providing a superior customer experience. The combination of these three elements enables our customers to focus their time and attention on building and running their applications or businesses rather than managing the underlying infrastructure.
 Our Global Infrastructure & Technology Network
 Our global infrastructure and technology network, built on the foundation of open source scalable cloud-native technologies, allows us to deliver an exceptional developer experience and suite of infrastructure and software solutions to our customers spread across the globe. Our infrastructure is offered to our customers across 16 data centers worldwide that are connected by a high-speed private backbone, enabling our customers to deploy their solutions across nine different geographic regions. We lease data centers in the New York City and San Francisco metropolitan areas, as well as in Australia, Canada, Germany, India, the Netherlands, Singapore and the United Kingdom. These site locations were selected for their close proximity to key customer markets and allow access to global internet exchange points to provide consistent low-latency connectivity to large end-user networks. This allows our customers to choose where best to deploy the solution to optimize performance and minimize latency for their users. In addition, we utilize points of presence locations situated across the globe to improve website and application performance by allowing geographically dispersed users to receive content from a location nearest to them. We lease data center space from leading providers to provide us the flexibility to quickly enter new markets and align our global footprint with our go-to-market strategy. We expect to expand into additional new locations in the future.
 We work closely with hardware manufacturers when designing our server platforms to continue to reduce acquisition costs while at the same time optimizing reliability and performance for our customers. Our procurement and engineering teams work closely with manufacturers to align our long-term server strategy to future technology advancements. We staff our data center operations team to ensure that we can provide the physical security, reliability and availability necessary for our customers—and that team additionally manages the physical server capacity to ensure that we

 are able to meet our customers' demands. Our network engineering team manages the global backbone to ensure that we are making the best connectivity peering agreements to get customer traffic to the destination via the best available path. Our security operations team actively monitors the cloud environment, responding to network incidents to ensure that customer impact is minimized and service availability is managed.
 We focus heavily on securing our network, products and customer data from potential security threats with a dedicated team of security professionals. We have implemented a comprehensive information security program, which is discussed in greater detail under Part I, Item 1C. "Cybersecurity" below, that includes administrative, technical and physical safeguards designed to maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our company's and our customers' information.
 In combination, our infrastructure and network provide our customers with a reliable, highly-performant and cost-effective platform to confidently build, deploy and scale their optimal solution, from single node based applications to globally distributed systems.
 Our Product Portfolio
 We provide a variety of cloud products and services that are specifically designed to address the needs of startups and growing digital businesses. We listen carefully to our customers' feedback so we understand what they want and need to simplify cloud computing for them. Our goal is to address the core needs of this underserved customer base instead of offering thousands of complex products and services that are more suited to large enterprise companies or companies looking to move from an on-premise environment to the cloud.
 We offer IaaS, PaaS, SaaS and AI/ML solutions to our customers. Our initial product, launched in 2012, was the Droplet, a virtual machine that provides flexibility to build, test, secure and grow customers' applications from start-up to scale. Since then, we have successfully launched many new products, which honor our commitment to always provide a simple, reliable and affordable experience for our core customer base. We have expanded our product portfolio with product innovations such as Dedicated Droplets, Premium Droplets, Spaces, Managed Kubernetes, Managed Databases, App Platform, Functions and, most recently, our AI/ML offerings, which have proven our ability to successfully launch or acquire new products to market and serve our customers' needs. We have developed a product roadmap designed to enhance our ability to offer secure, scalable and reliable solutions for customers to grow their applications or businesses. We also provide management and collaboration tools to enable our customers to monitor and manage their usage of our platform.
 • IaaS Offerings. Our Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) offerings include our compute, storage and networking products. We provide flexible server configurations sized for any application, attractive price-to-performance and highly predictable pricing that is the same across regions and usage volumes. Our current IaaS offerings include:
 Droplets. Droplets are our core compute offering. Developers can spin up the virtual machine of their choice in under a minute. We offer basic Droplets and Dedicated Droplets, such as general purpose, CPU-optimized, memory-optimized or storage-optimized configurations, which provide flexibility to build, test, secure and grow any application from start-up to scale. Our Premium Droplet offerings provide enhanced speed and memory performance, while maintaining our commitment to simplicity.
 Storage Offerings. Our storage solutions allow our customers to store and quickly access any amount of data reliably in the cloud. We offer several kinds of storage offerings, depending on the customer's needs, including:
 Spaces (Object Storage): Our object storage with a built-in content delivery network (CDN) makes scaling easy, reliable and affordable. Our simple and predictable pricing makes this offering very attractive compared to our competitors.
 Volumes (Block Storage): Our block storage product allows customers to add more storage space and mix and match compute and storage to suit their database, file storage, application, service, mobile and backup needs. This provides supplemental storage beyond the generous local solid-state drive (SSD) offered with our compute offerings.
 Backups: Our automatically-created disk images of Droplets provide peace of mind and a sense of security to our customers. Our Backups offering allows frequent system-level backups, providing our customers with the ability to revert to an older state or create new Droplets. We

 also provide the flexibility to customize backup windows, choose retention policies and elect which files to back up.
 In 2023, we introduced upgrades to our Backups offering and expanded the geographic availability of our Spaces offering to better address the increasing needs of our customers' applications. Storage plays an essential role in our product roadmap and we expect to significantly improve the functionality of our storage offerings in the future, which we believe will also increase the usage of our IaaS and other offerings that could benefit from enhanced storage capabilities.
 Networking Offerings. We provide a suite of networking capabilities to secure and control the traffic to our customers' applications. Data transfer costs can quickly become a major expense for the developer of any reasonably complex cloud application. At DigitalOcean, we provide a generous amount of bandwidth with each successive Droplet purchase. This bandwidth is pooled for the customer's account and shared by all applications or resources running in their account, which we believe is a key differentiator for us in the marketplace. Our key networking product offerings include:
 • Cloud Firewalls: A software service that allows customers to quickly secure their infrastructure from common vulnerabilities and define what services are visible on their infrastructure. Cloud Firewalls are free to our customers and are used for staging and production deployments of software.
 • Managed Load Balancers: A software service that allows customers to load balance traffic to their software applications located on multiple Droplets, enabling them to scale their applications and improve availability, security and performance across their infrastructure in a few clicks with affordable pricing.
 • Virtual Private Cloud (VPC): A private network interface for collections of DigitalOcean resources. VPC networks provide a more secure connection between resources because the network is inaccessible from the public internet and other VPC networks, enabling our customers to manage their information and data traffic between applications without exposure to the public internet. VPCs, including floating IP addresses, are available at no additional cost to our customers.
 • PaaS Offerings. Our Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) offerings provide a complete development and deployment environment. PaaS offerings include infrastructure as well as database management systems, application platforms, development tools and other services designed to support the complete web application lifecycle. Our current PaaS offerings include:
 Managed Databases. Our Managed Databases offering, a fully-managed database solution, provides our customers with the application performance they need without the operational demands that come with building and running a database server. We currently offer managed offerings for relational databases (SQL) such as PostgreSQL & MySQL, as well as NoSQL databases such as Redis. In addition, we offer DigitalOcean Managed MongoDB, a fully-managed database as a service offering in partnership with MongoDB and Dedicated CPU Managed MongoDB to boost the performance of MongoDB and enable users to migrate databases from any source to DigitalOcean Managed MongoDB with minimal downtime. Finally, our newly launched Managed Kafka offering provides our customers with the ability to build high-throughput, low-latency data streams of Kafka without the complexity of managing their infrastructure.
 Managed Kubernetes and Container Registry. Our easy-to-use Managed Kubernetes service provides scalability and portability for cloud-native applications. Customers can get started quickly and cheaply with our free control plane, inexpensive bandwidth and our free egress gateway, which give our customers even more confidence in leveraging our Kubernetes offering to deploy their code in the cloud. Alternatively, customers have the option to scale-up with our high availability control plane, which increases control plane availability and uptime. Our Managed Container Registry offering lets customers easily store and manage private container images for rapid deployment to our Managed Kubernetes service.
 App Platform. Our App Platform offering allows customers to build, deploy and scale applications quickly using a simple, fully-managed solution. We handle the infrastructure, application runtimes and

 dependencies so that developers can push code to production in just a few clicks, enabling them to deliver applications to market faster and on a global scale.
 Functions. Our Functions offering is a serverless compute solution that leverages our App Platform product. Serverless computing has become a popular trend in cloud application development because it allows for freedom from server management and the ability to pay only for what you use. Our Functions offering runs on-demand, which simplifies the cloud programming experience and helps customers focus more on application development and business outcomes and less on managing the underlying infrastructure.
 Uptime. Our Uptime offering provides real-time uptime and latency alerts, allowing customers to quickly recover from incidents before their own customers are impacted. Alerts are triggered when customer assets are slow, down, or vulnerable to attack.
 • SaaS Offerings. Our Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) offerings are designed for startups and growing digital businesses. Our current SaaS offerings include:
 Managed Hosting. Our Managed Hosting offering provides simple onboarding and day-to-day management for hosting that is purpose-built for startups and growing digital businesses looking to outsource their on-ramp to the internet and offload the complexities of cloud infrastructure so they can spend more time running and scaling their businesses. This offering is particularly attractive for startups and growing digital businesses without the knowledge or resources to fully manage their hosting infrastructure, including digital agencies, entrepreneurs creating eCommerce sites, bloggers, freelancers, and other users hosting on WordPress, PHP and Magento.
 Marketplace. We operate the DigitalOcean Marketplace, a platform where developers can find pre-configured applications and solutions quickly. Our Marketplace contains highly-curated everyday applications and cutting-edge technologies, providing customers access to the most efficient tools to build their businesses while removing the time and expense of research, configuration and manual setup. We work closely with partners to deliver a truly seamless experience for customers, creating the ability for developers to deploy thoroughly tested app environments with the click of a button on Droplets and Kubernetes clusters. The DigitalOcean Marketplace also offers add-ons that run in the cloud and are available on demand. More than 280 preconfigured one-click applications are available in the Marketplace, including WordPress, LAMP, Docker, Grafana, and Plesk, among others.
 • AI/ML Offerings. In 2023, we acquired Paperspace, a leading provider of cloud infrastructure for highly scalable GPU-accelerated applications to enable customers to more easily test, develop and deploy AI/ML applications or augment and enhance existing AI/ML applications. Our current AI/ML offerings include:
 Machines. Our Machines offering provides customers with powerful and low-cost GPU virtual machines for scaling AI applications. Customers can choose between Bare Metal, which is a GPU server without any virtualization layer; Core Machine, which runs on top of virtualized hardware; or Gradient Machine, which is a scalable trained machine learning or deep learning model.
 Notebooks. Our Notebooks offering provides customers with a simple cloud workspace that runs on GPUs, providing a managed interactive development environment for exploring data and training and building machine learning models. Customers can launch either a Jupyter Notebook or a Notebook with a pre-built or personalized template.
 Deployments. Our Deployments offering provides customers with the ability to easily deploy their machine learning model as an API endpoint.
 Sales and Marketing
 Our sales and marketing teams work together closely to drive awareness and adoption of our platform, accelerate customer acquisition and expand our revenue from existing customers. These teams focus on inside sales, targeted outside sales, partnership and channel development, customer acquisition and self-service funnel optimization, and customer support and success.
 We have historically generated a significant majority of our revenue from our efficient self-service marketing model, which enables customers to get started on our platform very quickly and without the need for assistance. We focus heavily on enabling a self-service, low-friction model that makes it easy for users to try, adopt and use our products. We

 attract visitors to our website through a combination of high-quality content, developer outreach and highly-targeted paid demand generation campaigns. By reducing the friction that typically accompanies the purchase of business software and eliminating the need for complicated and costly implementation and training, we have grown our customer base while avoiding the expensive customer acquisition costs typical of high-touch enterprise sales models. Furthermore, by creating an intentional marketing experience for a prospect to travel through different stages of the funnel, we are able to anticipate their needs in real-time at each step.
 We complement our efficient self-service customer acquisition model with a sales force focused on inside sales, outbound prospecting targeting specific use cases, volume expansion of our self-service customers, expanding our revenue in specific international markets and seeking partnership opportunities to drive revenue growth. We utilize a process-oriented and data-driven approach to sales that includes tracking numerous metrics such as sales conversion rates, velocity and time-to-close, and size of sales pipeline. Our sales team includes experienced sales engineers who fashion technical solutions for customers to convert their workloads from other cloud providers. Our customer success professionals focus on customer retention and customer expansion by adding value throughout the customer lifecycle as customers scale and expand their usage of our product portfolio. Customer success advocates will directly contact customers to determine if there are ways for us to augment their usage of our platform with additional services. We are also focused on partnership opportunities that introduce new avenues for customer growth, such as the DigitalOcean Partner Pod, which offers sales training, co-marketing opportunities and market development funds to help partners launch their campaigns and acquire new customers utilizing DigitalOcean products.
 We are committed to providing robust customer support to all customers, which we believe has been a strategic differentiator for us. The customer support team addresses account-related questions and provides high-quality technical advice and troubleshooting. Developers and engineers are a key part of the customer support team, and we offer technical support free of charge to all customers. In addition to our free support offering, we offer paid support plans, which allow customers to choose the paid support option that best suits their needs and provide customers with faster response times and dedicated support from technical managers. The customer engagement with customer support team also serves as an important feedback loop to our product and technology teams, helping us better understand the specific needs of our customers. This feedback has influenced, and will continue to influence, our product roadmap, the content strategy for our community tutorials and other business decisions. We closely track various metrics to ensure we are providing exceptional customer support. We internally monitor our customer satisfaction score (CSAT) and net promoter score (NPS) to gauge the quality of our interactions with customers and our ability to increase loyalty. We also have specific monthly service-level objectives (SLOs) for response and resolution times to ensure we maintain a high level of customer satisfaction.
 We intend to continue to invest in our sales and marketing capabilities to capitalize on our large and global market opportunity, while remaining very efficient in terms of sales and marketing expense as a percentage of revenue.
 Our Customers
 Our customer base is incredibly diverse with respect to technical competency, type of business, use case and geography. In terms of type of business and specific use cases, our customers primarily use our IaaS, PaaS, SaaS and AI/ML products for the following:
 • SaaS applications across numerous industry verticals, including education, finance, advertising, e-commerce, media, gaming and many more;
 • Customer relationship management (CRM) products, developer tools, API services and technology products and services;
 • Digital agencies operating eCommerce or other websites for their customers;
 • Startups and growing digital businesses launching AI/ML applications, including generative media, text analysis, natural language understanding, recommendation engines, and image classification; and
 • Personal web projects and education-related services regarding cloud computing and modern technologies, whether it be programming languages, application frameworks or open source technologies.
 Our offerings give customers the ability to select their desired level of technical infrastructure management. Customers have the ability to choose from managing their own infrastructure and building their own bespoke solutions using our IaaS or AI/ML offerings, offloading the technical infrastructure entirely through our Managed Hosting offering or delegating certain aspects of the management using our managed PaaS or AI/ML offerings.

 Our customers are spread across approximately 190 countries with approximately two-thirds of our revenue coming from customers located outside the United States in 2023.
 We have been successful in increasing our customer base, particularly with respect to Builders and Scalers, and our ARPU by expanding our product portfolio and optimizing our sales and marketing initiatives. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 139,000 Builders and approximately 17,000 Scalers. Our ARPU, which consists of the aggregate revenue and customer counts for our Learners, Builders and Scalers, has increased from $65.83 in 2021 to $82.76 in 2022 to $90.99 in 2023.
 We have no material customer concentration, as our top 25 customers made up 7%, 10% and 10% of our revenue in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 Our Community
 We focus heavily on building a large highly-engaged community that can connect and educate developers across the globe. Our developer community enables students, hobbyists and experienced developers alike to learn new skills and technologies and create and deliver new applications. The DigitalOcean community is based on forging genuine relationships through a series of meaningful and memorable interactions. We believe that our focus on community drives brand loyalty amongst a fast-growing developer community and spurs our community followers to become advocates for us and our platform.
 Our community education websites contain high-quality technical tutorials and a forum with tens of thousands of questions and answers that guide developers in creating and delivering modern applications—not just focused on DigitalOcean products and services, but relevant to any cloud service. Each year we host Hacktoberfest, which we believe is the largest hackathon in the world, with approximately 100,000 developers participating in 2023. We distribute our regular Currents market surveys to anyone who seeks market research trends about cloud and open source developments, whether they are a DigitalOcean customer or not.
 We operate the "Hatch by DigitalOcean" program to support entrepreneurs and startups more directly as they begin their journey by providing them with a robust set of benefits to help them succeed. Many of our Hatch participants have become loyal DigitalOcean customers after graduating from the program.
 Our approach of giving back to the community "more than you receive" helps drive strong brand loyalty for DigitalOcean across the global developer community.
 Competition
 The markets that we serve are highly competitive and rapidly evolving. With the introduction of new technologies and innovations, we expect the competitive environment to remain intense.
 We believe that the principal factors on which we compete include:
 • ease of use and operation;
 • speed of deployment;
 • price, total cost of ownership and transparency;
 • customer experience, support and service;
 • community engagement and education;
 • features, functionality and quality of tools;
 • performance, reliability, scalability and security;
 • brand awareness and reputation;
 • geographic reach; and
 • open source support.
 We compete primarily with large, diversified technology companies that focus on large enterprise customers and provide cloud computing as just a portion of the products and services that they offer. The primary vendors in this category include Amazon (AWS), Microsoft (Azure), Google (GCP), IBM (IBM Cloud), Alibaba (Alibaba Cloud) and Oracle (Oracle Cloud).

 We also compete with smaller and/or niche cloud service providers that typically target individuals and smaller businesses, simple use cases and/or narrower geographic markets. Examples in this category include OVHcloud, Vultr, Akamai (Linode), Hetzner and Heroku.
 Our Cloudways offering competes with digital agencies and other managed hosting providers, including Kinsta and WP Engine.
 Finally, since our acquisition of Paperspace, we now compete with providers of AI/ML infrastructure, including Coreweave and Lambda Labs.
 Despite the competitive intensity, we believe we compete successfully on the basis of the factors listed above. We focus on solutions for startups and growing digital businesses—and combine the power of simplicity, love for the developer community, an obsession for customer service and the advantages of open source. This differentiates us dramatically from the enterprise cloud competitors. At the same time, our ability to address complex use cases that allows customers to scale with us as they grow, differentiates us from the many niche competitors who have less robust and extensible offerings.
 Human Capital Management
 We believe that our employees and the culture we have established are critically important to our success. In order to continue to compete and succeed in our highly competitive and rapidly evolving market, it is crucial that we continue to attract, retain and motivate qualified employees. To support these objectives, we strive to maintain our company culture, offer competitive compensation and benefits, support the health and well-being of our employees, foster an inclusive, diverse and engaged workforce, maintain strong employee engagement and develop talent.
 The head of our People team provides regular reports on the progress of our human capital management metrics and initiatives, including our diversity programs, to our executive officers and the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors.
 As of December 31, 2023, we had a total of 1,156 employees, including 659 located outside the United States. We also engage individuals through professional employer organizations and contractors on an as-needed basis. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We have not experienced any work stoppages and we consider our relations with our employees to be good.
 Our Culture
 We believe our culture is critical to our success and has delivered tangible financial and operational benefits for our customers, our employees and our stockholders. Our values guide our business, our product development, our practices and our brand. As our company continues to evolve and grow, our core values remain constant:
 • Our community is bigger than just us. The global community of software developers and entrepreneurs have been the foundation and inspiration for everything we do.
 • Simplicity in all we DO. Simplicity is a core value to us because it is a reminder to keep our customers top of mind in everything we do.
 • We speak up when we have something to say and listen when others DO. With a focus on transparency and inclusivity, we want DigitalOcean to be a place where employees know where we stand and no matter a person's background or experiences, employees can find their voice and their place here.
 • We are accountable to deliver on our commitments. Our customers, employees and investors place enormous trust in us, and we have to be accountable to deliver to all of you.
 • Love is at our core. The love for our customers and for what we do in our jobs makes DigitalOcean a special place – you hear it in the voices of our customers and our employees every time they talk about DigitalOcean.
 Compensation and Benefits
 We provide competitive compensation and benefits for our employees globally. Our compensation package includes base salary, cash bonuses, commissions (for our sales team), and long-term equity awards. We provide employees the opportunity to participate in an employee stock purchase plan, to foster a strong sense of ownership and align our employees' interests with our long-term success. We maintain a global compensation program that is intended to promote a pay-for-performance culture that is both internally equitable as well as externally competitive.

 In addition to cash and equity compensation, we also offer employees a wide array of benefits designed to be aligned with local reward practices and competitive with those offered by companies with whom we compete for talent. In the United States, these include health insurance, flexible personal time off, retirement benefits, a generous parental leave program, emotional well-being services through our Employee Assistance Program and a variety of additional resources to support employees' overall well-being. We continue to evolve our programs to meet our employees' health and wellness needs. While the philosophy around our benefits is the same worldwide, specific benefit offerings (including equity compensation) may vary in other countries due to local regulations and preferences.
 Remote-Friendly Work
 Since our inception, we have fostered a remote-friendly work culture that enables us to recruit and retain skilled professionals wherever they are located. The majority of our employees work remotely and our history and experience with managing a remote workforce has allowed us to grow our company and build our company culture while fostering the remote work experience. Operating remotely allows us access to a global talent pool that enables us to hire talented team members, regardless of location, providing a strong competitive advantage. While we intend to remain a remote-friendly company, we continue to look for ways for our employees to gather, including giving employees the opportunity to access shared work spaces and office spaces to engage with other employees or customers and hosting in-person events and team meetings.
 Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Belonging (DEIB)
 We have a strong commitment to building a diverse workforce that reflects our values and the needs of our global customer base. We believe that a diverse and inclusive workforce brings a diversity of perspectives, which in turn fosters innovation and helps drive better business outcomes.
 We have launched multiple initiatives to further our goal of being more diverse and inclusive and supporting a sense of belonging within our current workforce, including mandatory training for employees and launching employee resource groups (ERGs), which are employee-led, voluntary groups that support professional development, strengthen our business and advance our commitment to a diverse and inclusive workplace. We currently have ERGs to support women, LGBTQIA+, military and veterans, early career professionals, and employees of African and Black descent. We believe forging and strengthening relationships with external DEIB partners is essential to our diversity strategy, and we are excited to continue to establish and build relationships to expand our reach. We also focus on creating a diverse pipeline of candidates for open roles.
 DigitalOcean is committed to pay equity, regardless of gender, ethnicity or other personal characteristics. To deliver on that commitment, we benchmark and set pay ranges based on market data and consider factors such as an employee's role and experience and their job performance. Our goal is for our employee population to reflect the communities that we service and ensure equal total rewards opportunities for all employees regardless of gender identity, ethnicity, location, sexual orientation, disability status and more. To examine our progress, we monitor our diversity numbers across the company and analyze statistics regarding our manager population and individual contributor population, both through the lens of gender (globally) and ethnicity/race (U.S. only) to ensure that diversity exists across the company. We have demonstrated meaningful progress against this goal and continue to identify areas for continued improvement.
 Talent Development
 Talent development is a key aspect of the attraction and retention of our talent. We believe that employee growth is essential, and provide a number of resources and programs to support that commitment. We facilitate employee review cycles where employees have development conversations with their managers multiple times throughout the year. In addition, we offer our employees more than 250 courses and videos covering a wide range of topics from departmental specific skills to leadership and management training. We continually invest in our employees' career growth and provide employees with a wide range of development opportunities, including learning, mentoring, coaching, and external development.
 Employee Engagement
 Employee engagement is key to helping us understand the employee experience, particularly as we expand and hire employees in new locations with different cultural norms. We conduct anonymous global engagement surveys regularly to measure the effectiveness of our people and culture initiatives and identify areas of strength and development opportunities among teams. These surveys are managed by a third-party vendor to encourage candor. The results are reviewed by senior

 management, who analyze areas of progress or deterioration and work with their teams to determine which actions to take based on survey results.
 Social Responsibility
 In connection with our IPO in March 2021, we joined the Pledge 1% movement and committed to allocating $50 million over ten years to expand our social impact initiatives. In 2022, we launched DO Impact, our social impact effort designed to empower changemakers around the globe through products and philanthropy, enable our employees to do good in their communities, and ensure our footprint is sustainable. Since the launch of DO Impact, we have given more than $1.6 million in cash and $765,000 in infrastructure credits to over 1,600 deserving organizations all over the world that impact their local communities, as well as the broader social impact ecosystem.
 The pillars of DO Impact are as follows:
 • DO for Nonprofits. We harness DigitalOcean technology, open source and technical expertise to support non-profit organizations, educational institutions, social enterprises and others who are working to advance social good. We have a product donation program that offers DigitalOcean infrastructure credits and resources to nonprofits and social enterprises. Through our previous program, Hollie's Hub for Good, we have supported 2,762 organizations with donated credits.
 • Employee Giving. We offer our employees a generous donation match program with respect to our employees' charitable giving and also provide employees with credits at certain milestones to donate to a charitable organization of their choosing. In 2023, our employees donated over $175,000 to more than 700 nonprofits, which was matched 100% by our company's generous gift match program. In addition, in 2023, we launched our first-ever DO Day of Service, where employees were encouraged to donate one day of service to nonprofits.
 • Initiative on Inclusive Entrepreneurship. We promote inclusive entrepreneurship for underrepresented communities by providing resources and training within those communities and highlighting the impactful work of entrepreneurs in the program through storytelling.
 • Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG). We drive our ESG initiatives through a cross-departmental team that includes individuals from our social impact, legal, human resources and finance teams, to ensure adherence with best practices and compliance with regulatory requirements.
 Intellectual Property
 Intellectual property rights are important to the success of our business. We rely on a combination of trademark, patent, copyright and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as license agreements, confidentiality provision, non-disclosure agreements with third parties and other contractual protections, to protect our intellectual property rights, including our proprietary technology, software, know-how and brand. We use open source software in our services.
 As of December 31, 2023, we owned eleven registered trademarks in the United States and eleven registered trademarks in various non-U.S. jurisdictions. We have filed applications for registration for two additional trademarks in the United States and two additional trademarks in various non-U.S. jurisdictions. In addition, we own one International Registration through the World Intellectual Property Organization, which has been extended to registrations in seven additional jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2023, we owned five issued patents and had one patent application pending for examination in the United States. The issued patents are each scheduled to expire in 2039 and 2040 and the pending patent application, if issued, would be scheduled to expire in 2039. In addition, we license third-party software and use open source software and other technologies that are used in the provision of or incorporated into some elements of our services. Many parts of our business utilize proprietary technology and/or licensed technology, including open source software.
 We control access to and use of our proprietary technology and other confidential information through the use of internal and external controls, including contractual protections with employees, contractors, customers, vendors and partners. Our policy is to require all employees and independent contractors to sign agreements assigning to us any inventions, trade secrets, works of authorship, developments, processes and other intellectual property generated by them on our behalf and under which they agree to protect our confidential information. In addition, we generally enter into confidentiality agreements with our customers, vendors and other partners. See Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" for a more comprehensive description of risks related to our intellectual property.

 Governmental Regulation
 Our business is and will continue to be subject to extensive U.S. federal and state and foreign laws and regulations, including laws and regulations involving privacy, data protection, content regulation, security, intellectual property, artificial intelligence, competition, taxation, anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, and other similar laws. Many of these laws and regulations are still evolving and are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future, and these laws and regulations can vary significantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. The costs of complying with these laws and regulations are high and are likely to increase in the future. We are also subject to U.S. and foreign laws and regulations that govern or restrict our business and activities in certain countries and with certain persons, including the U.S. Commerce Department's Export Administration Regulations and economic and trade sanctions regulations maintained by the U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control. Compliance with these laws, rules, and regulations has not had, and is not expected to have, a material effect upon our capital expenditures, results of operations, or competitive position. Nevertheless, compliance with existing or future governmental regulations, including, but not limited to, those pertaining to global trade, business acquisitions, consumer and data protection, and taxes, could have a material impact on our business in subsequent periods.
 For a more comprehensive discussion of the risks we face from regulation and compliance matters, see the Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors".
 Corporate Information
 We were incorporated in Delaware in 2012 under the name Digital Ocean, Inc. In 2016, as part of a restructuring, Digital Ocean, Inc. was converted into DigitalOcean, LLC, and DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc. was formed as the ultimate parent holding company. We completed our initial public offering in March 2021 and our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "DOCN." Our principal executive offices are located at 101 6th Avenue, New York, New York 10013, and our telephone number is (646) 827-4366. Our website address is www.digitalocean.com.
 Available Information
 Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC). Such reports and other information filed by us with the SEC are available free of charge on our website at www.investors.digitalocean.com when such reports are available on the SEC's website. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov. The information contained on the websites referenced in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is not incorporated by reference into this filing. Further, our references to website URLs are intended to be inactive textual references only.

 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
 Our operations and financial results and an investment in our common stock are subject to various risks and uncertainties. You should consider and read carefully all of the risks and uncertainties described below, as well as other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes. The risks described below are not the only ones we face. The occurrence of any of the following risks or additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

 Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
 We expect fluctuations in our financial results, making it difficult to project future results, and if we fail to meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors with respect to our results of operations, our stock price and the value of your investment could decline.
 Our results of operations have fluctuated in the past and are expected to fluctuate in the future due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. As a result, our past results may not be indicative of our future performance. In particular, you should not rely on the revenue growth of any prior quarterly or annual period as an indication of our future performance. Even if our revenue continues to increase, our revenue growth rate may decline in the future as a result of a variety of factors, including the maturation of our business. Overall growth of our revenue depends on a number of factors as described in more detail under the heading Part I, Item 1. "Business" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as the factors set forth below. We may not successfully accomplish any of our objectives and, as a

 result, it is difficult for us to forecast our future results of operations. If the assumptions that we use to plan our business are incorrect or change in reaction to changes in our market, we may be unable to maintain consistent revenue or revenue growth, our stock price could be volatile, and it may be difficult to achieve and maintain profitability.
 In addition to the other risks described herein, factors that may affect our results of operations include the following:
 • fluctuations in demand for or pricing and usage of our platform and products;
 • our ability to attract new customers and retain existing customers;
 • customer expansion rates;
 • integration of new products;
 • timing and amount of our investments and capital expenditures related to successfully optimizing, utilizing and expanding our data center facilities;
 • the investment in and integration of new products and features relative to investments in our existing infrastructure and products;
 • our ability to control costs, including our operating expenses, and the timing of payment for expenses;
 • the amount and timing of non-cash expenses, including stock-based compensation, goodwill impairments and other non-cash charges;
 • the amount and timing of costs associated with recruiting, training and integrating new employees and retaining and motivating existing employees;
 • the effects of acquisitions, including the recent Paperspace acquisition and previous Cloudways acquisition, and their integration;
 • general economic conditions, both domestically and internationally, and economic conditions specifically affecting industries in which our customers participate;
 • the impact of new accounting pronouncements;
 • changes in regulatory or legal environments that may cause us to, among other elements, be unable to continue operating in a particular market, remove certain customers from our platform, and/or incur expenses associated with compliance;
 • changes in the competitive dynamics of our market, including consolidation among competitors or customers or new entrants into our market;
 • our ability to control fraudulent registrations and usage of our platform, reduce bad debt and lessen capacity constraints on our data centers, servers and equipment; and
 • significant security breaches of, technical difficulties with, or interruptions to, the delivery and use of our products and platform capabilities.
 Any of these and other factors, or the cumulative effect of some of these factors, may cause our results of operations to vary significantly. If our results of operations fall below the expectations of investors and securities analysts who follow our stock, the price of our common stock could decline substantially, and we could face costly lawsuits, including securities class action suits.
 We have a history of operating losses and we may not be able to sustain profitability in the future.
 We have incurred significant losses in the past and continue to have an accumulated deficit. While we have experienced revenue growth in recent periods, we are not certain whether or when we will obtain a high enough volume of sales to sustain or increase our growth or maintain profitability in the future. We also expect our costs and expenses will increase in future periods, which could negatively affect our future results of operations if our revenue also does not increase. Our efforts to grow our business may be costlier than we expect, or the rate of our growth in revenue may be slower than we expect, and we may not be able to increase our revenue enough to offset our increased operating expenses. We may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including the other risks described herein, and unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications or delays, and other unknown events. If we are unable to sustain profitability, the value of our business and common stock may significantly decrease.

 In addition, we expect to continue to expend substantial financial and other resources on:
 • our technology infrastructure, including systems architecture, scalability, availability, performance, security, hardware, equipment and other capital expenditures, including expenses to increase or maintain data center capacity and to successfully optimize and operate data center facilities;
 • our sales and marketing organization to engage our existing and prospective customers, increase brand awareness and drive adoption of our products;
 • product development, including the development of new products and new functionality for our platform as well as investments in both further optimizing our existing products and infrastructure and expanding our integrations and other add-ons to existing products and services;
 • acquisitions or strategic investments; and
 • general administration, including increased legal and accounting expenses.
 Additionally, we may encounter unforeseen operating expenses, difficulties, complications, delays, and other unknown factors that may result in losses in future periods. If our revenue growth does not meet our expectations in future periods, our business, financial position and results of operations may be harmed, and we may not sustain profitability in the future.
 We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, and our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of the end of the period covered by this report. While we are working to remediate the identified material weakness, we cannot assure you that additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies will not occur in the future. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, our stockholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which could harm our business and the trading price of our common stock.
 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the Sarbanes-Oxley Act), requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, which continued to exist as of December 31, 2023. The material weakness was caused by inadequate controls over our tax processes, described in more detail under the heading Part II, Item 9A. "Controls and Procedures" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have commenced efforts to remediate the material weakness as described in more detail under the heading Part II, Item 9A. "Controls and Procedures" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting will not be considered remediated until the controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls operate effectively. If we do not successfully remediate the material weakness, or if other material weaknesses or other deficiencies arise in the future, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results, which could cause our financial results to be materially misstated and require restatement. In such case, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports in addition to applicable stock exchange listing requirements, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and our stock price may decline as a result. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, or any measures we may take in the future, will be sufficient to remediate the control deficiencies that led to a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting or that they will prevent or avoid potential future material weaknesses.
 If we are unable to attract new customers, retain existing customers and/or expand usage of our platform by such customers, we may not achieve the growth we expect, which would adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
 In order to grow our business, we must continue to attract new customers in a cost-effective manner and enable these customers to realize the benefits associated with our products and services. Our business is usage-based and it is important for our business and financial results that our paying customers maintain or increase their usage of our platform and purchase additional products from us. Historically, we have relied on our self-service customer acquisition model for a significant majority of our revenue. We complement our self-service customer acquisition model with a sales force focused on inside sales, targeted outside sales and partnership opportunities to drive revenue growth. If our self-service customer acquisition model is not as effective as we anticipate or our sales force is not successful at growing our customer base, specifically our higher spend customers, our future growth will be impacted.

 In addition, we must persuade potential customers that our products offer significant advantages over those of our competitors. As our market matures, our products evolve, and competitors introduce lower cost or differentiated products that are perceived to compete with our platform and products, our ability to maintain or expand usage of our platform could be impaired. Even if we do attract new customers, the cost of new customer acquisition, product implementation and ongoing customer support may prove higher than anticipated, thereby impacting our profitability.
 Other factors, many of which are out of our control, may now or in the future impact our ability to add new customers in a cost-effective manner, include:
 • potential customers' commitments to existing platforms or greater familiarity or comfort with other platforms or products;
 • our failure to expand, retain, and motivate our sales and marketing personnel;
 • our failure to obtain or maintain industry security certifications for our platform and products;
 • negative media, industry, or financial analyst commentary regarding our platform and the identities and activities of some of our customers;
 • the perceived risk, commencement, or outcome of litigation; and
 • deteriorating general economic conditions.
 The vast majority of our contracts with our customers are based on our terms of service, which do not require our customers to commit to a specific contractual period, and which permit the customer to terminate their contracts or decrease usage of our products and services without advance notice. Our customers generally have no obligation to maintain their usage of our platform. This ease of termination could cause our results of operations to fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter. Our customer retention may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including our customers' satisfaction with the security, performance, and reliability of our products, our prices and usage plans, our customers' budgetary restrictions, the perception that competitive products provide better or less expensive options, negative public perception of us or our customers, and deteriorating general economic conditions. As a result, we may face high rates of customer churn if we are unable to meet our customer needs, requirements and preferences.
 Our future financial performance also depends in part on our ability to expand our existing customers' usage of our platform and sell additional products to our existing customers. Conversely, our paying customers may reduce their usage to lower-cost pricing tiers if they do not see the marginal value in maintaining their usage at a higher-cost pricing tier, thereby impacting our ability to increase revenue. In order to expand our commercial relationships with our customers, existing customers must decide that the incremental cost associated with such an increase in usage or subscription to additional products is justified by the additional functionality. Our customers' decision whether to increase their usage or subscribe to additional products is driven by a number of factors, including customer satisfaction with the security, performance, and reliability of our platform and existing products, the functionality of any new products we may offer, general economic conditions, and customer reaction to our pricing model. If our efforts to expand our relationships with our existing customers are not successful, our financial condition and results of operations may materially suffer.
 In addition, to encourage awareness, usage, familiarity and adoption of our platform and products, we may offer a credit or other incentives to new customers who sign up for and use our platform. To the extent that we are unable to successfully retain customers after use of the initial incentives, we will not realize the intended benefits of these marketing strategies and our ability to grow our revenue will be adversely affected.
 The market for our platform and solutions may develop more slowly or differently than we expect.
 It is difficult to predict customer adoption rates and demand for our products and services, the entry of competitive products or services or the future growth rate and size of the Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) and artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) markets. The expansion of these markets depends on a number of factors, including the cost, performance, and perceived value associated with cloud computing platforms as an alternative to more established and legacy systems, the ability of cloud computing platform providers to address heightened data security and privacy concerns, and the cost and effort associated with converting or transition from current systems to cloud-based systems. If we or other cloud computing platform providers experience security incidents, loss of customer data, disruptions or other similar problems, the market for these applications as a whole, including our platform and products, may be negatively affected. If there is a reduction in demand caused by a lack of customer acceptance, technological challenges, weakening economic conditions, data security or privacy concerns, governmental regulation, competing technologies and products, or decreases in information technology spending or

 otherwise, either now or in the future, the market for our platform and products might not continue to develop or might develop more slowly than we expect, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, new technological developments, including the development and use of generative artificial intelligence, are rapidly evolving and we are not certain as to the success of our AI/ML products (such as the provision of AI/ML infrastructure and platform services in connection with our recent acquisition of Paperspace) and the complexities associated with the current or future regulatory requirements as well as social and ethical considerations relating to the AI/ML market.
 Our core customer base consists of startups and growing digital businesses. As these individuals and organizations grow, if we are unable to meet their evolving needs, we may not be able to retain them as customers. Our business will also suffer if the market for our solutions proves less lucrative than projected or if we fail to effectively acquire and service such users.
 We expect that our path to growth will, in part, rely on scaling our platform to meet the needs of our customers as they increase usage of our platform. Accordingly, if such customers fail to grow as expected, then our path to growth may be adversely affected. In addition, our inability to offer both suitable services to support their businesses at scale and suitable and appropriately priced services for the initial state of their business, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We believe that the markets for startups and growing digital businesses are underserved, and we intend to continue to devote substantial resources to such markets. However, these customers and potential customers frequently have limited budgets and may choose to allocate resources to items other than our solutions, especially in times of economic uncertainty or recessions. If these markets fail to be as lucrative as we project or we are unable to market and sell our services to such customers effectively, our ability to grow our revenues quickly and achieve or maintain profitability will be harmed.
 We are focused on attracting higher spend customers to our platform. Sales to higher spend customers involve risks that may not be present or that are present to a lesser extent with sales to smaller customers.
 Sales to higher spend customers involve risks that may not be present or that are present to a lesser extent with sales to smaller customers, such as longer sales cycles, more complex customer requirements, substantial upfront sales costs, and less predictability in completing some of our sales. For example, higher spend customers may require considerable time to evaluate and test our solutions and those of our competitors prior to making a decision on whether to subscribe to our platform. As a result, we may spend substantial time and resources on our sales efforts without any assurance that our efforts will produce a sale. Moreover, higher spend customers often begin to deploy our products on a limited basis, but nevertheless demand configuration, integration services and pricing negotiations, which increase our upfront investment in the sales effort with no guarantee that these customers will deploy our products widely enough across their organization to justify our substantial upfront investment.
 If we fail to timely release updates and new features to our platform and adapt and respond effectively to rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, changing regulations, or customer needs, our platform and products may become less competitive.
 Our ability to attract new users and customers, expand our customer base, and increase revenue from existing customers depends in large part on our ability to enhance and improve our existing platform and products, increase adoption and usage of our platform and products, and introduce new products and capabilities. The markets in which we compete are relatively new and subject to rapid technological change, evolving industry standards, and changing regulations, as well as changing customer needs, requirements and preferences. The success of our business will depend, in part, on our ability to adapt and respond effectively to these changes on a timely basis, anticipate and respond to customer demands and preferences, address business model shifts, optimize our go-to-market execution by improving our cost structure, align sales coverage with strategic goals, improve channel execution and strengthen our services and capabilities in our areas of strategic focus. If we were unable to enhance our products and platform capabilities to keep pace with rapid technological and regulatory change, or if new technologies emerge that are able to deliver competitive products at lower prices, more efficiently, more conveniently, or more securely than our products, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
 We expect that the number of integrations and tools we will need to support will continue to expand as current and prospective customers adopt new technologies, and we will have to develop new or upgraded versions of our platform and products to work with those new platforms. This development effort may require significant engineering, sales and marketing resources, all of which would adversely affect our business. Any failure of our platform or products to operate effectively with future technologies and tools could reduce the demand for our platform and products. If we are unable to

 respond to these changes in a cost-effective manner, our platform may become less marketable and less competitive or obsolete, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
 We rely on third-party data center providers to ensure the functionality of our platform and products. If our data center providers fail to meet the requirements of our business, or if our data center facilities experience damage, interruption or a security breach, our ability to provide access to our platform and maintain the performance of our network could be negatively impacted.
 We lease space with third-party data center providers located in the United States, India, Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Netherlands, Singapore and Australia. Our business is reliant on these data center facilities. Given that we lease this data center space, we do not control the operation of these third-party facilities. Consequently, we may be subject to service disruptions as well as failures to provide adequate support for reasons that are outside of our direct control. All of our data center facilities and network infrastructure are vulnerable to damage or interruption from a variety of sources including earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, system failures, computer vulnerabilities, physical or electronic break-ins, human error, malfeasance or interference, including by employees, former employees, or contractors, terrorism and other catastrophic events. We and our data centers have experienced, and may in the future experience, disruptions, outages and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes and capacity constraints, due to an overwhelming number of customers accessing our platform simultaneously. Data center facilities housing our network infrastructure may also be subject to local administrative actions, changes to legal or permitting requirements, labor disputes, litigation to stop, limit, or delay operations, and other legal challenges, including local government agencies seeking to gain access to customer accounts for law enforcement or other reasons. In addition, while we have entered into various agreements for the lease of data center space, equipment, maintenance and other services, the third party could fail to live up to the contractual obligations under those agreements.
 Other factors, many of which are beyond our control, that can affect the delivery, performance, and availability of our platform and products include:
 • the development, maintenance, and functioning of the infrastructure of the internet as a whole;
 • the performance and availability of third-party telecommunications services with the necessary speed, data capacity, and security for providing reliable internet access and services;
 • the failure of our redundancy systems, in the event of a service disruption at one of the facilities hosting our network infrastructure, to redistribute load to other components of our network;
 • the failure of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans; and
 • decisions by the owners and operators of the co-location and ISP-partner facilities where our network infrastructure is deployed or by global telecommunications service provider partners who provide us with network bandwidth to terminate our contracts, discontinue services to us, shut down operations or facilities, increase prices, change service levels, limit bandwidth, declare bankruptcy, breach their contracts with us, or prioritize the traffic of other parties.
 The occurrence of any of these factors, or our inability to efficiently and cost-effectively fix such errors or other problems that may be identified, could damage our reputation, negatively impact our relationship with our customers, or otherwise materially harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
 The components of our global network are interrelated, such that disruptions or outages affecting one or more of our network data center facilities may increase the strain on other components of our network. In addition, the failure of any of our data center facilities for any significant period of time could place a significant strain upon the ongoing operation of our business, as we have only limited redundant functionality for these facilities, and there may be concentration issues regarding the storing and backup of customer data. Such a failure of a core data center facility could degrade and slow down our network, reduce the functionality of our products for our customers, impact our ability to bill our customers, and otherwise materially and adversely impact our business, reputation, and results of operations.
 In addition, if we do not optimize and operate these data center facilities efficiently, or if we fail to expand our data centers to meet increased customer demand, it could result in either lack of available capacity (resulting in poor service performance or technical issues) or excess data center capacity (resulting in increased unnecessary costs), both of which could result in the dissatisfaction or loss of customers and cause our business, results of operations and financial condition to suffer. As we continue to add product and service capabilities, our data center networks become increasingly complex and operating them becomes more challenging.

 The terms of our existing data center agreements and leases vary in length and expire on various dates. Upon the expiration or termination of our data center facility leases, we may not be able to renew these leases on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Even if we are able to renew the leases on our existing data centers, rental rates, which will be determined based on then-prevailing market rates with respect to the renewal option periods and which will be determined by negotiation with the landlord after the renewal option periods, may increase from the rates we currently pay under our existing lease agreements. Migrations to new facilities could also be expensive and present technical challenges that may result in downtime for our affected customers. There can also be no assurances that our plans to mitigate customer downtime for affected customers will be successful.
 If we or our third-party service providers experience an actual or suspected security incident or unauthorized parties otherwise obtain access to, or prevent access to, our platform or our customers' data or our sensitive or proprietary data, we may incur significant liabilities and our reputation and business may be harmed.
 Our platform and products involve the storage and transmission of data, including personally identifiable information, and security incidents (including breaches of security) or unauthorized access to our platform and products could result in the loss of our or our customers' or users' data, litigation, indemnity obligations, fines, penalties, disputes, investigations and other liabilities. Our platform, systems, networks and physical facilities, and those of our vendors, have been in the past and may continue in the future to be breached, and sensitive and proprietary data may have been and could be otherwise compromised. We may also be impacted by and the target of cyber-attacks by third parties seeking unauthorized access to our or our customers' or users' sensitive or proprietary data or to disrupt our ability to provide our services. While we have implemented security measures designed to protect against security incidents, there can be no assurance that these will be effective and our security measures or those of our third-party service providers that store or otherwise process certain of our and our customers' or users' data on our behalf could be breached or we could suffer a loss of our or our customers' or users' data. We take steps designed to detect, mitigate and remediate vulnerabilities in our information systems (such as our hardware and/or software, including that of third parties upon which we rely). We may not, however, detect and remediate all such vulnerabilities including on a timely basis. Further, we may experience delays in developing and deploying remedial measures and patches designed to address identified vulnerabilities.
 We rely on third-party service providers and technologies to operate critical business systems to process sensitive information in a variety of contexts. Our ability to monitor our third-party service providers' data security is limited. Cyber-attacks, computer malware, viruses, supply chain attacks, social engineering (including spear phishing and ransomware attacks), and general hacking have become more prevalent in our industry, particularly against cloud services. In addition, errors due to the action or inaction of our employees, contractors, or others with authorized access to our network could lead to a variety of security incidents. If our third-party service providers experience a security incident or other interruption, we could experience adverse consequences. While we may be entitled to damages if our third-party service providers fail to satisfy their privacy or security-related obligations to us, any award may be insufficient to cover our damages, or we may be unable to recover such award. Further, we do not directly control content that our customers or users store, use, or access in our products. If our customers or users use our products for the transmission or storage of personally identifiable information and our security measures are or are believed to have been weak or breached, our reputation could be damaged, our business may suffer, and we could incur significant liability. In addition, our existing security measures and remediation efforts may not be effective against current or future security threats. Further to the risks associated with experiencing a security incident, third parties may gather, collect or infer sensitive information about us from public sources, data brokers, or other means that reveals competitively sensitive details about our organization and could be used to undermine our competitive advantage or market position.
 Because there are many different mechanisms that can cause security breaches and such mechanisms continue to evolve, we may be unable to anticipate attempted security breaches, react in a timely manner or implement adequate preventative measures. Third parties may also conduct attacks designed to temporarily deny customers or users access to our cloud services. Any security breach or other security incident, or the perception that one has occurred, could result in a loss of customer confidence in the security of our platform and damage to our brand, reduce the demand for our products, disrupt normal business operations, require us to spend material resources to investigate or correct the breach and to prevent future security breaches and incidents, expose us to legal liabilities, including litigation, regulatory enforcement, and indemnity obligations, and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These risks are likely to increase as we continue to grow and process, store, and transmit increasingly large amounts of data.
 Our contracts may not contain limitations of liability, and even where they do, there can be no assurance that limitations of liability in our contracts are sufficient to protect us from liabilities, damages or claims related to our data privacy and security obligations. Additionally, although we maintain cybersecurity insurance coverage, we cannot be

 certain that such coverage will be adequate for data security liabilities actually incurred, will cover any indemnification claims against us relating to any incident, will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all, or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.
 In addition, our customers require and expect that we and/or our service providers maintain industry-related compliance certifications, such as SOC 1, SOC 2, SOC 3, PCI-DSS, NIST 800-53, and others. There are significant costs associated with maintaining existing and implementing any newly-adopted industry-related compliance certifications, including costs associated with retroactively building security controls into services which may involve re-engineering technology, processes and staffing. The inability to maintain applicable compliance certifications could result in monetary fines, disruptive participation in forensic audits due to a breach, security-related control failures, customer contract breaches, customer churn and brand and reputational harm.
 We may not be able to successfully manage our growth, and if we are not able to grow efficiently, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.
 The growth and expansion of our business will continue to require additional management, operational and financial resources. As usage of our platform grows, we will need to devote additional resources to improving and maintaining our infrastructure and integrating with third-party applications. In addition, we will need to appropriately scale our internal business systems and our services organization, including customer support, to serve our growing customer base, and to improve our information technology and financial infrastructure, operating and administrative systems and our ability to effectively manage headcount, capital and processes, including by reducing costs and inefficiencies. Any failure of or delay in these efforts could result in impaired system performance and reduced customer satisfaction, which would negatively impact our revenue growth and our reputation. Even if we are successful in our expansion efforts, they will be expensive and complex, and require the dedication of significant management time and attention. We cannot be sure that the expansion of and improvements to our internal infrastructure will be effectively implemented on a timely basis, if at all, and such failures could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 In addition, we must also continue to effectively manage our capital expenditures by maintaining and expanding our data center capacity, servers and equipment, grow in geographies where we currently have a small presence and ensure that the performance, features and reliability of our service offerings and our customer service remain competitive in a rapidly changing technological environment. If we fail to manage our growth, the quality of our platform and products may suffer, which could negatively affect our brand and reputation and harm our ability to retain and attract customers and employees.
 If we underestimate or overestimate our data center capacity requirements and our capital expenditures on data centers, servers and equipment, our results of operations could be adversely affected.
 The costs of building out, leasing and maintaining our data centers constitute a significant portion of our capital and operating expenses. To manage our capacity while minimizing unnecessary excess capacity costs, we continuously evaluate our short and long-term data center capacity requirements in order to effectively manage our capital expenditures. We may be unable to project accurately the rate or timing of increases in volume of usage on our platform or to successfully allocate resources to address such increases, and may underestimate the data center capacity needed to address such increases, and in response, we may be unable to increase our data capacity, and increase our capital expenditures on servers and other equipment, in an expedient and cost-effective manner to address such increases. If we underestimate our data center capacity requirements and capital expenditure requirements, we may not be able to provide our platform and products to current customers or service the expanding needs of our existing customers and may be required to limit new customer acquisition or enter into leases or other agreements for data centers, servers and other equipment that are not optimal, all of which may materially and adversely impair our results of operations.
 In addition, many of our data center sites are subject to multi-year leases. If our capacity needs are reduced, or if we decide to close a data center, we may nonetheless be committed to perform our obligations under the applicable leases including, among other things, paying the base rent for the balance of the lease term and continuing to pay for any servers or other equipment. If we overestimate our data center capacity requirements and capital expenditures, and therefore secure excess data center capacity and servers or other equipment, our operating margins could be materially reduced.
 Finally, the costs of operating our data centers have increased and may increase in the future due to rising energy prices as a result of global geopolitical issues.

 We rely on a limited number of suppliers for certain components of the equipment we use to operate our network and any disruption in the availability of these components could delay our ability to expand or increase the capacity of our platform or replace defective equipment.
 We do not manufacture the products or components we use to build our platform and the related infrastructure. We rely on a limited number of suppliers for several components of the equipment we use to operate our platform and provide products to our customers. Our reliance on these suppliers exposes us to risks, including:
 • reduced control over production costs and constraints based on the then current availability, terms, and pricing of these components;
 • competition with larger cloud computing companies and other consumers with respect to high demand equipment, such as GPUs;
 • limited ability to control the quality, quantity and cost of our products or of their components;
 • the potential for binding price or purchase commitments with our suppliers at higher than market rates;
 • limited ability to adjust production volumes in response to our customers' demand fluctuations;
 • labor and political unrest at facilities we do not operate or own;
 • geopolitical disputes disrupting our supply chain;
 • business, legal compliance, litigation and financial concerns affecting our suppliers or their ability to manufacture and ship our products in the quantities, quality and manner we require;
 • impacts on our supply chain from adverse public health developments, including outbreaks of contagious diseases; and
 • disruptions due to floods, earthquakes, storms and other natural disasters, particularly in countries with limited infrastructure and disaster recovery resources.
 In addition, we are continually working to expand and enhance our platform features, technology and network infrastructure and other technologies to accommodate substantial increases in the volume of usage on our platform, the amount of content we host and our overall total customers. We may be unable to project accurately the rate or timing of these increases or to successfully allocate resources to address such increases, and may underestimate the data center capacity needed to address such increases, and our limited number of suppliers may not be able to quickly respond to our needs, which could have a negative impact on customer experience and our financial results. In the future, we may be required to allocate additional resources, including spending substantial amounts, to build, purchase or lease data centers and equipment and upgrade our technology and network infrastructure in order to handle increased customer usage, and our suppliers may not be able to satisfy such requirements. In addition, our network or our suppliers' networks might be unable to achieve or maintain data transmission capacity high enough to process orders or download data effectively or in a timely manner. Our failure, or our suppliers' failure, to achieve or maintain high data transmission capacity could significantly reduce consumer demand for our products. Such reduced demand and resulting loss of traffic, cost increases, or failure to accommodate new technologies could harm our business, revenue and financial condition. In connection with the introduction of our AI/ML offerings after our acquisition of Paperspace, we introduced GPUs in our data centers. Since demand for GPUs is at an all time high, we have faced and may continue to face supply chain issues, which may impact our ability to service AI/ML customers, which in turn could impact our ability to expand our revenue and will impact our results of operations.
 If we do not or cannot maintain the compatibility of our platform with third-party applications that our customers use in their businesses, our business will be harmed.
 Because our customers choose to integrate our products with certain capabilities provided by third-party providers, the functionality and popularity of our platform depends, in part, on our ability to integrate our platform and applications with developer tools and other third-party applications. These third parties may change the features of their technologies, restrict our access to their applications, or alter the terms governing use of their applications in a manner that is adverse to our business. Such changes could functionally limit or prevent our ability to use these third-party technologies in conjunction with our platform, which would negatively affect adoption of our platform and harm our business. If we fail to integrate our platform with third-party applications that our customers use, we may not be able to offer the functionality that our customers need, which would harm our business.

 We rely heavily on the reliability, security and performance of our internally developed systems and operations. Any difficulties in maintaining these systems may result in damage to our brand, service interruptions, decreased customer service or increased expenditures.
 The reliability and continuous availability of the software, hardware and workflow processes underlying our internal systems, networks and infrastructure and the ability to deliver our products are critical to our business. Any interruptions resulting in our inability to timely deliver our products, or materially impacting the efficiency or cost with which we provide our products, would harm our brand, profitability and ability to conduct business. If third-party vendors increase their prices and we are unable to successfully pass those costs on to our customers, it could have a substantial effect on our results of operations.
 We rely on our relationships with third-party software providers and other partners for certain essential financial and operational services, and a failure or disruption in these services could materially and adversely affect our ability to manage our business effectively.
 We rely on third-party software providers and other partners for many essential financial and operational services to support our business, including, without limitation, encryption and authentication technology, infrastructure operations, certain database services, employee email, content delivery to customers, back-office support, credit card processing and other functions. These vendors provide their services to us via a cloud-based model instead of software that is installed on our premises. As a result, we depend upon these vendors to provide us with services that are always available and are free of errors or defects that could cause disruptions in our business processes. Any failure by these vendors to do so, or any disruption in our ability to access the internet, would materially and adversely affect our ability to manage our operations. In addition, although we have developed systems and processes that are designed to protect customer and user data and prevent data loss and other security breaches, including systems and processes designed to reduce the impact of a security breach at a third-party service provider, such measures cannot provide absolute security. Furthermore, if these services become unavailable or are no longer available to us on commercially reasonable terms due to circumstances beyond our control, such as an acquisition of our third-party provider, our expenses could increase, our ability to access certain data could be interrupted, and our processes for providing certain services to our customers could be impaired until equivalent services, if available, are identified, obtained and implemented, all of which could adversely affect our business.
 Performance problems or defects associated with our platform may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 It may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve our platform performance, especially during peak usage times and as our customer base grows and our platform becomes more complex. If our platform is unavailable or if our customers are unable to access our platform within a reasonable amount of time or at all, we may experience a loss of customers, lost or delayed market acceptance of our platform, delays in payment to us by customers, injury to our reputation and brand, legal claims against us, significant cost of remedying these problems and the diversion of our resources. In addition, to the extent that we do not effectively address capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed and continually develop our technology and network architecture to accommodate actual and anticipated changes in technology, our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as our reputation, may be adversely affected.
 Further, the software technology underlying our platform is inherently complex and may contain material defects or errors, particularly when new products are first introduced or when new features or capabilities are released. We have from time to time found defects or errors in our platform, and new defects or errors in our existing platform or new products may be detected in the future by us or our users. We cannot assure you that our existing platform and new products will not contain defects. Any real or perceived errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs in our platform could result in negative publicity or lead to data security, access, retention or other performance issues, all of which could harm our business. The costs incurred in correcting such defects or errors may be substantial and could harm our business. Moreover, the harm to our reputation and legal liability related to such defects or errors may be substantial and could similarly harm our business.
 The markets in which we participate are competitive, and if we do not compete effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.
 The markets that we serve are highly competitive and rapidly evolving. With the introduction of new technologies and innovations, we expect the competitive environment to remain intense. We compete primarily with large, diversified technology companies that focus on large enterprise customers and provide cloud computing as just a portion of the services and products that they offer. The primary vendors in this category include Amazon (AWS), Microsoft (Azure), Google (GCP), IBM (IBM Cloud), Alibaba (Alibaba Cloud) and Oracle (Oracle Cloud). We also compete with smaller,

 niche cloud service providers that typically target individuals and smaller businesses, simple use cases or narrower geographic markets. Some examples in this category include OVHcloud, Vultr, Akamai (Linode), Hetzner and Heroku. Our Cloudways offering competes with digital agencies and other managed hosting providers, including Kinsta and WP Engine. Finally, since our recent acquisition of Paperspace, we now compete with other providers of AI/ML infrastructure, including Coreweave and Lambda Labs. We may also face increased competition from other companies that are using AI/ML applications, some of whom may develop more effective methods than we and any of our business partners have, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.
 Our competitors vary in size and in the breadth and scope of the products offered. Many of our competitors and potential competitors, particularly our larger competitors, have substantial competitive advantages as compared to us, including greater name recognition and longer operating histories, larger sales and marketing and customer support budgets and resources, the ability to bundle products together, larger and more mature intellectual property portfolios, greater resources to make acquisitions and greater resources for technical assistance and customer support. Further, other potential competitors not currently offering competitive solutions may expand their product or service offerings to compete with our products and platform capabilities, or our current and potential competitors may establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties that may further enhance their resources and product offerings in our addressable market. In addition, some of our actual and potential competitors have been acquired by other larger enterprises and have made or may make acquisitions or may enter into partnerships or other strategic relationships that may provide more comprehensive offerings than they individually had offered or achieve greater economies of scale than us. Further, new entrants not currently considered to be competitors may enter the market through acquisitions, partnerships or strategic relationships. Our competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards, and customer requirements. An existing competitor or new entrant could introduce new technology that reduces demand for our products and platform capabilities.
 For all of these reasons, we may not be able to compete successfully against our current or future competitors, and this competition could result in the failure of our platform to continue to achieve or maintain market acceptance, any of which would harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
 We may be unable to accurately predict the optimal pricing necessary to attract new customers and retain existing customers. Our pricing model subjects us to various challenges that could make it difficult for us to derive sufficient value from our customers.
 We have in the past changed our pricing model from time to time and in the future may need to make further changes to the pricing model. As the market for our products matures, or as new competitors introduce new products or services that compete with ours, we may be unable to attract new customers using the same pricing models as we have used historically. Pricing decisions may also impact the mix of adoption among our customers and negatively impact our overall revenue. We generally charge our customers for their usage of our platform, and the add-on features and functionality they choose to enable. We do not know whether our current or potential customers or the market in general will continue to accept this pricing model going forward and, if it fails to gain acceptance, our business could be harmed. In addition, certain customers may demand substantial price concessions. As a result, in the future we may be required to reduce our prices or develop new pricing models, which could adversely affect our revenue, gross margin, profitability, financial position, and cash flow.
 If we fail to effectively onboard our new chief executive officer and successfully manage the chief executive officer transition or if we fail to retain and motivate members of our management team and other key employees in light of our chief executive officer succession plan, our business and future growth prospects could be harmed.
 On February 12, 2024, Padmanabhan Srinivasan joined the company in the role of chief executive officer (CEO) and as a member of our board of directors and our former CEO departed the company. If the transition to our new CEO is not successfully managed and Mr. Srinivasan is not effectively onboarded, it could have an adverse impact on our business and be viewed negatively by our customers, employees or investors.
 Additionally, our success and future growth depend largely upon the continued services of our executive officers and key employees, some of whom have departed in recent months, and our ability to effectively recruit to replace any departing executive officers and key employees. If we fail to motivate or retain our executive officers or other key employees in light of our CEO transition and in connection with other executive departures, one or more of such employees may leave. Our executive officers and other key employees are employed on an at-will basis, which means that these personnel could terminate their employment with us at any time. The loss of one or more of our executive officers, or the failure by our executive team to effectively work with our employees and lead our company, could harm our business.

 In the event of such employee departures, if we fail to enable the effective transfer of knowledge and facilitate smooth transitions, the operating results and future growth for our business could be adversely affected. Furthermore, the morale and productivity of the workforce could be disrupted.
 If we fail to retain and motivate, or fail to attract qualified personnel to support our operations, our business and future growth prospects would be harmed.
 In order to execute our growth plan, we must attract and retain highly qualified personnel. Competition for these personnel is intense, especially for engineers experienced in cloud computing, infrastructure solutions, and AI/ML. From time to time, we have experienced, and we expect to continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining employees with appropriate qualifications. Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we have. If we hire employees from competitors or other companies, their former employers may attempt to assert that these employees or we have breached their legal obligations, resulting in a diversion of our time and resources. In addition, prospective and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. Volatility or lack of performance in our stock price may affect our ability to recruit and retain key employees. If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business and future growth prospects would be harmed. In addition, since our equity awards are typically communicated to employees in dollar amounts, a decreasing share price may also require us to increase the number of shares that we include in employee equity awards, which has and may continue to affect our outstanding share count and cause dilution to existing shareholders.
 We have in the past and may in the future undertake internal restructuring activities that could result in disruptions to our business or otherwise materially harm our results of operations or financial condition.
 We have in the past and may in the future undertake internal restructuring activities in an effort to better align our resources with our business strategy. For example, in 2023 we completed a restructuring that resulted in a reduction in our workforce. We incur substantial costs to implement restructuring plans, and our restructuring activities may subject us to reputational risks and litigation risks and expenses. There can be no assurance that any restructuring activities that we undertake will achieve the cost savings, operating efficiencies or other benefits that we may initially expect. In addition, restructuring activities may result in loss of institutional knowledge and expertise, attrition beyond our intended reduction-in-force, or a negative impact on employee morale and productivity or our ability to attract highly-skilled employees. Internal restructurings can also require a significant amount of time and focus from management and other employees, which may divert attention from commercial operations. While we took actions to mitigate these risks for the restructuring that took place in 2023, there can be no certainty that such efforts to mitigate were effective. If any internal restructuring activities we have undertaken or undertake in the future fail to achieve some or all of the expected benefits therefrom, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
 Our corporate culture has contributed to our success and if we cannot maintain this culture as we grow and expand geographically, we could lose the innovation, creativity and entrepreneurial spirit we have worked hard to foster, which could harm our business.
 We believe our corporate culture of rapid innovation, teamwork, and attention to customer support has been a key contributor to our success to date. If we do not continue to maintain our corporate culture as we grow and expand to new geographies or as a result of any reductions in workforce, we may be unable to foster the innovation, creativity and entrepreneurial spirit we believe we need to support our growth.
 We have in the past and may in the future be named as a defendant in securities class action lawsuits and stockholder derivative lawsuits. These types of lawsuits could result in substantial damages, divert management's time and attention from our business, and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. These lawsuits may be costly to defend or pursue and are uncertain in their outcome.
 On September 12, 2023, a putative class action lawsuit was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, against us and certain of our current and former executive officers for alleged violations of U.S. federal securities laws. In December 2023, we were named a nominal defendant in two putative stockholder derivative actions filed in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware against our directors and our former chief executive officer and member of the board. The complaints in the two lawsuits alleged, among other things, violations of federal law and breaches of fiduciary duty, in relation to substantially the same factual allegations as the above-described federal class action lawsuit. As described in more detail under Part I, Item 3. "Legal Proceedings", each of these lawsuits has been voluntarily dismissed without prejudice.

 These types of lawsuits are subject to inherent uncertainties, and the actual defense and disposition costs will depend upon many unknown factors and their outcomes are necessarily uncertain. We could be forced to expend significant resources and incur significant expense in the defense of any additional lawsuits of this nature. Monitoring, initiating and defending against legal actions are time-consuming for our management, may be expensive and may detract from our ability to fully focus our internal resources on our business activities. We may not be successful in having these types of lawsuits dismissed or settled within the limits of our insurance coverage. There also could be adverse publicity associated with these lawsuits that could negatively affect public perception of our business, regardless of whether the allegations are valid or whether we are ultimately found liable.
 If we fail to maintain and enhance our brands, our ability to expand our customer base will be impaired and our business, financial condition and results of operations may suffer.
 We believe that maintaining and enhancing our brands are important to support the marketing and sale of our existing and future products to new customers and expand sales of our platform and products to existing customers. We also believe that the importance of brand recognition will increase as competition in our market increases. Successfully maintaining and enhancing our brands will depend largely on the effectiveness of our marketing efforts, our ability to provide reliable products that continue to meet the needs of our customers at competitive prices, our ability to maintain our customers' trust, our ability to continue to develop new functionality and use cases, and our ability to successfully differentiate our products and platform capabilities from competitive products. Our brand promotion activities may not generate customer awareness or yield increased revenue, and even if they do, any increased revenue may not offset the expenses we incur in building our brand. As noted below in "Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property," there also are risks that we may not be able to adequately enforce and protect our trademark rights in our brands. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brands, our business, financial condition and results of operations may suffer.
 Our ability to maintain customer satisfaction depends in part on the quality of our customer support. Failure to maintain high-quality customer support could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operation, and financial condition.
 We believe that the successful use of our platform and products requires a high level of support and engagement for many of our customers, particularly our business customers. In order to deliver appropriate customer support and engagement, we must successfully assist our customers in deploying and continuing to use our platform and products, resolving performance issues, addressing interoperability challenges with the customers' existing IT infrastructure, and responding to security threats and cyber-attacks and performance and reliability problems that may arise from time to time. Because our platform and products are designed to be highly configurable and to rapidly implement customers' reconfigurations, if customers make errors in configuring our platform and products, they may experience significant disruption to their workloads on our platform. Our support organization faces additional challenges associated with our international operations, including those associated with delivering support, training, and documentation in languages other than English. Increased demand for customer support, without corresponding increases in revenue, could increase our costs and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
 In addition, we rely on our user community to serve as a resource for questions on any part of our platform. Members of our user community are not obligated to participate in discussions with other users, and to the extent they do not, our customers' ability to find answers to questions about our platform or services may suffer. If we are unable to develop self-service support resources that are easy to use and that our customers utilize to resolve their technical issues, or if our customers choose not to take advantage of these self-service support services, our customers' experience with our platform may be negatively impacted.
 There can be no assurance that we will be able to hire sufficient support personnel as and when needed, particularly if our sales exceed our internal forecasts. To the extent that we are unsuccessful in hiring, training, and retaining adequate support resources, our ability to provide high-quality and timely support to our customers will be negatively impacted, and our customers' satisfaction and their usage of our platform could be adversely affected.
 Our use of third-party artificial intelligence-based technology may present new risks and challenges to our business.
 In an effort to enhance internal efficiencies, we may explore the usage of third-party AI/ML platforms, offerings and tools, including AI chatbots and generative AI products (AI/ML technology), in our internal operations. The development and use of AI/ML technology present various privacy and security risks that may impact our business. AI/ML technology is subject to privacy and data security laws, as well as increasing regulation and scrutiny. We have developed policies governing the use of AI/ML technology to help reasonably ensure that such AI/ML technology is used in a trustworthy manner by our employees, contractors, and authorized agents and that our assets, including intellectual

 property, competitive information, personal information we may collect or process, and customer information, are protected. Any failure by our personnel, contractors or other agents to adhere to our established policies could violate confidentiality obligations or applicable laws and regulations (including data privacy laws), jeopardize our intellectual property rights, cause or contribute to unlawful discrimination, result in the misuse of personally identifiable information, or introduce greater vulnerabilities to cybersecurity attacks or malware into our systems. Because the use of AI/ML technology for such internal purposes is relatively new and rapidly evolving, and legal risks and responsibilities associated with the use of AI/ML technology are still evolving as well, we cannot be certain that our policies or adherence to them will offer us sufficient protection or that the use of such technologies will not harm our reputation, financial condition or operating results. We also could be subject to claims from providers of third-party AI/ML technologies that we are using their products, tools or outputs in a manner that is inconsistent with their terms of use, and such claims may result in costly legal proceedings.
 Several jurisdictions around the world, including Europe, the U.S. federal government and certain U.S. states, have proposed, enacted or are considering laws governing the development and use of AI/ML, such as the EU's AI Act. We expect other jurisdictions will adopt similar laws. Additionally, certain privacy laws extend rights to consumers (such as the right to delete certain personal data) and regulate automated decision making, which may be incompatible with our use of AI/ML. These obligations may make it harder for us to conduct our business using AI/ML, lead to regulatory fines or penalties, require us to change our business practices, retrain our AI/ML, or prevent or limit our use of AI/ML. For example, the FTC has required other companies to turn over (or disgorge) valuable insights or trainings generated through the use of AI/ML where they allege the company has violated privacy and consumer protection laws. If we cannot use AI/ML or that use is restricted, our business may be less efficient, or we may be at a competitive disadvantage.
 The use of third-party AI/ML technology by our business partners with access to our confidential information, including trade secrets, may continue to increase. This carries increased risk that it could lead to the misuse or disclosure of such information, which could negatively impact us, including our ability to realize the benefits of our intellectual property. The use of AI/ML technology by our business partners may lead to novel and urgent cybersecurity risks, which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and reputation as well as the operations of any of our business partners. In addition, uncertainties regarding developing legal and regulatory requirements and standards may require significant resources to modify and maintain business practices to comply with U.S. and laws in other countries concerning the use of AI/ML technology, the nature of which cannot be determined at this time. Finally, the use of AI/ML technology also presents emerging ethical issues and if our use of third-party AI/ML technology becomes controversial, we may experience brand or reputational harm, competitive harm or legal liability.
 Any of these risks could be difficult to eliminate or manage and, if not addressed, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.
 Unfavorable conditions in our industry or the global economy, or reductions in information technology spending, could limit our ability to grow our business and negatively affect our results of operations.
 Our results of operations may vary based on the impact of unfavorable changes in our industry or the global economy on us or our customers and potential customers. Adverse changes in macroeconomic conditions can significantly harm demand for our products and make it more challenging to forecast our operating results and make business decisions, including regarding prioritization of investments in our business. Unfavorable conditions in the economy both in the United States and abroad, including conditions resulting from changes in gross domestic product growth, supply chain disruptions, inflationary pressures, interest rates, financial and credit market fluctuations, volatility in the capital markets, liquidity concerns at, and failures of, banks and other financial institutions, international trade relations, political turmoil, political instability and transitions of power in regions where we operate, including in Pakistan following the most recent general election, natural catastrophes, outbreaks of contagious diseases, warfare and terrorist attacks on the United States, Europe or elsewhere, including military actions affecting Russia, Ukraine, the Middle East or elsewhere could cause a decrease in business investments in information technology and negatively affect the growth of our business and our results of operations.
 Geopolitical risks, including those arising from trade tension and/or the imposition of trade tariffs, terrorist activity or acts of civil or international hostility, are increasing. While we do not currently have employees or direct operations in any region with ongoing military conflict, we have customers with business activities in these countries and regions. Based on ongoing military conflicts and associated sanctions imposed by the U.S. government, our ability to receive payments from customers in those regions and our ability to realize revenues from those customers may be impacted. Further, due to political uncertainty and military actions, we and the third parties upon which we rely may be vulnerable to a heightened risk of cyber-attacks, computer malware, viruses, supply chain attacks, social engineering

 (including spear phishing and ransomware attacks) and general hacking that could materially disrupt our systems and operations.
 Further, fluctuations in inflation rates and interest rates could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Economic weakness, customer financial difficulties and constrained spending on information technology operations could adversely affect our customers' ability or willingness to subscribe to our service offerings, delay purchasing decisions and lengthen our sales cycles, reduce the usage of our products and services, or increase churn, all of which could have an adverse effect on our sales and operating results.
 We cannot predict the timing, strength or duration of any economic slowdown, instability or recovery, generally or within any particular industry. If the economic conditions of the general economy or markets in which we operate worsen from present levels, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. The full impact of any conflict, economic slowdown or other factor on our business operations and financial performance remains uncertain and will depend on future developments, including the severity and duration and its impact on our customers and third-party providers, as well as regional and global economic conditions. Any such disruptions may also exacerbate the impact of other risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 Our current operations are international in scope, and we plan further geographic expansion, creating a variety of operational challenges.
 A component of our growth strategy involves the further expansion of our operations and customer base internationally. We are continuing to adapt to and develop strategies to address international markets, but there is no guarantee that such efforts will have the desired effect. For example, we anticipate that we will need to establish relationships with new partners in order to expand into certain countries, and if we fail to identify, establish and maintain such relationships, we may be unable to execute on our expansion plans. We expect that our international activities will continue to grow for the foreseeable future as we continue to pursue opportunities in existing and new international markets, which will require significant dedication of management attention and financial resources.
 Our current and future international business and operations involve a variety of risks, including:
 • slower than anticipated availability and adoption of cloud-based infrastructures and platforms by international businesses;
 • the need to adapt and localize our products for specific countries;
 • potential changes in trade relations, regulations, or laws;
 • more stringent regulations relating to privacy and data security and the unauthorized use of, or access to, commercial and personal information, particularly in Europe;
 • challenges inherent in efficiently managing, and the increased costs associated with, an increased number of employees over large geographic distances, including the need to implement appropriate systems, policies, benefits, and compliance programs that are specific to each jurisdiction;
 • greater difficulty collecting accounts receivable and longer payment cycles;
 • payment issues and other foreign currency risks, including fluctuations in exchange rates;
 • inflation in certain regions where we operate;
 • laws and business practices favoring local competitors or general market preferences for local vendors;
 • political instability or terrorist activities;
 • an outbreak of a contagious disease or a natural disaster that may cause us or our third-party providers and/or customers to temporarily suspend our or their respective operations in the affected city or country; and
 • adverse tax burdens and foreign exchange restrictions that could make it difficult to repatriate earnings and cash.
 If we invest substantial time and resources to further expand our international operations and are unable to do so successfully and in a timely manner, our business and results of operations will suffer.
 We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates and interest rates, which could negatively affect our results of operations and our ability to invest and hold our cash.

 Our sales are primarily denominated in U.S. dollars, and therefore, our revenue is generally not subject to foreign currency risk. However, the current strengthening of the U.S. dollar increases the real cost of our platform to our customers outside of the United States, which could adversely affect our results of operations. Our operating expenses incurred outside the United States are denominated in foreign currencies and are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. If we are not able to successfully hedge against the risks associated with currency fluctuations, our results of operations could be adversely affected.
 Our international operations may subject us to potential adverse tax consequences.
 We are expanding our international operations to better support our growth into international markets. The amount of taxes we pay in different jurisdictions may depend on the application of the tax laws of the various jurisdictions, including the United States, to our international business activities, changes in tax rates, new or revised tax laws or interpretations of existing tax laws and policies, and our ability to operate our business in a manner consistent with our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements. The taxing authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate may challenge our methodologies for pricing intercompany transactions pursuant to our intercompany arrangements or disagree with our determinations as to the income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions. If such a challenge or disagreement were to occur, and our position was not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest, and penalties, which could result in one-time tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows and lower overall profitability of our operations. Our financial statements could fail to reflect adequate reserves to cover such a contingency.
 Our tax provision could also be impacted by changes in accounting principles, changes in U.S. federal, state, or international tax laws applicable to corporate multinationals, other fundamental law changes currently being considered by many countries, and changes in taxing jurisdictions' administrative interpretations, decisions, policies, and positions. For example, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has been spearheading a multilateral effort on proposals, commonly referred to as "BEPS 2.0", which, if and to the extent implemented, would make important changes to the international tax system. These proposals are based on two "pillars", involving the reallocation of taxing rights in respect of certain multinational enterprises above a fixed profit margin to the jurisdictions in which they carry on business (Pillar One) and imposing a minimum effective corporate tax rate on certain multinational enterprises (Pillar Two). A number of countries in which we conduct business have enacted with effect from January 1, 2024, or are in the process of enacting, core elements of the Pillar Two rules. Based on our current understanding of the minimum revenue thresholds, we currently expect to be outside the scope of both the proposed Pillar One and Pillar Two proposals but could fall within their scope in the future, which could increase our tax obligations and require us to incur additional material costs to ensure compliance with any such rules in the countries where we do business. We are unable to predict whether any future changes will occur and, if so, the impact of such changes, including on the U.S. federal income tax considerations relating to the purchase, ownership and disposition of our common stock.
 We could be required to collect additional taxes or be subject to other tax liabilities or obligations that may increase the costs our clients would have to pay for our products and adversely affect our results of operations.
 An increasing number of jurisdictions have considered or adopted laws to impose tax obligations on companies without a physical presence in the jurisdiction. The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that online sellers can be required to collect sales and use tax despite not having a physical presence in the buyer's state. State or local governments may adopt, or begin to enforce, laws requiring us to calculate, collect, and remit sales and use taxes in their jurisdictions. Similarly, many foreign jurisdictions have considered or adopted laws that impose obligations related to value-added taxes, digital services taxes, or other taxes on companies without a physical presence in the foreign jurisdiction. A successful assertion by one or more state or local governments or foreign jurisdictions requiring us to collect taxes where we presently do not do so, or to collect more taxes in a jurisdiction in which we currently collect some taxes, could result in substantial tax liabilities, including taxes on past sales, as well as penalties and interest. Obligations to calculate, collect and remit sales, value-added, digital services, or other taxes in jurisdictions in which we have no physical presence could also create additional administrative burdens for us, put us at a competitive disadvantage if similar obligations are not imposed on our competitors, and decrease our future sales, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
 Our ability to use our net operating losses and other tax credits to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.
 As of December 31, 2023, we had net operating losses (NOL) carryforwards for federal, state and foreign income tax purposes and other tax credit carryforwards for federal and state tax purposes. Certain of these NOL carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards will expire in various years beginning in 2038 for federal purposes and 2025 for state purposes if

 not utilized. Our ability to utilize our NOL carryforwards and other tax credit carryforwards to offset taxable income may be subject to certain limitations. Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), a corporation that undergoes an "ownership change" (as defined under Section 382 of the Code and applicable Treasury Regulations) is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change NOLs or other tax credits to offset future taxable income. We may experience a future ownership change under Section 382 of the Code that could affect our ability to utilize the NOLs to offset our income. Furthermore, our ability to utilize NOLs and tax credits of companies that we have acquired or may acquire in the future may be subject to limitations. There is also a risk that regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of NOLs or other tax credits, or other unforeseen reasons, could cause our existing NOLs or tax credits to expire or otherwise be unavailable to reduce current or future income tax liabilities, including for state tax purposes. For these reasons, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of the NOLs and tax credits reflected on our balance sheet, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us and could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
 Changes in our effective tax rate or tax liability may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
 Our effective tax rate could increase due to several factors, including:
 • changes in the relative amounts of income before taxes in the various jurisdictions in which we operate that have differing statutory tax rates;
 • changes in tax laws, tax treaties, and regulations or the interpretation of them;
 • changes to our assessment about our ability to realize our deferred tax assets that are based on estimates of our future results, the prudence and feasibility of possible tax planning strategies, and the economic and political environments in which we do business;
 • the outcome of current and future tax audits, examinations, or administrative appeals; and
 • limitations or adverse findings regarding our ability to do business in some jurisdictions.
 Any of these developments could adversely affect our results of operations.
 Our leverage could adversely affect our financial condition, our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, our ability to operate our business, our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry, divert our cash flow from operations for debt payments and prevent us from meeting our debt obligations.
 In November 2021, we issued $1.5 billion aggregate principal amount of 0% convertible senior notes due 2026 in a private placement. As of December 31, 2023, we had no outstanding indebtedness, but significant borrowing capacity, under our credit facility with KeyBank National Association, as administrative agent, and the other lenders party thereto. We may not be able to refinance our existing indebtedness because of our amount of debt, debt incurrence restrictions under our debt agreements or adverse conditions in credit markets generally. Our inability to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy our debt obligations, or to refinance our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all, would result in an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Although our credit agreement contains restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness and entering into certain types of other transactions, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions. Additional indebtedness incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. These restrictions also do not prevent us from incurring obligations, such as trade payables.
 In addition, in connection with our acquisition of Paperspace, we acquired a number of equipment leases, which remain outstanding. Pursuant to the terms of the equipment leases, we may be restricted from engaging in certain activities.
 Our credit agreement currently imposes and any other debt we incur may impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us and our subsidiaries, which may prevent us from capitalizing on business opportunities.
 The credit agreement that governs our credit facility imposes significant operating and financial restrictions on us. These restrictions limit the ability of our subsidiaries, and effectively limit our ability to, among other things:
 • incur or guarantee additional debt or issue disqualified equity interests;
 • pay dividends and make other distributions on, or redeem or repurchase, capital stock;
 • make certain investments;
 • incur certain liens;
 • enter into transactions with affiliates;

 • merge or consolidate;
 • enter into agreements that restrict the ability of restricted subsidiaries to make certain intercompany dividends, distributions, payments or transfers; and
 • transfer or sell assets.
 Any other indebtedness we incur could impact our business and financial condition in one or more of the following ways:
 • requiring a substantial portion of cash flow from operations to be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness;
 • exposing us to increased interest expense;
 • making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our indebtedness;
 • restricting us from making strategic acquisitions;
 • limiting our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, product development, satisfaction of debt service requirements, acquisitions and general corporate or other purposes;
 • increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic, industry or competitive developments; and
 • limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business or market conditions and placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors who may be better positioned to take advantage of opportunities that our leverage prevents us from exploiting.
 As a result of any of the existing restrictions described above or any other restrictions arising from our indebtedness, we could be limited as to how we conduct our business and we may be unable to raise additional debt or equity financings to compete effectively or to take advantage of new business opportunities. The terms of any future indebtedness we may incur could include more restrictive covenants. We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain compliance with these covenants in the future and, if we fail to do so, that we will be able to obtain waivers from the lenders or amend the covenants.
 Our failure to comply with any of the existing restrictions described above or any other restrictions associated with the terms of any future indebtedness from time to time could result in an event of default, which, if not cured or waived, could result in our being required to repay these borrowings before their due date. If we are forced to refinance these borrowings on less favorable terms or are unable to refinance these borrowings, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
 We may require additional capital to support the growth of our business, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.
 We have historically funded our operations through equity and debt financings and sales of our products. We cannot be certain if our operations will continue to generate sufficient cash to fully fund our ongoing operations or the growth of our business. If our ongoing operations, growth and any other investments to support our business cannot be funded by our operations, we may be required to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. Additional financing may not be available on terms favorable to us, if at all. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to invest in future growth opportunities, which could harm our business, operating results, and financial condition. If we incur additional debt, the debt holders would have rights senior to holders of common stock to make claims on our assets, and the terms of any debt could restrict our operations, including our ability to pay dividends on our common stock. Furthermore, if we issue additional equity securities, stockholders will experience dilution, and the new equity securities could have rights senior to those of our common stock. Because our decision to issue securities in the future will depend on numerous considerations, including factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, or nature of any future issuances of debt or equity securities. As a result, our stockholders bear the risk of future issuances of debt or equity securities reducing the value of our common stock and diluting their interests. Our inability to obtain adequate financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, could significantly limit our ability to continue to support our business growth, respond to business challenges, expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities due to lack of sufficient capital. Even if we are able to raise such capital, we cannot assure you that it will enable us to achieve better operating results or grow our business.

 Acquisitions, strategic investments, partnerships, or alliances could be difficult to identify, pose integration challenges, divert the attention of management, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value, and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We have in the past and may in the future seek to acquire or invest in businesses, joint ventures, products and platform capabilities, or technologies that we believe could complement or expand our services and platform capabilities, enhance our technical capabilities, or otherwise offer growth opportunities. Any such acquisition or investment may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses in identifying, investigating and pursuing suitable opportunities, whether or not the transactions are completed, and may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. In particular, we may encounter difficulties assimilating or integrating the businesses, technologies, products and platform capabilities, personnel or operations of any acquired companies, particularly if the key personnel of an acquired company choose not to work for us, if we do not have sufficient internal expertise to integrate and grow the acquired business, their infrastructure is not easily adapted to work with our platform, or we have difficulty retaining the customers of any acquired business due to changes in ownership, management or otherwise. In addition, we could face risk related to liability for activities of any acquired company prior to the acquisition, including intellectual property infringement claims, violations of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities and other known and unknown liabilities, and litigation or other claims in connection with the acquired company, including claims from terminated employees, users, former stockholders or other third parties, and our efforts to limit such liabilities could be unsuccessful. Finally, we may need to implement or improve the controls, procedures and policies of any acquired company, and we may face risks if any of those controls, procedures or policies are insufficiently effective. If we are unsuccessful in integrating or growing any acquired business, the acquisition may not result in the synergies and other benefits we had expected to achieve, and the revenue and operating results of the combined company could be adversely affected. In addition, the acquisition may not ultimately strengthen our competitive position or could be viewed negatively by our customers, investors or securities analysts.
 In July 2023, we acquired Paperspace, a leading provider of cloud infrastructure as a service for highly scalable applications leveraging GPUs, in order to enable customers to more easily test, develop and deploy AI/ML applications and augment and enhance existing AI/ML applications. The acquisition of Paperspace introduced risks inherent in all acquisitions including our limited experience in operating GPU-accelerated infrastructure products and we may encounter difficulties assimilating or integrating the business, technologies, data, platform, personnel or operations of Paperspace. Additionally, Paperspace's business relies on third-party components, particularly GPUs, which may require significant capital expenditure and may be difficult to procure given the current elevated demand in the AI/ML space. Any disruption of relationships with third-party suppliers and vendors could adversely affect the functionality and availability of the business. If we are unsuccessful in integrating Paperspace or growing the business in the coming years, the acquisition may not result in the synergies and other benefits we had expected to achieve, and the revenue and operating results of the combined company could be adversely affected.
 Our business could be disrupted by catastrophic occurrences and similar events.
 Our platform and the public cloud infrastructure on which our platform relies are vulnerable to damage or interruption from catastrophic occurrences, such as earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunication failures, terrorist attacks, criminal acts, sabotage, other intentional acts of vandalism and misconduct, geopolitical events, disease, and similar events. Despite any precautions we may take, the occurrence of a natural disaster or other unanticipated problems at our facilities or the facilities of our public cloud providers could result in disruptions, outages, and other performance and quality problems. If we are unable to develop adequate plans to ensure that our business functions continue to operate during and after a disaster and to execute successfully on those plans in the event of a disaster or emergency, our business would be seriously harmed.
 Risks Related to Our Regulatory Environment
 Activities of our customers or the content on their websites could subject us to liability.
 We provide products and services that enable our customers and users to exchange information and engage in various online activities, and our products and services include substantial user-generated content. For instance, customers and users include content on their Droplets, post or generate content on our website's community section, and offer applications and integrations through our marketplace. Customer or user content or activity may be infringing, illegal, hostile, offensive, unethical, or inappropriate, may violate our terms of service or a customer's own policies, or may be intended to, or inadvertently, circumvent or threaten the confidentiality, integrity, security or availability of information or network services of other products, services, or systems, including, for example, by launching various attacks. From time to

 time, we are subject to legal claims arising from the conduct of certain of our customers and may be subject to additional lawsuits or regulatory enforcement actions relating to the content or actions by our customers or users. Even if claims against us are ultimately unsuccessful, defending against such claims will increase our legal expenses and divert management's attention from the operation of our business, which could adversely impact our business and results of operations, and our brand, reputation, and financial results may be harmed.
 We (like other intermediary online service providers) rely primarily on two sets of laws in the United States to shield us from legal liability with respect to user activity. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), provides service providers a safe harbor from monetary damages for copyright infringement claims, provided that service providers comply with various requirements designed to stop or discourage infringement on their platforms by their users. Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act (CDA), protects providers of an interactive computer service from liability with respect to most types of content provided over their service by others, including users. Both the DMCA safe harbor and Section 230 of the CDA face regular and current, calls for revision. For example, a variety of bills have been introduced in the U.S. Congress that would seek to make changes to the scope of Section 230 of the CDA, including legislation in the U.S. Congress that, if enacted, would narrow the protections of Section 230 of the CDA. Enactment of this legislation or an unfavorable outcome of the FCC rulemaking could limit our ability to rely on the protections of Section 230 of the CDA. Furthermore, recent litigation has created uncertainty with respect to the applicability of DMCA protections to companies that host substantial amounts of user content. For these reasons and others, now or in the future, the DMCA, CDA, and similar provisions may be interpreted as not applying to us or may provide us with incomplete or insufficient protection from claims.
 We do not typically monitor the content, activities, or Droplets of our customers or users, so inappropriate content may be posted or activities executed before we are able to take protective action, which could subject us to legal liability. Even if we comply with legal obligations to remove or disable content, we may continue to allow use of our products or services by individuals or entities who others find hostile, offensive, or inappropriate. The activities or content of our customers or users may lead us to experience adverse political, business and reputational consequences, especially if such use is high profile. Conversely, actions we take in response to the activities of our customers or users, up to and including banning them from using our products, services, or websites, may harm our brand and reputation.
 In addition to liability based on our activities in the United States, we may also be deemed subject to laws in other countries that may not have the same protections or that may impose more onerous obligations on us, which may impose additional liability or expense on us, including additional theories of intermediary liability. For example, in 2019, the European Union approved a copyright directive that will impose additional obligations on online platforms, and failure to comply could give rise to significant liability. Other recent laws in Germany (extremist content), Australia (violent content), India (intermediary liability) and Singapore (online falsehoods), as well as other new similar laws, may also expose cloud-computing companies like us to significant liability. We may incur additional costs to comply with these new laws, which may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Potential litigation could expose us to claims for damages and affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our business could be affected by the enactment of new governmental regulations regarding the internet or the application of additional or different existing governmental regulation to our business, products, or services.
 The legal and regulatory environment pertaining to the internet and products and services such as ours, both in the United States and internationally, is uncertain and may change. New laws may be passed, existing but previously inapplicable or unenforced laws may be deemed to apply, legal safe harbors may be narrowed, and courts may issue decisions affecting existing regulations or leading to new ones. Furthermore, legal and regulatory authorities, both in the United States and internationally, may characterize or recharacterize us and our business, products, or services in ways that would apply additional or different regulations to us. These changes could affect, among other things, areas related to our business such as the following:
 • the liability of online service providers for actions by customers or users, including fraud, illegal content, spam, phishing, libel and defamation, hate speech, infringement of third-party intellectual property and other abusive conduct;
 • other claims based on the nature and content of internet materials;
 • user data privacy and security issues;
 • consumer protection risks;
 • evolving regulatory framework for AI/ML;

 • digital marketing aspects;
 • characteristics and quality of services, including changes to networking relationships and anti-circumvention technologies;
 • the contractual terms within our terms of service and other agreements with customers;
 • cross-border e-commerce issues; and
 • ease of access by our users to our platform.
 New laws or regulations, or new applications or interpretations of existing laws or regulations, could hinder growth and decrease acceptance, both of the internet and online services, or of our specific products or services, both generally or with respect to certain uses or industries. Such legal changes could increase our costs of doing business, subject our business to increased liability for non-compliance, or prevent us from marketing or delivering our services over the internet or in specific jurisdictions, thereby materially harming our business and results of operations. In addition, certain jurisdictions may attempt to require us to establish a corporate presence in the country, which, if we were to comply, may also increase our exposure to government requests for censorship and to data breaches in general and, in the case of noncompliance, may subject us to fines or being blocked from doing business in the region.
 The success of our business depends on our customers' continued and unimpeded access to our platform on the internet and, as a result, also depends on internet providers and the related regulatory environment.
 Our customers must have internet access in order to use our platform. Some internet providers may take measures that affect their customers' ability to use our platform, such as degrading the quality of the content we transmit over their lines, giving that content lower priority, giving other content higher priority than ours, blocking our content entirely, or attempting to charge their customers more for using our platform.
 On multiple occasions, the FCC has adopted and later repealed net neutrality rules that bar internet providers from blocking or slowing down access to online content, thereby protecting services like ours from such interference. The FCC's actions follow changes in the composition of commissioners at the FCC. Currently, there are no federal net neutrality rules; however, on October 19, 2023, the FCC sought comment on a proposal to readopt net neutrality rules essentially in the form they were adopted in 2018. We cannot predict whether or when the FCC will adopt new rules or the impact of any rules that may be adopted on our operations or business.
 Changes to party composition and control in Congress, statehouses or state legislatures may create at least the possibility that Congress or states may enact laws on net neutrality, though the prospects for such actions are uncertain. Certain states have adopted or are adopting or considering legislation or executive actions that would regulate the conduct of broadband providers. California's net neutrality law took effect in 2021, and a similar law in Vermont is subject to a pending challenge, but went into effect on April 20, 2022. We cannot predict whether future FCC net neutrality rules or other state initiatives will be enforced, modified, overturned or vacated by legal action of a court, federal legislation or the FCC. In addition, the status of state regimes may be affected by the FCC's action in its new network neutrality proceeding.
 To the extent network operators attempt to interfere with our platform, extract fees from us to deliver our platform or from customers for the use of our platform, or otherwise engage in discriminatory practices, our business could be adversely impacted. Within such a regulatory environment, we could experience discriminatory or anti-competitive practices that could impede our domestic and international growth, cause us to incur additional expense, or otherwise harm our business. The adoption of any new laws or regulations, or the application or interpretation of existing laws or regulations to the internet, could impact our customers' continued and unimpeded access to our platform on the internet.
 Our increased focus on the development and use of artificial intelligence and machine learning, including through our recent acquisition of Paperspace, may result in reputational harm, liability or other adverse consequences to our business, results of operations or financial results.
 We continue to make investments in areas of strategic focus as we seek to develop new, innovative offerings and improve our existing offerings. In July 2023, we acquired Paperspace in order to expand into the AI/ML space. The investment in AI/ML offerings within our existing product portfolio may result in new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, litigation, confidentiality or security risks, ethical concerns, or other complications that could adversely affect our business, reputation, or financial results. The increasing focus on the risks and strategic importance of AI/ML technologies has already resulted in regulatory restrictions that target products and services capable of enabling or facilitating AI/ML, including the European Union's recently adopted Artificial Intelligence Act, and may in the future result in additional restrictions impacting some of our product and service offerings. Complying with multiple regulations

 from different jurisdictions related to AI/ML could increase our cost of doing business or may change the way that we operate in certain jurisdictions. Furthermore, concerns regarding third-party use of AI/ML for purposes contrary to governmental interests, including concerns relating to the misuse of AI/ML applications, models, and solutions, could result in restrictions on AI/ML products, for example those that can be used for training, refining, and deploying large language models (LLMs). Such restrictions could limit the ability of downstream customers and users worldwide to acquire, deploy, and use systems that include our products and services, and negatively impact our business and financial results. It is also unclear how our status as an infrastructure provider for customers developing and deploying AI/ML applications as opposed to developing such applications ourselves will affect the applicability of these regulations on our offerings.
 We are subject to stringent and changing privacy laws, regulations and standards, information security policies and contractual obligations related to data privacy and security. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could lead to regulatory investigations or actions; litigation (including class claims) and mass arbitration demands; fines and penalties; disruptions of our business operations; reputational harm; loss of revenue or profits; loss of customers or sales; and other adverse business consequences.
 We are subject to a variety of enacted and proposed federal, state, local and international laws, directives and regulations relating to the collection, use, security, transfer and other processing of personally identifiable information, along with other similar laws (e.g., wiretapping laws). We publicly post information about our privacy practices but we may be alleged to have failed to do so, which could subject us to potential regulatory or private party actions if such privacy practices are found to be noncompliant, deceptive, unfair, or misrepresentative. In the United States, these include enforcement actions by federal agencies and state attorneys general. In addition, privacy advocates and industry groups have regularly proposed, and may propose in the future, self-regulatory standards with which we must legally comply or that contractually apply to us. If we fail to follow these security standards even if no customer or user information is compromised, we may incur significant fines or experience a significant increase in costs or reputational harm. Additionally, under various privacy laws and other obligations, we may be required to obtain certain consents to process personal data. Our inability or failure to do so could result in adverse consequences.
 In the past few years, numerous U.S. states—including California, Virginia, Colorado, Connecticut and Utah—have enacted comprehensive privacy laws that impose certain obligations on covered businesses, including providing specific disclosures in privacy notices and affording residents with certain rights concerning their personal data. As applicable, such rights may include the right to access, correct or delete certain personal data, and to opt-out of certain data processing activities, such as targeted advertising, profiling and automated decision-making. The exercise of these rights may impact our business and ability to provide our products and services. Certain states also impose stricter requirements for processing certain personal data, including sensitive information, such as conducting data privacy impact assessments. These state laws allow for statutory fines for noncompliance. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020 (CPRA) (collectively, CCPA), provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. The CCPA may increase our compliance costs and potential liability, and adversely affect our business. Further, the CPRA, which became effective on January 1, 2023, significantly modifies the CCPA, including by expanding consumers' rights with respect to certain sensitive personal information. The CPRA also creates a new state agency that will be vested with authority to implement and enforce the CCPA and the CPRA. Aspects of these state privacy statutes remain unclear, resulting in further legal uncertainty and potentially requiring us to modify our data practices and policies and to incur substantial additional costs and expenses in an effort to comply.
 Outside the United States, an increasing number of laws, regulations, and industry standards may govern data privacy and security. For example, the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR), the United Kingdom's GDPR (UK GDPR), and China's Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) impose strict requirements for processing personal data. For example, under the EU GDPR, companies may face temporary or definitive bans on data processing and other corrective actions; fines of up to 20 million Euros or 4% of annual global revenue, whichever is greater; or private litigation related to processing of personal data brought by classes of data subjects or consumer protection organizations authorized at law to represent their interests. In Canada, the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) and various related provincial laws, as well as Canada's Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL), may apply to our operations.
 In addition to the EU GDPR, the European Commission has another draft regulation, known as the Regulation on Privacy and Electronic Communications (ePrivacy Regulation), that would replace the current ePrivacy Directive. New rules related to the ePrivacy Regulation are likely to include enhanced consent requirements in order to use

 communications content and metadata, which may negatively impact our platform and products and our relationships with our customers.
 Complying with the EU GDPR and the ePrivacy Regulation, if and when the latter becomes effective, may cause us to incur substantial operational costs or require us to change our business practices. We may not be successful in our efforts to achieve compliance and may also experience difficulty retaining or obtaining new European or multi-national customers or significantly increased liability with respect to these customers pursuant to the terms set forth in our engagements with them. While we utilize data centers in the European Economic Area (EEA) to maintain certain customer and user data (which may include personal data) originating from the EU in the EEA, we may find it necessary to establish additional systems and processes to maintain such data in the EEA, which may involve substantial expense and distraction from other aspects of our business. Additionally, data localization requirements in other jurisdictions may cause us to incur potentially significant costs for establishing and maintaining facilities for storing and processing such data.
 In the ordinary course of business, we may transfer personal data from Europe and other jurisdictions to the United States or other countries. Europe and other jurisdictions have enacted laws requiring data to be localized or limiting the transfer of personal data to other countries. In particular, the EEA and the United Kingdom (UK) have significantly restricted the transfer of personal data to the United States and other countries whose privacy laws it believes are inadequate. Other jurisdictions may adopt similarly stringent interpretations of their data localization and cross-border data transfer laws.
 Although there are currently various mechanisms that may be used to transfer personal data from the EEA and UK to the United States in compliance with law, such as the EEA and UK's standard contractual clauses, these mechanisms are subject to legal challenges, and there is no assurance that we can satisfy or rely on these measures to lawfully transfer personal data to the United States.
 If there is no lawful manner for us to transfer personal data from the EEA, the UK or other jurisdictions to the United States, or if the requirements for a legally-compliant transfer are too onerous, we could face significant adverse consequences, including the interruption or degradation of our operations, the need to relocate part of or all of our business or data processing activities to other jurisdictions at significant expense, increased exposure to regulatory actions, substantial fines and penalties, the inability to transfer data and work with partners, vendors and other third parties, and injunctions against our processing or transferring of personal data necessary to operate our business. Additionally, companies that transfer personal data out of the EEA and UK to other jurisdictions, particularly to the United States, are subject to increased scrutiny from regulators, individual litigants, and activist groups. Some European regulators have ordered certain companies to suspend or permanently cease certain transfers out of Europe for allegedly violating the GDPR's cross-border data transfer limitations.
 Privacy and data protection laws and industry standards around the world may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing practices or product and platform capabilities. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, lawsuits, regulatory actions and penalties, costs for remediation, and damage to our reputation, we could be required to fundamentally change our practices or modify our products and platform capabilities, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business. Furthermore, the laws, regulations, and policies that are applicable to the businesses of our customers may limit the use and adoption of, and reduce the overall demand for, our products. Privacy and data security concerns, whether valid or not valid, may inhibit market adoption of our products, particularly in certain industries and foreign countries, including, for example, India, where new legislation is expected in the near term.
 Furthermore, in order to offer our products to certain customers, we may be required to comply with additional regulations. For example, to offer our products to certain customers in the healthcare industry, we may be required to implement certain security and privacy measures and related procedures to comply with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). This may require us to execute HIPAA business associate agreements (BAAs) with certain customers that are "covered entities" under HIPAA, which would subject us to additional liabilities, penalties and fines in the event we fail to comply with the terms of such agreements. The storage of such information may require us to modify and enhance our platform at a significant cost.
 Our policies regarding user privacy could cause us to experience adverse business and reputational consequences with customers, employees, suppliers, government entities, users, and other third parties.
 From time to time, government entities (including law enforcement bodies) may seek our assistance with obtaining information about our customers or users. Although we strive to protect the privacy of our customers, we may be required from time to time to provide information about our customers to government entities. In light of our privacy commitments, we may legally challenge law enforcement requests to provide access to our systems, customer Droplets, or other user

 content but may face complaints that we have provided information improperly to law enforcement or in response to third party abuse complaints. We may experience adverse political, business, and reputational consequences, to the extent that we (a) do not provide assistance to or comply with requests from government entities or challenge those requests publicly or in court or (b) provide, or are perceived as providing, assistance to government entities that exceeds our legal obligations. Any such disclosure could significantly and adversely impact our business and reputation.
 We publish a transparency report on an annual basis to provide details of government entity requests we receive. Our transparency report also includes a list of certain actions we have taken (e.g., disclosure of information) in response to law enforcement requests, as well as our standard policies and procedures regarding any such requests. Both the publishing of our transparency report and, conversely, the actions we take or challenge in response to law enforcement requests could damage our business and reputation.
 We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, and similar laws, and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal or civil liability and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), U.S. domestic bribery laws, the UK Bribery Act, and other anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws in the countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been enforced aggressively in recent years and are interpreted broadly to generally prohibit companies, their employees and their third-party intermediaries from authorizing, offering or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sector. As we increase our international business, we may engage with business partners and third party intermediaries to market our products and to obtain necessary permits, licenses, and other regulatory approvals, and may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party intermediaries, our employees, representatives, contractors, partners and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities.
 We cannot assure you that all of our employees and agents will not take actions in violation of our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. As we increase our international business, our risks under these laws may increase.
 Detecting, investigating, and resolving actual or alleged violations of anti-corruption laws, and responding to any action, can require a significant diversion of time, resources, and attention from senior management and significant defense costs and other professional fees. In addition, noncompliance with anti-corruption, anti- bribery, or anti-money laundering laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, various penalties or debarment from contracting with certain persons, and other collateral consequences. If any subpoenas or investigations are launched, or sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible proceeding, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a significant diversion of management's attention and resources.
 We are subject to governmental export and import controls and economic sanctions laws that could impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability if we are not in full compliance with applicable laws.
 Our business activities are subject to various restrictions under United States export and similar laws and regulations, including the United States Department of Commerce's Export Administration Regulations and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the United States Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Controls. The United States export control laws and United States economic sanctions laws include restrictions or prohibitions on the sale or supply of certain products and services to United States embargoed or sanctioned countries, governments, persons and entities. In addition, various countries regulate the import of certain technology and have enacted or could enact laws that could limit our ability to provide our customers access to our platform or could limit our customers' ability to access or use our platform in those countries.
 We incorporate encryption technology into certain of our products. U.S. export control laws require authorization for the export of encryption items. In addition, various countries regulate the import of certain encryption technology, including through import permitting and licensing requirements, and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to distribute our products and services or could limit our customers' ability to implement our products and services in those countries. Obtaining the necessary authorizations, including any required license, for a particular transaction may be time-consuming, is not guaranteed, and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities. Laws and restrictions continue to evolve in connection with geopolitical tensions and the introduction and increasing adoption of new technologies. Most recently, new export controls have included strict licensing restrictions on exports of U.S. regulated semiconductor- and

 supercomputer-related products and technologies as well as certain chips and chip-related products and technologies to China.
 Although we take precautions to prevent our platform from being provided in violation of such laws, our platform may have in the past, and could in the future be, provided inadvertently in violation of such laws, despite the precautions we take. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we and certain of our employees could be subject to civil or criminal penalties, including the possible loss of export privileges and fines. We may also be adversely affected through penalties, reputational harm, loss of access to certain markets, or otherwise.
 Changes in our platform, or future changes in export and import regulations may prevent our users with international operations from utilizing our platform globally or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our platform to certain countries, governments, or persons altogether. Any change in export or import regulations, economic sanctions, or related legislation, or change in the countries, governments, persons, or technologies targeted by such regulations, could result in decreased use of our platform by, or in our decreased ability to export or sell subscriptions to our platform to, existing or potential users with international operations. Any decreased use of our platform or limitation on our ability to export or sell our platform would likely adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial results.
 We are subject to risks related to our environmental, social, and governance activities and disclosures.
 There is an increasing focus from regulators, certain investors and other stakeholders concerning environmental, social, and governance (ESG) matters, both in the United States and internationally. We communicate certain ESG-related initiatives and goals regarding environmental matters, diversity and other matters in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, in our Proxy Statement, on our website and elsewhere. Any of our current or future initiatives, goals and commitments could be difficult to achieve and costly to implement. We could fail to achieve, or be perceived to fail to achieve, our ESG-related initiatives, goals and commitments. In addition, we could be criticized for the timing, scope or nature of these initiatives, goals and commitments, or for any revisions to them.
 Additionally, there can be no assurance that our reporting frameworks and principles will be in compliance with any new environmental and social laws and regulations that may be promulgated in the United States and elsewhere, and the costs of changing any of our current practices to comply with any new legal and regulatory requirements in the United States and elsewhere may be substantial. Furthermore, industry and market practices may further develop to become even more robust than what is required under any new laws and regulations, and we may have to expend significant efforts and resources to keep up with market trends and stay competitive among our peers.
 Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
 Any failure to obtain, maintain, protect or enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology and brand.
 Our success depends to a significant degree on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights. We rely on a combination of trademarks, service marks, trade secrets, patents, copyrights, contractual restrictions, and confidentiality procedures to establish and protect our intellectual and proprietary rights, including in our technology, know-how, and brand. Legal standards relating to intellectual property rights are uncertain, in both the United States and other jurisdictions in which we operate, and protecting, monitoring, and defending our intellectual property rights might entail significant expense. Intellectual property rights that we have or may obtain may be challenged, circumvented, invalidated or held unenforceable. Furthermore, even though we attempt to enter into contractual provisions with third parties to control access to, or the distribution, use, misuse, misappropriation, reverse engineering or disclosure of, our intellectual property or technology, no assurance can be given that these agreements will be sufficient or effective in protecting our intellectual property rights.
 Moreover, intellectual property laws, standards, and enforcement mechanisms in foreign countries may be uncertain, may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States, or may not be available to us. As we expand our international activities, our exposure to unauthorized copying and use of our products, services, and other intellectual property, such as our trademarks, will likely increase. As we further expand internationally, we may be unable to register, obtain the right to use, or stop others from using, our brand names in certain jurisdictions.
 Despite our efforts, we may be unable to adequately obtain, maintain, protect, and enforce our intellectual property rights or prevent third parties from infringing upon, misappropriating or otherwise violating our intellectual property rights. If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights adequately, our competitors may gain access to, or be able to replicate, our proprietary technology, products, or services, or may use brands similar to our own valuable brands, and our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects may be harmed. Our attempt to enforce our

 intellectual property rights, even if successful, could result in costly litigation or diversion of our management's attention and resources, and, as a result, delay sales or the implementation or introduction of our products and platform capabilities, or injure our reputation.
 We may become subject to intellectual property claims from third parties, which may subject us to significant liability, increased costs, and impede our ability to operate our business.
 Our success depends, in part, on our ability to develop and commercialize our products and services without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of third parties. However, we may not be aware that our products, services, or intellectual property are infringing, misappropriating, or violating third party intellectual property rights. Additionally, the technology industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and other intellectual and proprietary rights. Companies in the industry are often required to defend against litigation claims based on allegations of infringement, misappropriation or other violations of intellectual property rights, and third parties have brought such claims against us and may bring additional claims against us in the future. In addition, we may become subject to intellectual property disputes or otherwise subjected to liability for customer content on our platform. From time to time, we are subject to legal claims arising from intellectual property disputes regarding our customer's alleged infringement of third party intellectual property and may be subject to similar claims. We expect that the occurrence of infringement claims is likely to grow as the market for our platform and products grows.
 Lawsuits are time-consuming and expensive to resolve, and they divert management's time and attention, and our technologies or intellectual property may not be able to withstand third party claims against their use. Any intellectual property litigation to which we might become a party, or for which we are required to provide indemnification, may require us to do one or more of the following:
 • cease selling or using products or services that incorporate the intellectual property rights that we allegedly infringe, misappropriate or violate;
 • make substantial payments for legal fees, settlement payments or other costs or damages;
 • obtain a license, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all, to sell or use the relevant technology; or
 • redesign the allegedly infringing products to avoid infringement, misappropriation or violation, which could be costly, time-consuming or impossible.
 We cannot predict the outcome of lawsuits and cannot ensure that the results of any such actions will not have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Although we carry general liability insurance, our insurance may not cover potential claims of this type or may not be adequate to indemnify us for all liability that may be imposed. Even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and harm our business and operating results. Moreover, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and, if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock.
 We use open source software in our products, which could negatively affect our ability to sell our services or subject us to litigation or other actions.
 We use open source software in connection with developing, operating, and offering our products, services, and technology, and we expect to continue to incorporate open source software in our products, services, and technology in the future.
 Some open source projects have known vulnerabilities and architectural instabilities and are provided on an "as-is" basis which, if not properly addressed, could negatively affect the performance of our product. Few of the licenses applicable to open source software have been interpreted by courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a manner that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our products. For example, some open source licenses may, depending on the nature of our use and the terms of the applicable license, include terms requiring us to offer certain of our solutions for no cost, make our source code available, or license our modifications or derivative works under the terms of applicable open source licenses. From time to time, there have also been claims challenging the ownership rights in open source software against companies that incorporate it into their products, and the licensors of such open source software provide no warranties or indemnities with respect to such claims.

 Our use of open source software, and participation in open source projects, may also limit our ability to assert certain of our intellectual property and proprietary rights against third parties, including competitors, who access or use software or technology that we have contributed to such open source projects.
 Moreover, we cannot ensure that we have incorporated open source software in our products, services, and technology in a manner that is consistent with the terms of the applicable license or our current policies and procedures. If an author or other third party that distributes such open source software were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of one or more of these licenses or such third party changes the type of open source license applicable to such software without our knowledge, we or our customers could be subject to lawsuits, and we could incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations, be subject to significant damages resulting from the suits, enjoined from the sale of our products that contained the open source software, and required to comply with onerous conditions or restrictions on these products, which could disrupt the distribution and sale of these products. Such litigation could be costly for us to defend, have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, or require us to devote additional research and development resources to change or reengineer our products or take other remedial actions.
 Indemnity provisions in various agreements to which we are party potentially expose us to substantial liability for infringement or misappropriation of intellectual property rights, failure to comply with data protection requirements and other losses.
 Our agreements with our customers and other third parties may include indemnification provisions under which we agree to indemnify or otherwise be liable to them for losses suffered or incurred, including as a result of intellectual property infringement or misappropriation claims or for failure to comply with data protection requirements. Large indemnity payments could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Although we attempt to contractually limit our liability with respect to such indemnity obligations, we are not always successful and may still incur substantial liability related to them, and we may be required to cease use of certain functions of our platform or products as a result of any such claims. Any dispute with a customer or other third party with respect to such obligations could have adverse effects on our relationship with such customer or other third party and other existing or prospective customers, reduce demand for our products and services and adversely affect our business, financial conditions and results of operations. In addition, although we carry general liability insurance, our insurance may not be adequate to indemnify us for all liability that may be imposed or otherwise protect us from liabilities or damages with respect to claims alleging compromises of customer data, and any such coverage may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.
 Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock and Our Status as a Public Company
 Our stock price may be volatile, and the value of our common stock may decline.
 The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile and may fluctuate or decline substantially as a result of a variety of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including:
 • actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition or results of operations;
 • variance in our financial performance from expectations of securities analysts or the financial guidance we provide to the public;
 • changes in the pricing of our products and platform;
 • changes in our projected operating and financial results;
 • changes in laws or regulations applicable to our platform and products;
 • announcements by us or our competitors of significant business developments, acquisitions, or new offerings;
 • significant data breaches, disruptions to or other incidents involving our software;
 • our involvement in litigation;
 • future sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders;
 • changes in senior management or key personnel;
 • the trading volume of our common stock;
 • changes in the anticipated future size and growth rate of our market; and
 • general economic and market conditions.

 Broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, geopolitical, regulatory, and market conditions, may also negatively impact the market price of our common stock. In addition, technology stocks have historically experienced high levels of volatility. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their securities have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future, which could result in substantial expenses and divert our management's attention.
 Future sales of our common stock in the public market could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
 Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. Many of our existing equity holders have substantial unrecognized gains on the value of the equity they hold and, therefore, they may take steps to sell their shares or otherwise secure the unrecognized gains on those shares. We are unable to predict the timing of or the effect that such sales may have on the prevailing market price of our common stock.
 We have registered all of the shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options, the settlement of outstanding RSUs, PRSUs, MRSUs or other equity incentives we may grant in the future, for public resale under the Securities Act. The shares of common stock will become eligible for sale in the public market to the extent such options are exercised or such RSUs, PRSUs, or MRSUs are settled, subject to compliance with applicable securities laws.
 Further, holders of a substantial number of shares of our capital stock have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering the sale of their shares or to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other stockholders.
 Our issuance of additional capital stock in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments, our equity incentive plans or otherwise, and any conversions of our convertible notes, will dilute all other stockholders or may otherwise depress the price of our common stock.
 We expect to issue additional capital stock in the future that will result in dilution to all other stockholders. We expect to grant equity awards to employees, directors and consultants under our equity incentive plans. We may also raise capital through equity financings in the future. As part of our business strategy, we may acquire or make investments in companies, products or technologies and issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition or investment. Any such issuances of additional capital stock may cause stockholders to experience significant dilution of their ownership interests and the per share value of our common stock to decline.
 For example, if we elect to settle our conversion obligation under our 0% convertible senior notes due 2026, or the Convertible Notes, in shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, the issuance of such common stock may dilute the ownership interests of our stockholders and sales in the public market could adversely affect prevailing market prices. The Convertible Notes are convertible only in certain circumstances as described in the indenture governing the Convertible Notes. Any sales in the public market of the common stock issuable upon any conversion of the Convertible Notes could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. In addition, the existence of the Convertible Notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the Convertible Notes could be used to satisfy short positions, or anticipated conversion of the Convertible Notes into shares of our common stock could depress the price of our common stock.
 Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of our company more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management and limit the market price of our common stock.
 Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws include provisions that:
 • authorize our board of directors to issue, without further action by the stockholders, shares of undesignated preferred stock with terms, rights, and preferences determined by our board of directors that may be senior to our common stock;
 • require that any action to be taken by our stockholders be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting and not by written consent;
 • specify that special meetings of our stockholders can be called only by our board of directors, the chairperson of our board of directors, or our chief executive officer;

 • establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder proposals to be brought before an annual meeting, including proposed nominations of persons for election to our board of directors;
 • establish that our board of directors is divided into three classes, with each class serving three-year staggered terms;
 • prohibit cumulative voting in the election of directors;
 • provide that our directors may be removed for cause only upon the vote of at least 66 2/3% of our outstanding shares of voting stock;
 • provide that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled only by a majority of directors then in office, even though less than a quorum; and
 • require the approval of our board of directors or the holders of at least 66 2/3% of our outstanding shares of voting stock to amend our bylaws and certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation.
 These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally, subject to certain exceptions, prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any "interested" stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an "interested" stockholder. Any of the foregoing provisions could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, and they could deter potential acquirers of our company, thereby reducing the likelihood that you would receive a premium for your shares of our common stock in an acquisition.
 Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and, to the extent enforceable, the federal district courts of the United States of America as the exclusive forums for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which restricts our stockholders' ability to choose the judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.
 Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for the following types of actions or proceedings under Delaware statutory or common law: any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a breach of a fiduciary duty; any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, or our amended and restated bylaws; or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The provisions would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act. In addition, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, subject to and contingent upon a final adjudication in the State of Delaware of the enforceability of such exclusive forum provision.
 These choice of forum provisions may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees. If a court were to find either choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions. For example, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware recently determined that the exclusive forum provision of federal district courts of the United States of America for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act is not enforceable. However, this decision may be reviewed and ultimately overturned by the Delaware Supreme Court. If this ultimate adjudication were to occur, we would enforce the federal district court exclusive forum provision in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation.
 Risks Related to our Outstanding Convertible Notes
 Servicing our future debt, including the Convertible Notes, may require a significant amount of cash, and we may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our indebtedness.
 In November 2021, we issued $1.5 billion aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes in a private placement.

 We may be required to use a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations to pay the principal on our indebtedness. Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, or to refinance our indebtedness, including the Convertible Notes, depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Such payments will reduce the funds available to us for working capital, capital expenditures and other corporate purposes and limit our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, expansion plans and other investments, which may in turn limit our ability to implement our business strategy, heighten our vulnerability to downturns in our business, the industry, or in the general economy, limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry and prevent us from taking advantage of business opportunities as they arise. Our business may not be able to generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to service our debt and make necessary capital expenditures. If we are unable to generate such cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring debt or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations.
 In addition, we may incur substantial additional debt in the future, subject to the restrictions contained in our future debt agreements, some of which may be secured debt. We are not restricted under the terms of the indenture governing the Convertible Notes from incurring additional debt, securing existing or future debt, recapitalizing our debt, repurchasing our stock, pledging our assets, making investments, paying dividends, guaranteeing debt or taking a number of other actions that are not limited by the terms of the indenture governing the Convertible Notes that could have the effect of diminishing our ability to make payments on the Convertible Notes when due.
 The conditional conversion feature of the Convertible Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
 The conditional conversion feature of the Convertible Notes entitles holders of the Convertible Notes to convert the notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert their Convertible Notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our common stock (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation in cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders of Convertible Notes do not elect to convert their Convertible Notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the Convertible Notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.

 ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

 ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY
 Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
 We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program, which includes administrative, technical and physical safeguards designed to maintain the confidentiality, integrity and availability of company and customer information. Our cybersecurity risk management program is integrated into our overall enterprise risk management program, and shares common methodologies, reporting channels and governance processes that apply across the enterprise risk management program to other legal, compliance, strategic, operational, and financial risk areas, including the involvement of cross-functional teams and, depending on the nature and severity of an incident, an escalation path to notify our executive and senior management teams and our board of directors (Board). We have an established process and playbook led by our chief information security officer (CISO) governing our assessment, response and notifications internally and externally upon the occurrence of a cybersecurity incident. We undertake periodic reassessments of the Company's risk profile and may make certain adjustments to our security controls based on such assessments to further enhance our security posture.
 Our cybersecurity risk management program includes:
 • a risk assessment methodology designed to escalate cybersecurity risks to the appropriate channels within our organization in order to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical systems, information, products, services, and our broader enterprise IT environment;
 • a security department, including our CISO and experienced information systems security professionals and information security managers, divided into three teams: (1) security operations, which is responsible for

 responding to abuse on our platform, digital forensics and incident response, and threat intelligence; (2) security engineering, which is responsible for security data analysis and observability on our infrastructure and product offerings; and (3) trust and governance, which is responsible for privacy and security regulatory compliance and risk management;
 • a cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents and escalating cybersecurity incidents to cross-functional teams, management and our Board of Directors (Board);
 • deployment of technical safeguards that are designed to protect our platform, customers, employees and systems from cybersecurity threats. We maintain cybersecurity insurance that provides coverage for cyber breaches, cyber-crime, and related matters;
 • the imposition of contractual obligations related to cybersecurity on our third-party vendors. In addition, we assess the security profile of those vendors that store, process or have access to sensitive data through questionnaires and data flow risk assessments;
 • securing data going to third-party vendors and, depending on the nature of the services provided, the sensitivity of the data at issue and the identity of the provider, our vendor management process may involve different levels of assessment designed to help identify cybersecurity risks associated with a provider, including through the use of monitoring tools, threat intelligence tools, and data protection tools. We actively monitor, manage and configure our systems to protect our data against any vulnerabilities we find;
 • continuous monitoring of our infrastructure network for vulnerabilities and threats through our security observability platform;
 • a system to proactively identify risks that may threaten customer information and utilize both internal and external resources to perform a variety of vulnerability and penetration testing on the platforms, systems and applications used to provide our products and services;
 • engagement of third party experts to assist in assessing, managing and reviewing various risks from cybersecurity threats and incidents, including to perform independent audits our data centers, to conduct adversary simulations and to perform network penetration tests periodically;
 • mandatory periodic cybersecurity awareness training for all of our employees and consultants, covering key threats and measures to take to protect their own data and the data of the company in addition to role-specific training for security personnel; and
 • a robust privacy practice governing information we collect from customers and how we use, share and store such customer data and implementation of measures to collect personal data only to the extent necessary to service our customers and to protect customer content data through limited access.
 Our cybersecurity risk management program is designed to be adaptable in order to respond to an evolving landscape of emerging threats and available technology. Our security controls and cybersecurity risk management program are evaluated through data gathering and analysis of emerging threats from internal and external incidents and technology investments. See the Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" for a more comprehensive description of risks related to cybersecurity.
 Cybersecurity Governance
 Our Board has overall oversight responsibility for our risk management and delegated cybersecurity risk management oversight to the Audit Committee of the Board. The Audit Committee oversees management's implementation of our cybersecurity risk management program. Our CISO is responsible for developing and implementing our information security program and reporting on cybersecurity matters to the Audit Committee on a regular basis and briefing the full Board on cybersecurity risk oversight activities and preparedness efforts on an annual basis, as well as on an ad hoc basis upon request. Our Security teams have a wealth of cross-industry, government, and national defense experience. We employ qualified and certified security practitioners with specialized skill sets in security engineering, incident response, forensics, and threat management. Our CISO has more than a decade leading highly technical security teams that evolve with the technology and threat landscape.
 Our security and legal teams oversee our information security and privacy practices and are responsible for identifying and proactively addressing security and privacy risks on an ongoing basis, establishing processes to ensure that such potential cybersecurity risk exposures are monitored, putting in place appropriate mitigation measures and incident response plans and maintaining cybersecurity programs. We maintain an in depth incident response plan that includes a

 process for identifying, containing and removing any threats and vulnerabilities and a plan to recover and restore normal business operations following an incident. Members of the security team are always on call to be able to address any issues that arise. In addition, we have created a cybersecurity materiality assessment team, which includes representatives from our security, legal, internal audit, communications and investor relations departments that reviews and assesses the impact of cybersecurity incidents on the company, our customers and other stakeholders. Our material assessment framework provides for an escalation path for any potentially material cybersecurity incidents from the security team to our CISO who may further escalate to the materiality assessment team, senior management and the Audit Committee. To ensure our preparedness to appropriately respond to cybersecurity incidents, the cross-functional team meets regularly and conducts simulations of cybersecurity incidents to test its procedures.
 Our executive and senior management teams, including our chief executive officer, chief financial officer and CISO, supervise these efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents and the risk assessments and disclosure required if cybersecurity incidents do arise, through various means, which may include briefings from internal security personnel; threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us; and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in the IT environment.

 ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
 Our headquarters is located in New York City, where we lease approximately 44,000 square feet. In 2022, we entered into two sublease agreements whereby we sublease approximately two-thirds of this office space to third party subtenants. The rental amounts payable to us pursuant to the sublease agreements increase approximately 2% each year. The lease and the related subleases terminate in July 2025.
 We also have entered into leases for small spaces in a number of co-working locations. Additionally, we lease space to operate 16 data centers worldwide, including in the United States, Australia, Canada, Germany, India, the Netherlands, Singapore and the United Kingdom. We do not own any real property. We believe that our current facilities are adequate to meet our current needs and that additional or substitute space is available if needed to accommodate growth and expansion.

 ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
 From time to time, we are involved in various legal proceedings. Defending such proceedings can be costly and can impose a significant burden on management and employees. The results of any current or future litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, and regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.
 On September 12, 2023, a putative class action lawsuit was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against us and certain of our current and former executive officers for alleged violations of the U.S. federal securities laws. The complaint in the lawsuit, captioned Agarwal v. DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc., et. al. (Case 1:23-cv-08060), asserted claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 on behalf of a proposed class consisting of those who acquired our common stock between February 16, 2023 and August 25, 2023 (the "Putative Class Period"), and alleged that we made materially false and misleading statements regarding our business during the Putative Class Period. On January 3, 2024, the plaintiff in the federal class action lawsuit voluntarily dismissed the action without prejudice.
 On December 12, 2023 and December 14, 2023, respectively, we were named a nominal defendant in two putative stockholder derivative actions filed in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware against our directors and our former chief executive officer and member of the board. The complaints in the two lawsuits, captioned Flanagan v. Spruill, et al. (Case No. 1:23-cv-01424-RGA) and Reynolds v. Spruill, et al. (Case No. 1:23-cv-01433-RGA), alleged, among other things, violations of federal law and breaches of fiduciary duty, in relation to substantially the same factual allegations as the above-described federal class action lawsuit captioned Agarwal v. DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc., et. al. (Case 1:23-cv-08060). On January 12, 2024, the two cases were consolidated. On February 7, 2024, the consolidated action was voluntarily dismissed without prejudice.

 ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

 ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
 Market Information for Common Stock
 Our common stock trades on The New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol "DOCN".
 Holders of Record
 As of February 8, 2024, there were 36 stockholders of record of our common stock. This is not the actual number of beneficial owners of our common stock as some shares are held in "street name" by brokers and others on behalf of individual owners.
 Dividend Policy
 We have never declared or paid any dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for the operation and expansion of our business. Accordingly, we do not anticipate declaring or paying dividends in the foreseeable future. The payment of any future dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our results of operations, capital requirements, financial condition, prospects, contractual arrangements, any limitations on payment of dividends present in any debt agreements, and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant.
 Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
 Use of Proceeds
 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 The following table provides information with respect to repurchases of shares of common stock by the Company during the three months ended December 31, 2023:
 Period

 Total Number of Shares Purchased

 Average Price Paid per Share

 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program(1)

 Approximate Dollar Value (in thousands) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program(1)

 October 1-31, 2023
 481,114
 $
 22.87
 481,114
 $
 14,046

 November 1-30, 2023
 117,691
 21.24
 117,691
 11,545

 December 1-31, 2023
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 598,805
 $
 22.55
 598,805

 (1)On February 14, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors approved the repurchase of up to an aggregate of $500.0 million of the Company's common stock (the "2023 Share Buyback Program"). Pursuant to the 2023 Share Buyback Program, repurchases of the Company's common stock could occur using a variety of methods, which could include but was not limited to open market purchases, the implementation of a 10b5-1 plan, and/or any other available methods in accordance with SEC and other applicable legal requirements. The 2023 Share Buyback Program expired on December 31, 2023.
 Stock Performance Graph
 The graph below shows a comparison, from March 24, 2021 (the date our common stock commenced trading on the NYSE) through December 31, 2023, of the cumulative total return to stockholders of our common stock relative to the Standard & Poor's 500 Index ("S&P 500") and the S&P Information Technology Index ("S&P Information Technology").
 The graph assumes $100 was invested in each of our common stock, S&P 500 and the S&P Information Technology at their respective closing prices on March 24, 2021 and assumes reinvestment of gross dividends. The stock price performance shown in the graph represents past performance and should not be considered an indication of future stock price performance.

 Information used in the graph was obtained from a source we believe to be reliable, but we do not assume responsibility for any errors or omissions in such information. This performance graph shall not be deemed "soliciting material" or to be "filed" with the SEC for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any of our filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

 ITEM 6. RESERVED

 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be considered together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and other financial information included in Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion, particularly information with respect to our outlook, key trends and uncertainties, our plans and strategy for our business, and our performance and future success, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report, particularly in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors." In addition, for more information regarding key factors affecting our performance, see "Key Factors Affecting Our Performance" below.
 Overview
 DigitalOcean is a leading cloud computing platform offering on-demand infrastructure and platform tools for startups and growing digital businesses. We were founded with the guiding principle that the transformative benefits of the cloud should be easy to leverage, broadly accessible, reliable and affordable. Our platform simplifies cloud computing, enabling our customers to rapidly accelerate innovation and increase their productivity and agility.
 The lifecycle of a customer typically begins with users coming to our platform to explore a new technology or test an idea. Thousands of users come to DigitalOcean every month, paying a small amount to learn and to complete their discrete tasks. In many cases, these early users do not intend to remain on our platform beyond their initial testing. We refer to these users that spend less than or equal to $50 per month and utilize our platform for three months or less as "Testers".

 Given their short time on our platform and their relatively small individual and aggregate spend, we do not consider Testers to be a meaningful part of our customer base. Once a user has remained on our platform for longer than three months, or spends greater than $50 per month, we consider them to be active and ongoing customers that have the intention to remain on our platform and to potentially scale their utilization of our products. We divide this customer population into the following three categories:
 • Learners: users that both (i) spend less than or equal to $50 for the month-end period and (ii) have been on our platform for more than three months.
 • Builders: users that spend greater than $50 and less than or equal to $500 for the month-end period.
 • Scalers: users that spend greater than $500 for the month-end period.
 As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 644,000 Learners, Builders and Scalers using our platform to build, deploy and scale applications. We view Learners, Builders and Scalers as the most appropriate measure of our customer population, and Testers have therefore been excluded from the total customer population count.
 Our users include software engineers, researchers, data scientists, system administrators, students and hobbyists. Our customers use our platform across numerous industry verticals and for a wide range of use cases, such as web and mobile applications, website hosting, e-commerce, media and gaming, personal web projects, managed services, and, most recently, artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) applications, among many others. We believe that our focus on simplicity, community, open source and customer support are the four key differentiators of our business, driving a broad range of customers around the world to build their applications on our platform.
 We offer mission-critical solutions across Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), including our Droplet virtual machines, storage and networking offerings; Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), including our Managed Database and Managed Kubernetes offerings; Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), including our Managed Hosting and Marketplace offerings; and AI/ML, including our Machines, Notebooks and Deployments offerings. Our cloud platform was designed with simplicity in mind to ensure that startups and growing digital businesses can spend less time managing their infrastructure and more time building innovative applications that drive business growth. Improving the developer experience and increasing productivity are core to our mission. In just minutes, developers can set up thousands of virtual machines, secure their projects, enable performance monitoring and scale up and down as needed.
 We generate revenue from the usage of our cloud computing platform by our customers. We recognize revenue based on the customer utilization of our offerings. Our pricing is primarily consumption-based and billed monthly in arrears, making it easy for our customers to track usage on an ongoing basis and optimize their deployments.
 We have a highly efficient self-service customer acquisition model, which we complement with a sales force focused on inside sales, targeted outside sales and partnership opportunities to drive revenue growth. Our model enables customers to get started on our platform very quickly and without the need for assistance. We focus heavily on enabling a self-service, low-friction model that makes it easy for users to try, adopt and use our products. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our sales and marketing expense was approximately 11%, 14% and 12% of our revenue, respectively. The efficiency of our go-to-market model and our focus on the needs of startups and growing digital businesses has enabled us to drive organic growth and establish a truly global customer base across a broad range of industries.
 Our customers are spread across approximately 190 countries and around two-thirds of our revenue has historically come from customers located outside the United States. For the year ended December 31, 2023, 37% of our revenue was generated from North America, 29% from Europe, 24% from Asia and 10% from the rest of the world.
 Our average revenue per customer (consisting of the aggregate revenue and customer counts for our Learners, Builders and Scalers, but excluding revenue and customer counts for Testers), or ARPU, has increased from $65.83 in 2021 to $82.76 in 2022 and $90.99 in 2023. We had no material customer concentration as our top 25 customers made up approximately 7%, 10%, and 10% of our revenue in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our annual run-rate revenue, or ARR, as of December 31, 2023 was $730 million, up from $659 million as of December 31, 2022 and $490 million as of December 31, 2021. ARR as of the end of each month represents total revenue for that month multiplied by 12.

 Growing our Builders and Scalers is a critical focus for us, and we have successfully increased the number of these customers and their percentage of our total revenue. We had approximately 17,000 Scalers as of December 31, 2023, up from approximately 15,000 as of December 31, 2022 and 11,000 as of December 31, 2021. We had approximately 139,000 Builders as of December 31, 2023, up from approximately 129,000 as of December 31, 2022 and 89,000 as of December 31, 2021. Revenue from Builders and Scalers increased 26% and 18%, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Revenue from Builders and Scalers increased 30% and 45%, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Revenue from Builders and Scalers as a percentage of total revenue was 86% in 2023, 85% in 2022 and 83% in 2021.
 2023 Restructuring
 On January 27, 2023, our Board of Directors approved a restructuring plan to adjust our cost structure and accelerate our timeline to achieve 20% or better adjusted free cash flow margins. The restructuring plan included both the elimination of positions across the company as well as the shifting of additional positions across a broader geographical footprint. See Note 15, Restructuring, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information regarding these commitments.

 Leadership Succession Plan
 On February 12, 2024, Padmanabhan Srinivasan, joined the Company in the role of chief executive officer (CEO) and a member of our Board of Directors. As part of the transition and as outlined in the leadership succession plan that we announced on August 24, 2023, our former CEO departed the Company on February 12, 2024.
 Key Factors Affecting Our Performance
 Increasing Importance of Cloud Computing and Developers
 Our future success depends in large part on the continuing adoption of cloud computing, proliferation of cloud-native start-ups and businesses and the increasing importance of developers, all of which are driving the adoption of our developer cloud platform. We believe our market opportunity is large and that these factors will continue to drive our growth.
 Increasing Usage by Our Existing Customers
 Our existing customer base represents a significant opportunity for further sales expansion through increased usage of our platform and adoption of additional product offerings. We are highly focused on gaining a better understanding of the needs and growth plans of our existing customers. This deeper relationship with our customers will help us identify opportunities to educate our customer base on ways to utilize the platform more effectively for their individual use cases, as well as provide a feedback loop to inform our product roadmap. We are focusing our sales and support teams to prevent customer churn by ensuring that our products and services provide a high level of value. Our goal is to continue to increase our revenue from existing customers through the introduction of new products and features tailored to our customer base in addition to expanded customer outreach, focused on larger customers and specific use cases.
 Growing Our Base of Higher Spend Customers
 We believe there is a substantial opportunity to further expand our customer base to attract more businesses that can scale on our platform. We are investing in strategies that we believe will attract Builders and Scalers, including new marketing initiatives that further optimize our self-service revenue funnel to help customers expand their usage and partnership initiatives to identify potential Builders and Scalers. In addition, our Cloudways and Paperspace acquisitions added a significant number of Builders and Scalers as these offerings provide premium managed services and high value AI/ML offerings, respectively.
 Investing in Our Platform and Product Offerings
 We have a history of, and will continue to invest significantly in, delivering innovative products, features and functionality targeted at our core customer base. The market opportunity for our core IaaS services of compute, storage and networking continues to expand and we are making targeted investments to expand our IaaS revenue. Beyond IaaS, we continue to see large growth opportunities in the PaaS, SaaS and AI/ML markets and, accordingly, we have expanded our portfolio of products and offerings over the last few years. In addition, we may pursue both strategic partnerships and acquisitions, such as our acquisitions of Cloudways and Paperspace, that we believe will be complementary to our business, accelerate customer acquisition, increase usage of our platform and/or expand our product offerings in our core markets. Our results of operations may fluctuate as we make these investments to drive usage and take advantage of our expansive market opportunity.
 Macroeconomic Conditions
 Unfavorable conditions in the economy both in the United States and abroad, including conditions resulting from changes in gross domestic product growth, supply chain disruptions, inflationary pressures, interest rates, financial and credit market fluctuations, volatility in the capital markets, liquidity concerns at, and failures of, banks and other financial institutions, international trade relations, political turmoil, political instability and transitions of power in regions where we operate, including Pakistan following the most recent general election, natural catastrophes, outbreaks of contagious diseases, warfare and terrorist attacks on the United States, Europe or elsewhere, including military actions affecting Russia, Ukraine, the Middle East or elsewhere, could cause a decrease in business investments in information technology and negatively affect the growth of our business and our results of operations.
 While our business model provides some resilience against these factors, we will continue to monitor the direct and indirect impacts of these or similar circumstances on our business and our results of operations, and will take appropriate measures, as necessary, to minimize potential risk exposure.

 Key Business Metrics
 We utilize the key metrics set forth below to help us evaluate our business and growth, identify trends, formulate financial projections and make strategic decisions. We are not aware of any uniform standards for calculating these key metrics, and other companies may not calculate similarly titled metrics in a consistent manner, which may hinder comparability. The table below includes the impact of our acquisitions beginning in the year in which they were acquired with respect to the metrics disclosed.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Learners(1)

 488,094
 468,065
 445,756

 Builders(1)

 139,261
 129,150
 88,787

 Scalers(1)

 16,941
 15,032
 10,568

 ARPU(2)

 $
 90.99
 $
 82.76
 $
 65.83

 ARR (in millions)
 $
 $
 $

 Net dollar retention rate
 %
 %
 %

 (1)Customer count.
 (2)Beginning in the first quarter of 2023, we redefined ARPU to exclude Testers. Prior years have been restated to conform to the new definition.
 Learners, Builders & Scalers
 While we believe the total number of these customers is an important indicator of the growth of our business and future revenue opportunity, the trends relating to our Builders and Scalers is of particular importance to us as these customers represent a significant majority of our revenue and revenue growth, and they are representative of the startup and growing digital business customers that grow on our platform and use multiple products.
 ARPU
 We believe that our average revenue per customer, which we refer to as ARPU, is a strong indication of our ability to land new customers with higher spending levels and expand usage of our platform by our existing customers. We calculate ARPU on a monthly basis as our total revenue from Learners, Builders and Scalers in that period divided by the total number of Learner, Builder and Scaler customers determined as of the last day of that period. For a quarterly or annual period, ARPU is determined as the weighted average monthly ARPU over such three or 12-month period.
 ARR
 Given the recurring nature of our business, we view annual run-rate revenue as an important indicator of our current progress towards meeting our revenue targets and projected growth rate going forward. We calculate ARR at a point in time by multiplying the latest monthly period's revenue by 12. For our ARR calculations, we include the total revenue from all customers, including Testers, Learners, Builders and Scalers.
 Net Dollar Retention Rate
 Our ability to maintain long-term revenue growth and achieve profitability is dependent on our ability to retain and grow revenue from our existing customers. We have a history of retaining customers for multiple years and in many cases increasing their spend with us over time. To help us measure our performance in this area, we monitor our net dollar retention rate. We calculate net dollar retention rate monthly by starting with the revenue from the cohort of all customers during the corresponding month 12 months prior, or the Prior Period Revenue. We then calculate the revenue from these same customers as of the current month, or the Current Period Revenue, including any expansion and net of any contraction or attrition from these customers over the last 12 months. The calculation also includes revenue from customers that generated revenue before, but not in, the corresponding month 12 months prior, but subsequently generated revenue in the current month and are therefore reflected in the Current Period Revenue. We include this group of re-engaged customers in this calculation because our customers frequently use our platform for projects that stop and start over time. We then divide the total Current Period Revenue by the total Prior Period Revenue to arrive at the net dollar retention rate for the relevant month. For our net dollar retention rate calculations, we include the total revenue from all customers,

 including Testers, Learners, Builders and Scalers. For a quarterly or annual period, the net dollar retention rate is determined as the average monthly net dollar retention rates over such three or 12-month period.

 Components of Results of Operations
 We offer mission-critical solutions across Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), including our Droplet virtual machines, storage and networking offerings; Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), including our Managed Database and Managed Kubernetes offerings; Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), including our Managed Hosting and Marketplace offerings; and AI/ML, including our Machines, Notebooks and Deployments offerings. We recognize revenue based on the customer utilization of these resources. Customer contracts are primarily month-to-month and generally do not include any minimum guaranteed quantities or fees. Fees are billed monthly, and payment is typically due upon invoicing. Revenue is recognized net of allowances for credits and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.
 We may offer sales incentives in the form of promotional and referral credits and grant credits to encourage customers to use our services. These types of promotional and referral credits typically expire in two months or less if not used. For credits earned with a purchase, they are recorded as contract liabilities when earned and recognized at the earlier of redemption or expiration. The majority of credits are redeemed in the month they are earned.
 Cost of Revenue
 Cost of revenue consists primarily of fees related to operating in third-party co-location facilities, personnel expenses for those directly supporting our data centers and non-personnel costs, including amortization of acquired technology, amortization of capitalized internal-use software development costs, and depreciation of our data center equipment. Third-party co-location facility costs include data center rental fees, power costs, maintenance fees, network and bandwidth. Personnel expenses include salaries, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation.
 We intend to continue to invest additional resources in our infrastructure to support our product portfolio and scalability of our customer base. The level, timing and relative investment in our infrastructure could affect our cost of revenue in the future.
 Operating Expenses
 Research and Development Expenses
 Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs including salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation. Research and development expenses also include amortization of capitalized internal-use software development costs for research and development activities, which are amortized over three years, and professional services, as well as costs related to our efforts to add new features to our existing offerings, develop new offerings, and ensure the security, performance, and reliability of our global cloud platform. We expect research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to invest in our platform and product offerings.
 Sales and Marketing Expenses
 Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel costs of our sales, marketing and customer support employees including salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation. Sales and marketing expenses also include costs for marketing programs, commissions, advertising and professional service fees. We expect sales and marketing expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we enhance our product offerings and implement new marketing strategies.
 General and Administrative Expenses
 General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs of our human resources, legal, finance and other administrative functions including salaries, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation. General and administrative expenses also include provision for expected credit losses, software, payment processing fees, business insurance, depreciation and amortization expenses, rent and facilities costs, impairment of long-lived assets, acquisition related compensation, and other administrative costs. We also expect general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to grow our business.

 Restructuring and other charges consist primarily of personnel costs, such as notice period, employee severance payments and termination benefits, as well as stock-based compensation related to vesting of certain equity awards. We expect restructuring and other charges to decrease as the restructuring plan was substantially completed by the end of the third quarter of 2023.
 Other Income (Expense), net
 Other income (expense), net consists primarily of accretion/amortization of premium/discounts and interest income from our marketable securities, amortization of deferred financing fees on our convertible notes, loss on extinguishment of debt, and gains or losses on foreign currency exchange.
 Income Tax (Expense) Benefit
 Prior to fiscal year 2023, income tax (expense) benefit consisted primarily of income taxes in certain foreign and state jurisdictions in which we conduct business. Beginning January 1, 2023, income tax (expense) benefit is attributable to the mix of income in the jurisdictions in which we conduct business. We maintain a full valuation allowance on our U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets as we have concluded that it is more likely than not that the deferred assets will not be realized.

 Results of Operations
 The following table sets forth our results of operations for the periods presented:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 692,884
 $
 576,322
 $
 428,561

 Cost of revenue(1)

 283,967
 211,927
 170,595

 Gross profit
 408,917
 364,395
 257,966

 Operating expenses:

 Research and development(1)

 140,365
 143,885
 115,684

 Sales and marketing(1)

 73,027
 81,022
 50,878

 General and administrative(1)

 162,742
 165,185
 102,590

 Restructuring and other charges(1)

 —
 —

 Total operating expenses
 397,021
 390,092
 269,152

 Income (loss) from operations
 11,896
 (25,697)
 (11,186)

 Other income (expense), net
 14,880
 1,812
 (7,015)

 Income (loss) before income taxes
 26,776
 (23,885)
 (18,201)

 (7,367)
 (3,919)
 (1,302)

 $
 $
 (27,804)
 $
 (19,503)

 (1)Includes stock-based compensation as follows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 1,836
 $
 1,820
 $
 1,147

 43,315
 39,354
 23,315

 15,751
 14,909
 8,471

 23,508
 49,746
 28,644

 3,937
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 88,347
 $
 $

 The following table sets forth our results of operations as a percentage of revenue for the periods presented:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 %
 %
 %

 Gross profit

 Operating expenses:

 —
 —

 Total operating expenses*

 Income (loss) from operations*
 (4)
 (2)

 Other income (expense), net
 —
 (2)

 Income (loss) before income taxes*
 (4)
 (3)

 (1)
 (1)
 —

 Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders*
 %
 (5)
 %
 (5)
 %

 *May not foot due to rounding
 A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 is presented below. A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 can be found under Part II, Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on August 11, 2023, which is available on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.

 Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

 2023
 2022

 $
 692,884
 $
 576,322
 $
 116,562
 %

 Revenue increased $116.6 million, or 20%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase is primarily due to contributions from our Managed Hosting offering as a result of acquiring Cloudways in September 2022, acquiring new customers, increases in utilization from the existing customer base, and, to a lesser extent, contributions from our AI/ML offerings as a result of acquiring Paperspace in July 2023. The

 increase in our existing customer base was primarily driven by a 10% increase in ARPU to $90.99 from $82.76; and a 21% increase in revenue from Builders and Scalers. The increase in ARPU was primarily driven by additional spend from our existing customer base.
 Cost of Revenue

 2023
 2022

 $
 283,967
 $
 211,927
 $
 72,040
 %

 Cost of revenue increased $72.0 million, or 34%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to fixed and variable operating lease costs relating to new and acquired co-location facilities, expansion of existing co-location facilities, and to a lesser extent higher depreciation from acquired finance leases and amortization of acquired developed technology. Gross profit decreased to 59% for the year ended December 31, 2023 from 63% for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase in co-location costs as a percentage of revenue exceeding the percentage growth in revenue.
 Operating Expenses

 2023
 2022

 $
 140,365
 $
 143,885
 $
 (3,520)
 (2)
 %

 73,027
 81,022
 (7,995)
 (10)
 %

 162,742
 165,185
 (2,443)
 (1)
 %

 —
 %

 Total operating expenses
 $
 397,021
 $
 390,092
 $
 6,929
 %

 Research and development expenses decreased $3.5 million, or 2%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to decreases in personnel costs, partially offset by higher stock-based compensation from awards granted to personnel of our acquired businesses and software license costs.
 Sales and marketing expenses decreased $8.0 million, or 10%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to decreases in advertising costs due to cost saving initiatives and personnel costs, partially offset by increases in amortization of acquired intangible assets, affiliate fees and stock-based compensation.
 General and administrative expenses decreased $2.4 million, or 1%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to a reversal of $31.3 million of stock-based compensation related to the former CEO's forfeited MRSUs and decreases in software license costs, partially offset by higher acquisition related compensation, personnel costs, stock-based compensation, and payment processing fees.
 Restructuring and other charges increased $20.9 million, or 100%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to one-time severance and benefit payments, as well as stock-based compensation related to vesting of certain equity awards in connection with the restructuring that we announced in February 2023.
 Other Income (Expense), net

 2023
 2022

 Other income (expense), net
 $
 14,880
 $
 1,812
 $
 13,068
 %

 Other income (expense), net increased $13.1 million, or 721%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to growth in interest income resulting from higher interest rates, partially offset by lower average balances on our marketable securities.

 Income Tax Expense

 2023
 2022

 $
 (7,367)
 $
 (3,919)
 $
 (3,448)
 %

 Income tax expense increased $3.4 million, or 88%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily as a result of the tax expense on the income in foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct business and not benefiting from the losses in the U.S. due to the full valuation allowance.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 We have funded our operations since inception primarily with cash flow generated by operations, private offerings of our equity and debt securities, borrowings under our existing credit facility and capital expenditure financings. Cash provided from these sources is used primarily for operating expenses, such as personnel and co-location costs, and capital expenditures, including our investments in AI/ML and core product offerings. From time to time, we may also use excess cash for share repurchases, investments in our marketable securities portfolio.
 We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash flow from operations and availability under our Credit Facility (as defined below) will be sufficient to support working capital and capital expenditure requirements and our outstanding contractual commitments for at least the next 12 months and in the long term.
 In February and March 2020, we entered into and subsequently amended a second amended and restated credit agreement with KeyBank National Association as administrative agent. In November 2021, we further amended such credit agreement to revise certain covenants that restricted the incurrence of indebtedness to permit the issuance of the convertible notes discussed below. In March 2022, we entered into a third amended and restated credit facility (as amended, the "Credit Facility") to increase our borrowing capacity from $150.0 million to $250.0 million. Our Credit Facility will mature on the earlier of (a) March 29, 2027 and (b) 90 days before the maturity date applicable to any outstanding convertible notes issued by the Company in an aggregate principal amount equal to or greater than $100.0 million.
 Our Credit Facility is secured by a first-priority security interest in substantially all of our assets. Our Credit Facility contains certain financial and operational covenants, including a maximum senior secured net leverage ratio financial covenant of 3.50x. Consolidated total debt and consolidated EBITDA, which are non-GAAP measures used for this covenant, are calculated in accordance with the definitions set forth in the Credit Facility. In this context, these measures are used solely to provide information on the extent to which we are in compliance with these financial covenants and may not be comparable to consolidated total debt and consolidated EBITDA used by other companies or any other non-GAAP measures we present elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We were in compliance with all covenants under our Credit Facility as of December 31, 2023.
 In March 2021, we consummated our initial public offering ("IPO") of 16.5 million shares of our common stock at an offering price of $47.00 per share resulting in aggregate net proceeds to us of $723.0 million after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us.
 In November 2021, we issued $1.50 billion aggregate principal amount of 0% Convertible Senior Notes due December 1, 2026 (the "Convertible Notes"), in a private offering, for net proceeds of $1.46 billion, after deducting underwriting fees, expenses and commissions. The Convertible Notes are senior unsecured obligations and do not bear regular interest, and the principal amount of the Convertible Notes does not accrete. The Convertible Notes will mature on December 1, 2026 unless earlier converted, redeemed, or repurchased.

 In February 2022, our Board of Directors approved the repurchase of up to an aggregate of $300.0 million of our common stock throughout fiscal year 2022 ("First 2022 Share Buyback Program"). As of May 16, 2022, we repurchased the shares representing the entire amount available under the First 2022 Share Buyback Program. On May 23, 2022, our Board of Directors approved a new stock repurchase program authorizing the repurchase of up to an additional $300.0 million of our common stock throughout fiscal year 2022 (the "Second 2022 Share Buyback Program"). As of August 19, 2022, we repurchased the shares representing the entire amount available under the Second 2022 Share Buyback Program. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased and retired 13,626,594 shares of common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $600.0 million.
 In February 2023, our Board of Directors approved an additional repurchase program of up to an aggregate of $500.0 million of our common stock throughout fiscal year 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased and retired 14,487,509 shares of common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $488.5 million. The program expired as of December 31, 2023.
 As of December 31, 2023, we had $317.2 million in cash and cash equivalents and $94.5 million in marketable securities. Our cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash and money market funds. Our marketable securities consist of U.S. treasury securities and commercial paper.
 We may from time to time seek to retire or purchase our outstanding equity or debt, including the repurchase of our common stock or the Convertible Notes, through cash purchases and/or exchanges for equity securities, in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Such repurchases or exchanges, if any, will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions, and other factors. The amounts involved in any such transactions, individually or in the aggregate, may be material. Further, any such purchases or exchanges may result in us acquiring and retiring a substantial amount of such indebtedness, which could impact the trading liquidity of such indebtedness.
 The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:

 (In thousands)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 $
 234,942
 $
 195,152
 $
 133,109

 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
 401,152
 (1,148,158)
 (113,605)

 Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities
 (468,903)
 (610,363)
 1,593,379

 Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 167,176
 (1,563,618)
 1,612,888

 Operating Activities
 Our largest source of operating cash is cash collections from sales to our customers. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are for personnel costs, data center co-location expenses, payment processing fees, bandwidth and connectivity, server maintenance and software licensing fees.
 Net cash provided by operating activities was $234.9 million, $195.2 million and $133.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, for which the increases in each year were primarily driven by an increase in cash collections from higher revenues, higher interest income in our marketable securities portfolio resulting from higher interest rates and a lower cash bonus, partially offset by higher lease payments, restructuring costs and acquisition related compensation payments.
 Investing Activities
 Net cash provided by investing activities was $401.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $1.1 billion used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in cash provided by investing activities was primarily driven by a $1.3 billion net activity in our marketable securities portfolio and a $206.1 million decline in cash paid for acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired. Capital expenditures increased $9.5 million, primarily due to $16.5 million related to our AI/ML offerings resulting from the Paperspace acquisition partially offset by a $7.0 million decrease related to legacy product offerings.

 Net cash used in investing activities was $1.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $113.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was driven by our investment in marketable securities of $1.7 billion, the acquisition of Cloudways of $305.2 million and purchase of property and equipment of $9.3 million, partially offset by maturities of marketable securities of $956.8 million.
 Financing Activities
 Net cash used in financing activities of $468.9 million and $610.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, was primarily due to the repurchase and retirement of our common stock for $488.5 million and $600.0 million, respectively.
 Net cash provided by financing activities of $1.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily due to net proceeds from our Convertible Notes issuance of $1.5 billion and IPO of $723.0 million (including $1.4 million paid in fiscal year 2020), partially offset by repayments on the Credit Facility and notes payable of $263.2 million and repurchase of our common stock of $350.0 million.
 Contractual Obligations and Commitments
 We have various contractual obligations and commitments, such as long-term leases, purchase commitments and long-term debt, that are disclosed in the footnotes to the consolidated financial statements. See Note 7. Debt; Note 8. Leases; and Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information regarding these commitments.

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
 We believe that the following accounting policies involve a greater degree of judgment and complexity in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. We have other significant accounting policies that are more fully described in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Both our critical and significant accounting policies are important to an understanding of the consolidated financial statements.
 Revenue Recognition
 We recognize revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (or ASC), Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, or ASC 606. We account for revenue using the following steps:
 1. Identify the contract with a customer
 We consider the terms and conditions of the contract and our customary business practices in identifying our contracts under ASC 606. We determine we have a contract with a customer when the customer agrees to the terms of service, we can identify each party's rights regarding the services to be transferred, we can identify the payment terms for the services, we have determined the customer has the ability and intent to pay and the contract has commercial substance. We apply judgment in determining the customer's ability and intent to pay, which is based on a variety of factors, including the customer's historical payment experience or, in the case of a new customer, we apply security checks and validate their payment method.
 2. Identify the performance obligations in the contract.
 Our performance obligation is to provide our cloud-based infrastructure for customers to use at the customers' election. The availability of services is free of charge, and therefore we have no performance obligation until the customer elects to use the services.
 3. Determine the transaction price.
 The transaction price is calculated based on the customer's usage for the month at an hourly rate that is published on the Company's website. None of our contracts contain a significant financing component.

 4. Allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract.
 The transaction price is calculated based on actual monthly usage and pricing that is published on the Company's website. This is considered a single performance obligation, and thus the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation.
 5. Recognize revenue when or as we satisfy a performance obligation.
 We offer mission-critical solutions across Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), including our Droplet virtual machines, storage and networking offerings; Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), including our Managed Database and Managed Kubernetes offerings; Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), including our Managed Hosting and Marketplace offerings; and AI/ML, including our Machines, Notebooks and Deployments offerings. We recognize revenue based on the customer utilization of these resources. Customer contracts are primarily month-to-month and generally do not include any minimum guaranteed quantities or fees. Fees are billed monthly, and payment is typically due upon invoicing. Revenue is recognized net of allowances for credits and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.
 Our global cloud platform is supported by various third parties. We considered the principal versus agent guidance in ASC 606 and concluded that we are the principal for all services provided to its customers.
 We may offer sales incentives in the form of promotional and referral credits and grant credits to encourage customers to use our services. These types of promotional and referral credits typically expire in two months or less if not used. For credits earned with a purchase, they are recorded as contract liabilities when earned and recognized at the earlier of redemption or expiration. The majority of credits are redeemed in the month they are earned.
 Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. We record a receivable when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing. Any payments received in advance of billing are a contract liability, which is recorded as Deferred revenue within Total current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 Business Combinations
 We apply the provisions of ASC 805, Business Combinations ("ASC 805"), in accounting for our acquisitions. ASC 805 requires that we evaluate whether a transaction pertains to an acquisition of assets or to an acquisition of a business. A business is defined as an integrated set of assets and activities that is capable of being conducted and managed for the purpose of providing a return to investors. Asset acquisitions are accounted for by allocating the cost of the acquisition to the individual assets and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis; whereas the acquisition of a business requires us to recognize separately from goodwill the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the acquisition date represents the excess purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in a business combination. While we use our best estimates and assumptions to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date as well as any contingent consideration, where applicable, our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the business acquisition date, we record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of a business acquisition's measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our consolidated statements of operations.
 Accounting for business combinations requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially at the acquisition date, to determine the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including the selection of valuation methodologies, estimates of future revenue and cash flows and discount rates in determining the fair value of intangible assets. Although we believe that the assumptions and estimates we have made in the past have been reasonable and appropriate, they are based in part on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies and are inherently uncertain. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results.
 In addition, uncertain tax positions and tax related valuation allowances assumed in a business combination are initially estimated as of the acquisition date. We reevaluate these items quarterly based upon facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date with any adjustments to our preliminary estimates being recorded to goodwill if identified within the measurement period. Subsequent to the measurement period or our final determination of the tax allowance's or contingency's estimated value, whichever comes first, changes to these uncertain tax positions and tax related valuation allowances will affect our provision for income taxes in our consolidated statement of operations and could have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position.

 Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
 There were no recently adopted accounting pronouncements during the year ended December 31, 2023. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for recently issued accounting pronouncements.

 Non GAAP Financial Measures
 To supplement our consolidated financial statements, which are prepared and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP, we provide investors with non-GAAP financial measures including: (i) adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin and (ii) non-GAAP net income and non-GAAP diluted net income per share. These measures are presented for supplemental informational purposes only, have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with GAAP. Our calculations of each of these measures may differ from the calculations of measures with the same or similar titles by other companies and therefore comparability may be limited. Because of these limitations, when evaluating our performance, you should consider each of these non-GAAP financial measures alongside other financial performance measures, including the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP and our other GAAP results. A reconciliation of each of our non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP is set forth below.
 Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin
 We define adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders, adjusted to exclude depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, interest expense, acquisition related compensation, acquisition and integration related costs, income tax expense, loss on extinguishment of debt, restructuring and other charges, restructuring related charges, impairment of long-lived assets, revaluation of warrants, release of VAT reserve, and other income. We define adjusted EBITDA margin as adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of revenue. We believe that adjusted EBITDA, when taken together with our GAAP financial results, provides meaningful supplemental information regarding our operating performance and facilitates internal comparisons of our historical operating performance on a more consistent basis by excluding certain items that may not be indicative of our business, results of operations or outlook. In particular, we believe that the use of adjusted EBITDA is helpful to our investors as it is a measure used by management in assessing the health of our business, evaluating our operating performance, and for internal planning and forecasting purposes.
 Our calculation of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin may differ from the calculations of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin by other companies and therefore comparability may be limited. Because of these limitations, when evaluating our performance, you should consider adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin alongside other financial performance measures, including our net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders and other GAAP results.
 The following table presents a reconciliation of Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders, the most directly comparable financial measure stated in accordance with GAAP, to adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods presented:

 (In thousands)
 2023
 2022
 2021

 GAAP Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
 $
 $
 (27,804)
 $
 (19,503)

 Adjustments:

 Depreciation and amortization
 117,866
 102,232
 88,371

 Stock-based compensation(1)

 115,019

 Interest expense
 8,945
 8,396
 3,744

 Acquisition related compensation
 27,763
 9,443
 —

 Acquisition and integration related costs
 6,145
 5,439

 7,367
 3,919
 1,302

 —
 3,435

 —
 —

 Restructuring related charges(2)

 (23,535)
 —
 —

 Impairment of long-lived assets
 1,140
 1,635

 Revaluation of warrants(3)

 —
 —
 (556)

 Release of VAT reserve(4)

 —
 —
 (3,188)

 Other income, net(5)

 (23,825)
 (10,615)

 Adjusted EBITDA
 $
 277,181
 $
 198,881
 $
 136,643

 As a percentage of revenue:

 Net income (loss) margin
 %
 (5)
 %
 (5)
 %

 Adjusted EBITDA margin
 %
 %
 %

 (1)For the year ended December 31, 2023, non-GAAP stock-based compensation excludes the $31.3 million reversal related to the former CEO's forfeited MRSU award that is reported in Restructuring related charges, as well as $3.9 million that is reported in Restructuring and other charges, in the table above.
 (2)Primarily consists of the $31.3 million reversal of stock-based compensation related to the former CEO's forfeited MRSU award, partially offset by salary continuation charges, executive reorganization charges including severance, CEO search firm fees, and other legal and professional service costs.
 (3)Immediately prior to the IPO, all shares of the convertible preferred stock then outstanding automatically converted into shares of common stock, and the redeemable convertible preferred stock warrants automatically converted into common stock warrants. Therefore, as the warrants no longer permitted the holder to purchase redeemable shares of preferred stock, the warrant liability was remeasured and reclassified to Additional paid-in capital. The common stock warrants were fully exercised during the year ended December 31, 2021.
 (4)Relates to the resolution of certain tax matters in certain jurisdictions with relevant authorities.
 (5)For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, Other income, net primarily consists of interest income from our marketable securities. For the year ended December 31, 2021, amounts are attributable to third-party consulting costs to enhance our finance function.
 Non-GAAP Net Income and Non-GAAP Diluted Net Income Per Share
 We define non-GAAP net income as net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders, excluding stock-based compensation, acquisition related compensation, amortization of acquired intangibles, acquisition and integration related costs, loss on extinguishment of debt, restructuring and other charges, restructuring related charges, impairment of long-lived assets, revaluation of warrants, release of VAT reserve and other unusual or non-recurring transactions as they occur. We define non-GAAP diluted net income per share as non-GAAP net income divided by the weighted-average diluted shares outstanding, which includes the potentially dilutive effect of our stock options, RSUs, PRSUs, and Convertible Notes.

 Prior to 2023, we calculated the income tax effects of non-GAAP adjustments based on the applicable statutory tax rate for the relevant jurisdiction, except for those items which were non-taxable or subject to valuation allowances for which the tax expense (benefit) was calculated at 0%. As a result, U.S. income tax effects of non-GAAP adjustments were subject to a valuation allowance and, therefore, were taxed at 0%. Beginning January 1, 2023, we used a tax rate of 17%, which we believe is a reasonable estimate of our long-term effective tax rate applicable to non-GAAP pre-tax income for 2023.
 We believe non-GAAP diluted net income per share provides our management and investors consistency and comparability with our past financial performance and facilitates period-to-period comparisons of operations, as this metric generally eliminates the effects of unusual or non-recurring items from period to period for reasons unrelated to overall operating performance.
 The following table presents a reconciliation of Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders, the most directly comparable financial measure stated in accordance with GAAP, to Non-GAAP Net income for each of the periods presented:

 (In thousands, except per share amounts)
 2023
 2022
 2021

 GAAP Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
 $
 $
 (27,804)
 $
 (19,503)

 Stock-based compensation(1)

 115,019

 Acquisition related compensation
 27,763
 9,443
 —

 Amortization of acquired intangible assets
 18,967
 6,301

 Acquisition and integration related costs
 6,145
 5,439

 —
 3,435

 —
 —

 Restructuring related charges(2)

 (23,535)
 —
 —

 Impairment of long-lived assets
 1,140
 1,635

 Revaluation of warrants(3)

 —
 —
 (556)

 Release of VAT reserve(4)

 —
 —
 (3,188)

 Non-GAAP income tax adjustment(6)

 (25,469)
 (34)

 Non-GAAP Net income
 $
 160,326
 $
 101,216
 $
 43,425

 Non-cash charges related to convertible notes(5)

 $
 6,249
 $
 5,910
 $

 Non-GAAP Net income used to compute net income per share, diluted
 $
 166,575
 $
 107,126
 $
 44,121

 GAAP Net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders, diluted
 $
 0.20
 $
 (0.28)
 $
 (0.21)

 Stock-based compensation(1)

 1.10
 0.91
 0.54

 Acquisition related compensation
 0.26
 0.09
 —

 Amortization of acquired intangible assets
 0.18
 0.06
 0.02

 Acquisition and integration related costs
 0.06
 0.06
 —

 —
 —
 0.04

 0.20
 —
 —

 Restructuring related charges(2)

 (0.23)
 —
 —

 Impairment of long-lived assets
 0.01
 0.01
 —

 Revaluation of warrants(3)

 —
 —
 (0.01)

 Release of VAT reserve(4)

 —
 —
 (0.03)

 Non-cash charges related to convertible notes(5)

 0.06
 0.06
 0.02

 Non-GAAP income tax adjustment(6)

 (0.25)
 —
 —

 Non-GAAP Net income per share, diluted
 $
 1.59
 $
 0.91
 $
 0.37

 GAAP weighted-average shares used to compute net income (loss) per share, diluted
 96,415

 Weighted-average dilutive effect of potentially dilutive securities
 8,403
 17,372
 24,804

 Non-GAAP weighted-average shares used to compute net income per share, diluted
 104,818
 118,178
 118,028

 ______________
 (1)For the year ended December 31, 2023, non-GAAP stock-based compensation excludes the $31.3 million reversal related to the former CEO's forfeited MRSU award that is reported in Restructuring related charges, as well as $3.9 million that is reported in Restructuring and other charges, in the table above.

 (2)Primarily consists of the $31.3 million reversal of stock-based compensation related to the former CEO's forfeited MRSU award, partially offset by salary continuation charges, executive reorganization charges including severance, CEO search firm fees, and other legal and professional service costs.
 (3)Immediately prior to the IPO, all shares of the convertible preferred stock then outstanding automatically converted into shares of common stock, and the redeemable convertible preferred stock warrants automatically converted into common stock warrants. Therefore, as the warrants no longer permitted the holder to purchase redeemable shares of preferred stock, the warrant liability was remeasured and reclassified to Additional paid-in capital. The common stock warrants were fully exercised during the year ended December 31, 2021.
 (4)Relates to the resolution of certain tax matters in certain jurisdictions with relevant authorities.
 (5)Consists of non-cash interest expense for amortization of deferred financing fees related to the Convertible Notes.
 (6)Prior to 2023, we calculated the income tax effects of non-GAAP adjustments based on the applicable statutory tax rate for the relevant jurisdiction, except for those items which were non-taxable or subject to valuation allowances for which the tax expense (benefit) was calculated at 0%. As a result, U.S. income tax effects of non-GAAP adjustments were subject to a valuation allowance and, therefore, were taxed at 0%. Beginning January 1, 2023, we used a tax rate of 17%, which we believe is a reasonable estimate of our long-term effective tax rate applicable to non-GAAP pre-tax income for 2023.

 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
 We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily the result of fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates.
 Interest Rate Risk
 At December 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $412 million, which were held for working capital purposes. Our cash equivalents and marketable securities consist of highly liquid investments in money market funds, U.S. treasury securities, U.S. government agency securities and corporate debt securities. The primary objectives of our investment activities are the preservation of capital, the fulfillment of liquidity needs and the fiduciary control of cash and investments. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. The carrying amount of our cash equivalents reasonably approximates fair value, due to the short maturities of these instruments. Our investments are exposed to market risk due to a fluctuation in interest rates, which may affect our interest income and the fair market value of our investments. As of December 31, 2023, the effect of a hypothetical 10% change in interest rates would have changed the fair value of our investments in marketable securities by an immaterial amount. Fluctuations in the fair value of our investments in marketable securities caused by a change in interest rates (gains or losses on the carrying amount) are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss), and are realized only if we sell the underlying securities prior to maturity.
 Convertible Notes
 In November 2021, we issued our Convertible Notes with an aggregate principal amount of $1.5 billion.
 The Convertible Notes have a fixed annual interest rate of 0.0%, and accordingly, we do not have economic interest rate exposure on the Convertible Notes. However, the fair value of the Convertible Notes is exposed to interest rate risk. Generally, the fair value of the Convertible Notes will increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. We carry the Convertible Notes at face value less unamortized discount and issuance costs on our balance sheet, and we present the fair value for required disclosure purposes only. In addition, the fair value of the Convertible Notes also fluctuates when the market price of our common stock fluctuates. The fair value was determined based on the quoted bid price of the Convertible Notes in an over-the-counter market on the last trading day of the reporting period. For further information refer to Note 5. Fair Value Measurements, Financial Instruments Not Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis and Note 7. Debt, to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
 Our sales are primarily denominated in U.S. dollars, and therefore our revenue is generally not currently subject to significant foreign currency risk. Our operating expenses are denominated in the currencies of the countries in which our operations are located, which are primarily in the United States, Canada, the Netherlands, Germany, Australia, India, Pakistan and the United Kingdom. Our consolidated results of operations and cash flows are, therefore, subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and may be adversely affected in the future due to changes in foreign exchange rates. To date, we have not entered into any hedging arrangements with respect to foreign currency risk or other derivative financial instruments, although we may choose to do so in the future. A hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in the relative value of the U.S. dollar to other currencies would not have a material effect on our operating results.

 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 238)

 Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42)

 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' (Deficit) Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc.

 Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income (loss), of stockholders' (deficit) equity and of cash flows for the year then ended, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
 In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company did not maintain, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO because a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting existed as of that date related to ineffective controls over the accounting for income taxes.
 A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weakness referred to above is described in Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. We considered this material weakness in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2023 consolidated financial statements, and our opinion regarding the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting does not affect our opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
 Basis for Opinions
 The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in management's report referred to above. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company's consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
 Our audit of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinions.
 As described in Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management has excluded Paperspace Co. from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 because it was acquired by the Company in a purchase business combination during 2023. We have also excluded Paperspace Co. from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. Paperspace Co. is a wholly-owned subsidiary whose total assets and

 total revenues excluded from management's assessment and our audit of internal control over financial reporting represent less than 3% and 1%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 Critical Audit Matters
 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
 Income Taxes
 As described in Notes 2 and 13 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company's income tax expense was $7.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the Company's net deferred tax liability balance was $1.5 million as of December 31, 2023. The Company accounts for income taxes pursuant to the asset and liability method. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future. Such deferred income tax assets and liabilities are based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income.
 The principal consideration for our determination that performing procedures relating to income taxes is a critical audit matter is a high degree of auditor effort in performing procedures related to income taxes. As described in the "Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting" section, a material weakness was identified related to this matter.
 Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included, among others (i) evaluating and determining the nature and extent of audit procedures performed and evidence obtained that are responsive to the material weakness identified; (ii) testing the provision for income taxes, including the effective tax rate reconciliation and permanent and temporary differences; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in measuring and recognizing deferred tax assets and liabilities; and (iv) evaluating management's assessment of the realizability of deferred tax assets on a jurisdictional basis.

 /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
 Denver, Colorado
 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2023.

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 To the Board of Directors and the Stockholders of DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc.

 Opinion on the Financial Statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc., (the Company) as of December 31, 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders' (deficit) equity and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
 Basis for Opinion
 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP
 We have served as the Company's auditor from 2015 to 2023.
 New York, New York
 February 22, 2023, except for the effects of the revision discussed in Note 2 (not presented herein) to the consolidated financial statements appearing under Item 8 of the Company's 2022 Annual Report (Form 10-K/A) and Note 13, as to which the date is August 11, 2023.

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
 (in thousands, except share amounts)

 December 31, 2023
 December 31, 2022

 Current assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 317,236
 $
 140,772

 Marketable securities
 94,532
 723,462

 Accounts receivable, less allowance for credit losses of $ 5,848 and $ 6,099, respectively

 62,186
 53,833

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 29,040
 27,924

 Total current assets
 502,994
 945,991

 305,444
 273,170

 Restricted cash
 1,747
 1,935

 Goodwill
 348,322
 315,168

 Intangible assets, net
 140,151
 118,928

 Operating lease right-of-use assets, net
 155,201
 153,701

 Deferred tax assets
 1,994

 Other assets
 5,114
 5,987

 Total assets
 $
 1,460,967
 $
 1,815,631

 Current liabilities:

 Accounts payable
 $
 3,957
 $
 21,138

 Accrued other expenses
 31,046
 33,987

 Deferred revenue
 5,340
 5,550

 Operating lease liabilities, current
 81,320
 57,432

 Other current liabilities
 70,982
 47,409

 Total current liabilities
 192,645
 165,516

 Deferred tax liabilities
 3,533
 20,757

 Long-term debt
 1,477,798
 1,470,270

 Operating lease liabilities, non-current
 91,161
 107,693

 Other long-term liabilities
 9,528
 3,826

 Total liabilities
 1,774,665
 1,768,062

 Commitments and Contingencies (Note 9)

 Preferred stock ($ 0.000025 par value per share; 10,000,000 shares authorized; 0 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022)

 —
 —

 Common stock ($ 0.000025 par value per share; 750,000,000 shares authorized; 90,243,442 and 96,732,507 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively)

 Additional paid-in capital
 30,989
 263,957

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 452)
 ( 2,048)

 Accumulated deficit
 ( 344,237)
 ( 214,342)

 Total stockholders' (deficit) equity
 ( 313,698)
 47,569

 Total liabilities and stockholders' (deficit) equity
 $
 1,460,967
 $
 1,815,631

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 (in thousands, except per share amounts)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 692,884
 $
 576,322
 $
 428,561

 283,967
 211,927
 170,595

 Gross profit
 408,917
 364,395
 257,966

 Operating expenses:

 140,365
 143,885
 115,684

 73,027
 81,022
 50,878

 162,742
 165,185
 102,590

 —
 —

 Total operating expenses
 397,021
 390,092
 269,152

 Income (loss) from operations
 11,896
 ( 25,697)
 ( 11,186)

 Other income (expense):

 Interest expense
 ( 8,945)
 ( 8,396)
 ( 3,744)

 —
 ( 407)
 ( 3,435)

 Interest income and other income, net
 23,825
 10,615

 Other income (expense), net
 14,880
 1,812
 ( 7,015)

 Income (loss) before income taxes
 26,776
 ( 23,885)
 ( 18,201)

 ( 7,367)
 ( 3,919)
 ( 1,302)

 $
 $
 $

 Net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders

 Basic
 $
 0.22
 $
 ( 0.28)
 $
 ( 0.21)

 Diluted
 $
 0.20
 $
 ( 0.28)
 $
 ( 0.21)

 Weighted-average shares used to compute net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders

 Basic
 90,141

 Diluted
 96,415

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 $
 $

 Other comprehensive income (loss):

 Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of taxes
 ( 411)
 ( 129)

 Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of taxes
 1,251
 ( 1,263)
 —

 Other comprehensive income (loss)
 1,596
 ( 1,674)
 ( 129)

 Comprehensive income (loss)
 $
 21,005
 $
 ( 29,478)
 $
 ( 19,632)

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' (DEFICIT) EQUITY
 (in thousands, except share amounts)

 Convertible Preferred Stock
 Common Stock
 Treasury Stock
 Additional Paid-In Capital
 Accumulated Other Comprehen-sive Loss
 Accumulated Deficit
 Total

 Balance at December 31, 2020
 45,472,229
 $
 173,074
 45,299,339
 $
 ( 1,968,228)
 $
 ( 4,598)
 $
 99,783
 $
 ( 245)
 $
 ( 167,035)
 $
 ( 72,094)

 Issuance of common stock in connection with initial public offering, net of underwriting discounts and issuance costs
 —
 —
 16,500,000
 —
 —
 722,980
 —
 —
 722,981

 Issuance of common stock under equity incentive plan, net of taxes withheld
 —
 —
 3,793,386
 —
 —
 —
 15,502
 —
 —
 15,502

 Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan, net of taxes withheld
 —
 —
 117,996
 —
 —
 —
 4,401
 —
 —
 4,401

 Issuance of common stock for acquisition
 —
 —
 636,994
 —
 —
 —
 27,566
 —
 —
 27,566

 Exercise of common stock warrants
 —
 —
 296,848
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Conversion of redeemable preferred stock warrants to common stock warrants
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 13,906
 —
 —
 13,906

 Conversion of convertible preferred stock to common stock in connection with initial public offering
 ( 45,472,229)
 ( 173,074)
 45,472,229
 —
 —
 —
 173,074
 —
 —
 173,074

 Repurchase and retirement of common stock
 —
 —
 ( 2,940,929)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 350,000)
 —
 —
 ( 350,000)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 62,493
 —
 —
 62,493

 Other comprehensive loss
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 129)
 —
 ( 129)

 Net loss attributable to common stockholders
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Balance at December 31, 2021
 —
 —
 109,175,863
 ( 1,968,228)
 ( 4,598)
 769,705
 ( 374)
 ( 186,538)
 578,197

 Issuance of common stock under equity incentive plan, net of taxes withheld
 —
 —
 2,894,748
 —
 —
 —
 ( 16,626)
 —
 —
 ( 16,626)

 Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan, net of taxes withheld
 —
 —
 256,718
 —
 —
 —
 7,925
 —
 —
 7,925

 Repurchase and retirement of common stock
 —
 —
 ( 13,626,594)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 600,000)
 —
 —
 ( 600,000)

 Retirement of treasury stock
 —
 —
 ( 1,968,228)
 —
 1,968,228
 4,598
 ( 4,598)
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 107,551
 —
 —
 107,551

 Other comprehensive loss
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,674)
 —
 ( 1,674)

 Net loss attributable to common stockholders
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Balance at December 31, 2022
 —
 —
 96,732,507
 —
 —
 263,957
 ( 2,048)
 ( 214,342)
 47,569

 Issuance of common stock under equity incentive plan, net of taxes withheld
 —
 —
 7,785,464
 —
 —
 —
 16,307
 —
 —
 16,307

 Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan, net of taxes withheld
 —
 —
 212,980
 —
 —
 —
 4,977
 —
 —
 4,977

 Repurchase and retirement of common stock
 —
 —
 ( 14,487,509)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 341,312)
 —
 ( 147,143)
 ( 488,455)

 Excise taxes related to repurchase of common stock
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 2,723)
 —
 ( 2,161)
 ( 4,884)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 89,783
 —
 —
 89,783

 Other comprehensive income
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,596
 —
 1,596

 Net income attributable to common stockholders
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' (DEFICIT) EQUITY
 (in thousands, except share amounts)

 Balance at December 31, 2023
 —
 $
 —
 90,243,442
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 30,989
 $
 ( 452)
 $
 ( 344,237)
 $
 ( 313,698)

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Operating activities

 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Depreciation and amortization
 117,866
 102,232
 88,372

 88,347

 Provision for expected credit losses
 15,357
 16,551
 9,207

 Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities, net
 5,709
 11,417
 —

 —
 3,435

 Net accretion of discounts and amortization of premiums on investments
 1,866
 ( 6,135)
 —

 Non-cash interest expense
 7,949
 7,880
 1,357

 Loss on impairment of long-lived assets
 1,140
 1,635

 Revaluation of warrants
 —
 —
 ( 556)

 Deferred income taxes
 ( 67)
 ( 1,835)

 Release of VAT reserve
 ( 819)
 —
 ( 3,188)

 Other
 ( 36)

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

 Accounts receivable
 ( 22,668)
 ( 26,645)
 ( 20,684)

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 ( 9,593)
 ( 1,424)
 1,130

 Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 ( 11,077)
 5,500
 9,439

 Deferred revenue
 ( 315)
 ( 290)
 ( 51)

 Other assets and liabilities
 21,211
 7,668
 2,308

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 234,942
 195,152
 133,109

 Investing activities

 Capital expenditures - property and equipment
 ( 119,299)
 ( 106,389)
 ( 97,072)

 Capital expenditures - internal-use software development
 ( 5,514)
 ( 8,913)
 ( 6,391)

 Purchase of intangible assets
 —
 ( 4,915)
 ( 5,636)

 Cash paid for acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired
 ( 99,023)
 ( 305,170)
 ( 5,000)

 Cash paid for asset acquisitions
 ( 2,500)
 ( 5,400)
 —

 Purchase of marketable securities
 ( 352,313)
 ( 1,695,165)
 —

 Sales of marketable securities
 —
 19,992
 —

 Maturities of marketable securities
 979,565
 956,847
 —

 Purchased interest on marketable securities
 ( 151)
 ( 1,575)
 —

 Proceeds from interest on marketable securities
 1,549
 —

 Proceeds from sale of equipment

 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
 401,152
 ( 1,148,158)
 ( 113,605)

 Financing activities

 Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes, net of issuance costs
 —
 —
 1,462,195

 Repayment of notes payable
 —
 —
 ( 33,214)

 Repayment of term loan
 —
 —
 ( 166,813)

 Repayment of borrowings under revolving credit facility
 —
 —
 ( 63,200)

 Payment of debt issuance costs
 —
 ( 1,520)
 —

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 Proceeds related to the issuance of common stock under equity incentive plan
 38,410
 11,509
 18,369

 Proceeds from the issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan
 4,977
 7,926
 4,970

 Principal repayments of finance leases
 ( 2,260)
 —
 —

 Employee payroll taxes paid related to net settlement of equity awards
 ( 21,575)
 ( 28,278)
 ( 3,187)

 Proceeds from initial public offering, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering costs
 —
 —
 724,384

 Repurchase and retirement of common stock
 ( 488,455)
 ( 600,000)
 ( 350,000)

 Repayment of seller's note
 —
 —
 ( 125)

 Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities
 ( 468,903)
 ( 610,363)
 1,593,379

 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
 ( 15)
 ( 249)

 Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 167,176
 ( 1,563,618)
 1,612,888

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - beginning of period
 151,807
 1,715,425
 102,537

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - end of period
 $
 318,983
 $
 151,807
 $
 1,715,425

 Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:

 Cash paid for interest
 $
 $
 $
 2,344

 Cash paid for taxes, net of refunds
 2,723
 4,567

 Operating cash flows paid for operating leases
 74,248
 49,870
 —

 Non-cash investing and financing activities:

 Capitalized stock-based compensation
 $
 1,440
 $
 1,722
 $

 Property and equipment received but not yet paid, included in Accounts payable and Accrued other expenses
 4,826
 15,689
 12,968

 Issuance of common stock for acquisition
 —
 —
 27,566

 Debt issuance costs included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities
 —
 —

 Operating right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities
 73,440
 204,105
 —

 Finance right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities
 11,938
 —
 —

 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

 Note 1. Nature of the Business and Organization
 DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the "Company", "we", "our", "us") is a leading cloud computing platform offering on-demand infrastructure, platform and software tools for startups and growing digital businesses. The Company was founded with the guiding principle that the transformative benefits of the cloud should be easy to leverage, broadly accessible, reliable and affordable. The Company's platform simplifies cloud computing, enabling its customers to rapidly accelerate innovation and increase their productivity and agility. The Company offers mission-critical solutions across Infrastructure-as-a-Service ("IaaS"), including Droplet virtual machines, storage and networking offerings; Platform-as-a-Service ("PaaS"), including Managed Database and Managed Kubernetes offerings; Software-as-a-Service ("SaaS"), including Managed Hosting and Marketplace offerings; and artificial intelligence and machine learning ("AI/ML"), including Machines, Notebooks and Deployments offerings.
 The Company has adopted a holding company structure and the primary operations are performed globally through its wholly-owned operating subsidiaries.
 Initial Public Offering
 On March 26, 2021, the Company completed its initial public offering ("IPO"), in which the Company issued and sold 16,500,000 shares of its common stock at a public offering price of $ 47.00 per share, which resulted in net proceeds of $ 722,981 after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company. In connection with the IPO, all shares of the convertible preferred stock then outstanding automatically converted into 45,472,229 shares of common stock, and the redeemable convertible preferred stock warrants automatically converted into common stock warrants.

 Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
 The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") and include accounts of the Company and all wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
 Reclassifications
 Certain prior year amounts on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows have been reclassified and revised to conform to the current year presentation. Such reclassifications did not affect total revenues, operating income, or net income.
 Use of Estimates
 The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make, on an ongoing basis, estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Such estimates include, but are not limited to, those related to revenue recognition, accounts receivable and related reserves, useful lives and realizability of long lived assets, capitalized internal-use software development costs, accounting for stock-based compensation including estimation of the probability of performance vesting conditions, the incremental borrowing rate we use to determine lease liabilities, valuation allowances against deferred tax assets, fair value of financial instruments, and the fair value and useful lives of tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed resulting from business combinations. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions which management believes to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities.
 Cash and Cash Equivalents
 Cash and cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments in money market funds, commercial paper and certificates of deposit, with original maturities from the date of purchase of three months or less. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents approximate fair value because of the short-term maturity and highly liquid nature of these instruments.
 Marketable Securities
 The Company's marketable securities consist of commercial paper, U.S. treasury securities and commercial debt securities. The Company determines the appropriate classification of its marketable securities at the time of purchase and

 reevaluates such designation at each balance sheet date. The Company has classified and accounted for its marketable securities as available-for-sale securities as the Company may sell these securities at any time for use in its current operations or for other purposes, even prior to maturity. As a result, the Company classifies its marketable securities within Current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value each reporting period. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted over the life of the related available-for-sale security as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. Interest income is recognized when earned. Unrealized gains and losses on these marketable securities are presented net of tax and reported as a separate component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss until realized. Realized gains and losses are determined based on the specific identification method and are reported in Other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 The Company periodically evaluates its marketable securities to assess whether an investment's fair value is less than its amortized cost basis and if the decline in the fair value is attributable to a credit loss. Declines in fair value judged to be related to credit loss are reported in Other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 Foreign Currency
 The reporting currency of the Company is the United States dollar ("USD"). The functional currency of the Company is USD, and the functional currency of the Company's subsidiaries is primarily the local currency of the jurisdiction in which the foreign subsidiary is located. The assets and liabilities of the Company's subsidiaries are translated to USD at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. All income statement accounts are translated at monthly average exchange rates. Resulting foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded directly in Accumulated other comprehensive loss.
 Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in Other income (expense), net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations when realized.
 Restricted Cash
 The following table reconciles cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash per the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

 2023
 2022

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 317,236
 $
 140,772

 Restricted cash included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets(1)

 —
 9,100

 Restricted cash(2)

 1,747
 1,935

 Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 $
 318,983
 $
 151,807

 (1)Includes contingent compensation related to the Cloudways acquisition, which was paid on September 1, 2023.
 (2)Includes deposits in financial institutions related to letters of credit used to secure lease agreements.
 Accounts Receivable Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
 Accounts receivable primarily represents revenue recognized that was not invoiced at the balance sheet date and is primarily billed and collected in the following month. Trade accounts receivable are carried at the original invoiced amount less an estimated allowance for expected credit losses based on the probability of future collection. Management determines the adequacy of the allowance based on historical loss patterns, the number of days that customer invoices are past due, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions to inform adjustments over historical loss data, and an evaluation of the potential risk of loss associated with specific accounts. When management becomes aware of circumstances that may further decrease the likelihood of collection, it records a specific allowance against amounts due, which reduces the receivable to the amount that management reasonably believes will be collected. The Company records changes in the estimate to the allowance for expected credit losses through provision for expected credit losses and reverses the accounts receivable and related allowance after the potential for recovery is considered remote.

 The following table presents the changes in our allowance for expected credit losses for the period presented:

 2023
 2022

 Beginning balance
 $
 6,099
 $
 4,212

 Provision for expected credit losses
 15,357
 16,551

 Write-offs and other
 ( 15,608)
 ( 14,664)

 Ending balance
 $
 5,848
 $
 6,099

 Fair Value of Financial Instruments
 Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities that are required to be recorded at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which to transact and the market-based risk. The Company applies fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements approximate the fair value for cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses due to their short-term nature.
 Property and Equipment
 Property and equipment is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation on property and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets and is included in depreciation and amortization expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company includes the amortization of assets that are recorded under finance leases in depreciation expense. The estimated useful lives of property and equipment are as follows:
 Property and Equipment Category
 Useful Life

 Computers and equipment
 5 years

 Furniture and fixtures
 5 years

 Leasehold improvements
 Lesser of lease term or remaining useful life

 Internal-use software
 3 years

 Equipment under finance leases
 Lesser of lease term or remaining useful life

 The Company periodically reviews the estimated useful lives of property and equipment.
 Leases
 The Company leases co-location space at data center facilities and, to a lesser extent, corporate offices, all of which are operating leases. The finance leases are for data center equipment. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at contract inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets and current and noncurrent operating lease liabilities. Finance lease ROU assets, net of amortization are included in Property and equipment, net, and finance lease liabilities are included in Other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and the corresponding lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the unpaid lease payments over the lease term. Lease payments used to measure lease liabilities include fixed lease payments at the lease commencement date, including rental escalation provisions. As the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the lease terms and economic environment at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The ROU asset is measured as the amount of the initial lease liability and adjusted for initial direct costs, lease payments made at or before the commencement date, and reduced by tenant incentives received. The Company does not include options for renewal periods or periods beyond the termination dates in the lease in the measurement of ROU assets and lease liabilities until it is reasonably certain that those options will be exercised based on management's assessment of various relevant factors including economic, entity specific, and market-based factors among others.

 The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which it has elected to combine for all asset classes. The non-lease components of operating leases primarily consist of power. Fixed payments for non-lease components are considered part of the lease component and included in the measurement of the ROU assets and liabilities, and variable payments are expensed as incurred. Variable lease payments generally relate to non-lease components above a contractual minimum fixed amount.
 Lease expenses for lease payments under operating leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company's operating lease costs for co-location data center facilities are included in Cost of revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and the operating lease costs for corporate offices are included in General and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Amortization expense of finance lease ROU assets is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term of one to five years, and interest expense for finance lease liabilities is recognized under the effective interest rate method based on the incremental borrowing rate. The Company includes the amortization of assets that are recorded under finance leases in depreciation expense included in Cost of revenue on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations. Interest expense is included in Other income (expense), net on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations. For leases with a term of 12 months or less (short-term leases), the Company elected to not recognize the ROU asset or lease liability and the lease payments are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
 Capitalization of Internal-Use Software Development Costs
 Capitalization of costs incurred in connection with software developed for internal-use commences when both the preliminary project stage is completed and management has authorized further funding for the project, based on a determination that it is probable the project will be completed and used to perform the function intended. Capitalized costs include external consulting fees, payroll and payroll-related costs, and stock-based compensation for employees on development teams who are directly associated with, and who devote time to, internal-use software projects during the application development stage. Capitalization of such costs ceases no later than the point at which the project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. Costs incurred during the planning, training, and post-implementation stages of the software development lifecycle are expensed as incurred and have been included in Research and development expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
 Long-lived assets, including property and equipment, intangible assets with definite lives and ROU assets, are reviewed for impairment when circumstances indicate the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. For assets that are to be held and used, impairment is recognized when the estimated undiscounted cash flows associated with the asset or group of assets is less than their carrying value. If impairment exists, an adjustment is made to write the asset down to its fair value, and a loss is recorded as the difference between the carrying value and fair value. Fair values are determined based on quoted market values, discounted cash flows or internal and external appraisals, as applicable. Assets to be disposed of are carried at the lower of carrying value or estimated net realizable value.
 The Company decided to cease the use of a portion of its leased New York office space in 2022 and entered into two separate subleases agreements with third party subtenants, in which the sublease income is less than the original lease payments indicating impairment. For the year ended December 31, 2022, a reduction to the carrying value of the ROU asset of $ 1,472 was recorded representing the carrying value amount in excess of the fair value with a corresponding impairment charge recorded to General and administrative in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded an impairment loss of $ 1,140, $ 163 and $ 285, respectively, related to software that is no longer being used. These impairment losses are included in Cost of revenue and Research and development on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 Business Combinations
 The Company applies the provisions of ASC 805, Business Combinations ("ASC 805"), in accounting for acquisitions. ASC 805 requires that the Company evaluates whether a transaction pertains to an acquisition of assets or to an acquisition of a business. A business is defined as an integrated set of assets and activities that is capable of being conducted and managed for the purpose of providing a return to investors. Asset acquisitions are accounted for by allocating the cost of the acquisition to the individual assets and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis; whereas the acquisition of a business requires the Company to recognize separately from goodwill the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. While the Company uses its best estimates and assumptions to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at

 the acquisition date as well as any contingent consideration, where applicable, the estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the business acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of a business acquisition's measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our consolidated statements of operations.
 Accounting for business combinations requires the Company to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially at the acquisition date, to determine the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including the selection of valuation methodologies, estimates of future revenue and cash flows and discount rates in determining the fair value of intangible assets. Although the Company believes that the assumptions and estimates made in the past have been reasonable and appropriate, they are based in part on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies and are inherently uncertain. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results. The assets purchased and liabilities assumed have been reflected on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the results are included on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows from the date of acquisition. Acquisition-related transaction costs, including legal and accounting fees and other external costs directly related to the acquisition, are recognized separately from the acquisition and expensed as incurred in General and administrative on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 In addition, uncertain tax positions and tax related valuation allowances assumed in a business combination are initially estimated as of the acquisition date. The Company reevaluates these items quarterly based upon facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date with any adjustments to our preliminary estimates being recorded to goodwill if identified within the measurement period. Subsequent to the measurement period or the final determination of the tax allowance's or contingency's estimated value, whichever comes first, changes to these uncertain tax positions and tax related valuation allowances will affect the provision for income taxes in our consolidated statement of operations and could have a material impact on the results of operations and financial position.
 Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets
 Goodwill is an asset representing the future economic benefit arising from other assets acquired in a business combination which are not individually identified and separately recognized. The Company does not amortize goodwill. Goodwill has resulted from the acquisitions of Nanobox, Inc. ("Nanobox") on April 4, 2019, Nimbella Corp. ("Nimbella") on September 1, 2021, Cloudways Ltd. ("Cloudways") on September 1, 2022, and Paperspace Co. ("Paperspace") on July 5, 2023, as discussed in Note 3. Goodwill was $ 348,322 and $ 315,168 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and represents the excess purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in a business combination. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has a single reporting unit.
 Goodwill is reviewed for impairment on an annual basis as of October 1st of each year, or more frequently if a triggering event occurs. The Company performs an assessment of goodwill utilizing either a qualitative or quantitative impairment test. The qualitative impairment test assesses several factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its respective carrying amount. If the Company concludes it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its respective carrying amount, a quantitative fair value test is performed. Alternatively, the Company may elect to proceed directly to the quantitative impairment test. In a quantitative impairment test, the Company compares the carrying amount of the reporting unit to its fair value. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, up to the amount of goodwill of the reporting unit.
 Indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of Internet Protocol ("IP") addresses needed for customers to host their server online. The Company evaluates these indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis as of October 1st of each year and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that an impairment may exist. Intangible assets with indefinite lives were $ 44,821 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and are included as Intangible assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 The Company performs an assessment of indefinite-lived intangible assets utilizing either a qualitative or quantitative impairment test. The qualitative impairment test assesses several factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the assets are less than its respective carrying amounts. If the Company concludes it is more likely than not that the fair value of the assets are less than its respective carrying amounts, a quantitative fair value test is performed. Alternatively, the Company may elect to proceed directly to the quantitative impairment test. Recoverability of

 assets held and used is measured by comparison of the carrying amount of an asset or an asset group to estimated undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds these estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the asset or asset group, based on discounted cash flows.
 No impairment charges for goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets have been recorded during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 or 2021.
 Intangible Assets
 Intangible assets with definite lives consist of acquired developed technology, trade name, customer relationships, content and brand. Intangible assets with definite lives are stated at cost less accumulated amortization and are amortized on a basis consistent with the timing and pattern of expected cash flows used to value the intangible asset, generally on a straight-line basis over the useful life of three to ten years. Intangible assets with definite lives were $ 95,330 and $ 74,107 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and are included as Intangible assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 Revenue Recognition
 The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606").
 The Company accounts for revenue using the following steps:
 1. Identify the contract with a customer
 2. Identify the performance obligations in the contract
 3. Determine the transaction price
 4. Allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract
 5. Recognize revenue when or as we satisfy a performance obligation
 The Company provides cloud computing services, including IaaS, PaaS, SaaS and AI/ML, to its customers. The Company recognizes revenue based on the customer utilization of these resources. Customer contracts are typically month-to-month and do not include any minimum guaranteed quantities or fees. Fees are billed monthly, and payment is typically due upon invoicing. Revenue is recognized net of allowances for credits and any taxes collected from customers.
 The Company's global cloud platform is supported by various third parties. The Company considered the principal versus agent guidance in ASC 606 and concluded that it is the principal for all services provided to its customers.
 The Company may offer sales incentives in the form of promotional and referral credits, and grant credits to encourage customers to use the Company's services. These types of promotional and referral credits typically expire in two months or less if not used. For credits earned with a purchase, they are recorded as contract liabilities when earned and recognized at the earlier of redemption or expiration. The majority of credits are redeemed in the month they are earned.
 Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to the Company's customers. The Company records a receivable when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing. Any payments received in advance of billing are a contract liability, which is recorded as Deferred revenue within Total current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Revenue recognized during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, which was included in the Deferred revenue balances at the beginning of each respective period, was $ 3,674, $ 2,894 and $ 2,672, respectively.
 Cost of Revenue
 Cost of revenue consists primarily of fees related to operating in third-party co-location facilities, personnel expenses for those directly supporting our data centers and non-personnel costs, including amortization of acquired technology, amortization of capitalized internal-use software development costs, and depreciation of our data center equipment. Third-party co-location facility costs include data center rental fees, power costs, maintenance fees, network and bandwidth. Personnel expenses include salaries, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation.
 Research and Development Expenses
 Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs including salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation. Research and development expenses also include amortization of capitalized internal-use software development costs for research and development activities, which are amortized over three years, and professional

 services, as well as costs related to our efforts to add new features to our existing offerings, develop new offerings, and ensure the security, performance, and reliability of our global cloud platform.
 Sales and Marketing Expenses
 Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel costs of our sales, marketing and customer support employees including salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation. Sales and marketing expenses also include costs for marketing programs, commissions, advertising and professional service fees.
 General and Administrative Expenses
 General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs of our human resources, legal, finance and other administrative functions including salaries, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation. General and administrative expenses also include provision for expected credit losses, software, payment processing fees, business insurance, depreciation and amortization expenses, rent and facilities costs, impairment of long-lived assets, acquisition related compensation, and other administrative costs.
 The Company records restructuring expenses when management commits to a restructuring plan, the restructuring plan identifies all significant actions, the period of time to complete the restructuring plan indicates that significant changes to the plan are not likely, and employees who are impacted have been notified.
 Restructuring and other charges consist primarily of personnel costs, such as notice period, employee severance payments and termination benefits, as well as stock-based compensation related to vesting of certain equity awards.
 Advertising and Other Promotional Costs
 Advertising and other promotional costs are expensed as incurred and are included in Sales and marketing on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Non-direct response advertising expenses were $ 7,857, $ 19,914 and $ 14,577 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 Income Taxes
 The Company accounts for income taxes pursuant to the asset and liability method. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future. Such deferred income tax assets and liabilities are based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. Federal, state, and foreign income taxes are provided based on statutory rates.
 On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the "Tax Act") was signed into law. The Tax Act requires an entity to make an accounting policy election of either (1) treating taxes due on future U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to Global Intangible Low Taxed Income ("GILTI") as a current period expense when incurred (the "period cost method") or (2) factoring such amounts into an entity's measurement of its deferred taxes (the "deferred method"). The Company has elected to treat taxes due on future U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI as a current period expense when incurred using the period cost method.
 The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes using a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities. The amount recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate audit settlement.
 The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, associated with income tax matters as part of income tax expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and includes accrued interest and penalties with the related income tax liability in Other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 Segment Information
 The Company's chief operating decision maker, the chief executive officer, reviews discrete financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of regularly making operating decisions, allocation of resources, and assessing financial performance. Accordingly, the Company has one operating and reporting segment.

 Geographical Information
 Revenue, as determined based on the billing address of the Company's customers, was as follows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 North America
 %
 %
 %

 Europe
 %
 %
 %

 Asia
 %
 %
 %

 Other
 %
 %
 %

 Total
 %
 %
 %

 Revenue derived from customers in the United States was 30 % of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, and 31 % of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
 No country outside of the United States had revenue greater than 10% of total consolidated revenue in any period presented.
 Long-lived assets includes property, equipment and leases. The geographic locations of the Company's long-lived assets, net, based on physical location of the assets is as follows:

 2023
 2022

 United States
 $
 233,557
 $
 206,118

 Singapore
 43,425
 60,307

 Germany

 62,224
 50,274

 Netherlands

 46,170
 35,951

 Other

 75,269
 74,221

 Total
 $
 460,645
 $
 426,871

 Concentration of Credit Risk
 The amounts reflected in the consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, restricted cash, and trade accounts receivable are exposed to concentrations of credit risk. Although the Company maintains cash and cash equivalents with multiple financial institutions, the deposits, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Company believes that the financial institutions that hold its cash and cash equivalents are financially sound and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to these balances.
 The Company's customer base consists of a significant number of geographically dispersed customers. No customer represented 10% or more of accounts receivable, net as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Additionally, no customer accounted for 10% or more of total revenue during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 Stock-Based Compensation
 Stock Options
 Compensation expense related to stock-based transactions, including employee, consultant, and non-employee director stock option awards, is measured and recognized, net of estimated forfeitures, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations based on fair value. The fair value of each option award is estimated on the grant date using the Black Scholes option-pricing model. Expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The option-pricing model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the fair value of the underlying common stock, the expected term of the option, the expected volatility of the price of the Company's common stock, risk-free interest rates, and the expected dividend yield of the Company's common stock. The assumptions used in the option-pricing model represent management's best estimates.
 Expected volatility is a measure of the amount by which the stock price is expected to fluctuate. Since the Company has limited trading history of its common stock at the time of issuing stock options, the Company estimates the

 expected volatility of its stock options at the grant date by taking the average historical volatility of a group of comparable publicly traded companies, as well as the Company's historical volatility, over a period equal to the expected life of the options.
 The Company determined the expected term based on the average period the stock options that were expected to remain outstanding using the simplified method, generally calculated as the midpoint of the stock options' vesting term and contractual expiration period, as the Company did not have sufficient historical information to develop reasonable expectations about future exercise patterns and post-vesting employment termination behavior.
 The Company uses the U.S. Treasury yield for our risk-free interest rate that corresponds with the expected term. The Company utilizes a dividend yield of zero, as the Company does not currently issue dividends, nor does the Company expect to do so in the future.
 The Company measures stock options granted to employees and directors based on their fair value on the date of the grant and recognize compensation expense of those awards, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. The Company applies the straight line method of expense recognition to all awards with only service based vesting conditions.
 Stock-based compensation for non-employee stock options is calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and is recorded as the options vest.
 Restricted Stock Units
 The Company grants restricted stock units ("RSUs") as incentive awards to its employees. RSUs are payable in shares of the Company's common stock as the periodic vesting requirements are satisfied. The value of RSUs is determined using the intrinsic value method and is based on the number of shares granted and the valuation of the Company's common stock on the date of grant.
 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units
 The Company grants performance-based restricted stock units ("PRSUs") primarily to members of the executive team and, in limited instances, to other employees in connection with a specific transaction. PRSUs have vesting conditions based on pre-established performance goals of the Company. The fair value is determined based on the closing quoted price of the Company's common stock on the grant date and the fair value is recognized using the graded-vesting attribution method over the requisite service period. We evaluate the probability of meeting the performance criteria at each balance sheet date. Changes to the probability assessment and the estimate of shares expected to vest will result in adjustments to the related stock-based compensation that will be recorded in the period of change.
 Market-Based Restricted Stock Units
 The Company has granted market-based restricted stock units ("MRSUs") to its chief executive officer. The stock-based compensation for market-based restricted stock units is measured at fair value on the date of grant. The market conditions are considered in the grant date fair value using a Monte Carlo valuation model, which utilizes multiple input variables to determine the probability of the Company achieving the specified market conditions. Stock-based compensation related to an award with a market condition will be recognized over the requisite service period regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied, provided that the requisite service period has been completed.
 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
 The Company offers an Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") that permits eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company's common stock at a discount. The fair value of awards under the ESPP is calculated at the beginning of each offering period. The Company estimates the fair value of the awards using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. The Black-Scholes option valuation model requires the input of subjective assumptions, including price volatility of the underlying stock, risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, and the offering period. This fair value is then amortized on a straight-line basis over the offering period. Stock-based compensation is based on awards expected to be purchased at the beginning of the offering period, and therefore is reduced when participants withdraw during the offering period.

 Net Income (Loss) per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders
 Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is presented in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. Prior to the conversion of the convertible preferred stock in connection with the IPO, holders of Series Seed, Series A-1, Series B and Series C convertible preferred stock were each entitled to receive non-cumulative dividends payable prior and in preference to any dividends on any shares of the Company's common stock. Under the two-class method, net income is attributed to common stockholders and participating securities based on their participation rights. The holders of the convertible preferred stock did not have a contractual obligation to share in the losses of the Company. As such, the Company's net losses for the year ended December 31, 2021 were not allocated to these participating securities.
 Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income or loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income or loss attributable to common stockholders, adjusted for interest expense on dilutive convertible notes, by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock, common stock equivalents and other potentially dilutive securities, if any, outstanding during the period.
 Basic and diluted net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders is presented in conformity with the treasury stock method required for stock-based compensation, and in conformity with the if-converted method required for the convertible notes. Nonvested market and performance-based share awards are included in the weighted-average diluted shares outstanding each period if established market or performance criteria have been met at the end of the respective periods.
 Potential shares related to certain of the Company's outstanding stock options, restricted stock units and convertible notes were excluded because they were anti-dilutive, however, those potential shares could be dilutive in the future. Potentially dilutive securities whose effect would have been antidilutive are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share for periods in which the Company is in a loss position.
 Recent Accounting Pronouncements – Pending Adoption
 In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740)—Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09"). ASU 2023-09 requires that an entity disclose specific categories in the effective tax rate reconciliation as well as provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. Further, ASU 2023-09 requires certain disclosures of state versus federal income tax expense and taxes paid. The amendments in ASU 2023-09 are required to be adopted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis although retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adoption on our financial disclosures.
 In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"). ASU 2023-07 expands public entities' segment disclosures by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, an amount and description of its composition for other segment items, and interim disclosures of a reportable segment's profit or loss and assets. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early application permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2023-07 on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

 Note 3. Acquisitions, Goodwill and Intangible Assets
 Paperspace Co.
 On July 5, 2023 (the "Paperspace Acquisition Date"), the Company consummated a business combination acquiring 100 % of Paperspace for total cash consideration of $ 100,399. Included in the consideration paid is a contribution of $ 11,100 to an escrow account held by a third party on the Paperspace Acquisition Date to support certain post-closing indemnification obligations.
 This acquisition has been accounted for as a business combination and the results of Paperspace's operations have been included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements since the Paperspace Acquisition Date. The acquisition and integration of Paperspace's advanced technology into the Company's platform will extend the Company's

 offerings, enabling customers to more easily test, develop and deploy artificial intelligence and machine learning ("AI/ML") applications, and augment and enhance existing AI/ML applications.
 The determination and allocation of total consideration is based on estimates of fair value. Measurement period adjustments, if any, will be recognized in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined within twelve months from the Paperspace Acquisition Date. As of December 31, 2023, the purchase price allocation for Paperspace remains open as the Company gathers additional information regarding the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed, primarily in relation to working capital accounts and the Company's assessment of tax related items.
 The following table sets forth the allocation of the purchase price for the business combination and summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the Paperspace Acquisition Date:

 Fair value of consideration transferred

 Cash consideration
 $
 100,399

 Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed

 Tangible assets acquired:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 1,376

 Accounts receivable
 1,042

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets

 4,515

 Operating right-of-use asset, net
 4,398

 Finance lease right-of-use asset, net
 11,958

 Other assets

 Intangible assets
 37,690

 Liabilities assumed:

 Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 ( 1,445)

 Deferred revenue
 ( 105)

 Operating lease liabilities, current
 ( 1,475)

 Operating lease liabilities, non-current
 ( 2,923)

 Finance lease liabilities, current
 ( 5,707)

 Finance lease liabilities, non-current
 ( 6,251)

 Deferred tax liabilities
 ( 1,074)

 Total identifiable net assets acquired
 42,559

 Goodwill recorded in acquisition
 57,840

 Total purchase price allocation
 $
 100,399

 The Company amortizes its intangible assets assuming no residual value over periods in which the economic benefit of these assets is consumed (the useful life). The fair values allocated to the identifiable intangible assets and their estimated useful lives are as follows:

 Estimated Fair Value
 Weighted Average Useful Life (years)

 Trademark/Trade Name
 $

 Developed Technology
 24,120

 Customer Relationships
 13,270

 Total intangible assets
 $
 37,690

 Paperspace's assets and liabilities were measured at estimated fair values on July 5, 2023. Estimates of fair value represent management's best estimate and require a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties. Third-party valuation specialists were engaged to assist management in the valuation of these assets and liabilities.
 The goodwill is attributable primarily to the integration of Paperspace's advanced technology into the Company's platform which will extend the Company's offerings, resulting in incremental revenue from new and existing customers, and to a lesser extent intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition, including the existing workforce acquired through the acquisition. None of the goodwill is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.
 Acquisition and integration related costs consist of miscellaneous professional service fees and expenses for acquisition related activities. The Company recognized approximately $ 5,745 of acquisition related costs that were expensed in the year ended December 31, 2023. These costs are shown primarily as part of General and administrative expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 The amount of Paperspace's revenue and net loss included in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations from the Paperspace Acquisition Date through December 31, 2023, was $ 6,350 and $ 18,914, respectively.
 Contingent compensation
 Contingent compensation costs relate to payments due to certain Paperspace sellers for $ 10,120, of which $ 5,060 will be earned on July 5, 2024, and $ 1,265 will be earned quarterly thereafter through July 5, 2025. Contingent compensation represents compensation for post-combination services because the payments are contingent on continuing employment of the Paperspace founders at each payment date. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded an acquisition related compensation expense of $ 4,135 related to estimated compensation earned by the Paperspace founders to date included in General and administrative in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information
 The unaudited pro forma information below summarizes the combined results of the Company and Paperspace as if the Company's acquisition of Paperspace closed on January 1, 2022 but does not necessarily reflect the combined actual results of operations of the Company and Paperspace that would have been achieved, nor are they necessarily indicative of future results of operations. The unaudited pro forma information reflects certain adjustments that were directly attributable to the acquisition of Paperspace, including additional amortization of acquired assets and the timing of nonrecurring acquisition and integration related costs, and other adjustments the Company believes are reasonable for the pro forma presentation. If Paperspace had been acquired on January 1, 2022 and included in the Company's results for 2022 and 2023, it would not have had a material impact to revenue.
 Pro Forma for the

 2023
 2022

 Net loss
 $
 ( 280)
 $
 ( 61,802)

 Cloudways Ltd.
 On September 1, 2022 ("Cloudways Acquisition Date"), the Company acquired 100 % of the outstanding equity interests of Cloudways, Ltd. ("Cloudways") pursuant to a Share Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 19, 2022. This acquisition has been accounted for as a business combination. The results of Cloudways' operations have been included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements since the Cloudways Acquisition Date. The acquisition of Cloudways, a leading managed cloud hosting and software-as-a-service provider for startups and growing digital businesses, strengthens the Company's ability to simplify cloud computing by enabling customers to launch a business and scale it effortlessly. Cloudways was a customer of the Company prior to the acquisition, and the Company recognized revenue of approximately $ 6,000 from Cloudways from January 1, 2022 through the Cloudways Acquisition Date.
 The acquisition purchase consideration, in accordance with ASC 805, totaled $ 311,237 and was paid in cash. The Share Purchase Agreement includes customary representations and warranties and covenants of the parties. The Company contributed $ 42,000 of the consideration paid to an escrow account held by a third party on the Cloudways Acquisition Date to support certain post-closing indemnification obligations. The final accounting has been completed.

 The following table sets forth the components and the allocation of the purchase price for the business combination and summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the Cloudways Acquisition Date:

 Fair value of consideration transferred

 Cash paid to Cloudways sellers
 $
 278,187

 Cash contributed to escrow accounts
 42,000

 Other expenses

 Less: Cash pre-funded from contingent compensation
 ( 9,100)

 Total consideration paid
 $
 311,237

 Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed

 Tangible assets acquired:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 5,827

 Accounts receivable
 4,753

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets

 Other assets

 Intangible assets
 72,000

 Liabilities assumed:

 Accounts payable
 ( 1,820)

 Accrued expenses
 ( 957)

 Deferred revenue
 ( 1,013)

 Deferred tax liabilities
 ( 3,417)

 Other current liabilities
 ( 23,243)

 Total identifiable net assets acquired
 52,686

 Goodwill recorded in acquisition
 258,551

 Total purchase price allocation
 $
 311,237

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded measurement period adjustments of $ 24,686 to decrease Goodwill and a corresponding $ 18,269 to decrease Deferred tax liabilities, and $ 6,417 to decrease Other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Additionally, the change to the provisional amounts resulted in an increase to Income tax expense and Deferred tax liabilities of $ 1,635 and a decrease to General and administrative expenses and other current liabilities of $ 921, respectively. The measurement period adjustments are a result of new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date.
 The Company amortizes its intangible assets assuming no residual value over periods in which the economic benefit of these assets is consumed (the useful life). The fair values allocated to the identifiable intangible assets and their estimated useful lives are as follows:
 Estimated Fair Value
 Weighted Average Useful Life (years)

 Trade name
 $
 9,500

 Developed technology
 31,500

 Customer relationships
 31,000

 Total intangible assets
 $
 72,000

 Cloudways' assets and liabilities were measured at estimated fair values on September 1, 2022. Estimates of fair value represent management's best estimate and require a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties. Third-party valuation specialists were engaged to assist management in the valuation of these assets and liabilities. The Company used the relief from royalty method to fair value the developed technology and the trade name

 intangible assets, and the multi-period excess earnings method to fair value the customer relationship intangible assets. The significant assumptions used to estimate the value of the intangible assets included discount rates, projected revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins, technology obsolescence and royalty rates.
 The goodwill is attributable primarily to the revenue synergies expected from combining the operations of both entities, and intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition, including the existing workforce acquired through the acquisition. None of the goodwill is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.
 Contingent compensation
 Contingent compensation costs relate to payments due to a Cloudways seller for $ 38,830, of which $ 16,851 was earned and paid on September 1, 2023, and $ 7,326 will be earned on each of March 1, 2024, September 1, 2024 and March 1, 2025. Contingent compensation represents compensation for post-combination services because the payments are contingent on continuing employment of the Cloudways seller, with limited exceptions, at each payment date.
 Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information
 The unaudited pro forma information below summarizes the combined results of the Company and Cloudways as if the Company's acquisition of Cloudways closed on January 1, 2021 but does not necessarily reflect the combined actual results of operations of the Company and Cloudways that would have been achieved, nor are they necessarily indicative of future results of operations. The unaudited pro forma information reflects certain adjustments that were directly attributable to the acquisition of Cloudways, including additional amortization adjustments for the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed and other adjustments the Company believes are reasonable for the pro forma presentation. The pro forma net loss for the year ended December 31, 2022 was adjusted to exclude nonrecurring acquisition related costs of $ 2,139.

 Pro Forma for the

 2022
 2021

 $
 607,191
 $
 459,845

 Net loss
 ( 20,780)
 ( 53,227)

 2023 Asset Acquisition
 In January 2023, the Company acquired certain assets of SnapShooter Limited for $ 2,500, which was accounted for as an asset acquisition as substantially all of the fair value of the assets acquired was concentrated in a developed technology intangible asset and will be amortized over five years.
 Additionally, the Company recognized a contingent compensation liability of $ 1,000 that is payable one year from the date of acquisition, contingent on continuing employment and will be recognized as compensation expense over the period that it is earned.
 2022 Asset Acquisitions
 In March 2022, the Company acquired the assets of the CSS Tricks website from Midwest Coast Studios LLC for total purchase consideration of $ 4,000. The intangible assets will be amortized over three to five years.
 In June 2022, the Company acquired intangible assets from JournalDev IT Services Private Limited for total purchase consideration of $ 1,400 to be amortized over three years.

 Goodwill
 Movements in goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
 Balance at January 1, 2022
 $
 32,170

 Acquisition of Cloudways
 283,237

 Measurement period adjustment(1)

 ( 239)

 Balance at December 31, 2022
 315,168

 Acquisition of Paperspace
 57,840

 Measurement period adjustments(2)

 ( 24,686)

 Balance at December 31, 2023

 $
 348,322

 (1)The Company finalized and adjusted the purchase price for the Nimbella acquisition to reflect a decrease of $ 239 to Goodwill related to the final 2021 pre-acquisition tax return.
 (2)The Company finalized and adjusted the purchase price for the Cloudways acquisition as discussed above.
 Intangible Assets, net
 Intangible assets, net consisted of the following amounts:

 2023
 2022

 Asset Type

 IP addresses
 $
 44,821
 $
 44,821

 Developed technology
 62,330
 35,710

 Customer relationships
 44,270
 31,000

 Trade name
 9,800
 9,500

 Content
 4,400
 4,400

 Brand
 1,000
 1,000

 Total carrying value
 $
 166,621
 $
 126,431

 Accumulated Amortization

 Developed technology
 $
 ( 14,737)
 $
 ( 4,477)

 Customer relationships
 ( 7,203)
 ( 1,476)

 Trade name
 ( 1,413)
 ( 317)

 Content
 ( 2,534)
 ( 1,067)

 Brand
 ( 583)
 ( 166)

 Total accumulated amortization
 ( 26,470)
 ( 7,503)

 Total intangible assets, net
 $
 140,151
 $
 118,928

 Amortization expense was $ 18,967, $ 6,301 and $ 645 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted-average remaining amortization period for amortizable intangible assets was five years for developed technology, six years for customer relationships, ten years for trade name, three years for content, and two years for brand. Amortization expense for the next five years and thereafter, based on valuations and

 determinations of useful lives, is expected to be as follows:
 2024
 $
 22,426

 2025
 20,057

 2026
 19,657

 2027
 17,557

 2028
 9,198

 Thereafter
 6,435

 Total estimated future intangible amortization expense
 $
 95,330

 Note 4. Marketable Securities
 The following is a summary of available-for-sale marketable securities, excluding those securities classified within cash and cash equivalents, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 December 31, 2023

 Amortized Cost
 Gross Unrealized Gains
 Gross Unrealized Losses
 Fair Value

 U.S. treasury securities
 $
 $
 $
 ( 6)
 $

 Commercial paper
 25,088
 —
 ( 12)
 25,076

 Total Marketable securities
 $
 94,544
 $
 $
 ( 18)
 $
 94,532

 December 31, 2022

 Amortized Cost
 Gross Unrealized Gains
 Gross Unrealized Losses
 Fair Value

 U.S. treasury securities
 $
 549,944
 $
 $
 ( 849)
 $
 549,124

 Corporate debt securities
 35,293
 —
 ( 86)
 35,207

 Commercial paper
 139,489
 ( 367)
 139,131

 Total Marketable securities
 $
 724,726
 $
 $
 ( 1,302)
 $
 723,462

 Interest income from investments was $ 23,767, $ 11,881 and $ 123 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, all of the Company's available-for-sale short-term investments were due within one year.
 As of December 31, 2023, the Company held three securities that were in an unrealized loss position. The Company does not intend to sell and expects that it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell these securities until such time as the value recovers or the securities mature. Unrealized losses from fixed-income securities are primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit-related factors based on the Company's evaluation of available evidence. To determine whether a decline in value is related to credit loss, the Company evaluates, among other factors: the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency and any adverse conditions specifically related to an issuer of a security or its industry. Management does not believe any remaining unrealized losses represent impairments based on our evaluation of available evidence. Unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities are presented net of tax.

 Note 5. Fair Value Measurements
 The fair value of our financial assets measured on a recurring basis is as follows:

 December 31, 2023

 Level I
 Level II
 Total

 Cash and cash equivalents:

 Cash
 $
 54,871
 $
 —
 $
 54,871

 Money market funds
 262,365
 —
 262,365

 Total Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 317,236
 $
 —
 $
 317,236

 Marketable securities:

 U.S. treasury securities
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Commercial paper
 —
 25,076
 25,076

 Total Marketable securities
 $
 $
 25,076
 $
 94,532

 December 31, 2022

 Level I
 Level II
 Total

 Cash and cash equivalents:

 Cash
 $
 95,117
 $
 —
 $
 95,117

 Money market funds
 45,655
 —
 45,655

 Total Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 140,772
 $
 —
 $
 140,772

 Marketable securities:

 U.S. treasury securities
 $
 549,124
 $
 —
 $
 549,124

 Corporate debt securities
 —
 35,207
 35,207

 Commercial paper
 —
 139,131
 139,131

 Total Marketable securities
 $
 549,124
 $
 174,338
 $
 723,462

 The Company classifies its highly liquid money market funds and U.S. treasury securities within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued based on quoted market prices in active markets. The Company classifies its commercial paper and corporate debt securities within Level 2 because they are valued using inputs other than quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable in the market, including readily available pricing sources for the identical underlying security which may not be actively traded. The Company had no Level 3 financial assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
 Financial Instruments Not Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
 The Company reports financial instruments at fair value, with the exception of the 0 % Convertible Senior Notes due December 1, 2026 ("Convertible Notes"). Financial instruments that are not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis are measured at fair value on a quarterly basis for disclosure purposes. The carrying values and estimated fair values of financial instruments not recorded at fair value are as follows:

 December 31, 2023
 December 31, 2022

 Carrying Value
 Fair Value
 Carrying Value
 Fair Value

 Convertible Notes
 $
 1,477,798
 $
 1,235,625
 $
 1,470,270
 $
 1,134,030

 The carrying value of the Convertible Notes as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $ 22,202 and $ 29,730, respectively.
 The total fair value of the Convertible Notes was determined based on the closing trading price as of the last day of trading for the period. The Company considers the fair value to be a Level 2 valuation due to the limited trading activity.

 Note 6. Balance Sheet Details

 Property and equipment, net consisted of the following:

 2023
 2022

 Computers and equipment
 $
 657,505
 $
 564,763

 Furniture and fixtures
 1,511
 1,511

 Leasehold improvements
 6,820
 6,820

 Internal-use software
 84,279
 78,649

 Equipment under finance leases
 11,938
 —

 Property and equipment, gross
 $
 762,053
 $
 651,743

 Less: accumulated depreciation
 $
 ( 387,083)
 $
 ( 317,329)

 Less: accumulated amortization
 ( 69,526)
 ( 61,244)

 $
 305,444
 $
 273,170

 Depreciation expense on property and equipment was $ 90,466, $ 83,814 and $ 74,278 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 The Company capitalized costs related to the development of computer software for internal use of $ 6,958, $ 10,636 and $ 7,307 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which is included in internal-use software costs within Property and equipment, net. Amortization expense related to internal-use software was $ 8,433, $ 12,117 and $ 13,424 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 Other current liabilities
 Other current liabilities consisted of the following:

 2023
 2022

 Income taxes
 $
 44,887
 $
 40,848

 Contingent compensation
 15,433
 5,617

 Finance leases
 5,221
 —

 Excise taxes related to repurchase of common stock
 4,884
 —

 Employee contributions under the ESPP

 Total other current liabilities

 $
 70,982
 $
 47,409

 Note 7. Debt
 Credit Facility
 In February and March 2020, the Company entered into and subsequently amended a second amended and restated credit agreement with KeyBank National Association as administrative agent. In November 2021, the Company further amended such credit agreement to revise certain covenants that restricted the incurrence of indebtedness to permit the issuance of the convertible notes discussed below. In March 2022, the Company entered into a third amended and restated credit agreement (the "Credit Facility") to, among other modifications,
 (i) remove the term loan component of the existing credit facility which had been previously repaid in full;
 (ii) increase the maximum borrowing limit of the revolving credit facility from $ 150,000 to $ 250,000;
 (iii) extend the maturity date;
 (iv) replace the existing maximum total net leverage ratio financial covenant with a maximum senior secured net leverage ratio financial covenant;

 (v) eliminate the financial covenant requirement of maintaining a minimum debt service coverage ratio;
 (vi) reduce the interest rates applicable to any principal amounts outstanding on the revolving credit facility as well as the annual commitment fee for unused amounts on the revolving credit facility; and
 (vii) replace the benchmark reference rate for U.S. Dollar loans from LIBOR to the forward-looking term rate based on the secured overnight financing rate plus a customary adjustment ("Adjusted Term SOFR").
 At December 31, 2023, the Company had available borrowing capacity of $ 250,000 on the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility will mature on the earlier of (a) March 29, 2027 and (b) 90 days before the maturity date applicable to any outstanding convertible notes issued by the Company in an aggregate principal amount equal to or greater than $ 100,000.
 The Credit Facility is secured by a first-priority security interest in substantially all of the assets of the Company. The Credit Facility contains certain financial and operational covenants, including a maximum senior secured net leverage ratio financial covenant of 3.50 x. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Facility.
 The per annum interest rate applicable to any principal amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility for U.S. Dollar loans will be equal to (i) Adjusted Term SOFR plus (ii) an applicable margin varying from 1.25 % to 2.00 %, subject to a pricing grid based on the senior secured net leverage ratio. The Credit Facility provides for an annual commitment fee varying from 0.20 % to 0.30 %, also subject to a pricing grid based on the senior secured net leverage ratio, applied to the average daily unused amount of the revolving credit facility. The Company incurred commitment fees on the unused balance of the Credit Facility of $ 506, $ 477 and $ 362 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 In connection with the Credit Facility, the Company incurred $ 1,295 of additional debt issuance costs which, together with $ 662 of the then unamortized financing fees, will be amortized over the remaining term of the facility. The Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $ 407 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The loss on extinguishment of debt is classified as a non-cash adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities within the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
 Amortization of deferred financing fees was $ 420, $ 398 and $ 2,243 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 Convertible Notes
 In November 2021, the Company issued $ 1,500,000 aggregate principal amount of Convertible Senior Notes in a private offering, including the exercise in full of the over-allotment option granted to the initial purchasers of $ 200,000. The Convertible Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company and do not bear regular interest, and the principal amount of the Convertible Notes does not accrete. The Convertible Notes will mature on December 1, 2026 unless earlier converted, redeemed, or repurchased. The net proceeds from this offering were $ 1,461,795, after deducting underwriting fees, expenses and commissions. Amortization of deferred financing fees for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 7,529, $ 7,481 and $ 881, respectively.
 Each $1 of principal of the Convertible Notes will initially be convertible into 5.6018 shares of the Company's common stock, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $ 178.51 per share, subject to adjustment as set forth in the indenture governing the Convertible Notes. Holders of these Convertible Notes may convert their Convertible Notes at their option at any time prior to the close of the business day immediately preceding June 1, 2026, only under the following circumstances:
 1.during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on March 31, 2022, if the last reported sale price of the Company's common stock exceeds 130 % of the conversion price for each of at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter on each applicable trading day;
 2.during the five business day period after any ten consecutive trading day period (such ten consecutive trading day period, the "measurement period") in which the trading price of the Convertible Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98 % of the product of the last reported sale price per share of the common stock on such trading day and the conversion rate on such trading day;
 3.if the Company calls such Convertible Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the redemption date; and
 4.upon the occurrence of specified corporate events or distributions on the common stock.

 As none of the above circumstances have occurred as of December 31, 2023, the Convertible Notes were not convertible for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
 On or after June 1, 2026 until the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders may convert all or any portion of their Convertible Notes at the option of the holder regardless of the foregoing circumstances.
 Upon conversion of the Convertible Notes, the Company will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of common stock or a combination of cash and shares of common stock, at the Company's election. It is the Company's current intent to settle the principal amount of the Convertible Notes with common stock.
 The Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the Convertible Notes, at its option, on or after December 2, 2024 and on or before the 25 th scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, if the last reported sale price per share of the Company's common stock exceeds 130 % of the conversion price then in effect on each of at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides a notice of redemption at a redemption price equal to 100 % of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus any accrued and unpaid special interest and additional interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date.
 Upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the Convertible Notes), subject to certain conditions, holders may require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of the Convertible Notes for cash at a price equal to 100 % of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus any accrued and unpaid special interest and additional interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.
 Outstanding Borrowings
 As of December 31, 2023, the $ 1,500,000 aggregate principal of the Convertible Notes is expected to mature on December 1, 2026 with no other payments required prior to that date.

 Note 8. Leases
 The Company leases co-location space at data center facilities and, to a lesser extent, corporate offices, all of which are operating leases. Most of the leases have lease terms within three to five years and many contain renewal options and/or termination provisions. As part of the Paperspace acquisition on July 5, 2023, the Company recognized finance leases for data center equipment.
 The Company entered into separate sublease agreements related to its New York office space effective as of March 2022 and June 2022, respectively. As defined within the lease and sublease agreements, the Company remains primarily liable to the landlord for the performance of all obligations in the event that the sublessees do not perform their obligations under their respective leases. The rental amounts payable to the Company pursuant to the sublease agreements increase approximately 2 % each year, and both the lease and the related subleases terminate in July 2025.
 The components of lease expense were as follows:

 2023
 2022

 Finance lease expense:

 Amortization of finance lease right-of-use assets
 $
 2,656
 N/A

 Interest on finance lease liabilities
 N/A

 Operating lease expense
 80,639
 $
 54,440

 Variable lease expense
 11,317
 6,149

 Short-term lease expense
 1,799

 Total lease expense
 $
 95,440
 $
 62,388

 Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases were as follows:

 2023
 2022

 Finance leases:

 $
 9,282
 N/A

 Other current liabilities
 5,221
 N/A

 Other long-term liabilities
 4,521
 N/A

 Operating leases:

 Operating lease right-of-use assets, net
 $
 155,201
 $
 153,701

 Operating lease liabilities, current
 81,320
 57,432

 Operating lease liabilities, non-current
 91,161
 107,693

 Weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate were as follows:

 2023
 2022

 Finance leases:

 Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)
 2.0
 N/A

 Weighted-average discount rate
 8 %
 N/A

 Operating leases:

 Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)
 2.7
 2.8

 Weighted-average discount rate
 8 %
 5 %

 For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded $ 1,677 and $ 1,202, respectively, in sublease income for operating leases, which was recorded as a reduction to General and administrative operating expenses. No sublease income was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2021 as the Company entered into separate sublease agreements in 2022.
 Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023 were as follows:
 Finance Leases
 Operating Leases(1)

 2024
 $
 5,838
 $
 87,283

 2025
 3,684
 47,630

 2026
 29,403

 2027
 20,116

 2028
 1,609

 Total undiscounted lease liabilities
 10,575
 186,041

 Less: Imputed interest
 ( 833)
 ( 13,560)

 Total present value of lease liabilities
 9,742
 172,481

 Less: Current portion of lease liabilities
 ( 5,221)
 ( 81,320)

 Lease liabilities, non-current
 $
 4,521
 $
 91,161

 (1)Sublease proceeds for the fiscal years ending December 31, 2024 and 2025 of $ 2,073 and $ 1,051, respectively, are not included in the table above.

 Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies
 Purchase Commitments
 As of December 31, 2023, the Company had long-term commitments for bandwidth usage with various networks and internet service providers and entered into purchase orders with various vendors. The total minimum future commitments for bandwidth usage and purchase orders as of December 31, 2023 were as follows:

 2024
 $
 21,419

 2025
 6,732

 2026

 2027

 2028
 —

 Thereafter
 —

 Total purchase commitments
 $
 29,992

 Letters of Credit
 In conjunction with the execution of certain office space operating leases, letters of credit in the aggregate amount of $ 1,747 and $ 1,935 were issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. No draws have been made under such letters of credit. These funds are included as Restricted cash on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as they are related to long-term operating leases and are included in beginning and ending Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. As of December 31, 2023, one letter of credit remained and the deposit currently held is the minimum threshold required until the lease expiration.
 Legal Proceedings
 The Company may be involved in various legal proceedings and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. While it is not feasible to predict or determine the ultimate disposition of any such litigation matters, the Company believes that any such legal proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial position, results of operations, or liquidity.
 On September 12, 2023, a putative class action lawsuit was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against us and certain of our current and former executive officers for alleged violations of the U.S. federal securities laws. The complaint in the lawsuit, captioned Agarwal v. DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc., et. al. (Case 1:23-cv-08060), asserted claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 on behalf of a proposed class consisting of those who acquired our common stock between February 16, 2023 and August 25, 2023 (the "Putative Class Period"), and alleged that we made materially false and misleading statements regarding our business during the Putative Class Period. On January 3, 2024, the plaintiff in the federal class action lawsuit voluntarily dismissed the action without prejudice.
 On December 12, 2023 and December 14, 2023, respectively, we were named a nominal defendant in two putative stockholder derivative actions filed in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware against our directors and our former chief executive officer and member of the board. The complaints in the two lawsuits, captioned Flanagan v. Spruill, et al. (Case No. 1:23-cv-01424-RGA) and Reynolds v. Spruill, et al. (Case No. 1:23-cv-01433-RGA), alleged, among other things, violations of federal law and breaches of fiduciary duty, in relation to substantially the same factual allegations as the above-described federal class action lawsuit captioned Agarwal v. DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc., et. al. (Case 1:23-cv-08060). On January 12, 2024, the two cases were consolidated. On February 7, 2024, the consolidated action was voluntarily dismissed without prejudice.

 Note 10. Stockholders' Equity

 Common Stock
 The Company's amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of common and preferred stock. Holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share.
 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company was authorized to issue 750,000,000 shares of common stock with a par value of $ 0.000025 per share.
 Preferred Stock
 In connection with the IPO, the Company's amended and restated certificate of incorporation became effective, which authorized the issuance of 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock with a par value of $ 0.000025 per share with rights and preferences, including voting rights, designated from time to time by the Company's Board of Directors. No shares of preferred stock were issued or outstanding as of December 31, 2023 or 2022.
 Share Buyback Program
 On February 23, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors approved the repurchase of up to an aggregate of $ 300,000 of the Company's common stock throughout fiscal year 2022 ("First 2022 Share Buyback Program"). As of May 16, 2022, the Company repurchased shares representing the entire amount available under the First 2022 Share Buyback Program. On May 23, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors approved a new stock repurchase program authorizing the repurchase of up to an additional $ 300,000 of its common stock throughout fiscal year 2022 (the "Second 2022 Share Buyback Program"). As of August 19, 2022, the Company repurchased shares representing the entire amount available under the Second 2022 Share Buyback Program. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased and retired 13,626,594 shares of common stock in the open market for an aggregate purchase price of $ 600,000 pursuant to the First 2022 Share Buyback Program and Second 2022 Share Buyback Program.
 On February 14, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors approved the repurchase of up to an aggregate of $ 500,000 of the Company's common stock (the "2023 Share Buyback Program"). Pursuant to the 2023 Share Buyback Program, repurchases of the Company's common stock could occur using a variety of methods, which could include but was not limited to open market purchases, the implementation of a 10b5-1 plan, and/or any other available methods in accordance with SEC and other applicable legal requirements. The 2023 Share Buyback Program was authorized throughout fiscal year 2023 and expired on December 31, 2023.
 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased and retired 14,487,509 shares of common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $ 488,455, which excludes the 1% excise tax of $ 4,884, pursuant to the 2023 Share Buyback Program.
 All purchased shares were retired and are reflected as a reduction of Common stock for the par value of shares, with the excess applied to Additional paid-in capital and Accumulated deficit.

 Note 11. Stock-Based Compensation
 Equity Incentive Plan
 In March 2021, the Company's Board of Directors adopted, and the stockholders approved, the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. The 2021 Equity Incentive Plan is a successor to and continuation of the 2013 Stock Plan. The 2021 Equity Incentive Plan became effective on the date of the IPO with no further grants being made under the 2013 Stock Plan, however, awards outstanding under the 2013 Stock Plan will continue to be governed by their existing terms. The 2021 Equity Incentive Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units awards ("RSUs"), performance awards, and other awards to employees, directors, and consultants. Shares issued pursuant to the exercise of these awards are transferable by the holder.

 In February 2023, the Company initiated a restructuring plan to adjust its cost structure and accelerate its timeline to achieve 20 % or better adjusted free cash flow margins (the "Restructuring Plan"), which includes both the elimination of positions across the Company as well as the shifting of additional positions across a broader geographical footprint. In connection with the Restructuring Plan, the Company recorded $ 3,937 of stock-based compensation related to the accelerated vesting of certain restricted stock, performance-based restricted stock units ("PRSUs"), and RSU awards during the year ended December 31, 2023. Refer to Note 15, Restructuring, for further details of the Restructuring Plan.
 Stock Options
 Stock options granted have a maximum term of ten years from the grant date, are exercisable upon vesting and typically vest over a period of four years. Stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 was as follows:
 Number of Options Outstanding
 Weighted-Average Exercise Price
 Weighted-Average Remaining Life in Years
 Aggregate Intrinsic Value

 Outstanding at January 1, 2023
 10,153,916
 $
 7.23
 6.16
 $
 185,188

 Granted
 46,799
 28.86

 Exercised
 ( 6,391,424)
 6.01

 Forfeited or cancelled
 ( 520,272)
 10.16

 Outstanding at December 31, 2023
 3,289,019
 $
 9.43
 4.17
 $
 89,671

 Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2023
 2,943,420
 8.65
 3.88
 82,531

 Vested and unvested expected to vest at December 31, 2023
 3,242,866
 $
 9.34
 4.14
 $
 88,697

 The aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the fair value of common stock and the exercise price of outstanding in-the-money options. The aggregate intrinsic value of exercised options for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 156,819, $ 81,912 and $ 189,422, respectively. The tax benefit from stock options exercised was $ 108,164, $ 25,143 and $ 103,820 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 During the year ended December 31, 2023, 46,799 options were granted. No options were granted during the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021. The aggregate estimated fair value of stock options granted to participants that vested during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 12,888 and $ 17,529, respectively.
 The following weighted-average assumptions were used to estimate the grant date fair value of stock options issued during the year ended December 31, 2023:

 Expected volatility
 59.30 %

 Expected life in years

 Risk-free interest rate
 4.25 %

 Dividend yield
 0 %

 Weighted-average fair value of awards
 $ 20.83

 As of December 31, 2023, there was $ 5,216 of unrecognized stock-based compensation related to outstanding stock options granted that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.75 years.
 RSUs
 RSUs granted typically vest over four years. RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 was as follows:
 Weighted-Average Fair Value

 Unvested balance at January 1, 2023
 4,802,435
 $
 44.25

 Granted
 6,110,576
 33.77

 Vested
 ( 2,042,503)
 39.95

 Forfeited or cancelled
 ( 2,562,009)
 42.81

 Unvested balance at December 31, 2023
 6,308,499
 36.07

 Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2023
 4,202,720
 $
 36.41

 Forfeitures and cancellations were primarily due to the Restructuring Plan.
 As of December 31, 2023, there was $ 139,430 of unrecognized stock-based compensation related to outstanding RSUs granted that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.77 years.
 PRSUs
 The Company issued PRSUs which will vest based on the achievement of each award's established performance targets. PRSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 was as follows:

 Weighted-Average Fair Value

 Unvested balance at January 1, 2023
 666,122
 $
 57.41

 Granted
 1,118,528
 31.75

 Vested
 ( 51,594)
 41.24

 Forfeited or cancelled
 ( 758,954)
 34.96

 Adjusted by performance factor
 ( 436,387)
 60.72

 Unvested balance at December 31, 2023
 537,715
 $
 35.25

 At the end of each reporting period, the Company will adjust compensation expense for the PRSUs based on its best estimate of attainment of specified performance metrics. The cumulative effect on current and prior periods of a change in the estimated number of PRSUs that are expected to be earned during the performance period will be recognized as an adjustment to earnings in the period of the revision. Compensation cost in connection with the probable number of shares that will vest will be recognized using the accelerated attribution method.
 LTIP PRSUs
 The Company grants Long Term Incentive Plan ("LTIP") PRSUs to certain executives of the Company during the first fiscal quarter of each fiscal year. A percentage of the LTIP PRSUs will become eligible to vest based on the Company's financial performance level at the end of each fiscal year. The financial performance level is determined as the percentage equal to the sum of the revenue growth percentage and profitability percentage.
 The number of LTIP PRSUs received will depend on the achievement of financial metrics relative to the approved performance targets. Depending on the actual financial metrics achieved relative to the target financial metrics throughout the defined performance period of the award, the number of LTIP PRSUs that vest could range from 0 % to 200 % of the target amount and are subject to the Board of Directors' approval of the level of achievement against the approved performance targets.
 Assuming the minimum performance target is achieved, one-third of the aggregate number of the LTIP PRSUs shall vest on the later of (i) March 1 of the year after grant or (ii) two trading days following the public release of the Company's financial results, and the remainder shall vest in eight equal quarterly installments subject, in each case, to the individual's continuous service through the applicable vesting date.
 On February 24, 2022, the financial performance of the LTIP PRSUs granted in 2021 was determined to be achieved at 155 % of the target amount. This resulted in a performance factor reduction of 89,769 shares from the original maximum shares achievable of 398,949.
 On February 16, 2023, it was determined that the financial performance of the LTIP PRSUs granted in 2022 was not achieved. This resulted in a performance factor reduction of 436,387 shares from the original maximum shares achievable of 436,387.
 On March 1, 2023, the Company granted an LTIP PRSU award (the "2023 LTIP PRSU") with a maximum shares achievable of 1,118,528, subject to the actual financial metrics achieved relative to the target financial metrics for fiscal year 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the Company determined that it was probable that a percentage of the 2023 LTIP PRSUs granted with respect to the Company's 2023 financial performance would vest.
 There is $ 1,121 of unrecognized stock-based compensation that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.21 years in regards to the LTIP PRSUs.
 Other PRSUs

 In addition to the above awards, certain other PRSUs have been awarded subject to other various performance measures including the achievement of revenue targets.
 As part of the Restructuring Plan, 20,000 PRSU shares were deemed achieved and will vest in early fiscal year 2024. This resulted in $ 1,262 of stock-based compensation, which was included in Restructuring and other charges in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 During the period ended June 30, 2023, 40,000 PRSUs shares were deemed achieved and will vest in early fiscal year 2024. This resulted in $ 2,524 of stock-based compensation, which was included in Research and development in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for year ended December 31, 2023.
 MRSUs
 On July 27, 2021, the Company's Board of Directors granted a market-based restricted stock unit ("MRSU") award for 3,000,000 shares of the Company's common stock to the Company's former CEO, Yancey Spruill, which will vest upon the satisfaction of certain service conditions and the achievement of certain Company stock price goals, as described below.
 The MRSU, which has a grant date fair value of $ 75,300 derived by using a discrete model based on multiple stock price-paths developed through the use of a Monte Carlo simulation, is divided into five tranches that will be earned based on the achievement of stock price goals, measured based on the average of the Company's closing stock price over a consecutive ninety trading day period during the performance period as set forth in the table below.

 Tranche
 Company Stock Price Target
 Number of Eligible MRSUs

 $ 93.50
 475,000

 $ 140.00
 575,000

 $ 187.00
 650,000

 $ 233.50
 650,000

 $ 280.50
 650,000

 To the extent earned based on the stock price targets set forth above, the MRSU will vest over a seven-year period beginning on the date of grant in annual amounts equal to 14 %, 14 %, 14 %, 14 %, 14 %, 15 % and 15 %, respectively, on each anniversary of the date of grant.
 MRSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 was as follows:

 Weighted-Average Fair Value

 Unvested balance at January 1, 2023
 3,000,000
 $
 25.12

 Granted
 —
 —

 Unvested balance at December 31, 2023
 3,000,000
 $
 25.12

 On August 24, 2023, the Company announced its implementation of a leadership succession plan to identify the Company's next CEO. As a result, none of the MRSUs are expected to vest and $ 31,279 of recognized stock-based compensation related to the former CEO's MRSUs was estimated to be forfeited and reversed for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 As of December 31, 2023, there was no unrecognized stock-based compensation related to the MRSUs granted remaining to be recognized.

 ESPP
 In March 2021, the Company's Board of Directors adopted, and the stockholders approved, the 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP"). Eligible employees enroll in the offering period at the start of each purchase period, whereby they may purchase a number of shares at a price per share equal to 85 % of the lesser of (1) the stock price at the employee's first participation in the offering period or (2) the fair market value of the Company's common stock on the purchase date. After the end of an offering period, a new offering will automatically begin on the date that immediately follows the conclusion of the preceding offering.

 2022 Offerings
 A new offering period commenced on May 23, 2022 and was scheduled to consist of two purchase periods, with purchase dates of November 18, 2022 and May 19, 2023 (the "First 2022 Offering"). In connection with the purchase period that ended on November 18, 2022, there were 111,851 shares of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes, purchased by employees at a price of $ 24.03. Under the terms of the ESPP, since the Company's stock price on the first day of the purchase period beginning on November 21, 2022 was lower than the stock price at the beginning of the First 2022 Offering, the First 2022 Offering terminated and a new 12 month offering automatically commenced on November 21, 2022, with scheduled purchase dates on May 19, 2023 and November 20, 2023 (the "Second 2022 Offering"). In connection with the purchase period that ended on May 19, 2023, there were 120,348 shares of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes, purchased by employees at a price of $ 23.51. In connection with the purchase period that ended on November 20, 2023, there were 92,632 shares of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes, purchased by employees at a price of either $ 24.31 or $ 23.51 depending upon when the employee entered the plan.
 The termination of the First 2022 Offering and commencement of the Second 2022 Offering was accounted for as a modification, which resulted in an incremental stock-based compensation of $ 2,069, which was recognized over the remaining term of Second 2022 Offering.
 The Company recorded stock-based compensation associated with the ESPP of $ 2,290, $ 4,380 and $ 3,097 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, $ 557 has been withheld on behalf of employees.
 Restricted Shares
 In connection with the closing of the Nimbella acquisition on September 1, 2021, the Company issued 200,204 shares of restricted stock for $ 63.11 per share for a total value of $ 12,635 to the founders of Nimbella. These shares vest equally on March 1, 2023 and September 1, 2024 and are expensed on a straight line basis over 36 months. The restricted stock is subject to forfeiture and dependent upon each founder's continuous service on the vesting date.
 As part of the Restructuring Plan, during the three months ended March 31, 2023, 33,963 shares of restricted stock that were issued to a former founder were vested upon the employee's departure and $ 2,147 of stock-based compensation was included in Restructuring and other charges in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 During the three months ended June 30, 2023, 66,139 shares of restricted stock that were issued to the two remaining founders of Nimbella were vested upon their departure. This resulted in $ 3,946 of stock-based compensation which was included in Research and development in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 For the restricted shares, total stock-based compensation was $ 6,093, $ 4,212 and $ 1,407 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the restricted shares in connection with the Nimbella acquisition have been fully amortized.

 Stock-Based Compensation
 Stock-based compensation was included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 1,836
 $
 1,820
 $
 1,147

 43,315
 39,354
 23,315

 15,751
 14,909
 8,471

 23,508
 49,746
 28,644

 3,937
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 88,347
 $
 $

 Excess income tax benefit related to stock-based compensation
 $
 89,272
 $
 27,657
 $
 108,041

 In September 2023, certain executives had the terms of their equity awards amended, which could result in approximately 469,000 awards accelerating up to twelve months in the event the individuals are terminated without cause or resign for good reason, as defined in their amended employment agreement.

 Note 12. Net Income (Loss) per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders
 The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share:

 (In thousands, except per share amounts)
 2023
 2022
 2021

 Basic net income (loss) per share:

 Numerator:

 $
 $
 $

 Denominator:

 Weighted average shares used to compute net income (loss) per share
 90,141

 Basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders
 $
 0.22
 $
 ( 0.28)
 $
 ( 0.21)

 Diluted net income (loss) per share:

 Numerator:

 $
 $
 $

 Denominator:

 Number of shares used in basic calculation
 90,141

 Weighted-average effect of diluted securities:

 Stock Options

 5,698
 —
 —

 RSUs

 —
 —

 PRSUs

 —
 —

 Number of shares used in diluted calculation

 96,415

 Diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders

 $
 0.20
 $
 ( 0.28)
 $
 ( 0.21)

 Potentially dilutive securities that were not included in the diluted per share calculations because they would be anti-dilutive were as follows:

 (In thousands)
 2023
 2022
 2021

 Stock Options

 RSUs
 1,574

 PRSUs
 —
 —

 Convertible Notes
 8,403
 8,403
 8,403

 Total
 10,032
 8,841
 8,427

 Note 13. Income Taxes
 Income (loss) before income taxes from U.S. and foreign operations were as follows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 U.S.
 $
 $
 ( 16,866)
 $
 ( 20,285)

 Foreign
 26,602
 ( 7,019)
 2,084

 Total income (loss) before income taxes
 $
 26,776
 $
 ( 23,885)
 $
 ( 18,201)

 Total income tax expense included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations is comprised of the following:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Current:

 Federal
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 State
 ( 99)

 Foreign
 6,835
 5,482
 1,147

 Total current
 $
 7,565
 $
 5,724
 $
 1,285

 Deferred:

 Federal
 $
 $
 $
 ( 103)

 State
 ( 120)

 Foreign
 ( 218)
 ( 2,217)

 Total deferred
 ( 198)
 ( 1,805)

 $
 7,367
 $
 3,919
 $
 1,302

 The following table reconciles our benefit of income taxes at the statutory rate to the effective tax rate, using a U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21%:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Income tax expense (benefit) at federal statutory rate
 $
 5,623
 $
 ( 5,016)
 $
 ( 3,836)

 State and local taxes, net of federal benefit
 ( 2,509)
 ( 205)
 ( 239)

 Foreign tax rate differential
 1,030

 Stock-based compensation deductions
 ( 17,998)
 ( 3,077)
 ( 22,071)

 Unrealized loss on warrant liability
 —
 —
 3,150

 Nondeductible expenses
 ( 984)
 3,603

 Unrecognized tax positions
 1,083
 1,482
 ( 40)

 Net change in valuation allowance
 4,442
 21,969

 Global intangible low-tax income
 —
 —

 162(m) limitation
 17,072
 7,058
 4,927

 U.S. R&D tax credits
 ( 2,810)
 ( 4,432)
 —

 Warrant exercise
 —
 —
 ( 3,419)

 Valuation allowance release related to acquisition
 ( 1,074)
 —
 —

 Acquisition related compensation
 7,811
 —
 —

 Other
 ( 15)
 ( 531)

 Total income tax expense
 $
 7,367
 $
 3,919
 $
 1,302

 The components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

 2023
 2022

 Deferred tax assets:

 Accounts receivable
 $
 1,223
 $
 1,337

 Accrued expenses
 4,288

 Capitalized research and development
 30,918
 32,374

 Operating lease liability
 44,443
 38,934

 Net operating loss carryforwards
 28,222
 24,435

 5,419

 Tax credit carryforwards
 18,338
 4,184

 Other

 Gross deferred tax assets
 130,534
 107,016

 Less: valuation allowance
 ( 60,520)
 ( 47,361)

 Total net deferred tax asset
 $
 70,014
 $
 59,655

 Deferred tax liability

 Depreciation and amortization
 $
 ( 31,808)
 $
 ( 43,137)

 Operating lease ROU asset
 ( 39,745)
 ( 36,524)

 Total deferred tax liability
 ( 71,553)
 ( 79,661)

 Total net deferred tax liability
 $
 ( 1,539)
 $
 ( 20,006)

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $ 106,734 in federal net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards and $ 23,717 in federal tax credits. If not utilized, the federal tax credit carryforwards will expire at various dates beginning in 2038. The federal NOL carryforward of $ 106,734 can be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $ 49,307 in state NOL carryforwards and $ 2,956 in California tax credits. If not utilized, the state NOL carryforwards will expire at various dates beginning in 2025. The California state tax credits can be carried forward indefinitely. The Company had $ 7,152 of foreign NOLs that do not expire.
 The total NOL and expirations are as follows:

 NOL Carryforward

 Total
 1-3 Years
 3-5 Years
 More than 5 Years
 Unlimited

 Federal
 $
 106,734
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 106,734

 State and local
 49,307
 45,066
 3,983

 Foreign
 7,152
 —
 —
 —
 7,152

 Total
 $
 163,193
 $
 $
 $
 45,066
 $
 117,869

 Certain tax attributes may be subject to an annual limitation as a result of the issuance of stock, which may constitute a change of ownership as defined under Internal Revenue Code Section 382. The Internal Revenue Code Section 382 study is in process as of December 31, 2023.
 The Company assesses the likelihood of its ability to realize the benefit of its deferred tax assets in each jurisdiction by evaluating all relevant positive and negative evidence. A valuation allowance is established if it is determined that any portion of the deferred tax assets is not more likely than not to be realized. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company has maintained a valuation allowance against its U.S. deferred tax assets as they are not more-likely than not to be realized.
 The valuation allowance activity for the periods indicated is as follows:

 2023
 2022

 Balance as of the beginning of period
 $
 ( 47,361)
 $
 ( 42,919)

 Additions charged to expense
 ( 13,159)
 ( 4,442)

 Balance as of the end of period
 $
 ( 60,520)
 $
 ( 47,361)

 The Company provides for U.S. and foreign income taxes on the undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries unless they are considered indefinitely reinvested outside the U.S. On December 31, 2023, the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability for temporary differences on undistributed earnings in foreign subsidiaries upon which U.S. and foreign income taxes have not been provided is not material.
 In general, it is our practice and intention to reinvest the earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiaries in those operations. Generally, such amounts become subject to U.S. taxation upon the remittance of dividends and under certain other circumstances. The amount of undistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries at December 31, 2023, as well as the related deferred income tax, if any, is not material.
 The Company files U.S. federal income tax returns as well as various state, local, and foreign jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2023, tax years 2017 and later remain open for examination.
 ASC 740 clarifies the accounting and reporting for uncertainties in income tax law and prescribes a comprehensive model for financial statement recognition measurement, presentation and disclosure of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns. ASC 740 requires that tax effects of an uncertain tax position be recognized only if it is "more likely than not" to be sustained by the taxing authority as of the reporting date.
 A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Balance of unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of year
 $
 17,044
 $
 $

 Additions based on tax positions related to the current period
 1,571
 3,014
 —

 Additions for tax positions of prior periods
 1,947
 2,833
 —

 Additions recorded as part of business combination
 —
 11,106
 —

 Reductions for tax positions of prior periods
 —
 ( 630)
 ( 101)

 Release due to expiration of statute of limitations
 ( 225)
 —
 —

 Balance of unrecognized tax benefits at end of year
 $
 20,337
 $
 17,044
 $

 Amounts included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate upon recognition. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would favorably affect the effective tax rate is $ 12,755 as of December 31, 2023.
 For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized $ 3,611 of interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in the provision for taxes.
 The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits relating to the Company's tax positions is subject to change based on future events including, but not limited to, the settlements of ongoing audits and/or the expiration of applicable statutes of limitations. The outcomes and timing of such events are highly uncertain. However, the Company's reasonable estimate of the range of gross unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, that could potentially be reduced during the next twelve months is $ 20,337.

 Note 14. Employee Benefit Plan
 The Company offers U.S. employees a voluntary retirement savings plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code (the "401(k) Plan"), which permits employees to elect to contribute a portion of their pre-tax wages to the 401(k) Plan. Under this plan, the Company matches 100 % of participants' contributions up to 3 % of compensation and 50 % of participants' contributions between 3 % and 5 %. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company incurred expense of $ 2,987, $ 3,846 and $ 2,963 to the 401(k) Plan, respectively.

 Note 15. Restructuring
 In February 2023, the Company initiated the Restructuring Plan to adjust its cost structure and accelerate its timeline to achieve 20 % or better adjusted free cash flow margins, which included both the elimination of positions across the Company as well as the shifting of additional positions across a broader geographical footprint. The aggregate restructuring charges in connection with the Restructuring Plan is approximately $ 21,000, which was substantially completed by the end of the third quarter of 2023.
 The Company recorded Restructuring and other charges of $ 16,950 for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily related to one time severance and benefit payments, as well as $ 3,937 of stock-based compensation related to vesting of certain equity awards. As of December 31, 2023, $ 133 of these restructuring charges were not yet settled and are included within Other accrued expenses in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company expects substantially all of this liability balance to be settled by the first quarter of fiscal year 2024.

 Note 16. Related Party Transactions
 In November 2023, the Company entered into an arrangement with an affiliate (the "related party affiliate") of Access Industries, a greater than 5% beneficial owner of the Company's common stock at the time of the transaction. Pursuant to this arrangement, the related party affiliate receives referral fees and other related payments in exchange for referring customers to the Company. The agreement expires on March 31, 2029, and can be terminated earlier without penalty if the contractual net revenue minimum commitment has not been met. Referral fees are incurred when the Company collects amounts due from the customer in exchange for services rendered. Other fees paid to the related party affiliate includes fixed payments to be used exclusively for marketing and referral activities as well as certain reimbursable compensation costs. Amounts owed to the related party affiliate are recorded to Sales and marketing in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized related party affiliate expense of $ 549, which consist of the marketing and referral activity fee of $ 224, reimbursable compensation cost of $ 273, and referral fees of $ 52.
 In connection with the Company's acquisition of Cloudways, the Company entered into a transition services agreement (as amended, the "Transition Services Agreement") with Gaditek Associates ("Gaditek"). Our Chief Revenue Officer, Aaqib Gadit, is the former CEO of Cloudways and owns 14.3 % of Gaditek. Fees under the Transition Services Agreement are primarily determined on a usage basis. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred approximately $ 792 and $ 300, respectively, in fees to Gaditek pursuant to the Transition Services Agreement. The Transition Services Agreement will expire in June 2024.

 Note 17. Subsequent Events
 Equity Awards
 On January 17, 2024, the Company announced the hiring of Padmanabhan Srinivasan to become the Company's CEO, effective February 12, 2024. As part of his employment agreement, Mr. Srinivasan received an RSU award valued at

 $ 17 million, with 25 % of the shares underlying the grant scheduled to vest after approximately one year from his start date and the remaining shares scheduled to vest in 12 equal quarterly installments thereafter, subject to his continuous service.
 Mr. Srinivasan also received an MRSU with an estimated grant date fair value of approximately $ 8 million, which will vest upon the satisfaction of certain service conditions and the achievement of certain Company stock price goals during a five-year performance period, as described below. A cumulative percentage of the MRSU target will be earned based on the achievement of stock price goals, measured based on the average of the Company's closing stock price over a consecutive 60 trading day period during the performance period as set forth in the table below:

 Tranche
 Company Stock Price Target
 Number of MRSUs

 $ 65.00
 25 % of Target MRSUs

 $ 100.00
 50 % of Target MRSUs

 $ 135.00
 100 % of Target MRSUs

 $ 170.00
 150 % of Target MRSUs

 There will be no pro-rata or straight-line interpolation vesting for achievement of a stock price target between the stock price targets, except in the event of a qualifying termination.
 If the stock price targets are achieved during the first three years following the grant date (the "First Performance Period"), 50 % of the MRSUs eligible to vest will vest on the third anniversary of the grant date and the remaining 50 % of the eligible MRSUs will vest on the fifth anniversary of the grant date. Each tranche of MRSUs whose stock price target was not achieved during the First Performance Period that is subsequently achieved during the period between the third anniversary of the grant date and fifth anniversary of the grant date will vest on the fifth anniversary of the grant date.
 2024 Share Buyback Program
 On February 20, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors approved the repurchase of up to an aggregate of $ 140 million of its common stock ("2024 Share Buyback Program"). Pursuant to the 2024 Share Buyback Program, repurchases of the Company's common stock will be made at prevailing market prices through open market purchases or in negotiated transactions off the market. The repurchase program is authorized through fiscal year 2025; however, the Company is not obligated to acquire any particular amount of common stock and the program may be extended, modified, suspended or discontinued at any time at the Company's discretion.

 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

 ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 We maintain "disclosure controls and procedures," as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
 Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective due to the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting described below.
 Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate "internal control over financial reporting," as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and Rule 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on the results of its evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2023.
 As previously disclosed, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting that continued to exist as of December 31, 2023. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. We did not design and maintain effective controls over the accounting for income taxes. Specifically, we did not have the appropriate skills and level of experience to assess complicated tax matters. Additionally, we did not properly identify, risk assess, design and maintain effective controls related to the income tax provision, including controls related to the evaluation of tax deductions and the impact on our tax provision. This material weakness resulted in immaterial errors to the income tax expense, deferred taxes, accrued tax liabilities and income tax disclosures which were adjusted in the Company's revised consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022. The material weakness also resulted in material errors to the income tax expense, deferred taxes and accrued tax liabilities which were adjusted in the Company's restated consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Additionally, this material weakness could result in a misstatement of the aforementioned account balances or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.
 We excluded Paperspace Co. from our assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 because it was acquired in a purchase business combination in 2023. The total assets and total revenues of Paperspace Co., a wholly owned subsidiary, represent 3% and 1%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included in Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 Remediation Plan with Respect to Material Weakness
 Management is committed to taking the necessary steps to remediate the above identified material weakness. We are implementing a plan to remediate the material weakness as follows:
 a. In March 2023, we hired a VP of Tax with over 25 years of tax leadership experience.

 b. We plan to augment our team with additional tax personnel with the appropriate knowledge, training and experience to analyze, record and disclose tax accounting matters timely and accurately, and to design and maintain appropriate accounting policies, procedures and controls over income taxes, commensurate with our financial reporting requirements.
 c. In the fourth quarter of 2023, we continued to supplement our tax resources through the use of a third-party tax advisor and intend to continue utilizing the third-party tax advisor.
 d. In the fourth quarter of 2023, we continued to design and implement controls to address the identification, accounting, reporting and review of complex tax transactions.
 The Company continues to develop its remediation plan for the material weakness and reports status of the remediation plan to the Audit Committee on a regular basis.
 We have made progress remediating the material weakness, and we believe our remediation plan to be sufficient to remediate the identified material weakness. However, the implementation of these remediation measures requires validation and testing of the design and operating effectiveness of internal control over a sustained period of financial reporting prior to reaching a determination that the material weakness has been remediated. As we continue to validate and test our internal control over financial reporting, we may determine that additional measures or modifications to the remediation plan are necessary or appropriate.
 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 Except as described above, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
 Our management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
 Trading Arrangements
 During the three months ended December 31, 2023, our directors and officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated the contracts, instructions or written plans for the purchase or sale of our securities as follows:
 On November 21, 2023, Plato Partners LLC (an entity substantially owned by Amy Butte, a member of the Company's board of directors) entered into a trading plan intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act (the "Butte 10b5-1 Plan"). The Butte 10b5-1 Plan contemplates the sale of up to 3,760 shares of the Company's common stock and 5,220 shares of the Company's common stock issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units, which are scheduled to vest in June 2024. The Butte 10b5-1 Plan is expected to become effective on or about February 26, 2024 and is scheduled to terminate upon the earlier of the sale of all shares contemplated under the Butte 10b5-1 Plan or August 20, 2024.

 ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURES REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

 ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
 The information required by this Item will be included in the 2024 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
 We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all our employees, officers and directors. The Code of Conduct is available on our website at www.investors.digitalocean.com under "Governance." If we ever were to amend or waive any provision of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or any person performing similar functions, we intend to satisfy our disclosure obligations, if any, with respect to any such waiver or amendment by posting such information on our website set forth above rather than by filing a Current Report on Form 8-K.

 ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
 The information required by this Item will be included in the 2024 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
 The information required by this Item will be included in the 2024 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
 The information required by this Item will be included in the 2024 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
 The information required by this Item will be included in the 2024 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
 (a) The following documents are filed as part of this report:
 (1) Financial Statements.
 Our consolidated financial statements are listed in the "Index to Consolidated Financial Statements" under Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 (2) Financial Statement Schedules.
 All schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or because the required information is shown in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes.

 (3) Exhibits.

 Incorporated by Reference

 Exhibit No.
 Exhibit Description
 Form
 File No.
 Exhibit
 Filing Date
 Filed Herewith

 2.1
 Share Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 19, 2022, by and among DigitalOcean, LLC, Cloudways Ltd., each of the shareholders of Cloudways identified on the signature pages thereto and Shareholder Representative Services LLC.

 2.1
 8/23/22

 3.1
 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant.

 3.1
 3/31/21

 3.2
 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant.

 3.1
 11/02/23

 4.1
 Form of Common Stock Certificate.

 S-1
 4.1

 4.2
 Indenture, dated as of November 18, 2021, between DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association as trustee.

 4.1
 11/18/21

 4.3
 Form of certificate representing the 0% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026.

 4.2
 11/18/21

 4.4
 Description of Capital Stock.

 4.4
 2/25/22

 10.1
 Amended and Restated Investors' Rights Agreement, dated as of May 8, 2020, by and among the Registrant and certain of its stockholders.

 S-1
 10.1

 10.2
 DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc. 2013 Stock Plan, as amended.

 S-1
 10.2

 10.2.1
 Form of Option Agreement, Notice of Stock Option Grant and Exercise Notice under 2013 Stock Plan.

 S-1
 10.2.1

 10.2.2
 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under 2013 Stock Plan.

 S-1
 10.2.2

 10.3
 DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan.

 S-1/A
 10.3

 10.3.1
 Form of Option Agreement, Notice of Stock Option Grant and Exercise Notice under 2021 Equity Incentive Plan.

 S-1/A
 10.3.1

 10.3.2
 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under 2021 Equity Incentive Plan.

 S-1/A
 10.3.2

 10.4
 DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc. 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

 S-1/A
 10.4

 10.5
 Amended Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy.

 10.5
 2/22/23

 10.6
 Form of Indemnification Agreement entered into by and between the Registrant and each director and executive officer.

 S-1
 10.6

 10.7
 Letter Agreement between the Registrant and Warren Adelman, dated February 12, 2024.

 X

 10.8
 Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Padmanabhan Srinivasan, dated January 11, 2024.

 10.1
 1/17/24

 10.9
 Employment Agreement between the Registrant and W. Matthew Steinfort, dated November 15, 2022.

 10.1
 11/17/22

 10.10
 Employment Agreement Amendment between the Registrant and W. Matthew Steinfort, dated September 15, 2023.

 10.1
 9/19/23

 10.11
 Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Aaqib Gadit, dated August 17, 2023.

 X

 10.12
 Employment Agreement Amendment between the Registrant and Aaqib Gadit, dated September 15, 2023.

 X

 10.13
 Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Yancey Spruill, dated March 8, 2021.

 S-1/A
 10.7

 10.14
 Separation Agreement between the Registrant and Yancey Spruill, dated August 24, 2023.

 10.1
 11/02/23

 10.15
 Employment Agreement between the Registrant and William Sorenson, dated March 8, 2021.

 10.1
 8/08/22

 10.16
 Transition Agreement between the Registrant and William Sorenson, dated August 5, 2022.

 10.2
 8/08/22

 10.17
 Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Jeffrey Guy, dated March 8, 2021.

 S-1/A
 10.9

 10.18
 Separation Agreement between the Registrant and Jeffrey Guy, dated November 16, 2023.

 X

 10.19
 Separation Agreement between the Registrant and Megan Wood, dated January 15, 2024.

 X

 10.20
 Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of February 13, 2020, between the Registrant, DigitalOcean, LLC, KeyBank National Association and the other parties thereto.

 S-1
 10.8

 10.21
 Amendment No. 1 and Incremental Term Loan Assumption Agreement, dated as of March 18, 2020, between the Registrant, ServerStack, Inc., Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., KeyBank National Association and the other parties thereto.

 S-1
 10.9

 10.22
 Amendment No. 2 to Credit Agreement, dated as of November 15, 2021, between DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc., DigitalOcean, LLC, the lenders party thereto and KeyBank National Association, as Administrative Agent.

 10.1
 11/18/21

 10.23
 Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of March 29, 2022, between DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc., DigitalOcean, LLC, the lenders party thereto and KeyBank National Association, as Administrative Agent.

 10.1
 03/30/22

 21.1
 List of Subsidiaries of DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc.

 X

 23.1
 Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP, independent registered public accounting firm.

 X

 23.2
 Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm.

 X

 31.1
 Certification of Padmanabhan Srinivasan, Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 X

 31.2
 Certification of W. Matthew Steinfort, Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 X

 32.1*
 Certifications of Padmanabhan Srinivasan, Chief Executive Officer, and W. Matthew Steinfort, Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 X

 97.1
 DigitalOcean Holdings, Inc. Incentive Compensation Recoupment Policy.

 X

 101.INS
 X

 101.SCH
 X

 101.CAL
 X

 101.DEF
 X

 101.LAB
 X

 101.PRE
 X

 X

 * Furnished herewith and not deemed to be "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.
 The agreements and other documents filed as exhibits to this report are not intended to provide factual information or other disclosure other than with respect to the terms of the agreements or other documents themselves, and you should not rely on them for that purpose. In particular, any representations and warranties made by us in these agreements or other documents were made solely within the specific context of the relevant agreement or document and may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time.

 ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

 SIGNATURES
 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on February 21, 2024.

 By:
 /s/ Padmanabhan Srinivasan

 Name:
 Padmanabhan Srinivasan

 Title:
 Chief Executive Officer

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signature
 Title
 Date

 /s/ Padmanabhan Srinivasan
 Chief Executive Officer and Director

 Padmanabhan Srinivasan
 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ W. Matthew Steinfort
 Chief Financial Officer

 W. Matthew Steinfort
 (Principal Financial Officer)

 /s/ Cherie Barrett
 Chief Accounting Officer

 Cherie Barrett
 (Principal Accounting Officer)

 /s/ Warren Adelman
 Executive Chairman and Director

 Warren Adelman

 /s/ Pratima Arora

 Pratima Arora

 /s/ Amy Butte

 Amy Butte

 /s/ Warren Jenson

 Warren Jenson

 /s/ Pueo Keffer

 Pueo Keffer

 /s/ Christopher Merritt

 Christopher Merritt

 /s/ Hilary Schneider

 Hilary Schneider