UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549

 FORM 10-K
 [X ] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024
 or
 [ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from __________to__________
 Commission File Number: 001-40154
 ____________________________________________________________
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 ____________________________________________________________

 Delaware
 46-1315570

 (State or other jurisdiction
of incorporation or organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer
 Identification No.)

 Identification No.)

 75 Varick Street, 5th Floor
 New York,
 NY
 10013

 (Address of principal executive offices)
 (Zip Code)

 Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (646) 403-3677
 Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report: N/A
 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Class A Common Stock, $0.00001 par value per share
 OSCR
 New York Stock Exchange

 Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No
 As of June 28, 2024, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second quarter, the approximate market value of the registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates was $ 3.1 billion based on a closing price of $15.82 per share on the New York Stock Exchange.

 Class of Stock
 Shares Outstanding as of January 31, 2025

 Class A Common Stock, par value $0.00001 per share
 215,053,599

 Class B Common Stock, par value $0.00001 per share
 35,514,201

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 Portions of the registrant's definitive Proxy Statement relating to its 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 are incorporated herein by reference in Part III.

 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

 Page

 Forward-Looking Statements

 Summary Risk Factors

 Item 1.
 Business

 Item 1A.
 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.
 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.
 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.
 Properties

 Item 3.
 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.
 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.
 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.
 [Reserved]

 Item 7.
 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.
 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

 Item 8.
 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.
 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.
 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.
 Other Information

 Item 9C.
 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.
 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.
 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.
 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.
 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.
 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15.
 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.
 Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 This Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 ("Annual Report on Form 10-K") contains the following defined terms, unless context otherwise requires: (i) "Oscar," "the Company," "we," "our," "us" or like terms refer to Oscar Health, Inc. and its subsidiaries, (ii) "Thrive Capital" refers to Thrive Capital Management, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, and the investment funds affiliated with or advised by Thrive Capital Management, LLC and (iii) "Thrive General Partners" refers to Thrive Partners II GP, LLC, Thrive Partners III GP, LLC, Thrive Partners V GP, LLC, Thrive Partners VI GP, LLC, Thrive Partners VII GP, LLC, and Thrive Partners VII Growth GP, LLC, each of which is a general partner of a Thrive Capital-affiliated fund.

 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 This Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 contains forward-looking statements. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may be forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as "may," "will," "should," "expects," "plans," "anticipates," "could," "intends," "targets," "projects," "contemplates," "believes," "estimates," "forecasts," "predicts," "potential" or "continue" or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, risk adjustment transfer payments, industry, regulatory and business trends, our commercial arrangements, business strategy, plans and plan mix, membership and market growth, and our objectives for future operations.

 The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are only predictions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the important factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

 You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents that we reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and have filed as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance and achievements may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, whether as a result of any new information, future events or otherwise.

 SUMMARY RISK FACTORS

 Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those described in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You should carefully consider these risks and uncertainties when investing in our Class A common stock. The principal risks and uncertainties affecting our business include the following:

 • Our ability to execute our strategy and manage our growth effectively;
 • Our ability to retain and expand our member base;
 • Our ability to accurately estimate our incurred medical expenses or effectively manage our medical costs or related administrative costs;
 • Our ability to maintain profitability in the future;
 • Unanticipated results of or changes to risk adjustment programs;
 • Our ability to arrange for the delivery of quality care and maintain good relations with the physicians, hospitals, and other providers within and outside our provider networks;
 • Changes in federal or state laws or regulations, including changes with respect to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and any regulations enacted thereunder;
 • Our ability to comply with ongoing regulatory requirements, including capital reserve and surplus requirements and applicable performance standards;
 • Changes or developments in the health insurance markets in the United States;
 • Our, or any of our vendors', ability to comply with laws, regulations, and standards related to the handling of information about individuals or applicable consumer protection laws, including as a result of our participation in government-sponsored programs;
 • Heightened competition in the markets in which we participate;
 • Our ability to utilize quota share reinsurance to meet our capital and surplus requirements and protect against downside risk on medical claims;
 • Unfavorable or otherwise costly outcomes of lawsuits, audits, investigations, and claims that arise from the extensive laws and regulations to which we are subject;
 • Incurrence of data security breaches of our and our partners' information and technology systems;
 • Our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel;
 • Our ability to detect and prevent material weaknesses or significant control deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting or other failure to maintain an effective system of internal controls; and
 • Adverse publicity or other adverse consequences related to our dual class structure or "controlled company" status.

 Before you invest in our Class A common stock, you should carefully consider all of the information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including matters set forth under the heading "Risk Factors."

 Item 1. Business

 OUR BUSINESS

 Oscar is a leading healthcare technology company built around a full stack technology platform and a relentless focus on member experience. We offer health plans through the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ("ACA") serving individuals, families, and employees. We have been challenging the status quo in the healthcare system since our founding in 2012 and are dedicated to making a healthier life accessible and affordable for all. Our technology drives superior experiences, deep engagement, and high-value clinical care, earning us the trust of approximately 1.68 million effectuated members, as of December 31, 2024. Effectuated members are those who are actively enrolled in our plan and have either paid their premium or are within the grace period.

 In addition to supporting our insurance business, our differentiated technology platform also powers both providers and payors through +Oscar. We offer Campaign Builder, an engagement and recommendation platform that leverages the wisdom from 12+ years of building the Oscar member experience. The platform delivers continuous care management by informing population identification and delivering personalized interactions with real time reporting and analytics to measure key outcomes and insights.

 Our Offerings

 Oscar's innovative technology-enabled model - made up of Oscar's insurance business and +Oscar - is uniquely positioned to meet the rising expectations of individuals, families, and employees, as well as +Oscar clients. Oscar's business is built upon our focus on member experience and our cloud-native technology platform.

 Oscar's Insurance Business
 Oscar's health plans are offered in the individual market. The individual market primarily consists of policies purchased by individuals and families through health insurance marketplaces, established by the ACA and operated by the federal government, as well as other marketplaces operated by individual states (collectively, "Health Insurance Marketplaces"). Individuals and families may also purchase policies in the individual market off-exchange. Employees whose employers have chosen to offer an Individual Coverage Health Reimbursement Arrangement ("ICHRA") are also able to purchase Oscar's health plans. Most ICHRA plans are purchased by employees off-exchange, although they may also be purchased through the Health Insurance Marketplace.

 We offer health plans in the individual market under the five metal plan categories defined by the ACA: Catastrophic, Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Platinum. These plans differ based on the size of the monthly premium and the level of sharing of medical costs between Oscar and our members. Oscar works to bring new and innovative insurance products to market, built to meet the healthcare needs of consumers from various communities. Oscar does this with an eye towards promoting health outcomes, accessibility, affordability, and closing critical gaps in benefits for consumers. Our products help remove financial barriers to high-value services, with a focus on leveraging affordable care, clinical strategies, and our innovative business model, which collectively, empower and incentivize our members to have better control of their health. Some of our products incorporate benefits and programs of particular value to members with complex conditions, such as diabetes and asthma.

 Our premium rates, along with specific rate changes, are required to be approved by applicable state and federal regulatory agencies in accordance with the ACA. Additionally, various federal and state laws have minimum Medical Loss Ratio ("MLR") requirements. MLR is defined as provided in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Components of our Results of Operations—Medical Loss Ratio". We elect to participate in a given individual market on an annual basis. Our base premiums are subject to a risk adjustment based on the health status of our members relative to the overall health status of all individuals in a given state or market. Risk adjustment is defined as provided in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Recent Developments, Trends and Other Key Factors Impacting Performance—Risk Adjustment".

 +Oscar Platform
 Oscar's success is built upon our superior member engagement and robust technology platform. Through the +Oscar platform, we deploy our technology to power others throughout the healthcare system. Campaign Builder, our engagement and recommendation platform for providers and payors, leverages predictive analytics to identify high value opportunities for engagement and to deliver personalized interactions with real time reporting and analytics to measure key outcomes and insights. +Oscar currently serves nearly 500,000 client lives on its Campaign Builder platform, in addition to the approximately 1.68 million members enrolled in Oscar health insurance, in each case as of December 31, 2024.

 Our Provider Contracts and Network

 Our health plans include access to a network of high-quality physicians and hospitals, as well as a Care Team that supports members from finding a doctor to navigating costs. As portions of the healthcare system increasingly shift towards offering more selective networks, we believe the insurers that will thrive are those that consistently deliver a high-quality experience by engaging their members and routing care to in-network facilities and physicians that offer quality care at affordable rates. Oscar has exclusive provider organization ("EPO") plans in most of our markets, and also offers health maintenance organization ("HMO") plans in select markets. We work with technology-forward, high brand-recognition health systems, including some of the largest health systems in the U.S.

 While we generally have a standard set of terms that we propose for our provider contracting relationships, each health market in which we operate is unique, and therefore our negotiated contract terms are specific to each market and health provider. For instance, the fee structures for these contracts vary, and can include fee-for-service arrangements, value-based incentives and payment structures, or payments on a capitation basis.

 Membership

 Markets
 Oscar's member-first philosophy and innovative approach to care earned us the trust of approximately 1.68 million effectuated members as of December 31, 2024. We offer coverage for individuals and families in 18 states. We regularly evaluate our markets for strategic fit and enter or exit markets accordingly. We exited the Medicare Advantage market before the 2024 plan year and stopped offering small group products in all markets as of December 15, 2024. The Company also decided not to renew the Oscar+Cigna Small Group arrangement after its initial term ended on December 31, 2024.

 Concentration
 We generate the vast majority of our total revenue from health insurance policy premiums. Premiums are collected directly from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ("CMS") as part of the advanced premium tax credits ("APTC") program, as well as from our members. For the year ended December 31, 2024, $9,512.3 million and $799.3 million of premiums were earned directly from CMS and from our members, respectively.

 Disaggregated membership information as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 is presented in the tables below:

 Membership by Offering

 2024
 2023

 Individual and Small Group
 1,636,400
 967,002

 Medicare Advantage
 —
 1,781

 Cigna+Oscar (1)

 40,570
 67,500

 Total Members (2)

 1,676,970
 1,036,283

 (1)Represents total membership for our co-branded partnership with Cigna.
 (2)A member covered under more than one of our health plans counts as a single member for the purposes of this metric.

 Membership by State

 2024
 2023

 Florida
 871,881
 593,867

 Georgia
 379,680
 117,189

 Texas
 141,000
 112,554

 Ohio
 82,845
 27,871

 Tennessee
 31,887
 10,228

 Iowa
 26,767
 10,344

 Missouri
 26,119
 7,604

 New Jersey
 23,416
 18,842

 Arizona
 14,386
 16,783

 Kansas
 13,816
 3,808

 Oklahoma
 12,153
 20,352

 Illinois
 11,138
 6,057

 California
 10,981
 50,511

 New York
 10,902
 14,021

 Connecticut
 7,658
 19,660

 North Carolina
 5,403

 Michigan
 2,909
 1,784

 Pennsylvania
 2,732
 3,193

 Nebraska

 Virginia

 Total
 1,676,970
 1,036,283

 Seasonality

 Our business is generally affected by the seasonal patterns of our member enrollment, medical expenses, and health plan mix shift and policy design. Special Enrollment Periods ("SEP") or other market dynamics that drive enrollment and/or mix changes throughout the year may impact the per member levels of premiums, claims, and/or risk adjustment transfers.

 SEP refers to a period outside the Open Enrollment Period or Annual Election Period when an eligible person can enroll in a health plan or make changes to an existing health plan. A person is generally eligible to participate in a SEP if certain qualifying life events occur, such as losing certain health coverage, moving, getting married, having a baby, or adopting a child or resulting from regulatory requirements.

 Members
 Our membership is measured as of a particular point in time. Membership may vary throughout the year due to disenrollments, any SEP, and other market dynamics that are in effect such as Medicaid redeterminations, other legislative or regulatory actions, or other factors that enable the overall market to grow or decline throughout the year.

 Claims Incurred
 Our medical expenses are impacted by seasonal effects of medical costs such as the utilization of deductibles and out-of-pocket maximums over the course of the policy year, which shifts more costs to us in the second half of the year as we pay a higher proportion of covered claims costs, and the number of days and holidays in a given period. Our medical and pharmacy costs can also exhibit seasonality depending on selection effects or changes in the risk profile of our membership and the proportion of our membership that is new in the calendar year. The emergence of medical and pharmacy claims is influenced by the aforementioned drivers, and further mix shifts may continue to alter claims incurred patterns in future periods.

 Reinsurance

 We believe our reinsurance agreements help us achieve important goals for our business, including risk management and capital efficiency. Our reinsurance is contracted under two different types of arrangements: quota share reinsurance contracts and excess of loss ("XOL") reinsurance contracts. In quota share reinsurance, the reinsurer agrees to assume a specified percentage of the ceding company's losses in exchange for a corresponding percentage of premiums. In XOL reinsurance, the reinsurer agrees to assume all or a portion of the ceding company's losses in excess of a specified amount. Under XOL reinsurance, the premium payable to the reinsurer is negotiated by the parties based on losses on an individual member in a given calendar year and their assessment of the amount of risk being ceded to the reinsurer. In the case of federal and state-run reinsurance programs, no reinsurance premiums are paid. The reinsurance agreements do not relieve us of our primary medical claims incurred obligations.

 OUR DIFFERENTIATED TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM

 Oscar's technology stack is purpose-built to empower the modern consumer throughout different stages of life. Since inception, Oscar has been focused on building our technological infrastructure and end-to-end experience. We have built our own cloud-native single-threaded technology platform, meaning it spans all critical healthcare insurance and technology domains, including member and provider data, utilization management, claims management, billing, and benefits. Owning our platform from end to end offers us greater control over the member experience, engagement, and affordability, and enables us to provide a superior experience for our members and providers.

 Our technology platform provides members with a simple and intuitive consumer experience that enables them to take control of their healthcare decisions. The Oscar member experience begins with trust and engagement, which we earn by providing our members with features to help them navigate the many disconnected elements of the healthcare ecosystem. Our technology is fueling advancement in member engagement and stakeholder satisfaction by focusing on:
 • Powering personalized engagement to drive real-time information flow based on cultural preferences and individual health needs to reduce member friction and improve retention.
 • Improving navigation by making it easier for members to receive high-value clinical care through enhanced digital tools and process automation.
 • Solving key pain points that unburden providers by reducing administrative tasks, deepening network relationships, and enabling better care delivery for our members (e.g., digitizing provider-member interactions and automating clinical and administrative workflows).

 It is the combination of all these factors—trust, engagement, and personalized insights—that enables us to help members find quality care at rates they can afford. Our ability to deliver a high-value product, in turn, engenders more trust, engagement, and ability on our part to provide personalized, data-driven insights. We refer to this virtuous cycle as our member engagement engine.

 Product features such as virtual care, and our Care Teams are how we build the trust, engagement, and relationships needed to help members bend the cost curve in healthcare. By leveraging Campaign Builder, our engagement and automation engine, we are able to rapidly create and iterate upon omnichannel member outreach programs to drive adherence to important clinical pathways. Owning the technologies that power our business from end to end lets us pioneer new ways of addressing frictions in the healthcare system and is the foundation for Oscar's mission to make a healthier life accessible and affordable for all. Today, this platform provides the foundation for our personalized data insight and analysis as well as our critical cost structure savings. As a result, engagement with our technology platform and customer satisfaction remains high, relative to industry average. During the fourth quarter of 2024, our net promoter score reached 66, which is meaningfully higher than the industry average.

 Our platform is an increasingly powerful force driving the performance of Oscar's insurance business – fueling growth, engagement, and operational efficiencies. Artificial Intelligence and machine learning technologies ("AI Technologies") have the potential to further power what we can do. We have use cases for AI Technologies in the pipeline across all levels of our technology stack, including: (i) automation to drive efficiencies in our administrative functions, including virtual care and claims processing, (ii) member personalization, to improve the quality of touchpoints members have with the healthcare ecosystem; and (iii) medical record extraction, to better understand our members.

 We believe competitors who lack this member engagement engine will face significant challenges in replicating our consumer experience, and our platform thus forms an important structural barrier around the innovations we have developed.

 OUR STRATEGIC FOCUS

 We built our strategy around several core trends in healthcare including consumerization, digitization, and the shift towards personalization. Over time, we have been observing the overall healthcare system move towards these trends, which not only validates our strategy, but provides us with a first mover advantage. We are now a scaled health insurer with approximately 1.68 million effectuated members as of December 31, 2024. We offer an exceptional member experience, high member engagement, and our own technology stack that we have built from end to end. In 2024, we achieved profitability on both a consolidated Adjusted EBITDA and net income basis. Adjusted EBITDA is a non GAAP measure. The definition and our use of Adjusted EBITDA are provided in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Overview—Adjusted EBITDA". Additionally, a reconciliation to net income (loss), the most directly comparable GAAP measure, can be found in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Adjusted EBITDA".

 We continue to believe that ICHRA will disrupt traditional employer group coverage and expand individual insurance beyond the traditional ACA market. Our goal is to position Oscar as the preferred carrier for employees enrolling in health insurance through an ICHRA program. Employers can now offer defined contributions to their employees to access Oscar's suite of products in the markets where Oscar offers health plans. We are partnering with a variety of ICHRA platforms to transition small, mid- and large-sized employers to the individual market where their employees can choose an Oscar product that meets their individual needs.

 Our strategic priorities include: running a great company with market-leading, sustainable, scalable operations; continually investing in our superior member experience; harnessing our technology to power others; and developing innovative market offerings to expand the individual market.

 HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES

 As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately 2,400 full-time employees.

 At Oscar, we are powered by people from varied and broad backgrounds, experiences, and industries. We foster a culture in which our employees share a common connection to our mission: they are passionate about making a frustrating healthcare system easier, more human, and better for everyone. These principles drive our core values:

 1.What we do is a big deal. We're solving problems that change and save lives.
 2.Powered by people. Members above all. Developing and growing others is what raises the bar.
 3.No genius without grit. Be relentless. Be scrappy. Trying and failing beats not trying and changing nothing.
 4.Seek the truth. But never assume you've found it. Be scientific.

 5.Inspire and provoke. Develop and display leadership at all levels. Fight to be the best.
 6.Be transparent. Give and ask for direct feedback. Be grateful for and excited by the help of others.
 7.Make it right. Admit your mistakes. Then learn from them. Never build alone.

 Talent Recruitment and Retention

 As a mission-driven company, we prioritize attracting and retaining qualified personnel who share our mission to make a healthier life affordable and accessible to all. This centers around what we believe to be a compelling employee value proposition, that includes competitive pay and benefits, flexible work styles, opportunity to make real impact towards the Oscar mission, and ongoing performance development.

 We compete to hire and retain highly talented individuals from all backgrounds, and we offer our employees compensation packages designed to be competitive and aligned with market best practices. Our compensation packages include base salary and some of the following components, depending on the role, level, and business function: a short-term incentive that takes into account company and individual performance, long-term incentive equity, performance-based equity, commissions, and overtime pay. We believe our compensation philosophy and practice, which is rooted in data and benchmarked to a cohort of technology, healthcare, operations, and insurance peer companies, is transparent, systematic, and equitable.

 As a result of our shift to a flexible workforce and expanding our recruiting efforts beyond states where we maintain a physical office location, we have had the opportunity to further expand the geographic diversity of our workforce.

 Health and Wellbeing

 At Oscar, we believe that making a healthier life affordable and accessible to all begins with our own workforce, and we continually seek opportunities to optimize our employee offerings including events, activities, benefits, perks and community support. We have invested in a benefits package designed to be comprehensive and affordable, providing protection and support to help our employees achieve health, financial, and wellness goals, with services including mental health care, fertility support, and family-building benefits. We also believe in the importance of investing in developmental opportunities for our employees, and all employees have access to internally created and third party skills and training programs. Lastly, we recognize that individuals may need to take time away from work for various reasons, so we offer paid time off and leave packages to all full-time employees. This includes wellness days, parental leave, and sabbatical leaves for more tenured employees.

 Inclusion and Belonging

 We recognize the importance of inclusion and belonging in the workplace, and we aim to embed efforts to foster an inclusive workplace across our full slate of human capital programming and operations. We believe that having a varied and broad employee base empowers our community, drives better business outcomes, and ultimately allows us to better serve our members.

 Internally, we aim to promote a transparent, systematic approach to our human capital frameworks and operations. Specifically, with respect to compensation, all of our compensation decisions are rooted in benchmarking data and creating parity within like roles and we further reward employees based on performance, where it is warranted, in compliance with applicable federal and other laws and regulations. Our employees are able to view their total compensation package, including their salary band and leveling, which helps employees understand their pay and encourages proactive conversation between managers and employees. Beyond these processes, we strive for inclusivity by offering self-identification options in our human resource information systems and inclusive employee-oriented programming. We believe our Employee Resource Groups ("ERGs") are another important part of maintaining different perspectives and fostering connections across our organizations. In 2024, we had approximately nine ERGs which are open to all employees and focused on building community, awareness and advocacy based on the values that are shared within those groups.

 We bring our workforce together to help inform the initiatives of our Culturally Competent Care Program, which strives to provide care to members with various values, beliefs, and behaviors, including tailoring care delivery to meet members' social, cultural, and linguistic needs.

 COMPETITION

 We operate in a highly competitive environment in an industry subject to significant and ongoing changes, including business and hospital system consolidations, new strategic alliances, market pressures, scientific and technological advances in medical care and therapeutics, as well as regulatory and legislative challenges and reform both at the federal and state level. This reform includes, but is not limited to, the federal and state healthcare reform legislation described under "—Government Regulation." In addition, changes to the political environment may drive additional shifts in the competitive landscape.

 We compete directly and through independent intermediaries to enroll new and retain existing members, as we currently derive substantially all of our revenue from direct policy premiums. We believe that our principal competitive features affecting our ability to retain and increase membership include the range and prices of health plans offered, breadth and quality of provider network, comprehensiveness of coverage, benefits and wellness programs, quality of service and member experience, responsiveness to member demands, market presence, financial stability, and reputation.

 As attracting new members depends in part on our ability to provide access to competitive provider networks, we compete in establishing such provider networks. We believe that the factors providers consider in deciding whether to contract with a health insurer include existing and potential member volume, reimbursement rates, timeliness and accuracy of claims payment and administrative service capabilities. While our health insurance subsidiaries are required to meet various federal and state requirements regarding the size and composition of our participating provider networks, our business model is based on contracting with selected healthcare systems and other providers, not all systems and providers in a given area. This allows us to work more closely with high quality healthcare systems that engage with us using our technology and to negotiate more favorable reimbursement rates from these healthcare systems.

 The relative importance of each of the competitive factors mentioned in the above paragraphs and the identity of our principal competitors for members and providers varies by market and geography. Our principal competitors in the individual market primarily consist of plans offered by national carriers, regional carriers, Medicaid-focused insurers offering Health Insurance Marketplace products, and local Blue Cross plans.

 SALES AND MARKETING

 Our marketing and sales initiatives focus on member growth through three primary avenues: acquiring members through brokers, acquiring members directly through Health Insurance Marketplaces, and acquiring members directly through our digital platform. As a part of our ICHRA initiatives, we also partner with ICHRA platform companies to enroll employees in Oscar plans through their platforms.

 The vast majority of our membership is acquired through the broker channel, and brokers typically use an Enhanced Direct Enrollment (EDE) platform to enroll the members in plans offered on the Health Insurance Marketplace. As such, we compete through the commissions and bonus structures we pay these partners. As a greater proportion of enrollment in the Health Insurance Marketplace comes through independent brokers, the amount of compensation paid to these third parties impacts both our ability to retain our current members and obtain new members. The proportion of broker-acquired business increased in 2024 compared to 2023 consistent with the macro trend in the Health Insurance Marketplace, where we see fewer members signing up directly on the exchanges. Our digital engagement platform, a key element of our retention strategy, is used by brokers and consumers.

 Enterprise marketing and sales strategies also include account-based marketing, business development initiatives, member communications that are focused on member acquisition, and member engagement. We also use the data generated in member support interactions to constantly refine and improve our marketing campaigns.

 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

 We believe that our intellectual property rights are important to our business, and our commercial success depends, in part, on our ability to protect our core technologies, intellectual property and proprietary rights (such as source code, information, data, processes and other forms of information, know-how and technology). We primarily rely on copyright, trademark, and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality procedures, and contractual arrangements to establish and protect our intellectual property. As of December 31, 2024, we exclusively owned three registered trademarks in the United States for our name (Oscar, Oscar Health, and Oscar Care). In addition, we have registered domain names for websites that we use or may use in our business. As of December 31, 2024, we owned no issued patents or pending patent applications anywhere in the world, and therefore, we do not have patent protection for any of our proprietary technology, which includes our full stack technology platform, proprietary software, mobile application ("app"), or web portal. However, our software and other proprietary information are protected by copyright on creation. Copyright registrations, which have so far not been necessary, may be sought on an as-needed basis.

 We seek to control access to and distribution of our proprietary information, including our algorithms, source and object code, designs, and business processes, through security measures and contractual arrangements. We seek to limit access to our confidential and proprietary information to a "need to know" basis and enter into confidentiality and nondisclosure agreements with our employees, consultants, members, vendors, and partners that may receive or otherwise have access to any confidential or proprietary information. We also obtain written invention assignment agreements from our employees and consultants that assign to us all right, interest, and title to inventions and work product developed during their employment or service engagement, respectively, with us. In the ordinary course of business, we provide our intellectual property to external third parties through licensing or restricted use agreements. For information on risks associated with our intellectual property rights, see "Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Business—Failure to secure, protect, or enforce our intellectual property rights could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition."

 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 Our business is dependent on effective, resilient, and secure information systems that assist us in, among other things, monitoring utilization and other cost factors, processing provider claims, providing data to our regulators, and implementing our data security measures. Our members also depend upon our information systems for enrollment, primary care and specialist physician roster access, and other information, while our providers depend upon our information systems for eligibility verifications, claims status, and other information.

 We partner with third parties, including Amazon and Google, to support our information technology systems. This makes our operations vulnerable to adverse effects if such third parties fail to perform adequately. We have entered into agreements with third-party vendors who manage certain of our information technology infrastructure services including, among other things, our information technology operations, end-user services, and platforms for cloud computing. As a result of such agreements, we have been able to reduce our administrative expenses over time, while improving the reliability of our information technology functions, and maintain targeted levels of service and operating performance. A segment of the infrastructure services is managed within our cloud platform, while other portions of the infrastructure services are managed externally by vendors. Our use of cloud service providers in particular is strategic, due to platform level redundancy in networking and computer hardware. As an example, we distribute our Amazon Web Services-hosted platform across multiple availability zones in an effort to reduce the likelihood of infrastructure failure.

 We have established a program of security measures intended to protect our computer systems from security breaches and malicious activity and have implemented controls designed to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data, including protected health information ("PHI"), and the systems that store and transmit such data. We have employed various technology and process-based methods, such as network isolation, intrusion detection systems, vulnerability assessments, penetration testing, use of threat intelligence, content filtering, endpoint security (including anti-malware and detection response capabilities), email security mechanisms, and access control mechanisms. We also use encryption techniques for data at rest and in transit.

 Our information systems and applications require continual maintenance, upgrading, and enhancement to meet our current and expected operational needs and regulatory requirements. We aim to regularly upgrade and expand our information systems' capabilities. For information on risks associated with our information technology systems, see "Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Business—If we are unable to integrate and manage our information systems effectively, our operations could be disrupted" and "Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Business—If we or our partners or other third parties with whom we collaborate fail to protect confidential information and/or sustain a data security incident, we could suffer increased costs, material financial penalties, exposure to significant liability, adverse regulatory consequences, and reputational harm, which would materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition."

 GOVERNMENT REGULATION

 General

 Our operations are subject to comprehensive and detailed federal, state, and local laws and regulations throughout the jurisdictions in which we do business. These laws and regulations, which can vary significantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, restrict how we conduct our businesses and result in additional burdens and costs to us. Further, federal, state, and local laws and regulations are subject to amendments and changing interpretations in each jurisdiction. In addition, there are numerous proposed healthcare laws and regulations at the federal, state, and local levels. For information on risks associated with our regulatory framework, see "Risk Factors—Most Material Risks to Us—Any changes to the ACA and its regulations could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition; and Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Regulatory Framework that Governs Us."

 Supervisory agencies, including federal and state regulatory and enforcement authorities, have broad authority to:

 • grant, suspend, deny, and revoke certificates of authority to transact insurance;
 • regulate our products and services;
 • regulate, limit, or suspend our ability to market products, including the exclusion of our products from Health Insurance Marketplaces;
 • monitor our network of contracted providers to ensure we meet specific state and/or federal quality, credentialing, availability and accessibility requirements on an ongoing basis and require regulatory assessment and approval annually as a condition of offering our products;
 • approve premium rates;
 • monitor our solvency and reserve adequacy;
 • scrutinize our investment activities on the basis of quality, diversification, and other quantitative criteria; and
 • impose criminal, civil, or administrative monetary penalties, and other sanctions for non-compliance with regulatory requirements.

 To carry out the above tasks, CMS, state insurance regulators and other agencies periodically examine our current and past business practices, accounts and other books and records, operations and performance of our health plans, compliance with contracts, adherence to governing rules and regulations and the quality of care we provide to our members, including the quality, credentialing, availability and accessibility of contracted network providers. This information and these practices may be subject to routine surveys, mandatory data reporting and disclosure requirements, regular and special investigations and audits, and from time to time, we may receive subpoenas and other requests for information from government entities. The health insurance business also may be adversely impacted by court decisions that expand or invalidate the interpretations of existing statutes and regulations. It is uncertain whether we can recoup, through higher premiums or other measures, the increased costs caused by potential legislation, regulation, or court rulings.

 State Regulation of Insurance Companies and HMOs

 Our insurance and HMO subsidiaries must obtain and maintain regulatory approvals to sell specific health plans in the jurisdictions in which they conduct business. The nature and extent of state regulation varies by jurisdiction, and state insurance regulators generally have broad administrative authority with respect to all aspects of the insurance business. The Model Audit Rule, where adopted by states, requires expanded governance practices, risk and solvency assessment reporting and the filing of periodic financial and operating reports. Most states have adopted these or similar measures to expand the scope of regulations relating to corporate governance and internal control activities of HMOs and insurance companies. Health insurers and HMOs are subject to state examination and periodic regulatory approval renewal proceedings. Some of our business activity is subject to other healthcare-related regulations and requirements, including utilization review, pharmacy service, or provider-related regulations and regulatory approval requirements. These requirements differ from state to state and may contain network adequacy, contracting, product and rate, licensing and financial and reporting requirements. There are laws and regulations that set specific standards for, among other things, delivery of services, appeals, grievances, payment of claims, the quality, credentialing, availability and accessibility of contracted providers participating in our networks, fraud prevention, protection of consumer health information, pricing and underwriting practices, and covered benefits and services.

 In addition, we are regulated as an insurance holding company and are subject to the insurance holding company laws of the states in which our health insurance subsidiaries are domiciled. These laws and other laws that govern operations of insurance companies and HMOs contain certain reporting requirements, as well as restrictions on transactions between an insurer or HMO and its affiliates, and may restrict the ability of our health insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends to our holding companies. For example, under the regulations of certain states, our insurance subsidiaries may not declare or distribute a dividend to shareholders except out of earned surplus. Holding company laws and regulations generally require registration with applicable state departments of insurance and the filing of reports describing capital structure, ownership, financial condition, certain intercompany transactions, enterprise risks, corporate governance, and general business operations. In addition, state insurance holding company laws and regulations generally require notice or prior regulatory approval of certain transactions including acquisitions, material intercompany transfers of assets, and guarantees and other transactions between the regulated companies and their affiliates, including parent holding companies. Applicable state insurance holding company acts also restrict the ability of any person to obtain control of an insurance company or HMO without prior regulatory approval. These acts generally define "control" as the direct or indirect power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a person and is presumed to exist if a person directly or indirectly owns or controls 10% or more of the voting securities of another person. Some state laws have different definitions or applications of this standard. Dispositions of control generally are also regulated under applicable state insurance holding company laws.

 The states of domicile of our health insurance subsidiaries have statutory risk-based capital ("RBC") requirements for insurance companies and HMOs. Most of our subsidiaries are subject to requirements based on the Risk-Based Capital For Health Organizations Model Act, with a few subsidiaries subject to state-specific RBC requirements that are not based on, but function similarly to, the Model Act. These RBC requirements are intended to assess the capital adequacy of life and health insurers and HMOs, taking into account the risk characteristics of a company's investments and products. In general, under these laws, an insurance company or HMO must submit a report of its RBC level to the insurance regulator of its state of domicile. These laws typically require increasing degrees of regulatory oversight and intervention if a company's RBC declines below certain thresholds. As of December 31, 2024, the RBC levels of our insurance and HMO subsidiaries expect to meet or exceed all applicable mandatory RBC requirements. For more information on RBC capital and additional liquidity and capital requirements, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Overview."

 Additionally, as a company that directly or indirectly controls insurers, we have an obligation to adopt a formal enterprise risk management ("ERM") function and file enterprise risk reports on an annual basis. The ERM function and reports must address any activity, circumstance, event, or series of events involving the insurer that, if not remedied promptly, is likely to have a material adverse effect upon the financial condition or liquidity of the insurer, including anything that would cause the insurer's RBC to fall below certain threshold levels or that would cause further transaction of business to be hazardous to policyholders or creditors, or the public. Similarly, in accordance with The National Association of Insurance Commissioners' ("NAIC") Risk Management and Own Risk Solvency Assessment Model Act, we must complete an annual "own risk and solvency assessment," which is an internal assessment, appropriate to the nature, scale, and complexity of our company, of the material and relevant risks associated with the current business plan, and of the sufficiency of capital resources to support those risks.

 Ongoing Requirements and Changes to the ACA

 The ACA significantly changed the United States healthcare system. While we anticipate continued changes with respect to the ACA, either through Congress, court challenges, executive actions, or administrative action, we expect the major portions of the ACA to remain in place and continue to significantly impact our business operations and results of operations, including pricing, minimum MLRs, administration of the risk adjustment program, and the geographies in which our products are available.

 The ACA prohibits annual and lifetime limits on essential health benefits, member cost-sharing on specified preventive benefits, and pre-existing condition exclusions. Further, the ACA implemented certain requirements for insurers, including the minimum MLR provision that requires insurers to pay rebates to members when insurers do not meet or exceed the specified annual MLR thresholds and requirements related to the quality, credentialing, availability and accessibility of contracted providers participating in our healthcare professional networks. In addition, the ACA required a number of other changes with significant effects on both federal and state health insurance markets, including strict rules on how health insurance is rated, what benefits must be offered, the assessment of new taxes and fees, the creation of public Health Insurance Marketplaces for individuals and small employer group health insurance and the availability of premium subsidies for qualified individuals. The ACA allows individual states to choose to enact additional state-specific requirements that extend ACA mandates and some of the states where we operate have implemented higher MLR percentage requirements, lower tobacco user rating ratios, and different age curve variations. Changes to our business environment are likely to continue as elected officials at the national and state levels continue to enact, and both elected officials and candidates for election continue to propose significant modifications to existing laws and regulations. For information on risks associated with ACA and changes to ACA, see "Risk Factors—Most Material Risks to Us—Any potential repeal of, changes to, or judicial challenges to the ACA and its regulations, could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition."

 In general, the individual market risk pool that includes Health Insurance Marketplaces has changed significantly since its inception in 2014 and continues to exhibit risk volatility. Based on our experience in Health Insurance Marketplaces to date, we have made adjustments to our premium rates and participation footprint, and we will continue to evaluate the performance of such products going forward.

 In addition, insurers have faced uncertainties related to federal government funding for various ACA programs. The ACA established significant subsidies to support the purchase of health insurance by individuals, in the form of APTCs, available through Health Insurance Marketplaces. APTCs are available to most individuals and families making between 100% and 400% of the federal poverty level ("FPL"). The American Rescue Plan Act ("ARPA") increased the size of APTCs for individuals and families at every income level during 2021 and 2022, and the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 renewed the enhanced APTCs for three years through the end of 2025. The enhanced APTCs result in $0 premiums for members under 150% FPL and lower premiums for all income brackets, with no member paying more than 8.5% of their income in premium. If Congress does not take action, the enhanced APTC subsidies will expire at the end of 2025 and the pre-ARPA subsidy structure will be reinstated.

 Further, implementation of the ACA brings with it significant oversight responsibilities by health insurers that may result in increased governmental audits, increased assertions of alleged False Claims Act ("FCA") liability, and an increased risk of other litigation.

 Federal regulatory agencies continue to modify regulations and guidance related to the ACA and markets more broadly. Some of the more significant ACA rules are described below:

 • The minimum MLR threshold for the individual market, as defined by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS"), is 80%. Certain states require us to meet more restrictive MLR thresholds. For example, New York state law requires an 82% MLR for individual products and plans. These minimum MLR thresholds are based on definitions of an MLR calculation provided by HHS, or specific states, as applicable, and differ from our calculation of MLR based on premium revenue and benefit expense as reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Definitions under applicable MLR regulations also impact insurers differently depending upon their organizational structure or tax status, which could result in a competitive advantage to some insurance providers that may not be available to us, resulting in an uneven playing field in the industry. Failure to meet the minimum MLR thresholds triggers an obligation to issue premium rebates to members.

 • The ACA directed the HHS Secretary to develop a system that rates qualified health plans ("QHPs"), certified by the Health Insurance Marketplace based on relative quality and price. As a QHP issuer, we must submit quality rating information in accordance with CMS guidelines as a condition of certification and participation in the Health Insurance Marketplaces. Our overall ratings, represented on a scale of 1.0 to 5.0 stars, are based on three categories: member experience, medical care, and plan administration. Quality rating information for QHPs is publicly displayed and accessible to consumers on all Health Insurance Marketplaces.

 • Federal regulations require premium rate increases to be reviewed for individual products above specified thresholds that may be adjusted from time to time and enrollees to be notified of the premium rate increase in advance. The regulations provide for state insurance regulators to conduct the reviews, except in cases where a state lacks the resources or authority to conduct the required rate reviews, in which cases HHS will conduct the reviews.

 • Prior to the implementation of the ACA, health insurers were permitted to use differential pricing based on factors such as health status, gender, and age. The ACA prohibits health insurers selling ACA-regulated plans in the individual market from using health status and gender in the determination of the insurance premium. In addition, age rating under the ACA is limited to a 3:1 ratio for adults age 21 and older, and tobacco use rating is limited to a 1.5:1 ratio. States also may choose to enact more restrictive rules than the federal minimum standards.

 • CMS administers an ACA risk adjustment program, which is a system designed to stabilize premiums across the market by redistributing funds from plans with relatively healthy members to plans with higher-risk members. Under the program, each plan is assigned a risk score based upon demographic information and current year claims information related to its members. Plans with lower than average risk scores relative to the estimated market average risk score, when applied to the statewide average premium, will have a risk adjustment payable into the pool. Inversely, plans with higher than average risk scores relative to the estimated market average risk score, when applied to the statewide average premium, will have a risk adjustment receivable from the pool. In addition, the CMS and the HHS Office of Inspector General ("HHS-OIG") perform risk adjustment data valuation ("RADV") audits of health insurance plans to validate the coding practices of and supporting documentation maintained by healthcare providers, and such audits can result in adjustments to risk transfer payments.

 • CMS has oversight of agents, brokers, and enhanced direct enrollment entities, all of whom facilitate member enrollments in coverage in the individual market. From time to time, CMS may issue regulations relating to administrative or operational requirements for these entities including but not limited to their licensure, program integrity requirements and processes to confirm eligibility of applicants. CMS has recently been increasingly focused on improving integrity in the eligibility and enrollment process and preventing unauthorized changes in consumer enrollments by agents and brokers, and we expect this focus to continue. For example, in 2024 CMS: (i) enhanced the ACA broker agent of record process to require stricter documentation and consumer consent protocols; (ii) required the Federal Marketplace to accept only applications submitted by agents and brokers through Classic Direct Enrollment and Enhanced Direct Enrollment pathways that include verifiable Social Security Numbers for all individuals over 90 days old; and (iii) required applications submitted by agents and brokers for non-citizen applicants to include a verifiable immigration document.

 The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2023 delinked the Medicaid continuous coverage from the end of the public health emergency ("PHE") for COVID-19, and Medicaid redeterminations were required to begin by April 1, 2023. Although redeterminations were expected to conclude by June 2024, CMS directed certain states to temporarily pause procedural terminations while they addressed issues in the renewal process that led to increased procedural disenrollments. CMS also announced an SEP that began March 31, 2023 and ended November 30, 2024. Data from CMS on Medicaid

 redeterminations showed significant increases in ACA plan enrollments among consumers in 2023 and 2024 who lost Medicaid or Children's Health Insurance Program ("CHIP") coverage. While CMS announced in 2024 that all unwinding-related renewals for beneficiaries enrolled in Medicaid or CHIP must be completed no later than December 31, 2025, our understanding is that the majority of states have now substantially completed their unwinding processes. We anticipate that any future impact on our membership in connection with ACA enrollments due to the unwinding of the Medicaid continuous enrollment condition will not be as significant as the membership growth we experienced in plan year 2024.

 The Notice of Benefit and Payment Parameters ("NBPP") final rule is issued annually and contains comprehensive updates to ACA regulations. The NBPP for plan year 2025 was released on April 15, 2024, and the NBPP for plan year 2026 was issued on January 13, 2025. CMS limits the number of non-standard plan options that QHP issuers may offer on the federal ACA marketplace to two per product network type, per metal level (excluding catastrophic plans). QHP issuers were historically permitted to offer up to four non-standardized plan options. Unless the new presidential administration amends the NBPP for plan year 2026, the reduction in the number of non-standard plan offerings may limit our ability to offer innovative plan designs and continue to introduce uncertainty and disruption into the ACA marketplace. CMS has created an exceptions process for plans offered beyond the limit of two non-standardized plans if they provide twenty five percent reduced cost-sharing for chronic and high-cost condition benefits. This exceptions process provides a limited opportunity for innovation for products designed to serve members with chronic and high-cost condition benefits.

 Privacy, Confidentiality and Data Standards Regulation

 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 (together, "HIPAA") and the administrative simplification provisions of HIPAA impose a number of requirements on covered entities (including health insurers, HMOs, group health plans, certain providers, and clearinghouses) and their business associates relating to the use, disclosure and safeguarding of PHI. These requirements include uniform standards of common electronic healthcare transactions and privacy and security regulations, and unique identifier rules for employers, health plans, and providers.

 In addition, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 and corresponding implementing regulations have imposed additional requirements on the use and disclosure of PHI such as additional breach notification and reporting requirements, contracting requirements for HIPAA business associate agreements, and strengthened enforcement mechanisms and increased penalties for HIPAA violations. Federal consumer protection laws may also apply in some instances to our privacy and security practices related to personally identifiable information.

 On December 27, 2024, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), through its Office for Civil Rights (OCR), issued a proposed rule to improve cybersecurity and better protect the U.S. health care system from a growing number of cyberattacks. The proposed rule would modify the HIPAA Security Rule to require health plans and payers (insurance companies), and most health care providers, and their business associates, to strengthen cybersecurity protections for individuals' protected health information. This proposed rule is the latest step taken by OCR to address more frequent cyberattacks targeting the U.S. health care system, consistent with the HHS Healthcare and Public Health critical infrastructure sector Cybersecurity Performance Goals.

 We maintain an internal HIPAA compliance program, which is designed to comply with HIPAA privacy and security regulations, adapt to new requirements if finalized, and have dedicated resources to monitor compliance with this program.

 In addition, Health Insurance Marketplaces are required to adhere to privacy and security standards with respect to personally identifiable information and to impose privacy and security standards that are at least as protective as those the marketplaces must follow. These standards may differ from, and be more stringent than, HIPAA.

 The use and disclosure of certain data that we collect or process about or from individuals are also regulated in some instances by other federal laws, including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act ("GLBA"), and state statutes implementing GLBA, in connection with insurance transactions in the states where we operate. Additionally, in response to the growing threat of cyber-attacks in the insurance industry, certain jurisdictions, including New York, have begun to consider new cybersecurity measures, including the adoption of cybersecurity regulations. In March 2017, the New York Department of Financial Services ("NYDFS") promulgated Cybersecurity Requirements for Financial Services Companies, which were amended in 2023 and require covered financial institutions to establish, implement and maintain a cybersecurity program and cybersecurity policies and procedures that meet specific requirements. Additionally, in 2017 the National Association of

 Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC") adopted the Insurance Data Security Model Law, which established standards for data security and for the investigation and notification of insurance commissioners of cybersecurity events involving unauthorized access to, or the misuse of, certain nonpublic information. A number of states have enacted the Insurance Data Security Model Law or similar laws, and we expect more states to follow.

 There are also numerous state and federal laws and regulations related to the privacy and security of health information. Laws in all 50 states require businesses to provide notices to affected individuals whose personal information has been disclosed as a result of a data breach, and certain states require notifications for data breaches involving individually identifiable health information. Most states require holders of personal information to maintain safeguards and take certain actions in response to a data breach, such as maintaining reasonable security measures and providing prompt notification of the breach to affected individuals and the state's attorney general. For further discussion, see "Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Regulatory Framework that Governs Us."

 Furthermore, states have begun enacting more comprehensive privacy laws and regulations addressing consumer rights to data protection or transparency that may affect our privacy and security practices. The California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 ("CCPA") and the California Privacy Rights Act of 2023 ("CPRA") began a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the United States, and multiple states have enacted, or are expected to enact, similar laws, including the Oregon Consumer Privacy Law which took effect on July 1, 2024, not all of which exempt insurance companies categorically. Newer federal regulations requiring additional transparency could also materially impact our operations. These regulations include federal regulation on data interoperability requiring member data to be made available to third parties unaffiliated with Oscar, as well as federal regulations requiring hospitals and insurers to publish negotiated prices for services as well as the most accurate out-of-pocket cost estimate possible based on an individual's health plan for procedures, drugs, durable medical equipment, and other items or services.

 In addition, certain of our businesses are also subject to the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard ("PCI-DSS"), which is a multifaceted security standard that is designed to protect credit card account data as mandated by PCI entities. We rely on vendors to assist us with PCI-DSS matters and to maintain PCI-DSS compliance. Our business and operations are also subject to federal, state, and local consumer protection laws governing the use of email and telephone marketing.

 Fraud, Waste and Abuse Laws and the False Claims Act

 Because we receive payments from federal governmental agencies, we may be subject to various laws commonly referred to as "fraud, waste, and abuse" laws, including the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the Physician Self-Referral Law ("Stark Law"), and the FCA. These laws permit the Department of Justice ("DOJ"), the HHS-OIG, CMS, and other enforcement authorities to institute a claim, action, investigation, or other proceeding against us for violations and, depending on the facts and circumstances, to seek treble damages, criminal, civil, or administrative fines, penalties, and assessments. Violations of these laws can also result in exclusion, debarment, temporary or permanent suspension from participation in government healthcare programs, the institution of corporate integrity agreements ("CIAs"), and/or other heightened monitoring of our operations. Liability under such statutes and regulations may arise if, among other things, we knew, or it is determined that we should have known, that information we provided to form the basis for a claim for government payment was false or fraudulent, or that we were out of compliance with program requirements considered material to the government's payment decision. Companies who receive funds from federal and state governmental agencies are required to maintain compliance programs to detect and deter fraud, waste, and abuse. Although our compliance program is designed to meet all statutory and regulatory requirements, our policies and procedures are frequently under review and subject to updates, and our training and education programs continue to evolve.

 Fraud, waste, and abuse prohibitions encompass a wide range of activities, including, but not limited to, kickbacks or other inducements for referral of members or for the coverage of products (such as prescription drugs) by a plan, billing for unnecessary medical services by a healthcare provider, payments made to excluded providers, and improper marketing and beneficiary inducements. In particular, there has recently been increased scrutiny by the DOJ on health plans' diagnosis coding and risk adjustment practices, particularly for Medicare Advantage plans, which we offered until the plan year 2024. The regulations, contractual requirements, and policies applicable to participants in government healthcare programs are complex and subject to change. Health insurers are required to maintain compliance programs to prevent, detect, and remediate fraud, waste, and abuse, and are often the subject of fraud, waste, and abuse investigations and audits.

 In addition to the FCA, under the federal Civil Monetary Penalties Law, the HHS-OIG has the authority to impose civil penalties against any person who, among other things, knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, certain false or otherwise improper claims. There also is FCA liability for knowingly or improperly avoiding repayment of an overpayment received from the government and/or failing to promptly report and return such overpayment. Qui tam actions can be brought by private individuals (for example, a "whistleblower," such as a disgruntled current or former competitor, member, or employee) on behalf of the government alleging that a company has defrauded the government, and the FCA permits the private individual to share in any settlement of, or judgment entered in, the lawsuit. Qui tam actions have increased significantly in recent years, causing greater numbers of healthcare companies to have to defend a false claim action, pay substantial settlement amounts, and/or enter into a CIA and/or other heightened monitoring arrangements to avoid exclusion from government healthcare programs as a result of an investigation arising out of such action. See "Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Regulatory Framework that Governs Us—We are subject to extensive fraud, waste, and abuse laws that may require us to take remedial measures or give rise to lawsuits and claims against us, the outcome of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations."

 Further, analogous state laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers, may be broader in scope than their federal equivalents; state insurance laws require insurance companies to comply with state regulations.

 Guaranty Fund Assessments

 Under certain state insolvency or guaranty association laws, insurance companies and HMOs can be assessed for amounts paid by guaranty funds for policyholder losses incurred when an insurance company or HMO becomes insolvent. Most state insolvency or guaranty association laws currently provide for assessments based upon the amount of premiums received on insurance underwritten within such state (with a minimum amount payable even if no premium is received). Under many of these guaranty association laws, assessments are made or adjusted retrospectively. Some states permit insurers or HMOs to recover assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets, or through future policyholder surcharges. The amount and timing of any future assessments cannot be predicted with certainty; however, future assessments may occur.

 Corporate Practice of Medicine and Fee-Splitting Laws

 Oscar Medical Group, which consists of four physician-owned professional corporations, functions as a direct medical service provider and, as such, our arrangements with Oscar Medical Group are subject to additional laws and regulations. Some states have corporate practice of medicine laws prohibiting specific types of entities from practicing medicine or employing physicians to practice medicine. Moreover, some states prohibit certain entities from engaging in fee-splitting practices which involve sharing in the fees or revenues of a professional practice. These prohibitions may be statutory or regulatory, or may be imposed through judicial or regulatory interpretation. The laws, regulations and interpretations in certain states have been subject to limited judicial and regulatory interpretation and are subject to change. See "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—We make virtual healthcare services available to our members through Oscar Medical Group, in which we do not own any equity or voting interest, and our virtual care availability may be disrupted if our arrangements with providers like the Oscar Medical Group become subject to legal challenges."

 AVAILABLE INFORMATION

 Our website is www.hioscar.com. Through the "Investor Relations" section of our website (ir.hioscar.com), we make available free of charge a variety of information for investors, including our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file that material with or furnish it to the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").

 We announce material information to the public about us, our products and services, and other matters through a variety of means, including filings with the SEC, press releases, public conference calls, webcasts and the investor relations section of our website in order to achieve broad, non-exclusionary distribution of information to the public and for complying with our disclosure obligation under Regulation FD.

 The information disclosed by the foregoing channels could be deemed to be material information. As such, we encourage investors, the media, and others to follow the channels listed above and to review the information disclosed through such channels.

 Any updates to the list of disclosure channels through which we will announce information will be posted on the "Investor Relations" section of our website. Except as specifically indicated otherwise, the information found or available by hyperlink on our website or any other outlets we identify from time to time is not and shall not be deemed to be part of this or any other report we file with, or furnish to, the SEC.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors
 Our business involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information contained in or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our audited Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes, as well as our other filings with the SEC. The occurrence of any of the events described below could harm our business, operating results, financial condition, liquidity, or prospects, and could cause our actual results to differ materially from historical results and those expressed in forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf in filings with the SEC, press releases, communications with investors, and oral statements. In any such event, the market price of our Class A common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, may also impair our business.

 Most Material Risks to Us

 Our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be harmed if we fail to execute our strategy and manage our growth effectively.

 Our strategy includes, without limitation, acquiring new members and retaining existing members, introducing new products and plans, expanding into new markets and lines of business, and monetizing our technology through our +Oscar platform.

 We may from time to time expand our membership by entering into new markets, introducing new health plans in the markets in which we currently operate, or entering into new lines of business. As we take these steps, we may incur significant expenses prior to commencement of operations and the receipt of revenue in new markets or from new plans, including significant time and expense in obtaining the regulatory approvals and licenses necessary to grow our operations. For example, in order to obtain a certificate of authority to market and sell insurance in most jurisdictions, we must establish an adequate provider network and demonstrate our ability to perform or delegate utilization management and other administrative functions, and we may be unable to complete these operational steps in a timely manner or at all. In addition, there are requirements and standards that need to be met, including in some cases an annual recertification process, in order to participate on Health Insurance Marketplaces. Even if we are successful in obtaining a certificate of authority, regulators may not approve our proposed benefit designs, provider networks, or premium levels, or may require us to change them or otherwise operate in ways that harm our profitability. If we are unable to obtain the approvals or licenses necessary, or otherwise meet regulatory and Health Insurance Marketplace requirements, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

 As we expand our member base and enter new markets, we are also required to contribute capital to our insurance subsidiaries to fund capital and surplus requirements, escrows, or contingency guaranties, which may, at times, be significant. If we are successful in establishing a new health plan or entering a new market, increasing membership, revenues and medical costs could trigger further increased capital requirements, including risk-based capital ("RBC"), that could substantially exceed the net income generated by the health plan or in the new market. In certain states, the applicable statutes mandate higher capital requirements for an initial seasoning period, which may be reduced at the regulator's discretion. In addition, our membership may increase as a result of other factors over which we have limited control, including as a result of regulatory actions or other developments that contribute to an increase in participants in the Health Insurance Marketplace, which similarly could trigger further increased capital requirements that could be substantial. We may not be able to fund on a timely basis, or at all, the increased contribution and RBC requirements with our available cash resources, and may need to incur indebtedness or issue additional capital stock. In the event we need access to capital for such purposes, our ability to obtain such capital may be limited and may come at significant cost. Further, in light of market uncertainty, we have taken, and may in the future take, preemptive steps designed to prudently manage our membership and capital position.

 Further, we may experience delays in operational start dates as we enter new markets or decide to exit geographic markets or terminate insurance products, which could not only result in financial harm, but also reputational harm to our brand. For example, the Company has previously determined to exit certain geographic markets and terminate certain insurance products, such as when we paused offering products in the California individual market for plan year 2024, our exit from the Medicare Advantage market for plan year 2024, and our exit from the small group market, including non-renewal of our Cigna + Oscar relationship, effective at the end of 2024. In addition, if competitors seek to retain market share by reducing prices, we may be forced to reduce our prices on similar plan offerings in order to remain competitive. There is no assurance that a reduction in our plan pricing would enable us to maintain our competitive position, and any such reduction could

 impact our financial condition or require a change in our operating strategies. As a result of these factors, entering new markets or introducing new health plans may decrease our profitability.

 We may also from time to time enter into new lines of business in which we have no or limited direct prior experience, or expand the insurance products that we offer. For example, we are working with a variety of ICHRA platforms to transition small, mid-sized and large employers to the individual market where their employees can choose an Oscar product that meets their individual needs. The new business lines and insurance products that we pursue may not perform as well as expected, may not achieve timely profitability, may incur significant or unexpected time and expense, and may expose us to additional liability, which may result in financial harm or reputational harm to our brand.

 We also pursue opportunities to monetize our technology platform through +Oscar and we may be in discussions with respect to one or more such opportunities at any given time. To offer our +Oscar platform administrative services, we may be required to obtain and maintain licenses and approvals in new and existing markets, including for third party administrative services, utilization review administrative services, pharmacy benefit administration, or preferred provider network administration services. We may not be able to do so on our expected timetable or at all, or to otherwise expand our administrative service offerings. Even if we are able to obtain necessary licenses and approvals, our +Oscar arrangements may pose further operational challenges, may not be implemented on our expected timetable or at all, may not perform as well as expected, may not achieve timely profitability or expected synergies, may require us to incur additional costs, may expose us to additional liability, or may result in limitations on our ability to offer products in certain insurance markets and geographic regions. In the past, we have faced issues performing on our +Oscar commitments and may in the future face similar issues with respect to our +Oscar or other commitments. If we are not able to successfully implement and/or perform on our +Oscar arrangements, this may limit our ability to retain current +Oscar clients or obtain +Oscar clients in the future.

 We may also pursue opportunistic partnerships and acquisitions to allow us to provide better healthcare options for our members as well as to augment existing operations, and we may be in discussions with respect to one or more partnerships or acquisitions at any given time. Partnerships or other acquisition opportunities that we enter into may not perform as well as expected, may not achieve timely profitability or expected synergies, may expose us to additional liability, or may limit our ability to offer products in certain insurance markets and geographic regions.

 Pursuing our strategy requires significant capital expenditures, the allocation of valuable management and operational resources, and the hiring of additional personnel, and may strain our operations and our financial and management controls and reporting systems and procedures. For example, we have experienced, and may in the future experience, challenges with respect to our operations, including with respect to our claims systems, and these difficulties could increase as our membership increases and as we expand into new markets or business lines. We also have experienced and may in the future experience attrition, which may further exacerbate these challenges. If we are unable to effectively execute our strategy and effectively manage our operations, systems and controls, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

 Our success and ability to grow our business depend in part on retaining and expanding our member base. If we fail to add new members or retain current members, or manage our membership growth appropriately to meet our business objectives, our business, revenue, operating results, and financial condition could be harmed.

 We currently derive substantially all of our revenue from direct policy premiums, which are primarily driven by the number of members covered by our health plans. As a result, the size of our member base is critical to our success. We have experienced significant member growth since we commenced operations; however, we may not be able to maintain this growth or manage our membership growth appropriately to meet our business objectives, and our member base could decrease rapidly or shrink over time.

 There are many factors that could negatively affect our ability to retain existing members and expand our member base, many of which are beyond our direct control, including if:

 • we are unable to remain competitive on member experience, pricing, and insurance coverage options;
 • we are unable to gain access to quality providers;
 • we are unable to develop or maintain competitive provider networks, or maintain adequate networks that comply with regulatory requirements and standards;
 • insurance brokers that we rely on to build our member base are unable to market our insurance products effectively;

 • we fail to attract brokers to sell our insurance products or lose important broker relationships to our competitors or otherwise, including in circumstances where we require brokers to use different enrollment services vendors;
 • the enhanced APTCs under the ARPA are eliminated or reduced, or other APTCs or subsidies under the ACA are eliminated or reduced;
 • our competitors or new market entrants successfully mimic our innovative product offerings or our full stack technology platform;
 • we are unable to maintain licenses and approvals, or there are material modifications or restrictions on our ability to offer insurance in our current markets or to participate on Health Insurance Marketplaces, obtain licenses and approvals to offer insurance in new markets, or to otherwise expand our plan offerings in an economically sustainable manner;
 • we fail to continue to offer differentiated and competitive products, including as a result of new or revised regulations, such as the NBPP;
 • initiatives designed to improve member and provider experience, including the use of AI Technologies or other new technologies, are unsuccessful or discontinued, whether as a result of actions by us, our competitors, regulators, or other third parties;
 • as a result of changes in law or otherwise, our competitors participate in the individual market to a greater extent than they have previously;
 • there is an initiation of new SEPs or other unexpected healthcare market developments, including in response to legislative, regulatory or political developments and executive orders;
 • our digital platform experiences technical or other problems or disruptions that frustrate the experience of members or providers or other third party partners;
 • we or our partners or other third parties with whom we collaborate sustain a cyber-attack or suffer privacy or data security breaches;
 • regulatory actions to improve the integrity in the ACA eligibility and enrollment process, such as the measures enacted by the CMS in 2024, make it more difficult for members to enroll in new plans or switch from one plan to another or otherwise retroactively remove members from ACA plans;
 • we experience unfavorable shifts in perception of our digital platform or other member service channels;
 • we suffer reputational harm to our brand resulting from negative publicity, whether accurate or inaccurate;
 • our strategic partners terminate or fail to renew our current contracts or we fail to enter into contracts with new strategic partners; or
 • our efforts to partner with ICHRA platforms to transition small, mid-sized and large employers to the individual market where their employees can choose an Oscar product are not successful, take significantly more time than expected to be successful.

 We operate in a highly competitive environment and some of the health insurers with which we compete have greater financial and other resources, offer a broader scope of products, and may be able to price their products more competitively than ours. Many of our competitors also have relationships with more providers and provider groups than we do, and can offer a larger network or obtain better unit cost economics. Our inability to overcome these challenges could impair our ability to attract new members and retain existing members, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, revenue, operating results, and financial condition. Additionally, if we are not able to grow our membership, we may be unable to attract additional partners to our +Oscar platform or maintain existing +Oscar partnerships, which could impact our ability to execute our growth strategy.

 Failure to accurately estimate our incurred medical expenses or effectively manage our medical costs or related administrative costs could negatively affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

 We set our premiums in advance of each policy year based on competitive factors in each market in which we participate as well as a projection of future expenses. As a result, the profitability of our insurance business depends, to a significant degree, on our ability to accurately estimate and effectively manage our medical expenses and administrative costs.

 Numerous factors impact our ability to accurately estimate and control our medical expenses, many of which are not within our control, including, but not limited to:

 • the occurrence of natural disasters, terrorism, public health emergencies, major epidemics and pandemics;
 • changes in healthcare regulations and practices, including subregulatory guidance, regulations, or statutes that govern individual plans, or the Health Insurance Marketplaces;

 • the impact on market morbidity of ongoing Medicaid redeterminations and the potential elimination of enhanced APTC;
 • the broader competitive landscape, including new membership resulting from other health insurers exiting our markets, initiation of new SEPs and general expansion of the individual health insurance market;
 • lack of credible data in new regions or with respect to new plan offerings;
 • changes in the utilization of prescription drugs, medical services or other covered items or services;
 • increases in the costs of healthcare facilities and services, medical devices and pharmaceuticals, including due to the introduction and adoption of new or costly medical technologies and pharmaceuticals or as a result of macroeconomic inflationary effects;
 • changes in our member demographic mix, the geographic concentration of our members, and the distribution of members among our plans;
 • changes in purchase discounts or pharmacy volume rebates received from drug manufacturers and wholesalers, or the guaranteed minimum discounts or rebates we agree to with the pharmacy benefit manager that negotiates and collects such discounts and rebates on our behalf;
 • increased incidences or acuity of high dollar claims related to catastrophic illnesses or medical conditions, including claims for which we may not have adequate reinsurance coverage;
 • changes or reductions of our utilization management functions such as preauthorization of services, concurrent review or requirements for physician referrals;
 • continued increases in broker fees due to the proportion of broker-acquired business continuing to increase in line with the macro trend in the Health Insurance Marketplace of fewer members signing up directly on exchanges;
 • provider or broker fraud

 The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2023 delinked Medicaid redeterminations from the end of the PHE for COVID-19, and Medicaid redeterminations were required to begin by April 1, 2023. Although redeterminations were expected to conclude by June 2024, CMS directed certain states to temporarily pause procedural terminations while they addressed issues in the renewal process that led to increased procedural disenrollments. CMS also announced an SEP that began March 31, 2023 and ended November 30, 2024. Data from CMS on Medicaid redeterminations showed significant increases in ACA plan enrollments among consumers in 2023 and 2024 who lost Medicaid or CHIP coverage. While CMS announced in 2024 that all unwinding-related renewals for beneficiaries enrolled in Medicaid or CHIP must be completed no later than December 31, 2025, our understanding is that the majority of states have now substantially completed their unwinding processes. We anticipate that any future impact on our membership in connection with ACA enrollments due to the unwinding of the Medicaid continuous enrollment condition will not be as significant as the membership growth we experienced in plan year 2024. However, we cannot predict ACA plan enrollment patterns and the potential impact of recent and future enrollments on market morbidity, and the related impact on our underwriting margin, risk adjustment payables and MLR is therefore uncertain.

 Due to the time lag between when services are actually rendered by providers and when we receive, process, and pay a claim for those services, our medical expenses include a provision for claims incurred but not paid. Given the uncertainties inherent in making estimates for such provisions, there can be no assurance that our claims liability estimate will be adequate, and any adjustments to the estimate may unfavorably impact, potentially in a material way, our reported results of operations and financial condition. Further, our inability to estimate our claims liability may also affect our ability to take timely corrective actions, further exacerbating the extent of any adverse effect on our results.

 We also incur substantial administrative costs, particularly distribution costs, the costs of scaling and improving our operations and the costs of hiring and retaining personnel. External factors, including general economic conditions such as inflation and unemployment levels, are generally beyond our control and could further reduce our ability to accurately estimate and effectively control our administrative expenses, including the cost of our third party vendors. Furthermore, regulatory changes or developments may require us to change our existing practices with respect to broker commissions and could potentially result in a substantial increase in related costs or limit our ability to manage those costs in the future. Any such increase in costs could cause our actual results to differ, potentially materially, from our prior expectations. As a result of our market expansion, expansion of our plan offerings and growth of our membership, our anticipated medical expenses and administrative costs are subject to additional uncertainty.

 From time to time in the past, our actual results have varied from those expected, particularly in times of significant changes in the number of our members or when we commence or exit operations in a new state or region. If it is determined that our

 estimates are significantly different from actual results, our results of operations and financial position could be adversely affected.

 We have a history of losses, and we may not maintain profitability in the future.

 For the year ended December 31, 2024 we had consolidated net income of $26.1 million and consolidated Adjusted EBITDA of $199.2 million, which was the first time since our inception in 2012 that we achieved profitability on either a consolidated net income or Adjusted EBITDA basis. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $2,851.3 million. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Results of Operations-Adjusted EBITDA" for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss), the most directly comparable GAAP measure."

 While we achieved profitability on a consolidated Adjusted EBITDA and net income basis in 2024, we may not be able to continue to do so in the future. In addition, we may make additional investments to further market, develop, and expand our business. These include hiring additional personnel; continuing to develop our proprietary full stack technology platform, member engagement engine and operations, including by utilizing artificial intelligence and machine learning; acquiring more members; maintaining existing members; investing in partnerships, collaborations and acquisitions; expanding into additional business lines, such as ICHRA; and expanding our +Oscar platform offerings. The commissions we offer to brokers could also continue to materially increase as we compete to attract new members. If our investments are not successful longer-term, our business and financial position may be harmed.

 We may not succeed in continuing to increase our revenue or managing our medical or administrative costs on the timeline that we expect. Moreover, if our revenue declines, we may not be able to reduce costs in a timely manner because many of our costs are fixed, at least in the short-term. If we are unable to manage our costs effectively, this may limit our ability to optimize our business model, acquire new members, enter into new lines of business, enter into +Oscar platform arrangements and grow our revenues. Accordingly, despite our best efforts to do so, we may not maintain profitability, and we may incur further significant losses in the future.

 Any changes to the ACA and its regulations could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 For each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, approximately 97% of our revenue was derived from sales of health plans subject to regulation under the ACA, primarily comprised of policies directly purchased by individuals and families and secondarily comprised of policies purchased by small employers and provided to their employees as a benefit. Consequently, changes to, or repeal of, portions or the entirety of the ACA and its regulations, as well as judicial interpretations in response to legal and other constitutional challenges, could materially and adversely affect our business and financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. Even if the ACA is not amended or repealed, elected and appointed officials could continue to propose changes and courts could render opinions impacting the ACA, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 The ACA also established significant subsidies to support the purchase of health insurance by individuals, in the form of advanced premium tax credits, or APTCs, available through Health Insurance Marketplaces. The ARPA increased the size of APTCs for individuals at every household income level for 2021 and 2022, and the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 renewed the enhanced APTCs for three years through the end of 2025. During the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, approximately 92%, and 85%, respectively, of the direct policy premiums of our members were subsidized by APTCs, including enhanced APTCs under the ARPA. Although the enhanced APTCs have been extended through 2025, the future elimination or reduction of the enhanced APTCs, or other APTCs or subsidies, could make such coverage unaffordable to some individuals and thereby reduce overall participation in the Health Insurance Marketplaces and our membership. These fluctuations could have a significant adverse effect on our business and future operations, and our results of operations and financial condition. Further, the lack of federal funding of cost sharing subsidies could additionally impact Health Insurance Marketplace enrollment. Such market and political dynamics may result in unanticipated changes in the composition and risk level of the Health Insurance Marketplace risk pool, which could negatively impact our underwriting margins.

 Historically, there have been significant efforts to repeal, or limit implementation of, certain provisions of the ACA. Such initiatives include repeal of the individual mandate effective in 2019, as well as easing of the regulatory restrictions placed on short-term limited duration insurance and association health plans, some or all of which may provide fewer benefits than the traditional ACA-mandated insurance benefits. The ACA has also been subject to multiple judicial challenges surrounding its constitutionality. The new presidential administration could bring possible changes in state and federal legislation

 governing Health Insurance Marketplaces. Depending on these changes, this could result in fluctuations in participation from individuals seeking insurance coverage and/or possible non-renewal of existing policies. Because we rely on the Health Insurance Marketplaces, any changes to the ACA that result in reduced membership, or other changes in healthcare law and regulation, could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 Risks Related to the Regulatory Framework that Governs Us

 Our business activities are subject to ongoing, complex, and evolving regulatory obligations, and to continued regulatory review, which result in significant additional expense and the diversion of our management's time and efforts. If we fail to comply with regulatory requirements, or are unable to meet performance standards applicable to our business, our operations could be disrupted or we may become subject to significant penalties.

 We operate in a highly regulated industry and we must comply with numerous and complex state and federal laws and regulations to operate our business, including requirements to maintain or renew our regulatory approvals or obtain new regulatory approvals to sell insurance and to sell specific health plans.

 The NAIC has adopted the Annual Financial Reporting Model Regulation, or the Model Audit Rule, which, where adopted by states, requires expanded governance practices, risk and solvency assessment reporting, and filing of periodic financial and operating reports. Most states have adopted these or similar measures to expand the scope of regulations relating to corporate governance and internal control activities of health maintenance organizations and insurance companies. We are also required to notify, or obtain approval from, federal and/or state regulatory authorities prior to taking various actions as a business, including making changes to our network, service offerings, and the coverage of our health plans, as well as prior to entering into relationships with certain vendors and health organizations. Delays in obtaining or failure to obtain or maintain these approvals could reduce our revenue or increase our costs. Existing or future laws and rules could also require or lead us to take other actions such as changing our business practices, and could increase our liability.

 The ACA implemented certain requirements for insurers, including a minimum MLR provision that requires insurers to pay rebates to consumers when insurers do not meet or exceed specified annual MLR thresholds, and anti-discrimination protections on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, and disability, which may impact the manner in which health insurers receiving any form of federal financial assistance design and implement their benefit packages. Further, the ACA imposes significant fees, assessments, and taxes on us and other health insurers, plans and other industry participants. Additionally, there are numerous steps federal and state regulators require for continued implementation of the ACA including the annual federal updates to implementing market regulations via the Notice of Benefit and Payment Parameters. For example, we are required to monitor our network of contracted providers to ensure we meet specific state and/or federal quality, credentialing, availability, and accessibility requirements on an ongoing basis. If we fail to effectively comply with regulatory requirements, or fail to implement or appropriately adjust our operational and strategic initiatives with respect to the implementation of healthcare reform, or do not do so as effectively as our competitors, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

 Healthcare accreditation entities, such as the National Committee for Quality Assurance ("NCQA"), evaluate health plans based on various criteria, including effectiveness of care and member satisfaction. Health insurers seeking accreditation from NCQA must pass a rigorous, comprehensive review, and must annually report their performance. If we fail to achieve and maintain accreditation from agencies, such as NCQA, we could lose the ability to offer our health plans on Health Insurance Marketplaces, or in certain jurisdictions, which would materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position, and cash flows.

 In addition, in each of the markets in which we operate, we are regulated by the relevant insurance and/or health and/or human services, or other government departments that oversee the activities of insurance and/or healthcare organizations providing or arranging to provide services to Health Insurance Marketplace enrollees or other beneficiaries. For example, our health insurance subsidiaries must comply with minimum statutory capital and other financial solvency requirements, such as deposit and surplus requirements, and related reporting requirements, as well as price transparency requirements that mandate publication or disclosure of information related to the pricing or costs of covered items or services. In October 2020, HHS issued a health transparency regulation which went into effect in July 2022 (the "Health Plan Transparency Rule"). The Health Plan Transparency Rule requires monthly disclosures of, among other things, detailed pricing information regarding our negotiated rates for all covered items and services with in-network providers and historical payments to, and billed charges from, out-of-network providers. Additional disclosures under the Health Plan Transparency Rule went into effect in 2023 (personalized out-of-pocket cost information and negotiated rates for specified healthcare items and services) and was expanded in 2024 (all items and services). In December 2020, Congress passed the No Surprises Act, which became effective on January 1, 2022, and requires health insurers to hold members harmless for out-of-network costs in certain circumstances, and requires that insurers and healthcare providers work to agree on out-of-network reimbursement, including through utilizing the independent dispute resolution process outlined in the No Surprises Act or a similar process established under applicable state law. Many states have enacted separate legislation addressing balance billing or surprise

 medical bills. These laws and regulations vary in their approach, resulting in different impacts on the healthcare system as a whole. Our health insurance subsidiaries must also comply with numerous statutes and regulations governing the sale, marketing, and administration of insurance. We have failed in the past, and we may in the future fail, to take actions mandated by federal and/or state laws or regulations with respect to changes in our health benefits, the health insurance policies for which individuals are eligible, proposed or actual premiums, and/or other aspects of individuals' health insurance coverage. Such failures may result in our having to take corrective action, including making remediation payments to our members or paying fines to regulators, may subject us to negative publicity, or may result in the inability to offer our health plans on Health Insurance Marketplaces. Given the complex nature of insurance regulation, we have in the past, and may in the future, misinterpret or misapply new laws and regulations, which could result in operational costs or financial impacts, as well as fines and penalties. Any such failures could also negatively impact our ability to service our existing +Oscar platform arrangements and enter into new arrangements.

 Changes or developments in the health insurance markets in the United States, including passage and implementation of a law to create a single-payer or government-run health insurance program, could materially and adversely harm our business and operating results.

 Our business is within the public and private sectors of the U.S. health insurance system, which are evolving quickly and subject to a changing regulatory environment, and our future financial performance will depend in part on growth in the market for private health insurance, as well as our ability to adapt to regulatory developments.

 The healthcare regulatory landscape can change unpredictably and rapidly due to changes in political party legislative majorities or executive branch administrations at the state or federal level in the United States and could, among other things:

 • require us to restructure our relationships with providers within our network;
 • require us to contract with additional providers at unfavorable terms;
 • require us to cover certain forms of care provided by out-of-network providers at rates or levels indicated by rule or statute;
 • require us to implement changes to our healthcare services and types of coverage, including the offering of standardized plans in addition to or in lieu of non-standardized benefit plan offerings, or prevent us from innovating and implementing technology solutions;
 • require us to provide healthcare coverage to a higher risk population without the opportunity to adjust our premiums;
 • require us to change our telehealth delivery methods and payment models;
 • require us to implement costly processes and compliance infrastructure;
 • require us to make changes that restrict revenue and enrollment growth;
 • increase our sales, marketing, and administrative costs, including costs attributable to broker commissions;
 • impose additional capital and surplus requirements, which may require us to incur additional indebtedness, sell capital stock, or access other sources of funding;
 • make it more difficult to obtain regulatory approvals to operate our business or maintain existing regulatory approvals;
 • prevent or delay us from entering into new service areas or product lines; and
 • increase or change our liability to members in the event of malpractice by our contracted providers.

 Changes and developments in the health insurance system in the United States and the states in which we operate could also reduce demand for our services and harm our business. For example, certain elected officials have introduced proposals for some form of a single public or quasi-public agency that organizes healthcare financing, but under which healthcare delivery would remain private, and certain states have proposed, and in some cases passed, legislation creating a public option for individual and small group plans.

 As the regulatory and legislative environments within which we operate are evolving, we may not be able to ensure timely compliance with such changes, or we may not effectively or correctly operationalize such changes, due to limited resources. Furthermore, we may face challenges prioritizing the allocation of resources between implementing systems responsive to new legislative or regulatory requirements, focusing on growth-related operations and implementing management systems and controls related to being a public company.

 Changes to government policies (including those not specifically targeted to the healthcare industry), such as a change in tax laws and the corporate tax rate, premium tax rate, or government spending cuts, could have significant impacts on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

 If we or any of our vendors fail to comply with laws, regulations and standards relating to the handling of information about individuals or applicable consumer protection laws, we may face significant liability, negative publicity, and/or erosion of trust, which could materially affect our business, reputation, results of operations, financial position, and cash flows; additionally, compliance with these laws, regulations, and standards involves significant expenditure and resources.

 As part of our normal operations, we collect, receive, use, maintain, handle, transmit, process, and retain, which collectively in this risk factor we refer to as "Process" or "Processing," personal, medical, sensitive and other confidential information about individuals. We also depend on a number of third party vendors in relation to the operation of our business, a number of which process data on our behalf. We and our vendors are subject to various federal and state laws, regulations, rules, and industry standards and other requirements including those that apply generally to the handling of information about individuals, and those that are specific to certain industries, sectors, contexts, or locations. These laws and regulations include, among others, HIPAA, CCPA and CPRA. These requirements, and their application, interpretation and amendment are constantly evolving and developing.

 HIPAA imposes privacy, security and breach notification obligations on "covered entities," including certain healthcare providers, health plans and healthcare clearinghouses, and their respective "business associates" that Process individually identifiable health information for or on behalf of a covered entity, as well as their covered subcontractors with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information. HIPAA requires covered entities and business associates to develop and maintain policies and procedures with respect to the protection of, use and disclosure of PHI, and to implement administrative, physical, and technical safeguards to protect PHI, including PHI Processed in electronic form, and to adhere to certain notification requirements in the event of a breach of unsecured PHI. In order to comply with HIPAA's requirements, we must maintain adequate privacy and security measures, which require significant investments in resources and ongoing attention.

 Additionally, under HIPAA, health insurers and other covered entities are also required to report breaches of PHI to affected individuals without unreasonable delay, not to exceed 60 days following discovery of the breach by a covered entity or its agents. Notification also must be made to the HHS-Office for Civil Rights and prominent media outlets in any states where 500 or more people are impacted by the breach. A non-permitted use or disclosure of PHI is presumed to be a breach under HIPAA unless the covered entity establishes that there is a low probability the information has been compromised consistent with requirements enumerated in HIPAA. Ongoing review and oversight of these measures involves significant time, effort, and expense.

 Entities that are found to be in violation of HIPAA as the result of a breach of unsecured PHI or following a complaint about privacy practices or an audit by the HHS, may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative fines and penalties and/or additional reporting and oversight obligations if required to enter into a resolution agreement and corrective action plan with HHS to settle allegations of HIPAA non-compliance. HIPAA also authorizes state Attorneys General to file suit on behalf of their residents. Courts may award damages, costs and attorneys' fees related to violations of HIPAA in such cases. While HIPAA does not create a private right of action allowing individuals to sue us in civil court for violations of HIPAA, its standards have been used as the basis for duty of care in state civil suits such as those for negligence or recklessness in the misuse or breach of PHI.

 In addition, we are subject to the CCPA, which became effective as of January 1, 2020. The CCPA gives California residents expanded rights to access and require deletion of their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. The CCPA also provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that may increase data breach litigation. Additionally, the CPRA became effective on January 1, 2023, and it imposed additional obligations on companies covered by the legislation and significantly modified the CCPA, including by expanding consumers' rights with respect to certain sensitive personal information. The CPRA also created a new state agency that is vested with the authority to implement and enforce the CCPA and the CPRA. Compliance with the CCPA and the CPRA may require us to modify our data collection or processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and expenses and may increase our potential exposure to regulatory enforcement and/or litigation. The CCPA and CPRA contain exemptions to which our business is subject, such as for

 medical information governed by the California Confidentiality of Medical Information Act, and for PHI collected by a covered entity or business associate governed by the privacy, security, and breach notification rule established pursuant to HIPAA; however, information we hold about individual residents of California that is not subject to such exceptions (or another applicable exception) would be subject to the CCPA and CPRA.

 Certain other state laws also regulate issues related to consumer privacy, security and use of personal and medical information; additional states have enacted legislation similar to the CCPA and CPRA that provides consumers with new privacy rights and increases the privacy and security obligations of entities handling certain personal information of such consumers. For example, laws similar to the CCPA and CPRA have passed in Virginia, Connecticut, Texas, Utah, and Colorado, and have been proposed in other states and at the federal level, reflecting a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the United States. Such legislation may add additional complexity, variation in requirements, restrictions and potential legal risk, require additional investment of resources in compliance programs, impact strategies and the availability of previously useful data and could result in increased compliance costs and/or changes in business practices and policies. Further, in order to comply with the varying state laws around data breaches, we must maintain adequate security measures, which require significant investments in resources and ongoing attention.

 We are also subject to other laws, regulations and industry standards that govern our business practices, including the Telephone Consumer Protection Act ("TCPA"), which restricts the use of automated tools and technologies to communicate with wireless telephone subscribers or communications services consumers generally, the CAN-SPAM Act, which regulates the transmission of marketing emails, and the PSI-DSS, which is a multifaceted security standard that is designed to protect credit card account data as mandated by PCI-DSS entities. We may become subject to claims that we have violated these laws and standards, based on our or our vendors' past, present, or future Processing business practices, and these claims, whether or not they have merit, could expose us to substantial statutory damages or costly settlements, which could have a material and adverse impact on our business and reputation, subject us to fines and/or require us to change our business practices.

 The regulatory framework governing the Processing of certain information, particularly financial and other personal information, is rapidly evolving and is likely to continue to be subject to uncertainty and varying interpretations, including in the context of artificial intelligence where regulators are applying existing frameworks to new technology and innovation. It is possible that these laws, regulations and standards may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing data management practices or the features of our services and platform capabilities. We may face challenges in addressing current and evolving requirements and making necessary changes to our policies and practices, and may incur significant costs and expenses in our effort to do so. Any failure or perceived failure by us, or any third parties with which we do business, to comply with our posted privacy policies, changing consumer expectations, evolving laws, rules and regulations, industry standards, or contractual obligations to which we or such third parties are or may become subject, may result in actions or other claims against us by governmental entities or private actors, the expenditure of substantial costs, time and other resources or the incurrence of significant fines, penalties or other liabilities. If any of these events were to occur, our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

 As we expand our customer base and enter into +Oscar platform arrangements, we may become subject to an increasingly complex array of data privacy and security laws and regulations, further increasing our cost of compliance and doing business. Differing laws in each jurisdiction in which we do business and changes to existing laws and regulations may also impair our ability to offer our existing or planned features, products and services and increase our cost of doing business.

 We are subject to extensive fraud, waste, and abuse laws that may require us to take remedial measures or give rise to lawsuits, audits, investigations and claims against us, the outcome of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

 Because we receive payments from federal governmental agencies, we are subject to various laws commonly referred to as "fraud, waste, and abuse" laws, including the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the federal Stark Law, and the FCA. These laws permit the DOJ, the HHS-OIG, CMS, and other enforcement authorities to institute a claim, action, investigation, or other proceeding against us for violations and, depending on the facts and circumstances, to seek treble damages, criminal and civil fines, penalties, and assessments, including for any alleged violations that occurred while we offered Medicare Advantage plans. Violations of these laws can also result in exclusion, debarment, temporary or permanent suspension from participation in government healthcare programs, the institution of corporate integrity agreements ("CIAs"), and/or other heightened monitoring of our operations. Liability under such statutes and regulations may arise, among other things, if we

 knew, or it is determined that we should have known, that information we provided to form the basis for a claim for government payment was false or fraudulent, or that we were out of compliance with program requirements considered material to the government's payment decision.

 Fraud, waste and abuse prohibitions encompass a wide range of activities, including, but not limited to, kickbacks or other inducements for referral of members or for the coverage of products (such as prescription drugs) by a plan, billing for unnecessary medical services by a healthcare provider, payments made to excluded providers, and improper marketing and beneficiary inducements. In certain years prior to plan year 2024, our business offerings included Medicare Advantage plans. The DOJ and the HHS-OIG have continuously increased their scrutiny of healthcare payors and providers, and Medicare Advantage insurers, under the FCA, in particular, which has led to a number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and settlements in the healthcare industry. In particular, there has recently been increased scrutiny by the government on health insurers' diagnosis coding and risk adjustment practices, particularly for Medicare Advantage plans. In some proceedings involving Medicare Advantage plans, there have been allegations that certain financial arrangements with providers violate other laws governing fraud and abuse, such as the federal Anti-Kickback Statute. We expect this trend to continue. In addition, under applicable regulatory requirements and our policies, we must take appropriate measures to determine whether there is credible evidence that any of our members, particularly those who receive federal subsidies, were enrolled by brokers without their authorization. In such cases, we conduct certain outreach procedures under our policies and refer instances of potentially unauthorized enrollment to the appropriate authorities for potential rescission, which may also entail retroactive adjustment of membership numbers. Our failure to take appropriate measures to refer cases of fraud, waste and abuse to the relevant authorities when we are required to do so may subject us to corrective actions, including regulatory enforcement, fines and penalties, adverse publicity and other effects that could materially harm our business.

 Health insurers are required to maintain compliance programs to prevent, detect and remediate fraud, waste, and abuse, and are often the subject of fraud, waste, and abuse investigations and audits.

 We are periodically subject to government audits, including CMS Risk Adjustment Data Valuation ("RADV") audits of our ACA plans to validate diagnostic data, patient claims and financial reporting, and we may be subject to ongoing RADV audits related to our historical Medicare Advantage plans and audits of our historical Medicare Part D plans by the Medicare Part D Recovery Audit Contractor ("RAC") programs authorized by the ACA. These audits could result in significant adjustments in payments made to our health plans, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. If we fail to report and correct errors discovered through our own auditing procedures or during a RADV or RAC audit, or otherwise fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we could be subject to fines, civil penalties or other sanctions which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to participate in these programs, and on our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. On November 24, 2020, CMS issued a final rule that amends the RADV program by: (i) revising the methodology for error rate calculations beginning with the 2019 benefit year; and (ii) changing the way CMS applies RADV results to risk adjustment transfers beginning with the 2020 benefit year. According to CMS, these changes are designed to give insurers more stability and predictability with respect to the RADV program and promote fairness in how health insurers receive adjustments. CMS has also announced a policy that payment adjustments as a result of RADV audits will not be limited to the specific MA enrollees for which errors are found but may also be extrapolated to the entire MA plan subject to a particular CMS contract. Based on a final rule issued by CMS in January 2023, overpayments to MA plans that are identified as a result of RADV audit will be subject to extrapolation for plan year 2018 and any subsequent plan year. On November 14, 2024, CMS initiated the payment year 2018 MA RADV audits and expects to begin issuing payment year 2018 audit findings in mid-calendar year 2026. In addition, CMS will not apply an adjustment factor, known as a Fee-For-Service Adjuster, in RADV audits to account for potential differences in diagnostic coding between the Medicare Advantage program and Medicare fee-for-service program. The future impact of these changes remains unclear, and CMS and HHS-OIG policies and procedures for conducting RADV audits remain subject to change. These changes and any future changes to the RADV program may ultimately impact expected transfers to or from health insurers resulting from these retrospective program adjustments.

 The regulations, contractual requirements, and policies applicable to participants in government healthcare programs are complex and subject to change. Moreover, many of the laws, rules, and regulations in this area have not been well-interpreted by applicable regulatory agencies or the courts. Additionally, the significant increase in actions brought under the FCA's "whistleblower" or "qui tam" provisions, which allow private individuals to bring actions on behalf of the government, has caused greater numbers of healthcare companies to have to defend a false claim action, pay fines, or agree to enter into a CIA to avoid being excluded from Medicare and other state and federal healthcare programs as a result of an investigation arising out of such action. Health plans and providers often seek to resolve these types of allegations through

 settlement for significant and material amounts, even when they do not acknowledge or admit liability, to avoid the uncertainty of treble damages that may be awarded in litigation proceedings. Such settlements often contain additional compliance and reporting requirements as part of a consent decree or settlement agreement, including, for example, CIAs, deferred prosecution agreements, or non-prosecution agreements. If we are subject to liability under qui tam or other actions or settlements, our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations could be adversely affected.

 We anticipate continued scrutiny by the HHS-OIG and the DOJ in the areas of fraud, waste, and abuse, including the use of telehealth and telemedicine-based treatment, and we may be subject to audits, reviews and investigations of our telehealth coverage and payment practices and arrangements by government agencies.

 Risks Related to our Business

 If we are unable to arrange for the delivery of quality care, and maintain good relations with the physicians, hospitals, and other providers within and outside our provider networks, or if we are unable to enter into cost-effective contracts with such providers, or if we lose any of our limited number of in-network providers, our profitability could be adversely affected.

 Our profitability depends, in large part, upon our ability to contract at competitive prices with hospitals, physicians, and other healthcare providers, such that we can provide our members with access to competitive provider networks at affordable prices. Our arrangements with healthcare providers generally may be terminated or not renewed by either party without cause upon prior written notice. If a provider agreement were terminated, or if we're not able to negotiate agreements with providers, the breadth of our network to service our members could be adversely impacted, and may put us at risk of non-compliance with applicable federal and state network adequacy laws. We cannot provide any assurance that we will be able to renew our existing contracts or enter into new contracts on a timely basis or under favorable reimbursement rates and terms enabling us to service our members profitably in the future. Healthcare providers within our provider networks may not properly manage the costs of services, maintain financial solvency or avoid disputes with other providers or their federal and state regulators. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on the provision of services to our members and our operations.

 In any particular market or geography, physicians and other healthcare providers could refuse to contract, demand higher payments, demand favorable contract terms, or take other actions that could result in higher medical costs or difficulty in meeting regulatory or accreditation requirements, among other things. In some markets and geographies, certain healthcare providers, particularly hospitals, physician/hospital organizations, or multi-specialty physician groups, may have significant positions or near monopolies that could result in diminished bargaining power on our part during contract negotiations. In addition, physicians, hospitals and other healthcare providers may, consolidate or merge, or form or enter into accountable care organizations, clinically integrated networks, independent practice associations, practice management companies (which aggregate physician practices for administrative efficiency and marketing leverage), and other organizational structures, which may adversely impact our relationships with these providers or affect the way that we price our products and estimate our costs. Any such impacts might require us to incur costs to change our operations, place us at a competitive disadvantage, or materially and adversely affect our ability to market affordable products or to be profitable in those areas.

 The insolvency of one of our partners or providers, including providers with which we have a value-based care arrangement, could expose us to material liabilities. Providers may be unable or unwilling to pay liabilities owed to us under value-based care arrangements. Providers may also be unable or unwilling to pay claims they have incurred with third party providers in connection with referral services provided to our members. Depending on state law, we may be held liable for such unpaid referral claims even though the delegated provider has contractually assumed such risk, or we may opt to pay such claims even when we have no obligation to do so due to competitive pressures. Such liabilities incurred or losses suffered as a result of provider insolvency or other circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

 In addition, from time to time, we are, and may in the future continue to be, subject to class action or other lawsuits by healthcare providers with respect to claims payment procedures, including the rate at which claims were reimbursed, reimbursement policies, network participation, or breach of contract allegations or similar matters. Regardless of whether any such lawsuits brought against us are successful or have merit, they will be time-consuming and costly, and could have an adverse impact on our reputation. As a result, under such circumstances, we may be unable to operate our business effectively.

 Some providers that render services to our members are not contracted with our health insurance subsidiaries. While our health insurance subsidiaries are required to meet various federal and state requirements regarding the size and composition of our participating provider networks, we generally contract with a select subset of, and not all, systems and providers in a given area. This allows us to work more closely with high quality healthcare systems that engage with us using our technology. That approach, however, makes it possible that our members will receive emergency services, or other services which we are required to cover by law or by the terms of our health plans, from providers who are not contracted with our health insurance subsidiaries. In those cases, there is no pre-established contractual understanding between the provider and our health insurance subsidiary about the amount of compensation that is due to the provider. In some states, and under federal law for our business subject to the No Surprises Act, the amount of compensation and/or process to dispute out-of-

 network reimbursement amounts is defined by law or regulation. In certain situations, our health insurance subsidiaries are required to hold our members harmless for out-of-network costs, and to work directly with healthcare providers within the confines of state law or the No Surprises Act's dispute resolution process to agree on reimbursement. Reimbursement for these out-of-network costs can be significant. It is difficult to predict the amount we may have to pay to out-of-network providers. The uncertainty of the amount to pay to such providers and the possibility of subsequent adjustment of the payment could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

 Additionally, substantially all of our revenue depends on the direct policy premiums we collect from members or from the federal government on behalf of our members who obtain healthcare services from a limited number of providers with whom we contract. We generally manage our provider contracts on a state-by-state basis, entering into separate contracts in each state with local affiliates of a particular provider, such that no one local provider contract receives a majority of our allowed medical costs for services rendered to our members. When aggregating the payments we make to each provider through its local affiliates, AdventHealth, HCA Healthcare, and University of Miami Hospital & Medical Group accounted for a total of approximately 10%, 8% and 7%, respectively, of total allowable medical costs for the year ended December 31, 2024. Advent Health, HCA Healthcare, and University of Miami Hospital & Medical Group accounted for approximately 13%, 10% and 8%, respectively, of total allowable medical costs for the year ended December 31, 2023. We believe that a majority of our revenue will continue to be derived from direct policy premiums obtained from members who receive services from a concentrated number of providers. These providers may terminate or seek to terminate their contracts with us in the future. The sudden loss of any of our providers or the renegotiation of related provider contracts could adversely impact our reputation or the breadth of access and perceived quality of our provider networks, which could result in a loss of a membership that adversely affects our revenue and operating results.

 The result of risk adjustment programs may impact our revenue, add operational complexity, and introduce additional uncertainties that have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

 The individual and small group markets we serve, and the Medicare Advantage markets we formerly served, employ risk adjustment programs that impact the revenue we recognize for our enrolled membership. We reassess the estimates of the risk adjustment settlements each reporting period and any resulting adjustments are made to premium revenue.

 As a result of the variability in the mechanics of the program itself, or of certain factors that go into the development of the risk transfers we recognize, such as risk scores, and other market-level factors where applicable, the actual amount of revenue could be materially more or less than our estimates. Consequently, our estimate of our health plans' risk scores for any period, and any resulting change in our accrual of revenues related thereto, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. The data provided to CMS to determine the risk score are subject to audit by CMS even several years after the annual settlements occur. Accordingly, we may continue to be subject to audits related to the Medicare Advantage plans that we historically offered. If the risk adjustment data we submit are found to incorrectly overstate the health risk of our members, we may be required to refund funds previously received by us and/or be subject to penalties or sanctions, including potential liability under the FCA, which could be significant and would reduce our revenue in the year that repayment or settlement is required. Further, if the data we provide to CMS incorrectly understates the health risk of our members, we might be underpaid for the care that we must provide to our members, which could have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition.

 If state regulators do not approve payments of dividends and distributions by our health insurance subsidiaries to us, or do not approve other capital efficiency structures we may pursue, we may not have sufficient funds to implement our business strategy.

 As we operate as one or more holding companies and we principally generate revenue through our health insurance subsidiaries, we are regulated under state insurance holding company laws. As our subsidiaries have become profitable, or as some become profitable in the future, or if our current levels of reserves and capital are in excess of our requirements, we may make periodic requests for dividends and distributions from our subsidiaries to fund our operations. In addition to state corporate law limitations, these subsidiaries are subject to more stringent laws, regulations and consent orders that may restrict the ability to pay or limit the amount of dividends and distributions that can be paid to us without prior approval of, or notification to, state regulators, including mandatory statutory capital and surplus requirements. As and to the extent our subsidiaries have, and will become profitable, we may increasingly rely on distributions from our subsidiaries, and if regulators were to deny our subsidiaries' requests to pay dividends, the funds available to us would be limited, which could harm our ability to implement our business strategy or fund our operations.

 In addition, we may from time to time pursue structures to enable a more efficient use of the capital in our insurance subsidiaries, including risk pooling, affiliate reinsurance, entity consolidation, or entity stacking. Any such structure would require regulatory approval, and if regulators were to deny our requests, our ability to implement our business strategy or fund our operations would be harmed. Furthermore we have, and we may in the future, enter into tax allocation agreements between our Parent and our insurance subsidiaries, which agreements require regulatory approval, and there is no guarantee that Parent will be able to obtain the tax sharing payments from its subsidiaries under such agreements.

 We utilize quota share reinsurance to meet the regulatory capital and surplus requirements and protect against downside risk on medical claims. If regulators do not approve our reinsurance agreements for this purpose, or if we cannot negotiate renewals of our quota share arrangements on acceptable terms, or at all, enter into new agreements with reinsurers, or otherwise obtain capital through debt or equity financings, our capital position would be negatively impacted, and we could fall out of compliance with applicable regulatory requirements.

 We enter into quota share reinsurance arrangements to meet our capital and surplus requirements, which enables us to more efficiently deploy capital to finance our growth, and to obtain protection against downside risk on medical claims. Our reinsurers are entitled to a portion of our premiums, but also share financial responsibility for healthcare costs incurred by our members. Our decisions on claims payments are binding on the reinsurer with the exception of any payments by us that are not required to be made under the member's policy.

 The amount of business ceded under our reinsurance arrangements can vary significantly from year to year. Because reinsurers are entitled to a portion of our premiums under our quota share reinsurance arrangements, changes in the amount of premiums ceded under these arrangements may directly impact our net premium and/or net income estimates. Reductions in the amount of premiums ceded under quota share reinsurance arrangements may result in an increase to our minimum capital and surplus requirements, and an increase in corresponding capital contributions made by Parent to our health insurance subsidiaries or a decrease in funds available for distributions and dividends from our health insurance subsidiaries to Parent.

 If our reinsurers consistently and successfully dispute our obligations to make a claim payment under a given policy, if we cannot renegotiate renewals of our quota share reinsurance arrangements on acceptable terms, if reinsurers terminate their arrangements with us, if we are unable to enter into reinsurance arrangements with other reinsurers, or if our reinsurance arrangements are not approved by any of our regulators (or if our regulators take a different view, whether prospectively or retroactively, with respect to the capital treatment of our reinsurance agreements), we may need to raise additional capital to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, which could be costly. For example, we estimate that had we not had any quota share reinsurance arrangements in place, the insurance subsidiaries would have been required to hold approximately $553.8 million of additional capital as of December 31, 2024, which Parent would have been required to fund to the extent the applicable insurance subsidiary did not have excess capital to cover the requirement. If we are not able to comply with our funding requirements, we would have to enter into a corrective action plan or cease operations in jurisdictions where we could not comply with such requirements. Termination of our reinsurance arrangements would also increase our exposure to volatility in medical claims. As a result, termination of our reinsurance arrangements through one or more of these scenarios could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 While our financial reporting is based on generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP"), our ability to receive capital reserve credit for a particular state subsidiary for our reinsurance agreements is determined by Statutory Accounting Principles, which are dependent upon state-specific laws and regulations, as interpreted and applied by state insurance regulators. In some states we are required to seek approval in advance of entering into reinsurance agreements; in others we are not, which means that we may learn of regulators' concerns after the effective date of certain reinsurance agreements. From time to time, we include state-specific provisions in, or subsequently make state-specific amendments to, our reinsurance agreements to reflect capital reserve credit requirements imposed by particular state regulators, or may need to book additional reserves or liabilities to our insurance company statutory financial statements to address regulatory requirements or standards. The net economic effect of such provisions, amendments or actions may not be commercially favorable, and in some instances we have chosen, and may in the future choose, not to enter into certain types of reinsurance agreements, not to seek statutory reserve credit under certain agreements, or to terminate existing agreements rather than include provisions or make amendments required by a particular state in order to receive statutory reserve credit. As described above, any such decision or action would result in an increase in required capital in our insurance subsidiaries, which may be material.

 Our reinsurance arrangements also subject us to various obligations, representations, and warranties with respect to the reinsurers. Reinsurance does not relieve us of liability as an insurer. If a reinsurer fails to meet its obligations under the reinsurance contract or if the liabilities exceed any applicable loss limit, we remain responsible for covering the claims on the reinsured policies. Additionally, our exposure under reinsurance arrangements may at times be disproportionately concentrated with a single reinsurer. Although we regularly evaluate the financial condition of reinsurers to minimize exposure to significant losses from reinsurer insolvencies, reinsurers may become financially unsound. If a reinsurer fails to meet its obligations or becomes financially unsound, we may have to cover the claims on such reinsured policies, which may be material.

 Adverse market conditions may result in our investment portfolio suffering losses or reduce our ability to meet our financing needs, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations or liquidity.

 We need liquidity to pay our operating expenses, make payments on our indebtedness, if any, and pay capital expenditures. The principal sources of our cash receipts are premiums, administrative fees, investment income, proceeds from borrowings and proceeds from the issuance of capital stock.

 We maintain a significant investment portfolio of cash equivalents and primarily short-term investments in a variety of securities, which are subject to general credit, liquidity, market, and interest rate risks and will decline in value if interest rates decrease or one of the issuers' credit ratings is reduced. As a result, we may experience a reduction in value or loss of our investments, which could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity, and financial condition.

 In addition, during periods of increased volatility, adverse securities and credit markets, including those due to rising interest rates, may exert downward pressure on the availability of liquidity and credit capacity for certain issuers. While we have extended the maturity date of our Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below) to December 28, 2025, our ability to obtain any additional financing, as and to the extent the Company elects to do so, will depend on a variety of factors such as market conditions, including recessionary factors, the general availability of credit, the volume of trading activities, the availability of credit to our industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity, as well as the possibility that customers or lenders could develop a negative perception of our long- or short-term financial prospects. Similarly, our access to funds may be impaired if regulatory authorities or rating agencies take negative actions against us. Restrictions imposed by our Revolving Credit Facility and the Investment Agreement we entered into in connection with our convertible senior notes due 2031 (the "2031 Notes") also contain covenants that restrict our ability to incur indebtedness. If one or a combination of these factors were to occur, our internal sources of liquidity may prove to be insufficient and, in such case, we may not be able to successfully obtain additional financing on favorable terms, or at all.

 We are subject to risks associated with our geographic concentration.

 The states in which we operate that have the largest concentrations of revenues include Florida, Texas and Georgia. Due to the geographic concentration of our business, we are exposed to heightened risks of potential losses resulting from unfavorable changes in the regulatory environment for healthcare, increased competition, and other regional factors in these states. The occurrence of any of these factors could result in increased utilization or medical costs in these states or any other geographic area where our membership becomes concentrated in the future, and could therefore have a disproportionately adverse effect on our operating results. States experiencing such events may enact laws and regulations that require us to cover healthcare costs for members for which we would not typically be responsible, such as requiring us to relax prior authorization requirements, remove prescription drug refill limitations, and cover out-of-network care. In addition, as a result of our geographic concentration, we face heightened exposure to the other risk factors described herein to the extent such risk factors disproportionately materialize in or impact the regions in which our operations are concentrated.

 We are subject to risks associated with outsourcing services and functions to third parties.

 We contract with third-party vendors and service providers who help us administer our products and plans, as well as vendors who provide services to help with our internal administrative functions. For example, Oscar delegates pharmacy claims and network management to a pharmacy benefit manager, CVS/Caremark. CVS/Caremark negotiates with drug manufacturers, wholesalers and pharmacies the prices for pharmaceuticals used by our members, including related purchase discounts and volume rebates, and directly makes payments for the pharmaceuticals and collects related rebates on our behalf. We in turn negotiate amounts we pay directly to CVS/Caremark for the pharmaceuticals, as well as minimum guaranteed rebates that CVS/Caremark pays directly to us. We also contract with Optum to provide us with access to its

 network of behavioral health providers and manage behavioral health benefits for us. We cannot provide any assurance that vendors with whom we contract will honor the terms of their agreements with us or perform their contractual obligations to our satisfaction or that we will be able to renew our existing contracts or enter into new contracts on a timely basis or under favorable terms, any of which could negatively impact our ability to service our members profitably in the future. In addition, the partial or complete loss of a vendor or other third-party relationship could cause a material disruption to our business and make it difficult and costly to provide services and products that our regulators and members expect, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.

 Some of these third-parties have direct access to our systems in order to provide their services to us and operate the majority of our communications, network, and computer hardware and software. For example, we currently offer our products through our website and online app using platforms for cloud computing provided by Amazon Web Services, Inc. ("AWS"), a provider of cloud infrastructure services, as well as the Google Cloud Platform ("GCP"). Our operations depend on protecting the virtual cloud infrastructure hosted in AWS and GCP by maintaining its configuration, architecture, and interconnection specifications, as well as the information stored in these cloud platforms and which third-party internet service providers transmit. We also engage with other third parties, for our product offerings and internal operations. In the event that a service agreement with a third-party vendor that we rely upon is terminated, or there is a lapse of service, interruption of internet service provider connectivity, or damage to such facilities, we could experience interruptions in our operations and service to our members and business partners, as well as delays and additional expense in arranging new facilities and services, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 Our arrangements with third-party vendors and service providers may make our operations vulnerable if those third parties, either directly or through their subcontractors, fail to satisfy their obligations to us, including their obligations to maintain and protect the security and confidentiality of our information and data, or the information and data relating to our members or customers. We are also at risk of a data security incident involving a vendor or third party, which could result in a breakdown of such third party's data protection processes or cyber-attackers gaining access to our infrastructure through the third party. To the extent that a vendor or third party suffers a data security incident that compromises its operations we could incur significant costs and possible service interruption. For example, one of our vendors in the past experienced a data security incident which required us to devote significant time and resources towards assessing the impact on our operations and member data and to secure alternative vendor relationships, even though the incident was ultimately determined to not directly result in a breach of our members' data. In addition, we may have disagreements with our third-party vendors or service providers regarding relative responsibilities for any such failures or incidents under applicable business associate agreements or other applicable outsourcing agreements. Any contractual remedies and/or indemnification obligations we may have for vendor or service provider failures or incidents may not be adequate to fully compensate us for any losses suffered as a result of any vendor's failure to satisfy its obligations to us or under applicable law.

 Our vendor and service provider arrangements could be adversely impacted by changes in vendors' or service providers' operations or financial condition, or other matters outside of our control. Violations of, or noncompliance with, laws and/or regulations governing our business or noncompliance with contract terms by third-party vendors and service providers could increase our exposure to liability to our members, providers, or other third parties, or could result in sanctions and/or fines from the regulators that oversee our business. In turn, this could increase the costs associated with the operation of our business or have an adverse impact on our business and reputation. Moreover, if these vendor and service provider relationships were terminated for any reason, we may not be able to find alternative partners in a timely manner or on acceptable financial terms, and may incur significant costs and/or experience significant disruption to our operations in connection with any such vendor or service provider transition. As a result, we may not be able to meet the full demands of our members or customers and, in turn, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be harmed, and we could be subject to regulatory sanctions and fines and penalties. In addition, we may not fully realize the anticipated economic and other benefits from our outsourcing projects or other relationships we enter into with third-party vendors and service providers, as a result of unanticipated delays in transitioning our operations to the third-party vendor or service provider, such third-party vendor or service provider's noncompliance with contract terms, unanticipated costs or expenses, or violations of laws and/or regulations, or otherwise. This could result in substantial costs or other operational or financial problems that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

 From time to time, we may become involved in costly and time-consuming litigation and regulatory audits and actions, which require significant attention from our management.

 From time to time, we are a defendant in lawsuits and the subject of regulatory actions, and are subject to audits, reviews, assessments and investigations relating to our business, including, without limitation, claims by members alleging failure to provide coverage or to pay for or authorize payment for healthcare, claims related to non-payment or insufficient payments for services by providers, including for alleged failure to properly pay in-network and out-out-network claims, claims under U.S. securities laws, claims related to breach of contract, employment related claims, claims of trademark and other intellectual property infringement or misappropriation, claims alleging bad faith or unfair business practices, challenges to the manner in which the Company processes claims, claims relating to sales, marketing and other business practices, inquiries regarding our submission of risk adjustment data, audits related to our compliance with network adequacy requirements, enforcement actions by state regulatory bodies alleging non-compliance with state law, financial and market conduct examinations by state regulatory bodies, and claims related to the imposition of new taxes, including, but not limited to, claims that may have retroactive application.

 For example, on May 12, 2022, a securities class action lawsuit against the Company, certain of its directors and officers, and the underwriters that participated in the Company's initial public offering ("IPO") was commenced in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, captioned Carpenter v. Oscar Health, Inc., et al., Case No. 1:22-CV-03885 (S.D.N.Y.) (the "Securities Action"). The amended complaint, filed on December 6, 2022, primarily alleges that the Company failed to disclose in its IPO registration statement purportedly inadequate controls and systems in connection with the risk adjustment data validation audit for 2019, in violation of Sections 11 and 15 of the Securities Act, and that this alleged omission caused losses and damages for members of the putative class. The amended complaint seeks unspecified compensatory damages as well as interest, fees and costs.

 In addition, certain of the Company's health insurance subsidiaries have been or are currently undergoing review by state regulators, including for, among other matters, compliance with applicable laws and regulations and reviews of financial condition. We also may receive subpoenas and other requests for information from various federal and state agencies, regulatory authorities, state Attorneys General, committees, subcommittees, and members of the U.S. Congress and other state, federal, and international governmental authorities.

 Due to the inherent uncertainties of litigation and regulatory proceedings, we cannot accurately predict the ultimate outcome of any such proceedings. An unfavorable outcome could have a material adverse impact on our business and financial position, results of operations, and/or cash flows, and may affect our reputation and brand. In addition, regardless of the outcome of any litigation or regulatory proceedings, investigations, audits, or reviews, responding to such matters is costly and time consuming, and requires significant attention from our management, and could, therefore, harm our business and financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Insurance may not cover such claims, may not provide sufficient payments to cover all of the costs to resolve one or more such claims, and may result in our having to pay significant fines, judgments, or settlements, which, if uninsured, or if the fines, judgments, and settlements exceed insured levels, could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows, thereby harming our business.

 The regulations and contractual requirements applicable to us and other market participants are complex and subject to change, making it necessary for us to invest significant resources in complying with our regulatory and contractual requirements. Ongoing vigorous legal enforcement and the highly technical regulatory scheme mean that our compliance efforts in this area will continue to require significant resources, and we may not always be successful in ensuring appropriate compliance by our employees, consultants, or vendors, for whose compliance or lack thereof we may be held responsible and liable. Regulatory audits, investigations, and reviews could result in significant or material changes to our business practices, including increased capital requirements, and also could result in significant or material premium refunds, fines, penalties, civil liabilities, criminal liabilities, or other sanctions, including marketing and enrollment sanctions, suspension or exclusion from participation in government programs, imposition of heightened monitoring by our federal or state regulators, and suspension or loss of licensure if we are determined to be in violation of applicable laws or regulations. Any of these audits, reviews, or investigations could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or business, or could result in significant liabilities and negative publicity for the Company.

 If we or our partners or other third parties with whom we collaborate fail to protect confidential information and/or sustain a data security incident, we could suffer increased costs, material financial penalties, exposure to significant liability, adverse regulatory consequences, and reputational harm, which would materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 We rely on computer systems, hardware, software, technology infrastructure and online sites and networks for both internal and external operations that are critical to our business (collectively, "IT Systems"). We own and manage some of these IT Systems but also rely on third parties for a range of IT Systems and related products and services, including but not limited to cloud computing services. We and certain of our third-party providers collect, maintain and process data about customers, employees, business partners and others, including information about individuals—such as PHI, Social Security Numbers, addresses, mobile phone numbers, location information, payment card information, and bank account information—as well as proprietary information belonging to our business such as trade secrets (collectively, "Confidential Information").

 Risks relating to our IT Systems have generally increased in recent years because of the proliferation of new technologies—including artificial intelligence— and the increased sophistication and activities of perpetrators of cyber-attacks, as well as a result of an increase in work-from-home and hybrid work arrangements and geopolitical events involving high cyber-risk countries. Hackers and data thieves are increasingly sophisticated and operating large-scale and complex automated attacks. Our IT Systems and Confidential Information are subject to a growing number of risks from hackers and other adversaries that threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our IT Systems and Confidential Information; threat actors may be able to penetrate our IT Systems and misappropriate our Confidential Information or that of third parties, create system disruptions, or cause damage, security issues, or shutdowns. These threats are from diverse threat actors, such as state-sponsored organizations, opportunistic hackers and hacktivists, and from diverse attack vectors, such as social engineering/phishing, malware (including ransomware), malfeasance by insiders, human or technological error, viruses, worms, and as a result of malicious code embedded in open-source software or other vulnerabilities in commercial software that is integrated into our (or our suppliers' or service providers') IT Systems, products or services. Because the techniques used to circumvent, gain access to, or sabotage IT Systems, can be highly sophisticated and change frequently, they often are not recognized until launched against a target, and may originate from less regulated and remote areas around the world. We may be unable to anticipate, detect, remediate, recover from future attacks or incidents, resulting in a material and adverse impact to our IT Systems, Confidential Information, or business. Further, we may experience cyber-attacks and other security incidents that remain undetected for an extended period. There can also be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our IT Systems and Confidential Information. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend additional resources to further enhance our information security measures, develop additional protocols and/or investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities.

 Our IT Systems, Confidential Information and facilities are also subject to compromise from internal threats such as accidental or improper action by employees, including malicious insiders, or by vendors, counterparties, and other third parties with otherwise legitimate access to our systems. Our policies, employee training (including security and privacy awareness training), procedures, and technical safeguards may not prevent all improper access to our IT Systems or Confidential Information by employees, vendors, counterparties, or other third parties. Our IT Systems, Confidential Information and facilities are also vulnerable to security incidents or security attacks, ransomware attacks, malware, or other forms of cyber-attack, acts of vandalism or theft, misplaced or lost data, human errors, or other similar events that could negatively affect our IT Systems, and our Confidential Information. In the past, we have experienced, and third-party service providers who process information on our behalf have experienced, and disclosed to applicable regulatory authorities, data breaches resulting in disclosure of Confidential Information. Although none of these data breaches have resulted in any material financial loss or penalty to date, future data breaches could require us to expend significant resources to remediate any damage, interrupt our operations and damage our reputation, subject us to state or federal agency review and could also result in regulatory enforcement actions, material fines and penalties, litigation or other actions which could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation and results of operations, financial position, and cash flows. Additionally, our third-party service providers who process information on our behalf may cause security breaches for which we are potentially liable.

 Moreover, we face the ongoing challenge of managing access controls in a complex environment. The process of enhancing our protective measures can itself create a risk of systems disruptions and security issues. Given the breadth of our operations, including through our +Oscar technology platform, and the increasing sophistication of cyber-attacks, a particular incident could occur and persist for an extended period of time before being detected. The extent of a particular cyber-attack

 and the steps that we may need to take to investigate the attack may take a significant amount of time and resources before such an investigation could be completed and full and reliable information about the incident is known. During such time, the extent of any harm or how best to remediate it might not be known, which could further increase the risks, costs, and consequences of a data security incident.

 In addition, our IT Systems must be routinely updated, patched, and upgraded to protect against known vulnerabilities. The volume of new software vulnerabilities has increased substantially, as has the importance of patches and other remedial measures. In addition to remediating newly identified vulnerabilities, previously identified vulnerabilities must also be updated. We are at risk that cyber-attackers exploit these known vulnerabilities before they have been addressed. The complexity of our IT Systems, the increased frequency at which vendors are issuing security patches to their products, our need to test patches, and, in some instances, coordinate with third-parties before they can be deployed, all could further increase our risks. There can be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our systems and information.

 As part of our normal operations, we and our partners and other third parties with whom we collaborate routinely collect, process, store, and transmit large amounts of Confidential Information, including PHI subject to HIPAA and other federal and state laws and regulations, relating to our business and third parties, including our members, providers, and vendors. Any compromise or perceived compromise of the security of our IT Systems, Confidential Information or the systems of one or more of our vendors or service providers could cause significant incident response, system restoration or remediation and future compliance costs and it could materially damage our reputation and brand, cause the termination of relationships with our members, result in disruption or interruption to our business operations, marketing partners and carriers, reduce demand for our services, and subject us to significant liability and expense, as well as regulatory investigations and actions, fines and penalties, and lawsuits (such as class actions). Any or all of the foregoing could materially harm our business, operating results, and financial condition. The CCPA, in particular, includes a private right of action for California consumers whose CCPA-covered personal information is impacted by a data security incident resulting from a company's failure to maintain reasonable security procedures and, hence, may result in civil litigation in the event of a data breach impacting such information. Although we maintain insurance covering certain security and privacy damages and claim expenses, we may not carry insurance or maintain coverage sufficient to compensate for all liability and, in any event, insurance coverage would not address the reputational damage that could result from a security incident or any regulatory actions or litigation that may result. We also cannot guarantee that applicable insurance will be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms or at all.

 Additionally, as we accept debit and credit cards for payment, we are subject to the PCI-DSS, issued by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council. PCI-DSS contains compliance guidelines with regard to our security surrounding the physical and electronic storage, processing and transmission of cardholder data. If we or our service providers are unable to comply with the security standards established by banks and the payment card industry, we may be subject to fines, restrictions and expulsion from card acceptance programs, which could materially and adversely affect our business.

 We rely on the experience and expertise of our Chief Executive Officer, Co-Founders, senior management team, highly-specialized technology and insurance experts, key technical employees, and other highly skilled personnel.

 Our success depends upon the continued service of Mark T. Bertolini, our Chief Executive Officer and a member of our board of directors, Mario Schlosser, our Co-Founder, President of Technology and Chief Technology Officer and a member of our board of directors, and Joshua Kushner, our Co-Founder, Vice Chairman and a member of our board of directors, the other members of our senior management team, highly-specialized technology and insurance experts, and key technical employees, as well as other highly qualified personnel. We also depend upon our continuing ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate, retain, and integrate additional highly skilled personnel to support our growth. If we are unable to attract and retain qualified personnel, our business and prospects may be adversely affected.

 Our Chief Executive Officer, each of our Co-Founders, other members of our senior management team, specialized technology and insurance experts, key technical personnel, and other employees could terminate their relationship with us at any time. The loss of key personnel might significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our strategic business objectives and could harm our business. In addition, much of our essential technology and infrastructure are custom-made for our business by our personnel. The loss of key technology personnel, including members of management, as well as our engineering and product development personnel, could disrupt our operations and harm our business. We also rely on a

 number of highly-specialized insurance experts, the loss of any one of whom could also have a disproportionate impact on our business. We face significant competition for personnel across all areas of our business, and we may not be able to replace key personnel in a timely manner or at all.

 Our compensation arrangements, such as our equity award programs, may not always be successful in attracting new employees and retaining, motivating and incentivizing our existing employees. Job candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. Fluctuations in the price of our Class A common stock may make it more difficult or costly to use equity compensation to hire new employees and to retain, motivate, and incentivize existing employees. For example, from the completion of our IPO through December 31, 2024, our closing stock price ranged from a high of $36.77 to a low of $2.15. As such, the underlying value of the equity awards held by our employees also fluctuates. Additionally, if and when the stock options or other equity awards are substantially vested, employees under such equity arrangements may be more likely to leave, particularly when the underlying shares have appreciated.

 To attract and retain top talent, we will need to continue to offer competitive compensation and benefits packages, including equity compensation. We may also need to increase our employee compensation levels in response to competitor actions. If we are unable to retain highly qualified personnel or hire new employees quickly enough to meet our needs, or otherwise fail to effectively manage our hiring needs or successfully integrate new hires, including our recently hired management team members, our efficiency, ability to execute our growth strategy and our employee morale, productivity, and retention could suffer, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 If we are unable to integrate and manage our information systems effectively, our operations could be disrupted.

 Our operations depend significantly on effective information systems. The information gathered and processed by our information systems assists us in, among other things, generating forecasts used for strategic decisions and pricing, monitoring utilization and other cost factors, processing provider claims, detecting fraud, and providing data to our regulators. Our healthcare providers also depend upon our information systems for membership verifications, claims status, and other information. We partner with third parties, including Amazon and Google, to support our information technology systems. Our information systems and applications require continual maintenance, upgrading, and enhancement to meet our current and expected operational needs and regulatory requirements. If we underestimate the need to expand or experience difficulties with the transition to or from information systems or do not appropriately plan, integrate, maintain, enhance, or expand our information systems, we could suffer, among other things, operational disruptions, loss of existing members and difficulty in attracting new members, regulatory enforcement, and increases in administrative expenses. In addition, if our providers, brokers and members do not utilize the technology we deploy to them, we may not be able to efficiently and cost-effectively operate our business. Our ability to integrate and manage our information systems may also be impaired as the result of events outside our control, including acts of nature, such as earthquakes or fires, or acts of terrorism. Also, we may from time to time obtain significant portions of our systems-related or other services or facilities from independent third parties, which may make our operations vulnerable if such third parties discontinue such services or fail to perform adequately.

 Real or perceived errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs in our systems, website, or app could impair our operations, damage our reputation and brand, and harm our business and operating results.

 Our continued success is dependent on our systems, applications, and software continuing to operate and to meet the changing needs of our members and users. We rely on our technology and engineering staff and vendors to successfully implement changes to, and maintain, our systems and services in an efficient and secure manner. Like all information systems and technology, our website and online app may contain material errors, failures, vulnerabilities, or bugs, particularly when new features or capabilities are released, any of which could lead to interruptions, delays, or website or online app shutdowns, or could cause loss of critical data, or the unauthorized disclosure, access, acquisition, alteration or use of personal or other confidential information.

 A significant impact on the performance, reliability, security, and availability of our systems, software, or services may harm our reputation and brand, impair our ability to operate, retain existing members, or attract new members, and expose us to legal claims and regulatory action, each of which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects.

 We are subject to risks associated with public health crises arising from large-scale medical emergencies, pandemics, natural disasters and other extreme events, which have had, and could in the future have, an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and financial performance.

 Large-scale medical emergencies, pandemics and other extreme events could result in public health crises or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business operations, cash flows, financial conditions and results of operations. For example, disruptions in public and private infrastructure resulting from such events could increase our operating costs and ability to provide services to our members. Additionally, as a result of these events, the premiums and fees we charge may not be sufficient to cover our medical and administrative costs, deferred medical care could be sought in future periods at potentially higher acuity levels, we could experience reduced demand for our services, and our workforce could be impacted, resulting in reduced capacity to handle demand for care.

 Public health crises arising from natural disasters (such as earthquakes, wildfires, hurricanes, floods and snowstorms) or effects of climate change could impact our business operations and result in increased medical care costs. For example, natural disasters, such as a major hurricane affecting Florida, Georgia, or Texas, could have a significant impact on the health of a large number of our covered members. Other conditions that could impact our members include a virulent flu season or epidemic, newly emergent mosquito-borne illnesses, such as the Zika virus, the West Nile virus, or the Chikungunya virus, or new viruses or conditions for which vaccines may not exist, are not effective, or have not been widely administered.

 In addition, federal and state law enforcement officials have issued warnings about potential terrorist activity involving biological or other weapons of mass destruction. All of these conditions, and others, could have a significant impact on the health of the population of widespread areas. If one of the states in which we operate were to experience a large-scale natural disaster, a significant terrorist attack, or some other large-scale event affecting the health of a large number of our members, our covered medical expenses in that state would rise, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations. Government enaction of emergency powers in response to these public health crises could also disrupt our business operations, including by restricting pharmaceuticals or other supplies, and could increase the risk of shortages of necessary items or labor.

 Even after a public health crisis has subsided, we may experience materially adverse impacts to our business as a result of its global economic impact. While the potential economic impact and the duration of any public health crisis may be difficult to assess or predict, such impact may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 We may not be able to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards ("NOLs"), to offset future taxable income for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes, which could adversely affect our cash flows.

 As of December 31, 2024, we had federal income tax NOLs of $2.2 billion and state NOLs of $1.3 billion, which are currently subject to a full valuation allowance. The NOLs are available to offset our future taxable income, if any, prior to consideration of annual limitations that may be imposed under Section 382 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code") or otherwise. Of our federal NOLs, approximately $1.2 billion of losses will expire between 2035 and 2043, and $907.8 million of losses can be carried forward indefinitely. State NOLs begin to expire in 2036.

 We may be unable to use our NOLs, as we do not have a history of positive earnings. In addition, under Section 382 of the Code, if a corporation undergoes an "ownership change" (generally defined as a greater than 50% change, by value, in the corporation's equity ownership by certain shareholders or groups of shareholders over a rolling three-year period), the corporation's ability to use its pre-ownership change NOLs to offset its post-ownership change income may be limited. We regularly assess potential NOL limitations under Section 382, and determined that an ownership change occurred in 2016; however, the corresponding limitation amount did not impact the ultimate pre-change NOL available for use. We may experience ownership changes as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership, which may be outside of our control. Another ownership change could limit, our ability to utilize our NOLs existing at the time of the ownership change. Future regulatory changes could also limit our ability to utilize our NOLs. To the extent we are not able to offset future taxable income with our NOLs, our cash flows may be adversely affected.

 Our limited operating history in an evolving industry makes it difficult to evaluate our current business performance, implementation of our business model, and our future prospects.

 We launched our business in 2012 and have a limited experience operating our business at current scale. Due to this limited operating history and the rapid growth we have experienced since we began operations, there is greater uncertainty in estimating our operating results, and our historical results may not be indicative of, or comparable to, our future results. In addition, we have limited data to validate key aspects of our business model, including our growth strategy. For example, our efforts to partner with ICHRA platforms to transition small, mid- and large-sized employers to the individual market where their employees can choose an Oscar product may not be successful, take significantly more time than expected to be successful and/or incur significant or unexpected expense. Furthermore, we are a relatively new entrant in the third party services market and in the past have experienced challenges in developing this area of our business. We are unable to predict if we will always be able to effectively and consistently service our current +Oscar arrangements and any future +Oscar arrangements, which risk may increase over time as we enter into more material +Oscar arrangements. We cannot provide any assurance that the data we collect will provide useful measures for evaluating our business model. Moreover, we cannot provide any assurance that partnerships, joint ventures or business lines we enter into in the future will perform as well as historical expectations. Our inability to adequately assess our performance and growth could have a material adverse effect on our brand, reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 If we experience material weaknesses or significant control deficiencies in the future, or otherwise fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to comply with applicable laws and regulations and accurately and timely report our financial results, and our access to the capital markets, could be adversely affected.

 We are a public reporting company subject to the rules and regulations established by the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE"). These rules and regulations require, among other things, that we establish and periodically evaluate procedures with respect to our internal control over financial reporting.

 In addition, as a public company, we are required to document and test our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act so that our management can certify as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404(a), requires that management assess and report annually on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, and our independent registered public accounting firm issue an annual report that addresses the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Designing and maintaining adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures that enable us to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis is a costly and time-consuming effort.

 As initially disclosed in Part II, Item 9A, "Controls and Procedures," of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, in connection with our audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to information technology general controls.

 Although such material weakness was remediated in 2023, we can give no assurance that additional material weaknesses will not be identified in the future. If we cannot remediate future material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in a timely manner, or if we identify additional control deficiencies that individually or together constitute significant deficiencies or material weaknesses, our ability to accurately record, process, and report financial information and our ability to prepare financial statements within required time periods, could be adversely affected.

 Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to an increased risk of financial reporting fraud and misappropriation of assets and subject us to potential delisting from the NYSE or to other regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions.

 Significant delays in our receipt of direct policy premiums, including as a result of regulatory restrictions on policy cancellations and non-renewals, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, cash flows, or earnings.

 We currently derive substantially all of our revenue from direct policy premiums and recognize premium revenue over the period that coverage is effective. There can be no assurance that we will receive premiums in advance of or by the end of a given coverage period. Moreover, actions taken by state and federal governments could increase the likelihood of delay in

 our receipt of premiums. For example, in early responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, state insurance departments, including in states in which we operate, issued guidelines, recommendations, and moratoria around policy cancellations and non-renewals due to non-payment. While none of such state or federal required or recommended moratoria are still in effect, if similar measures were to be reintroduced and to remain in place for an extended period due to unanticipated public health or economic crises, our receipt of premiums, if any, could be significantly delayed, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, cash flows, or earnings.

 Payments from government payors may be delayed in the future, which, if extended for any significant period of time, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows or liquidity. In addition, delays in obtaining, or failure to obtain or maintain, governmental approvals, or moratoria imposed by regulatory authorities, could adversely affect our revenues or membership, increase costs or adversely affect our ability to bring new products to market as forecasted. Other changes to our government programs could affect our willingness or ability to participate in any of these programs or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, cash flows, or earnings.

 We make virtual healthcare services available to our members through Oscar Medical Group, in which we do not own any equity or voting interest, and our virtual care availability may be disrupted if our arrangements with providers like the Oscar Medical Group become subject to legal challenges.

 Pursuant to state corporate practice of medicine laws, many states in which we operate through our subsidiaries limit the practice of medicine to licensed individuals or professional organizations owned by licensed individuals, and business corporations generally may not exercise control over the medical decisions of physicians. Statutes and regulations, including the interpretation and enforcement of such statutes and regulations, relating to the corporate practice of medicine, fee-splitting between physicians and referral sources, and similar issues, vary widely from state to state. Many of the laws, rules, and regulations with respect to corporate practice of medicine are ambiguous and have not been well-interpreted by applicable regulatory agencies or the courts. Moreover, changes can be made to existing laws, regulations, or interpretations, or new laws can be enacted or adopted, which could cause us to be out of compliance with these requirements.

 Our wholly owned subsidiary, Oscar Management Corporation, has management services agreements with four physician-owned professional corporations, known collectively as the Oscar Medical Group. We consolidate the professional corporations into our financial results because under applicable rules we have determined that we have a controlling financial interest in these corporations. However, each of the professional corporations comprising the Oscar Medical Group is wholly owned by a single physician licensed in California, Florida, New York and New Jersey, who oversees the operation of the Oscar Medical Group in her capacity as president and sole director of each Oscar Medical Group professional corporation. This physician also serves as an employee of Oscar Management Corporation. Under the terms of the management services agreements between Oscar Management Corporation and the Oscar Medical Group, the Oscar Medical Group retains sole responsibility for all medical decisions, as well as for hiring and managing physicians and other licensed healthcare providers, developing operating policies and procedures, and implementing professional standards and controls. Despite the management services agreements and other arrangements we have with Oscar Medical Group, regulatory authorities and other parties may assert that we are engaged in the prohibited corporate practice of medicine, that our arrangements with Oscar Medical Group constitute unlawful fee-splitting, or that other similar issues exist. If that were to occur, we could be subject to civil and/or criminal penalties, our agreements could be found legally invalid and unenforceable (in whole or in part), or we could be required to terminate or restructure our contractual arrangements, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows. State corporate practice of medicine and fee-splitting prohibitions may impose penalties on healthcare professionals for aiding in the improper rendering of professional services.

 Our health insurance subsidiaries have entered into provider participation agreements with the Oscar Medical Group that enable the Oscar Medical Group to participate in Oscar's provider network. While we expect that our relationship with the Oscar Medical Group will continue, a material change in our relationship with the Oscar Medical Group, whether resulting from a dispute among the entities or the loss of these relationships or contracts with the Oscar Medical Group, may temporarily disrupt our ability to provide virtual healthcare services to our members and could harm our business.

 Failure to secure, protect, or enforce our intellectual property rights could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 Our commercial success is dependent in part on protecting our core technologies, intellectual property, and proprietary rights (such as source code, information, data, processes, and other forms of information, know-how, and technology). We primarily rely on copyright, trademark, and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual arrangements to establish and protect our intellectual property. However, there are steps that we have not yet taken to protect our intellectual property. For example, we do not have any patents, which limits our ability to deter patent infringement claims by competitors and other third parties who may hold or obtain patents.

 While we take precautions designed to protect our intellectual property, it may still be possible for competitors and other unauthorized third parties to copy our technology and use our proprietary brand, content, and information to create or enhance competing solutions and products, which could adversely affect our competitive position in our rapidly evolving and highly competitive industry. Some license provisions that protect against unauthorized use, copying, decompiling, transfer, and disclosure of our technology may be unenforceable under the laws of certain jurisdictions and foreign countries, and the remedies for such events may not be sufficient to compensate for such breaches. We enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants, and enter into confidentiality agreements with our third-party providers and strategic partners. We cannot assure you that these agreements will not be breached, and that they will be effective in controlling access to, and use and distribution of, our platform and proprietary information. Further, these agreements do not prevent our competitors from independently developing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to our offerings. Such arrangements may limit our ability to protect, maintain, enforce, or commercialize such intellectual property rights or the technology or services that are based upon or covered by such intellectual property rights. Additionally, certain unauthorized use of our intellectual property may go undetected, or we may face legal or practical barriers to enforcing our legal rights even where unauthorized use is detected. If we are unable to prevent the unauthorized use or exploitation of our intellectual property, the value of our brand, content, and other intangible assets may be diminished, competitors may be able to more effectively mimic our service and methods of operations, the perception of our business and service to members, and potential members, may become confused, and our ability to attract customers may be adversely affected. Any inability or failure to protect our intellectual property could adversely impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 We have registered our trademark, but to date we have not filed applications to protect our innovations and intellectual property. If in the future we decide to file applications to protect our innovations and intellectual property, we do not know whether they would result in the issuance of a patent, or effective copyrights, in our content and proprietary coding, as applicable, or whether the examination process will require us to narrow any proposed patent claims. In addition, we may not receive competitive advantages from the rights granted under our intellectual property. Our existing intellectual property, and any intellectual property granted to us, or that we otherwise acquire in the future, may be contested, circumvented, or invalidated. Therefore, the exact effect of the protection of this intellectual property cannot be predicted with certainty. In addition, given the costs, effort, and risks of obtaining patent protection, including the requirement to ultimately disclose the invention to the public, we continue not to choose to seek patent protection. Any failure to adequately obtain patent protection, or other intellectual property protection, could later prove to adversely impact our business.

 We currently hold various domain names relating to our brand, including HiOscar.com. We also engage a third-party vendor to monitor for fictitious sites that may purport to be us. Failure to protect our domain names could adversely affect our reputation and brand, and make it more difficult for users to find our website and our online app. We may be unable, without significant cost or at all, to prevent third parties from diverting traffic from our domain names or acquiring domain names that are similar to, infringe upon, or otherwise decrease the value of our trademarks and other proprietary rights.

 We may be required to spend significant resources in order to monitor, protect, and defend our intellectual property rights. Litigation to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be costly, time-consuming, and distracting to management, and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims, and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our inability to protect our proprietary technology against unauthorized copying or use, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management's attention and resources, could impair the functionality of our platform, delay introductions of enhancements to our platform, result in our substituting inferior or more costly technologies into our platform, or harm our reputation or brand.

 We may be subject to claims by others that we are infringing on their intellectual property rights.

 Our competitors, as well as a number of other entities and individuals, including so-called non-practicing entities, may own or claim to own intellectual property relating to or covering the operation of our business. From time to time, third parties claim that we are infringing upon their intellectual property rights or that we have misappropriated their intellectual property. We may be unaware of the intellectual property rights that others may claim cover some or all of our technology or services. Because patent applications can take years to issue and are often afforded confidentiality for some period of time there may currently be pending applications, unknown to us, that later result in issued patents that could cover one or more aspects of our technology and business. Third parties may assert claims that we or our business partners or clients infringe or misappropriate their intellectual property rights and these claims, with or without merit, could be expensive to litigate, cause us to incur substantial costs and divert management resources and attention in defending the claim. In addition, we may be required to license additional technology from third parties to develop and market new offerings or platform features, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and could adversely affect our ability to compete or require us to rebrand or otherwise modify our offerings, which could further exhaust our resources. Furthermore, certain contracts with our business partners contain provisions whereby we indemnify, subject to certain limitations, the counterparty for damages suffered as a result of claims related to intellectual property infringement. Claims made under these provisions could be expensive to litigate and could result in significant payments. Even if we were to prevail in such a dispute, any litigation regarding our intellectual property could be costly and time-consuming and divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations.

 We may face risks associated with our utilization of certain artificial intelligence and machine learning models.

 Our business currently utilizes AI Technologies to drive efficiencies in our business, including by deploying use cases that are designed to streamline administrative processes, improve the experience for our members and providers and enhance our decision making capabilities. We are making, and plan to make in the future, investments in adopting AI Technologies across our business and across our technology stack. As with many technological innovations, there are significant risks involved in developing, maintaining and deploying AI Technologies and there can be no assurance that our usage of, or investments in, AI Technologies will always enhance our products or services or be beneficial to our business, including our efficiency or profitability.

 If the AI Technologies we use are incorrectly designed, if the data sets or models upon which they are based have errors or if we fail to develop and maintain adequate safeguards, the performance of our products, services, and business, as well as our reputation, could suffer or we could incur liability through the violation of laws, or contracts to which we are a party. In addition, the regulatory framework for AI Technologies is rapidly evolving and we cannot yet determine the impact future laws, regulations, standards, or market perception of their requirements may have on our business and may not always be able to anticipate how to respond to these laws or regulations. New regulations and changes to existing regulations, and their interpretation and implementation, could impede our use of AI Technologies by limiting the way we use, or requiring us to change the way we use, AI Technologies and/or creating additional costs associated with compliance.

 Our ability to continue to leverage AI Technologies is dependent on access to specific third-party software and infrastructure provided by a handful of vendors with the leading AI Technologies. We cannot control the availability or pricing of third-party software and infrastructure, and if the models we currently use in connection with AI Technologies become incompatible with our applications or unavailable for use, or if the providers of such models unfavorably changes the terms on which their AI Technologies are offered or terminates their relationship with us, we could be required to expend time and resources to either find a replacement vendor and/or to mitigate the impact to our business, and our business could be harmed.

 Increasing scrutiny and changing expectations with respect to sustainability and environmental, social and governance ("ESG") matters may impose additional costs on us, impact our access to capital, or expose us to new or additional risks.

 Increased focus, including from regulators, investors, employees, clients, competitors and other stakeholders on sustainability or ESG matters may result in increased costs (including but not limited to increased costs related to compliance and stakeholder engagement), impact our reputation, or otherwise affect our business performance. Negative public perception, adverse publicity or negative comments in social media could damage our reputation or harm our relationships with regulators, employees, customers, investors or other stakeholders if we do not, or are not perceived to, adequately address these issues, including if we fail to demonstrate progress towards any current or future ESG goals. Any harm to our

 reputation could negatively impact employee engagement and retention, customers' willingness to do business with us, and investment decisions. At the same time, various stakeholders may have divergent views on ESG practices and the speed of their adoption. This divergence increases the risk that any commitment, position, target or other action or lack thereof with respect to ESG matters will be perceived negatively by at least some stakeholders and adversely impact our reputation and business.

 It is possible that stakeholders may not be satisfied with our ESG practices or the speed of their adoption. At the same time, certain stakeholders might not be satisfied if we adopt ESG practices at all. Actual or perceived shortcomings with respect to our ESG practices and reporting could negatively impact our business. We could also incur additional costs and require additional resources to monitor, report, and comply with various ESG practices and current or emerging regulatory requirements, including with respect to climate change and sustainability. For example, we operate in various jurisdictions in the U.S. that have adopted or proposed federal and state laws related to sustainability and climate change reporting to which we could eventually become subject. We are currently assessing the potential impacts of the adopted or proposed laws, as well as other sustainability and climate-related disclosure obligations and evolving legal and regulatory requirements, to which we may be subject. Further, enhanced sustainability and climate-related disclosure requirements could lead to reputational or other harm to our relationships with regulators, employees, customers, investors or other stakeholders.

 In addition, a variety of organizations have developed ratings to measure the performance of companies on ESG topics, and the results of some of these assessments are widely publicized. Such ratings are used by some investors to inform their investment and voting decisions. In addition, many investors have created their own proprietary ratings that inform their investment and voting decisions. Unfavorable ratings of the Company or our industry, as well as omission of inclusion of our stock into ESG-oriented investment funds, may lead to negative investor sentiment and the diversion of investment to other companies or industries, which could have a negative impact on our stock price and our access to and cost of capital.

 Risks Related to our Indebtedness

 Restrictions imposed by our Revolving Credit Facility may materially limit our ability to operate our business and finance our future operations or capital needs.

 The terms of our senior secured credit agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and certain other lenders for the Revolving Credit Facility in the aggregate principal amount of $115 million, may restrict us and our subsidiaries from engaging in specified types of transactions. These covenants, subject to certain limitations and exceptions, restrict our ability, and that of our subsidiaries, to, among other things:

 • incur indebtedness;
 • incur certain liens;
 • enter into sale and lease-back transactions;
 • make investments, loans, advances, guarantees and acquisitions;
 • consolidate, merge or sell or otherwise dispose of assets;
 • pay dividends or make other distributions on equity interests, or redeem, repurchase or retire equity interests;
 • enter into transactions with affiliates;
 • alter the business conducted by us and our subsidiaries; and
 • change our or their fiscal year.

 A breach of any of these covenants, or any other covenant in the documents governing our Revolving Credit Facility, could result in a default or event of default under our Revolving Credit Facility. In the event of any event of default under our Revolving Credit Facility, the applicable lenders or agents could elect to terminate borrowing commitments and declare all borrowings and loans outstanding thereunder, if any, together with accrued and unpaid interest and any fees and other obligations, to be immediately due and payable. In addition, or in the alternative, the applicable lenders or agents could exercise their rights under the security documents entered into in connection with our Revolving Credit Facility. We pledged substantially all of our assets as collateral securing our Revolving Credit Facility and any such exercise of remedies on any material portion of such collateral would likely materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

 If we were unable to repay or otherwise refinance these borrowings and loans when due, and the applicable lenders proceeded to exercise remedies against the collateral granted to them to secure that indebtedness, we may be forced into

 bankruptcy or liquidation. In the event the applicable lenders accelerate the repayment of any future borrowings, we may not have sufficient assets to repay that indebtedness. Any acceleration of future borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility or other outstanding indebtedness would also likely have a material adverse effect on us.

 Pursuant to our Revolving Credit Facility, we are required to comply with certain financial covenants including (i) receiving specified levels of direct policy premiums (as defined in the Revolving Credit Facility) for each fiscal quarter, (ii) maintaining a minimum liquidity (as defined in the Revolving Credit Facility) of $50 million less than the aggregate commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility as of the last day of each quarter, or, if the Revolving Credit Facility is drawn by more than 60%, as of the last day of any fiscal month, (iii) not exceeding a maximum medical loss ratio (as defined in the Revolving Credit Facility) as of the last day of each quarter, and (iv) maintaining a minimum consolidated adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the Revolving Credit Facility) as of the last day of each quarter. Our ability to borrow under our Revolving Credit Facility depends on our compliance with these financial covenants. Events beyond our control, including changes in general economic and business conditions, may affect our ability to satisfy the financial covenants. We cannot assure you that we will satisfy the financial covenants in the future, or that our lenders will waive any failure to satisfy the financial covenants.

 Our debt obligations contain restrictions that impact our business and expose us to risks that could materially adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition.

 As of December 31, 2024, we had outstanding indebtedness due to our issuance in February 2022 of $305.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 2031 Notes in a private placement. We may incur additional indebtedness in the future, including borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility. Such indebtedness, including borrowings, if any, under the Revolving Credit Facility, could have significant effects on our business, such as:

 • limiting our ability to borrow additional amounts to fund capital expenditures, acquisitions, debt service requirements, execution of our growth strategy and other purposes;
 • limiting our ability to make investments, including acquisitions, loans and advances, and to sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets;
 • requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to pay principal and interest on our borrowings, which would reduce availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, execution of our growth strategy and other general corporate purposes;
 • making us more vulnerable to adverse changes in general economic, industry and competitive conditions, in government regulation and in our business by limiting our ability to plan for and react to changing conditions;
 • placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared with our competitors that have less debt; and
 • exposing us to risks inherent in interest rate fluctuations because our borrowings are at variable rates of interest, which could result in higher interest expense in the event of increases in interest rates.

 Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on or to refinance our indebtedness, including the 2031 Notes, depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. If the assumptions underlying our cash flow projections are incorrect we may not be able to generate sufficient cash flow from our operations to repay our existing or future indebtedness when it becomes due and to meet our other cash needs. If we are unable to generate such cash flow, we will be required to pursue one or more alternative strategies, such as selling assets, refinancing or restructuring our indebtedness or selling additional debt or equity securities. In addition to the restrictions imposed by our Revolving Credit Facility, the Investment Agreement that we entered into in connection with our issuance of the 2031 Notes contains covenants, which, subject to certain conditions, limitations and exceptions, restrict our ability to refinance our indebtedness and incur additional indebtedness. If we fail to comply with these covenants or to make payments under our indebtedness when due, then we would be in default under that indebtedness, which could, in turn, result in our other indebtedness becoming immediately payable in full. Due to such restrictions or other factors, we may not be able to refinance our debt or sell additional debt or equity securities or our assets on favorable terms, if at all, and if we must sell our assets, it may negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we may be subject to prepayment penalties depending on when we repay our future indebtedness, which amounts could be material.

 We may be unable to raise the funds necessary to repurchase our outstanding 2031 Notes for cash following a fundamental change or on the optional repurchase dates, or to pay any cash amounts due upon conversion, and our other indebtedness may limit our ability to repurchase the 2031 Notes or pay cash upon their conversion.

 Noteholders may, subject to certain conditions described in the Indenture governing the 2031 Notes, require us to repurchase their 2031 Notes following a fundamental change at a cash repurchase price generally equal to the principal amount of the 2031 Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. Additionally, pursuant to the Investment Agreement, after the fifth anniversary of the Closing Date of the 2031 Notes, the initial purchasers of the 2031 Notes have the right to require us to repurchase all of their 2031 Notes for cash, on each of June 30, 2027, June 30, 2028, June 30, 2029 and June 30, 2030 (each, a "Repurchase Date"); provided that, among other conditions, a repurchase notice is delivered to the trustee under the Indenture no later than the later of (i) 120 days prior to the applicable Repurchase Date and (ii) 10 business days following the date on which we file our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the prior year. Furthermore, upon conversion, we will satisfy part or all of our conversion obligation in cash unless we, or the Initial Purchasers of the 2031 Notes, elect to settle conversions solely in shares of our Class A common stock. We may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to repurchase the 2031 Notes or pay any cash amounts due upon conversion. In addition, applicable law, regulatory authorities and the agreements governing our other indebtedness may restrict our ability to repurchase the 2031 Notes or pay any cash amounts due upon conversion. Our failure to repurchase the 2031 Notes or pay any cash amounts due upon conversion when required will constitute a default under the Indenture. A default under the Indenture or the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our other indebtedness, which may result in that other indebtedness becoming immediately payable in full. We may not have sufficient funds to satisfy all amounts due under the other indebtedness and the 2031 Notes.

 Provisions in the Revolving Credit Facility or the Indenture governing the 2031 Notes could delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial takeover of us.

 Certain provisions in the Revolving Credit Facility, the 2031 Notes and the Indenture could make a third-party attempt to acquire us more difficult or expensive. For example, if a takeover constitutes a fundamental change (as defined in the Indenture governing the 2031 Notes), then noteholders will have the right to require us to repurchase their 2031 Notes for cash. In addition, if a takeover constitutes a make-whole fundamental change (as defined in the Indenture governing the 2031 Notes), then we may be required to temporarily increase the conversion rate. Further, if a takeover constitutes a change in control (as defined in the Revolving Credit Facility), such takeover would constitute an event of default under the Revolving Credit Facility. In any such case, and in other cases, our obligations under the Revolving Credit Facility, the 2031 Notes and the Indenture could increase the cost of acquiring us or otherwise discourage a third party from acquiring us or removing incumbent management, including in a transaction that noteholders or holders of our common stock may view as favorable.

 Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Common Stock

 The dual class structure of our common stock will have the effect of concentrating voting control with Thrive Capital and our Co-Founders for the foreseeable future, which will limit the ability of our other investors to influence corporate matters, including the election of directors and the approval of any change of control transaction.

 Our Class B common stock has 20 votes per share, and our Class A common stock has one vote per share. As of December 31, 2024, the holders of our outstanding Class B common stock, which consist of Thrive Capital and our Co-Founders, beneficially own 19.7% of our outstanding capital stock and hold 79.9% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock (assuming the exercise of all options to acquire shares of Class B common stock and the conversion of the 2031 Notes, in each case that are beneficially owned as of December 31, 2024). Thrive Capital and Joshua Kushner (as the sole managing member of the Thrive General Partners), in particular, beneficially own 17.0% of our outstanding capital stock and hold 71.8% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock as of December 31, 2024. Because of the 20-to-one voting ratio between our Class B common stock and Class A common stock, the holders of Class B common stock, in particular Thrive Capital and Joshua Kushner (as the sole managing member of the Thrive General Partners), collectively control over a majority of the combined voting power of all of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock and therefore will continue to be able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval until a significant portion of such shares of outstanding Class B common stock have been converted to shares of Class A common stock. This concentrated control limits or precludes the ability of our other investors to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future. For example, Thrive Capital and our Co-Founders have sufficient voting power to determine the outcome with respect to elections of directors, amendments to our certificate of incorporation, amendments to our bylaws that are subject to a stockholder vote, increases to the number of shares available for issuance under our equity incentive plans or adoption of new equity incentive plans, and approval of any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval for the foreseeable future. In addition, this concentrated control may also prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our capital stock that our other stockholders may feel is in their best interest. This control may also adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock.

 Because Thrive Capital and our Co-Founders' interests may differ from those of our other stockholders, actions that Thrive Capital and our Co-Founders take with respect to us, as significant stockholders, may not be favorable to our other stockholders, including holders of our Class A common stock.

 Thrive Capital and its affiliates engage in a broad spectrum of activities. In the ordinary course of its business activities, Thrive Capital and its affiliates may engage in activities where their interests conflict with our interests or those of our other stockholders. Thrive Capital or one of its affiliates may also pursue acquisition opportunities that may be complementary to our business, and, as a result, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to us. In addition, Thrive Capital may have an interest in us pursuing acquisitions, divestitures and other transactions that, in its judgment, could enhance its investment in us, even though such transactions might involve risks to you.

 Future transfers by holders of Class B common stock will generally result in those shares converting to Class A common stock, subject to limited exceptions. As among the individual holders of Class B common stock, the conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B common stock who retain their shares in the long term (and decreasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B common stock who transfer their shares).

 We cannot predict the effect our dual class structure may have on the market price of our Class A common stock.

 We cannot predict whether our dual class structure will result in a lower or more volatile market price of our Class A common stock, in adverse publicity, or in other adverse consequences. Certain index providers have implemented, and may in the future determine to implement, restrictions on including companies with multiple share class structures in certain of their indices. For example, from July 2017 to April 2023, S&P Dow Jones excluded companies with multiple share classes from the S&P Composite 1500. If we are ineligible for inclusion in certain indices on account of our dual class structure, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, and other investment vehicles that attempt to passively track those indices may not invest in our Class A common stock. These policies are relatively new and it is unclear what effect, if any, they will have on the valuations of publicly-traded companies excluded from such indices, but it is possible that they may depress valuations, as compared to similar companies that are included. Given the sustained flow of investment funds into passive strategies that seek to track certain indices, exclusion from certain stock indices would likely preclude investment by many of these funds

 and could make our Class A common stock less attractive to other investors. As a result, the market price of our Class A common stock could be adversely affected.

 We are a "controlled company" within the meaning of the rules of NYSE and, as a result, we may rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements and, if we chose to do so, you will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are not exempt from such requirements.

 We are a "controlled company" within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the NYSE. Under these rules, a listed company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a "controlled company" and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including:

 • the requirement that a majority of the board of directors consist of independent directors;
 • the requirement that our nominating and corporate governance committee be composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee's purpose and responsibilities;
 • the requirement that our compensation committee be composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee's purpose and responsibilities; and
 • the requirement for an annual performance evaluation of our nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees.

 We currently are not relying on any of the NYSE controlled company exemptions. However, as long as we remain a "controlled company," we may elect in the future to take advantage of any of these exemptions and if we choose to do so you will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the NYSE.

 We do not intend to pay dividends on our Class A common stock for the foreseeable future.

 We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends on our Class A common stock in the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on, among other things, our business prospects, results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements and availability, industry trends, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Any such decision also will be subject to compliance with contractual restrictions and covenants in the agreements governing our current indebtedness. In addition, our ability to pay dividends in the future depends on the earnings and distributions of funds from our health insurance subsidiaries. Applicable state insurance laws restrict the ability of such health insurance subsidiaries to declare stockholder dividends and require our health insurance subsidiaries to maintain specified levels of statutory capital and surplus. The Revolving Credit Facility contains restrictions on our ability to pay dividends. Moreover, we may incur additional indebtedness, the terms of which may further restrict or prevent us from paying dividends on our Class A common stock. As a result, you may have to sell some or all of your Class A common stock after price appreciation in order to generate cash flow from your investment, which you may not be able to do. Our inability or decision not to pay dividends could also adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock.

 We may issue shares of preferred stock in the future, which could make it difficult for another company to acquire us or could otherwise adversely affect holders of our Class A common stock, which could depress the price of our Class A common stock.

 Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation (the "Amended Charter") authorizes us to issue one or more series of preferred stock. Our board of directors will have the authority to determine the powers, designations, preferences, and relative, participating, optional or other special rights, and the qualifications, limitations, or restrictions thereof, of the shares of preferred stock and to fix the number of shares constituting any series, without any further vote or action by our stockholders. Our preferred stock could be issued with voting, liquidation, dividend, and other rights superior to the rights of our Class A common stock. The potential issuance of preferred stock may delay or prevent a change in control of us, discouraging bids for our Class A common stock at a premium to the market price, and may materially and adversely affect the market price and the voting and other rights of the holders of our Class A common stock.

 Future sales and issuances of our Class A common stock or rights to purchase our Class A common stock, including pursuant to our equity incentive plans, or other equity securities or securities convertible into our Class A common stock, could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause the stock price of our Class A common stock to decline.

 We have filed registration statements with the SEC on Form S-8 to register shares of our Class A common stock issued or reserved for issuance under our 2012 Stock Plan, 2021 Incentive Award Plan, 2022 Employment Inducement Incentive Award Plan, and Employee Stock Purchase Plan and expect to file additional registration statements on Form S-8 in the future. Subject to the satisfaction of vesting conditions, shares issued pursuant to or registered under the registration statement on Form S-8 will be available for resale immediately in the public market without restriction. In addition, upon conversion of the 2031 Notes, we may elect to settle conversions entirely in shares of our Class A common stock. Moreover, pursuant to the terms of the Investment Agreement governing the 2031 Notes, the Initial Purchasers of the 2031 Notes have the right to require us to settle conversions entirely in shares of our Class A common stock. From time to time in the future, we may also issue additional shares of our Class A common stock, Class B common stock or securities convertible into Class A common stock pursuant to a variety of transactions, including acquisitions. The issuance by us of additional shares of our Class A common stock or securities convertible into our Class A common stock would dilute the ownership of our existing stockholders.

 In addition, the sale of substantial amounts of shares of our Class A common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of shares of our Class A common stock. All of the shares of Class A common stock sold in our IPO are freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act, except that any shares held by our affiliates, as that term is defined under Rule 144 of the Securities Act, may be sold only in compliance with certain limitations. The market price of our shares of Class A common stock could drop significantly if the holders of such restricted shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds through future offerings of our shares of Class A common stock or other securities.

 Anti-takeover provisions in our governing documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of the Company more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management, and depress the market price of our Class A common stock.

 Our Amended Charter, our amended and restated bylaws (the "Amended Bylaws"), and Delaware law contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors. Among others, our Amended Charter and Amended Bylaws include the following provisions:

 • a dual class structure that provides our holders of Class B common stock with the ability to control the outcome of matters requiring stockholder approval;
 • limitations on convening special stockholder meetings, which could make it difficult for our stockholders to adopt desired governance changes;
 • advance notice procedures, which apply for stockholders to nominate candidates for election as directors or to bring matters before an annual meeting of stockholders;
 • a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which means that our stockholders will only be able to take action at a meeting of stockholders;
 • a forum selection clause, which means certain litigation can only be brought in Delaware;
 • no authorization of cumulative voting, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;
 • certain amendments to our certificate of incorporation will require the approval of two-thirds of the then outstanding voting power of our capital stock, voting as a single class;
 • amendments to our bylaws by our stockholders will require the approval of two-thirds of the then outstanding voting power of our capital stock, voting as a single class;
 • the authorization of undesignated or "blank check" preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued without further action by our stockholders and which may be used to create a "poison pill";
 • newly created directorships are filled by a majority of directors then in office; and
 • the approval of two-thirds of the then outstanding voting power of our capital stock, voting as a single class, is required to remove a director.

 These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management. As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the "DGCL"), which prevents interested stockholders, such as certain stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding common stock from engaging in certain business combinations for a period of 3 years following the time that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless (i) prior to the time such stockholder became an interested stockholder, the board approved the transaction that resulted in such stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, (ii) upon consummation of the transaction that resulted in such stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned 85% of the voting stock of the Company outstanding at the time the transaction commenced (excluding certain shares) or (iii) following board approval, the business combination receives the approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of our outstanding common stock not owned by such interested stockholder.

 The insurance laws in most states require regulatory review and approval of a change in control of our domestic insurers. "Control" generally means the possession, direct or indirect, of the power to direct, or cause the direction of, the management and policies of an insurer, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract, or otherwise. The state statutes usually presume that control exists if a person or company, directly or indirectly, owns, controls, or holds the power to vote ten percent (10%) or more of the voting securities of an insurer or a parent company, but some states may presume control at a lower percentage. This presumption can then be rebutted by showing that control does not exist. Accordingly, a change in control could trigger regulatory review and approval in one or more states in which we operate.
 Any provision of our Amended Charter, Amended Bylaws, Delaware law, or applicable state insurance law that has the effect of delaying, preventing, or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our Class A common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our Class A common stock.

 Our Amended Charter provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, and federal district courts are the sole and exclusive forum for Securities Act claims, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

 Our Amended Charter provides that, unless we consent to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for: (a) any derivative action, suit, or proceeding brought on our behalf; (b) any action, suit, or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our current or former directors, officers or other employees or stockholders to us or to our stockholders, creditors, or other constituents; (c) any action, suit, or proceeding asserting a claim arising pursuant to the DGCL, our Amended Charter or Amended Bylaws, or as to which the DGCL confers exclusive jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware; or (d) any action, suit, or proceeding asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine; provided that the exclusive forum provisions will not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act, or to any claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.

 Our Amended Charter further provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts are the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. We note that investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. The choice of forum provisions may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our current or former directors, officers, or other employees or stockholders, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our current or former directors, officers, and other employees or stockholders. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provisions contained in our Amended Charter to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 General Risk Factors

 The obligations associated with being a public company require significant resources and management attention.

 As a public company, we face increased legal, accounting, administrative, and other costs and expenses that we did not incur as a private company. We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, significant costs related to operating as a public company. We are subject to the Exchange Act, the rules and regulations implemented by the SEC, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the "PCAOB"), and the rules and standards of the NYSE, each of which imposes additional reporting and other obligations on public companies.

 These rules and regulations and changes in laws, regulations, and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, which have created uncertainty for public companies, will continue to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time consuming and costly. These laws, regulations, and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. Our investment in compliance with existing and evolving regulatory requirements has and will continue to result in increased administrative expenses and a diversion of management's time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 If our operating and financial performance in any given period does not meet the guidance that we provide to the public, the market price of our Class A common stock may decline.

 We have historically provided public guidance on our expected operating and financial results for future periods, and may continue to do so in the future. Such guidance consists of forward-looking statements subject to the risks and uncertainties described in this report, and in our other public filings and public statements. Our actual results may not always be in line with or exceed any guidance we have provided, especially in times of economic uncertainty. If, in the future, our operating or financial results for a particular period do not meet any guidance we provide or the expectations of investment analysts, or if we reduce our guidance for future periods, the market price of our Class A common stock may decline. Even if we do issue public guidance, there can be no assurance that we will continue to do so in the future.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity

 Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

 We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information, including protected health information and the systems that store and transmit such data. Our cybersecurity risk management program includes a cybersecurity incident response plan.

 We use the ISO 27001 standard as a guide to help us identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to our business. This does not imply that we meet any particular technical standards, specifications or requirements.

 Our cybersecurity risk management program is integrated into our overall enterprise risk management program, and shares common methodologies, reporting channels and governance processes that apply across the enterprise risk management program to other legal, compliance, strategic, operational, and financial risk areas.

 Our cybersecurity risk management program includes:

 • risk assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical systems, information, products, services, and our broader enterprise IT environment;

 • a security team principally responsible for managing (1) our cybersecurity risk assessment processes, (2) our security controls, and (3) our response to cybersecurity incidents;
 • the use of external service providers, where appropriate, to assess, test or otherwise assist with aspects of our security controls, and conduct tabletop exercises to validate our cybersecurity incident response processes;
 • the use of various technology and process-based methods, such as network isolation, intrusion detection systems, vulnerability assessments, penetration testing, use of threat intelligence, content filtering, endpoint security (including anti-malware and detection response capabilities), email security mechanisms, and access control mechanisms;
 • cybersecurity awareness training of our employees, including incident response personnel and senior management;
 • a cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents; and
 • a third-party risk management and diligence process for vendors and service providers.

 While we have implemented processes to maintain our cybersecurity risk management program, there can be no assurance that our program, including our controls, procedures and processes, will be fully complied with or that it will be fully effective in protecting the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our critical systems and information.

 We have not identified risks from known cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. See Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Business—If we or our partners or other third parties with whom we collaborate fail to protect confidential information and/or sustain a data security incident, we could suffer increased costs, material financial penalties, exposure to significant liability, adverse regulatory consequences, and reputational harm, which would materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition."

 Cybersecurity Governance

 Our Board considers cybersecurity risk as part of its risk oversight function and has delegated to the Audit Committee (Committee) oversight of cybersecurity risks. The Committee oversees management of our cybersecurity risks, including reviewing and discussing with management our major cybersecurity risk exposures and the steps management has taken to monitor and control such exposures.

 Management provides quarterly reports on our cybersecurity risks to the Committee. In addition, management updates the Committee, as necessary, regarding any material cybersecurity incidents. The Committee reports to the full Board regarding its activities, including those related to cybersecurity. Our management team, including our Chief Technology Officer and Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), is responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats. The team has primary responsibility for our overall cybersecurity risk management program and supervises both our internal cybersecurity personnel and our retained external cybersecurity consultants. Our Chief Technology Officer, the Company's co-founder and former CEO, has extensive experience in computer science and technology, including as a visiting scholar at Stanford University. This experience has enhanced his expertise in cybersecurity governance and risk management. Our CISO is a Certified Information Systems Security Professional and his experience includes over 20 years of working in the cybersecurity field in various industries, including data analytics, identity verification software, and financial services industries, and 15 years leading teams and programs.

 Our management team supervises efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include briefings from internal security personnel; threat intelligence and other information obtained from the Health Information Sharing and Analysis Center and other governmental, public or private sources; and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in the IT environment.

 Item 2. Properties

 We lease our corporate headquarters located in New York, New York. We lease additional office space in Tempe, Arizona and Los Angeles, California. We believe that our properties are adequate and suitable for our business as presently conducted.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings

 The information required under this Part I, Item 3 is set forth in Note 19 - Commitments and Contingencies to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Given that such proceedings are subject to uncertainty, there can be no assurance that such legal proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Market Information

 Our Class A common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "OSCR." There is no established public trading market for our Class B common stock.

 Holders

 As of January 31, 2025, there were 16 holders of record of our Class A common stock and 11 holders of record of our Class B common stock.

 Dividend Policy

 We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund the growth of our business and do not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. We are regulated under state insurance holding company laws and our subsidiaries are subject to stringent regulations, including mandatory statutory capital and surplus requirements, that may restrict our or our subsidiaries' ability to declare dividends or limit the amount of dividends and distributions that can be paid without approval of, or notification to, state regulators. In addition, the terms of our Revolving Credit Facility, and other indebtedness we may enter into from time to time, restricts our ability and that of our subsidiaries' to, among other things, pay dividends or make other distributions on equity interests. Any decision to declare dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including our business prospects, financial condition, regulatory and contractual restrictions, capital and surplus requirements, general business conditions, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

 Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer or Affiliated Purchasers

 The following table sets forth purchases of shares of our Class A common stock made during the three months ended December 31, 2024 by or on behalf of the Company or an "affiliated purchaser" as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act.

 Period

Total Number of Class A Shares Purchased

 Average Price Paid per Class A Share(1)

 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
 Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (in thousands)

 11/1/24 to 11/30/24
 2,521,728(1)

 $14.40 per share
 —
 —

 (1) Includes (i) 1,588,395 shares purchased in open market transactions by funds affiliated with Thrive Capital. Joshua Kushner, the Vice Chairman of our board of directors, is the sole managing member of each of the General Partners of the Thrive Capital affiliated funds and (ii) 933,333 shares purchased in open market transactions by the Anahata Foundation, a charitable foundation established by Mark T. Bertolini, our Chief Executive Officer. Each of the Thrive Capital affiliated funds and the Anahata Foundation may be deemed to be an "affiliated purchaser" as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act.

 Performance Graph

 The following graph illustrates the cumulative total shareholder return on our Class A common stock from March 3, 2021, the first day the Company's stock was publicly traded, through December 31, 2024, relative to the performance of the S&P 500 Index and a group of eleven peers selected by the Company. The peer group is composed of Centene Corporation, Molina Healthcare, Inc., CVS Health Corporation, Cigna Group, Elevance Health, Inc., Agilon Health Inc., Alignment Healthcare, Inc., Evolent Health, Inc., Privia Health Group, Inc., Teladoc Health, Inc., and Accolade, Inc. The Peer Group was chosen based on (i) industry, including managed care and healthcare technology companies, with emphasis on direct competitors and close industry peers, (ii) revenue, and (iii) market capitalization. The graph assumes that $100 was invested on March 3, 2021 in each of our Class A common stock, the S&P 500 Index, the peer group, and that any dividends were reinvested. The comparisons reflected in the graph are not intended to forecast or otherwise be indicative of the future performance of our stock. The performance graph shall not be deemed "soliciting material" or to be "filed" with the SEC for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any of the Company's filings under the Securities Act.

 Company/Index
 03/03/21
 12/31/21
 12/31/22
 12/31/23
 12/31/24

 $
 100.00
 $
 22.56
 $
 7.07
 $
 26.29
 $
 38.62

 S&P 500
 $
 100.00
 $
 126.22
 $
 103.34
 $
 130.48
 $
 163.09

 Peer Group
 $
 100.00
 $
 131.10
 $
 141.76
 $
 129.93
 $
 100.48

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis ("MD&A") of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 should be read in conjunction with our audited Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this filing. The discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under Part I, Item 1A."Risk Factors" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion and analysis does not include certain items related to the year ended December 31, 2023, including year-to-year comparisons between the year ended December 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022. For a comparison of our results of operations for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, see Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on February 15, 2024.

 INDEX TO MD&A

 Management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is comprised of the following sections:

 Page

 Overview

 Recent Developments, Trends and Other Key Factors Impacting Performance

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

 Components of our Results of Operations

 Results of Operations

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 Overview

 Oscar is a leading healthcare technology company built around a full stack technology platform and a relentless focus on member experience. We have been challenging the status quo in the healthcare system since our founding in 2012, and are dedicated to making a healthier life accessible and affordable for all. Oscar serves individuals, families, and employees through the ACA and offers health technology solutions that power the healthcare industry through +Oscar. Our technology drives superior experiences, deep engagement, and high-value clinical care, earning us the trust of approximately 1.68 million effectuated members, as of December 31, 2024.

 We regularly review our Total Revenue, MLR, Selling, General and Administrative Expense Ratio ("SG&A Expense Ratio"), Net Income (loss) attributable to Oscar Health Inc., and Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial metric, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends in our business, prepare financial projections, and make strategic decisions. We believe these operational and financial measures are useful in evaluating our performance, in addition to our financial results prepared in accordance with GAAP.

 Total Revenue

 Total revenue includes Premium revenue, Investment income, and Services and other revenue. We believe Total revenue is an important metric to assess the growth of our business, as well as the earnings potential of our investment portfolio.

 MLR

 MLR is a metric used to calculate medical expenses as a percentage of net premiums before ceded quota share reinsurance. The impact of the federal risk adjustment program is included in the denominator of our MLR. We believe MLR is an important metric to demonstrate the ratio of our costs to pay for healthcare of our members to the net premium before ceded quota share reinsurance. MLR in our existing products are subject to various federal and state minimum requirements.

 SG&A Expense Ratio

 The SG&A Expense Ratio reflects the Company's Selling, general and administrative expenses, as a percentage of Total revenue. We believe the SG&A Expense Ratio is useful to evaluate our ability to manage our overall selling, general, and administrative cost base.

 Net Income (loss) attributable to Oscar Health, Inc.

 Net earnings (loss) allocated to the Company after income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests. It is a key indicator of the Company's profitability and operational efficiency, allowing management to evaluate performance and make informed decisions on strategic planning, cost management, and resource allocation.
 Adjusted Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization ("Adjusted EBITDA")

 Adjusted EBITDA is defined as Net income (loss) for the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries before interest expense, income tax expense (benefit), and depreciation and amortization, as further adjusted for stock-based compensation and other items that are considered unusual or not representative of underlying trends of our business, where applicable for the period presented. We present Adjusted EBITDA because we consider it to be an important supplemental measure of our performance and believe it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors, and other interested parties in the evaluation of companies in our industry. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure. Management believes that investors' understanding of our performance is enhanced by including this non-GAAP financial measure as a reasonable basis for comparing our ongoing results of operations.

 We caution investors that amounts presented in accordance with our definition of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by our competitors, because not all companies and analysts calculate Adjusted EBITDA in the same manner.

 Management uses Adjusted EBITDA:
 • as a measurement of operating performance because it assists us in comparing the operating performance of our business on a consistent basis, as it removes the impact of items not directly resulting from our core operations;
 • for planning purposes, including the preparation of our internal annual operating budget and financial projections;
 • to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of our operational strategies; and
 • to evaluate our capacity to expand our business.

 By providing this non-GAAP financial measure, together with a reconciliation to the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure, Net income (loss), we believe we are enhancing investors' understanding of our business and our results of operations, as well as assisting investors in evaluating how well we are executing our strategic initiatives. Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and should not be considered in isolation, or as an alternative to, or a substitute for Net income (loss) or other financial statement data presented in our Consolidated Financial Statements as indicators of financial performance. A reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA from Net income (loss) is provided under "Results of Operations-Adjusted EBITDA".

 Recent Developments, Trends and Other Key Factors Impacting Performance

 Regulatory Update

 Our operations are subject to comprehensive and detailed federal, state, and local laws and regulations throughout the jurisdictions in which we do business. Developments related to the regulatory regimes in which we operate have in the past impacted, and are expected to continue to impact, our results of operations. During the periods presented in the financial statements contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, certain regulatory developments have impacted, and may continue to impact, our results of operations.

 • Enhanced APTC's that have been in place since 2021 have contributed to increases in our membership. These enhanced APTCs are set to expire at the end of 2025 and if they are not renewed it could make coverage unaffordable to some individuals and thereby reduce overall participation in the Health Insurance Marketplaces and our membership. Such market dynamics may also impact market morbidity and our MLR. For additional details, see "Business–Government Regulation–Ongoing Requirements and Changes to the ACA" and "Risk Factors–Most

 Material Risks to Us–Any changes to the ACA and its regulations could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition."

 • The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2023 delinked the Medicaid continuous coverage from the end of the PHE for COVID-19, and Medicaid redeterminations began on April 1, 2023 and CMS announced an SEP that began March 31, 2023 and ended November 30, 2024. The Medicaid redeterminations have contributed to increases in our membership. While CMS announced in 2024 that all unwinding-related renewals for beneficiaries enrolled in CHIP must be completed no later than December 31, 2025, our understanding is that the majority of states have now substantially completed their unwinding processes. We anticipate that any future impact on our membership in connection with ACA enrollments due to the unwinding of the Medicaid continuous enrollment condition will not be as significant as the membership growth we experienced in plan year 2024. For additional details, see "Business–Government Regulation–Ongoing Requirements and Changes to the ACA" and "Risk Factors–Most Material Risks to Us–Failure to accurately estimate our incurred medical expenses or effectively manage our medical costs or related administrative costs could negatively affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows."

 • The CMS has recently been increasingly focused on improving integrity in the eligibility and enrollment process, and we expect this focus to continue. During the second half of 2024 CMS enacted new measures to respond to increases in unauthorized changes in consumer enrollments by agents and brokers and to reduce consumer burdens related to unauthorized enrollments, and these measures may make it more difficult for members to enroll in new plans or switch from one plan to another or otherwise retroactively remove members from ACA plans. For example, the CMS measures may have impacted the pace of our enrollments during open enrollment for plan year 2025 and may continue to do so in future plan years. For additional details, see "Business–Government Regulation–Ongoing Requirements and Changes to the ACA" and "Risk Factors-Most Material Risks to Us-Our success and ability to grow our business depend in part on retaining and expanding our member base. If we fail to add new members or retain current members, or manage our membership growth appropriately to meet our business objectives, our business, revenue, operating results, and financial condition could be harmed.

 Members

 Our membership is measured as of a particular point in time. Membership may change due to our expansion into or exiting of certain markets, and further vary throughout the year due to disenrollments, any SEP, and other market dynamics that are in effect such as Medicaid redeterminations, enhancements, reductions or eliminations of APTCs, other legislative or regulatory actions, or other factors that enable the overall market to grow or decline throughout the year.

 SEP Market Dynamics

 SEP or other market dynamics that drive enrollment and/or mix changes throughout the year may impact the per member levels of premiums, claims, and/or risk adjustment transfers. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the increase in membership was due in part to an increase in member enrollments through SEP which impacted our MLR. Higher SEP growth in certain markets throughout 2024 may have contributed to the increase in our risk transfer payable for the year ended December 31, 2024. We currently anticipate lower SEP membership growth during 2025.

 Risk Adjustment

 The risk adjustment programs in the markets we serve are administered federally by CMS and are designed to mitigate the potential impact of adverse selection and provide stability for health insurers. Under this program, each plan is assigned a risk score based upon demographic information and current year claims information related to its members. The risk score is used to adjust plan revenue to reflect the relative risk of the plan's enrolled population. We reevaluate our risk adjustment transfer estimates as new information and market data becomes available until we receive the final reporting from CMS in later periods, up to twelve months in arrears.

 Our risk transfer estimates are subject to a high degree of estimation and variability, and are affected by the relative risk of our members, and in the case of ACA, relative to that of other insurers. There is a higher degree of uncertainty associated with estimates of risk adjustment transfers at the beginning of the policy year resulting from composition of the risk score being based on concurrent claim data. There is additional uncertainty for both markets and blocks of business that experience outsized growth, compounded by the lack of credible experience data on the newly enrolling population. Furthermore, there

 is also uncertainty associated with changes in other carriers operations, which may impact the ultimate degree of market level risk. Actual risk adjustment calculations and transfers could materially differ from our assumptions.

 Claims Incurred

 Medical expense primarily consists of both paid and unpaid medical expenses incurred to provide medical services and products to our members. Medical claims include fee-for-service claims, pharmacy benefits, capitation payments to providers, provider disputed claims and various other medical-related costs. Our development of the benefits payable estimate is a continuous process we monitor and refine on a monthly basis as additional claims receipts and payment information becomes available. Our medical expenses are impacted by seasonal effects of medical costs, such as the utilization of deductibles and out-of-pocket maximums over the course of the policy year, which shift more costs to us in the second half of the year as we pay a higher proportion of covered claims costs, and the number of days and holidays in a given period. Our medical and pharmacy costs can also exhibit seasonality depending on selection effects or changes in the risk profile of our membership and the proportion of our membership that is new in the calendar year. The emergence of medical and pharmacy claims is influenced by the aforementioned drivers, and further mix shifts may continue to alter claims incurred patterns in future periods.

 Seasonality

 Our business is generally affected by the seasonal patterns of our member enrollment, medical expenses, and health plan mix shift and product design. SEP or other market dynamics that drive enrollment and/or mix changes throughout the year may impact the per member levels of premiums, claims, and/or risk adjustment transfers. Additionally, medical expenses have historically been highest towards the second half of the year due to a number of factors discussed above.

 Reinsurance

 We believe our reinsurance agreements help us achieve important goals for our business, including risk management and capital efficiency. Our reinsurance agreements are contracted under two different types of arrangements: quota share reinsurance contracts and XOL reinsurance contracts. In quota share reinsurance, the reinsurer agrees to assume a specified percentage of the ceding company's losses in exchange for a corresponding percentage of premiums. In XOL reinsurance, the reinsurer agrees to assume all or a portion of the ceding company's losses in excess of a specified amount. Under XOL reinsurance, the premium payable to the reinsurer is negotiated by the parties based on losses on an individual member in a given calendar year and their assessment of the amount of risk being ceded to the reinsurer. In the case of federal and state-run reinsurance programs, no reinsurance premiums are paid. The reinsurance agreements do not relieve us of our primary medical claims incurred obligations. Refer to Note 11 - Reinsurance to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a description of the accounting methods used to record our quota share reinsurance arrangements.

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

 The preparation of Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets, and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our financial statements. We regularly assess these estimates; however, actual amounts could differ from those estimates. The most significant items involving management's estimates include estimates of benefits payable and risk adjustment. The impact of changes in estimates is recorded in the period in which they become known.

 An accounting policy is considered to be critical if the nature of the estimates or assumptions is material due to the levels of subjectivity and judgment necessary to account for highly uncertain matters or the susceptibility of such matters to change, and the effect of the estimates and assumptions on financial condition, or operating performance. The accounting policies that reflect a significant level of estimation and that are most likely to have a material impact on our reported financial results are described below. Other accounting policies are disclosed in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Benefits payable includes estimates of the ultimate cost of claims that have been incurred but not reported, including expected development on reported claims, those that have been reported but not yet paid (reported claims in process) and other medical care expenses and services payable.

 Our development of the benefits payable estimate is a continuous process which we monitor and refine on a monthly basis as additional claims receipts and payment information becomes available. As more complete claims information becomes available, we adjust the amount of the estimates and include the changes in estimates in medical costs in the period in which the changes are identified. In each reporting period, our operating results include the effects of more completely developed benefits payable estimates associated with previously reported periods. If the revised estimate of prior period healthcare claims is less than the previous estimate, we will decrease reported healthcare claims in the current period (favorable development). If the revised estimate of prior period healthcare claims is more than the previous estimate, we will increase reported healthcare costs in the current period (unfavorable development). Healthcare costs in the years ended December 31, 2024 included a favorable healthcare claim development related to prior years of $164.7 million (net of reinsurance) and an unfavorable health claim development of $19.8 million (net of reinsurance) for the year ended December 31, 2023.

 In developing our benefits payable estimates, we apply different estimation methods depending on the month for which incurred claims are being estimated. For example, in recent months, we estimate claim costs incurred by applying assumed medical cost trends to the per member per month ("PMPM") medical costs incurred in prior months for which more complete claim data is available, supplemented by a review of near-term completion factors. Additional consideration is also given to adjudicated claims that may reopen as a result of provider disputes.

 Completion Factors
 A completion factor is an actuarial estimate, based upon historical experience and analysis of current trends, of the percentage of incurred claims during a given period that have been adjudicated by us at the date of estimation. Completion factors are the most significant factors we use in developing our benefits payable estimates. For periods prior to the two most recent months, completion factors include judgments related to claim submissions such as the time from date of service to claim receipt, claim levels, and processing cycles, as well as other factors. If actual claims submission rates from providers (which can be influenced by a number of factors, including provider mix and electronic versus manual submissions) or our claim processing patterns are different than estimated, our reserve estimates may be significantly impacted. For the most recent two months, the completion factors are informed primarily from forecasted per member per month claims projections developed from our historical experience and adjusted by emerging experience data in the preceding months which may include adjustments for known changes in estimates of recent hospital and drug utilization data, provider contracting changes, changes in benefit levels, changes in member cost sharing, changes in medical management processes, product mix, and workday seasonality.

 The following table illustrates the sensitivity of the estimated potential impact on our benefits payable estimates gross of reinsurance, for those periods as of December 31, 2024 to an increase (decrease) in the underlying completion factors:

 Changes in Estimates
 Increase (Decrease) in Benefits Payable (in thousands)

 (1.00)%
 $
 172,729

 (0.75)%
 129,221

 (0.50)%
 85,931

 (0.25)%
 42,858

 0.25%
 (42,644)

 0.50%
 (85,076)

 0.75%
 (126,673)

 1.00%
 (165,622)

 Management believes the amount of benefits payable is reasonable and adequate to cover our liability for unpaid claims as of December 31, 2024; however, actual claim payments may differ from established estimates as discussed above. Assuming a hypothetical 1% difference between our December 31, 2024 estimates of benefits payable and actual benefits payable, excluding any potential offsetting impact from premium rebates, net earnings for the year ended December 31, 2024 would have increased by approximately $172.7 million or decreased by approximately $165.6 million.

 For more detail related to our medical claims expenses, see Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Risk Adjustment

 The risk adjustment programs in the individual and small group markets we serve are designed to mitigate the potential impact of adverse selection and provide stability for health insurers. Plans with lower than average risk scores will generally pay into the pool, while plans with higher than average risk scores will generally receive distributions. Plans receive higher payments for members with higher risk scores than members with lower risk scores.

 The Company estimates the receivable or payable under the risk adjustment programs based on its estimated risk score compared to the state average risk score. The Company may record a receivable or payable as an adjustment to premium revenues to reflect the year-to-date impact of the risk adjustment based on its best estimate. The Company refines its estimate as new information becomes available.

 Components of our Results of Operations

 Premium revenue includes direct policy premiums collected from our members and subsidies received from the federal government, risk adjustment transfers, and assumed policy premiums we earned as part of our reinsurance arrangement under our Cigna+Oscar Small Group plan offering, and is net of ceded premium from XOL and run-off quota share reinsurance contracts accounted for under reinsurance accounting. The Company did not renew the Cigna+Oscar Small Group arrangement after the expiration of the initial term on December 31, 2024.

 Investment Income

 Investment income primarily includes investment income, interest earned, and gains (losses) on our investment portfolio.

 Services and Other

 Services and other revenue includes primarily revenue earned from administrative services performed as part of the +Oscar platform, as well as sublease income.

 Medical

 Medical expense primarily consists of both paid and unpaid medical expenses incurred to provide medical services and products to our members. Medical claims include fee-for-service claims, pharmacy benefits, capitation payments to providers, provider disputed claims and various other medical-related costs. Under fee-for-service claims arrangements with providers, we retain the financial responsibility for medical care provided and incur costs based on actual utilization of hospital and physician services. Medical claims are recognized in the period healthcare services are provided. Unpaid medical expenses include claims reported and in the process of being settled, but that have not yet been paid, as well as healthcare costs incurred but not yet reported to us, which are collectively referred to as benefits payable or claim reserves. The development of the claim reserve estimate is based on actuarial methodologies that consider underlying claim payment patterns, medical cost inflation, historical developments, such as claim inventory levels and claim receipt patterns, and other relevant factors. The methods for making such estimates and for establishing the resulting liability are continuously reviewed and any adjustments are reflected in the period determined. Medical expense also reflects the net impact of our ceded reinsurance claims from XOL and run-off quota share reinsurance contracts accounted for under reinsurance accounting.

 Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

 Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily include distribution expenses, wages, benefits, costs of software and hardware, the impact of quota share reinsurance, stock-based compensation, and other administrative costs.

 Other Expenses (Income)

 Other expenses (income) consists primarily of miscellaneous expenses or income that are not core to our operations, including profit sharing arrangements with our co-branded health plans and changes in the fair value of financial instruments.

 Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

 Income tax expense (benefit) consists primarily of changes to our current and deferred federal and state tax assets and liabilities. Income taxes are recorded as deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities based on differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Our deferred tax assets and liabilities are calculated by applying the current tax rates and laws to taxable years in which such differences are expected to reverse.

 Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests

 Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests represents the share of the Company's earnings allocated to the Company's joint venture partner.

 Results of Operations

 Year Ended December 31, 2024 compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023

 The following table sets forth our results of operations for the periods indicated:

 (in thousands, except percentages)
 2024
 2023

 Revenue

 $
 8,971,259
 $
 5,686,069

 Investment income
 185,729
 155,447

 Services and other
 20,576
 21,353

 Total revenue
 9,177,564
 5,862,869

 Operating Expenses

 Medical

 Selling, general, and administrative
 1,755,565
 1,425,766

 Depreciation and amortization

 Total operating expenses
 9,120,299
 6,098,484

 Earnings (loss) from operations
 57,265
 (235,615)

 23,734
 24,603

 Other expenses (income)
 7,082

 Earnings (loss) before income taxes
 33,426
 (267,300)

 Income tax expense
 7,305
 3,294

 Net income (loss)
 (270,594)

 Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests

 $
 $
 (270,728)

 Medical Loss Ratio (MLR)
 81.7
 %
 81.6
 %

 SG&A Expense Ratio
 19.1
 %
 24.3
 %

 Adjusted EBITDA(1)

 $
 199,234
 $
 (45,238)

 (1) Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure. See "-Adjusted EBITDA" below for a reconciliation to net income (loss), the most directly comparable GAAP measure, and "-Overview-Adjusted EBITDA" for information regarding our use of Adjusted EBITDA.

 Premium revenue increased by $3,285.2 million, or 58%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily driven by higher membership during 2024 Open Enrollment, strong retention, and SEP member additions.

 The following table summarizes the Company's membership by offering:

 Membership by Offering
 2024
 2023

 Individual and Small Group
 1,636,400
 967,002

 Medicare Advantage
 —
 1,781

 Cigna+Oscar (1)

 40,570
 67,500

 Total Members (2)

 1,676,970
 1,036,283

 (1) Represents total membership for our co-branded partnership with Cigna.
(2) A member covered under more than one of our health plans counts as a single member for the purposes of this metric.

 Investment Income

 Investment income increased by $30.3 million, or 19%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to a larger asset base.

 Medical Expenses and MLR

 Medical expenses increased by $2,690.6 million, or 58%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to increased membership. MLR slightly increased for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily driven by SEP membership growth and an increase in our risk adjustment transfer, partially offset by favorable prior period development. Membership growth during the special enrollment period resulted in upward pressure in our MLR. Further, while overall member utilization increased consistent with our pricing expectations, overall market morbidity dynamics drove an increased risk transfer payable. These factors were partially offset by favorable prior period development and affordability initiatives.

 (in thousands, except percentages)
 2024
 2023

 Medical
 $
 $

 Less: Ceded quota share reinsurance claims (1)

 (2,029)
 2,057

 Net claims before ceded quota share reinsurance (A)

 $
 7,334,618
 $
 4,639,967

 $
 8,971,259
 $
 5,686,069

 Less: Ceded quota share reinsurance premiums (2)

 (881)
 (2,211)

 Net premiums before ceded quota share reinsurance (B)

 $
 8,972,140
 $
 5,688,280

 Medical Loss Ratio (A divided by B)

 81.7
 %
 81.6
 %

 (1)Represents prior period development for claims ceded to reinsurers pursuant to quota share treaties accounted for under reinsurance accounting, which are in runoff

 (2) Represents prior period development for premiums ceded to reinsurers pursuant to quota share treaties accounted for under reinsurance accounting, which are in runoff.

 Selling, General and Administrative Expenses and SG&A Expense Ratio

 Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $329.8 million, or 23%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was driven by higher distribution, taxes and fees associated with higher membership year over year, partially offset by the impact of the acceleration of stock compensation expense associated with the cancellation of the Founders Awards in the first quarter of 2023. The SG&A Expense Ratio improved 520 basis points year over year for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to improved fixed cost leverage and variable cost efficiencies.

 Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

 Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was approximately 21.86% and (1.23)% respectively.

 Net Income (loss) attributable to Oscar Health, Inc.

 Net income (loss) attributable to Oscar Health, Inc. increased by $296.2 million, or 109%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023.

 Adjusted EBITDA

 The table below sets forth the reconciliation of Net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA (a non-GAAP measure). See "-Overview–Adjusted EBITDA" for information regarding our use of Adjusted EBITDA.

 2024
 2023

 Net Income (loss)
 $
 $
 (270,594)

 23,734
 24,603

 Other expenses (income)
 7,082

 Income tax expense
 7,305
 3,294

 Depreciation and amortization

 Stock-based compensation (1)

 109,824
 159,683

 Adjusted EBITDA
 $
 199,234
 $
 (45,238)

 (1)Represents non-cash expenses related to equity-based compensation programs, which vary from period to period depending on various factors including the timing, number, and the valuation of awards. Additionally, these expenses are reported net of any stock-based compensation that has been capitalized for software development costs. Year ended December 31, 2023 includes a non-recurring charge of $46.3 million related to accelerated stock-based compensation expense recognized as a result of the cancellation of the Founders Awards. Refer to Note 10 - Stock Based Compensation for additional information.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 Overview

 We maintain liquidity at two levels of our corporate structure, through our health insurance subsidiaries (any subsidiary of Oscar Health, Inc. that has applied for or received a license, certification, or authorization to sell health plans by any state Department of Insurance, Department of Financial Services, Department of Health, or comparable regulatory authority) and through our holding company (our parent company, Oscar Health, Inc., on a standalone basis ("Parent") and subsidiaries excluding our health insurance subsidiaries).

 The majority of the assets held by the holding company are in the form of cash and cash equivalents and investments. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, total cash and cash equivalents and investments held by the holding company was $189.8 million and $234.1 million, respectively, of which $12.8 million and $12.6 million was restricted for 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 The majority of the assets held by our health insurance subsidiaries are in the form of cash and cash equivalents and investments. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, total cash and cash equivalents and investments held by our health insurance subsidiaries was $3,808.0 million and $2,721.2 million, respectively, of which $18.0 million and $17.3 million, respectively, was on deposit with regulators as required for statutory licensing purposes. These amounts are classified as restricted deposits on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 Our health insurance subsidiaries' states of domicile have statutory minimum capital requirements that are intended to measure capital adequacy, taking into account the risk characteristics of an insurer's investments and products. The combined statutory capital and surplus of our health insurance subsidiaries was estimated to be approximately $1,242.7 million as of December 31, 2024, and it was $800.6 million as of December 31, 2023, which was in compliance with and in excess of the minimum capital requirements for each period. The health insurance subsidiaries historically have required capital contributions from Parent to maintain minimum levels. The health insurance subsidiaries in aggregate exceeded the minimum statutory RBC requirement by $301 million as of December 31, 2023 and are projected to have approximately $774 million of excess capital as of December 31, 2024. The health insurance subsidiaries may be subject to additional capital and surplus requirements in the future, as a result of factors such as increasing membership and medical costs, which may require us to incur additional indebtedness, sell capital stock, or access other sources of funding in order to fund such requirements. During periods of increased volatility, adverse securities and credit markets, including those due to rising interest rates, may exert downward pressure on the availability of liquidity and credit capacity for certain issuers, and any such funding may not be available on favorable terms, or at all.

 As our health insurance subsidiaries have collectively become profitable and to the extent their levels of statutory capital and surplus continue to exceed minimum regulatory requirements, we may make periodic requests for dividends and distributions from our subsidiaries to fund our operations or seek to enter into transactions or structures that enable us to efficiently deploy this excess capital, which may or may not require approval by our regulators. During the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Parent received approximately $133 million and $52 million capital distribution, respectively, from the insurance subsidiaries. For additional information see Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Business—If state regulators do not approve payments of dividends and distributions by our health insurance subsidiaries to us, or do not approve other capital efficiency structures we may pursue, we may not have sufficient funds to implement our business strategy."

 Our health insurance subsidiaries also utilize quota share reinsurance arrangements to reduce our minimum capital and surplus requirements, which are designed to enable us to efficiently deploy capital to fund our growth. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Parent made $146.6 million and $19.5 million of capital contributions, respectively, to the health insurance subsidiaries. We estimate that had we not had any quota share reinsurance arrangements in place, the health insurance subsidiaries would have been required to hold approximately $553.8 million and $447.1 million of additional capital as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which the Parent would have been required to fund to the extent the applicable insurance subsidiary did not have excess capital to cover the requirement. For additional information on our capital contributions and reinsurance arrangements, see "Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Business—We utilize quota share reinsurance to reduce our capital and surplus requirements and protect against downside risk on medical claims. If regulators do not approve our reinsurance agreements for this purpose, or if we cannot negotiate renewals of our quota share arrangements on acceptable terms, or at all, enter into new agreements with reinsurers, or otherwise obtain capital through debt or equity financings, our capital position would be negatively impacted, and we could fall out of compliance with applicable regulatory requirements" and "Risk Factors—Risks Most Material to Us—Our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be harmed if we fail to execute our strategy and manage our growth effectively."

 Short-Term Cash Requirements

 The Company's cash requirements within the next twelve months include benefits payable, risk adjustment transfer payable, current lease liabilities, interest payable on debt, other current liabilities and purchase commitments and other obligations. We expect the cash required to meet these obligations to be primarily funded by cash available for general corporate use, cash flows from current operations, and/or the realization of current assets, such as accounts receivable. Based on our current forecast, we believe the Company's cash, and cash equivalents and investments, not including restricted cash, will be sufficient to fund our operating requirements for at least the next twelve months.

 Some of our payments and receipts, including risk adjustment transfers and reinsurance receipts, can be significant. For example, during the third quarter of 2024, we made a payment through our health insurance subsidiaries of approximately $1,056.8 million into the risk adjustment program, for the 2023 policy year. As such, timing of payments and receipts can influence cash flows from operating activities in any given period which would have a negative impact on our operating cash flows.

 Long-Term Cash Requirements

 Our long-term cash requirements under our various contractual obligations and commitments include operating leases. We expect the cash required to meet our long-term obligations to be primarily generated through future cash flows from operations. See Note 13 – Leases to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further detail of our obligations and the timing of expected future payments.

 Convertible Senior Notes
 On February 3, 2022, we issued $305.0 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2031 (the "2031 Notes") in a private placement to funds affiliated with or advised by Dragoneer Investment Group, LLC, Thrive Capital, LionTree Investment Management, LLC and Tenere Capital LLC (the "Initial Purchasers"). In connection with the sale and issuance of the 2031 Notes, on January 27, 2022, we entered into an investment agreement with the Initial Purchasers (the "Investment Agreement") and on February 3, 2022, we entered into an indenture with U.S. Bank, as Trustee (the "Indenture"). The 2031 Notes bear interest at a rate of 7.25% per annum, payable in cash, semi-annually in arrears on June 30 and December 31 of each year, commencing on June 30, 2022. The 2031 Notes will mature on December 31, 2031, subject to earlier repurchase, redemption, or conversion.

 Upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the Indenture), holders of the 2031 Notes have the right to require us to repurchase all or some of their 2031 Notes for cash, subject to certain conditions. Additionally, the Initial Purchasers have the right to require us to repurchase all of their Notes for cash, on each of June 30, 2027, June 30, 2028, June 30, 2029 and June 30, 2030, subject to certain notice requirements. On or after December 31, 2026, if a Class A common stock sale price condition is satisfied, we are able to redeem all (but not less than all) of the 2031 Notes for cash. If we call any of the 2031 Notes for redemption, holders of the 2031 Notes shall have the right to convert any such 2031 Note any time before the close of business on the second business day immediately before the related redemption date.

 The 2031 Notes may be converted at the option of the holders, on or after August 31, 2031, if we call the 2031 Notes for redemption, upon the satisfaction of a Class A common stock sale price or 2031 Note trading price condition, or upon certain corporate events. Upon conversion, the 2031 Notes will be settled, at the Company's election, in shares of Class A common stock, cash, or a combination of cash and shares of Class A common stock, unless an Initial Purchaser elects to receive the consideration due upon conversion solely in shares of Class A common stock pursuant to the terms of the Investment Agreement. During the quarterly period ended December 31, 2024, the Class A common stock sale price conversion condition was satisfied. As a result, the 2031 Notes are convertible during the first quarter of 2025 at the option of the holders. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the 2031 Notes have not been converted.

 For additional details relating to the 2031 Notes, see Note 9 - Debt to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and, "Risk Factors–Risks Related to Indebtedness–Our debt obligations contain restrictions that impact our business and expose us to risks that could materially adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition" and "Risk Factors–Risks Related to Indebtedness–We may be unable to raise the funds necessary to repurchase our outstanding 2031 Notes for cash following a fundamental change or on the optional repurchase dates, or to pay any cash amounts due upon conversion, and our other indebtedness may limit our ability to repurchase the 2031 Notes or pay cash upon their conversion."

 Revolving Credit Facility
 On December 28, 2023, we entered into a third amendment to our senior secured credit agreement (the "Third Amendment"), with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as lender and the administrative agent, and certain other lenders party thereto from time to time (collectively the "Lenders"), and Oscar Management Corporation, as a subsidiary guarantor, which amended the senior secured credit agreement, dated as of February 21, 2021 (as amended by the First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of January 27, 2022, and as further amended by the Second Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of July 21, 2023, the "Credit Agreement" and as amended by the Third Amendment, the "Amended Credit Agreement"). The Amended Credit Agreement provides for a revolving loan credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility") in the aggregate principal amount of $115 million, with proceeds to be used for general corporate purposes. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest equal to, at our option, one of two variable rates plus an applicable margin.

 The Revolving Credit Facility is currently guaranteed by Oscar Management Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Oscar, and all of our future direct and indirect subsidiaries (subject to certain permitted exceptions) (the "Guarantors"), and is secured by a lien on substantially all of our and the Guarantors' assets (subject to certain exceptions). The Revolving Credit Facility is available for us to borrow under until December 28, 2025, provided we are in compliance with the covenants contained therein, including financial covenants to maintain minimum thresholds related to direct policy premiums, consolidated Adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the Revolving Credit Facility), and liquidity, as well as a maximum medical loss ratio.

 The Revolving Credit Facility permits us to increase commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility by an aggregate amount not to exceed $50 million, subject to certain conditions.

 As of December 31, 2024, there were no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility.

 For additional details relating to the Revolving Credit Agreement, see Note 9 - Debt to our Consolidated Financial Statements and "Risk Factors–Risks Related to our Indebtedness–Restrictions imposed by our Revolving Credit Facility may materially limit our ability to operate our business and finance our future operations or capital needs."

 We generally invest our cash in U.S. Treasury instruments, federal and state agency securities, investment grade corporate bonds and asset backed securities to improve our overall investment return. These investments are made in accordance with board-approved investment policies that adhere to the requirements of our credit agreement and comply with relevant state laws and regulations.

 Our investment policies are designed to provide liquidity, preserve capital, and optimize the total return on invested assets. These policies also align with the constraints of our credit agreement and state regulations governing the types of investments our health insurance subsidiaries can hold. These investment policies require that our investments in U.S. corporate bonds and asset backed securities have final maturities of no more than five years from the date of issuance and U.S. federal and state government obligations have final maturities of no more than seven years from the settlement date. Professional portfolio managers operating under documented guidelines manage our investments and a portion of our cash equivalents. Our portfolio managers are directed to obtain our prior approval before selling investments in a loss position.

 Net investment income on a consolidated basis was $185.7 million and $155.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Net investment income for our health insurance subsidiaries was $174.9 million and $146.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Our restricted investments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and U.S. Treasury securities; we have the ability to hold such restricted investments until maturity. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents and investments on deposit or pledged to various state agencies as a condition for licensure. We classify our restricted deposits as long-term given the requirement to maintain such assets on deposit with regulators.

 Summary of Cash Flows

 Our cash flows used in operations may differ substantially from our net loss due to non-cash charges or due to changes in balance sheet accounts.

 The timing of our cash flows from operating activities can also vary among periods due to the timing of payments made or received. Some of our payments and receipts, including loss settlements and subsequent reinsurance receipts, can be significant. Therefore, their timing can influence cash flows from operating activities in any given period. The potential for a large claim under an insurance or reinsurance contract means that our health insurance subsidiaries may need to make substantial payments within relatively short periods of time, which would have a negative impact on our operating cash flows.

 Our primary operating cash flow sources are premiums and investment income. Our primary operating cash flow uses are payments for claims, risk adjustment transfers, and operating expenses, including interest expense. For the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by operating activities was $978.2 million as compared with $272.2 million used in operating activities for the same period in 2023. The change was primarily due to higher premiums received, which were partially offset by higher claim disbursements.

 Cash flows from investing activities primarily include the purchase and disposition of financial instruments. For the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash used in investing activities was $1,387.4 million as compared to $577.2 million net cash provided by investing activities for the same period in 2023. The change was primarily due to an increase in purchases of securities and a lower level of maturing investments.

 Cash flows from financing activities include proceeds from the issuance of debt securities and proceeds from stock option exercises. For the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by financing activities was $68.4 million compared to $6.4 million for the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily due to proceeds received from the exercise of stock options.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily a result of exposure due to potential changes in interest rates and/or inflation and the resulting impact on investment income and interest expense. We do not hold financial instruments for trading purposes.

 Interest Rate Risk

 We are subject to interest rate risk in connection with the fair value of our investment portfolio, which consists of U.S. Treasury and agency securities, corporate notes, and certificates of deposit. Our primary market risk exposure is driven by changes to prime rate-based interest rates. Interest rate risk is highly sensitive due to many factors, including U.S. monetary and tax policies, U.S. and international economic factors, and other factors beyond our control. Assuming a hypothetical and immediate 1% increase in interest rates at December 31, 2024, the fair value of our investments would decrease by approximately $39.6 million. Any declines in interest rates over time would reduce our investment income.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Page

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238)

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Oscar Health, Inc.

 Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Oscar Health, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income, of stockholders' equity, and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index appearing under Item 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

 In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

 Basis for Opinions

 The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company's consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

 Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Critical Audit Matters

 The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

 Valuation of Benefits Payable – Incurred but not Reported ("IBNR") Benefits Payable for Low Dollar Claims

 As described in Notes 2 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company's benefits payable was $1,356.7 million as of December 31, 2024, with a significant portion of this balance related to low dollar claims. IBNR is an actuarial estimate, determined by employing actuarial methods that is based on claim payment patterns, medical cost inflation, historical developments such as claim inventory levels and claim receipt patterns, and other relevant factors. For low dollar incurred but not paid claims, for the months prior to the most recent two months, management uses the completion factor development method. Under this method, historical paid claims data is formatted into claim triangles, which compare claim incurred dates to the dates of claim payments. This information is analyzed to create historical completion factors that represent the average percentage of total incurred claims that have been paid through a given date after being incurred. Completion factors are applied to claims paid through the period-end date to estimate the ultimate claim expense incurred for the period. Actuarial estimates of incurred but not paid claim liabilities are then determined by subtracting the actual paid claims from the estimate of the ultimate incurred claims. For the most recent incurred months (typically the most recent two months), the percentage of claims paid for claims incurred in those months is generally low. Therefore, incurred claims for recent months are not projected from historical completion and payment patterns; rather, they are primarily based on forecasted per member per month low dollar claims projections developed from the Company's historical experience and adjusted for emerging experience data in the preceding months, which may include adjustments for known changes in estimates of recent hospital and drug utilization data, provider contracting changes, changes in benefit levels, changes in member cost sharing, changes in medical management processes, product mix, and workday seasonality.

 The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of IBNR benefits payable for low dollar claims is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management when estimating the IBNR for low dollar claims which in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures to evaluate the actuarial methods used by management and the significant assumptions related to completion factors and forecasted per member per month low dollar claims projections for low dollar incurred but not paid claims. In addition, the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

 Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management's process over the valuation of the IBNR benefits payable, including the assumptions, methodologies, and calculations. These procedures also included, among others, the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in developing an independent estimate of the IBNR for low dollar claims and comparing the independent estimate to management's estimate to evaluate the reasonableness of the estimate. Developing the independent estimate of the IBNR for low dollar claims involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to (i) independently develop assumptions related to completion factors and forecasted per member per month low dollar claims projections and (ii) evaluate the appropriateness of the actuarial methods used by management. Developing the independent estimate of the IBNR for low dollar claims also included testing the completeness and accuracy of data provided by management.

 Valuation of Risk Adjustment Transfer Payable related to the Affordable Care Act's ("ACA") Risk Adjustment Program

 As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company's risk adjustment transfer payable was $1,558.3 million as of December 31, 2024. The Affordable Care Act ("ACA") risk adjustment program is administered federally by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ("CMS"). Under this program, each plan is assigned a risk score based upon demographic information and current year claims information related to its members. Plans with lower than average risk scores relative to the estimated market average risk score, when applied to the statewide average premium, will have a risk adjustment payable into the pool. Inversely, plans with higher than average risk scores relative to the estimated market average risk score, when applied to the statewide average premium, will have a risk adjustment receivable from the pool. Management develops its membership risk scores for the risk adjustment payable using actuarial methodologies and assumptions and by analyzing member data, including demographic and projections of claims data expected to be submitted by the Company to CMS for settlement. Generally, the estimated market average risk score and statewide average premium are obtained from third party surveys of other insurance plans. There is judgment in estimating the Company's membership risk scores and the estimated market average risk scores. Management refines its estimate as new information becomes available and the final report on actual market risk scores is received from CMS in June of the following year.

 The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of the risk adjustment transfer payable related to the ACA's risk adjustment program is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management when estimating the risk adjustment transfer payable for each plan, which in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures to evaluate the actuarial methodologies used by management and the significant assumptions related to (i) projections of claims data expected to be submitted by the Company to develop the Company's membership risk scores and (ii) estimated market average risk scores and statewide average premium. In addition, the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

 Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management's process over the valuation of the risk adjustment transfer payable related to the ACA risk adjustment program, including the assumptions, methodologies, and calculations. These procedures also included, among others, the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to evaluate the appropriateness of the actuarial methodologies used by management for consistency with the federally developed risk adjustment methodology and evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions related to projections of claims data expected to be submitted by the Company to develop the Company's membership risk scores and estimated market average risk scores and statewide average premium. Evaluating the reasonableness of management's significant assumptions related to projections of claims data expected to be submitted by the Company to develop the Company's membership risk scores and estimated market average risk scores and statewide average premium involved considering the current and past performance of the plans, consistency with market and industry data, and consistency with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Testing management's process also involved testing the completeness and accuracy of the data used by management.

 /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2020.

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 (in thousands, except per share amounts)
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Revenue

 $
 8,971,259
 $
 5,686,069
 $
 3,871,117

 Investment income
 185,729
 155,447
 27,594

 Services and other
 20,576
 21,353
 64,927

 Total revenue
 9,177,564
 5,862,869
 3,963,638

 Operating Expenses

 Medical
 3,280,798

 Selling, general, and administrative
 1,755,565
 1,425,766
 1,257,424

 Depreciation and amortization
 15,283

 Total operating expenses
 9,120,299
 6,098,484
 4,553,505

 Earnings (loss) from operations
 57,265
 ( 235,615)
 ( 589,867)

 23,734
 24,603
 22,623

 Other expenses (income)
 7,082
 ( 2,415)

 Earnings (loss) before income taxes
 33,426
 ( 267,300)
 ( 610,075)

 Income tax expense (benefit)
 7,305
 3,294
 ( 523)

 Net income (loss)
 ( 270,594)
 ( 609,552)

 Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
 ( 3,277)

 $
 $
 $

 Earnings (Loss) per Share

 Basic
 $
 0.11
 $
 ( 1.22)
 $
 ( 2.85)

 Diluted
 $
 0.10
 $
 ( 1.22)
 $
 ( 2.85)

 Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding

 Basic
 240,386
 221,655
 212,475

 Diluted
 265,853
 221,655
 212,475

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Net income (loss)
 $
 $
 ( 270,594)
 $
 ( 609,552)

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:

 Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale
 ( 3,136)
 11,024
 ( 6,044)

 Comprehensive income (loss)
 22,985
 ( 259,570)
 ( 615,596)

 Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
 ( 3,277)

 Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Oscar Health, Inc.
 $
 22,296
 $
 ( 259,704)
 $
 ( 612,319)

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 (in thousands, except per share amounts)

 Assets

 Current Assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents

 $
 1,527,186
 $
 1,870,315

 Short-term investments

 624,461
 689,833

 Premiums and accounts receivable (net of allowance for credit losses of $ 31,300 and $ 31,600)

 315,891
 201,269

 Risk adjustment transfer receivable

 64,779
 51,925

 Reinsurance recoverable
 291,537
 241,194

 Other current assets
 21,320
 6,564

 Total current assets

 2,845,174
 3,061,100

 Property, equipment, and capitalized software, net

 66,793
 61,930

 Long-term investments

 1,815,254
 365,309

 Restricted deposits

 30,878
 29,870

 Other assets

 82,397
 83,271

 Total assets

 $
 4,840,496
 $
 3,601,480

 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

 Current Liabilities:

 Benefits payable

 $
 1,356,730
 $
 965,986

 Risk adjustment transfer payable

 1,558,341
 1,056,941

 Premium deficiency reserve

 —
 5,776

 Unearned premiums

 74,389
 65,918

 Accounts payable and other liabilities

 432,428
 273,367

 Reinsurance payable

 41,346
 61,024

 Total current liabilities

 3,463,234
 2,429,012

 Long-term debt
 299,555
 298,777

 Other liabilities
 61,282
 67,574

 Total liabilities
 3,824,071
 2,795,363

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 19)

 Stockholders' Equity

 Class A common stock, $ 0.00001 par value per share; 825,000 thousand shares authorized, 214,974 thousand and 193,875 thousand shares outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 Class B common stock, $ 0.00001 par value per share; 82,500 thousand shares authorized, 35,514 thousand shares outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 —
 —

 Treasury stock ( 315 thousand shares as of December 31, 2024 and 2023)

 Additional paid-in capital

 3,869,617
 3,682,294

 Accumulated deficit

 ( 2,851,283)
 ( 2,876,715)

 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

 ( 1,827)
 1,309

 Total Oscar Health, Inc. stockholders' equity

 1,013,586
 803,967

 Noncontrolling interests
 2,839
 2,150

 Total stockholders' equity
 1,016,425
 806,117

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

 $
 4,840,496
 $
 3,601,480

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Common stock, Class A shares

 193,875
 181,176
 175,212

 Issuance of common stock from equity incentive plans
 21,099
 12,699
 5,964

 214,974
 193,875
 181,176

 Common stock, Class B shares

 35,514
 35,116
 35,116

 Issuance of common stock from equity incentive plans
 —
 —

 35,514
 35,514
 35,116

 Common stock, Class A

 $
 $
 $

 Common Stock, Class B

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 Treasury stock

 Additional paid-in capital

 3,682,294
 3,509,007
 3,393,533

 Issuance of common stock from equity incentive plans
 3,956
 1,299

 Stock-based compensation expense
 118,935
 166,841
 112,329

 Joint venture contribution
 —
 2,490
 1,846

 3,869,617
 3,682,294
 3,509,007

 Accumulated Deficit

 ( 2,876,715)
 ( 2,605,987)
 ( 1,999,712)

 ( 2,851,283)
 ( 2,876,715)
 ( 2,605,987)

 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

 1,309
 ( 9,715)
 ( 3,671)

 Unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net
 ( 3,136)
 11,024
 ( 6,044)

 ( 1,827)
 1,309
 ( 9,715)

 Noncontrolling interests

 2,150
 2,016
 5,293

 Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
 ( 3,277)

 2,839
 2,150
 2,016

 Total stockholders' equity
 $
 1,016,425
 $
 806,117
 $
 892,400

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash Flows from Operating Activities:

 Net income (loss)

 $
 $
 ( 270,594)
 $
 ( 609,552)

 Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:

 Deferred taxes
 ( 2,338)
 ( 165)

 Net realized loss (gain) on sale of financial instruments
 ( 23)
 1,274

 Depreciation and amortization expense
 15,283

 Amortization of debt issuance costs

 Stock-based compensation expense
 109,824
 159,683
 112,329

 Investment amortization (accretion), net of accretion
 ( 26,877)
 ( 29,374)
 2,480

 Change in provision for credit losses
 ( 300)
 28,612
 2,988

 Changes in assets and liabilities:

 (Increase) / decrease in:

 Premium and other receivables
 ( 114,323)
 ( 13,405)
 ( 81,049)

 Risk adjustment transfer receivable
 ( 12,854)
 ( 2,063)
 ( 9,202)

 Reinsurance recoverable
 ( 50,343)
 651,693
 ( 460,897)

 Other assets
 ( 11,547)
 11,307
 ( 243)

 Increase / (decrease) in:

 Benefits payable
 390,744
 28,258
 424,146

 Unearned premiums
 8,472
 ( 13,080)
 3,953

 Premium deficiency reserve
 ( 5,776)
 1,562
 ( 25,033)

 Accounts payable and other liabilities
 152,768
 ( 29,180)
 57,811

 Reinsurance payable
 ( 19,678)
 ( 366,626)
 222,418

 Risk adjustment transfer payable
 501,400
 ( 460,552)
 723,095

 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities

 978,193
 ( 272,159)
 380,349

 Cash Flows from Investing Activities:

 Purchase of investments
 ( 2,133,510)
 ( 836,982)
 ( 1,192,706)

 Sale of investments
 25,250
 31,857
 360,616

 Maturity of investments
 744,794
 1,410,166
 633,467

 Purchase of property, equipment and capitalized software
 ( 27,897)
 ( 25,577)
 ( 29,012)

 Change in restricted deposits
 3,929
 ( 2,277)
 1,116

 Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities

 ( 1,387,434)
 577,187
 ( 226,519)

 Cash Flows from Financing Activities:

 Proceeds from long-term debt
 —
 —
 305,000

 Payments of debt issuance costs
 —
 —
 ( 7,035)

 Proceeds from joint venture contribution
 —
 2,490
 1,846

 Proceeds from exercise of stock options
 3,956
 1,299

 Net cash provided by financing activities

 6,446
 301,110

 Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents

 ( 340,853)
 311,474
 454,940

 Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents—beginning of period

 1,891,971
 1,580,497
 1,125,557

 Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents—end of period

 1,551,118
 1,891,971
 1,580,497

 Cash and cash equivalents

 1,527,186
 1,870,315
 1,558,595

 Restricted cash and cash equivalents included in restricted deposits

 23,932
 21,656
 21,902

 Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents

 $
 1,551,118
 $
 1,891,971
 $
 1,580,497

 Supplemental Disclosures:

 Interest payments
 $
 33,691
 $
 23,156
 $
 10,079

 Income tax payments
 $
 $
 2,414
 $
 1,893

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Page

 Note 1

 Organization

 Note 2

 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 Note 3

 Earnings (Loss) Per Share

 Note 4

 Revenue Recognition

 Note 5

 Note 6

 Fair Value Measurements

 Note 7

 Restricted Cash and Restricted Deposits

 Note 8

 Note 9

 Debt

 Note 10

 Stock-based Compensation

 Note 1 1

 Reinsurance

 Note 12

 Income Taxes

 Note 13

 Leases

 Note 14

 Property, Equipment and Capital Software

 Note 15

 Business Arrangements

 Note 16

 Stockholders' Equity

 Note 17

 Statutory Regulations

 Note 18

 Related Party Transactions

 Note 19

 Commitments and Contingencies

 Note 20

 Segment Information

 Schedule I

 Condensed Parent Company Financial Statements

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts, or as otherwise stated herein)

 1. ORGANIZATION

 Oscar Health, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (either individually or collectively referred to as "Oscar" or the "Company"), is a leading healthcare technology company, whose mission is to make a healthier life accessible and affordable for all. The Company's Class A common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "OSCR".

 Oscar operates as one segment to sell insurance to individuals, families and employees through the federal and state-run healthcare exchanges formed in conjunction with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ("ACA") and leverages its technology platform to provide services via its +Oscar offering.

 The Company had partnered with Cigna through the Cigna+Oscar partnership to serve the small group employer market. The Company previously offered Medicare Advantage insurance coverage, but exited the Medicare Advantage market for the 2024 plan year.

 The Company's member-first philosophy and innovative approach to care has earned the trust of approximately 1.68 million effectuated members, as of December 31, 2024. Effectuated members are those who are actively enrolled in our plan and have either paid their premium or are within the grace period.

 Non-Renewal of Cigna+Oscar Partnership and Exit from the Small Group Market

 On March 26, 2024, the Company notified Cigna Health and Life Insurance Company that it would not renew the Cigna+Oscar Small Group arrangement after the expiration of the initial term on December 31, 2024. The parties continued to offer their Cigna+Oscar Small Group product through December 15, 2024. Following termination of the arrangement on December 31, 2024, the Company will continue to provide transition and run-off services through December 31, 2026 and share proportionally in all premiums and claims for any Cigna+Oscar Small Group plan sold or issued on or before December 15, 2024, in accordance with the terms of the arrangement. Additionally, effective December 15, 2024, Oscar no longer offered small group products in any market.

 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

 Basis of Presentation

 The Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"). The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company, all of the controlled subsidiaries and variable interest entities of which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Noncontrolling interest consists of equity that is not attributable directly or indirectly to the Company. All material intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Balances (except per share data) are presented in U.S. dollars and rounded, as indicated. In order to preserve the mathematical accuracy of the underlying calculations, immaterial footing differences may occur between the sum of individual balances and the total balances presented.

 Reclassification

 With the commencement of the current fiscal year, the Company has made certain reclassifications to the income statement to provide more transparency into the Company's streams of revenue and to increase comparability with peers. This reclassification has been applied retrospectively, and comparative figures for prior periods have been adjusted accordingly within the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. The reclassification does not affect the Company's Net income.
 Use of Estimates

 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Significant estimates inherent in the preparation of the accompanying audited Consolidated Financial Statements include healthcare costs incurred but not yet reported ("IBNR") and risk adjustment transfers. Estimates are based on past experience and other considerations reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates.

 Segment Information

 Oscar operates as one reportable segment to sell insurance to its members through the federal and state-run healthcare exchanges formed in conjunction with the ACA and leverages its technology platform to provide services via its +Oscar Offering. The Company determined that our Chief Executive Officer is the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") who regularly reviews financial information and other key performance indicators on a consolidated basis, for the purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. Factors used in determining the reportable segment include the nature of operating activities, the Company's organizational and reporting structure, and the type of information presented to the Company's CODM to allocate resources and evaluate financial performance.

 Revenue

 Premium revenue includes direct policy premiums collected directly from members and subsidies received from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ("CMS") as part of the Advanced Premium Tax Credit ("APTC") and Medicare Advantage programs, along with assumed premiums from the Company's reinsurance agreement. Premium revenue is adjusted for the estimated impact of the risk adjustment program required by CMS. Total premiums earned is net of ceded premium from excess of loss ("XOL") and run-off quota share reinsurance contracts accounted for under reinsurance accounting.

 The Company receives a fixed premium per member per month and recognizes premium revenue during the period in which it is obligated to provide services to its members. For direct policy premiums received from CMS, revenue is recorded based on membership and eligibility criteria provided by CMS and is subject to monthly adjustment by CMS.

 The Company conducts business through the federal and state-run healthcare exchanges formed in conjunction with ACA and is therefore subject to certain risk stabilization programs and fees established by ACA, such as: Risk Adjustment and Minimum Medical Loss Ratio ("MLR") requirements.

 The ACA risk adjustment program is administered federally by CMS. Under this program, each plan is assigned a risk score based upon demographic information and current year claims information related to its members. Plans with lower than average risk scores relative to the estimated market average risk score, when applied to the statewide average premium, will have a risk adjustment payable into the pool. Inversely, plans with higher than average risk scores relative to the estimated market average risk score, when applied to the statewide average premium, will have a risk adjustment receivable from the pool.

 Management develops its membership risk scores for the risk adjustment payable using actuarial methodologies and assumptions and by analyzing member data, including demographic and projections of claims data expected to be submitted by the Company to CMS for settlement. Generally, the estimated market average risk score and statewide average premium are obtained from third party surveys of other insurance plans. There is judgment in estimating the Company's membership risk scores and the estimated market average risk scores. Management refines its estimate as new information becomes available and the final report on actual market risk scores is received from CMS in June of the following year.

 In addition, CMS and the Office of Inspector General for Health and Human Services ("HHS") perform risk adjustment data validation ("RADV") audits of health insurance plans to validate the coding practices of and supporting documentation maintained by healthcare providers, and such audits have in the past and may in the future result in adjustments to risk transfer payments.

 The ACA established a minimum MLR ratio that requires insurers to pay rebates to customers when MLR is below established thresholds. The medical loss ratio represents medical costs as a percentage of premium revenue. Federal regulations define what constitutes medical costs and premium revenue for purposes of calculating the required minimum MLR. The Company records estimated MLR rebates as an adjustment to premium revenue.

 Services and Other

 The Company earns revenue as part of services performed via the +Oscar platform. Services revenue is recognized in the period the contractual performance obligations are satisfied and measured in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for performing the services. The timing of the Company's revenue recognition may differ from the timing of payment by customers. A receivable is recorded to Premiums and accounts receivable when revenue is recognized prior to payment and there is an unconditional right to payment. Alternatively, deferred revenue is recorded to Accounts payable and other liabilities when payment is received before the performance obligations are satisfied. Other revenue includes primarily sublease income.

 Reinsurance

 The Company participates in reinsurance agreements to limit risk and meet its capital requirements. The Company currently enters into two different types of arrangements: quota share reinsurance contracts that do not meet risk transfer requirements and XOL reinsurance contracts.

 The quota share reinsurance contracts are accounted for under the deposit accounting method. Under deposit accounting, the contract is recorded as a financing, with no impact to premium revenue or medical expenses. In XOL reinsurance, the reinsurer agrees to assume all or a portion of the ceding company's losses in excess of a specified amount. Under XOL reinsurance, the premium payable to the reinsurer is negotiated by the parties based on losses on an individual member in a given calendar year and their assessment of the amount of risk being ceded to the reinsurer. Premiums under XOL reinsurance agreements are based on enrollment calculated on a per member per month basis. The XOL contracts are accounted for under reinsurance accounting and, as such, the Company records premium paid to the reinsurer as a reduction to premium revenue. In the case of federal and state-run reinsurance programs, no reinsurance premiums are paid. Expected reimbursement from the reinsurer for claims incurred are recorded as a reduction to medical expenses.

 Reinsurance contracts are renewed periodically and we review them in advance of the contract's expiration to negotiate terms for new reinsurance contracts. During each renewal cycle, there are a number of factors considered when determining reinsurance coverage, including (1) plans to change the underlying insurance coverage offered by the Company, (2) trends in loss activity, (3) the level of the insurance subsidiaries' capital and surplus, (4) changes in the Company's risk appetite, and (5) the cost and availability of reinsurance coverage.

 In addition to ceded reinsurance, an Oscar health insurance subsidiary partially reinsures the Cigna+Oscar small group offering through a quota share reinsurance arrangement. The Company records assumed premiums and assumed claims. Refer to Note 11 - Reinsurance for more information.

 Premium Deficiency Reserve

 Premium deficiency reserve ("PDR") liabilities are established when it is probable that expected future claims and maintenance expenses will exceed future premium and reinsurance recoveries based on existing insurance contract terms including consideration of net investment income. For purposes of determining premium deficiency reserves, contracts are grouped consistent with the Company's method of acquiring, servicing, and measuring the profitability of such contracts, which is generally on a line of business basis. The Company records PDR expenses within Selling, general, and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents

 Cash and cash equivalents consists of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.

 Restricted Deposits
 The Company defines restricted deposits as restricted cash, cash equivalents, and investments maintained on deposit or pledged primarily to various state agencies in connection with its insurance licensure. Statutory regulations require these amounts to remain on deposit indefinitely; therefore, the Company classifies these restricted deposits as long-term regardless of the contractual maturity date of the securities held. Restricted cash equivalents and investments are recorded at fair value.

 The majority of the Company's investments are classified as available-for-sale and are carried at fair value. Short-term investments include securities with maturities between three months and one year. Long-term investments include securities with maturities greater than one year.

 Under the Company's current expected credit loss ("CECL") model, the Company evaluates its available-for-sale debt investments for impairment by monitoring the difference between the carrying value and fair value of a security and whether declines in fair value are credit-related. If a security is in an unrealized loss position and the Company has the intent to sell, or it is more likely than not that the security will be sold before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the decline in fair value is recognized as a loss on the income statement. For securities in an unrealized loss position that the Company does not intend to sell, the Company performs an evaluation to determine what portion of the unrealized losses are credit-related; this portion is recognized on the income statement as an allowance for credit losses. The remaining non-credit-related portion of the decline in fair value is recognized as an unrealized loss in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

 Allowance for Credit Losses

 Premium and other receivables primarily includes insurance premiums due from CMS and members, pharmaceutical rebates, and other claims-related provider receivables and are reported net of any allowance for credit losses. Receivable balances are also recorded related to the Company's risk adjustment program, reinsurance program, and value-based care arrangements. An allowance for credit losses is generally calculated based on historical collection experience, the counterparty's creditworthiness, and consideration of current and future economic events.

 As part of value-based care arrangements, the Company entered into risk sharing arrangements with certain of its providers. The intention of these agreements is to align incentives with providers who desire to share accountability for the quality and costs of managing a population of Oscar's members. If medical expenses exceed agreed upon population-specify target MLR, the provider reimburses the Company an agreed upon portion of the excess expenses creating a risk share receivable due to the Company. The Company recorded risk sharing receivables on a gross basis on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company evaluated expected losses on risk sharing receivables and recorded and adjusted the resulting expected losses to the allowance for credit losses based on the counterparty's financial health and creditworthiness and any significant changes in the healthcare environment. The Company writes off the receivable balance when it is determined to be uncollectible. The Company has presented the rollforward related to its allowance for credit losses on our risk sharing receivables below:

 For the year ended December 31,

 2024
 2023

 Beginning balance
 $
 31,600
 $
 2,988

 Provision for credit losses
 ( 300)
 28,612

 Ending balance
 $
 31,300
 $
 31,600

 Policy Acquisition Costs

 Policy acquisition costs are those costs that relate directly to the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance policies. Such costs include broker commissions, costs of policy issuance and underwriting, and other costs incurred to acquire new business or renew existing business. Policy acquisition costs, other than broker bonus commissions, are expensed in the period incurred. Broker bonuses are capitalized and amortized over the policy term. The Company's short-duration policies typically have a one-year term and may be canceled by the member upon 30 days' notice.

 Income Taxes

 Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the bases of the differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company recognizes net deferred tax assets to the extent that the Company believes these assets are more likely than not to be realized. The Company establishes a valuation allowance when it does not consider it more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will be realized.

 Benefits payable consists of liabilities for both IBNR and reported but not yet processed through the Company's systems that are determined in the aggregate, employing actuarial methods that are commonly used by health insurance actuaries and meet Actuarial Standards of Practice. Actuarial Standards of Practice require that the claim liabilities be appropriate under moderately adverse circumstances. IBNR is an actuarial estimate, determined by employing actuarial methods, that is based on claim payment patterns, medical cost inflation, historical developments such as claim inventory levels and claim receipt patterns, and other relevant factors.

 For low severity incurred but not paid claims, for the months prior to the most recent two months, the Company typically uses the completion factor development method. This methodology is a detailed actuarial process that uses both historical claim payment patterns as well as emerging medical cost trends to project the Company's best estimate of claim liabilities. Under this method, historical paid claims data is formatted into claim triangles, which compare claim incurred dates to the dates of claim payments. This information is analyzed to create historical completion factors that represent the average percentage of total incurred claims that have been paid through a given date after being incurred. Completion factors are applied to claims paid through the period-end date to estimate the ultimate claim expense incurred for the period. Actuarial estimates of incurred but not paid claim liabilities are then determined by subtracting the actual paid claims from the estimate of the ultimate incurred claims. A seriatim methodology is utilized for high dollar claims which is supplemented by case management data supplied by medical and claims operations areas.

 For the most recent incurred months (typically the most recent two months), the percentage of claims paid for claims incurred in those months is generally low. This makes the completion factor methodology less reliable for such months. Therefore, incurred claims for recent months are not projected from historical completion and payment patterns; rather, they are primarily based on forecasted per member per month low dollar claims projections developed from the Company's historical experience and adjusted for emerging experience data in the preceding months, which may include adjustments for known changes in estimates of recent hospital and drug utilization data, provider contracting changes, changes in benefit levels, changes in member cost sharing, changes in medical management processes, product mix, and workday seasonality.

 Because the reserve methodology is based upon historical information, it must be adjusted for known or suspected operational and environmental changes. These adjustments are made by the Company's actuaries based on their knowledge and their estimate of emerging impacts to benefit costs and payment speed. Circumstances to be considered in developing the Company's best estimate of reserves include changes in utilization levels, unit costs, member cost sharing, benefit plan designs, provider reimbursement levels, processing system conversions and changes, claim inventory levels, claim processing patterns, and claim submission patterns.

 The Company regularly reviews and sets assumptions regarding cost trends and utilization when initially establishing claim liabilities. The Company continually monitors and adjusts the claims liability and benefit expense based on subsequent paid claims activity. If it is determined that the Company's assumptions regarding cost trends and utilization are materially different from actual results, the Company's income statement and financial position could be impacted in future periods. Adjustments of prior year estimates may result in additional benefit expense or a reduction of benefit expense in the period an adjustment is made. Further, due to the considerable variability of healthcare costs, adjustments to claim liabilities occur each period and are sometimes significant as compared to the net income recorded in that period. Prior period development is recognized immediately upon the actuary's judgment that a portion of the prior period liability is no longer needed or that an additional liability should have been accrued. That determination is made when sufficient information is available to ascertain that the re-estimate of the liability is reasonable.

 Disputed Claim Reserves
 The Company also records, as part of benefits payable, an estimate of the ultimate liability for actual and potential claims disputes by providers based on an analysis of historical per member per month ("PMPM") dispute experience supplemented with current information on reported disputes. Since these liabilities are part of the overall claim reserve, they are proportionally ceded under the Company's reinsurance agreements for historical policy years with contracts in force. The disputed claim reserves included as part of the benefits payable balance was approximately $ 183.7 million and $ 241.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Unallocated Claims Adjustment Expenses
 Claims adjustment expenses ("CAE") are costs incurred or expected to be incurred in connection with the adjustment and recording of health claims not subject to reinsurance. Such expenses include, but are not limited to, case management, utilization review, and quality assurance and are intended to reduce the number of health services provided or the cost of such services. CAE is included in other insurance costs and the related CAE payable is included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities.

 Property, Equipment, and Capitalized Software

 Property, equipment, and capitalized software are reported at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation and amortization is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which range from two to ten years. Costs related to certain software projects for internal use incurred during the application development stage are capitalized. Costs related to planning activities and post-implementation activities are expensed as incurred. Internal-use software is amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life, which ranges from three to seven years. Property, equipment, and capitalized software are assessed for impairment whenever events or circumstances suggest that an asset's carrying value may not be fully recoverable.

 Leases

 The Company leases office space under operating leases expiring on various dates through 2032. On the lease commencement date, a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and lease liability are recognized as Other assets and Other Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term. Since the Company's lease agreements do not provide an implicit rate, an incremental borrowing rate, based on the information available at commencement date, is used to determine the present value of future payments. The calculation of the ROU asset is based on the lease liability, and includes any lease payments made, and excludes lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred.

 The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease at inception of the arrangement based on the terms and conditions in the contract. Options to extend or terminate a lease at the Company's discretion are factored into the calculation of the lease liabilities and ROU assets only if the Company is reasonably certain it will exercise those options. Short-term leases with an initial term of twelve months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet.

 Lease expense for the Company's operating leases is calculated on a straight-line basis over the lease term.within Selling, general, and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Lease and non-lease components are accounted for as a single lease component for all asset classes.

 Earnings Per Share

 Earnings (loss) per share ("EPS") is calculated using the two-class method, which is an earnings allocation model that treats participating securities as having rights to earnings that otherwise would have been available to common stockholders. Under the two-class method, earnings for the period are required to be allocated between common stock and participating securities based upon their respective rights to receive distributed and undistributed earnings. For EPS computation purposes, the Company's Class A and Class B common stock are considered one single class of common stock because both classes have the same dividend and liquidation rights. Refer to Note 3 - Earnings (Loss) Per Share for a description of our basic and diluted EPS calculations.

 Variable Interest Entities

 The Company enters arrangements with various entities that are deemed to be variable interest entities ("VIE"). A VIE is an entity that either (1) has equity investors that lack certain essential characteristics of a controlling financial interest (including the ability to control activities of the entity, the obligation to absorb the entity's expected losses, and the right to receive the entity's expected residual returns) or (2) lacks sufficient equity to finance its own activities without financial support provided by other entities, which in turn would be expected to absorb at least some of the expected losses of the VIE. The Company is deemed a primary beneficiary of a VIE if it has (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could be potentially significant to the VIE. If both conditions are present, the Company is required to consolidate the VIE into its financial results.

 Accounting Pronouncements - Recently Adopted

 In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-07 ("ASU 2023-07"), Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires, for each reportable segment, disclosure of significant segment expense categories, other segment items, enhanced interim disclosures of certain segment-related disclosures that previously were only required annually, and other disclosure requirements. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 and provided additional segment footnote disclosures in the Company's annual Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ending December 31, 2024. In addition, the Company provided enhanced disclosures regarding the measure of profit or loss reviewed by the CODM as well as enhanced expense disclosures.

 Accounting Pronouncements - Not Yet Adopted

 In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-09 ("ASU 2023-09"), Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which is intended to improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring greater disaggregation of income tax disclosures related to the income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid and other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. ASU 2023-09 applies on a prospective basis; however, retrospective application in all prior periods presented is permitted. While the standard will require additional disclosures related to the Company's income taxes, the standard is not expected to have any material impact on the Company's consolidated operating results, financial condition, or cash flows. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on the related disclosures before it becomes effective for the Company's 2025 annual financial statements.

 In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2024-03 ("ASU 2024-03"), Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires additional disclosures in the notes to financial statements, disaggregating specific expense categories for relevant income statement captions and additional disclosures of the Company's total amount of selling expenses. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 3. EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE

 Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to Oscar Health, Inc. for the period by the weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding during the period. In periods when the Company is in a net loss position, potentially dilutive securities are excluded from the computation of diluted EPS because their inclusion would have an anti-dilutive effect. Thus, basic EPS is the same as diluted EPS.

 During periods of net income, diluted EPS is computed by dividing Net income attributable to Oscar Health, Inc. by the sum of the basic weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding and any dilutive potential common stock outstanding during the period, using the treasury stock method and the if-converted method for convertible senior notes, as described in Note 9 - Debt. Potential common stock includes the effect of outstanding dilutive stock options, restricted stock units and,

 performance-based restricted stock units. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the impact of convertible senior notes was anti-dilutive on dilutive EPS, and therefore excluded from the computation below. The computation for basic and diluted EPS is as follows:

 (in thousands, except per share data)
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Numerator:

 $
 $
 $

 Effect of convertible senior notes
 —
 —
 —

 Net income (loss) available to Oscar Health, Inc. common shareholders
 $
 $
 $

 Denominator:

 Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding, basic and diluted
 240,386
 221,655
 212,475

 Common stock equivalents
 25,467
 —
 —

 Effect of convertible senior notes
 —
 —
 —

 Weighted average shares of common stock and potential dilutive common shares outstanding
 265,853
 221,655
 212,475

 Net Earnings (Loss) per Share

 Basic
 $
 0.11
 $
 ( 1.22)
 $
 ( 2.85)

 Diluted
 $
 0.10
 $
 ( 1.22)
 $
 ( 2.85)

 The following potential common shares were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Stock options to purchase common stock

 $
 1,249
 $
 26,378
 $
 28,729

 Restricted stock units

 21,723
 17,596

 Performance-based restricted stock units
 —
 9,305
 8,465

 Shares underlying convertible notes (Note 9)
 36,652
 36,652
 36,652

 Total

 $
 38,247
 $
 94,058
 $
 91,442

 4. REVENUE RECOGNITION

 Premiums earned

 The composition of Premium revenue on the Consolidated Statement of Operations is as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Direct policy premiums
 $
 10,292,125
 $
 6,418,872
 $
 6,704,330

 Assumed premiums
 219,572
 228,786
 138,109

 Risk adjustment transfers
 ( 1,526,448)
 ( 950,680)
 ( 1,507,919)

 Reinsurance premiums ceded
 ( 13,990)
 ( 10,909)
 ( 1,463,403)

 $
 8,971,259
 $
 5,686,069
 $
 3,871,117

 The direct policy premiums earned from CMS as part of APTC and Medicare Advantage for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were $ 9,512.3 million, $ 5,521.9 million, and $ 5,730.1 million, respectively.

 5. INVESTMENTS
 Net investment income was attributable to the following:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Fixed maturity securities

 $
 82,085
 $
 59,965
 $
 10,713

 Cash equivalents

 98,618
 90,152
 22,121

 Other (1)

 5,823
 6,148
 ( 4,202)

 Investment income

 186,526
 156,265
 28,632

 Investment expense
 ( 797)
 ( 818)
 ( 1,038)

 Net investment income

 $
 185,729
 $
 155,447
 $
 27,594

 (1) Represents the net interest earned (paid) on funds withheld.
 For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded accrued investment income of $ 19.8 million and $ 6.6 million, respectively.

 The following tables provide summaries of the Company's investments by major security type as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 Amortized Cost

 Unrealized Gains

 $
 1,946,759
 $
 6,631
 $
 ( 9,028)
 $
 1,944,362

 463,261
 1,346
 ( 799)
 463,808

 29,136
 —
 —
 29,136

 Other (1)

 2,409
 —
 —
 2,409

 Total

 $
 2,441,565
 $
 7,977
 $
 ( 9,827)
 $
 2,439,715

 (1) Includes equity securities without a readily determinable market value.

 Amortized Cost

 Unrealized Gains

 $
 802,288
 $
 1,689
 $
 ( 1,062)
 $
 802,915

 234,908
 ( 198)
 235,564

 16,663
 —
 —
 16,663

 Total

 $
 1,053,859
 $
 2,543
 $
 ( 1,260)
 $
 1,055,142

 The following tables present the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses of fixed maturity securities in a gross unrealized loss position, by the length of time in which the securities have continuously been in that position, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 Less than 12 Months
 12 Months or Longer

 (in thousands, except no. of securities)
 Number of Securities
 Gross
 Number of Securities
 Gross

 $
 730,938
 $
 ( 9,003)
 $
 47,748
 $
 ( 25)

 146,349
 ( 799)
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 877,287
 $
 ( 9,802)
 $
 47,748
 $
 ( 25)

 Less than 12 Months
 12 Months or Longer

 (in thousands, except no. of securities)
 Number of Securities
 Gross
 Number of Securities
 Gross

 $
 480,312
 $
 ( 995)
 $
 24,551
 $
 ( 67)

 79,024
 ( 166)
 5,545
 ( 32)

 Total
 $
 559,336
 $
 ( 1,161)
 $
 30,096
 $
 ( 99)

 The Company monitors available-for-sale debt securities for credit losses and recognizes an allowance for credit losses when factors indicate a decline in the fair value of a security is credit-related. Certain investments may experience a decline in fair value due to changes in market interest rates, changes in general economic conditions, or a deterioration in the credit worthiness of a security's issuer. For securities in an unrealized loss position that the Company does not intend to sell, the Company has assessed the gross unrealized losses during the period and determined an allowance for credit losses is not necessary because the declines in fair value are believed to be due to market fluctuations and not due to credit-related events.

 The amortized cost and fair value of the Company's fixed maturity as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 by contractual maturity are shown below. Actual maturities of these securities could differ from their contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without penalties.

 Amortized Cost

 Amortized Cost

 Due in one year or less
 $
 623,465
 $
 624,461
 $
 690,694
 $
 689,833

 Due after one year through five years
 1,815,691
 1,812,845
 363,165
 365,309

 Total

 $
 2,439,156
 $
 2,437,306
 $
 1,053,859
 $
 1,055,142

 6. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

 Fair value represents the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants. The Company's financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are categorized into a three-level fair value hierarchy based on the priority of the inputs used in the fair value valuation technique.

 The levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

 • Level 1: Inputs utilize quoted (unadjusted) prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
 • Level 2: Inputs utilize quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; or model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable in active markets.
 • Level 3: Inputs utilized are unobservable but significant to the fair value measurement for the asset or liability. The unobservable inputs are used to measure fair value to the extent relevant observable inputs are not available. The unobservable inputs typically reflect management's own estimates about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability.

 The following tables summarize fair value measurements by level for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

 (Level 1)

 (Level 2)

 (Level 3)

 Total Fair Value Measurement

 Assets

 Cash equivalents
 $
 95,331
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 95,331

 $
 —
 $
 1,944,362
 $
 —
 $
 1,944,362

 —
 463,808
 —
 463,808

 —
 29,136
 —
 29,136

 Restricted investments

 Certificates of deposit
 —
 —
 —
 —

 U.S. treasury securities
 —
 6,946
 —
 6,946

 Total assets

 $
 95,331
 $
 2,444,252
 $
 —
 $
 2,539,583

 (Level 1)

 (Level 2)

 (Level 3)

 Total Fair Value Measurement

 Assets

 Cash equivalents
 $
 434,330
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 434,330

 $
 —
 $
 802,915
 $
 —
 $
 802,915

 —
 235,564
 —
 235,564

 —
 16,663
 —
 16,663

 Restricted investments

 —
 2,478
 —
 2,478

 U.S. treasury securities
 —
 5,736
 —
 5,736

 Total assets

 $
 434,330
 $
 1,063,356
 $
 —
 $
 1,497,686

 7. RESTRICTED CASH AND RESTRICTED DEPOSITS

 The Company maintains cash, cash equivalents and investments on deposit or pledged primarily to various state agencies in connection with its insurance licensure. The restricted cash and cash equivalents and restricted investments presented below are included in "restricted deposits" in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 2024
 2023

 Restricted cash and cash equivalents
 $
 23,932
 $
 21,656

 Restricted investments
 6,946
 8,214

 Restricted deposits
 $
 30,878
 $
 29,870

 8. BENEFITS PAYABLE

 Reserves for medical claims expenses are estimated using actuarial assumptions and recorded as a Benefits payable liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The assumptions for the estimates and for establishing the resulting liability are reviewed, and any adjustments to reserves are reflected in the Consolidated Statement of Operations in the period in which the estimates are updated.

 The following table provides a rollforward of the Company's beginning and ending Benefits payable and CAE payable balances for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

 Year Ended December 31, 2024

 Unallocated Claims
Adjustment Expense
 Total

 Benefits payable, beginning of the period
 $
 965,986
 $
 13,192
 $
 979,178

 Less: Reinsurance recoverable
 —

 Benefits payable, beginning of the period, net
 $
 908,875
 $
 13,192
 $
 922,067

 Claims incurred and CAE

 $
 7,497,259
 $
 108,492
 $
 7,605,751

 ( 164,670)
 —
 ( 164,670)

 Total claims incurred and CAE, net
 $
 $
 108,492
 $
 7,441,081

 Claims paid and CAE

 $
 6,349,624
 $
 92,758
 $
 6,442,382

 593,745
 10,685
 604,430

 Total claims and CAE paid, net
 $
 6,943,369
 $
 103,443
 $
 7,046,812

 Benefits and CAE payable, end of period, net
 $
 1,298,095
 $
 18,241
 $
 1,316,336

 Add: Reinsurance recoverable
 58,635
 —
 58,635

 Benefits and CAE payable, end of period
 $
 1,356,730
 $
 18,241
 $
 1,374,971

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Unallocated Claims
Adjustment Expense
 Total

 Benefits payable, beginning of the period
 $
 937,727
 $
 12,712
 $
 950,439

 Less: Reinsurance recoverable
 277,944
 —
 277,944

 Benefits payable, beginning of the period, net
 $
 659,783
 $
 12,712
 $
 672,495

 Claims incurred and CAE

 $
 4,622,263
 $
 105,565
 $
 4,727,828

 19,761
 —
 19,761

 Total claims incurred and CAE, net
 $
 $
 105,565
 $
 4,747,589

 Claims paid and CAE

 $
 3,840,009
 $
 94,807
 $
 3,934,816

 552,923
 10,278
 563,201

 Total claims and CAE paid, net
 $
 4,392,932
 $
 105,085
 $
 4,498,017

 Benefits and CAE payable, end of period, net
 $
 908,875
 $
 13,192
 $
 922,067

 Add: Reinsurance recoverable
 —

 Benefits and CAE payable, end of period
 $
 965,986
 $
 13,192
 $
 979,178

 Year Ended December 31, 2022

 Unallocated Claims
Adjustment Expense
 Total

 Benefits payable, beginning of the period
 $
 513,582
 $
 9,101
 $
 522,683

 Less: Reinsurance recoverable
 159,180
 —
 159,180

 Benefits payable, beginning of the period, net
 $
 354,402
 $
 9,101
 $
 363,503

 Claims incurred and CAE

 $
 3,279,460
 $
 117,541
 $
 3,397,001

 1,338
 —
 1,338

 Total claims incurred and CAE, net
 $
 3,280,798
 $
 117,541
 $
 3,398,339

 Claims paid and CAE

 $
 2,726,912
 $
 106,871
 $
 2,833,783

 248,505
 7,059
 255,564

 Total claims and CAE paid, net
 $
 2,975,417
 $
 113,930
 $
 3,089,347

 Benefits and CAE payable, end of period, net
 $
 659,783
 $
 12,712
 $
 672,495

 Add: Reinsurance recoverable
 277,944
 —
 277,944

 Benefits and CAE payable, end of period
 $
 937,727
 $
 12,712
 $
 950,439

 Amounts incurred related to prior periods vary from previously estimated liabilities as more claim information becomes available and claims are ultimately settled. The favorable development recognized in the year ended December 31, 2024 resulted primarily from lower than expected paid claims.

 The following tables provide information about incurred, paid healthcare claims development, unpaid claims liability, and cumulative claims frequency. The claims development information for all periods preceding the most recent reporting period is considered required unaudited supplementary information. For claims frequency information summarized below, a claim is defined as the financial settlement of a single medical event in which remuneration was paid to the servicing provider. Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims represents estimates for claims incurred but not reported and development on reported claims. The Company estimates its liability using actuarial methods that are commonly used by health insurance actuaries and meet Actuarial Standards of Practice. These actuarial methods consider factors such as historical data for payment patterns, cost trends, product mix, seasonality, utilization of healthcare services, and other relevant factors.

 Incurred Healthcare Claims
 Net of Reinsurance

 IBNR
 Cumulative number of reported claims

 (Unaudited)
 (Unaudited)

 2022
 2023
 2024

 Date of Service

 2022
 $
 3,279,461
 $
 3,314,332
 $
 3,310,967
 $
 31,889
 12,725

 2023
 4,622,263
 4,469,672
 95,688
 11,526

 2024
 7,497,259
 1,147,635
 17,917

 Total claims incurred
 $
 15,277,898

 Cumulative Paid Healthcare Claims
 Net of Reinsurance

 (Unaudited)
 (Unaudited)

 2022
 2023
 2024

 Date of Service

 2022
 $
 2,726,912
 $
 3,223,917
 $
 3,279,078

 2023
 3,840,009
 4,373,984

 2024
 6,349,624

 Total payment of incurred claims
 14,002,686

 All outstanding liabilities prior to 2022, net of reinsurance

 22,883

 Total benefits payable, net of reinsurance
 $
 1,298,095

 The following table reconciles total outstanding liabilities, net of reinsurance to Benefits payable in the Consolidated Balance Sheet:

 2024
 2023

 Short-duration healthcare costs payable, net of reinsurance
 $
 1,298,095
 $
 908,875

 Reinsurance recoverables
 58,635

 Total benefits payable
 $
 1,356,730
 $
 965,986

 9. DEBT

 Convertible Senior Notes

 In February 2022, the Company issued $ 305.0 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2031 (the "2031 Notes") in a private placement to funds affiliated with or advised by Dragoneer Investment Group, LLC, Thrive Capital, LionTree Investment Management, LLC and Tenere Capital LLC (the "Initial Purchasers"). In connection with the issuance of the 2031 Notes, on January 27, 2022, the Company entered into an investment agreement with the Initial Purchasers (the "Investment Agreement") and on February 3, 2022, the Company entered into an indenture with U.S. Bank, as Trustee (the "Indenture"). The 2031 Notes bear interest at a rate of 7.25 % per annum, payable in cash, semi-annually in arrears on June 30 and December 31 of each year, commencing on June 30, 2022. The 2031 Notes will mature on December 31, 2031, subject to earlier repurchase, redemption, or conversion.

 The 2031 Notes are the Company's senior, unsecured obligations and are (i) equal in right of payment with the Company's existing and future senior, unsecured indebtedness; (ii) senior in right of payment to the Company's existing and future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated to the 2031 Notes; (iii) effectively subordinated to the Company's existing and future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing that indebtedness; and (iv) structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities, including trade payables, and (to the extent the Company is not a holder thereof) preferred equity, if any, of the Company's subsidiaries.

 The 2031 Notes are convertible into the Company's Class A common stock at initial conversion rates of 120.1721 per $1,000 principal amount (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $ 8.32 per share of Class A common stock), subject to customary adjustments upon the occurrence of certain events. In addition, upon the occurrence of a make-whole fundamental change, as defined in the Indenture governing the 2031 Notes (the "Indenture"), the Company will, in certain circumstances, increase the conversion rate by a number of additional shares for a holder that elects to convert its 2031 Notes in connection with such make-whole fundamental change.

 The 2031 Notes may be converted at the option of the holders, on or after August 31, 2031, if the Company calls the 2031 Notes for redemption, upon the satisfaction of a Class A common stock sale price or 2031 Note trading price condition, or upon certain corporate events. Upon conversion, the 2031 Notes will be settled, at the Company's election, in shares of Class A common stock, cash, or a combination of cash and shares of Class A common stock, unless an Initial Purchaser of the 2031 Notes elects to receive the consideration due upon conversion solely in shares of Class A common stock pursuant to the terms of the Investment Agreement. During the quarterly period ended December 31, 2024, the Class A stock sale price

 condition was satisfied when the last reported sales price per share of the Company's Class A common stock was greater than 130 % of the conversion price of $ 8.32 per share for each of at least twenty ( 20) trading days during the period of thirty ( 30) consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the quarter. As a result, the 2031 Notes are convertible during the first quarter of 2025 at the option of the holders. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the 2031 Notes have not been converted.

 Upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the Indenture), holders of the 2031 Notes have the right to require the Company to repurchase all or some of their 2031 Notes for cash, subject to certain conditions. The repurchase price will be equal to the principal amount of the notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the applicable repurchase date. Additionally, the initial purchasers of the 2031 Notes have the right to require the Company to repurchase all of their Notes for cash, on each of June 30, 2027, June 30, 2028, June 30, 2029 and June 30, 2030, subject to certain notice requirements.

 The Company may not redeem the 2031 Notes prior to December 31, 2026. The Company may redeem all, but not less than all, of the 2031 Notes, at the Company's option, on or after December 31, 2026 and on or before the 35th scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, for a cash purchase price equal to the redemption price, but only if the last reported sale price per share of Class A common stock exceeds 200 % of the conversion price on each of at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date on which the Company sends the redemption notice for such redemption. The redemption price will be a cash amount equal to the principal amount of the 2031 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Company calls any of the 2031 Notes for redemption the Initial Purchasers have the right to convert the 2031 Notes and to elect to receive the consideration due upon conversion solely in shares of Class A common stock pursuant to the terms of the Investment Agreement.

 The 2031 Notes include customary provisions relating to the occurrence of "Events of Default" (as defined in the Indenture), as well as customary covenants for convertible notes of this type, including restrictions on the Company's ability to refinance the Company's indebtedness and incur additional indebtedness.

 As of December 31, 2024, the net carrying amount of the 2031 Notes was $ 299.6 million, with unamortized debt discount and issuance costs of $ 5.4 million. The Company classified the fair value of the 2031 Notes as a level 3 measurement due to the lack of observable market data over fair value inputs such as our stock price volatility over the term of the 2031 Notes and the Company's cost of debt. The estimated fair value of the 2031 Notes as of December 31, 2024 was $ 539.8 million.

 The following table presents the interest expense indicating an effective interest rate of 7.61 % over the term of the 2031 Notes:

 2024
 2023

 Coupon interest expense
 $
 21,928
 $
 22,112

 Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs

 Total interest expense
 $
 22,706
 $
 22,890

 Revolving Credit Facility

 On December 28, 2023, the Company entered into a third amendment to its senior secured credit agreement (the "Third Amendment"), with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as lender and administrative agent, and certain other lenders party thereto from time to time (collectively, the "Lenders"), and Oscar Management Corporation, as a subsidiary guarantor, which amended the senior secured credit agreement, dated as of February 21, 2021 (as amended by the First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of January 27, 2022, and as further amended by the Second Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of July 21, 2023, the "Credit Agreement" and as amended by the Third Amendment, the "Amended Credit Agreement"). The Amended Credit Agreement provides for a revolving loan credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility") in the aggregate principal amount of $ 115.0 million, with proceeds to be used for general corporate purposes of the Company.

 Under the terms of the Revolving Credit Facility, borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to, at the Company's option, either (a) an adjusted term secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR"), plus an applicable margin of 4.50 % (SOFR is calculated based on one-, three- or six-month SOFR, or such other period as agreed by all relevant Lenders, which is determined by reference to the SOFR administrator's website, but not less than 1.00 %), or (b) a rate per annum equal to the Alternate Base Rate, as defined in the Revolving Credit Facility, plus the applicable margin of 3.50 %

 (the Alternate Base Rate is equal to the highest of (i) the prime rate, (ii) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50 %, and (iii) SOFR based on a one-month interest period, plus 1.00 %). The Revolving Credit Facility also includes a commitment fee of 0.50 % for available but undrawn amounts and other administrative fees that are payable quarterly.

 The Revolving Credit Facility is guaranteed by Oscar Management Corporation, each wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, and all of the Company's future direct and indirect subsidiaries (in each case subject to certain permitted exceptions, including exceptions for guarantees (i) that would require material governmental consents or (ii) in respect of joint ventures) (the "Guarantors"). Oscar Management Corporation is currently the only Guarantor. The Revolving Credit Facility is secured by substantially all of the Company's and the Guarantors' assets (subject to certain exceptions). The Revolving Credit Facility is available for the Company to borrow under until December 28, 2025, provided the Company is in compliance with the restrictive and financial covenants contained therein, including financial covenants to maintain minimum thresholds related to direct policy premiums, consolidated Adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the Revolving Credit Facility), and liquidity, as well as a maximum medical loss ratio.

 The Company is permitted to increase commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility by an aggregate amount not to exceed $ 50.0 million, subject to certain conditions.

 As of December 31, 2024, there were no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility.

 10. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

 2012 Stock Plan

 Prior to the initial public offering ("IPO"), the Company maintained the 2012 Stock Plan (the "2012 Plan"), which provided for the grant of incentive stock options ("ISOs"), non-qualified stock options ("NSOs"), common stock of the Company, stock payments and restricted stock units. The 2012 Plan was initially adopted on December 6, 2012, and most recently amended and restated in March 2021. The 2012 Plan was terminated upon the effectiveness of the 2021 Incentive Award Plan in March 2021, and no further awards will be made under the 2012 Plan.

 2021 Incentive Award Plan

 In March 2021, the Company's board of directors adopted the 2021 Incentive Award Plan (the "2021 Plan"), which provides for the grant of NSOs, ISOs, stock appreciation rights ("SARs"), restricted stock, restricted stock units (including time-based restricted stock units ("RSUs"), and performance-based restricted stock units ("PSUs")), dividend equivalents and other stock or cash awards to employees, consultants and non-employee directors. Under the 2021 Plan, there are 49.2 million shares authorized to be issued, with 7.2 million shares still available for future issuance as of December 31, 2024. The shares available for future issuance as of December 31, 2024 may be issued as either Class A common stock or Class B common stock.

 2022 Inducement Incentive Award Plan

 In April 2022, the Company's board of directors adopted the 2022 Employment Inducement Incentive Award Plan (the "Inducement Plan"), which provides for the grant of NSOs, SARs, restricted stock, RSUs, PSUs, dividend equivalents and other stock or cash awards to prospective employees. The Inducement Plan was amended on March 28, 2023 to add 13.3 million shares to the plan. Under the Inducement Plan, as of December 31, 2024, there are 18.3 million shares authorized to be issued, with 5.8 million shares still available for future issuance. The shares available for future issuance as of December 31, 2024 may be issued as Class A common stock.

 Stock-Based Compensation Expense

 Stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. The Company records stock-based compensation expense within Selling, general, and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company's stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $ 119.0 million, $ 166.8 million, and $ 112.3 million, respectively. The Company capitalized $ 9.1 million and $ 7.1 million of stock-based compensation expense related to internally developed software for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company did not capitalize any stock-based compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 Stock Options

 Stock options granted under the 2012 Plan and 2021 Plan include ISOs and NSOs, generally have a maximum contractual term of 10 years, and typically vest over a four-year period.

 The following table summarizes the stock option award activity for the year ended December 31, 2024:

 Options

 Number of Options
 Weighted Average Exercise Price

 Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)

 Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)

 Options Outstanding - December 31, 2023

 26,378
 $
 10.18
 5.35
 $
 15,700

 Options granted

 $
 18.48

 Options exercised

 7,810
 $
 8.76
 $
 71,687

 Options canceled

 $
 13.23

 Options Outstanding - December 31, 2024

 17,944
 $
 10.69
 4.87
 $
 63,110

 Options Exercisable at December 31, 2024

 16,971
 $
 10.87
 4.68
 $
 56,912

 The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 10.65 and $ 3.74, respectively. There were no stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2022. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $ 71.7 million, $ 8.5 million, and $ 1.0 million, respectively.

 Determination of Fair Value of Stock Options
 The fair value of stock options is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which takes into account significant assumptions such as the expected term of the option, stock price volatility, and a risk-free rate of return. The Company has used the simplified method in calculating the expected term of all option grants based on the vesting period and contractual term.

 The table below summarizes the assumptions used during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. There were no stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2022.

 2024
 2023

 Term in years

 6.02 - 6.14

 Risk free rate of return

 3.8 %

 3.5 % - 4.7 %

 Expected volatility

 65.0 %

 58.2 % - 59.4 %

 Dividend yield
 —
 %
 —
 %

 Compensation Expense – Stock Options
 For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded compensation expense of $ 8.7 million, $ 12.0 million and $ 21.5 million respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the amount of unrecognized compensation expense for stock options is $ 3.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.0 years.

 Restricted Stock Units

 RSUs represent the right to receive shares of the Company's Class A or Class B common stock at a specified date in the future and typically have a vesting period of one to four years.

 The following table summarizes RSU award activity for the year ended December 31, 2024:

 RSUs

 Number of Shares
 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value

 Outstanding RSUs at December 31, 2023

 21,723
 $
 7.06

 RSUs granted
 5,076
 $
 14.71

 RSUs vested
 11,437
 $
 8.18

 RSUs canceled
 2,230
 $
 8.27

 Outstanding RSUs at December 31, 2024

 13,132
 $
 8.83

 Determination of Fair Value of RSUs
 The fair value of RSUs granted is determined on the grant date based on the fair value of the Company's common stock. The total fair value of RSUs vested during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 93.6 million and $ 89.7 million, respectively.

 Compensation Expense – RSUs
 For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded compensation expense of $ 95.0 million, $ 90.0 million and $ 65.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the amount of unrecognized compensation expense for RSUs is $ 101.2 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.6 years.

 Performance-based Restricted Stock Units

 PSUs represent the right to receive shares of the Company's Class A or Class B common stock at a specified date in the future based on pre-determined performance and service conditions. The PSUs granted include awards with a market condition, which are eligible to vest based on the achievement of predetermined stock price goals, and awards with performance conditions, which are eligible to vest based on the Company's predetermined financial targets. For PSUs with predetermined financial targets, the number of shares that may vest ranges from 0 % to 200 % of the target amount. These PSUs cliff vest at the end of a three-year performance period. Additionally, the ultimate payout of the PSUs is subject to a relative total shareholder return ("TSR") performance modifier, which adjusts the payout level upwards or downwards based on the Company's shareholder return over the same three-year performance period relative to companies in a peer group established by the Company at the grant date.

 The following table summarizes PSU award activity for the year ended December 31, 2024:

 PSUs

 Number of Shares
 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value

 Outstanding PSUs at December 31, 2023

 9,305
 $
 4.37

 PSUs granted
 $
 24.03

 PSUs vested
 1,851
 $
 8.68

 PSUs canceled
 $
 24.03

 Outstanding PSUs at December 31, 2024

 8,212
 $
 5.21

 Determination of Fair Value of PSUs
 The fair value of PSUs with performance conditions is determined on the grant date based on the fair value of the Company's common stock.

 The fair value of PSUs with market conditions and financial targets with relative TSR modifiers are estimated on the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which utilizes multiple variables that determine the probability of satisfying the market conditions or level of relative TSR modification as stipulated in the award. The table below summarizes the assumptions used during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. There were no PSUs with market conditions granted during the year ended December 31, 2022.

 Grant date stock price
 $
 18.09
 $
 6.74

 Term in years
 3.0
 3.0

 Expected volatility
 66.2
 %
 59.9
 %

 Risk-free rate
 4.6
 %
 3.6
 %

 Dividend yield
 —
 %
 —
 %

 Cancellation of the Founders Awards – PSUs
 On March 28, 2023, the Company's Co-Founders, Mario Schlosser (the Company's President of Technology and Chief Technology Officer and former Chief Executive Officer) and Joshua Kushner (the Company's Vice Chairman), recommended to the Company's board of directors that they should cancel and terminate the applicable awards that were granted to them in connection with the Company's IPO (the "Founders Awards"). Mr. Schlosser and Mr. Kushner each entered into an agreement to cancel and terminate his Founders Award, which consisted of performance-based restricted stock units covering 4,229,853 shares (for Mr. Schlosser) and 2,114,926 shares (for Mr. Kushner) of the Company's Class A common stock. As a result of this cancellation, the Company recognized approximately $ 46.3 million of accelerated stock-based compensation expense that would have otherwise been recognized over the remaining vesting period of the awards.

 Compensation Expense – PSUs
 For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 the Company recorded compensation expense of $ 15.3 million, $ 64.9 million, and $ 25.3 million respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the amount of unrecognized compensation expense for PSUs is $ 23.9 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.

 11. REINSURANCE

 The Company participates in quota share reinsurance to limit risk and capital requirements and XOL reinsurance to mitigate the exposure of high cost or catastrophic member risk. The quota share reinsurance arrangements are with more than one counterparty with multiple state-level treaties. The XOL reinsurance arrangements are with a private counterparty and federal and state-run programs.

 The Company also operates under an assumed reinsurance contract, under which the Company shares proportionally in all premiums and claims underwritten for the Cigna+Oscar Small Group offering.

 Reinsurance Contracts Accounted for under Deposit Accounting

 Reinsurance contracts that do not meet risk transfer requirements are accounted for under the deposit accounting method. Under deposit accounting, the contract is recorded as a financing, with no impact to premium revenues or medical expenses. The premiums earned and claims incurred that would have otherwise been ceded under reinsurance accounting are recorded on a net basis on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a deposit liability within Accounts payable and other liabilities, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, a deposit liability balance of $ 13.6 million and $ 7.0 million, respectively, was recorded for the Company's quota share arrangements accounted for under deposit accounting and represents fees due to the reinsurer, which are recognized within Selling, general, and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company ceded 53 %, 45 %, and 18 % of its premium under reinsurance contracts accounted for under deposit accounting, respectively.

 Reinsurance Contracts Accounted for under Reinsurance Accounting

 When significant risk is transferred to the reinsurer, reinsurance accounting is required. Reinsurance accounting applies to quota share reinsurance contracts that are in runoff as well as the XOL treaties. Under reinsurance accounting, the Company records premium paid to the reinsurer as a reduction to premium revenue with a corresponding reinsurance payable. In the case of federal and state-run reinsurance programs, no reinsurance premiums are paid. Expected reimbursement from the reinsurer for claims incurred are recorded as a reduction to claims incurred with a corresponding reinsurance recoverable asset. The tables below present information for the Company's reinsurance arrangements accounted for under reinsurance accounting. See Note 4 - Revenue Recognition for total reinsurance premiums ceded and reinsurance premiums assumed, which are included as components of total Premium revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 The following table reconciles total Medical expenses to the amount presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Direct claims incurred

 $
 7,278,267
 $
 4,459,702
 $
 4,428,000

 Ceded reinsurance claims

 ( 159,132)
 ( 44,736)
 ( 1,290,349)

 Assumed reinsurance claims

 213,454
 227,058
 143,147

 Medical expenses
 $
 $
 $
 3,280,798

 The Company records Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses net of reinsurance ceding commissions and assumed SG&A expenses. The following table reconciles total Selling, general and administrative expenses to the amount presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations:

 Year Ended December 31, 2024

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Selling, general and administrative expenses, gross

 $
 1,755,942
 $
 1,424,763
 $
 1,419,370

 Reinsurance ceding commissions

 ( 377)
 1,003
 ( 161,946)

 Selling, general and administrative expenses
 $
 1,755,565
 $
 1,425,766
 $
 1,257,424

 The composition of the Reinsurance recoverable balance on the Consolidated Balance Sheets is as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Reinsurance premium and claim recoverables
 $
 288,878
 $
 224,837

 Reinsurance ceding commissions
 6,996
 7,054

 Experience refunds on reinsurance agreements
 ( 4,338)
 9,303

 Reinsurance recoverable
 $
 291,537
 $
 241,194

 Credit Ratings
 The financial condition of the Company's reinsurers is regularly evaluated to minimize exposure to significant losses. A key credit quality indicator for reinsurance is the financial strength ratings issued by the credit rating agencies, which provide an independent opinion of a reinsurer's ability to meet ongoing obligations to policyholders. The Company's reinsurers have most recently been issued financial strength ratings of A1 or higher.

 The creditworthiness of each reinsurer is evaluated in order to assess counterparty credit risk and estimate an allowance for expected credit losses on the Company's reinsurance recoverable balances.

 12. INCOME TAXES

 The current income tax provision reflects the tax consequences of revenues and expenses currently taxable or deductible for the year reported. The deferred income tax provision or benefit reflects the differences between the financial and income tax reporting bases of the Company's underlying assets and liabilities. The components of the provision for income taxes are as follows for the periods indicated:

 Years Ended December 31,

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Current income tax expense (benefit):

 Federal
 $
 2,219
 $
 3,222
 $
 ( 358)

 State
 7,424
 —

 Total current income tax expense (benefit)

 $
 9,643
 $
 3,236
 $
 ( 358)

 Deferred income (benefit) tax:

 Federal
 $
 $
 $
 ( 165)

 State
 ( 2,411)
 —
 —

 Total deferred tax (benefit)

 $
 ( 2,338)
 $
 $
 ( 165)

 Total income tax expense (benefit)

 $
 7,305
 $
 3,294
 $
 ( 523)

 A reconciliation of the tax provision at the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to the provision for income taxes and the effective tax rate follows for the periods indicated:

 (in thousands, except percentages)
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Income (loss) before income taxes

 $
 33,426
 $
 ( 267,300)
 $
 ( 610,075)

 Income tax benefit at statutory rate

 21.00
 %
 21.00
 %
 21.00
 %

 State taxes (net of federal income tax)

 17.16
 %
 ( 1.23)
 %
 6.00
 %

 Change in valuation allowance

 ( 10.88)
 %
 ( 11.08)
 %
 ( 23.27)
 %

 Stock-based compensation adjustment

 ( 99.52)
 %
 ( 1.65)
 %
 ( 1.92)
 %

 Non-deductible compensation

 91.80
 %
 ( 8.36)
 %
 ( 1.56)
 %

 Other permanent items

 2.30
 %
 0.09
 %
 ( 0.16)
 %

 Total income tax

 21.86
 %
 ( 1.23)
 %
 0.09
 %

 Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the differences between the financial and income tax reporting bases of assets and liabilities based on enacted tax rates and laws. The components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities are as follows for the periods indicated:

 2024
 2023

 Deferred Tax Assets:

 Net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards

 $
 525,056
 $
 548,147

 Claims reserves

 27,282
 17,736

 Deposit accounting
 15,330
 —

 Fixed assets and capitalized software

 7,968
 6,600

 Accrued bonus

 7,652
 5,786

 Allowance for credit loss
 6,573
 6,636

 Unearned premium reserve

 3,370
 2,756

 Stock option

 2,824
 2,396

 Start-up costs

 2,364
 2,805

 Unrealized losses

 Premium deficiency reserves

 —
 1,213

 Other
 5,932
 6,568

 Total deferred tax assets before valuation allowance

 604,734
 600,664

 Valuation allowance

 590,629
 591,701

 Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance

 $
 14,105
 $
 8,963

 Deferred Tax Liabilities:

 5,131
 2,553

 Prepaid expenses

 3,204
 2,830

 Unrealized gains

 Other
 2,676
 2,581

 Total deferred tax liabilities

 11,065
 8,259

 Net deferred tax assets

 $
 3,040
 $

 The Company evaluates the need for a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets considering all available positive and negative evidence. Based on its analysis, the Company concluded that it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The Company has a valuation allowance of $ 590.6 million at December 31, 2024 against its deferred tax assets, including federal and state net operating losses, as the Company does not have a history of positive earnings. Valuation allowances will be provided until it becomes more likely than not that the benefit of the federal and state deferred tax assets will be realized.

 Federal NOL carryovers are $ 2,156.8 million, of which $ 1,249.0 million expire beginning in 2035 through 2043, and $ 907.8 million have indefinite carryforward periods. State NOL carryforwards from group filings are approximately $ 1,001.5 million and from separate entity filings are $ 298.9 million; state NOL carryforwards expire beginning in 2035. Pursuant to I.R.C Section 382, the Company underwent a change in ownership in 2016. Based on the annual limitation, use of pre-change NOL carryforwards will not be limited prior to expiration.

 The Company evaluates tax positions to determine whether the benefits are more likely than not to be sustained on audit based on technical merits. The Company did not have any uncertain tax positions for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. The Company does not expect any significant changes to unrecognized tax benefits in the next twelve months. The Company's policy is to classify interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense while penalties are included in income tax expense. The Company had no interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

 The Company currently files income tax returns in the United States, various states, and localities. The majority of the Company's operating subsidiaries are included in a consolidated federal income tax return. The Company began operations in 2012 and has never been placed under income tax audit. Federal tax returns are open for examination for tax years from 2021. State tax returns are open for examination for tax years from 2020.

 13. LEASES

 The Company records right-of-use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities for its real estate operating leases. Leases with an initial term of twelve months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet.

 The following table presents the lease-related balances within the balance sheet:

 Balance Sheet Classification
 2024
 2023

 Operating Leases

 Right-of-use assets
 Other assets
 $
 57,153
 $
 62,873

 Lease liabilities, current
 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
 $
 13,548
 $
 14,175

 Lease liabilities, noncurrent
 Other liabilities
 $
 60,651
 $
 66,803

 Operating lease expense was $ 14.5 million, $ 14.7 million, and $ 14.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, which includes variable lease expense. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities was $ 14.2 million and $ 14.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Future minimum rental payments under non-cancellable operating leases are estimated as follows:

 2025
 $
 13,548

 2026
 16,445

 2027
 17,099

 2028
 17,168

 2029
 17,238

 Thereafter
 20,881

 Total lease payments
 $
 102,379

 Less: Imputed interest
 28,180

 Present value of lease liabilities
 $
 74,199

 Additional Information:

 Weighted-average remaining lease term

 6.2 years

 Weighted-average discount rate

 10.65
 %

 14. PROPERTY, EQUIPMENT AND CAPITALIZED SOFTWARE

 The following table summarizes the balances of the Company's property, equipment, and capitalized software:

 2024
 2023

 Property, equipment, and capitalized software

 Software and hardware

 $
 148,260
 $
 119,263

 Leasehold improvements

 26,386
 25,301

 Property and fixtures

 6,248
 5,443

 Property, equipment, and capitalized software

 180,894
 150,007

 Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization

 ( 114,101)
 ( 88,077)

 Property, equipment, and capitalized software, net

 $
 66,793
 $
 61,930

 Depreciation and amortization expense for property, equipment, and capitalized software for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $ 32.1 million, $ 30.7 million, and $ 15.3 million, respectively.

 15. BUSINESS ARRANGEMENTS

 Variable Interest Entities

 In the normal course of business, the Company enters into business arrangements with integrated health systems and several medical professional corporations that employ healthcare providers to deliver telemedical healthcare services to its covered member population in various states. The financial results of these entities are consolidated into the Company's financial statements.

 The following table presents the collective assets and liabilities of the Company's variable interest entities:

 2024
 2023

 Assets
 $
 102,550
 $
 90,683

 Liabilities
 $
 63,114
 $
 58,332

 16. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Common Stock

 The rights of the holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting, conversion, and transfer rights.

 Voting Rights

 Holders of the Company's Class A common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders, and holders of the Company's Class B common stock are entitled to 20 votes for each share held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. The holders of the Company's Class A common stock and Class B common stock will vote together as a single class, unless otherwise required by law or under the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation.

 Conversion and Transfer

 Each outstanding share of Class B common stock is convertible at any time at the option of the holder into one share of Class A common stock. Each share of Class B common stock will convert automatically into one share of Class A Common Stock upon any transfer, except for certain permitted transfers described in the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation. All outstanding shares of Class B common stock will automatically convert into shares of Class A common stock on a one -for-one basis upon the date that is the earlier of (i) the transfer of Class B common stock to a person or entity that is not in the transferor's permitted ownership group, as described in the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, (ii) March 2, 2028, or (iii) upon the occurrence of certain other events as described in the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation.

 Dividends

 Common stockholders are entitled to receive dividends, as may be declared by the board of directors, if any.

 17. STATUTORY REGULATIONS

 The Company's insurance subsidiaries prepare financial statements in accordance with Statutory Accounting Principles ("SAP") prescribed or permitted by the insurance departments of their states of domicile. SAP are focused on the solvency of insurance companies and are designed to ensure that insurers maintain sufficient capital and surplus to meet their insurance-related obligations.

 The Company's insurance subsidiaries are regulated by the state insurance departments of the states in which they are domiciled. Statutory regulations include the establishment of minimum levels of statutory capital to be maintained by insurance subsidiaries and restrictions on dividend payments and other distributions made by the insurance subsidiaries to the parent company. Minimum statutory capital requirements differ by state and are based on minimum risk-based capital ("RBC") requirements developed by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC").

 As of December 31, 2024, the Company's insurance subsidiaries are estimated to have an aggregate statutory capital and surplus of approximately $ 1,242.7 million. As of December 31, 2023, the Company's insurance subsidiaries had an aggregate statutory capital and surplus of $ 800.6 million. Individually, each of the Company's insurance subsidiaries is projected to exceed the minimum required statutory capital and surplus and RBC minimum requirements.

 18. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

 In February 2022, the Company issued the 2031 Notes to funds affiliated with or advised by Dragoneer Investment Group, LLC, Thrive Capital Management, LLC, LionTree Investment Management, LLC and Tenere Capital LLC (collectively, the "Purchasers"). See Note 9 - Debt for additional information. In addition, pursuant to the Investment Agreement entered into with the Purchasers, the Company agreed to amend the Twelfth Amended and Restated Investors' Rights Agreement dated as of March 5, 2021 (the "Investors' Rights Agreement"), by and among the Company and the investors party thereto, to provide that the Notes and shares of Class A common stock issued or issuable upon conversion of any 2031 Notes held by entities affiliated with Thrive Capital will be subject to the registration rights contained in the Investors' Rights Agreement.

 19. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

 The Company's current and past business practices are subject to review or other investigations by various state insurance and healthcare regulatory authorities and other state and federal regulatory authorities. These reviews focus on numerous facets of the Company's business, including claims payment practices, statutory capital requirements, provider contracting, risk adjustment, competitive practices, commission payments, privacy issues, network adequacy, utilization management practices, pharmacy benefits, access to care, and sales practices, among others. Some of these reviews have historically resulted in fines imposed on the Company and some have required changes to certain of the Company's practices. The Company continues to be subject to these reviews, which could result in additional fines or other sanctions being imposed on the Company or additional changes to certain of its practices.

 The Company is also currently involved in, and may in the future from time to time become involved in, legal proceedings and other claims in the ordinary course of its business, including class actions and suits brought by the Company's members, providers, commercial counterparties, employees, and other parties relating to the Company's business, including management and administration of health benefit plans and other services. Such matters can include claims relating to the performance of contractual and non-contractual obligations to providers, members, employer groups, and others, including, but not limited to, the alleged failure to properly pay in-network and out-of-network claims and challenges to the manner in which the Company processes claims, various employment claims, disputes regarding reinsurance arrangements, disputes relating to intellectual property, privacy, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act and class action lawsuits, or other, and claims alleging that the Company has engaged in unfair business practices.

 In addition, on May 12, 2022, a securities class action lawsuit against the Company, certain of its directors and officers, and the underwriters that participated in the Company's IPO was commenced in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, captioned Carpenter v. Oscar Health, Inc., et al., Case No. 1:22-CV-03885 (S.D.N.Y.) (the "Securities Action"). The initial complaint in the Securities Action asserted violations of Sections 11 and 15 of the Securities Act based on the Company's purported failure to disclose in its IPO registration statement growing COVID-19 testing and treatment costs, the impact of significant Special Enrollment Period membership, and risk adjustment data validation results for 2019 and 2020. By Court orders dated September 27, 2022 and December 13, 2022, the Court appointed a lead plaintiff and lead counsel on behalf of the putative class. An amended complaint filed on December 6, 2022 asserts the same violations of Sections 11 and 15 of the Securities Act, but this time based on the Company's alleged failure to disclose in its IPO registration statement purportedly inadequate controls and systems in connection with the risk adjustment data validation audit for 2019, alleging that this purported omission caused losses and damages for members of the putative class. The amended complaint seeks unspecified compensatory damages as well as interest, fees, and costs. On April 4, 2023, the Company moved to dismiss the amended complaint. Briefing on the motion was completed on July 7, 2023. The Company believes it has meritorious defenses to these claims. At this time, the Company cannot predict the outcome, or provide a reasonable estimate or range of estimates of the possible outcome or loss, if any, in this matter.

 The Company records liabilities for its reasonable estimates of probable losses resulting from these matters where appropriate. Estimates of losses resulting from legal and regulatory matters involving the Company are inherently difficult to predict, particularly where the matters: involve indeterminate claims for monetary damages or may involve fines, penalties or punitive damages; present novel legal theories or represent a shift in regulatory policy; involve a large number of claimants or regulatory bodies; are in the early stages of the proceedings; or could result in a change in business practices. Accordingly,

 the Company is often unable to estimate the losses or ranges of losses for those matters where there is a reasonable possibility or it is probable that a loss may be incurred, the ultimate settlement of which could be material.

 Given that such proceedings are subject to uncertainty, there can be no assurance that such legal proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on Oscar's business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

 20. SEGMENT INFORMATION

 The Company operates in and reports as a single reportable segment as the CODM does not evaluate profitability nor evaluate performance or allocate resources below the level of the consolidated Company. The accounting policies of the segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. The CODM reviews Net income (loss) attributable to Oscar Health, Inc. and Adjusted EBITDA presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. These metrics serve as benchmarks to evaluate the business, measure performance, identify trends, prepare financial projections, and make strategic decisions. The CODM does not evaluate performance or allocate resources based on segment assets data; therefore, total segment assets are not presented. As part of the adoption of ASU 2023-07, the prior years' segment information has been disclosed herein to align with the current year's presentation.

 The following table presents the revenue, significant expenses, and net income (loss) for the Company's segment. As the Company operates and reports as a single segment, its measure of segment net income (loss) is the same as Net income (loss) attributable to Oscar Health, Inc. on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Total Revenue

 $
 9,177,564
 $
 5,862,869
 $
 3,963,638

 Less:

 Medical expenses

 3,280,798

 Selling, general, and administrative expenses:

 Member acquisition and servicing costs (1)

 747,627
 540,135
 679,464

 Premium taxes, exchange fees, and other taxes and fees (2)

 432,290
 289,388
 281,518

 All other SG&A (3)

 575,648
 596,243
 296,442

 Total Selling, general, and administrative expenses
 1,755,565
 1,425,766
 1,257,424

 Depreciation and amortization
 15,283

 Earnings (loss) from operations

 57,265
 ( 235,615)
 ( 589,867)

 23,734
 24,603
 22,623

 Other expense (income)
 7,082
 ( 2,415)

 Earnings (loss) before income taxes
 33,426
 ( 267,300)
 ( 610,075)

 Income tax expense (benefit)

 7,305
 3,294
 ( 523)

 Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
 ( 3,277)

 $
 $
 $

 (1)Member acquisition and servicing costs include the Company's expenses incurred to acquire, service, and fulfill obligations to members.
 (2)Premium taxes, exchange fees, and other taxes and fees represent non-income tax charges from federal and state governments, including but not limited to healthcare exchange user fees and premium taxes.
 (3)All other SG&A includes employee-related and administrative costs that are not member-based. Additionally, all other SG&A includes the net impact of quota share reinsurance accounted for under deposit accounting.

 Significant Customers
 The Company generates the majority of its total revenue from health insurance policy premiums, which primarily comes from subsidies received from CMS as part of the APTC program.

 Schedule I - Condensed Balance Sheets (Parent-Only)

 (in thousands, except per share amounts)

 Assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents

 $
 97,384
 $
 171,940

 Restricted deposits and investments

 9,086
 23,589

 Investments in and advances to subsidiaries

 1,207,848
 925,926

 Other assets

 11,801
 5,990

 Total Assets

 $
 1,326,119
 $
 1,127,445

 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

 Long-term debt

 $
 299,555
 $
 298,777

 Other liabilities

 12,978
 24,701

 Total liabilities
 312,533
 323,478

 Commitments and contingencies

 Stockholders' Equity

 Class A common stock $ 0.00001 par value; 825,000 thousand shares authorized, 214,974 thousand and 193,875 thousand shares outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 Class B common stock, $ 0.00001 par value; 82,500 thousand shares authorized, 35,514 thousand shares outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 —
 —

 Treasury stock ( 315 thousand shares as of December 31, 2024 and 2023)

 Additional paid-in capital
 3,869,617
 3,682,294

 Accumulated deficit
 ( 2,851,283)
 ( 2,876,715)

 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
 ( 1,827)
 1,309

 Total Oscar Health, Inc. Stockholders' Equity
 1,013,586
 803,967

 Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

 $
 1,326,119
 $
 1,127,445

 Schedule I - Condensed Statements of Operations (Parent-Only)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Revenue

 Investment income and other revenue
 $
 16,714
 $
 20,253
 $
 8,274

 Total revenue

 16,714
 20,253
 8,274

 Operating Expenses

 General and administrative expenses

 118,566
 106,387
 60,130

 23,697
 24,577
 22,583

 Other expenses (income)
 7,081
 ( 2,415)

 Loss before income tax (benefit) expense and equity in net loss of subsidiaries
 ( 125,659)
 ( 117,792)
 ( 72,024)

 Income tax (benefit) provision
 ( 34,777)
 ( 7,870)
 2,703

 Loss before equity in net loss of subsidiaries

 ( 90,882)
 ( 109,922)
 ( 74,727)

 Equity in net income (loss) of subsidiaries

 116,314
 ( 160,806)
 ( 531,548)

 $
 $
 $

 Schedule I - Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income (Parent-Only)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:

 Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale
 ( 3,136)
 11,024
 ( 6,044)

 Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Oscar Health, Inc.
 $
 22,296
 $
 ( 259,704)
 $
 ( 612,319)

 Schedule I - Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (Parent-Only)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities

 $
 2,103
 $
 9,055
 $
 ( 3,957)

 Cash flows from investing activities:

 Investments in subsidiaries
 ( 159,628)
 ( 149,025)
 ( 652,008)

 Purchase of investments
 ( 2,409)
 —
 —

 Purchase of fixed maturity securities

 —
 —
 ( 138,919)

 Sale of investments

 —
 ( 15,775)
 295,316

 Maturity of investments

 16,990
 306,511
 155,578

 Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities

 ( 145,047)
 141,711
 ( 340,033)

 Cash flows from financing activities:

 Proceeds from long-term debt
 —
 —
 305,000

 Proceeds from joint venture contribution
 —
 2,490
 1,846

 Proceeds from exercise of stock options
 3,956
 1,299

 Payment of debt issuance costs

 —
 —
 ( 7,035)

 Net cash provided by financing activities

 6,446
 301,110

 Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents

 ( 74,556)
 157,212
 ( 42,880)

 Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents—beginning of period

 171,940
 14,728
 57,608

 Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents—end of period

 $
 97,384
 $
 171,940
 $
 14,728

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants and Financial Disclosure

 Not applicable.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

 Disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives.

 Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

 Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets, (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that our receipts and expenditures are made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors, and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 using criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on that evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.

 The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm. Refer to "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238)" for their audit report.

 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B. Other Information

 (a) None.

 (b) On November 11, 2024, Mark T. Bertolini, the Company's Chief Executive Officer, in accordance with the Company's standard practice for employees and executive officers, entered into the Company's form of sell-to-cover instruction that is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c), providing for sales of a number of shares of Class A common stock as is necessary to cover tax withholding obligations incurred in connection with the vesting or settlement of restricted stock units held by Mr. Bertolini. The instruction will remain in effect so long as Mr. Bertolini is subject to such tax obligations, unless earlier terminated. The total number of shares of Class A common stock that may be sold pursuant to the instruction is not determinable.

 On December 6, 2024, Ranmali Bopitiya, the Company's Chief Legal Officer, entered into a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement that is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) for the sale of up to 98,411 shares of the Company's Class A common stock by September 7, 2025.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Not applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, and such information is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation

 The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, and such information is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, and such information is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, and such information is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, and such information is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 (a)(1) Financial Statements.

 The financial statements required by this item are listed in Part II, Item 8 – "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" attached hereto and are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 (a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules.

 Schedule I. Condensed Financial Information of Parent Company
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

 Other than Schedule I included in Part II, Item 8 – "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," all financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not required, are not applicable or the required information is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or the notes thereto.

 (a)(3) Exhibits.

 The following is a list of exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Incorporated by Reference
 Filed/
Furnished
Herewith

 Exhibit
Number
 Exhibit Description
 Form
 File No.
 Exhibit
 Filing
Date

 3.1
 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation.

 3.1
 03/08/21

 3.2
 Amended and Restated Bylaws.

 3.2
 03/08/21

 4.1
 Specimen Common Stock Certificate of Oscar Health, Inc.

 S-1/A
 4.1
 02/22/21

 4.2
 Indenture, dated as of February 3, 2022, between Oscar Health, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee.

 4.1
 02/04/22

 4.3
 Form of certificate representing the 7.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2031 (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.2).

 4.2
 02/04/22

 4.4
 Thirteenth Amended and Restated Investors' Rights Agreement, dated as of May 3, 2022, by and among Oscar Health, Inc. and the investors party thereto

 4.2
 08/12/22

 4.5
 Description of Capital Stock.

 4.5
 02/24/23

 10.1
 Oscar Health, Inc. Amended and Restated 2012 Stock Plan.

 10.1
 05/14/21

 10.2
 Form of Stock Option Award Agreement (Early Exercise) under 2012 Stock Incentive Plan.

 S-1
 10.6
 02/05/21

 10.3
 Form of Stock Option Award Agreement (Installment Exercise) under 2012 Stock Incentive Plan.

 S-1
 10.7
 02/05/21

 10.4
 Oscar Health, Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan.

 *

 10.5
 Form of Stock Option Award Agreement under 2021 Incentive Award Plan.

 *

 10.6
 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under 2021 Incentive Award Plan.

 S-1/A
 10.13
 02/22/21

 10.7
 Form of Performance Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under 2021 Incentive Award Plan.

 10.1
 05/07/24

 10.8
 2024 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (Retirement Eligible) under 2021 Incentive Award Plan

 10.5
 02/15/24

 10.9
 2024 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (Non-Retirement Eligible) under 2021 Incentive Award Plan

 10.6
 02/15/24

 10.10
 Oscar Health, Inc. 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

 *

 10.11
 Oscar Health, Inc. 2022 Employee Inducement Incentive Award Plan

 S-8
 333-264205

 99.1
 04/08/22

 10.12
 First Amendment to the Oscar Health, Inc. 2022 Employment Inducement Incentive Award Plan

 S-8
 333-270890
 99.2
 03/28/23

 10.13
 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under 2022 Inducement Award Plan.

 10.8
 02/24/23

 10.14
 Employment Agreement, by and between Oscar Health, Inc. and Mark T. Bertolini, dated March 28, 2023.

 10.1
 05/10/23

 10.15
 Employment Agreement, by and between Oscar Health, Inc. and Mario Schlosser, dated March 28, 2023.

 10.2
 05/10/23

 10.16
 Employment Agreement, by and between Oscar Health, Inc. (formerly Mulberry Management Corporation) and R. Scott Blackley, dated December 5, 2020.

 S-1
 10.20
 02/05/21

 10.17
 Amendment to Employment Agreement, by and between Oscar Health, Inc., Oscar Management Corporation and R. Scott Blackley, dated July 13, 2021.

 10.1
 08/13/21

 10.18
 Amendment to Employment Agreement, by and between Oscar Health, Inc., Oscar Management Corporation and R. Scott Blackley, dated November 8, 2022

 10.2
 11/09/22

 10.19
 Letter Agreement dated as of August 2, 2023, by and among Oscar Health, Inc., Oscar Management Corporation and R. Scott Blackley.

 10.2
 08/09/23

 10.20
 Employment Agreement, by and between Oscar Health, Inc., Oscar Management Corporation (formerly Mulberry Management Corporation) and Alessandrea Quane, in effect as of March 1, 2021.

 10.11
 02/25/22

 10.21
 Employment Agreement, by and among Oscar Health, Inc., Oscar Management Corporation and Ranmali Bopitiya, effective January 31, 2022

 10.17
 02/24/23

 10.22
 Amended Non-Employee Director Compensation Program.

 *

 10.23
 Form of Indemnification Agreement.

 S-1
 10.28
 02/05/21

 10.24
 Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors.

 *

 10.25
 Form of Deferred Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (Directors)

 *

 10.26X
 Investment Agreement, dated as of January 27, 2022, by and among Oscar Health, Inc. and Oasis FD Holdings, LP., Thrive Capital Partners VII Growth, L.P., Claremount VII Associates, L.P., LionTree Investment Fund, L.P. and Tenere Capital Master Fund, LP.

 10.1
 01/28/22

 10.27X
 Credit Agreement, dated as of February 21, 2021, as amended by the First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of January 27, 2022, the Second Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of July 21, 2023, and the Third Amendment, dated as of December 28, 2023, by and among Oscar Health, Inc., as borrower, the several lenders from time to time parties thereto, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, among others.

 10.1
 12/29/23

 19.1
 Insider Trading Policy

 *

 21.1
 List of Subsidiaries of Oscar Health, Inc.

 *

 23.1
 Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

 *

 31.1
 Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer.

 *

 31.2
 Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer.

 *

 32.1
 Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer.

 **

 32.2
 Section 1350 Certification of Chief Financial Officer.

 **

 97.1
 Oscar Health, Inc. Policy for Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation

 97.1
 02/15/24

 101.INS

 *

 101.SCH
 *

 101.CAL
 *

 101.DEF
 *

 101.LAB
 *

 101.PRE
 *

 *

 * Filed herewith.
 ** Furnished herewith.
 Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.
 + Certain portions of this exhibit (indicated by "####") have been redacted pursuant to Regulation S-K, Item 601(a)(6).
 X Certain schedules (or similar attachments) to this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Regulation S-K, Item 601(a)(5). The registrant agrees to furnish a copy of any omitted schedule (or similar attachment) to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

 None.

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 OSCAR HEALTH, INC.

 Date: February 20, 2025

 By:
 /s/ Mark T. Bertolini

 Mark T. Bertolini

 Chief Executive Officer

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Name
 Title
 Date

 /s/ Mark T. Bertolini
 Chief Executive Officer and Director

 Mark T. Bertolini
 (principal executive officer)

 /s/ R. Scott Blackley
 Chief Financial Officer

 R. Scott Blackley
 (principal financial officer)

 /s/ Victoria Baltrus
 Chief Accounting Officer

 Victoria Baltrus
 (principal accounting officer)

 /s/ Jeffery H. Boyd
 Chairman of the Board and Director

 Jeffery H. Boyd

 /s/ Joshua Kushner
 Vice Chairman of the Board and Director

 Joshua Kushner

 /s/ Mario Schlosser
 President of Technology and Director

 Mario Schlosser

 /s/ William Gassen, III

 William Gassen, III

 /s/ Laura Lang

 Laura Lang

 /s/ David Plouffe

 David Plouffe

 /s/ Elbert O. Robinson, Jr.

 Elbert O. Robinson, Jr.

 /s/ Siddhartha Sankaran

 Siddhartha Sankaran

 /s/ Vanessa A. Wittman

 Vanessa A. Wittman