UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549

 FORM

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
 or
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from to
 Commission file number 001-35908
 _________________________________________________________________
 (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
 _________________________________________________________________

 Maryland
 46-1214914

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 222 Central Park Avenue
,
 Suite 2100

 Virginia Beach
,
 Virginia
 23462

 (Address of principal executive offices)
 (Zip Code)

 Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code: ( 757) 366-4000

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share
 AHH
 New York Stock Exchange

 6.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share
 AHHPrA
 New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 _________________________________________________________________
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes No x
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer
 x
 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. x
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No x

 As of June 30, 2023, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $ 779.1 million, based on the closing sales price of $11.68 per share as reported on the New York Stock Exchange. (For purposes of this calculation all of the registrant's directors and executive officers are deemed affiliates of the registrant.)
 As of February 23, 2024, the registrant had 66,793,248 shares of common stock outstanding. In addition, as of February 23, 2024, Armada Hoffler, L.P., the registrant's operating partnership subsidiary (the "Operating Partnership"), had 21,583,470 common units of limited partnership interest ("OP Units") outstanding (other than OP Units held by the registrant). Based on the 66,793,248 shares of common stock and 21,583,470 OP Units held by limited partners other than the registrant, the registrant had a total common equity market capitalization of $939,444,512 as of February 23, 2024 (based on the closing sales price of $10.63 on the New York Stock Exchange on such date).

 Documents Incorporated by Reference
 Portions of the registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement relating to its 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report. The registrant expects to file its Definitive Proxy Statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2023.

 Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.

 Form 10-K
 For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Item 1.

 Business.

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors.

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments.

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity.

 Item 2.

 Properties.

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings.

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures.

 Item 5.

 Market For Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

 Item 6.

 [Reserved].

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures.

 Item 9B.

 Other Information.

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation.

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

 Item 14.

 Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

 Item 15.

 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary.

 Index to Exhibits

 Signatures

 i

 SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this report. This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. We caution investors that any forward-looking statements presented in this report, or which management may make orally or in writing from time to time, are based on beliefs and assumptions made by, and information currently available to, management. When used, the words "anticipate," "believe," "expect," "intend," "may," "might," "plan," "estimate," "project," "should," "will," "result" and similar expressions, which do not relate solely to historical matters, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions and are not guarantees of future performance, which may be affected by known and unknown risks, trends, uncertainties, and factors that are beyond our control. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated, or projected. We caution you that while forward-looking statements reflect our good faith beliefs when we make them, they are not guarantees of future performance and are impacted by actual events when they occur after we make such statements. We expressly disclaim any responsibility to update forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law. Accordingly, investors should use caution in relying on past forward-looking statements, which are based on results and trends at the time they are made, to anticipate future results or trends.

 Forward-looking statements involve numerous risks and uncertainties, and you should not rely on them as predictions of future events. Forward-looking statements depend on assumptions, data, or methods which may be incorrect or imprecise, and we may not be able to realize them. We do not guarantee that the transactions and events described will happen as described (or that they will happen at all). The following factors, among others, could cause actual results and future events to differ materially from those set forth or contemplated in the forward-looking statements:
 • adverse economic or real estate developments, either nationally or in the markets in which our properties are located;
 • our failure to generate sufficient cash flows to service our outstanding indebtedness;
 • defaults on, early terminations of, or non-renewal of leases by tenants, including significant tenants;
 • bankruptcy or insolvency of a significant tenant or a substantial number of smaller tenants;
 • the inability of one or more mezzanine loan borrowers to repay mezzanine loans or similar investments in accordance with their contractual terms;
 • difficulties in identifying or completing development, acquisition, or disposition opportunities;
 • our ability to commence or continue construction and development projects on the timeframes and terms currently anticipated;
 • our failure to successfully operate developed and acquired properties;
 • our failure to generate income in our general contracting and real estate services segment in amounts that we anticipate;
 • fluctuations in interest rates;
 • the impact of inflation, including increases in operating costs;
 • our failure to obtain necessary outside financing on favorable terms or at all;
 • our inability to extend the maturity of or refinance existing debt or comply with the financial covenants in the agreements that govern our existing debt;
 • financial market fluctuations;
 • risks that affect the general retail environment or the market for office properties or multifamily units;
 • the competitive environment in which we operate;
 ii

 • decreased rental rates or increased vacancy rates;
 • conflicts of interests with our officers and directors;
 • lack or insufficient amounts of insurance;
 • environmental uncertainties and risks related to adverse weather conditions and natural disasters;
 • other factors affecting the real estate industry generally;
 • our failure to maintain our qualification as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for U.S. federal income tax purposes;
 • limitations imposed on our business and our ability to satisfy complex rules in order for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes;
 • changes in governmental regulations or interpretations thereof, such as real estate and zoning laws and increases in real property tax rates and taxation of REITs; and
 • potential negative impacts from changes to the U.S. tax laws.

 While forward-looking statements reflect our good faith beliefs, they are not guarantees of future performance. We caution investors not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. For a further discussion of these and other factors that could impact our future results, performance, or transactions, see the factors discussed in Item 1A. Risk Factors and Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations herein and in other documents that we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC").

 Summary Risk Factors

 Our business is subject to a number of risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. These summary risks provide an overview of many of the risks we are exposed to in the normal course of our business and are discussed more fully in Item 1A. Risk Factors herein. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

 • Adverse economic and geopolitical conditions and dislocations in the credit markets, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
 • We may be unable to identify and complete development opportunities and acquisitions of properties that meet our investment criteria, which may materially and adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow, and growth prospects.
 • Our real estate development activities are subject to risks particular to development, such as unanticipated expenses, delays, and other contingencies, any of which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow.
 • The geographic concentration of our portfolio could cause us to be more susceptible to adverse economic or regulatory developments in the markets in which our properties are located than if we owned a more geographically diverse portfolio.
 • We have a substantial amount of indebtedness outstanding, which may expose us to the risk of default under our debt obligations and may include covenants that restrict our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders.
 • Failure to maintain our current credit rating could adversely affect our cost of funds, related margins, liquidity, and access to the debt capital markets.
 • Increases in interest rates, or failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes, will increase our interest expense and may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
 iii

 • Our growth depends on external sources of capital that are outside of our control and may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all, which could limit our ability to, among other things, meet our capital and operating needs or make the cash distributions to our stockholders necessary to maintain our qualification as a REIT.
 • We may be unable to renew leases, lease vacant space, or re-lease space on favorable terms or at all as leases expire, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
 • The short-term leases in our multifamily portfolio expose us to the effects of declining market rents, which could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow, and cash available for distribution.
 • Mezzanine loans and similar investments are subject to significant risks, and losses related to these investments could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 • Most of our costs, such as operating and general and administrative expenses, interest expense, and real estate acquisition and construction costs, are subject to inflation.
 • Adverse economic and regulatory conditions, particularly in the Mid-Atlantic region, could adversely affect our construction and development business, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
 • There can be no assurance that all of the projects for which our construction business is engaged as general contractor will be commenced or completed in their entirety in accordance with the anticipated cost or that we will achieve the financial results we expect from the construction of such properties.
 • There can be no assurance that we will be able to realize the business objectives of our real estate investments through disposition or refinancing of such at attractive prices or within certain time periods, and any related illiquidity of our real estate investments could significantly impede our ability to respond to adverse changes in the performance of our properties and harm our financial condition.
 • Daniel Hoffler and his affiliates own, directly or indirectly, a substantial beneficial interest in our company on a fully diluted basis and have the ability to exercise significant influence on our company and our Operating Partnership, including the approval of significant corporate transactions.
 • Our charter contains certain provisions restricting the ownership and transfer of our stock that may delay, defer, or prevent a change of control transaction that might involve a premium price for our common stock or that our stockholders otherwise believe to be in their best interests.
 • Failure to maintain our qualification as a REIT would cause us to be taxed as a regular corporation, which would substantially reduce funds available for distribution to our stockholders.
 • We may be unable to make distributions at expected levels, which could result in a decrease in the market price of our common stock and our 6.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share ("Series A Preferred Stock").

 iv

 Item 1. Business.

 Our Company

 References to "we," "our," "us," "our company," and "Armada Hoffler" refer to Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc., a Maryland corporation, together with our consolidated subsidiaries, including Armada Hoffler, L.P., a Virginia limited partnership (the "Operating Partnership"), of which we are the sole general partner.

 We are a vertically-integrated, self-managed REIT with over four decades of experience developing, building, acquiring, and managing high-quality retail, office, and multifamily properties located primarily in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States. In addition to the ownership of our operating property portfolio, we develop and build properties for our own account and through joint ventures between us and unaffiliated partners and also invest in development projects through real estate financing arrangements. We also provide general construction and development services to third-party clients. Our construction and development experience includes mid- and high-rise office buildings, retail strip malls, retail power centers, multifamily apartment communities, hotels and conference centers, single- and multi-tenant industrial, distribution, and manufacturing facilities, educational, medical and special purpose facilities, government projects, parking garages, and mixed-use town centers. Our most recent third-party construction contracts have included the mixed-use project The Interlock in Atlanta, Georgia, Adams Hill Apartments in Greenville, South Carolina, The Apartments at Innsbrook Square in Glen Allen, Virginia, Fox Crossing Apartments in Raleigh, North Carolina, Boulder Lake Apartments in Chesterfield, Virginia, and 27th Street Hotel in Virginia Beach. We also are proud to have completed numerous signature properties across the Mid-Atlantic region, such as the Constellation Energy Building in Baltimore, Maryland, the Inner Harbor East development in Baltimore, Maryland and the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Washington, D.C.

 We were formed on October 12, 2012 under the laws of the State of Maryland and are headquartered in Virginia Beach, Virginia. We elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2013. Substantially all of our assets are held by, and all of our operations are conducted through, our Operating Partnership. As of December 31, 2023, we owned, through a combination of direct and indirect interests, 75.6% of the common units of limited partnership interest in our Operating Partnership ("OP Units").

 2023 and Recent Highlights

 The following highlights our results of operations and significant transactions for the year ended December 31, 2023:

 • Net loss attributable to common stockholders and OP Unitholders of $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, or $0.05 per diluted share.

 • Funds from operations attributable to common stockholders and OP Unitholders ("FFO") of $90.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, or $1.02 per diluted share.

 • Normalized funds from operations attributable to common stockholders and OP Unitholders ("Normalized FFO") of $110.5 million, or $1.24 per diluted share.

 • Announced that the Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.205 per common share, representing a 5% increase over the prior quarter's dividend.

 • Dividends declared during the year ended December 31, 2023 of $0.775 per share, representing a 7.6% year-over-year increase.

 • As part of the Company's leadership succession planning initiatives, appointed Shawn Tibbetts to President, in addition to his existing role as Chief Operating Officer. The Company's Board of Directors also endorsed founder and current Chairman Dan Hoffler's intent to relinquish his role as Chairman of the Board of Directors in June 2024. The Board of Directors expects to appoint Louis S. Haddad as Chairman of the Board of Directors, subject to his reelection to the Board of Directors at the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. If the stockholders vote to reelect Mr. Hoffler to the Board of Directors at the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, Mr. Hoffler will continue to serve as a member of the Board of Directors, and the Board of Directors expects to appoint him as "Chairman Emeritus".

 • Property segment net operating income ("NOI") of $160.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which represents a 9.3% increase compared to $146.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 • Same Store NOI for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased 0.9% compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

 • For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 1,204,838 shares of common stock for a total of $12.6 million.

 • Completed the $215 million acquisition of The Interlock, a 311,000 square foot Class A commercial mixed-use asset in Atlanta's West Midtown anchored by Georgia Tech.

 • Announced the authorization of the repurchase of up to $50 million of the Company's shares of common stock and Series A Preferred Stock under a newly established share repurchase program. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 1,204,838 shares of common stock for a total of $12.6 million.

 • Committed an aggregate of $75.5 million to new real estate financing investments across three ground-up multifamily development projects located in the Atlanta and Coastal Virginia markets.

 • Third-party construction backlog as of December 31, 2023 was $472.2 million and general contracting and real estate services gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $13.4 million.

 • Weighted average stabilized portfolio occupancy was 96.1% as of December 31, 2023. Retail occupancy was 97.4%, office occupancy was 95.3%, and multifamily occupancy was 95.5%.

 For definitions and discussion of FFO, Normalized FFO, NOI, and Same Store NOI, see the section below entitled "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."

 Our Competitive Strengths

 Armada Hoffler believes that we distinguish ourselves from other REITs through the following competitive strengths:

 • Armada Hoffler's diversified portfolio consists of high-quality retail, office, and multifamily assets, located primarily in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions. Our properties are generally in the top tier of commercial properties in their markets, many of which are in mixed-use communities that offer Class-A amenities and finishes.

 • Armada Hoffler has an experienced, dedicated, and resilient senior management team that serves as the catalyst for the organization's success, inspiring employees, driving innovation, and creating value for all stakeholders. Our senior management team brings substantial experience in strategic business operations, as well as ownership, management, and development of high-quality real estate properties. As of December 31, 2023, our executive officers and directors collectively held a stake of approximately 12.2% in our company on a fully diluted basis, which we believe aligns their interests with those of our stockholders.

 • Armada Hoffler strategically focuses on target markets in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States. These markets demonstrate attractive fundamentals driven by favorable supply and demand characteristics, high-barrier to entry, and limited competition. We believe that our longstanding presence in our target markets provides us with significant advantages in sourcing and executing development opportunities, identifying and mitigating potential risks, and negotiating attractive pricing.

 • Armada Hoffler leverages mezzanine lending and preferred equity arrangements, which provides opportunities to acquire completed development projects at prices that are below market or at cost and may enable us to realize profit on projects we do not intend to own.

 • Our platform consists of asset management, development, and construction expertise, which comprise an integrated delivery system for every project that we build for our portfolio or for third-party clients.

 Our Business and Growth Strategies

 Armada Hoffler's primary business objectives are to: (i) continue to acquire, manage, develop, and build class A retail, office, and multifamily properties in our target markets, (ii) finance and operate our portfolio in a manner that increases cash flow and property values, (iii) pursue selective acquisition and disposition opportunities, and (iv) execute new third-party construction and real estate financing arrangements with consistent operating margins. We seek to achieve our objectives through the following strategies:

 • Armada Hoffler intends to continue to grow our asset base and create value through the selective acquisition of high-quality properties that are well-located in their submarkets, and continued strategic development of retail, office, and multifamily properties.

 • Armada Hoffler intends to continue to use our real estate financing program which is integrated into our overall growth and acquisition strategy. We continue to evaluate whether properties within our real estate financing program provide high-quality acquisition opportunities.

 • Armada Hoffler believes that we have a unique advantage over many of our competitors due to our integrated construction and development business that provides expertise, oversight, and a broad array of client-focused services. We intend to continue to leverage our construction business and other third-party services.

 • Armada Hoffler plans to continue to leverage our extensive experience in completing large, complex, mixed-use projects to establish relationships with new partners, while expanding our relationships with existing partners.

 • Armada Hoffler opportunistically divests properties when we believe returns have been maximized and we believe redeploying the capital into new development, acquisition, repositioning, or redevelopment projects will generate higher potential risk-adjusted returns.

 Our Properties

 The table below sets forth certain information regarding our stabilized portfolio as of December 31, 2023. We generally consider a property to be stabilized upon the earlier of: (i) the quarter after the property reaches 80% occupancy or (ii) the thirteenth quarter after the property receives its certificate of occupancy. Additionally, any property that is fully or partially taken out of service for the purpose of redevelopment is no longer considered stabilized until the redevelopment activities are complete, the asset is placed back into service, and the stabilization criteria above are again met.

 Year Built / Renovated / Redeveloped
 Net Rentable Square Feet(1)

 Occupancy (2)

 ABR (3)

 ABR per Leased SF(3)

 249 Central Park Retail*
 2004
 %
 92,264
 95.8
 %
 $
 2,514,064
 $
 28.43

 Apex Entertainment*
 2002/2020
 %
 103,335
 81.3
 %
 1,134,000
 13.50

 Columbus Village*
 2013/2020
 %
 62,207
 100.0
 %
 1,933,084
 31.08

 Commerce Street Retail*
 2008
 %
 19,173
 100.0
 %
 943,051
 49.19

 Fountain Plaza Retail*
 2004
 %
 35,961
 94.4
 %
 1,115,851
 32.88

 Pembroke Square*
 1966/2015
 %
 124,181
 100.0
 %
 2,096,262
 16.88

 Premier Retail*
 2018
 %
 39,015
 86.8
 %
 1,155,936
 34.15

 South Retail*
 2002
 %
 38,515
 100.0
 %
 1,046,422
 27.17

 Studio 56 Retail*
 2007
 %
 11,594
 100.0
 %
 410,652
 35.42

 Grocery Anchored

 Broad Creek Shopping Center (4)

 Norfolk, VA
 2001
 %
 121,504
 95.7
 %
 2,239,980
 19.26

 Broadmoor Plaza
 South Bend, IN
 1980
 %
 115,059
 98.2
 %
 1,356,929
 12.01

 Brooks Crossing Retail*
 Newport News, VA
 2016
 %
 (5)

 18,349
 84.8
 %
 202,194
 13.00

 Delray Beach Plaza* (4)

 Delray Beach, FL
 2021
 %
 87,207
 98.0
 %
 2,948,735
 34.49

 Chesapeake, VA
 2017
 %
 260,625
 100.0
 %
 2,624,984
 10.07

 Greentree Shopping Center
 Chesapeake, VA
 2014
 %
 15,719
 92.6
 %
 329,004
 22.60

 Hanbury Village
 Chesapeake, VA
 2009
 %
 98,638
 100.0
 %
 2,028,304
 20.56

 Lexington, SC
 2017
 %
 85,440
 100.0
 %
 1,956,467
 22.90

 Mount Pleasant, SC
 2018
 %
 80,319
 100.0
 %
 1,916,094
 23.86

 North Pointe Center
 Durham, NC
 2009
 %
 226,083
 100.0
 %
 2,970,860
 13.14

 Parkway Centre
 Moultrie, GA
 2017
 %
 61,200
 100.0
 %
 855,879
 13.98

 Parkway Marketplace
 1998
 %
 37,804
 100.0
 %
 800,895
 21.19

 Perry Hall Marketplace
 Perry Hall, MD
 2001
 %
 74,251
 100.0
 %
 1,292,038
 17.40

 Sandbridge Commons
 2015
 %
 69,417
 100.0
 %
 947,321
 13.65

 Tyre Neck Harris Teeter (4)

 Portsmouth, VA
 2011
 %
 48,859
 100.0
 %
 559,948
 11.46

 The Interlock Retail* (4)

 Atlanta, GA
 2021
 %
 107,379
 97.2
 %
 4,931,164
 47.25

 Nexton Square*
 Summerville, SC
 2020
 %
 133,608
 100.0
 %
 3,487,299
 26.10

 North Hampton Market
 Taylors, SC
 2004
 %
 114,954
 100.0
 %
 1,597,966
 13.90

 Overlook Village
 Asheville, NC
 1990
 %
 151,365
 100.0
 %
 2,237,615
 14.78

 Patterson Place
 Durham, NC
 2004
 %
 159,842
 77.2
 %
 2,082,944
 16.77

 Providence Plaza*
 Charlotte, NC
 2008
 %
 103,118
 100.0
 %
 3,123,551
 30.29

 South Square
 Durham, NC
 2005
 %
 109,590
 97.1
 %
 1,918,540
 18.02

 Wendover Village
 Greensboro, NC
 2004
 %
 176,997
 99.3
 %
 3,560,610
 20.27

 Dimmock Square
 Colonial Heights, VA
 1998
 %
 106,166
 100.0
 %
 1,927,971
 18.16

 Harrisonburg Regal
 Harrisonburg, VA
 1999
 %
 49,000
 100.0
 %
 717,850
 14.65

 Marketplace at Hilltop (4)

 2001
 %
 116,953
 100.0
 %
 2,848,526
 24.36

 Red Mill Commons
 2005
 %
 373,808
 95.7
 %
 6,960,834
 19.45

 Colonial Heights, VA
 2016
 %
 260,131
 100.0
 %
 3,781,724
 14.54

 Southshore Shops
 Chesterfield, VA
 2006
 %
 40,307
 97.5
 %
 841,626
 21.42

 3,929,937
 97.4
 %
 $
 75,397,174
 $
 19.70

 Year Built / Renovated / Redeveloped
 Net
 Rentable Square Feet (1)

 Occupancy (2)

 ABR (3)

 ABR per Leased SF(3)

 4525 Main Street*

 2014
 %
 235,088
 100.0
 %
 $
 7,272,362
 $
 30.93

 Armada Hoffler Tower* (6)

 2002
 %
 315,916
 97.8
 %
 9,606,360
 31.08

 One Columbus*

 1984
 %
 129,066
 96.0
 %
 3,229,531
 26.07

 Two Columbus*

 2009
 %
 108,460
 82.3
 %
 2,540,344
 28.46

 Harbor Point - Baltimore Waterfront

 Constellation Office*

 2016
 %
 482,209
 98.1
 %
 15,866,391
 33.53

 Thames Street Wharf* (6)

 2010
 %
 263,426
 99.5
 %
 7,990,745
 30.50

 Wills Wharf* (4)

 2020
 %
 327,991
 93.8
 %
 9,875,417
 32.10

 The Interlock Office* (4)

 Atlanta, GA
 2021
 %
 198,721
 87.1
 %
 6,470,562
 37.38

 One City Center*

 Durham, NC
 2019
 %
 151,599
 85.6
 %
 4,351,672
 33.55

 Brooks Crossing Office*

 Newport News, VA
 2019
 %
 98,061
 100.0
 %
 1,963,671
 20.02

 2,310,537
 95.3
 %
 $
 69,167,055
 $
 31.42

 Year Built / Renovated / Redeveloped
 Units
 Occupancy(2)

 AQR (7)

 Monthly Rent per Occupied Unit

 Encore Apartments*

 2014
 %
 94.5
 %
 $
 5,729,220
 $
 1,810

 Premier Apartments*

 2018
 %
 93.1
 %
 2,861,412
 1,923

 The Cosmopolitan* (8)

 2006/2020
 %
 94.2
 %
 8,663,664
 2,315

 Harbor Point - Baltimore Waterfront

 1305 Dock Street*

 2016
 %
 95.5
 %
 2,839,848
 2,519

 1405 Point* (4)(8)

 2018
 %
 94.9
 %
 8,825,124
 2,656

 Chronicle Mill* (8) (9)

 Belmont, NC
 2022
 %
 (5)

 95.5
 %
 4,788,024
 1,734

 The Everly* (10)

 Gainesville, GA
 2022
 %
 95.2
 %
 4,941,168
 1,898

 Charlotte, NC
 2018
 %
 96.0
 %
 5,012,424
 1,962

 The Edison* (8)

 Richmond, VA
 2014
 %
 93.3
 %
 3,094,824
 1,565

 Liberty Apartments* (8)

 Newport News, VA
 2013
 %
 98.5
 %
 3,849,588
 1,672

 Smith's Landing (4)

 Blacksburg, VA
 2009
 %
 100.0
 %
 5,930,964
 1,777

 2,492
 95.5
 %
 $
 56,536,260
 $
 1,979

 * Located in a mixed-use development
 (1)The net rentable square footage for each of our retail and office properties is the sum of (a) the square footage of existing leases, plus (b) for available space, management's estimate of net rentable square footage based, in part, on past leases. The net rentable square footage included in office leases is generally consistent with the Building Owners and Managers Association 1996 measurement guidelines.
 (2)Occupancy for each of our retail and office properties is calculated as (a) square footage under executed leases as of December 31, 2023, divided by (b) net rentable square feet, expressed as a percentage. Occupancy for our multifamily properties is calculated as (a) average of the number of occupied units on the 20th day of each of the trailing three months from the reporting period end date, divided by (b) total units available, as of such date expressed as a percentage.
 (3)For the properties in our retail and office portfolios, annualized base rent ("ABR") is calculated by multiplying (a) monthly base rent (defined as cash base rent, before contractual tenant concessions and abatements, and excluding tenant reimbursements for expenses paid by us) as of December 31, 2023 for in-place leases as of such date by (b) 12, and does not give effect to periodic contractual rent increases or contingent rental revenue (e.g., percentage rent based on tenant sales thresholds). ABR per leased square foot is calculated by dividing (a) ABR by (b) square footage under in-place leases as of December 31, 2023. In the case of triple net or modified gross leases, our calculation of ABR does not include tenant reimbursements for real estate taxes, insurance, common area, or other operating expenses.
 (4)We lease all or a portion of the land underlying this property pursuant to a ground lease.
 (5)We are entitled to a preferred return on our investment in this property.

 (6)As of December 31, 2023, we occupied 47,644 square feet at these two properties at an ABR of $1.6 million, or $33.8 per leased square foot, which amounts are reflected in this table. The rent paid by us is eliminated in the consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP").
 (7)For the properties in our multifamily portfolio, annualized quarterly rent ("AQR") is calculated by multiplying (a) revenue for the quarter ended December 31, 2023 by (b) 4.
 (8)The AQR for The Cosmopolitan, 1405 Point, Chronicle Mill, The Edison, and Liberty Apartments excludes approximately $1.2 million, $0.3 million, $0.2 million, $0.1 million, and $0.2 million, respectively, from ground floor retail leases.
 (9)Due to tenants vacating subsequent to December 31, 2023 as a result of flooding at the property, occupancy subsequent to December 31, 2023 at this property is approximately 78.5%.
 (10)Formerly known as Gainesville Apartments.

 Lease Expirations

 The following tables summarize the scheduled expirations of leases in our retail and office operating property portfolios as of December 31, 2023. The information in the following tables does not assume the exercise of any renewal options.

 Retail Lease Expirations

 Year of Lease Expiration(1)

 Number of Leases Expiring
 Square Footage of Leases Expiring
 % Portfolio Net Rentable Square Feet
 ABR
 % of Retail Portfolio ABR

 Available
 —
 103,302
 2.6
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %

 Month-to-Month
 —
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %

 2024
 238,576
 6.1
 %
 4,908,914
 6.5
 %

 2025
 439,994
 11.2
 %
 8,129,402
 10.8
 %

 2026
 480,801
 12.2
 %
 9,929,103
 13.2
 %

 2027
 425,506
 10.8
 %
 8,046,045
 10.7
 %

 2028
 334,062
 8.5
 %
 7,283,607
 9.7
 %

 2029
 309,785
 7.9
 %
 6,206,642
 8.2
 %

 2030
 312,392
 7.9
 %
 6,932,267
 9.2
 %

 2031
 285,125
 7.3
 %
 5,552,279
 7.4
 %

 2032
 304,583
 7.8
 %
 5,575,019
 7.4
 %

 2033
 118,727
 3.0
 %
 3,146,290
 4.2
 %

 577,084
 14.7
 %
 9,687,606
 12.7
 %

 3,929,937
 100.0
 %
 $
 75,397,174
 100.0
 %

 (1) Excludes leases from development and redevelopment properties that have been delivered but are not yet stabilized.

 Office Lease Expirations

 Year of Lease Expiration(1)

 Number of Leases Expiring
 Square Footage of Leases Expiring
 % Portfolio Net Rentable Square Feet
 ABR
 % of Office Portfolio ABR

 Available

 —
 109,462
 4.7
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %

 Month-to-Month
 5,906
 0.3
 %
 193,731
 0.3
 %

 2023 (2)

 40,675
 1.8
 %
 1,527,584
 2.2
 %

 2024
 49,654
 2.1
 %
 1,395,752
 2.0
 %

 2025
 121,878
 5.3
 %
 3,702,171
 5.4
 %

 2026
 49,398
 2.1
 %
 1,299,258
 1.9
 %

 2027
 183,324
 7.9
 %
 6,024,754
 8.7
 %

 2028
 122,107
 5.3
 %
 3,773,334
 5.5
 %

 2029
 327,622
 14.2
 %
 9,380,406
 13.6
 %

 2030
 171,379
 7.4
 %
 5,224,589
 7.6
 %

 2031
 108,277
 4.7
 %
 3,271,739
 4.7
 %

 2032
 14,757
 0.6
 %
 586,323
 0.8
 %

 2033
 52,685
 2.3
 %
 1,543,907
 2.2
 %

 953,413
 41.3
 %
 31,243,507
 45.1
 %

 2,310,537
 100.0
 %
 $
 69,167,055
 100.0
 %

 (1) Excludes leases from development and redevelopment properties that have been delivered but are not yet stabilized.
 (2)Represents leases that expired on December 31, 2023. The spaces were available for lease as of January 1, 2024.

 Tenant Diversification

 The following table lists the 20 largest tenants in our retail and office operating property portfolios, based on ABR as of December 31, 2023 ($ in thousands):

 Tenant (1)

 Number of Leases
 Lease Expiration
 ABR
 % of Total ABR/AQR

 Constellation Energy Generation
 2036
 $
 15,010
 7.5
 %

 Morgan Stanley
 2028 - 2035
 8,733
 4.3
 %

 Harris Teeter/Kroger
 2026 - 2035
 3,781
 1.9
 %

 WeWork(2)

 2023; 2034
 3,732
 1.9
 %

 Canopy by Hilton
 2045
 3,171
 1.6
 %

 Clark Nexsen
 2029
 2,857
 1.4
 %

 Lowes Foods
 2037; 2039
 1,976
 1.0
 %

 Franklin Templeton
 2038
 1,861
 0.9
 %

 Duke University
 2029
 1,700
 0.8
 %

 Huntington Ingalls Industries
 2029
 1,638
 0.8
 %

 Dick's Sporting Goods
 2032
 1,553
 0.8
 %

 TJ Maxx/Homegoods
 2025 - 2029
 1,531
 0.8
 %

 PetSmart
 2025 - 2027
 1,527
 0.8
 %

 Georgia Tech
 2031
 1,418
 0.7
 %

 Mythics
 2030
 1,285
 0.6
 %

 Puttshack
 2036
 1,203
 0.6
 %

 Amazon/Whole Foods
 2040
 1,144
 0.6
 %

 Pindrop
 2027
 1,137
 0.6
 %

 Apex Entertainment
 2035
 1,134
 0.6
 %

 Kimley-Horn
 2027
 1,123
 0.6
 %

 Top 20 Total
 $
 57,514
 28.8
 %

 (1) Excludes leases from development and redevelopment properties that have been delivered but are not yet stabilized.
 (2) Tenant vacated The Interlock subsequent to December 31, 2023. After giving effect to the removal of this lease, the tenant's ABR would be approximately $2.2 million, which represents 1.1% of total annualized base rent as of December 31, 2023.

 Development Pipeline

 In addition to the properties in our operating property portfolio as of December 31, 2023, we had the following properties in various stages of development and stabilization. We generally consider a property to be stabilized upon the earlier of: (i) the quarter after the property reaches 80% occupancy or (ii) the thirteenth quarter after the property receives its certificate of occupancy.

 Development, Not Delivered

 ($ in '000s)
 Schedule (1)

 Estimated
 Estimated
 Funded

 Initial
 Stabilized
 AHH
Type

 Size (1)

 Cost (1)

 to Date

 Start
 Occupancy
 Operation (2)

 Ownership %

 Roswell, GA
 137 units/137,000 sf
 $
 126,300
 $
 82,900
 4Q21
 1Q24
 4Q24
 100%
 Mixed-use

 Redevelopment

 AHH
Type

 Ownership %

 Columbus Village II
 100%

 (1)Represents estimates that may change as the development/stabilization process proceeds.
 (2)Estimated first full quarter of stabilized operations. Estimates are inherently uncertain, and we can provide no assurance that our assumptions regarding the timing of stabilization will prove accurate.

 Our execution on all of the projects identified in the preceding tables are subject to, among other factors, regulatory approvals, financing availability, and suitable market conditions.

 Equity Method Investments - Development

 Equity Method Investments
 as of December 31, 2023 (1)

 ($ in '000s)
 Schedule

 Estimated
 Estimated Project Cost
 Equity Requirement

 Funded to Date

 Initial Occupancy

 Stabilized Operation(2)

 AHH
 Property Type

 Size
 Start
 Ownership %

 T. Rowe Price Global HQ (Harbor Point Parcel 3)

 553,000 sf office / 20,200 sf retail / 250 parking spaces
 $
 267,400
 $
 47,000
 $
 42,900
 2Q22
 3Q24
 4Q24

 50%

 Allied | Harbor Point (Harbor Point Parcel 4)

 312 units / 15,800 sf retail / 1,252 parking spaces
 236,800
 113,300
 102,100
 2Q22
 3Q24
 2Q26
 90%
 (3)

 Mixed-use

 Total
 $
 504,200
 $
 160,300
 $
 145,000

 (1)All items in the table (other than location, funded to date as of December 31, 2023, development start, our ownership percentage and property type) are estimates that may change as the development and redevelopment process proceeds.
 (2)Estimated first full quarter of stabilized operations. Estimates are inherently uncertain, and we can provide no assurance that our assumptions regarding the timing of stabilization will prove accurate.
 (3)We currently have a 78% ownership interest and hold an option to increase our ownership interest to 90%.

 Equity Method Investments

 Harbor Point Parcel 3

 During December 2020, we formed a 50/50 joint venture to develop and build T. Rowe Price's new global headquarters in Baltimore's Harbor Point. T. Rowe Price agreed to a 15-year lease, with three 5-year extension options, and plans to relocate its operations in the second half of 2024 to Harbor Point Parcel 3. They will occupy at least 553,000 square feet of office space. Plans for this development may evolve as the development process proceeds. Project costs at this time are subject to change and currently estimated at $267.4 million. We have a current projected equity commitment of $47.0 million relating to this project, of which we had funded $42.9 million as of December 31, 2023. We provided a completion guarantee to the lender for this project. The construction loan is cross-collateralized with Harbor Point Parcel 4.

 Harbor Point Parcel 4

 In conjunction with the Harbor Point Parcel 3 project, we acquired a 78% interest in Harbor Point Parcel 4, a real estate venture with Beatty Development Group, for purposes of developing a mixed-use project, which is planned to include 312 apartments units, 15,800 square feet of retail space, and 1,252 spaces of structured parking on a neighboring site to accommodate T. Rowe Price's parking requirements and other parking requirements for the surrounding area. We hold an option to increase our ownership to 90%. We have a current projected equity commitment of $113.3 million relating to this project, of which we had funded $102.1 million as of December 31, 2023. Plans for this project may also evolve as the development process proceeds. Current estimated project costs are $236.8 million. We have provided a completion guarantee and a partial payment guarantee to the lender for this project. The construction loan is cross-collateralized with Harbor Point Parcel 3. As of December 31, 2023, no amounts have been funded on this senior loan.

 Real Estate Financing Investments

 Solis City Park II

 On March 23, 2022, we entered into a $20.6 million preferred equity investment for the development of a multifamily property located in Charlotte, North Carolina. The investment has economic terms consistent with a note receivable, including a mandatory redemption or maturity on April 28, 2026, and it is accounted for as a note receivable. Our investment bears interest at a rate of 13%, compounded annually, with a minimum preferred return of $5.7 million, which represents approximately 24 months of interest.

 The balance on the Solis City Park II note was $24.3 million as of December 31, 2023, which includes $3.8 million of cumulative accrued interest and a discount of $0.1 million due to unamortized equity fees. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized $2.9 million of interest income on the note. As of December 31, 2023, this note was fully funded and the development property was approximately 41% leased. See Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Solis Gainesville II

 On October 3, 2022, we entered into a $19.6 million preferred equity investment for the development of a multifamily property located in Gainesville, Georgia (Solis Gainesville II). This project is located nearby our recently completed multifamily development project in Gainesville, The Everly. The preferred equity investment has economic and other terms consistent with a note receivable, including a mandatory redemption or maturity on October 3, 2026, and it is accounted for as a note receivable. Our investment bears interest at a rate of 14%, compounded annually, with a minimum preferred return of $5.9 million, which represents approximately 24 months of interest.

 On March 29, 2023, the Solis Gainesville II preferred equity investment was modified to adjust the interest rate. The interest rate of 14% remains effective through the first 24 months of the investment. Beginning on October 3, 2024, the investment will bear interest at a rate of 10% for 12 months. On October 3, 2025, the investment will again bear interest at a rate of 14% through maturity. Additionally, the amendment introduced an unused commitment fee of 10% on the unfunded portion of the investment's maximum loan commitment, which is effective January 1, 2023. Both the interest and unused commitment fee compound annually.
 The balance on the Solis Gainesville II note was $22.3 million as of December 31, 2023, which includes $2.9 million of cumulative accrued interest and unused commitment fees as well as a discount of $0.2 million due to unamortized equity fees. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized $2.8 million of interest income on the note. As of December 31, 2023, this note was fully funded. See Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 The Interlock

 On December 21, 2018, we entered into a mezzanine loan agreement with the developer of the office and retail components of The Interlock, a new mixed-use public-private partnership with Georgia Tech in West Midtown Atlanta. The loan had a maximum principal amount of $70.1 million and a total maximum commitment, including accrued interest reserves, of $107.0 million. The mezzanine loan bore interest at a rate of 15.0% per annum, with $3.0 million of overrun advances which bore interest at a rate of 18.0%.

 On May 19, 2023, we acquired The Interlock. The consideration for such acquisition included the repayment of the Company's outstanding $90.2 million mezzanine loan on the project. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information regarding the acquisition. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized $3.6 million of interest income on the note. See Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Solis Kennesaw

 On May 25, 2023, we entered into a $37.9 million preferred equity investment for the development of a multifamily property located in Marietta, Georgia. The investment has economic terms consistent with a note receivable, including a mandatory redemption or maturity on May 25, 2027, and it is accounted for as a note receivable. Our investment bears interest at a rate of 14.0% for the first 24 months. Beginning on May 25, 2025, the investment will bear interest at a rate of 9.0% for 12 months. On May 25, 2026, the investment will again bear interest at a rate of 14.0% through maturity. The interest compounds annually. We also earn an unused commitment fee of 11.0% on the unfunded portion of the investment's maximum commitment, which does not compound, and an equity fee on our commitment of $0.6 million to be amortized through redemption. The preferred equity investment is subject to a minimum interest guarantee of $13.1 million over the life of the investment, which represents approximately 27 months of interest.

 The balance on the Solis Kennesaw note was $15.9 million as of December 31, 2023, which includes $2.7 million of cumulative accrued interest and unused commitment fees as well as a discount of $0.5 million due to unamortized equity fees. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized $2.8 million of interest income on the note. See Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Solis Peachtree Corners

 On July 26, 2023, we entered into a $28.4 million preferred equity investment for the development of a multifamily property located in Peachtree Corners, Georgia ("Solis Peachtree Corners"). The preferred equity investment has economic and other terms consistent with a note receivable, including a mandatory redemption feature effective on October 27, 2027. Our investment bears interest at a rate of 15.0% for the first 27 months. Beginning on November 1, 2025, the investment will bear interest at a rate of 9.0% for 12 months. On November 1, 2026, the investment will again bear interest at a rate of 15.0% through maturity. The interest compounds annually. We also earn an unused commitment fee of 10.0% on the unfunded portion of the investment's maximum loan commitment, which also compounds annually, and an equity fee on our commitment of $0.4 million to be amortized through redemption. The preferred equity investment is subject to a minimum interest guarantee of $12.0 million over the life of the investment, which represents approximately 30 months of interest.

 The balance on the Solis Peachtree Corners note was $11.1 million as of December 31, 2023, which includes $1.4 million of cumulative accrued interest and unused commitment fees as well as a discount of $0.4 million due to unamortized equity fees. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized $1.5 million of interest income on the note. See Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 The Allure at Edinburgh

 On July 26, 2023, we entered into a $9.2 million preferred equity investment for the development of a multifamily property located in Chesapeake, Virginia ("The Allure at Edinburgh"). The preferred equity investment has economic and other terms consistent with a note receivable, including a mandatory redemption feature effective on January 16, 2028. Our investment bears interest at a rate of 15.0%, which does not compound. Upon The Allure at Edinburgh obtaining a certificate of occupancy, the investment will bear interest at a rate of 10.0%. The common equity partner in the development property holds an option to sell the property to us at a predetermined amount if certain conditions are met. We also hold an option to purchase the property at any time prior to maturity of the preferred equity investment, and at the same predetermined amount as the common equity partner's option to sell.

 The balance on The Allure at Edinburgh note was $9.8 million as of December 31, 2023, which includes $0.6 million of cumulative accrued interest. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized $0.6 million of interest income on the note. As of December 31, 2023, this note was fully funded. See Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Acquisitions

 On January 14, 2023, we acquired an additional 11% membership interest in the Constellation Energy Building, increasing our ownership interest to 90%, in exchange for full satisfaction of the $12.8 million loan that was extended to the seller upon the acquisition of the property in January 2022.

 On May 19, 2023, we acquired The Interlock, a 311,000 square foot Class A commercial mixed-use asset in West Midtown Atlanta anchored by Georgia Tech. The Interlock consists of office and retail space as well as structured parking. For segment reporting purposes, we separated the office and retail components of The Interlock into two operating properties respectively presented in the office and retail real estate segments. We acquired the asset for total consideration of $214.1 million plus capitalized acquisition costs of $1.2 million. As part of this acquisition, we paid $6.1 million in cash, redeemed our outstanding $90.2 million mezzanine loan, issued $12.2 million of OP Units to the seller, and assumed the asset's senior construction loan of $105.6 million, that was paid off on the acquisition date using the proceeds of the TD term loan facility and an increase in borrowings under the revolving credit facility (each as defined below). We also assumed the leasehold interest in the underlying land owned by Georgia Tech. The ground lease has an expiration in 2117 after considering renewal options.

 Dispositions

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, we realized $0.7 million of net gain on the sales of $1.2 million of properties:

 Date of Disposition
 Sales Price (in millions)

 April 11, 2023
 Market at Mill Creek Outparcel(1)

 $
 0.8

 September 20, 2023
 Brooks Crossing Retail Outparcel
 0.4

 Total
 $
 1.2

 (1) The outparcel at Market at Mill Creek was disposed to satisfy the outstanding consideration payable for the acquisition of the noncontrolling interest in the property completed on December 31, 2022.

 Tax Status

 We have elected and qualified to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2013. Our continued qualification as a REIT will depend upon our ability to meet, on a continuing basis, through actual investment and operating results, various complex requirements under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), relating to, among other things, the sources of our gross income, the composition and values of our assets, our distribution levels, and the diversity of ownership of our capital stock. We believe that we are organized in conformity with the requirements for qualification as a REIT under the Code and that our manner of operation will enable us to maintain the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In addition, we have elected to treat AHP Holding, Inc., which, through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, operates our construction, development, and third-party asset management businesses, as a taxable REIT subsidiary ("TRS").

 As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our net taxable income that we distribute currently to our stockholders. Under the Code, REITs are subject to numerous organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that they distribute at least 90% of their REIT taxable income each year, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gains. If we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT in any taxable year and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, our income for that year will be taxed at regular corporate rates, and we would be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we ceased to qualify as a REIT. Even if we qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we may still be subject to state and local taxes on our income and assets and to federal income and excise taxes on our undistributed income. Additionally, any income earned by our services company, and any other TRS we form in the future, will be fully subject to federal, state, and local corporate income tax.

 Insurance

 We carry comprehensive liability, fire, extended coverage, business interruption, and rental loss insurance covering all of the properties in our portfolio under a blanket insurance policy in addition to other coverage that may be appropriate for certain of our properties. For example, in December 2023, we experienced $1.9 million in damages as a result of flooding at our Chronicle Mill property and, subsequent to December 31, 2023, will receive insurance proceeds to cover these damages, as well as reimbursement for revenues lost from any vacated tenants. We believe the policy specifications and insured limits are appropriate and adequate for our properties given the relative risk of loss, the cost of the coverage, and industry practice; however, our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to fully cover our losses. We do not carry insurance for certain losses, including, but not limited to, losses caused by riots or war. Some of our policies, such as those covering losses due to terrorism and earthquakes, are insured subject to limitations involving large deductibles or co-payments and policy limits that may not be sufficient to cover losses for such events. In addition, all but one of the properties in our portfolio as of December 31, 2023 were located in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida and Georgia, which are areas subject to an increased risk of hurricanes. While we will carry hurricane insurance on certain of our properties, the amount of our hurricane insurance coverage may not be sufficient to fully cover losses from hurricanes. We may reduce or discontinue hurricane, terrorism, or other insurance on some or all of our properties in the future if the cost of premiums for any of these policies exceeds, in our judgment, the value of the coverage discounted for the risk of loss. Also, if destroyed, we may not be able to rebuild certain of our properties due to current zoning and land use regulations. As a result, we may incur significant costs in the event of adverse weather conditions and natural disasters. In addition, our title insurance policies may not insure for the current aggregate market value of our portfolio, and we do not intend to increase our title insurance coverage as the market value of our portfolio increases. If we or one or more of our tenants experiences a loss that is uninsured or that exceeds policy

 limits, we could lose the capital invested in the damaged properties as well as the anticipated future cash flows from those properties. In addition, if the damaged properties are subject to recourse indebtedness, we would continue to be liable for the indebtedness, even if these properties were irreparably damaged. Furthermore, we may not be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage at reasonable costs in the future as the costs associated with property and casualty renewals may be higher than anticipated.

 Regulation

 General

 Our properties are subject to various covenants, laws, ordinances, and regulations, including regulations relating to common areas and fire and safety requirements. We believe that each of the properties in our portfolio has the necessary permits and approvals to operate its business.

 Americans With Disabilities Act

 Our properties must comply with Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (the "ADA"), to the extent that such properties are "public accommodations" as defined by the ADA. Under the ADA, all public accommodations must meet federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. The ADA may require removal of structural barriers to access by persons with disabilities in certain public areas of our properties where such removal is readily achievable. Although we believe that the properties in our portfolio in the aggregate substantially comply with present requirements of the ADA, we have not conducted a comprehensive audit or investigation of all of our properties to determine our compliance, and we are aware that some particular properties may currently be in non-compliance with the ADA. Noncompliance with the ADA could result in the incurrence of additional costs to attain compliance, the imposition of fines, an award of damages to private litigants, and a limitation on our ability to refinance outstanding indebtedness. The obligation to make readily achievable accommodations is an ongoing one, and we will continue to assess our properties and to make alterations as appropriate in this respect.

 Environmental Matters

 Under various federal, state, and local laws and regulations relating to the environment, as a current or former owner or operator of real property, we may be liable for costs and damages resulting from the presence or discharge of hazardous or toxic substances, waste, or petroleum products at, on, in, under, or migrating from such property, including costs to investigate and clean up such contamination and liability for harm to natural resources. Such laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such contamination, and the liability may be joint and several. These liabilities could be substantial, and the cost of any required remediation, removal, fines, or other costs could exceed the value of the property and our aggregate assets. In addition, the presence of contamination or the failure to remediate contamination at our properties may expose us to third-party liability for costs of remediation and personal or property damage or materially adversely affect our ability to sell, lease, or develop our properties or to borrow using the properties as collateral. In addition, environmental laws may create liens on contaminated sites in favor of the government for damages and costs it incurs to address such contamination. Moreover, if contamination is discovered on our properties, environmental laws may impose restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated, and these restrictions may require substantial expenditures.

 Some of our properties contain, have contained, or are adjacent to or near other properties that have contained or currently contain storage tanks for the storage of petroleum products, propane, or other hazardous or toxic substances. Similarly, some of our properties were used in the past for commercial or industrial purposes, or are currently used for commercial purposes, that involve or involved the use of petroleum products or other hazardous or toxic substances, or are adjacent to or near properties that have been or are used for similar commercial or industrial purposes. As a result, some of our properties have been or may be impacted by contamination arising from the releases of such hazardous substances or petroleum products. Where we have deemed appropriate, we have taken steps to address identified contamination or mitigate risks associated with such contamination; however, we are unable to ensure that further actions will not be necessary. As a result of the foregoing, we could potentially incur material liability.

 Environmental laws also govern the presence, maintenance, and removal of asbestos-containing building materials ("ACBM"), and may impose fines and penalties for failure to comply with these requirements or expose us to third-party liability. Such laws require that owners or operators of buildings containing ACBM (and employers in such buildings) properly manage and maintain the asbestos, adequately notify or train those who may come into contact with asbestos, and undertake special precautions, including removal or other abatement, if asbestos would be disturbed during renovation or demolition of a

 building. In addition, the presence of ACBM in our properties may expose us to third-party liability (e.g. liability for personal injury associated with exposure to asbestos). We are not presently aware of any material adverse issues at our properties including ACBM.

 Similarly, environmental laws govern the presence, maintenance, and removal of lead-based paint in residential buildings, and may impose fines and penalties for failure to comply with these requirements. Such laws require, among other things, that owners or operators of residential facilities that contain or potentially contain lead-based paint notify residents of the presence or potential presence of lead-based paint prior to occupancy and prior to renovations and manage lead-based paint waste appropriately. In addition, the presence of lead-based paint in our buildings may expose us to third-party liability (e.g., liability for personal injury associated with exposure to lead-based paint). We are not presently aware of any material adverse issues at our properties involving lead-based paint.

 In addition, the properties in our portfolio also are subject to various federal, state, and local environmental and health and safety requirements, such as state and local fire requirements. Moreover, some of our tenants may handle and use hazardous or regulated substances and wastes as part of their operations at our properties, which are subject to regulation. Such environmental and health and safety laws and regulations could subject us or our tenants to liability resulting from these activities. Environmental liabilities could affect a tenant's ability to make rental payments to us. In addition, changes in laws could increase the potential liability for noncompliance. Our leases sometimes require our tenants to comply with environmental and health and safety laws and regulations and to indemnify us for any related liabilities. However, in the event of the bankruptcy or inability of any of our tenants to satisfy such obligations, we may be required to satisfy such obligations. In addition, we may be held directly liable for any such damages or claims regardless of whether we knew of, or were responsible for, the presence or disposal of hazardous or toxic substances or waste and irrespective of tenant lease provisions. The costs associated with such liability could be substantial and could have a material adverse effect on us.

 When excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth may occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. Some molds may produce airborne toxins or irritants. Indoor air quality issues can also stem from inadequate ventilation, chemical contamination from indoor or outdoor sources, and other biological contaminants such as pollen, viruses, and bacteria. Indoor exposure to airborne toxins or irritants above certain levels can be alleged to cause a variety of adverse health effects and symptoms, including allergic or other reactions. As a result, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants at any of our properties could require us to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold or other airborne contaminants from the affected property or increase indoor ventilation. In addition, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants could expose us to liability from our tenants, employees of our tenants, or others if property damage or personal injury occurs. We are not presently aware of any material adverse indoor air quality issues at our properties.

 Competition

 We compete with a number of developers, owners, and operators of retail, office, and multifamily real estate, many of which own properties similar to ours in the same markets in which our properties are located and some of which have greater financial resources than we do. In operating and managing our portfolio, we compete for tenants based on a number of factors, including location, rental rates, security, flexibility, and expertise to design space to meet prospective tenants' needs and the manner in which the property is operated, maintained, and marketed. As leases at our properties expire, we may encounter significant competition to renew or re-lease space in light of the large number of competing properties within the markets in which we operate. As a result, we may be required to provide rent concessions or abatements, incur charges for tenant improvements and other inducements, including early termination rights or below-market renewal options, or we may not be able to timely lease vacant space.

 We also face competition when pursuing development, acquisition, and lending opportunities. Our competitors may be able to pay higher property acquisition prices, may have private access to opportunities not available to us, may have more financial resources than we do, and may otherwise be in a better position to acquire or develop a property. Competition may also have the effect of reducing the number of suitable development and acquisition opportunities available to us or increasing the price required to consummate a development or acquisition opportunity.

 In addition, we face competition in our construction business from other construction companies in the markets in which we operate, including small local companies and large regional and national companies. In our construction business, we compete for construction projects based on several factors, including cost, reputation for quality and timeliness, access to machinery and equipment, access to and relationships with high-quality subcontractors, financial strength, knowledge of local markets, and project management abilities. We believe that we compete favorably on the basis of the foregoing factors and that our construction business is well-positioned to compete effectively in the markets in which we operate. However, some of the

 construction companies with which we compete have different cost structures and greater financial and other resources than we do, which may put them at an advantage when competing with us for construction projects. Competition from other construction companies may reduce the number of construction projects that we are hired to complete and increase pricing pressure, either of which could reduce the profitability of our construction business.

 Human Capital

 As of December 31, 2023, we had 164 employees. We are committed to providing each employee with a safe, welcoming, and inclusive work environment and culture that enables them to contribute fully and develop to their highest potential. We invest heavily in our employees by providing quality training and learning opportunities; promoting inclusion and diversity; and upholding a high standard of ethics and respect for human rights.

 Attracting, developing, and retaining team members is crucial to executing our strategy. We offer a comprehensive total rewards program aimed at the varying health, home-life, and financial services. This program includes market-competitive pay, broad-based stock grants and bonuses, healthcare benefits with company paid premiums, retirement savings plans, paid time off, paid parental leave, flexible work schedules, free flu vaccinations, an Employee Assistance Program and other mental health services. Additionally, we invest in developing employees through programs such as the High-Performance Leadership program, to help ensure they have a strong pipeline of future leaders.

 Additional information regarding our activities related to our people and sustainability, as well as our workforce diversity data, can be found in our latest Sustainability Report, which is located on our website at  The Sustainability Report is updated periodically. This website address is intended to be an inactive textual reference only. None of the information on, or accessible through, our website is part of this Form 10-K or is incorporated by reference herein.

 Corporate Information

 Our principal executive office is located at 222 Central Park Avenue, Suite 2100, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23462 in the Armada Hoffler Tower at the Town Center of Virginia Beach. In addition, we have a construction office located at 1300 Thames Street, Suite 30, Baltimore, Maryland 21231 in Thames Street Wharf at Harbor Point. The telephone number for our principal executive office is (757) 366-4000. We maintain a website located at ArmadaHoffler.com. The information on, or accessible through, our website is not incorporated into and does not constitute a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other report or document we file with or furnish to the SEC.

 Available Information

 We file our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports with the SEC. You may obtain copies of these documents by accessing the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. In addition, as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials are furnished to the SEC, we make copies of these documents available to the public free of charge through our website or by contacting our Corporate Secretary at the address set forth above under "—Corporate Information."

 Our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, and the charters of our audit committee, compensation committee and nominating and corporate governance committee are all available in the Corporate Governance section of the Investor Relations section of our website. Any amendment to or waiver of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics will be disclosed in the Corporate Governance section of the Investor Relations section of our website within four business days of the amendment or waiver. In addition, we maintain a variety of other governance documents, including, among others, a Human Rights Policy, an Environmental Policy, a Vendor Conduct Policy, and the charter of our Sustainability Committee, all of which are available in the Corporate Governance section of the Investor Relations section of our website.

 Financial Information

 For required financial information related to our operations, please refer to our consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, included with this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors

 Set forth below are the risks that we believe are material to our stockholders. You should carefully consider the following risks in evaluating our Company and our business. The occurrence of any of the following risks could materially and

 adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, the market price of shares of our common stock, and our ability to, among other things, satisfy our debt service obligations and to make distributions to our stockholders, which in turn could cause our stockholders to lose all or a part of their investment. Some statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements in the following risk factors constitute forward-looking statements. Please refer to the section entitled "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" at the beginning of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Risks Related to Our Business

 Adverse economic and geopolitical conditions and dislocations in the credit markets could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 Our business has been, and may in the future be, affected by market and economic challenges experienced by the U.S. economy or the real estate industry as a whole. Such conditions may materially and adversely affect us as a result of the following potential consequences, among others:

 • decreased demand for retail, office, and multifamily space, which would cause market rental rates and property values to be negatively impacted;
 • reduced values of our properties may limit our ability to dispose of assets at attractive prices or obtain debt financing secured by our properties and may reduce the availability of unsecured loans;
 • our ability to obtain financing on terms and conditions that we find acceptable, or at all, may be limited, which could reduce our ability to pursue acquisition and development opportunities and refinance existing debt, reduce our returns from our acquisition and development activities, and increase our future debt service expense; and
 • one or more lenders under our amended credit facility (as defined below) could refuse to fund their financing commitment to us or could otherwise fail to do so, and we may not be able to replace the financing commitment of any such lenders on favorable terms or at all.

 If the U.S. economy experiences an economic downturn, we may see increases in bankruptcies and defaults by our tenants, and we may experience higher vacancy rates and delays in re-leasing vacant space, which could negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 We may be unable to identify and complete development opportunities and acquisitions of properties that meet our investment criteria, which may materially and adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow, and growth prospects.

 Our business and growth strategy involves the development and selective acquisition of retail, office, and multifamily properties. We may expend significant management time and other resources, including out-of-pocket costs, in pursuing these investment opportunities. Our ability to complete development projects or acquire properties on favorable terms, or at all, may be exposed to the following significant risks:

 • we may incur significant costs and divert management attention in connection with evaluating and negotiating potential development opportunities and acquisitions, including those that we are subsequently unable to complete;
 • we have agreements for the development or acquisition of properties that are subject to conditions, which we may be unable to satisfy; and
 • we may be unable to obtain financing on favorable terms or at all.

 If we are unable to identify attractive investment opportunities and successfully develop new properties, our results of operations, cash flow, and growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

 The success of our activities to design, construct, and develop properties in which we will retain an ownership interest is dependent, in part, on the availability of suitable undeveloped land at acceptable prices as well as our having sufficient liquidity to fund investments in such undeveloped land and subsequent development.

 Our success in designing, constructing, and developing projects for our own account depends, in part, upon the continued availability of suitable undeveloped land at acceptable prices. The availability of undeveloped land for purchase at favorable prices depends on a number of factors outside of our control, including the risk of competitive over-bidding on land and governmental regulations that restrict the potential uses of land. If the availability of suitable land opportunities decreases, the number of development projects we may be able to undertake could be reduced. In addition, our ability to make land

 purchases will depend upon our having sufficient liquidity or access to external sources of capital to fund such purchases. Thus, the lack of availability of suitable land opportunities and insufficient liquidity to fund the purchases of any such available land opportunities could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and growth prospects.

 Our real estate development activities are subject to risks particular to development, such as unanticipated expenses, delays, and other contingencies, any of which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow.

 We engage in development and redevelopment activities and will be subject to the following risks associated with such activities:

 • unsuccessful development or redevelopment opportunities could result in direct expenses to us and cause us to incur losses;
 • construction or redevelopment costs of a project may exceed original estimates, possibly making the project less profitable than originally estimated, or unprofitable;
 • the inability to obtain or delays in obtaining necessary governmental or quasi-governmental permits and authorizations could result in increased costs or abandonment of the project if necessary permits or authorizations are not obtained;
 • delayed construction may give tenants the right to terminate pre-development leases, which may adversely impact the financial viability of the project;
 • occupancy rates, rents and concessions of a completed project may fluctuate depending on a number of factors and may not be sufficient to make the project profitable; and
 • the availability and pricing of financing to fund our development activities on favorable terms or at all may result in delays or even abandonment of certain development activities.

 These risks could result in substantial unanticipated delays or expenses and, under certain circumstances, could prevent completion of development or redevelopment activities once undertaken, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow.

 The geographic concentration of our portfolio could cause us to be more susceptible to adverse economic or regulatory developments in the markets in which our properties are located than if we owned a more geographically diverse portfolio.

 The majority of the properties in our portfolio are located in Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina, which expose us to greater economic risks than if we owned a more geographically diverse portfolio. As of December 31, 2023, our properties in the Virginia, Maryland. and North Carolina markets represented approximately 45%, 25%, and 14%, respectively, of the total net operating income of the properties in our portfolio. Furthermore, many of our properties are located in the Town Center of Virginia Beach and Harbor Point at Baltimore, and net operating income from each represented 20% and 18%, respectively, of our total net operating income for the year ended December 31, 2023. As a result of this geographic concentration, we are particularly susceptible to adverse economic, regulatory or other conditions in the Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina markets (such as periods of economic slowdown or recession, business layoffs or downsizing, industry slowdowns, relocations of businesses, increases in real estate and other taxes, and the cost of complying with governmental regulations or increased regulation), as well as to natural disasters that occur in these markets (such as hurricanes and other events). For example, the markets in Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina in which many of the properties in our portfolio are located contain high concentrations of military personnel and operations, and a reduction of the military presence or cuts in defense spending in these markets could have a material adverse effect on us. If there is a downturn in the economy in Virginia, Maryland, or North Carolina, our operations, revenue, and cash available for distribution, including cash available to pay distributions to our stockholders, could be materially and adversely affected. We cannot assure you that these markets will grow or that underlying real estate fundamentals will be favorable to owners and operators of retail, office, or multifamily properties. Our operations may also be adversely affected if competing properties are built in these markets. Moreover, submarkets within any of our target markets may be dependent upon a limited number of industries. Any adverse economic or real estate developments in our markets, or any decrease in demand for retail, office, or multifamily space resulting from the regulatory environment, business climate or energy or fiscal problems, could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations.

 We may not be able to rebuild our existing properties to their existing specifications if we experience a substantial or comprehensive loss of such properties, including as a result of hurricanes or other disasters.

 In the event that we experience a substantial or comprehensive loss of one of our properties, we may not be able to rebuild such property to its existing specifications. For example, all but one of the properties in our portfolio as of

 December 31, 2023 are located in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, which are areas particularly susceptible to hurricanes. While we carry insurance on certain of our properties, the amount of our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to fully cover losses from hurricanes and will be subject to limitations involving large deductibles or co-payments. Further, reconstruction or improvement of properties would likely require significant upgrades to meet zoning and building code requirements. Environmental and legal restrictions could also restrict the rebuilding of our properties.

 We have a substantial amount of indebtedness outstanding, which may expose us to the risk of default under our debt obligations and may include covenants that restrict our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders.

 As of December 31, 2023, we had total debt of approximately $1.4 billion, including amounts drawn under our amended credit facility, a substantial portion of which is guaranteed by our Operating Partnership, and we may incur significant additional debt to finance future acquisition and development activities. Excluding unamortized fair value adjustments and debt issuance costs, the aggregate outstanding principal balance of our debt was $1.4 billion as of December 31, 2023. Payments of principal and interest on borrowings may leave us with insufficient cash resources to operate our properties or to pay the dividends currently contemplated or necessary to maintain our REIT qualification. Our level of debt and the limitations imposed on us by our debt agreements could have significant adverse consequences, including the following:

 • our cash flow may be insufficient to meet our required principal and interest payments;
 • we may be unable to borrow additional funds as needed or on favorable terms, which could, among other things, adversely affect our ability to meet operational needs;
 • we may be unable to refinance our indebtedness at maturity or the refinancing terms may be less favorable than the terms of our original indebtedness, particularly if interest rates remain elevated;
 • we may be forced to dispose of one or more of our properties, possibly on unfavorable terms or in violation of certain covenants to which we may be subject;
 • we may default on our obligations, in which case the lenders or mortgagees may have the right to foreclose on any properties that secure the loans or collect rents and other income from our properties;
 • we may violate restrictive covenants in our loan documents, which would entitle the lenders to accelerate our debt obligations or reduce our ability to pay, or prohibit us from paying, distributions to our stockholders; and
 • our default under any loan with cross-default provisions could result in a default on other indebtedness.

 If any one of these events were to occur, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations could be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, foreclosures could create taxable income without accompanying cash proceeds, which could hinder our ability to meet the REIT distribution requirements imposed by the Code. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources."

 Failure to maintain our current credit rating could adversely affect our cost of funds, related margins, liquidity, and access to the debt capital markets.

 Morningstar DBRS is expected to periodically evaluate our debt levels and other factors, which likely will include Morningstar DBRS's assessment of our financial strength, liquidity, capital structure, asset quality, and sustainability of cash flow and earnings. Due to changes in these factors and market conditions, we may not be able to maintain our current credit rating, which could adversely affect our cost of funds and related margins, liquidity, and access to the debt capital markets.

 Increases in interest rates, or failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes, will increase our interest expense and may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 We have incurred, and may in the future incur, additional indebtedness that bears interest at a variable rate. An increase in interest rates would increase our interest expense and increase the cost of refinancing existing debt and issuing new debt, which would adversely affect our cash flow and ability to make distributions to our stockholders. In addition, if we need to repay existing debt during periods of rising interest rates, we could be required to liquidate one or more of our investments at times that may not permit realization of the maximum return on such investments. The effect of prolonged interest rate increases could adversely impact our ability to make acquisitions and develop properties.

 Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we expect to continue to enter into hedging transactions to protect us from the effects of interest rate fluctuations on floating rate debt. Our existing hedging transactions have included, and future hedging transactions may include, entering into interest rate cap agreements or interest rate swap agreements, which involve

 risk. Our failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations. Additionally, as a result of rising interest rates, the cost of hedging transactions has increased significantly and may continue to increase.

 Our growth depends on external sources of capital that are outside of our control and may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all, which could limit our ability to, among other things, meet our capital and operating needs or make the cash distributions to our stockholders necessary to maintain our qualification as a REIT.

 In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are required under the Code to, among other things, distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gain. In addition, we will be subject to income tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, including any net capital gains. Because of these distribution requirements, we may not be able to fund future capital needs, including any necessary capital expenditures, from operating cash flow. Consequently, we intend to rely on third-party sources to fund our capital needs. We may not be able to obtain such financing on favorable terms or at all and any additional debt we incur will increase our leverage and likelihood of default. Our access to third-party sources of capital depends, in part, on:

 • general market conditions;
 • the market's perception of our growth potential;
 • our current debt levels;
 • our current and expected future earnings;
 • our cash flow and cash distributions; and
 • the market price per share of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock.

 If we cannot obtain capital from third-party sources, we may not be able to acquire or develop properties when strategic opportunities exist, meet the capital and operating needs of our existing properties, satisfy our debt service obligations or make the cash distributions to our stockholders necessary to maintain our qualification as a REIT.

 We may be unable to renew leases, lease vacant space, or re-lease space on favorable terms or at all as leases expire, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 As of December 31, 2023, approximately 3.4% of the square footage of the stabilized properties in our office and retail portfolios was available. Additionally, 2.0% and 5.4% of the ABR in our office portfolio was scheduled to expire in 2024 and 2025, respectively, and 6.5% and 10.8% of the ABR in our retail portfolio was scheduled to expire in 2024 and 2025, respectively. We cannot assure you that new leases will be entered into, that leases will be renewed, or that our properties will be re-leased at net effective rental rates equal to or above the current average net effective rental rates or that substantial rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights or below-market renewal options will not be offered to attract new tenants or retain existing tenants. In addition, our ability to lease our multifamily properties at favorable rates, or at all, may be adversely affected by the increase in supply of multifamily properties in our target markets. Our ability to lease our properties depends upon the overall level of spending in the economy, which is adversely affected by, among other things, job losses and unemployment levels, fears of a recession, personal debt levels, the housing market, stock market volatility, and uncertainty about the future. If rental rates for our properties decrease, our existing tenants do not renew their leases, or we do not re-lease a significant portion of our available space and space for which leases expire, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations could be materially and adversely affected.

 Tenant demand in our office portfolio may decline due to disruptions to the office sector, which could materially and adversely affect us.

 Companies have been increasing their utilization of work-from-home alternatives, videoconferencing, shared office spaces, co-working spaces, telecommuting, and flexible work schedules. To the extent these trends continue, tenant demand for our office space may be reduced, which could materially and adversely affect us.

 The short-term leases in our multifamily portfolio expose us to the effects of declining market rents, which could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow and cash available for distribution.

 Substantially all of the leases in our multifamily portfolio are for terms of 12 months or less. As a result, even if we are able to renew or re-lease apartment units as leases expire, our rental revenues will be impacted by declines in market rents more

 quickly than if all of our leases had longer terms, which could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow, and cash available for distribution.

 Competition for property acquisitions and development opportunities may reduce the number of opportunities available to us and increase our costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our growth prospects.

 The current market for property acquisitions and development opportunities continues to be extremely competitive. This competition may increase the demand for the types of properties in which we typically invest and, therefore, reduce the number of suitable investment opportunities available to us and increase the purchase prices for such properties in the event we are able to acquire or develop such properties. We face significant competition for attractive investment opportunities from an indeterminate number of investors, including publicly traded and privately held REITs, private equity investors, and institutional investment funds, some of which have greater financial resources than we do, a greater ability to borrow funds to make investments in properties than we do, and the ability to accept more risk than we can prudently manage, including risks with respect to the geographic proximity of investments and the payment of higher acquisition prices. This competition will increase if investments in real estate become more attractive relative to other forms of investment. If the level of competition for investment opportunities is significant in our target markets, it could have a material adverse effect on our growth prospects.

 Increased competition and increased affordability of residential homes could limit our ability to retain our residents, lease apartment units, or increase or maintain rents at our multifamily apartment communities.

 Our multifamily apartment communities compete with numerous housing alternatives in attracting residents, including other multifamily apartment communities and single-family rental units, as well as owner-occupied single-family and multifamily units. Competitive housing in a particular area and an increase in affordability of owner-occupied single-family and multifamily units due to, among other things, declining housing prices, oversupply, mortgage interest rates, and tax incentives and government programs to promote home ownership, could adversely affect our ability to retain residents, lease apartment units, and increase or maintain rents at our multifamily properties, which could adversely impact our results of operations, cash flow, and cash available for distribution.

 The failure of properties that we develop or acquire to meet our financial expectations could have a material adverse effect on us, including our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, ability to service our debt obligations, the per share trading price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock, and growth prospects.

 Our acquisitions and development projects and our ability to successfully operate these properties may be exposed to the following significant risks, among others:

 • we may acquire or develop properties that are not accretive to our results upon acquisition, and we may not successfully manage and lease those properties to meet our expectations;
 • our cash flow may be insufficient to enable us to pay the required principal and interest payments on the debt secured by the property;
 • we may spend more than budgeted amounts to make necessary improvements or renovations to acquired properties or to develop new properties;
 • we may be unable to quickly and efficiently integrate new acquisitions or developed properties into our existing operations;
 • market conditions may result in higher-than-expected vacancy rates and lower than expected rental rates; and
 • we may acquire properties subject to liabilities without any recourse, or with only limited recourse, with respect to unknown liabilities such as liabilities for clean-up of undisclosed environmental contamination, claims by tenants, vendors, or other persons dealing with the former owners of the properties, liabilities incurred in the ordinary course of business, and claims for indemnification by general partners, directors, officers, and others indemnified by the former owners of the properties.

 If we cannot operate acquired or developed properties to meet our financial expectations, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, ability to service our debt obligations, the per share trading price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock, and growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

 Failure to succeed in new markets may limit our growth.
 We have acquired in the past, and we may acquire in the future if appropriate opportunities arise, properties that are outside of our primary markets. Entering into new markets exposes us to a variety of risks, including difficulty evaluating local market conditions and local economies, developing new business relationships in the area, competing with other companies that

 already have an established presence in the area, hiring and retaining key personnel, evaluating quality tenants in the area, and a lack of familiarity with local governmental and permitting procedures. Furthermore, expansion into new markets may divert management time and other resources away from our current primary markets. As a result, we may not be successful in expanding into new markets, which could adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.
 Real estate financing investments are subject to significant risks, and losses related to these investments could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 We have originated, and in the future expect to originate or acquire, mezzanine loans, preferred equity investments, or similar investments (together "real estate financing investments"), which take the form of subordinated loans secured by second mortgages on the underlying property or loans secured by a pledge of the ownership interests of either the entity owning the property or a pledge of the ownership interests of the entity that owns the interest in the entity owning the property. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $83.4 million in outstanding real estate financing investments. These types of investments involve a higher degree of risk than long-term senior mortgage loans secured by income-producing real property because the investment may become unsecured as a result of foreclosure by the senior lender. In addition, these investments may have higher "loan-to-value" ratios than conventional mortgage loans, with little or no equity invested by the borrower, increasing the risk of loss of principal. If a borrower defaults on our real estate financing investment or debt senior to our investment, or in the event of a borrower bankruptcy, our real estate financing investment will be satisfied only after the senior debt is paid in full. In the event of a bankruptcy of the entity providing the pledge of its ownership interests as security, we may not have full recourse to the assets of such entity, or the assets of the entity may not be sufficient to satisfy our real estate financing investment. As a result, we may not recover some or all of our initial investment. Additionally, in conjunction with certain investments, we issue partial payment guarantees to the senior lender for the property, which may require us to make payments to the senior lender in the event of a default on the senior note. Finally, in connection with our real estate financing investments, we may have options to purchase all or a portion of the underlying property upon maturity of the investment; however, if a developer's costs for a project are higher than anticipated, exercising such options may not be attractive or economically feasible, or we may not have sufficient funds to exercise such options even if we desire to do so. Significant losses related to real estate financing investments could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 A bankruptcy or insolvency of any of our significant tenants in our office or retail properties could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 If a significant tenant in our office or retail properties becomes bankrupt or insolvent, federal law may prohibit us from evicting such tenant based solely upon such bankruptcy or insolvency. In addition, a bankrupt or insolvent tenant may be authorized to reject and terminate its lease with us. Any claim against such tenant for unpaid, future rent would be subject to a statutory cap that might be substantially less than the remaining rent owed under the lease. If any of these tenants were to experience a downturn in its business or a weakening of its financial condition resulting in its failure to make timely rental payments or causing it to default under its lease, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord and may incur substantial costs in protecting our investment. In many cases, we may have made substantial initial investments in the applicable leases through tenant improvement allowances and other concessions that we may not be able to recover. Any such event could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 Many of our operating costs and expenses are fixed and will not decline if our revenues decline.

 Our results of operations depend, in large part, on our level of revenues, operating costs, and expenses. The expense of owning and operating a property is not necessarily reduced when circumstances such as market factors and competition cause a reduction in revenue from the property. As a result, if revenues decline, we may not be able to reduce our expenses to keep pace with the corresponding reductions in revenues. Many of the costs associated with real estate investments, such as real estate taxes, insurance, loan payments, and maintenance generally will not be reduced if a property is not fully occupied or other circumstances cause our revenues to decrease, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 Most of our costs, such as operating and general and administrative expenses, interest expense, and real estate acquisition and construction costs, are subject to inflation.

 In 2023, the consumer price index rose by approximately 3% over the previous year, following 2022's increase in the index of 7% which was the largest annual inflation surge in 40 years. The recent rise in inflation has been due to, among other things, the disruption in global supply chains, labor shortages, and resulting increasing consumer demand, many of which were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. A significant portion of our operating expenses and construction-related costs are sensitive to inflation. Operating expenses include those for property-related contracted services such as janitorial and engineering services, utilities, repairs and maintenance, and insurance. Property taxes are also impacted by inflationary changes as taxes are regularly reassessed based on changes in the fair value of our properties. We also have ground lease expenses in certain of our properties. Ground lease costs are contractual, but in some cases, lease payments reset every few years based on changes on consumer price indices.

 Our operating expenses, with the exception of ground lease rental expenses and multifamily properties, are typically recoverable through our lease arrangements, which allow us to pass through substantially all expenses associated with property taxes, insurance, utilities, repairs and maintenance, and other operating expenses (including increases thereto) to our tenants. Our remaining leases are generally gross leases, which provide for recoveries of operating expenses above the operating expenses from the initial year within each lease. During inflationary periods, we expect to recover increases in operating expenses from our triple net leases and our gross leases. In addition, our multifamily leases generally have lease terms ranging from 7 to 15 months with a majority having 12-month lease terms allowing negotiation of rental rates at term end, which we believe reduces our exposure to the effects of inflation, although an extreme and sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases. As a result, we do not believe that inflation would result in a significant adverse effect on our net operating income and operating cash flows at the property level. However, there is no guarantee that our tenants would be able to absorb these expense increases and be able to continue to pay us their portion of operating expenses, capital expenditures, and rent.

 Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation costs, technology services, and professional service fees. Annually, our employee compensation is adjusted to reflect merit increases; however, to maintain our ability to successfully compete for the best talent, rising inflation rates may require us to provide compensation increases beyond historical annual merit increases, which may unexpectedly or significantly increase our compensation costs. Similarly, technology services and professional service fees are also subject to the impact of inflation and expected to increase proportionately with increasing market prices for such services. Consequently, inflation is expected to increase our general and administrative expenses over time and may adversely impact our results of operations and operating cash flows.

 Adverse conditions in the general retail environment could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 Approximately 39.6% of our net operating income for the year ended December 31, 2023 was from retail properties. As a result, we are subject to factors that affect the retail sector generally as well as the market for retail space. The retail environment and the market for retail space have been, and in the future could be, adversely affected by weakness in the national, regional, and local economies, the level of consumer spending and consumer confidence, the adverse financial condition of some large retail companies, the ongoing consolidation in the retail sector, the excess amount of retail space in a number of markets, increasing competition from discount retailers, outlet malls, internet retailers, and other online businesses, and epidemics, pandemics and other health crises and measures intended to mitigate their spread. Increases in consumer spending via the internet may significantly affect our retail tenants' ability to generate sales in their stores. New and enhanced technologies, including new digital and web services technologies, may increase competition for certain of our retail tenants.

 Any of the foregoing factors could adversely affect the financial condition of our retail tenants and the willingness of retailers to lease space in our retail properties, including the anchor stores or major tenants in our retail shopping center properties, the loss of which could result in a material impact on our retail tenants. In turn, these conditions could negatively affect market rents for retail space and could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 Mortgage debt obligations expose us to the possibility of foreclosure, which could result in the loss of our investment in a property or group of properties subject to mortgage debt.

 Mortgage and other secured debt obligations increase our risk of property losses because defaults on indebtedness secured by properties may result in foreclosure actions initiated by lenders and ultimately our loss of the property securing any loans for which we are in default. Any foreclosure on a mortgaged property or group of properties could adversely affect the overall value of our portfolio of properties. For tax purposes, a foreclosure on any of our properties that is subject to a nonrecourse mortgage loan would be treated as a sale of the property for a purchase price equal to the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage. If the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage exceeds our tax basis in the

 property, we would recognize taxable income on foreclosure, but would not receive any cash proceeds, which could hinder our ability to meet the REIT distribution requirements imposed by the Code. Foreclosures could also trigger our tax indemnification obligations under the terms of our tax protection agreements with respect to the sales of certain properties.

 Our amended credit facility restricts our ability to engage in certain business activities, including our ability to incur additional indebtedness, make capital expenditures, and make certain investments.

 Our amended credit facility contains customary negative covenants and other financial and operating covenants that, among other things:

 • restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness;
 • restrict our ability to incur additional liens;
 • restrict our ability to make certain investments (including certain capital expenditures);
 • restrict our ability to merge with another company;
 • restrict our ability to sell or dispose of assets;
 • restrict our ability to make distributions to our stockholders; and
 • require us to satisfy minimum financial coverage ratios, minimum tangible net worth requirements, and maximum leverage ratios.

 These limitations restrict our ability to engage in certain business activities, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations. In addition, our amended credit facility may contain specific cross-default provisions with respect to specified other indebtedness, giving the lenders the right, in certain circumstances, to declare a default if we are in default under other loans.

 An epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis and measures intended to prevent the spread of such an event could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 We face risks related to an epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis which has impacted, and in the future could impact, the markets in which we operate and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations. The impact of an epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis and measures intended to prevent the spread of such an event could materially and adversely affect our business in a number of ways. Our rental revenue and operating results depend significantly on the occupancy levels at our properties and the ability of our tenants to meet their rent obligations to us, which have been in certain cases, and could in the future be, adversely affected by, among other things, job losses, furloughs, store closures, lower incomes, uncertainty about the future as a result of an epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis and related governmental actions including eviction moratoriums, shelter-in-place orders, prohibitions on charging certain fees, and limitations on collection laws and rent increases, which have in the past affected, and, may in the future affect, our ability to collect rent or enforce legal or contractual remedies for the failure to pay rent, which negatively impacted, and may in the future negatively impact, our ability to remove tenants who are not paying rent and our ability to rent their space to new tenants. In addition, the federal government has in the past allocated, and may in the future allocate, funds to rent relief programs to be run by state and local authorities. In certain locations, the funds available may not be sufficient to pay all past due rent and reallocation of such funds may result in markets in which we operate not having access to the funds anticipated. Further, certain of our tenants with past due rent have not qualified, and may not in the future qualify, to participate in such programs. In addition, some of such programs have required, and programs in the future may require, the forgiveness of a portion of the past due rent or agreeing to other limitations that may adversely affect our business in order to participate or may only provide funds to pay a portion of the past due rent. In addition, while certain locations have adopted programs that may reimburse past due rent owed by tenants who have left a community, such programs have only been adopted in a minority of our markets. Our development and construction projects also have been and could in the future be adversely affected by factors related to an epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis, although, to date, such impacts have not been material. An epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis, or related impacts thereof also could adversely affect the businesses and financial conditions of our counterparties, including our joint venture partners and general contractors and their subcontractors, and their ability to satisfy their obligations to us and to complete transactions or projects with us as intended.

 A cybersecurity incident or other technology disruptions could negatively impact our business, our relationships, and our reputation.

 We use computers and computer networks in most aspects of our business operations. We also use mobile devices to communicate with our employees, suppliers, business partners, and tenants. These devices are used to transmit sensitive and

 confidential information including financial and strategic information about us, employees, business partners, tenants, and other individuals and organizations. Additionally, we utilize third-party service providers that host personally identifiable information and other confidential information of our employees, business partners, tenants, and others. We also maintain confidential financial and business information regarding us and persons and entities with which we do business on our information technology systems. Cybersecurity incidents, including physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, malware, attacks by hackers, ransomware attacks, phishing attacks, supply chain attacks, breaches due to employee error or misconduct and other similar breaches can create system disruptions, shutdowns or unauthorized access to information maintained in our information technology systems and in the information technology systems of our third-party service providers. We have in the past experienced cybersecurity incidents involving information technology systems, including through phishing attacks, but we have not experienced any material cybersecurity incidents. We expect cybersecurity incidents to continue to occur in the future and we are constantly attempting to mitigate efforts to infiltrate and compromise our information technology systems and data. The theft, destruction, loss, or release of sensitive and confidential information or operational downtime of the systems used to store and transmit our or our tenants' confidential business and personal information could result in disruptions to our business, negative publicity, brand damage, violation of privacy laws, financial liability, difficulty attracting and retaining tenants, loss of business partners, and loss of business opportunities, any of which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations. Although we carry cybersecurity insurance that is designed to protect us against certain losses related to cybersecurity incidents, that insurance coverage may not be sufficient or available to cover all expenses or other losses or all types of claims that may arise in connection with cybersecurity incidents. Furthermore, in the future, such insurance may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

 Any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting could have an adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock.

 Management is required to have an independent auditor assess the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (the "Sarbanes-Oxley Act"). We cannot give any assurances that material weaknesses will not be identified in the future in connection with our compliance with the provisions of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The existence of any material weakness described above would preclude a conclusion by management and our independent auditors that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting. Our management may be required to devote significant time and expense to remediate any material weaknesses that may be discovered and may not be able to remediate such material weaknesses in a timely manner. The existence of any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting could also result in errors in our financial statements that could require us to restate our financial statements, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations, and cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, any of which could lead to a decline in the per share trading price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock.

 We may be required to make rent or other concessions or significant capital expenditures to improve our properties in order to retain and attract tenants, which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 Upon expiration of our leases to our tenants, we may be required to make rent or other concessions, accommodate requests for renovations, build-to-suit remodeling, and other improvements, or provide additional services to our tenants, any of which would increase our costs. As a result, we may have to make significant capital or other expenditures in order to retain tenants whose leases expire and to attract new tenants in sufficient numbers. Additionally, we may need to raise capital to make such expenditures. If we are unable to do so or capital is otherwise unavailable, we may be unable to make the required expenditures. This could result in non-renewals by tenants upon expiration of their leases. If any of the foregoing were to occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 Our use of OP Units as consideration to acquire properties could result in stockholder dilution or limit our ability to sell such properties, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

 We have acquired, and in the future may acquire, properties or portfolios of properties through tax deferred contribution transactions in exchange for OP Units. This acquisition structure may have the effect of, among other things, reducing the amount of tax depreciation we could deduct over the tax life of the acquired properties and requiring that we agree to protect the contributors' ability to defer recognition of taxable gain through restrictions on our ability to dispose of the acquired properties or the allocation of partnership debt to the contributors to maintain their tax bases. These restrictions also could limit our ability to sell properties at a time, or on terms, that would be favorable absent such restrictions. In addition, future issuances of OP Units would reduce our ownership percentage in our Operating Partnership and affect the amount of

 distributions made to us by our Operating Partnership and, therefore, the amount of distributions we can make to our stockholders. To the extent that our stockholders do not directly own OP Units, our stockholders will not have any voting rights with respect to any such issuances or other partnership level activities of our Operating Partnership.

 Our success depends on key personnel whose continued service is not guaranteed, and the loss of one or more of our key personnel could adversely affect our ability to manage our business and to implement our growth strategies or could create a negative perception of our company in the capital markets.

 Our continued success and our ability to manage anticipated future growth depend, in large part, upon the efforts of key personnel who have extensive market knowledge and relationships and exercise substantial influence over our operational, financing, development, and construction activity. Individuals currently considered key personnel each have a national or regional industry reputation that attracts business and investment opportunities and assists us in negotiations with lenders, existing and potential tenants, and industry personnel, and we have not currently entered into employment agreements with any of these individuals. If we lose their services, our relationships with such industry personnel could diminish.

 Many of our other senior executives also have extensive experience and strong reputations in the real estate industry, which aid us in identifying opportunities, having opportunities brought to us, and negotiating with tenants and build-to-suit prospects. The loss of services of one or more members of our senior management team, or our inability to attract and retain highly qualified personnel, could adversely affect our business, diminish our investment opportunities, and weaken our relationships with lenders, business partners, existing and prospective tenants, and industry participants, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, and the per share trading price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock.

 Joint venture investments could be materially and adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority, our reliance on co-venturers' financial condition, and disputes between us and our co-venturers.

 In the past, we have, and in the future, we expect to, co-invest with third parties through partnerships, joint ventures or other entities, acquiring noncontrolling interests in or sharing responsibility for developing properties and managing the affairs of a property, partnership, joint venture, or other entity. In particular, in connection with the formation transactions related to our initial public offering, we provided certain of the prior investors with the right to co-develop certain projects with us in the future and the right to acquire a minority equity interest in certain properties that we may develop in the future, in each case under certain circumstances and subject to certain conditions set forth in the applicable agreement. Furthermore, we are often a joint venture partner in development projects. In the event that we co-develop a property together with a third party, we would be required to share a portion of the development fee. With respect to any such arrangement or any similar arrangement that we may enter into in the future, we may not be in a position to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the development, property, partnership, joint venture, or other entity.

 Investments in partnerships, joint ventures or other entities may, under certain circumstances, involve risks not present where a third party is not involved, including the possibility that partners or co-venturers might become bankrupt or fail to fund their share of required capital contributions. Partners or co-venturers may have economic or other business interests or goals which are inconsistent with our business interests or goals and may be in a position to take actions contrary to our policies or objectives, and they may have competing interests in our markets that could create conflicts of interest. Such investments may also have the potential risk of impasses on decisions, such as a sale or financing, because neither we nor the partner(s) or co-venturer(s) would have full control over the partnership or joint venture. In addition, a sale or transfer by us to a third party of our interests in the joint venture may be subject to consent rights or rights of first refusal, in favor of our joint venture partners, which would in each case restrict our ability to dispose of our interest in the joint venture.

 Where we are a limited partner or non-managing member in any partnership or limited liability company, if such entity takes or expects to take actions that could jeopardize our status as a REIT or require us to pay tax, we may be forced to dispose of our interest in such entity. Disputes between us and partners or co-venturers may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and directors from focusing their time and effort on our business. Consequently, actions by or disputes with partners or co-venturers might result in subjecting properties owned by the partnership or joint venture to additional risk. In addition, we may in certain circumstances be liable for the actions of our third-party partners or co-venturers. Our joint ventures may be subject to debt and, during periods of volatile credit markets, the refinancing of such debt may require equity capital calls.

 Expectations of our company relating to environmental, social and governance factors may impose additional costs and expose us to new risks.

 There is an increasing focus from certain investors, tenants, employees, and other stakeholders concerning corporate responsibility, specifically related to environmental, social and governance factors. In addition, there is an increased focus on such matters by various regulatory authorities, including the SEC, and the activities and expense required to comply with new regulations or standards may be significant. Some investors may use these factors to guide their investment strategies and, in some cases, may choose not to invest in us if they believe our policies relating to corporate responsibility are inadequate. Third-party providers of corporate responsibility ratings and reports on companies have increased to meet growing investor demand for measurement of corporate responsibility performance. In addition, the criteria by which companies' corporate responsibility practices are assessed may change, which could result in greater expectations of us and cause us to undertake costly initiatives to satisfy such new criteria. Alternatively, if we elect not to or are unable to satisfy such new criteria, investors may conclude that our policies with respect to corporate responsibility are inadequate. We may face reputational damage in the event that our corporate responsibility procedures or standards do not meet the standards set by various constituencies. Furthermore, if our competitors' corporate responsibility performance is perceived to be greater than ours, potential or current investors may elect to invest with our competitors instead. In addition, we could fail, or be perceived to fail, in our achievement of initiatives or goals regarding environmental, social, and governance matters publicly communicated, including through our Sustainability Report, or we could be criticized for the scope of such initiatives or goals. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, tenants and other stakeholders or our initiatives are not executed as planned, our reputation and financial results could be materially and adversely affected.

 We may be subject to ongoing or future litigation, including existing claims relating to the entities that owned the properties prior to our initial public offering and otherwise in the ordinary course of business, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, the per share trading price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 We may be subject to ongoing or future litigation, including existing claims relating to the entities that owned the properties and operated the businesses prior to our initial public offering and otherwise in the ordinary course of business. Some of these claims may result in significant defense costs and potentially significant judgments against us, some of which are not, or cannot be, insured against. We generally intend to vigorously defend ourselves; however, we cannot be certain of the ultimate outcomes of currently asserted claims or of those that may arise in the future. In addition, we may become subject to litigation in connection with the formation transactions related to our initial public offering in the event that prior investors dispute the valuation of their respective interests, the adequacy of the consideration received by them in the formation transactions or the interpretation of the agreements implementing the formation transactions. Resolution of these types of matters against us may result in our having to pay significant fines, judgments, or settlements, which, if uninsured, or if the fines, judgments, and settlements exceed insured levels, could adversely impact our earnings and cash flow, thereby having an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, the per share trading price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations. Certain litigation or the resolution of certain litigation may affect the availability or cost of some of our insurance coverage, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and cash flow, expose us to increased risks that would be uninsured, and adversely impact our ability to attract officers and directors.

 Risks Related to Our Third-Party Construction Business

 Adverse economic and regulatory conditions, particularly in the Mid-Atlantic region, could adversely affect our construction and development business, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 Our third-party construction activities have been, and are expected to continue to be, primarily focused in the Mid-Atlantic region, although we have also historically undertaken construction projects in various states in the Southeast, Northeast, and Midwest regions of the U.S. As a result of our concentration of construction projects in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S., we are particularly susceptible to adverse economic or other conditions in markets in this region (such as periods of economic slowdown or recession, business layoffs or downsizing, industry slowdowns, relocations of businesses, labor disruptions, and the costs of complying with governmental regulations or increased regulation), as well as to natural disasters that occur in this region. We cannot assure you that our target markets will support construction and development projects of the type in which we typically engage. While we have the ability to provide a wide range of development and construction services, any adverse economic or real estate developments in the Mid-Atlantic region could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 There can be no assurance that all of the projects for which our construction business is engaged as general contractor will be commenced or completed in their entirety in accordance with the anticipated cost, or that we will achieve the financial results we expect from the construction of such properties, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow, and growth prospects.

 For serving as general contractor, our construction business earns profit equal to the difference between the total construction fees that we charge and the costs that we incur to build a property. If the decision is made by a third-party client to abandon a construction project for any reason, our anticipated fee revenue from such project could be significantly lower than we expect. In addition, we defer pre-contract costs when such costs are directly associated with specific anticipated construction contracts and their recovery is deemed probable. In the event that we determine that the execution of a construction contract is no longer probable, we would be required to expense those pre-contract costs in the period in which such determination is made, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations in such period. Our ability to complete the projects in our construction pipeline on time and on budget could be materially and adversely affected as a result of the following factors, among others:

 • shortages of subcontractors, equipment, materials, or skilled labor;
 • unscheduled delays in the delivery of ordered materials and equipment;
 • unanticipated increases in the cost of equipment, labor, and raw materials;
 • unforeseen engineering, environmental, or geological problems;
 • weather interferences;
 • difficulties in obtaining necessary permits or in meeting permit conditions;
 • client acceptance delays; or
 • work stoppages and other labor disputes.

 If we do not complete construction projects on time and on budget, it could have a material adverse effect on us, including our results of operations, cash flow, and growth prospects.

 We recognize revenue for the majority of our construction projects based on estimates; therefore, variations of actual results from our assumptions may reduce our profitability.

 In accordance with GAAP, we record revenue as work on the contract progresses. The cumulative amount of revenues recorded on a contract at a specified point in time is that percentage of total estimated revenues that costs incurred to date bear to estimated total costs. Accordingly, contract revenues and total cost estimates are reviewed and revised as the work progresses. Adjustments are reflected in contract revenues in the period when such estimates are revised. Estimates are based on management's reasonable assumptions and experience, but are only estimates. Variations of actual results from assumptions on an unusually large project or on a number of average size projects could be material. We are also required to immediately recognize the full amount of the estimated loss on a contract when estimates indicate such a loss. Such adjustments and accrued losses could result in reduced profitability, which could negatively impact our cash flow from operations.

 Construction project sites are inherently dangerous workplaces, and, as a result, our failure to maintain safe construction project sites could result in deaths or injuries, reduced profitability, the loss of projects or clients, and possible exposure to litigation, any of which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, and reputation.

 Construction and maintenance sites often put our employees, employees of subcontractors, our tenants, and members of the public in close proximity with mechanized equipment, moving vehicles, chemical and manufacturing processes, and highly regulated materials. On many sites, we are responsible for safety and, accordingly, must implement appropriate safety procedures. If we fail to implement these procedures or if the procedures we implement are ineffective, we may suffer the loss of or injury to our employees, fines, or expose our tenants and members of the public to potential injury, thereby creating exposure to litigation. As a result, our failure to maintain adequate safety standards could result in reduced profitability or the loss of projects, clients, and tenants, which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, and reputation.

 Our failure to successfully and profitably bid on construction contracts could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and cash flow.

 Many of the costs related to our construction business, such as personnel costs, are fixed and are incurred by us irrespective of the level of activity of our construction business. The success of our construction business depends, in part, on our ability to successfully and profitably bid on construction contracts for private and public sector clients. Contract proposals and negotiations are complex and frequently involve a lengthy bidding and selection process, which can be impacted by a number of factors, many of which are outside our control, including market conditions, financing arrangements, and required governmental approvals. If we are unable to maintain a consistent backlog of third-party construction contracts, our results of operations and cash flow could be materially and adversely affected.

 If we fail to timely complete a construction project, miss a required performance standard, or otherwise fail to adequately perform on a construction project, we may incur losses or financial penalties, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, ability to service our debt obligations, and reputation.

 We may contractually commit to a construction client that we will complete a construction project by a scheduled date at a fixed cost. We may also commit that a construction project, when completed, will achieve specified performance standards. If the construction project is not completed by the scheduled date or fails to meet required performance standards, we may either incur significant additional costs or be held responsible for the costs incurred by the client to rectify damages due to late completion or failure to achieve the required performance standards. In addition, completion of projects can be adversely affected by a number of factors beyond our control, including unavoidable delays from governmental inaction, public opposition, inability to obtain financing, weather conditions, unavailability of vendor materials, availabilities of subcontractors, changes in the project scope of services requested by our clients, industrial accidents, environmental hazards, labor disruptions, and other factors. In some cases, if we fail to meet required performance standards or milestone requirements, we may also be subject to agreed-upon financial damages in the form of liquidated damages, which are determined pursuant to the contract governing the construction project. To the extent that these events occur, the total costs of the project could exceed our estimates and our contracted cost and we could experience reduced profits or, in some cases, incur a loss on a project, which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations. Failure to meet performance standards or complete performance on a timely basis could also adversely affect our reputation.

 Unionization or work stoppages could have a material adverse effect on us.

 From time to time, our construction business and the subcontractors we engage may use unionized construction workers, which requires us to pay the prevailing wage in a jurisdiction to such workers. Due to the highly labor-intensive and price-competitive nature of the construction business, the cost of unionization or prevailing wage requirements for new developments could be substantial, which could adversely affect our profitability. In addition, the use of unionized construction workers could cause us to become subject to organized work stoppages, which would materially and adversely affect our ability to meet our construction timetables and could significantly increase the cost of completing a construction project.

 Risks Related to the Real Estate Industry

 Our business is subject to risks associated with real estate assets and the real estate industry, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 Our ability to pay expected dividends to our stockholders depends on our ability to generate revenues in excess of expenses, scheduled principal and interest payments on debt, and capital expenditure requirements. Events and conditions generally applicable to owners and operators of real property that are beyond our control may decrease cash available for distribution and the value of our properties. These events include many of the risks set forth above under "—Risks Related to Our Business," as well as the following:

 • oversupply or reduction in demand for retail, office, or multifamily space in our markets;
 • adverse changes in financial conditions of buyers, sellers, and tenants of properties;
 • vacancies or our inability to rent space on favorable terms, including possible market pressures to offer tenants rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights, rights to reduce leased-space during their lease, or below-market renewal options, and the need to periodically repair, renovate, and re-lease space;
 • increased operating costs, including insurance premiums, utilities, real estate taxes, and state and local taxes;
 • increased property taxes due to property tax changes or reassessments;
 • a favorable interest rate environment that may result in a significant number of potential residents of our multifamily apartment communities deciding to purchase homes instead of renting;
 • rent control or stabilization laws or other laws regulating rental housing, which could prevent us from raising rents to offset increases in operating costs;
 • civil unrest, acts of war, terrorist attacks, and natural disasters, including hurricanes, which may result in uninsured or underinsured losses;
 • decreases in the underlying value of our real estate;
 • changing submarket demographics; and
 • changing traffic patterns.

 In addition, periods of economic downturn or recession, rising interest rates or declining demand for real estate, or the public perception that any of these events may occur, could result in a general decline in rents or an increased incidence of defaults under existing leases, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 Illiquidity of real estate investments could significantly impede our ability to respond to adverse changes in the performance of our properties and harm our financial condition.

 The real estate investments made, and to be made, by us are difficult to sell quickly. As a result, our ability to promptly sell one or more properties in our portfolio in response to changing economic, financial, and investment conditions is limited. Return of capital and realization of gains, if any, from an investment generally will occur upon disposition or refinancing of the underlying property. We may be unable to realize our investment objectives by disposition or refinancing at attractive prices within any given period of time or may otherwise be unable to complete any exit strategy. In particular, our ability to dispose of one or more properties within a specific time period is subject to certain limitations imposed by our tax protection agreements, as well as weakness in or even the lack of an established market for a property, changes in the financial condition or prospects of prospective purchasers, changes in national or international economic conditions, and changes in laws, regulations or fiscal policies of jurisdictions in which the property is located.

 In addition, the Code imposes restrictions on a REIT's ability to dispose of properties that are not applicable to other types of real estate companies. In particular, the tax laws applicable to REITs effectively require that we hold our properties for investment, rather than primarily for sale in the ordinary course of business, which may cause us to forego or defer sales of properties that otherwise would be in our best interests or may subject us to penalties in the event any sales of our properties are not permitted under such laws. See "—The prohibited transactions tax may limit our ability to dispose of our properties." Therefore, we may not be able to vary our portfolio in response to economic or other conditions promptly or on favorable terms.

 Our tax protection agreements could limit our ability to sell or otherwise dispose of certain properties.

 In connection with certain property acquisitions, we have entered into tax protection agreements that provide that if we dispose of any interest in certain protected properties in a taxable transaction within a certain period of the acquisition, subject to certain exceptions, we will indemnify the contributors for their tax liabilities attributable to the built-in gain that existed with respect to such property interests as of the time of the acquisition, and the tax liabilities incurred as a result of such tax protection payment, and may enter into similar agreements in connection with future property acquisitions. Therefore, although it may be in our stockholders' best interests that we sell one of these properties, it may be economically prohibitive or unattractive for us to do so because of these obligations.

 As an owner of real estate, we could incur significant costs and liabilities related to environmental matters.

 Under various federal, state, and local laws and regulations relating to the environment, as a current or former owner or operator of real property, we may be liable for costs and damages resulting from the presence or discharge of hazardous or toxic substances, waste, or petroleum products at, on, in, under, or migrating from such property, including costs to investigate and clean up such contamination and liability for harm to natural resources. Such laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such contamination, and the liability may be joint and several. These liabilities could be substantial and the cost of any required remediation, removal, fines, or other costs could exceed the value of the property and our aggregate assets. In addition, the presence of contamination or the failure to remediate contamination at our properties may expose us to third-party liability for costs of remediation and personal or property damage or materially and adversely affect our ability to sell, lease, or develop our properties or to borrow using the properties as collateral. In addition, environmental laws may create liens on contaminated sites in favor of the government for damages and costs it incurs to address such contamination. Moreover, if contamination is discovered on our properties, environmental laws may impose restrictions on the manner in which the properties may be used or businesses may be operated, and these restrictions may require substantial expenditures. See "Part I—Business—Regulation."

 Some of our properties have been or may be impacted by contamination arising from current or prior uses of the property, or adjacent properties, for commercial or industrial purposes. Such contamination may arise from spills of petroleum or hazardous substances or releases from tanks used to store such materials. For example, some of the tenants of properties in our retail portfolio operate gas stations or other businesses that utilize storage tanks to store petroleum products, propane, or wastes typically associated with automobile service or other operations conducted at the properties, and spills or leaks of hazardous materials from those storage tanks could expose us to liability. See "Part I—Business—Regulation—Environmental

 Matters." In addition to the foregoing, while we obtained Phase I Environmental Site Assessments for each of the properties in our portfolio, the assessments are limited in scope and may have failed to identify all environmental conditions or concerns. For example, they do not generally include soil sampling, subsurface investigations or hazardous materials surveys. Furthermore, we do not have current Phase I Environmental Site Assessment reports for all of the properties in our portfolio and, as such, may not be aware of all potential or existing environmental contamination liabilities at the properties in our portfolio. As a result, we could potentially incur material liability for these issues.

 As the owner of the buildings on our properties, we could face liability for the presence of hazardous materials, such as asbestos or lead, or other adverse conditions, such as poor indoor air quality, in our buildings. Environmental laws govern the presence, maintenance, and removal of hazardous materials in buildings, and if we do not comply with such laws, we could face fines for such noncompliance. Also, we could be liable to third parties, such as occupants of the buildings, for damages related to exposure to hazardous materials or adverse conditions in our buildings, and we could incur material expenses with respect to abatement or remediation of hazardous materials or other adverse conditions in our buildings. In addition, some of our tenants may routinely handle and use hazardous or regulated substances and wastes as part of their operations at our properties, which are subject to regulation. Such environmental and health and safety laws and regulations could subject us or our tenants to liability resulting from these activities. Environmental liabilities could affect a tenant's ability to make rental payments to us, and changes in laws could increase the potential liability for noncompliance. This may result in significant unanticipated expenditures or may otherwise materially and adversely affect our operations, or those of our tenants, which could in turn have an adverse effect on us. If we incur material environmental liabilities in the future, we may face significant remediation costs, and we may find it difficult to sell any affected properties.

 We are subject to risks from natural disasters, such as hurricanes and flooding, and the risks associated with the physical effects of climate change.

 Natural disasters and severe weather such as flooding, earthquakes, tornadoes or hurricanes may result in significant damage to our properties. Many of our properties are located in Virginia Beach, Virginia, Baltimore, Maryland, and elsewhere in the Mid-Atlantic, which historically have experienced heightened risk for natural disasters like hurricanes and flooding. The extent of our casualty losses and loss in operating income in connection with such events is a function of the severity of the event and the total amount of exposure in the affected area. When we have geographic concentration of exposures, a single catastrophe (such as an earthquake) or destructive weather event (such as a tornado or hurricane) affecting a region may have a significant negative effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Our financial results may be adversely affected by our exposure to losses arising from natural disasters or severe weather.

 We also are exposed to risks associated with inclement winter weather, particularly in the Mid-Atlantic, including increased costs for the removal of snow and ice. Inclement weather also could increase the need for maintenance and repair of our properties.

 Lastly, to the extent that climate change does occur, its physical effects could have a material adverse effect on our properties, operations, and business. To the extent climate change causes changes in weather patterns, our markets could experience increases in storm intensity. These conditions could result in physical damage to our properties or declining demand for space in our buildings or the inability of us to operate the buildings at all in the areas affected by these conditions. Climate change also may have indirect effects on our business by increasing the cost of (or making unavailable) property insurance on terms we find acceptable, increasing the cost of energy, and increasing the cost of snow removal or related costs at our properties. Proposed legislation and regulatory actions to address climate change could increase utility and other costs of operating our properties which, if not offset by rising rental income, would reduce our net income. Should the impact of climate change be material in nature or occur for lengthy periods of time, our properties, operations, or business would be adversely affected.

 We may be subject to unknown or contingent liabilities related to acquired properties and properties that we may acquire in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

 Properties that we have acquired and properties that we may acquire in the future may be subject to unknown or contingent liabilities for which we may have no recourse, or only limited recourse, against the sellers. In general, the representations and warranties provided under the transaction agreements related to the purchase of properties that we acquire may not survive the completion of the transactions. Furthermore, indemnification under such agreements may be limited and subject to various materiality thresholds, a significant deductible, or an aggregate cap on losses. As a result, there is no guarantee that we will recover any amounts with respect to losses due to breaches by the sellers of their representations and warranties. In addition, the total amount of costs and expenses that may be incurred with respect to liabilities associated with

 these properties may exceed our expectations, and we may experience other unanticipated adverse effects, all of which may materially and adversely affect us.

 Our properties may contain or develop harmful mold or suffer from other air quality issues, which could lead to liability for adverse health effects and costs of remediation.

 When excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth may occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. Some molds may produce airborne toxins or irritants. Indoor air quality issues can also stem from inadequate ventilation, chemical contamination from indoor or outdoor sources, and other biological contaminants such as pollen, viruses, and bacteria. Indoor exposure to airborne toxins or irritants above certain levels can be alleged to cause a variety of adverse health effects and symptoms, including allergic or other reactions. As a result, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants at any of our properties could require us to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold or other airborne contaminants from the affected property or increase indoor ventilation. In addition, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants could expose us to liability from our tenants, employees of our tenants, or others if property damage or personal injury is alleged to have occurred.

 We may incur significant costs complying with various federal, state, and local laws, regulations, and covenants that are applicable to our properties.

 Properties are subject to various covenants and federal, state, and local laws and regulatory requirements, including permitting and licensing requirements. Local regulations, including municipal or local ordinances, zoning restrictions, and restrictive covenants imposed by community developers may restrict our use of our properties and may require us to obtain approval from local officials or community standards organizations at any time with respect to our properties, including prior to developing or acquiring a property or when undertaking renovations of any of our existing properties. Among other things, these restrictions may relate to fire and safety, seismic, or hazardous material abatement requirements. There can be no assurance that existing laws and regulatory policies will not adversely affect us or the timing or cost of any future development, acquisitions, or renovations, or that additional regulations will not be adopted that increase such delays or result in additional costs. Our growth strategy may be affected by our ability to obtain permits, licenses, and zoning relief.

 In addition, federal and state laws and regulations, including laws such as the ADA and the Fair Housing Amendment Act of 1988 ("FHAA"), impose further restrictions on our properties and operations. Under the ADA and the FHAA, all public accommodations must meet federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. Some of our properties may currently be in non-compliance with the ADA or the FHAA. If one or more of the properties in our portfolio is not in compliance with the ADA, the FHAA, or any other regulatory requirements, we may incur additional costs to bring the property into compliance, incur governmental fines or the award of damages to private litigants, or be unable to refinance such properties. In addition, we do not know whether existing requirements will change or whether future requirements will require us to make significant unanticipated expenditures that will adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure

 Daniel Hoffler and his affiliates own, directly or indirectly, a substantial beneficial interest in our company on a fully diluted basis and have the ability to exercise significant influence on our company and our Operating Partnership, including the approval of significant corporate transactions.

 As of December 31, 2023, Daniel Hoffler, our Executive Chairman, owned approximately 5.8% and, collectively, Messrs. Hoffler, Haddad, and Kirk owned approximately 10.1% of the combined outstanding shares of our common stock and OP Units of our Operating Partnership (which OP Units may be redeemable for shares of our common stock). Consequently, these individuals may be able to significantly influence the outcome of matters submitted for stockholder action, including the approval of significant corporate transactions, including business combinations, consolidations, and mergers.

 Conflicts of interest may exist or could arise in the future between the interests of our stockholders and the interests of holders of units in our Operating Partnership, which may impede business decisions that could benefit our stockholders.

 Conflicts of interest may exist or could arise in the future as a result of the relationships between us and our affiliates, and our Operating Partnership or any partner thereof. Our directors and officers have duties to our company under Maryland law in connection with their management of our company. At the same time, we, as the general partner of our Operating Partnership, have fiduciary duties and obligations to our Operating Partnership and its limited partners under Virginia law and

 the partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership in connection with the management of our Operating Partnership. Our fiduciary duties and obligations as the general partner of our Operating Partnership may come into conflict with the duties of our directors and officers to our company. Messrs. Hoffler, Haddad, and Kirk own a significant interest in our Operating Partnership as limited partners and may have conflicts of interest in making decisions that affect both our stockholders and the limited partners of our Operating Partnership.

 Under Virginia law, a general partner of a Virginia limited partnership has fiduciary duties of loyalty and care to the partnership and its partners and must discharge its duties and exercise its rights as general partner under the partnership agreement or Virginia law consistently with the obligation of good faith and fair dealing. The partnership agreement provides that, in the event of a conflict between the interests of our Operating Partnership or any partner, and the separate interests of our company or our stockholders, we, in our capacity as the general partner of our Operating Partnership, are under no obligation not to give priority to the separate interests of our company or our stockholders, and that any action or failure to act on our part or on the part of our directors that gives priority to the separate interests of our company or our stockholders that does not result in a violation of the contractual rights of the limited partners of the Operating Partnership under its partnership agreement does not violate the duty of loyalty that we, in our capacity as the general partner of our Operating Partnership, owe to the Operating Partnership and its partners.

 Additionally, the partnership agreement provides that we will not be liable to the Operating Partnership or any partner for monetary damages for losses sustained, liabilities incurred, or benefits not derived by the Operating Partnership or any limited partner, except for liability for our intentional harm or gross negligence. Our Operating Partnership must indemnify us, our directors and officers, and our designees from and against any and all claims that relate to the operations of our Operating Partnership, unless: (i) an act or omission of the person was material to the matter giving rise to the action and either was committed in bad faith or was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty, (ii) the person actually received an improper personal benefit in violation or breach of the partnership agreement, or (iii) in the case of a criminal proceeding, the indemnified person had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. Our Operating Partnership must also pay or reimburse the reasonable expenses of any such person upon its receipt of a written affirmation of the person's good faith belief that the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification has been met and a written undertaking to repay any amounts paid or advanced if it is ultimately determined that the person did not meet the standard of conduct for indemnification. Our Operating Partnership will not indemnify or advance funds to any person with respect to any action initiated by the person seeking indemnification without our approval (except for any proceeding brought to enforce such person's right to indemnification under the partnership agreement) or if the person is found to be liable to our Operating Partnership on any portion of any claim in the action.

 Our charter contains certain provisions restricting the ownership and transfer of our stock that may delay, defer, or prevent a change of control transaction that might involve a premium price for our common stock or that our stockholders otherwise believe to be in their best interests.

 Our charter contains certain ownership limits with respect to our stock. Our charter, among other restrictions, prohibits the beneficial or constructive ownership by any person of more than 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of any class or series of our stock, excluding any shares that are not treated as outstanding for federal income tax purposes. Our board of directors, in its sole and absolute discretion, may exempt a person, prospectively or retroactively, from this ownership limit if certain conditions are satisfied. This ownership limit as well as other restrictions on ownership and transfer of our stock in our charter may:

 • discourage a tender offer or other transactions or a change in management or of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or that our stockholders otherwise believe to be in their best interests; and
 • result in the transfer of shares acquired in excess of the restrictions to a trust for the benefit of a charitable beneficiary and, as a result, the forfeiture by the acquirer of certain of the benefits of owning the additional shares.

 We could increase the number of authorized shares of stock, classify and reclassify unissued stock, and issue stock without stockholder approval.

 Our board of directors, without stockholder approval, has the power under our charter to amend our charter to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that we are authorized to issue. In addition, under our charter, our board of directors, without stockholder approval, has the power to authorize us to issue authorized but unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and to classify or reclassify any unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock into one or more classes or series of stock and set the preference, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends and other distributions, qualifications, or

 terms or conditions of redemption for such newly classified or reclassified shares. As a result, we may issue series or classes of common stock or preferred stock with preferences, dividends, powers, and rights, voting or otherwise, that are senior to, or otherwise conflict with, the rights of holders of our common stock. Although our board of directors has no such intention at the present time, it could establish a class or series of preferred stock that could, depending on the terms of such series, delay, defer, or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or that our stockholders otherwise believe to be in their best interests.

 Certain provisions of Maryland law could inhibit changes of control, which may discourage third parties from conducting a tender offer or seeking other change of control transactions that could involve a premium price for our common stock or that our stockholders otherwise believe to be in their best interests.

 Certain provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law (the "MGCL") may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from making a proposal to acquire us or of impeding a change of control under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of shares of our common stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price of such shares, including:

 •"business combination" provisions that, subject to limitations, prohibit certain business combinations between us and an "interested stockholder" (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of our outstanding voting shares or an affiliate or associate of ours who was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of 10% or more of the voting power of our then outstanding stock at any time within the two-year period immediately prior to the date in question) or an affiliate thereof for five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder, and thereafter impose certain fair price and supermajority stockholder voting requirements on these combinations; and
 •"control share" provisions that provide that holders of "control shares" of our company (defined as shares of stock that, when aggregated with other shares of stock controlled by the stockholder, entitle the stockholder to exercise one of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing directors) acquired in a "control share acquisition" (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of ownership or control of issued and outstanding "control shares") have no voting rights with respect to their control shares, except to the extent approved by our stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding all interested shares.

 By resolution of our board of directors, we have opted out of the business combination provisions of the MGCL and provided that any business combination between us and any other person is exempt from the business combination provisions of the MGCL, provided that the business combination is first approved by our board of directors (including a majority of directors who are not affiliates or associates of such persons). In addition, pursuant to a provision in our bylaws, we have opted out of the control share provisions of the MGCL. However, our board of directors may by resolution elect to opt in to the business combination provisions of the MGCL and we may, by amendment to our bylaws, opt in to the control share provisions of the MGCL in the future.

 Certain provisions of the MGCL permit our board of directors, without stockholder approval and regardless of what is currently provided in our charter or bylaws, to implement certain corporate governance provisions, some of which are not currently applicable to us. If implemented, these provisions may have the effect of limiting or precluding a third party from making an unsolicited acquisition proposal for us or of delaying, deferring, or preventing a change in control of us under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of shares of our common stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then current market price. Our charter contains a provision whereby we elect, at such time as we become eligible to do so, to be subject to the provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL relating to the filling of vacancies on our board of directors.

 Certain provisions in the partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership may delay, make more difficult, or prevent unsolicited acquisitions of us.

 Provisions in the partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership may delay, make more difficult, or prevent unsolicited acquisitions of us or changes of our control. These provisions could discourage third parties from making proposals involving an unsolicited acquisition of us or change of our control, although some of our stockholders might consider such proposals, if made, desirable. These provisions include, among others:

 • redemption rights;
 • a requirement that we may not be removed as the general partner of our Operating Partnership without our consent;

 • transfer restrictions on OP Units;
 • our ability, as general partner, in some cases, to amend the partnership agreement and to cause the Operating Partnership to issue units with terms that could delay, defer, or prevent a merger or other change of control of us or our Operating Partnership without the consent of the limited partners; and
 • the right of the limited partners to consent to direct or indirect transfers of the general partnership interest, including as a result of a merger or a sale of all or substantially all of our assets, in the event that such transfer requires approval by our common stockholders.

 The limited partners in our Operating Partnership (other than us) owned approximately 24.4% of the outstanding OP Units of our Operating Partnership as of December 31, 2023.

 Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to take action against our directors and officers are limited.

 Under Maryland law, generally, a director will not be liable if he or she performs his or her duties in good faith, in a manner he or she reasonably believes to be in our best interests and with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances. In addition, our charter limits the liability of our directors and officers to us and our stockholders for money damages, except for liability resulting from:

 • actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services; or
 • active and deliberate dishonesty by the director or officer that was established by a final judgment as being material to the cause of action adjudicated.

 Our charter authorizes us to indemnify our directors and officers for actions taken by them in those capacities to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law. Our bylaws require us to indemnify each director and officer, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, in the defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made, or threatened to be made, a party by reason of his or her service to us. In addition, we may be obligated to advance the defense costs incurred by our directors and officers. We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our executive officers and directors whereby we agreed to indemnify our directors and executive officers to the fullest extent permitted by Maryland law against all expenses and liabilities incurred in their capacity as an officer or director, subject to limited exceptions. As a result, we and our stockholders may have more limited rights against our directors and officers than might otherwise exist absent the current provisions in our charter and bylaws and the indemnification agreements or that might exist with other companies.

 We are a holding company with no direct operations and, as such, we will rely on funds received from our Operating Partnership to pay liabilities, and the interests of our stockholders will be structurally subordinated to all liabilities and obligations of our Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries.

 We are a holding company and conduct substantially all of our operations through our Operating Partnership. We do not have, apart from an interest in our Operating Partnership, any independent operations. As a result, we rely on cash distributions from our Operating Partnership to pay any dividends we might declare on shares of our common stock and preferred stock. We also rely on distributions from our Operating Partnership to meet any of our obligations, including any tax liability on taxable income allocated to us from our Operating Partnership. In addition, because we are a holding company, your claims as a stockholder will be structurally subordinated to all existing and future liabilities and obligations (whether or not for borrowed money) of our Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries. Therefore, in the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation, or reorganization, our assets and those of our Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries will be available to satisfy the claims of our stockholders only after all of our and our Operating Partnership's and its subsidiaries' liabilities and obligations have been paid in full.

 Our Operating Partnership may issue additional OP Units to third parties without the consent of our stockholders, which would reduce our ownership percentage in our Operating Partnership and could have a dilutive effect on the amount of distributions made to us by our Operating Partnership and, therefore, the amount of distributions we can make to our stockholders.

 As of December 31, 2023, we owned 75.6% of the outstanding OP Units in our Operating Partnership. We regularly have issued OP Units to third parties as consideration for acquisitions, and we may continue to do so in the future. Any such future issuances would reduce our ownership percentage in our Operating Partnership and could affect the amount of distributions made to us by our Operating Partnership and, therefore, the amount of distributions we can make to our stockholders. Because stockholders do not directly own OP Units, you do not have any voting rights with respect to any such issuances or other partnership level activities of our Operating Partnership.

 Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT

 Failure to maintain our qualification as a REIT would cause us to be taxed as a regular corporation, which would substantially reduce funds available for distribution to our stockholders.

 We have elected to be taxed and to operate in a manner that will allow us to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2013. We have not requested and do not plan to request a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS") that we qualify as a REIT. Therefore, we cannot be assured that we will qualify as a REIT, or that we will remain qualified as such in the future. If we fail to qualify as a REIT or otherwise lose our REIT status in any taxable year, we will face serious tax consequences that would substantially reduce the funds available for distribution to our stockholders for each of the years involved because:

 • we would not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to stockholders in computing our taxable income and would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates;
 • we could be subject to increased state and local taxes; and
 • unless we are entitled to relief under certain U.S. federal income tax laws, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we failed to qualify as a REIT.

 In addition, if we fail to qualify as a REIT, we will no longer be required to make distributions. As a result of all these factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT could impair our ability to expand our business and raise capital, and it would adversely affect the value of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock.

 Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may face other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flows.

 Even if we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain federal, state, and local taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income, tax on income from some activities conducted as a result of a foreclosure, and state or local income, property, and transfer taxes. In addition, our TRS will be subject to regular corporate federal, state, and local taxes. Any of these taxes would decrease cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

 Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities or liquidate otherwise attractive investments.

 To qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders, and the ownership of our capital stock. In order to meet these tests, we may be required to forego investments we might otherwise make. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our performance.

 In particular, we must ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities, and qualified real estate assets. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities, securities of TRSs, and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government securities, securities of TRSs, and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, and no more than 20% of the value of our total assets can be represented by the securities of one or more TRSs. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our stockholders.

 The prohibited transactions tax may limit our ability to dispose of our properties.

 A REIT's net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property other than foreclosure property, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. We may be subject to the prohibited transaction tax equal to 100% of the net gain upon a disposition of real property. Although a safe harbor to the characterization of the sale of real property by a REIT as a prohibited transaction is available, we cannot assure you that we can comply with the safe harbor or that we will avoid owning property that may be characterized as held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Consequently, we may choose not to engage in certain sales of our properties or may conduct such sales through our TRS, which would be subject to federal and state income taxation.

 Changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws, including the enactment of certain tax reform measures, could have an adverse impact on our business and financial results.

 In recent years, numerous legislative, judicial and administrative changes have been made to the U.S. federal income tax laws applicable to investments in real estate and REITs, and it is possible that additional legislation may be enacted in the future. There can be no assurance that future changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws or regulatory changes will not be proposed or enacted that could impact our business and financial results. The REIT rules are regularly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Treasury Department, which may result in revisions to regulations and interpretations in addition to statutory changes. If enacted, certain of such changes could have an adverse impact on our business and financial results.

 We cannot predict whether, when, or to what extent any new U.S. federal tax laws, regulations, interpretations, or rulings will impact the real estate investment industry or REITs. Prospective investors are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the effect of potential future changes to the federal tax laws on an investment in our shares.

 The ability of our board of directors to revoke our REIT qualification without stockholder approval may cause adverse consequences to our stockholders.

 Our charter provides that our board of directors may revoke or otherwise terminate our REIT election, without the approval of our stockholders, if it determines that it is no longer in our best interests to continue to qualify as a REIT. If we cease to qualify as a REIT, we would become subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income and would no longer be required to distribute most of our taxable income to our stockholders, which may have adverse consequences on the total return to our stockholders.

 Our ownership of our TRS will be subject to limitations and our transactions with our TRS will cause us to be subject to a 100% penalty tax on certain income or deductions if those transactions are not conducted on arm's-length terms.

 Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a REIT's assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more TRS. In addition, the Code limits the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to its parent REIT to assure that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. The Code also imposes a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm's-length basis. We will monitor the value of our respective investments in our TRS for the purpose of ensuring compliance with TRS ownership limitations and will structure our transactions with our TRS on terms that we believe are arm's length to avoid incurring the 100% excise tax described above. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to comply with the 20% REIT subsidiaries limitation or to avoid application of the 100% excise tax.

 Shareholders may be restricted from acquiring or transferring certain amounts of our capital stock.

 The restrictions on ownership and transfer in our charter may inhibit market activity in our capital stock and restrict our business combination opportunities.

 In order to qualify as a REIT for each taxable year after 2013, five or fewer individuals, as defined in the Code, may not own, beneficially or constructively, more than 50% in value of our issued and outstanding stock at any time during the last half of a taxable year. Attribution rules in the Code determine if any individual or entity beneficially or constructively owns our capital stock under this requirement. Additionally, at least 100 persons must beneficially own our capital stock during at least 335 days of a taxable year for each taxable year after 2013. To help ensure that we meet these tests, our charter restricts the acquisition and ownership of shares of our capital stock.

 Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our directors to take such actions as are necessary to preserve our qualification as a REIT. Unless exempted by our board of directors, our charter prohibits any person from beneficially or constructively owning more than 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of any class or series of our capital or preferred stock. Our board of directors may not grant an exemption from this restriction to any proposed transferee whose ownership in excess of 9.8% of the value of our outstanding shares would result in our failing to qualify as a REIT. This restriction, as well as other restrictions on transferability and ownership will not apply, however, if our board of directors determines that it is no longer in our best interests to continue to qualify as a REIT.

 Dividends payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends.

 The maximum tax rate applicable to "qualified dividend income" payable to U.S. stockholders that are taxed at individual rates is 20%. Dividends payable by REITs, however, generally are not eligible for the reduced rates on qualified dividend income. Instead, our ordinary dividends generally are taxed at the higher tax rates applicable to ordinary income, the current maximum rate of which is 37%. However, for taxable years prior to 2026, individual stockholders are generally allowed to deduct 20% of the aggregate amount of ordinary dividends distributed by us, subject to certain limitations, which would reduce the maximum marginal effective tax rate for individuals on the receipt of such ordinary dividends to 29.6%.

 If our Operating Partnership failed to qualify as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, we would cease to qualify as a REIT and suffer other adverse consequences.

 We believe that our Operating Partnership will be treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. As a partnership, our Operating Partnership will not be subject to federal income tax on its income. Instead, each of its partners, including us, will be allocated, and may be required to pay tax with respect to, its share of our Operating Partnership's income. We cannot assure you, however, that the IRS will not challenge the status of our Operating Partnership or any other subsidiary partnership in which we own an interest as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, or that a court would not sustain such a challenge. If the IRS were successful in treating our Operating Partnership or any such other subsidiary partnership as an entity taxable as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, we would fail to meet the gross income tests and certain of the asset tests applicable to REITs and, accordingly, we would likely cease to qualify as a REIT. Also, the failure of our Operating Partnership or any subsidiary partnerships to qualify as a partnership could cause it to become subject to federal and state corporate income tax, which would reduce significantly the amount of cash available for debt service and for distribution to its partners, including us.

 To maintain our REIT status, we may be forced to borrow funds during unfavorable market conditions, and the unavailability of such capital on favorable terms at the desired times, or at all, may cause us to curtail our investment activities or dispose of assets at inopportune times or on unfavorable terms, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 To qualify as a REIT, we generally must distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income each year, excluding net capital gains, and we will be subject to regular corporate income taxes to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income each year. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which distributions paid by us in any calendar year are less than the sum of (1) 85% of our ordinary income, (2) 95% of our capital gain net income and (3) 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. In order to maintain our REIT status and avoid the payment of income and excise taxes, we may need to borrow funds to meet the REIT distribution requirements even if the then prevailing market conditions are not favorable for these borrowings. These borrowing needs could result from, among other things, differences in timing between the actual receipt of cash and inclusion of income for federal income tax purposes, or the effect of non-deductible capital expenditures, the creation of reserves or required principal or amortization payments. These sources, however, may not be available on favorable terms or at all. Our access to third-party sources of capital depends on a number of factors, including the market's perception of our growth potential, our current debt levels, the market price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock, and our current and potential future earnings. We cannot assure you that we will have access to such capital on favorable terms at the desired times, or at all, which may cause us to curtail our investment activities or dispose of assets at inopportune times or on unfavorable terms, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, and ability to service our debt obligations.

 Risks Related to Our Capital Stock

 We may be unable to make distributions at expected levels, which could result in a decrease in the market price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock.

 We intend to continue to pay regular quarterly distributions to our stockholders. All distributions will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will be based upon, among other factors, our historical and projected results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and liquidity, maintenance of our REIT qualification and other tax considerations, capital expenditure and other expense obligations, debt covenants, contractual prohibitions or other limitations, applicable law, and such other matters as our board of directors may deem relevant from time to time. If sufficient cash is not available for distribution from our operations, we may have to fund distributions from working capital, borrow to provide funds for such distributions, or reduce the amount of such distributions. To the extent we borrow to fund distributions, our future interest costs

 would increase, thereby reducing our earnings and cash available for distribution from what they otherwise would have been. If cash available for distribution generated by our assets is less than our current estimate, or if such cash available for distribution decreases in future periods from expected levels, our inability to make the expected distributions could result in a decrease in the market price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock.

 Our ability to make distributions may also be limited by our amended credit facility. Under the terms of the amended credit facility, we may not pay cash dividends if a default has occurred and is continuing or would result therefrom. However, if certain defaults or events of default exist, we may pay cash dividends to the extent necessary to (i) maintain our status as a REIT and (ii) avoid federal or state income excise taxes.

 As a result of the foregoing, we may not be able to make distributions in the future, and our inability to make distributions, or to make distributions at expected levels, could result in a decrease in the per share price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock.

 The market price and trading volume of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock may be volatile and could decline substantially in the future.

 The market price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock may be volatile in the future. In addition, the trading volume in our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. We cannot assure stockholders that the market price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock will not fluctuate or decline significantly in the future, including as a result of factors unrelated to our operating performance or prospects in 2024 compared to 2023. In particular, the market price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to a number of factors, including, among others, the following:

 • actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results or dividends;
 • changes in our FFO, Normalized FFO, or earnings estimates;
 • publication of research reports about us or the real estate industry;
 • increases in market interest rates that lead purchasers of our shares to demand a higher yield;
 • changes in market valuations of similar companies;
 • adverse market views with respect to asset classes in which we invest;
 • adverse market reaction to any additional debt we incur in the future;
 • additions or departures of key management personnel;
 • actions by institutional stockholders;
 • speculation in the press or investment community;
 • the realization of any of the other risk factors presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K;
 • the extent of investor interest in our securities;
 • the general reputation of REITs and the attractiveness of our equity securities in comparison to other equity securities, including securities issued by other real estate-based companies;
 • changes in the federal government;
 • our underlying asset value;
 • investor confidence in the stock and bond markets generally;
 • further changes in tax laws;
 • future equity issuances;
 • failure to meet earnings estimates;
 • failure to meet and maintain REIT qualifications;
 • changes in our credit ratings;
 • general market and economic conditions;
 • our issuance of debt securities or additional preferred equity securities; and
 • our financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

 In the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the price of their common stock. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management's attention and resources, which could have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution, ability to service our debt obligations, and the per share trading price of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock.

 Increases in market interest rates may have an adverse effect on the trading prices of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock as prospective purchasers of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock may expect a higher dividend yield and as an increased cost of borrowing may decrease our funds available for distribution.

 One of the factors that will influence the trading prices of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock will be the dividend yield on the stock (as a percentage of the price of our common stock or Series A Preferred Stock, as applicable) relative to market interest rates. An increase in market interest rates may lead prospective purchasers of our common stock or Series A Preferred Stock to expect a higher dividend yield (with a resulting decline in the trading prices of our common stock or Series A Preferred Stock, as applicable) and higher interest rates would likely increase our borrowing costs and potentially decrease funds available for distribution. Thus, higher market interest rates could cause the market price of our common stock or Series A Preferred Stock to decrease.

 We cannot guarantee that our Share Repurchase Program will be fully consummated or that it will enhance long-term stockholder value. Share repurchases could also increase the volatility of the trading price of our stock and could diminish our cash reserves.

 In June 2023, our board of directors authorized the Share Repurchase Program (as defined below) to repurchase up to $50.0 million of our outstanding common stock and Series A Preferred Stock, with no expiration date. The Share Repurchase Program does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares or acquire shares over any specific period of time. The actual timing and amount of repurchases remain subject to a variety of factors, including stock price, trading volume, market conditions and other general business considerations. The Share Repurchase Program may be modified, suspended, or terminated at any time, and we cannot guarantee that the program will be fully consummated or that it will enhance long-term stockholder value. The Share Repurchase Program could affect the trading price of our stock and increase volatility, and any announcement of a termination of this program may result in a decrease in the trading price of our stock. In addition, the Share Repurchase Program could diminish our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities.

 Our Series A Preferred Stock is subordinate to our existing and future debt, and the interests of holders of our Series A Preferred Stock could be diluted by the issuance of additional shares of preferred stock and by other transactions.

 Our Series A Preferred Stock ranks junior to all of our existing and future indebtedness, any classes and series of our capital stock expressly designated as ranking senior to our Series A Preferred Stock as to distribution rights and rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, and other non-equity claims on us and our assets available to satisfy claims against us, including claims in bankruptcy, liquidation, or similar proceedings. Subject to limitations prescribed by Maryland law and our charter, our board of directors is authorized to issue, from our authorized but unissued shares of capital stock, preferred stock in such classes or series as our board of directors may determine and to establish from time to time the number of shares of preferred stock to be included in any such class or series. The issuance of additional shares of Series A Preferred Stock or additional shares of capital stock ranking on parity with our Series A Preferred Stock would dilute the interests of the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock, and the issuance of shares of any class or series of our capital stock expressly designated as ranking senior to our Series A Preferred Stock as to distribution rights and rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, or the incurrence of additional indebtedness could adversely affect our ability to pay dividends on, redeem, or pay the liquidation preference on our Series A Preferred Stock. Other than the conversion right afforded to holders of our Series A Preferred Stock that may become exercisable in connection with a change of control (as defined in the articles supplementary designating the terms of our Series A Preferred Stock), none of the provisions relating to our Series A Preferred Stock contain any terms relating to or limiting our indebtedness or affording the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock protection in the event of a highly leveraged or other transaction, including a merger or the sale, lease, or conveyance of all or substantially all our assets, that might adversely affect the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock, so long as the rights of the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock are not materially and adversely affected.

 Holders of our Series A Preferred Stock have extremely limited voting rights.

 Our common stock is the only class of our securities that carry full voting rights. Voting rights for holders of our Series A Preferred Stock exist primarily with respect to the ability to elect, together with holders of our capital stock ranking on parity with our Series A Preferred Stock and having similar voting rights, two additional directors to our board of directors in the event that six quarterly dividends (whether or not consecutive) payable on our Series A Preferred Stock are in arrears, and with respect to voting on amendments to our charter or articles supplementary relating to our Series A Preferred Stock that materially and adversely affect the rights of the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock or create additional classes or series of our capital stock expressly designated as ranking senior to our Series A Preferred Stock as to distribution rights and rights upon our liquidation, dissolution, or winding up. Other than as described above and as set forth in more detail in the articles supplementary designating the terms of our Series A Preferred Stock, holders of our Series A Preferred Stock will not have any

 voting rights.

 Holders of our Series A Preferred Stock may not be permitted to exercise conversion rights upon a change of control. If exercisable, the change of control conversion feature of our Series A Preferred Stock may not adequately compensate preferred stockholders, and the change of control conversion and redemption features of our Series A Preferred Stock may make it more difficult for a party to take over our company or discourage a party from taking over our company.

 Upon the occurrence of a change of control (as defined in the articles supplementary designating the terms of our Series A Preferred Stock), holders of our Series A Preferred Stock will have the right to convert some or all of their Series A Preferred Stock into shares of our common stock (or equivalent value of alternative consideration). Notwithstanding that we generally may not redeem our Series A Preferred Stock prior to June 18, 2024, we have a special optional redemption right to redeem our Series A Preferred Stock in the event of a change of control, and holders of our Series A Preferred Stock will not have the right to convert any shares of our Series A Preferred Stock that we have elected to redeem prior to the change of control conversion date. Upon such a conversion, the holders will be limited to a maximum number of shares of our common stock equal to the 2.97796 (i.e. the "Share Cap"), subject to certain adjustments, multiplied by the number of our Series A Preferred Stock converted. If the Common Stock Price (as defined in the articles supplementary designating the terms of our Series A Preferred Stock) is less than $8.395 (which is approximately 50% of the per-share closing sale price of our common stock on June 10, 2019), subject to adjustment, each holder will receive a maximum of 2.97796 shares of our common stock per share of our Series A Preferred Stock, which may result in a holder receiving value that is less than the liquidation preference of our Series A Preferred Stock. In addition, those features of our Series A Preferred Stock may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from making an acquisition proposal for our company or of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control of our company under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-current market price or that stockholders may otherwise believe is in their best interests.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

 Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

 Cybersecurity represents a critical component of our overall approach to risk management. We generally approach cybersecurity threats through a cross-functional, multilayered approach, with the specific goals of: (i) identifying, preventing and mitigating cybersecurity threats to us; (ii) preserving the confidentiality, security, and availability of the information that we collect and store to use in our business; (iii) protecting our intellectual property; (iv) maintaining the confidence of our tenants, customers, clients, and business partners; and (v) providing appropriate public disclosure of cybersecurity risks and incidents when applicable. Additionally, we maintain a cyber insurance policy that covers loss of data and associated recovery, loss of revenue due to business interruptions from a cybersecurity event, loss of transferred funds from events such as fraud and social engineering, and loss of funds from computer fraud and extortion.

 Processes for Assessing Cybersecurity Threats

 We manage cybersecurity threats by employing a comprehensive process that is integral to our overall risk management framework. Our risk management approach is designed to be aligned with the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) 2017 Enterprise Risk Management ("ERM") framework. This system includes a risk assessment process specifically designed to identify information technology ("IT") and cybersecurity risks that could be material to our organization.

 i. Integration into the COSO-Based Enterprise Risk Management Framework

 Our overall risk management system provides a structured and consistent approach to risk identification, assessment, and response, including those related to cybersecurity. The integration of cyber risks into our ERM framework underscores our commitment to upholding a robust governance structure that emphasizes the protection of our information systems. We also have in the past year engaged a third-party consultant to conduct a detailed risk assessment workshop utilizing the Center for Internet Security (CIS) framework v8. Additionally, our internal audit department performs periodic assessments of the design and operating effectiveness of our cybersecurity controls.

 ii. Engagement with Third Parties

 We maintain strategic partnerships with third-party assessors, consultants, and auditors to enhance our defense mechanisms. This includes the use of third parties for penetration testing and log evaluation, and network monitoring to assist in rapid identification and mitigation of any suspicious network access to ensure the effective detection and mitigation of cybersecurity threats. The results of such tests and assessments are reported to our audit committee and our board of directors, and we adjust our cybersecurity policies, standards, processes and practices as necessary based on the information provided by the tests and assessments.

 iii. Oversight of Third-Party Service Providers

 Our vendor risk assessment program is designed to identify, evaluate, and manage risks associated with third-party service providers. As a part of this program, we regularly review third-party attestation reports, such as SOC 1 and SOC 2, for key service providers to validate the effectiveness of their cybersecurity policies and controls. This ensures alignment with our standards for cybersecurity.

 Additionally, we require all vendors with whom we have a direct contract or agreement, with limited exceptions, to comply with the Vendor Code of Business Conduct. Vendors are required to maintain the confidentiality of information entrusted to them by us. Additionally, the Vendor Code of Business Conduct provides instructions for vendors to report violations confidentially.

 Impact of Cybersecurity Threats

 Cybersecurity threats have the potential to negatively impact us due to the use of information technology within our business, and by our suppliers, business partners, and tenants. See "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—A cybersecurity incident or other technology disruptions could negatively impact our business, our relationships, and our reputation." of Item 1A above for a discussion of cybersecurity risks and the potential impact on us.

 Governance

 Board Oversight

 Our board of directors, including through delegation to our audit committee, exercises oversight over cybersecurity risks and controls. Our audit committee and board of directors regularly receive updates (including, in the case of our audit committee, quarterly updates) from our Chief Financial Officer and other members of management regarding the status of

 cybersecurity initiatives and the effectiveness of our internal control system related to information security. In connection with such updates, our board of directors and audit committee discuss our approach to cybersecurity risk management with management. Additionally, the audit committee periodically receives presentations from third-party cybersecurity experts to remain informed of developments in cyber risk and mitigation. Our board of directors and audit committee also receive prompt and timely information regarding any cybersecurity incident that meets established reporting thresholds, as well as ongoing updates regarding such incident until it has been addressed.

 Management's Role

 Management plays a critical role in cybersecurity risk assessment and management. The key roles and responsibilities are summarized as follows:

 i. Management Responsibilities

 Key management personnel, tasked with cybersecurity risk management, are equipped with expertise that encompasses extensive experience in cybersecurity, academic credentials, and professional certifications. Specific cybersecurity expertise and certifications held by management include bachelor's degrees in technology and network security, industry certifications (CompTIA A+, CompTIA Network+, CompTIA Security+, Microsoft Certified Professional, Cisco Certified Network Associate), and public sector (military) experience in network security. Management personnel hone their skills to meet new demands through continuing professional development. Additionally, all employees are subject to ongoing cybersecurity training.

 Members of management report to our Chief Financial Officer who is the member of management that is principally responsible for overseeing our cybersecurity risk management program. Our Chief Financial Officer holds an undergraduate and graduate degree in economics and has over 14 years of experience with managing risks at the Company and in environments similar to the Company's, including risks arising from cybersecurity threats. Additionally, our Director of IT has served in various roles in information technology and information security for over 23 years. Our Director of IT holds an undergraduate degree in information technology and has attained the following professional certifications: CompTIA Network+, CompTIA Security+, Microsoft Certified Professional, Cisco Certified Network Associate, and Department of Defense Information Assurance Technical, Level II. Further, our Director of Corporate Business Systems holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Construction Science and Management and has over 8 years of experience with software implementations, technology innovation, and corporate business systems.

 ii. Monitoring

 The management team ensures the implementation of robust monitoring protocols for preventing, detecting, mitigating, and remediating cybersecurity threats. We use a 'defense in layers' approach which constitutes a cybersecurity strategy that involves the use of multiple types of securities measures, each designed to protect against a different vector of attack. As noted above, management is supported by third-party monitoring, next-generation hardware, and automated logging analysis. We utilize third parties for penetration testing and log evaluation, which provides 24/7 network monitoring to assist in rapid identification and mitigation of any suspicious network access. We maintain an Incident Response Plan, based on guidance within the National Institute of Standards and Technology's Computer Security Incident Handling Guide, which provides an escalation policy for identified security incidents. Our escalation policy details specific escalation processes by which senior leadership (Director of IT, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Executive Officer) are informed about and monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents.

 iii. Reporting to the Board

 There is a structured reporting mechanism in place through which our Chief Financial Officer regularly updates our audit committee on cybersecurity risk management efforts, thus facilitating informed oversight by the board. Further, our Chief Financial Officer and IT personnel monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents in real time, and report such incidents to our audit committee and/or board of directors when appropriate.

 Item 2. Properties.

 The information set forth under the captions "Our Properties" and "Development Pipeline" in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated by reference herein.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

 The nature of our business exposes our properties, us and the Operating Partnership to the risk of claims and litigation in the normal course of business. Other than routine litigation arising out of the ordinary course of business, we are not presently subject to any material litigation nor, to our knowledge, is any material litigation threatened against us.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

 Not Applicable.

 Item 5. Market For Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

 Market Information

 Our common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "AHH" and our Series A Preferred Stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "AHHPrA."

 Stock Performance Graph

 The following graph sets forth the cumulative total stockholder return (assuming reinvestment of dividends) to our stockholders during the period December 31, 2018 through December 31, 2023, as well as the corresponding returns on an overall stock market index (Russell 2000) and a peer group index (MSCI US REIT Index). The stock performance graph assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2018. Historical total stockholder return is not necessarily indicative of future results. The information in this paragraph and the following graph shall not be deemed to be "soliciting material" or to be "filed" with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, other than as provided in Item 201 of Regulation S-K, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), except to the extent we specifically request that such information be treated as soliciting material or specifically incorporate it by reference into a filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), or the Exchange Act.

 Period Ending

 12/31/2018
 12/31/2019
 12/31/2020
 12/31/2021
 12/31/2022
 12/31/2023

 Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.
 137.11
 87.86
 124.88
 100.11
 115.17

 MSCI US REIT
 125.84
 116.31
 166.39
 125.61
 142.87

 Russell 2000
 125.52
 150.58
 172.90
 137.56
 160.85

 Distribution Information

 Since our initial quarter as a publicly-traded REIT, we have made regular quarterly distributions to our stockholders, other than in the second and third quarters of 2020 in order to preserve liquidity due to the uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Declared cash dividends were $0.775 per share for the year ended December 31, 2023. We intend to continue to declare quarterly distributions. However, we cannot provide any assurance as to the amount or timing of future distributions.

 Any future distributions will be at the sole discretion of our board of directors, and their form, timing, and amount, if any, will depend upon a number of factors, including our actual and projected financial condition, liquidity, operating cash flows, results of operations, the revenue we actually receive from our properties, our operating expenses, our debt service requirements, our capital expenditures, prohibitions and other limitations under our financing arrangements, as described above, our REIT taxable income, the annual REIT distribution requirements, applicable law, and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant. To the extent that our cash available for distribution is less than 90% of our REIT taxable income, we may consider various means to cover any such shortfall, including borrowing under our amended credit facility or other loans, selling certain of our assets, or using a portion of the net proceeds we receive from offerings of equity, equity-related, or debt securities, or declaring taxable share dividends.

 To the extent that we make distributions in excess of our earnings and profits, as computed for federal income tax purposes, these distributions will represent a return of capital, rather than a dividend, for federal income tax purposes. Distributions that are treated as a return of capital for federal income tax purposes will reduce the stockholder's basis in its shares (but not below zero) and therefore can result in the stockholder having a higher gain upon a subsequent sale of such shares. Return of capital distributions in excess of a stockholder's basis generally will be treated as gain from the sale of such shares for federal income tax purposes.

 Stockholder Information

 As of February 23, 2024, there were approximately 118 holders of record of our common stock. However, because many shares of our common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we believe there are substantially more beneficial holders of our common stock than record holders. As of February 23, 2024, there were 102 holders (other than our company) of our OP Units. Our OP Units are redeemable for cash or, at our election, for shares of our common stock.

 Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

 Subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, holders of OP Units in the Operating Partnership may tender their OP Units for redemption by the Operating Partnership in exchange for cash equal to the market price of shares of our common stock at the time of redemption or, at our option and sole discretion, for shares of common stock on a one-for-one basis. During the three months ended December 31, 2023, we elected to satisfy certain redemption requests by issuing a total of 50,000 shares of common stock in reliance upon an exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 On June 15, 2023, we adopted a $50.0 million share repurchase program (the "Share Repurchase Program"). Under the Share Repurchase Program, we may repurchase shares of common stock and Series A Preferred Stock from time to time in the open market, in block purchases, through privately negotiated transactions, the use of trading plans intended to qualify under Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, or other means permitted. The Share Repurchase Program does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares or acquire shares over any specific period of time. The Share Repurchase Program may be suspended or discontinued at any time and does not have an expiration date.

 The following table summarizes our common stock repurchase activity under the Share Repurchase Program for the three months ended December 31, 2023:

 Period
 Total Number of Shares Purchased
 Average Price Paid per Share
 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
 Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (in thousands)(a)

 October 1, 2023 through October 31, 2023

 533,699
 $
 10.35
 533,699
 $
 43,833

 November 1, 2023 through November 30, 2023

 606,191
 10.61
 606,191
 37,402

 December 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023

 2,655
 11.01
 2,655
 37,373

 Total
 1,142,545
 $
 10.49
 1,142,545

 (a) Reflects the dollar value of shares that may yet be repurchased under the Share Repurchase Program announced on June 15, 2023. Our board of directors authorized the repurchase of an aggregate of $50.0 million of shares of common stock and Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to the Share Repurchase Program.

 The following table summarizes our Series A Preferred Stock repurchase activity under the Share Repurchase Program for the three months ended December 31, 2023:

 Period
 Total Number of Shares Purchased
 Average Price Paid per Share
 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
 Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (in thousands)(a)

 October 1, 2023 through October 31, 2023

 —
 $
 —
 —
 $
 43,833

 November 1, 2023 through November 30, 2023

 —
 —
 —
 37,402

 December 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023

 —
 —
 —
 37,373

 Total
 —
 $
 —
 —

 (a) Reflects the dollar value of shares that may yet be repurchased under the Share Repurchase Program announced on June 15, 2023. Our board of directors authorized the repurchase of an aggregate of $50.0 million of shares of common stock and Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to the Share Repurchase Program.

 Item 6. [Reserved].

 Not applicable.

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 Business Description

 We are a full-service real estate company with extensive experience developing, building, owning, and managing high-quality, institutional-grade retail, office, and multifamily properties in attractive markets throughout the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States. As of December 31, 2023, our stabilized operating property portfolio was comprised of 38 retail properties, 10 office properties, and 11 multifamily properties. In addition to our operating property portfolio, we had one mixed-use property and one retail property in various stages of predevelopment, development, redevelopment, or stabilization

 as of December 31, 2023. We also provide general contracting services to third parties and invest in development projects through mezzanine lending arrangements and equity investments.

 Substantially all of our assets are held by, and all of our operations are conducted through, our Operating Partnership. We are the sole general partner of our Operating Partnership and, as of December 31, 2023, we owned, through a combination of direct and indirect interests, 75.6% of the outstanding OP Units in our Operating Partnership.

 We elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2013.

 Our principal executive office is located at 222 Central Park Avenue, Suite 2100, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23462 in the Armada Hoffler Tower at the Virginia Beach Town Center. In addition, we have a construction office located at 1300 Thames Street, Suite 30, Baltimore, Maryland 21231 in Thames Street Wharf at Harbor Point. The telephone number for our principal executive office is (757) 366-4000. We maintain a website at ArmadaHoffler.com. The information on, or accessible through, our website is not incorporated into and does not constitute a part of this report.

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

 Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. Our accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As disclosed in Note 2, the preparation of these financial statements requires us to exercise our best judgment in making estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses. We base our estimates on historical experience and other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis, based upon current available information. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

 We believe the following accounting policies and estimates are the most critical to understanding our reported financial results as their effect on our financial condition and results of operations is material.

 Rental Revenues

 We lease our properties under operating leases and recognize base rents on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We also recognize revenue from tenant recoveries, through which tenants reimburse us for expenses paid by us such as utilities, janitorial, repairs and maintenance, security and alarm, parking lot and grounds, general and administrative, management fees, insurance, and real estate taxes on an accrual basis. Our rental revenues are reduced by the amount of any leasing incentives on a straight-line basis over the term of the applicable lease. We include a renewal period in the lease term only if it appears at lease inception that the renewal is reasonably certain. We begin recognizing rental revenue when the tenant has the right to take possession of or controls the physical use of the property under lease.

 Rental revenue is recognized subject to management's evaluation of tenant credit risk. The extended collection period for accrued straight-line rental revenue along with our evaluation of tenant credit risk may result in the nonrecognition of all or a portion of straight-line rental revenue until the collection of substantially all such revenue for a tenant is probable.

 General Contracting and Real Estate Services Revenues

 We recognize general contracting revenues as a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. For each construction contract, we identify the performance obligations, which typically include the delivery of a single building constructed according to the specifications of the contract. We estimate the total transaction price, which generally includes a fixed contract price and may also include variable components such as early completion bonuses, liquidated damages, or cost savings to be shared with the customer. Variable components of the contract price are included in the transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue will not occur. We recognize the estimated transaction price as revenue as we satisfy our performance obligations; we estimate our progress in satisfying performance obligations for each contract using the input method, based on the proportion of incurred costs relative to total estimated construction costs at completion. Construction contract costs include all direct material, direct labor, subcontract costs, and overhead costs directly related to contract performance. Changes in job performance, job conditions, and estimated profitability, including those arising from contract penalty provisions and final contract settlements, are all significant judgments that may result in revisions to costs and income and are recognized in the period in which they are determined. Additionally, the estimated costs at completion are affected by management's forecasts of anticipated costs to be incurred and contingency reserves for exposures related to unknown costs,

 such as design deficiencies and subcontractor defaults. The estimated variable consideration is also affected by claims and unapproved change orders, which may result from changes in the scope of the contract. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are recognized immediately in the period in which such losses are determined.

 We recognize real estate services revenues from property development and management as we satisfy our performance obligations under these service arrangements.

 We assess whether multiple contracts with a single counterparty may be combined into a single contract for the revenue recognition purposes based on factors such as the timing of the negotiation and execution of the contracts and whether the economic substance of the contracts was contemplated separately or in tandem.

 Operating Property Acquisitions

 Acquisitions of operating properties have been and will generally be accounted for as acquisitions of a group of assets, with costs incurred to effect an acquisition, including title, legal, accounting, brokerage commissions, and other related costs being capitalized as part of the cost of the assets acquired. In connection with operating property acquisitions, we identify and recognize all assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their relative fair values as of the acquisition date. The purchase price allocations to tangible assets, such as land, site improvements, and buildings and improvements, are presented within income producing property in the consolidated balance sheets and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Acquired lease intangible assets are presented as a separate component of assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Acquired lease intangible liabilities are presented within other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. We amortize in-place lease assets as depreciation and amortization expense on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. We amortize above-market lease assets as reductions to rental revenues on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. We amortize below-market lease liabilities as increases to rental revenues on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. We amortize above and below-market ground lease assets as amortization of right-of-use assets – finance leases on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. We capitalize the costs related to operating property acquisitions that do not meet the definition of a business.

 We value land based on a market approach, looking to recent sales of similar properties, adjusting for differences due to location, the state of entitlement, and the shape and size of the parcel. Improvements to land are valued using a replacement cost approach. The approach applies industry standard replacement costs adjusted for geographic specific considerations and reduced by estimated depreciation. The value of buildings acquired is estimated using the replacement cost approach, assuming the buildings were vacant at acquisition. The replacement cost approach considers the composition of the structures acquired, adjusted for an estimate of depreciation. The estimate of depreciation is made considering industry standard information and the expected useful lives of the assets. The value of acquired lease intangible assets and liabilities considers the estimated cost of leasing the properties as if the acquired buildings were vacant, as well as the value of the current leases relative to market-rate leases. The in-place lease value is determined using an estimated total lease-up time and lost rental revenues during such time. The value of current leases relative to market-rate leases is based on market rents obtained for comparable leases. Given the significance of unobservable inputs used in the valuation of acquired real estate assets, we classify them as Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy.

 We value debt assumed in connection with operating property acquisitions based on a discounted cash flow analysis of the expected cash flows of the debt. Such analysis considers the contractual terms of the debt, including the period to maturity, credit characteristics, and other terms of the arrangements, which are Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy (as described in Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K).

 Real Estate Impairment

 We evaluate our real estate assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If such an evaluation is necessary, we compare the carrying amount of any such real estate asset with the undiscounted expected future cash flows that are directly associated with, and that are expected to arise as a direct result of, its use and eventual disposition. Our estimate of the expected future cash flows attributable to a real estate asset is based upon, among other things, our estimates regarding future market conditions, rental rates, occupancy levels, tenant improvements, leasing commissions, tenant concessions, and assumptions regarding the residual value of our properties. If the carrying amount of a real estate asset exceeds its associated undiscounted expected future cash flows, we recognize an impairment loss to reduce the carrying amount of the real estate asset to its fair value based on marketplace participant assumptions.

 Interest Income

 Interest income on notes receivable is accrued based on the contractual terms of the loans and when, in the opinion of management, it is deemed collectible. Many loans provide for accrual of interest that will not be paid until maturity of the loan. Interest is recognized on these loans at the accrual rate subject to management's determination that accrued interest is ultimately collectible, based on the underlying collateral and the status of development activities, as applicable. If management cannot make this determination, recognition of interest income may be fully or partially deferred until it is ultimately paid. Interest income is also accrued as earned on interest-bearing deposits.

 Expected Credit Losses

 We evaluate the collectability of both the interest on and principal of each of our notes receivable based primarily upon the value of the underlying development project. We consider factors such as the progress of development activities, including leasing activities, projected development costs, and current and projected loan balances. We also consider historical industry data, such as loan defaults and losses experienced on loans secured by other development projects, and current economic conditions that may affect the collectability of the remaining cash flows. We measure expected credit losses to be incurred over the remaining contractual term based on the risk rating of each loan. See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for details on risk rating determination. If a loan is rated as substandard, we then estimate expected credit losses as the difference between the amortized cost basis of the outstanding loan and the estimated projected sales proceeds of the underlying collateral.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements

 For a summary of recent accounting pronouncements and the anticipated effects on our consolidated financial statements see Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

 Segment Results of Operations

 As of December 31, 2023, we operated our business in five segments: (i) retail real estate, (ii) office real estate, (iii) multifamily residential real estate, (iv) general contracting and real estate services, and (v) real estate financing. See "—Real Estate Financing Segment Data" below for additional information regarding the real estate financing segment and its introduction as a reportable segment during the year ended December 31, 2023. Our general contracting and real estate services segment is conducted through our TRS.

 NOI is the primary measure used by our chief operating decision-maker to assess segment performance and allocate our resources among our segments. We calculate NOI as segment revenues less segment expenses. Segment revenues include rental revenues for our property segments, general contracting and real estate services revenues for our general contracting and real estate services segment, and interest income for our real estate financing segment. Segment expenses include rental expenses and real estate taxes for our property segments, general contracting and real estate services expenses for our general contracting and real estate services segment, and interest expense for our real estate financing segment. NOI is not a measure of operating income or cash flows from operating activities as measured by GAAP and is not indicative of cash available to fund cash needs. As a result, NOI should not be considered an alternative to cash flows as a measure of liquidity. Not all companies calculate NOI in the same manner. We consider NOI to be an appropriate supplemental measure to net income because it assists both investors and management in understanding the core operations of our real estate, construction, and real estate financing businesses. See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a reconciliation of NOI to net income, the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

 We define same store properties as those that we owned and operated and that were stabilized for the entirety of both periods compared. We generally consider a property to be stabilized upon the earlier of: (i) the quarter after the property reaches 80% occupancy or (ii) the thirteenth quarter after the property receives its certificate of occupancy. Additionally, any property that is fully or partially taken out of service for the purpose of redevelopment is no longer considered stabilized until the redevelopment activities are complete, the asset is placed back into service, and the stabilization criteria above are again met. A property may also be fully or partially taken out of service as a result of a partial disposition, depending on the significance of the portion of the property disposed. Finally, any property classified as held for sale is taken out of service for the purpose of computing same store operating results.

 This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2023 and 2022 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022. Discussions of 2021 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021 that are not included in this Form

 10-K can be found in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

 Retail Segment Data

 Retail rental revenues, property expenses, and NOI for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were as follows ($ in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 97,762
 $
 86,344
 $
 78,572

 24,976
 22,642
 20,928

 NOI
 $
 72,786
 $
 63,702
 $
 57,644

 Square feet(1)

 3,929,937
 3,916,001
 4,067,355

 Occupancy(1)

 97.4
 %
 97.9
 %
 96.0
 %

 (1)Stabilized properties as of the end of the periods presented.

 Rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $11.4 million, or 13.2%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. NOI for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $9.1 million, or 14.3%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increases in rental revenues and NOI resulted primarily due to the acquisition of The Interlock Retail in May 2023 and Pembroke Square in November 2022.

 Retail Same Store Results

 Retail same store rental revenues, property expenses, and NOI for the comparative years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows (in thousands):

 2023 (1)

 2022 (1)

 2022 (2)

 2021 (2)

 $
 87,019
 $
 84,100
 $
 2,919
 $
 73,436
 $
 69,256
 $
 4,180

 21,164
 21,028
 18,400
 17,636

 Same Store NOI
 $
 65,855
 $
 63,072
 $
 2,783
 $
 55,036
 $
 51,620
 $
 3,416

 Non-Same Store NOI
 6,931
 6,301
 8,666
 6,024
 2,642

 Segment NOI
 $
 72,786
 $
 63,702
 $
 9,084
 $
 63,702
 $
 57,644
 $
 6,058

 (1)Same store excludes Pembroke Square and The Interlock Retail, as well as Columbus Village II due to redevelopment.
 (2)Same store excludes Greenbrier Square, Overlook Village, Delray Beach Plaza, Premier Retail, and Pembroke Square.

 Same store rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $2.9 million, or 3.5%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Same store NOI for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $2.8 million, or 4.4%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increases in same store rental revenues and same store NOI resulted primarily from higher occupancy throughout the portfolio as well as bad debt recoveries received at various properties.

 Office Segment Data

 Office rental revenues, property expenses, and NOI for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were as follows ($ in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 82,517
 $
 74,036
 $
 47,363

 31,219
 26,335
 18,524

 NOI
 $
 51,298
 $
 47,701
 $
 28,839

 Square feet(1)

 2,310,537
 2,111,923
 1,301,319

 Occupancy(1)

 95.3
 %
 96.7
 %
 96.8
 %

 (1)Stabilized properties as of the end of the periods presented.

 Rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $8.5 million, or 11.5%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. NOI for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $3.6 million, or 7.5%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increases in rental revenues and NOI resulted primarily due to the acquisition of The Interlock Office in May 2023 as well as increased occupancy at Wills Wharf.

 Office Same Store Results

 Office same store rental revenues, property expenses, and NOI for the comparative years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and December 31, 2022, and 2021 were as follows (in thousands):

 2023 (1)

 2022 (1)

 2022 (2)

 2021 (2)

 $
 39,905
 $
 41,705
 $
 (1,800)
 $
 41,705
 $
 40,965
 $

 16,246
 15,326
 15,326
 14,513

 Same Store NOI
 $
 23,659
 $
 26,379
 $
 (2,720)
 $
 26,379
 $
 26,452
 $
 (73)

 Non-Same Store NOI
 27,639
 21,322
 6,317
 21,322
 2,387
 18,935

 Segment NOI
 $
 51,298
 $
 47,701
 $
 3,597
 $
 47,701
 $
 28,839
 $
 18,862

 (1)Same store excludes The Interlock Office, Wills Wharf, and the Constellation Office.
 (2)Same store excludes Wills Wharf and the Constellation Office.

 Same store rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased $1.8 million, or 4.3%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Same store NOI for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased $2.7 million, or 10.3%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decreases in same store rental revenues and same store NOI resulted primarily from an increase in non-recurring straight-line rent write-offs at One City Center in connection with WeWork's bankruptcy.

 Multifamily Segment Data

 Multifamily rental revenues, property expenses, and NOI for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were as follows ($ in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 58,645
 $
 58,914
 $
 66,205

 22,666
 23,822
 28,894

 NOI
 $
 35,979
 $
 35,092
 $
 37,311

 Apartment units/beds
 2,492
 2,254
 2,959

 Occupancy
 95.5
 %
 96.1
 %
 97.4
 %

 Rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased $0.3 million, or less than 1%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to the disposition of The Residences at Annapolis Junction in July 2022, partially offset by the commencement of operations at Chronicle Mill and The Everly. NOI for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $0.9 million, or 2.5%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in NOI was primarily due to a decrease in property expenses resulting from the 2022 dispositions of The Residences at Annapolis Junction, Hoffler Place, and Summit Place. Additionally, the decrease in property expenses resulted from a decrease in real estate taxes, primarily due to the tax abatement received upon completion of development at The Everly. The decrease in expenses was partially offset by the commencement of operations at Chronicle Mill and The Everly in 2022.

 Multifamily Same Store Results

 Multifamily same store rental revenues, property expenses, and NOI for the comparative years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows (in thousands):

 2023 (1)

 2022 (1)

 2022 (1)

 2021 (1)

 $
 46,133
 $
 44,098
 $
 2,035
 $
 44,098
 $
 41,008
 $
 3,090

 17,884
 16,858
 1,026
 16,858
 16,226

 Same Store NOI
 $
 28,249
 $
 27,240
 $
 1,009
 $
 27,240
 $
 24,782
 $
 2,458

 Non-Same Store NOI
 7,730
 7,852
 (122)
 7,852
 12,529
 (4,677)

 Segment NOI
 $
 35,979
 $
 35,092
 $
 $
 35,092
 $
 37,311
 $
 (2,219)

 (1)Same store excludes 1305 Dock Street, Chronicle Mill, and The Everly as well as properties that were disposed in 2022.

 Same store rental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $2.0 million, or 4.6%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Same store NOI for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $1.0 million, or 3.7%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increases in same store rental revenues and same store NOI resulted primarily from increased rental rates across multiple properties.

 General Contracting and Real Estate Services Segment Data

 General contracting and real estate services revenues, expenses, and gross profit for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were as follows ($ in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Segment revenues
 $
 413,131
 $
 234,859
 $
 91,936

 Gross profit
 $
 13,418
 $
 7,701
 $
 3,836

 Operating margin (1)

 3.2
 %
 3.3
 %
 4.2
 %

 Construction backlog
 $
 472,170
 $
 $

 (1)50% and 90% of gross profit attributable to our T. Rowe Price Global HQ and Allied | Harbor Point development projects, respectively, is not reflected within general contracting and real estate services revenues due to elimination. The Company is still entitled to receive cash proceeds in relation to the eliminated amounts. Prior to any gross profit eliminations attributable to these projects, operating margin for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was 3.7%, 3.7%, and 4.2%, respectively.

 Segment revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $178.3 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $5.7 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in segment revenues and gross profit resulted primarily from the increase in contract volume experienced in 2023, as a result of work deferred to the current period due to COVID-19.

 The changes in construction backlog for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Beginning backlog
 $
 $
 $
 71,258

 New contracts/change orders
 221,473
 685,753
 236,077

 Work performed
 (414,868)
 (235,707)
 (91,816)

 Ending backlog
 $
 472,170
 $
 $

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, we executed new contracts or change orders with Beatty Development Group related to the Harbor Point development in Baltimore totaling $89.6 million in addition to $64.8 million with Terwilliger Pappas in connection with the development of Solis Kennesaw, and $49.6 million with Dominion Realty Partners. Ending backlog as of December 31, 2023 included $225.0 million in contracts with Beatty Development Group, $162.7 million in contracts with Dominion Realty Partners, and $58.3 million in contracts with Terwilliger Pappas.

 During the year ended December 31, 2022, we executed new contracts or change orders with Beatty Development Group related to the Harbor Point development in Baltimore totaling $423.8 million in addition to $246.9 million of new contracts with Dominion Realty Partners. Ending backlog as of December 31, 2022 included $353.7 million in contracts with Beatty Development Group and $292.9 million in contracts with Dominion Realty Partners.

 Real Estate Financing Segment Data

 During the first quarter of 2023, we updated our reportable segments to include real estate financing. This segment includes our mezzanine loans and preferred equity investments on development projects. The addition of the real estate financing segment as a reportable segment is consistent with how we view our operating performance and how the chief operational decision maker allocates our resources. The change in segmental presentation is a result of our continued investment in development projects through financing, which we no longer consider to be ad hoc investments, but an evolving portfolio. We also believe this change in segmental presentation further assists stockholders in assessing pertinent information about our operating performance. Our goal is to target approximately $80.0 million in outstanding principal of real estate financing investments. We underwrite these investments from a position of potential ownership. The real estate financing portfolio thereby serves as a development pipeline, particularly for growth in our multifamily real estate segment.

 Real estate financing interest income, interest expense, and gross profit for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Interest income
 $
 14,176
 $
 16,461
 $
 18,026

 Interest expense
 3,667
 3,497
 2,833

 Segment gross profit
 $
 10,509
 $
 12,964
 $
 15,193

 Operating margin
 74.1
 %
 78.8
 %
 84.3
 %

 Real estate financing gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased 18.9% compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to the accelerated recognition of minimum interest income on the Nexton Multifamily preferred equity investment in the fourth quarter of 2022, the satisfaction of The Interlock mezzanine loan in the second quarter of 2023, and rising interest rates, largely offset by interest rate derivatives.

 Real estate financing gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased 14.7% compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to repayment of the mezzanine loan related to Solis Apartments at The Interlock in the second quarter of 2021, principal repayments on The Interlock mezzanine loan during the year ended December 31, 2022, and rising interest rates, partially offset by interest rate derivatives.

 Consolidated Results of Operations

 The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Revenues

 $
 238,924
 $
 219,294
 $
 192,140
 $
 19,630
 $
 27,154

 General contracting and real estate services revenues
 413,131
 234,859
 91,936
 178,272
 142,923

 Interest income
 15,103
 16,978
 18,457
 (1,875)
 (1,479)

 Total revenues
 667,158
 471,131
 302,533
 196,027
 168,598

 Expenses

 56,419
 50,742
 46,494
 5,677
 4,248

 22,442
 22,057
 21,852

 General contracting and real estate services expenses
 399,713
 227,158
 88,100
 172,555
 139,058

 Depreciation and amortization
 96,078
 72,974
 68,853
 23,104
 4,121

 1,349
 1,110
 1,022

 General and administrative expenses
 18,122
 15,691
 14,610
 2,431
 1,081

 Acquisition, development, and other pursuit costs
 (75)

 Impairment charges
 21,378
 (314)
 (20,962)

 Total expenses
 594,309
 390,185
 262,421
 204,124
 127,764

 Gain on real estate dispositions, net
 53,466
 19,040
 (52,728)
 34,426

 Operating income
 73,587
 134,412
 59,152
 (60,825)
 75,260

 Interest expense
 (57,810)
 (39,680)
 (33,905)
 (18,130)
 (5,775)

 Loss on extinguishment of debt
 —
 (3,374)
 (3,810)
 —

 Change in fair value of derivatives and other
 (6,242)
 8,698
 2,182
 (14,940)
 6,516

 Unrealized credit loss (provision) release
 (574)
 (626)
 (1,418)

 Other income (expense), net
 (347)

 Income before taxes
 8,992
 99,808
 24,713
 (90,816)
 75,095

 Income tax (provision) benefit
 (1,329)
 (1,474)
 (597)

 7,663
 (92,290)
 74,498

 Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in investment entities
 (605)
 (5,948)
 5,343
 (5,953)

 Preferred stock dividends
 (11,548)
 (11,548)
 (11,548)
 —
 —

 Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders and OP Unitholders
 $
 (4,490)
 $
 82,457
 $
 13,912
 $
 (86,947)
 $
 68,545

 Rental revenues. Rental revenues by segment for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 97,762
 $
 86,344
 $
 78,572
 $
 11,418
 $
 7,772

 82,517
 74,036
 47,363
 8,481
 26,673

 58,645
 58,914
 66,205
 (269)
 (7,291)

 $
 238,924
 $
 219,294
 $
 192,140
 $
 19,630
 $
 27,154

 Rental revenues increased $19.6 million, or 9.0%, during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in retail rental revenues resulted primarily from the acquisition of The Interlock Retail in May 2023 and the acquisition of Pembroke Square in November 2022. The increase in office rental revenues resulted primarily from the acquisition of The Interlock Office and higher occupancy at Wills Wharf. The decrease in multifamily rental revenues resulted primarily from the disposition of The Residences at Annapolis Junction in July 2022, largely offset by the commencement of operations at Chronicle Mill and The Everly.

 General contracting and real estate services revenues. General contracting and real estate services revenues increased $178.3 million, or 75.9%, during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase resulted primarily from the timing of new third-party construction projects in 2023 and higher contract volume.

 Interest income. Interest income for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased $1.9 million, or 11.0%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, due to the repayment of the Nexton Multifamily mezzanine loan in December 2022 and the redemption of The Interlock mezzanine loan in May 2023, partially offset by new real estate financing investments commenced during the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our outstanding real estate financing investment balances, including principal and accrued interest, were $83.4 million and $112.3 million, respectively.

 Rental expenses. Rental expenses by segment for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 16,170
 $
 13,769
 $
 12,512
 $
 2,401
 $
 1,257

 22,477
 18,710
 12,412
 3,767
 6,298

 17,772
 18,263
 21,570
 (491)
 (3,307)

 $
 56,419
 $
 50,742
 $
 46,494
 $
 5,677
 $
 4,248

 Rental expenses increased $5.7 million, or 11.2%, during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Retail rental expenses increased primarily as a result of the acquisition of The Interlock Retail in May 2023. Office rental expenses increased primarily as a result of the acquisition of The Interlock Office in May 2023 and the Constellation Office in January 2022. Multifamily rental expenses decreased primarily as a result of the disposition of The Residences at Annapolis Junction in July 2022, partially offset by the commencement of operations at Chronicle Mill and The Everly.

 Real estate taxes. Real estate taxes by segment for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 8,806
 $
 8,873
 $
 8,416
 $
 (67)
 $

 8,742
 7,625
 6,112
 1,117
 1,513

 4,894
 5,559
 7,324
 (665)
 (1,765)

 $
 22,442
 $
 22,057
 $
 21,852
 $
 $

 Real estate taxes increased $0.4 million, or 1.7%, during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Retail real estate taxes were materially consistent. Office real estate taxes increased primarily as a result of the acquisition of The Interlock Office in May 2023 as well as increases in property tax assessments. Multifamily real estate taxes decreased primarily as a result of the disposition of The Residences at Annapolis Junction in July 2022, Hoffler Place in April 2022, and Summit Place in April 2022.

 General contracting and real estate services expenses. General contracting and real estate services expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $172.6 million, or 76.0%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase resulted primarily from the timing of completion of third-party contracts in 2023 and higher contract volume.

 Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $23.1 million, or 31.7%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to the acquisition of The Interlock in May 2023, the acquisition of Pembroke Square in November 2022, and accelerated in-place lease amortization in connection with space leased by WeWork at One City Center and The Interlock. The increase was partially offset by 2022

 dispositions, which included Hoffler Place, Summit Place, The Residences at Annapolis Junction, and the retail portion of The Everly.

 Amortization of right-of-use assets - finance leases. Amortization of right-of-use assets - finance leases for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $0.2 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase resulted primarily from the addition of a ground lease in conjunction with the acquisition of The Interlock.

 General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $2.4 million, or 15.5%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase resulted primarily from increased employee headcount as well as higher compensation, benefits, and training and development costs resulting from increased investment in human capital. The increase is further explained by an increase in professional services expenses in connection with transactions.

 Acquisition, development, and other pursuit costs. Acquisition, development, and other pursuit costs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were materially consistent.

 Impairment charges. Impairment charges during the year ended December 31, 2023 were immaterial.

 Gain on real estate dispositions, net. Gain on real estate dispositions, net for the year ended December 31, 2023 totaled $0.7 million and related to the disposition of non-operating outparcels at Market at Mill Creek and Brooks Crossing Retail. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized gains on real estate dispositions of $53.5 million, primarily related to the disposition of The Residences at Annapolis Junction, the AutoZone and Valvoline outparcels at Sandbridge Commons, and the Home Depot and Costco parcels at North Pointe.

 Interest expense. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $18.1 million, or 45.7%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to higher levels of indebtedness in connection with the funding of development projects, real estate financing investments, and acquisitions, partially offset by debt paid off in connection with dispositions in 2022. The increase is also attributable to higher interest rates, largely offset by hedging interest rate derivatives, and the addition of a finance ground lease in conjunction with the acquisition of The Interlock.

 Loss on extinguishment of debt. There was no loss on extinguishment of debt for the year ended December 31, 2023. Loss on extinguishment of debt for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily relates to the loan payoffs of Marketplace at Hilltop. Brooks Crossing Office, One City Center, 1405 Point, Red Mill West, and Delray Beach Plaza, the refinance of Liberty Apartments and Nexton Square, and loan payoffs associated with dispositions.

 Change in fair value of derivatives and other. Change in fair value of derivatives and other for the year ended December 31, 2023 was a loss of $6.2 million, which primarily arose from decreases in the forward Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), as well as the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") and the Bloomberg Short-Term Bank Yield Index ("BSBY"). The loss is also due to an increase in derivatives outstanding that are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. The loss was partially offset by realized gains. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized gain on changes in fair value of interest rate derivatives of $8.7 million due to increases in forward SOFR, LIBOR, and BSBY.

 Unrealized credit loss (provision) release. Unrealized credit loss provision for the year ended December 31, 2023 relates to provisions for new real estate financing investments commenced in 2023, partially offset by the redemption of the mezzanine loan for The Interlock. Unrealized credit loss provision for the year ended December 31, 2022 relates to the provision recorded for the Solis City Park II and Solis Gainesville II investments, partially offset by a release related to the redemption of the Nexton Multifamily preferred equity investment.

 Other income (expense), net. Other income (expense), net for the year ended December 31, 2023 was nominal. Other income (expense), net for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily composed of property insurance proceeds for various properties.

 Income tax (provision) benefit. The income tax (provision) benefit recognized during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is attributable to the taxable profits and losses of our development and construction businesses that we operate through our TRS.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 Overview

 We believe our primary short-term liquidity requirements consist of general contractor expenses, operating expenses, and other expenditures associated with our properties, including tenant improvements, leasing commissions and leasing incentives, dividend payments to our stockholders required to maintain our REIT qualification, debt service, capital expenditures, new real estate development projects, mezzanine loan funding requirements, and strategic acquisitions. We expect to meet our short-term liquidity requirements through net cash provided by operations, reserves established from existing cash, borrowings under construction loans to fund new real estate development and construction, borrowings available under our amended credit facility, and net proceeds from the opportunistic sale of common stock through our at-the-market continuous equity offering program (the "ATM Program"), which is discussed below.

 Our long-term liquidity needs consist primarily of funds necessary for the repayment of debt at or prior to maturity, general contracting expenses, property development and acquisitions, tenant improvements, and capital improvements. We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements with net cash from operations, long-term secured and unsecured indebtedness, the issuance of equity and debt securities, and the opportunistic disposition of non-core properties. We also may fund property development and acquisitions and capital improvements using our amended credit facility pending long-term financing.

 As of December 31, 2023, we had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $27.9 million available for both current liquidity needs as well as development and redevelopment activities. As of December 31, 2023, we also had restricted cash in escrow of $2.2 million, some of which is available for capital expenditures at our operating properties. As of December 31, 2023, we had $76.3 million available for borrowings under our amended credit facility to meet our short-term liquidity requirements and $43.7 million available for borrowings under construction loans to fund development activities.

 ATM Program

 On March 10, 2020, we commenced the ATM Program through which we may, from time to time, issue and sell shares of our common stock and shares of our Series A Preferred Stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $300.0 million, to or through our sales agents and, with respect to shares of our common stock, may enter into separate forward sales agreements to or through the forward purchaser.

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not issue any shares of common stock or Series A Preferred Stock under the ATM Program. Shares having an aggregate offering price of $205.0 million remained unsold under the ATM Program as of February 23, 2024.

 Share Repurchase Program

 On June 15, 2023, we adopted the $50.0 million Share Repurchase Program. Under the Share Repurchase Program, we may repurchase shares of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock from time to time in the open market, in block purchases, through privately negotiated transactions, the use of trading plans intended to qualify under Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, or other means permitted. The Share Repurchase Program does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares or acquire shares over any specific period of time. The Share Repurchase Program may be suspended or discontinued at any time by us and does not have an expiration date.

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased 1,204,838 shares of common stock for a total of $12.6 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not repurchase any shares of Series A Preferred Stock. As of December 31, 2023, $37.4 million remained available for repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program.

 Amended Credit Facility

 On August 23, 2022, we entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement"), which provides for a $550.0 million credit facility comprised of a $250.0 million senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the "revolving credit facility") and a $300.0 million senior unsecured term loan facility (the "term loan facility" and, together with the revolving credit facility, the "amended credit facility"), with a syndicate of banks. Subject to available borrowing capacity, we intend to use future borrowings under the amended credit facility for general corporate purposes, including funding acquisitions, mezzanine lending, and development and redevelopment of properties in our portfolio, and for working capital.

 The amended credit facility includes an accordion feature that allows the total commitments to be increased to $1.0 billion, subject to certain conditions, including obtaining commitments from any one or more lenders. The revolving credit facility has a scheduled maturity date of January 22, 2027, with two six-month extension options, subject to certain conditions, including payment of a 0.075% extension fee at each extension. The term loan facility has a scheduled maturity date of January 21, 2028.

 On August 29, 2023, we increased the capacity of the revolving credit facility by $105.0 million by exercising the accordion feature in part, bringing the revolving credit facility capacity to $355.0 million and the total amended credit facility capacity to $655.0 million.

 The revolving credit facility bears interest at SOFR plus a margin ranging from 1.30% to 1.85%, and the term loan facility bears interest at SOFR plus a margin ranging from 1.25% to 1.80%, in each case depending on our total leverage and in each case subject to a credit spread adjustment of 0.10%. We also are obligated to pay an unused commitment fee of 15 or 25 basis points on the unused portions of the commitments under the revolving credit facility, depending on the amount of borrowings under the revolving credit facility. If the Company or the Operating Partnership attains investment grade credit ratings from both S&P Global Ratings and Moody's Investors Service, Inc., we may elect to have borrowings become subject to interest rates based on such credit ratings. We may, at any time, voluntarily prepay any loan under the amended credit facility in whole or in part without premium or penalty. Our unencumbered borrowing pool will support revolving borrowings of up to $343.3 million as of December 31, 2023.

 The Operating Partnership is the borrower under the amended credit facility, and its obligations under the amended credit facility are guaranteed by us and certain of our subsidiaries that are not otherwise prohibited from providing such guaranty.

 The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and financial and other affirmative and negative covenants. Our ability to borrow under the amended credit facility is subject to our ongoing compliance with a number of financial covenants, affirmative covenants and other restrictions, including the following:

 • Total leverage ratio of not more than 60% (or 65% for the two consecutive quarters following any acquisition with a purchase price of at least $100.0 million, but only up to two times during the term of the amended credit facility);
 • Ratio of adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the Credit Agreement) to fixed charges of not less than 1.50 to 1.0;
 • Tangible net worth of not less than the sum of (i) $825.2 million and (ii) an amount equal to 75% of the net equity proceeds received by us after June 30, 2022;
 • Ratio of secured indebtedness (excluding the amended credit facility if it becomes secured indebtedness) to total asset value of not more than 40%;
 • Ratio of secured recourse debt (excluding the amended credit facility if it becomes secured indebtedness) to total asset value of not more than 20%;
 • Total unsecured leverage ratio of not more than 60% (or 65% for the two consecutive quarters following any acquisition with a purchase price of at least $100.0 million, but only up to two times during the term of the amended credit facility);
 • Unencumbered interest coverage ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) of not less than 1.75 to 1.0;
 • Maintenance of a minimum of at least 15 unencumbered properties (as defined in the Credit Agreement) with an unencumbered asset value (as defined in the Credit Agreement) of not less than $500.0 million at any time; and
 • Minimum occupancy rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) for all unencumbered properties of not less than 80% at any time.

 The Credit Agreement limits our ability to pay cash dividends if a default has occurred and is continuing or would result therefrom. However, if certain defaults or events of default exist, we may pay cash dividends to the extent necessary to (i) maintain our status as a REIT and (ii) avoid federal or state income excise taxes. The Credit Agreement also restricts the amount of capital that we can invest in specific categories of assets, such as unimproved land holdings, development properties, notes receivable, mortgages, mezzanine loans and unconsolidated affiliates, and restricts our ability to repurchase stock and units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership during the term of the amended credit facility.

 We may, at any time, voluntarily prepay any loan under the amended credit facility in whole or in part without significant premium or penalty, except for those portions subject to an interest rate swap agreement.

 The Credit Agreement includes customary events of default, in certain cases subject to customary periods to cure. The occurrence of an event of default, following the applicable cure period, would permit the lenders to, among other things, declare the unpaid principal, accrued and unpaid interest and all other amounts payable under the amended credit facility to be immediately due and payable.

 We are currently in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement.

 M&T Term Loan Facility

 On December 6, 2022, we entered into a term loan agreement (the "M&T term loan agreement") with Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company, which provides a $100.0 million senior unsecured term loan facility (the "M&T term loan facility"), with the option to increase the total capacity to $200.0 million, subject to our satisfaction of certain conditions. The M&T term loan facility has a scheduled maturity date of March 8, 2027, with a one-year extension option, subject to our satisfaction of certain conditions, including payment of a 0.075% extension fee.

 The M&T term loan facility bears interest at a rate elected by us based on term SOFR, Daily Simple SOFR, or the Base Rate (as defined below), and in each case plus a margin. A term SOFR or Daily Simple SOFR loan is also subject to a credit spread adjustment of 0.10%. The margin under each interest rate election depends on our total leverage. The "Base Rate" is equal to the highest of: (a) the rate of interest in effect for such day as publicly announced from time to time by M&T Bank as its "prime rate" for such day, (b) the Federal Funds Rate for such day, plus 0.50%, (c) one month term SOFR for such day plus 100 basis points and (d) 1.00%. We have elected for the loan to bear interest at term SOFR plus margin. If we attain investment grade credit ratings from both S&P Global Ratings and Moody's Investor Service, Inc., we may elect to have borrowings become subject to interest rates based on such credit ratings.

 The Operating Partnership is the borrower under the M&T term loan facility, and its obligations under the M&T term loan facility are guaranteed by us and certain of its subsidiaries that are not otherwise prohibited from providing such guaranty.

 The M&T term loan agreement contains customary representations and warranties and financial and other affirmative and negative covenants. Our ability to borrow under the M&T term loan facility is subject to ongoing compliance with a number of financial covenants, affirmative covenants, and other restrictions, including the following:

 • Total leverage ratio of not more than 60% (or 65% for the two consecutive quarters following any acquisition with a purchase price of at least $100.0 million, but only up to two times during the term of the M&T term loan facility);
 • Ratio of adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the M&T term loan agreement) to fixed charges of not less than 1.50 to 1.0;
 • Tangible net worth of not less than the sum of (i) $825.2 million and (ii) an amount equal to 75% of the net equity proceeds received by us after June 30, 2022;
 • Ratio of secured indebtedness (excluding the M&T term loan facility if it becomes secured indebtedness) to total asset value of not more than 40%;
 • Ratio of secured recourse debt (excluding the M&T term loan facility if it becomes secured indebtedness) to total asset value of not more than 20%;
 • Total unsecured leverage ratio of not more than 60% (or 65% for the two consecutive quarters following any acquisition with a purchase price of at least $100.0 million, but only up to two times during the term of the M&T term loan facility);
 • Unencumbered interest coverage ratio (as defined in the M&T term loan agreement) of not less than 1.75 to 1.0;
 • Maintenance of a minimum of at least 15 unencumbered properties (as defined in the M&T term loan agreement) with an unencumbered asset value (as defined in the M&T term loan agreement) of not less than $500.0 million at any time; and
 • Minimum occupancy rate (as defined in the M&T term loan agreement) for all unencumbered properties of not less than 80% at any time.

 The M&T term loan agreement limits our ability to pay cash dividends if a default has occurred and is continuing or would result therefrom. However, if certain defaults or events of default exist, we may pay cash dividends to the extent necessary to (i) maintain our status as a REIT and (ii) avoid federal or state income excise taxes. The M&T term loan agreement also restricts the amount of capital that we can invest in specific categories of assets, such as unimproved land holdings, development properties, notes receivable, mortgages, mezzanine loans and unconsolidated affiliates, and restricts our ability to repurchase stock and units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership during the term of the M&T term loan facility.

 We may, at any time, voluntarily prepay the M&T term loan facility in whole or in part without premium or penalty,

 provided certain conditions are met.

 The M&T term loan agreement includes customary events of default, in certain cases subject to customary cure periods. The occurrence of an event of default, if not cured within the applicable cure period, would permit the lenders to, among other things, declare the unpaid principal, accrued and unpaid interest, and all other amounts payable under the M&T term loan facility to be immediately due and payable. A default under the Credit Agreement would also constitute a default under M&T term loan agreement.

 We are currently in compliance with all covenants under the M&T term loan agreement.

 TD Term Loan Facility

 On May 19, 2023, we entered into a term loan agreement (the "TD term loan agreement") with Toronto Dominion (Texas) LLC, as administrative agent, and TD Bank, N.A. as lender, which provides a $75.0 million senior unsecured term loan facility (the "TD term loan facility"), with the option to increase the total capacity to $150.0 million, subject to our satisfaction of certain conditions. The TD term loan facility has a scheduled maturity date of May 19, 2025, with a one-year extension option, subject to our satisfaction of certain conditions, including an extension fee payment of 0.15% of the outstanding amount of the loan as of such date.

 The TD term loan facility bears interest at a rate elected by us based on term SOFR, Daily Simple SOFR, or the Base Rate (as defined below), and in each case plus a margin. A term SOFR or Daily Simple SOFR loan is also subject to a credit spread adjustment of 0.10%. The margin under each interest rate election depends on our total leverage. The "Base Rate" is equal to the highest of: (a) the Federal Funds Rate for such day, plus 0.50% (b) the rate of interest in effect for such day as publicly announced from time to time by the administrative agent as its "prime rate" for such day, (c) one month term SOFR for such day plus 0.01 basis points and (d) 1.00%. We have elected for the loan to bear interest at term SOFR plus margin. If we attain investment grade credit ratings from both S&P Global Ratings and Moody's Investor Service, Inc., we may elect to have borrowings become subject to interest rates based on such credit ratings.

 On June 29, 2023, the TD term loan facility commitment increased to $95.0 million as a result of the addition of a second lender to the facility.

 The Operating Partnership is the borrower under the TD term loan facility, and its obligations under the TD term loan facility are guaranteed by us and certain of its subsidiaries that are not otherwise prohibited from providing such guaranty.

 The TD term loan agreement contains customary representations and warranties and financial and other affirmative and negative covenants. Our ability to borrow under the TD term loan facility is subject to ongoing compliance with a number of financial covenants, affirmative covenants, and other restrictions, including the following:

 • Total leverage ratio of not more than 60% (or 65% for the two consecutive quarters following any acquisition with a purchase price of at least $100.0 million, but only up to two times during the term of the TD term loan facility);
 • Ratio of adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the TD term loan agreement) to fixed charges of not less than 1.50 to 1.0;
 • Tangible net worth of not less than the sum of (i) $825.2 million and (ii) an amount equal to 75% of the net equity proceeds received by us after June 30, 2022;
 • Ratio of secured indebtedness (excluding the TD term loan facility if it becomes secured indebtedness) to total asset value of not more than 40%;
 • Ratio of secured recourse debt (excluding the TD term loan facility if it becomes secured indebtedness) to total asset value of not more than 20%;
 • Total unsecured leverage ratio of not more than 60% (or 65% for the two consecutive quarters following any acquisition with a purchase price of at least $100.0 million, but only up to two times during the term of the TD term loan facility);
 • Unencumbered interest coverage ratio (as defined in the TD term loan agreement) of not less than 1.75 to 1.0;
 • Maintenance of a minimum of at least 15 unencumbered properties (as defined in the TD term loan agreement) with an unencumbered asset value (as defined in the TD term loan agreement) of not less than $500.0 million at any time; and
 • Minimum occupancy rate (as defined in the TD term loan agreement) for all unencumbered properties of not less than 80% at any time.

 The TD term loan agreement limits our ability to pay cash dividends if a default has occurred and is continuing or

 would result therefrom. However, if certain defaults or events of default exist, we may pay cash dividends to the extent necessary to (i) maintain our status as a REIT and (ii) avoid federal or state income excise taxes. The TD term loan agreement also restricts the amount of capital that we can invest in specific categories of assets, such as unimproved land holdings, development properties, notes receivable, mortgages, mezzanine loans, and unconsolidated affiliates, and restricts our ability to repurchase stock and units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership during the term of the TD term loan facility.

 We may, at any time, voluntarily prepay the TD term loan facility in whole or in part without premium or penalty, provided certain conditions are met.

 The TD term loan agreement includes customary events of default, in certain cases subject to customary cure periods. The occurrence of an event of default, if not cured within the applicable cure period, would permit the lenders to, among other things, declare the unpaid principal, accrued and unpaid interest, and all other amounts payable under the TD term loan facility to be immediately due and payable. A default under the Credit Agreement would also constitute a default under the TD term loan agreement.

 We are currently in compliance with all covenants under the TD term loan agreement.

 Consolidated Indebtedness

 The following table sets forth our consolidated indebtedness as of December 31, 2023 ($ in thousands):

 Secured Debt
 Amount Outstanding
 Interest Rate (a)

 Effective Rate for Variable-Rate Debt

 Maturity Date (b)

 Balance at Maturity

 Chronicle Mill
 $
 34,438
 SOFR+
 3.00%
 6.47
 %
 May 5, 2024
 $
 34,438

 Red Mill Central
 1,838
 4.80%
 June 17, 2024
 1,765

 Premier Apartments(c)

 16,036
 SOFR+
 1.55%
 7.02
 %
 October 31, 2024
 15,830

 Premier Retail(c)

 7,898
 SOFR+
 1.55%
 7.02
 %
 October 31, 2024
 7,797

 Red Mill South
 4,853
 3.57%
 May 1, 2025
 4,383

 11,347
 SOFR+
 1.55%
 7.02
 %
 July 12, 2025
 10,376

 The Everly

 SOFR+
 1.50%
 6.85
 %
 December 20, 2025

 Encore Apartments(d)

 23,421
 2.93%
 February 10, 2026
 22,209

 4525 Main Street(d)

 30,074
 2.93%
 February 10, 2026
 28,517

 30,546
 SOFR+
 2.25%
 5.60
 %
 August 25, 2026
 30,546

 SOFR+
 1.30%
 2.33
 %
 (e)

 September 30, 2026
 60,839

 SOFR+
 1.50%
 3.46
 %
 (e)

 November 1, 2026

 25,331
 SOFR+
 1.90%
 7.35
 %
 December 21, 2026
 22,811

 Nexton Square
 21,581
 SOFR+
 1.95%
 7.30
 %
 June 30, 2027
 19,487

 Liberty Apartments
 20,588
 SOFR+
 1.50%
 6.85
 %
 September 27, 2027
 19,230

 19,569
 3.74%
 October 10, 2027
 18,049

 13,599
 4.50%
 September 1, 2028
 12,044

 Red Mill North
 3,963
 4.73%
 December 31, 2028
 3,295

 31,104
 3.17%
 December 15, 2029
 26,095

 Smith's Landing
 14,578
 4.05%
 June 1, 2035

 The Edison

 15,179
 5.30%
 December 1, 2044

 The Cosmopolitan
 40,367
 3.35%
 July 1, 2051

 Total secured debt
 $
 639,204
 $
 543,382

 Unsecured Debt

 TD unsecured term loan
 $
 95,000
 SOFR+
 1.35%-1.90%
 4.70
 %
 (e)

 May 19, 2025
 $
 95,000

 Senior unsecured revolving credit facility
 262,000
 SOFR+
 1.30%-1.85%
 6.85
 %
 January 22, 2027
 262,000

 Senior unsecured revolving credit facility (fixed)
 5,000
 SOFR+
 1.30%-1.85%
 4.70
 %
 (e)

 January 22, 2027
 5,000

 M&T unsecured term loan
 SOFR+
 1.25%-1.80%
 4.90
 %
 (e)

 March 8, 2027

 125,000
 SOFR+
 1.25%-1.80%
 6.75
 %
 January 21, 2028
 125,000

 Senior unsecured term loan (fixed)
 SOFR+
 1.25%-1.80%
 1.73%-4.83%
 (e)

 January 21, 2028

 Total unsecured debt
 762,000
 762,000

 Total principal balances
 $
 $
 1,305,382

 Other note payable(f)

 6,127

 Unamortized GAAP adjustments
 (10,366)

 Indebtedness, net
 $
 1,396,965

 _______________________________________

 (a) SOFR is determined by individual lenders.
 (b) Does not reflect the effect of any maturity extension options.
 (c) Cross collateralized.
 (d) Cross collateralized.
 (e) Includes debt subject to interest rate swap locks.
 (f) Represents the fair value of additional ground lease payments at 1405 Point over the approximately 39-year remaining lease term.

 Certain loans require us to comply with various financial and other covenants, including the maintenance of minimum debt coverage ratios. As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all loan covenants.

 As of December 31, 2023, our scheduled principal repayments and maturities during each of the next five years and thereafter were as follows ($ in thousands):

 Year (1)

 Amount Due
 Percentage of Total

 2024
 $
 70,207
 %

 2025
 150,495
 %

 2026
 348,072
 %

 2027
 428,562
 %

 2028
 319,322
 %

 84,546
 %

 Total
 $
 %

 (1) Does not reflect the exercise of any maturity extension options.

 Interest Rate Derivatives

 As of December 31, 2023, we were party to the following SOFR interest rate cap agreements ($ in thousands):

 Effective Date
 Maturity Date
 Strike Rate

 7/5/2022
 1/1/2024
 1.00%-3.00%
 (a)

 $
 35,100

 9/1/2022
 9/1/2024
 1.00%-3.00%
 (a)

 63,169
 (b)

 Total

 $
 98,269

 (a) We purchased interest rate caps at 1.00% and sold interest rate caps at 3.00%, resulting in interest rate cap corridors of 1.00% and 3.00%. The intended goal of these corridors is to provide a level of protection from the effect of rising interest rates and reduce the all-in cost of the derivative instrument.
 (b) Represents the notional amount as of December 31, 2023. The notional amount is scheduled to increase over the term of the corridor in accordance with projected borrowings on the associated loan. The maximum notional amount that will eventually be in effect is $73.6 million.

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company held the following floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps ($ in thousands):

 Related Debt
 Swap Fixed Rate
 Debt effective rate
 Effective Date
 Expiration Date

 $
 50,000
 (a)

 3.40
 %
 4.91
 %
 7/5/2023
 1/1/2024

 (b)

 1.84
 %
 3.46
 %
 4/3/2023
 2/1/2024

 200,000
 (c)

 3.39
 %
 4.90
 %
 7/1/2023
 3/1/2024

 (d)

 0.42
 %
 1.82
 %

 (d)

 0.33
 %
 1.73
 %

 (d)

 0.44
 %
 1.84
 %

 Harbor Point Parcel 3 senior construction loan
 90,000
 (e)

 2.75
 %
 4.82
 %
 10/2/2023
 10/1/2025

 330,000
 (f)

 2.75
 %
 4.26
 %
 10/1/2023
 10/1/2025

 Harbor Point Parcel 4 senior construction loan
 (g)

 2.75
 %
 5.12
 %
 11/1/2023
 11/1/2025

 300,000
 (h)

 2.75
 %
 4.26
 %
 12/1/2023
 12/1/2025

 Revolving credit facility and TD unsecured term loan
 3.20
 %
 4.70
 %
 5/19/2023
 5/19/2026
 (i)

 (d)

 0.93
 %
 2.33
 %
 9/30/2021
 9/30/2026

 M&T unsecured term loan
 3.50
 %
 4.90
 %
 12/6/2022
 12/6/2027

 3.43
 %
 4.83
 %
 12/13/2022
 1/21/2028

 Total
 $
 1,687,894

 (a) On July 6, 2023, we terminated a SOFR corridor of 1.00%-3.00% with a notional amount of $50.0 million and entered into this interest rate swap agreement. We paid a net zero premium for this transaction.
 (b) Effective April 4, 2023, we terminated our 4.00% BSBY interest rate cap with a notional amount of $175.0 million and our BSBY corridor of 1.00%-3.00% with a notional amount of $175.0 million and, effective April 3, 2023, entered into this interest rate swap agreement.

 We paid a net zero premium for this transaction.
 (c) On July 5, 2023, we terminated a SOFR corridor of 1.00%-3.00% with a notional amount of $200.0 million and entered into this interest rate swap agreement. We paid a net zero premium for this transaction.
 (d) Transitioned to SOFR during the year ended December 31, 2023.
 (e) This interest rate swap agreement reduces our interest rate exposure on the $180.4 million senior construction loan secured by our Harbor Point Parcel 3 equity method investment. As such, the loan is not reflected on our consolidated balance sheets. We also paid $3.6 million to reduce the swap fixed rate.
 (f) We paid $13.3 million to reduce the swap fixed rate.
 (g) This interest rate swap agreement reduces our interest rate exposure on the $109.7 million senior construction loan secured by our Harbor Point Parcel 4 equity method investment. As such, the loan is not reflected on our consolidated balance sheets. We also paid $3.9 million to reduce the swap fixed rate.
 (h) We paid $10.5 million to reduce the swap fixed rate.
 (i) Subject to cancellation by the counterparty beginning on May 1, 2025 and the first day of each month thereafter.

 Contractual Obligations

 The following table summarizes the future payments for known contractual obligations as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

 Payments due by period

 Less than
 More than

 Contractual Obligations
 1 year
 1 year
 Total

 Principal payments and maturities of long-term indebtedness
 $
 70,207
 $
 1,330,997
 $

 Interest payments on long-term indebtedness (1) (2)

 64,112
 148,692
 212,804

 Ground and other operating leases
 5,419
 461,089
 466,508

 Tenant-related and other commitments
 17,038
 3,670
 20,708

 Total (3) (4)

 $
 156,776
 $
 1,944,448
 $
 2,101,224

 (1)For long-term debt that bears interest at variable rates, we estimated future interest payments using the SOFR forward curve as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, SOFR was 535 basis points.
 (2)Assumes the $267.0 million revolving credit facility balance outstanding as of December 31, 2023 remains constant through maturity of the facility. Amounts also include unused credit facility fees assuming the balance outstanding as of December 31, 2023 remains constant through maturity of our revolving credit facility.
 (3)Contractual obligations above do not include funding obligations to non-wholly owned development projects as well as unfunded real estate financing investment commitments due to the uncertainty of the timing and amounts of certain of these obligations. Refer to "Item 1. Business" for information about our development projects, mezzanine loans and preferred equity investments.
 (4)Contractual Obligations above exclude increased ground lease payments at 1405 Point which is classified as a note payable in the consolidated balance sheets.

 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

 In connection with certain of our real estate financing activities and equity method investments, we have made guarantees to pay portions of certain senior loans of third parties associated with the development projects. As of December 31, 2023, we had an outstanding guarantee liability of $0.1 million related to the $32.9 million payment guarantee for the senior loan on Harbor Point Parcel 4. As of December 31, 2023, no amounts have been funded on this senior loan.

 In connection with our Harbor Point Parcel 3 unconsolidated joint venture, we are responsible for providing a completion guarantee to the lender for this project.

 Unfunded Loan Commitments

 We may be a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financial needs of our borrowers. These commitments are not reflected on the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2023, our off-balance sheet arrangements consisted of $46.3 million of unfunded commitments of our notes receivable. We have recorded a $0.7 million credit loss reserve in conjunction with the total unfunded commitments. Such commitments are subject to our borrowers' satisfaction of certain financial and nonfinancial covenants and involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. The commitments may or may not be

 funded depending on a variety of circumstances including timing, credit metric hurdles, and other nonfinancial events occurring.

 Cash Flows

 2023
 2022

 ($ in thousands)

 Operating Activities
 $
 93,314
 $
 116,858
 $
 (23,544)

 Investing Activities
 ( 237,266)
 ( 33,242)
 (204,024)

 Financing Activities
 122,253
 ( 72,194)
 194,447

 Net Increase/(decrease)
 $
 (21,699)
 $
 11,422
 $
 (33,121)

 Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash, Beginning of Period
 $
 $

 Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash, End of Period
 $
 30,166
 $

 2022
 2021

 ($ in thousands)

 Operating Activities
 $
 116,858
 $
 91,184
 $
 25,674

 Investing Activities
 (33,242)
 (57,629)
 24,387

 Financing Activities
 (72,194)
 (43,542)
 (28,652)

 Net Increase
 $
 11,422
 $
 (9,987)
 $
 21,409

 Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash, Beginning of Period
 $
 $
 50,430

 Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash, End of Period
 $
 $

 Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased by $23.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The change was primarily attributable to an increase in operating assets and liabilities of $24.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Net cash used for investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $204.0 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The change was primarily attributable to proceeds received from dispositions in 2022, as well as increases in real estate financing note receivable issuances in 2023.

 Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $194.4 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The change was primarily attributable to higher net borrowings, partially offset by equity repurchases of $ 12.6 million in 2023. See Note 8, Indebtedness, and Note 10, Equity to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details regarding our debt obligations and Share Repurchase Program.

 Non-GAAP Financial Measures

 FFO and Normalized FFO

 We calculate FFO in accordance with the standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts ("Nareit"). Nareit defines FFO as net income (loss) (calculated in accordance with GAAP), excluding depreciation and amortization related to real estate, gains or losses from the sales of certain real estate assets, gains or losses from change in control, and impairment write-downs of certain real estate assets and investments in entities when the impairment is directly attributable to decreases in the value of depreciable real estate held by the entity.

 FFO is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure. Management uses FFO as a supplemental performance measure because we believe that FFO is beneficial to investors as a starting point in measuring our operational performance. Specifically, in excluding real estate related depreciation and amortization and gains and losses from property dispositions

 which do not relate to or are not indicative of operating performance, FFO provides a performance measure that, when compared period-over-period, captures trends in occupancy rates, rental rates, and operating costs.

 However, because FFO excludes depreciation and amortization and captures neither the changes in the value of our properties that result from use or market conditions nor the level of capital expenditures and leasing commissions necessary to maintain the operating performance of our properties, all of which have real economic effects and could materially impact our results from operations, the utility of FFO as a measure of our performance is limited. In addition, other equity REITs may not calculate FFO in accordance with the Nareit definition as we do, and, accordingly, our calculation of FFO may not be comparable to such other REITs' calculations of FFO. Accordingly, FFO should be considered only as a supplement to net income as a measure of our performance. FFO should not be used as a measure of our liquidity, nor is it indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to pay dividends or service indebtedness. Also, FFO should not be used as a supplement to or substitute for cash flow from operating activities computed in accordance with GAAP.

 We also believe that the computation of FFO in accordance with Nareit's definition includes certain items that are not indicative of the results provided by our operating property portfolio and affect the comparability of our period-over-period performance. Accordingly, management believes that Normalized FFO is a more useful performance measure that excludes certain items, including but not limited to, debt extinguishment losses and prepayment penalties, impairment and accelerated amortization of intangible assets and liabilities, property acquisition, development, and other pursuit costs, mark-to-market adjustments for interest rate derivatives not designated as cash flow hedges, amortization of payments made to purchase interest rate caps and swaps designated as cash flow hedges, provision for unrealized non-cash credit losses, amortization of right-of-use assets attributable to finance leases, severance related costs, and other non-comparable items. Other equity REITs may not calculate Normalized FFO in the same manner as we do, and, accordingly, our Normalized FFO may not be comparable to such other REITs' Normalized FFO.

 The following table sets forth a reconciliation of FFO and Normalized FFO for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 to net income, the most directly comparable GAAP measure:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 (in thousands, except per share and unit amounts)

 Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders and OP Unitholders
 $
 (4,490)
 $
 82,457
 $
 13,912

 Depreciation and amortization (1)

 95,208
 71,971
 68,853

 Gain on operating real estate dispositions, net (2)

 —
 (47,984)
 (18,793)

 Impairment of real estate assets
 —
 21,378

 FFO attributable to common stockholders and OP Unitholders
 90,718
 106,645
 85,350

 Acquisition, development, and other pursuit costs

 Accelerated amortization of intangible assets and liabilities
 (653)
 —

 Loss on extinguishment of debt
 —
 3,374
 3,810

 Unrealized credit loss (release) provision
 (792)

 1,349
 1,110
 1,022

 Decrease (Increase) in fair value of derivatives not designated as cash flow hedges
 14,185
 (8,698)
 (2,182)

 Amortization of interest rate derivative premiums on designated cash flow hedges
 4,210
 3,849

 Normalized FFO available to common stockholders and OP Unitholders
 $
 110,467
 $
 107,158
 $
 87,555

 Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders and OP Unitholders per diluted share and unit
 $
 (0.05)
 $
 0.93
 $
 0.17

 FFO attributable to common stockholders and OP Unitholders per diluted share and unit
 $
 1.02
 $
 1.21
 $
 1.05

 Normalized FFO attributable to common stockholders and OP Unitholders per diluted share and unit
 $
 1.24
 $
 1.22
 $
 1.08

 Weighted-average common shares and units - diluted
 88,864
 88,192
 81,445

 (1) The adjustment for depreciation and amortization for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 excludes $0.9 million and $1.0 million, respectively, of depreciation attributable to our joint venture partners.

 (2) The adjustment for gain on operating real estate dispositions for the year ended December 31, 2023 excludes $0.7 million for gains on the dispositions of non-operating parcels at Market at Mill Creek and adjacent to Brooks Crossing Retail. The adjustment for gain on real estate dispositions for the year ended December 31, 2022 excludes $5.4 million of the gain on the sale of The Residences at Annapolis Junction that was allocated to our joint venture partner. Additionally, the adjustment for gain on real estate dispositions for the year ended December 31, 2021 excludes the gain on sale of easement rights on a non-operating parcel and the loss on sale of a non-operating parcel.

 Inflation

 Substantially all of our office and retail leases provide for the recovery of increases in real estate taxes and operating expenses. In addition, substantially all of the leases provide for annual rent increases. We believe that inflationary increases may be offset in part by the contractual rent increases and expense escalations previously described. In addition, our multifamily leases generally have lease terms ranging from 7 to 15 months with a majority having 12-month lease terms allowing negotiation of rental rates at term end, which we believe reduces our exposure to the effects of inflation, although
 an extreme and sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

 The primary market risk to which we are exposed is interest rate risk. Our primary interest rate exposure is SOFR. We use fixed interest rate financing and derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk. We do not use derivatives for trading or other speculative purposes.

 As of December 31, 2023 and excluding unamortized GAAP adjustments, 100.0% of our outstanding debt is either fixed rate or economically hedged after the effect of interest rate swaps and caps. As of December 31, 2023, SOFR was approximately 535 basis points. Assuming no change in the level of our variable-rate debt or derivative instruments, if interest rates were to increase by 100 basis points, our cash flow would increase by approximately $3.0 million per year. Assuming no change in the level of our variable-rate debt or derivative instruments, if interest rates were reduced by 100 basis points, our cash flow would decrease by approximately $3.0 million per year.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

 Our consolidated financial statements and supplementary data are included as a separate section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K commencing on page F-1 and are incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 9. Changes and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

 Disclosure Controls and Procedures

 We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act is processed, recorded, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and regulations of the SEC and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

 We have carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, regarding the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023, the end of the period covered by this report. Based on the foregoing, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded, as of December 31, 2023, that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act (i) is processed, recorded, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and (ii) is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

 Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 The Company's management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 based on the Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on that evaluation, the Company's management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.

 Our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is included elsewhere herein.

 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 There have been no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B. Other Information.

 During the three months ended December 31, 2023, none of our directors or officers adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or a "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

 Not applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

 This information is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement with respect to the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC no later than April 29, 2024.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation.

 This information is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement with respect to the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC no later than April 29, 2024.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

 This information is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement with respect to the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC no later than April 29, 2024.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

 This information is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement with respect to the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC no later than April 29, 2024.

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

 This information is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement with respect to the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC no later than April 29, 2024.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

 The following is a list of documents filed as a part of this report:

 (1)Financial Statements

 Included herein at pages F-1 through F-52.

 (2)Financial Statement Schedules

 The following financial statement schedule is included herein at pages F-53 through F-55:

 Schedule III—Consolidated Real Estate Investments and Accumulated Depreciation

 All other schedules for which provision is made in Regulation S-X are either not required to be included herein under the related instructions, are inapplicable, or the related information is included in the footnotes to the applicable financial statements and, therefore, have been omitted.

 (3)Exhibits

 The exhibits required to be filed by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed in the Index to Exhibits of this report and incorporated by reference herein.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.

 None.

 INDEX TO EXHIBITS

 Exhibit
Number
 Description

 3.1
 Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-3, filed on June 2, 2014)

 3.2
 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on February 24, 2022)

 3.3
 Articles Supplementary Designating the Rights and Preferences of the 6.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 17, 2019)

 3.4
 Articles Supplementary relating to Section 3-802(c) of the Maryland General Corporation Law (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 24, 2020)

 3.5
 Articles Supplementary Designating Additional 6.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, dated March 6, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 to the Company's Form S-3, filed on March 9, 2020)

 3.6
 Articles Supplementary Designating Additional 6.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, dated July 2, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on July 6, 2020)

 3.7
 Articles Supplementary Designating Additional 6.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, dated August 17, 2020 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on August 20, 2020)

 4.1
 Form of Certificate of Common Stock of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11/A, filed on May 2, 2013)

 4.2
 Description of Securities of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on February 25, 2020)

 10.1
 Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Armada Hoffler, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on November 12, 2013)

 10.2
 Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8, filed on June 15, 2017)

 10.3
 Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Executive officers (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on February 24, 2020)

 10.4 *
 Indemnification Agreement between Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. and each of the Directors and Officers listed on Schedule A thereto.

 10.5
 Tax Protection Agreement by and among Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. and the person listed on the signature page thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on November 12, 2013)

 10.6
 Armada Hoffler, L.P. Amended and Restated Executive Severance Benefit Plan with the participants listed on Schedule A thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on February 25, 2020)

 10.7
 Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Directors (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on February 24, 2020)

 10.8
 Amendment No. 1, dated as of March 19, 2014, to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Armada Hoffler, L.P., dated as of May 13, 2013 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on May 15, 2014)

 10.9
 Amendment No. 2, dated as of July 10, 2015, to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Armada Hoffler, L.P., dated as of May 13, 2013 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on July 16, 2015)

 10.10
 Amendment No. 3 to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Armada Hoffler, L.P., dated as of May 13, 2013 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 17, 2019)

 Exhibit
Number
 Description

 10.11
 Amendment No. 4, dated as of March 6, 2020, to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Armada Hoffler, L.P., dated as of May 13, 2013 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on November 6, 2020)

 10.12
 Amendment No. 5, dated as of July 2, 2020, to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Armada Hoffler, L.P., dated as of May 13, 2013 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on November 6, 2020)

 10.13
 Amendment No. 6, dated as of August 17, 2020, to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Armada Hoffler, L.P., dated as of May 13, 2013 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on November 6, 2020)

 10.14

 Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. Amended and Restated Short-Term Incentive Program (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on February 28, 2019)

 10.15
 Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated August 23, 2022, among Armada Hoffler, L.P., as Borrower, Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc., as Parent, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the other agents and Lenders party thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on October 6, 2022)

 10.16
 Second Amended and Restated Guaranty Agreement, dated October 3, 2019, among certain subsidiaries of Armada Hoffler, L.P. named therein for the benefit of the Administrative Agent and the Lenders named in the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on October 9, 2019)

 10.17

 Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated December 3, 2021, by and between AHP Acquisitions, LLC, as Purchaser, and Harbor Point Parcel 2 Acquisition LLC, as Seller. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on February 24, 2022)

 21.1*
 List of Subsidiaries of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.

 23.1*
 Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Public Accounting Firm

 31.1*
 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 31.2*
 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 32.1**
 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 32.2**
 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 97.1*

 Compensation Recoupment Policy

 101*

 104*

 *
 Filed herewith

 **
 Furnished herewith

 Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 Date: February 28, 2024

 By:
 /s/ Louis S. Haddad

 Louis S. Haddad

 Chief Executive Officer

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signature
 Title
 Date

 /s/ Daniel A. Hoffler
 Executive Chairman and Director

 Daniel A. Hoffler

 /s/ Louis S. Haddad
 Vice Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

 Louis S. Haddad
 (principal executive officer)

 /s/ Matthew T. Barnes-Smith
 Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, and Corporate Secretary

 Matthew T. Barnes-Smith
 (principal financial officer and principal accounting officer)

 /s/ George F. Allen

 George F. Allen

 /s/ James A. Carroll

 James A. Carroll

 /s/ James C. Cherry

 James C. Cherry

 /s/ Eva S. Hardy

 Eva S. Hardy

 /s/ Dennis H. Gartman

 Dennis H. Gartman

 /s/ A. Russell Kirk

 A. Russell Kirk

 /s/ John W. Snow

 John W. Snow

 Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.

 Form 10-K
 For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Item 8, Item 15(a)(1) and (2)

 Index to Financial Statements and Schedule

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42)

 F- 2

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 F- 3

 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022

 F- 6

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

 F- 7

 Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

 F- 8

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

 F- 9

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 F- 10

 Schedule III—Consolidated Real Estate Investments and Accumulated Depreciation

 F- 51

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.

 Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 We have audited Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.'s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the 2023 consolidated financial statements of the Company and our report dated February 28, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

 Basis for Opinion

 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

 Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP

 Richmond, Virginia

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and Financial Statement Schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(3) (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 28, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matters

 The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

 Allowance for Loan Losses - Notes Receivable

 Description of the Matter
 At December 31, 2023, the Company's notes receivable portfolio totaled $94.2 million, net of allowances of $1.5 million. As discussed in Notes 2 and 6 to the consolidated financial statements, management estimates the allowance for loan losses on outstanding notes receivable based primarily upon relevant historical loan loss data sets, the forecast for macroeconomic conditions, loan-to-value of the underlying project, remaining contractual loan term, and other relevant loan-specific factors. For loans experiencing financial difficulty as of the measurement date, the Company recognizes expected credit losses calculated as the difference between the amortized cost basis of the financial asset and the estimated fair value of the collateral, net of selling costs, which includes an estimation of the projected sales proceeds from the sale of the underlying property.

 Auditing management's estimate of the allowance for loan losses was complex and highly judgmental due to the significant estimation required to determine the estimated fair value of the collateral. In particular, the estimated fair value of the collateral was highly sensitive to significant assumptions based on management's expectations about future real estate market or economic conditions and the projected operating results of the property.

 How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
 We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the allowance for loan losses process. For example, we tested controls over management's review of the estimated allowance, the significant assumptions, and the data used to calculate the estimated fair value of the collateral.

 To test the allowance for loan losses, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, assessing methodologies used and testing the significant assumptions and underlying data used by the Company in calculating the estimated fair value of the collateral. We compared the significant assumptions used by management to external evidence, including comparable market capitalization rates or recent market activity of similar property transactions. We tested the projected operating results of properties by comparing inputs and assumptions to executed lease agreements or recent market activity and operating expenses incurred at similar operating properties owned by the Company. We performed sensitivity analyses of significant assumptions to evaluate the changes to the estimated fair value of the collateral that would result from changes in the assumptions. We also assessed the historical accuracy of management's estimates.

 General contracting revenue recognition

 Description of the Matter
 For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company's general contracting revenues totaled approximately $413.1 million. As described in Notes 2 and 7 to the consolidated financial statements, for each construction contract, the Company estimates its progress in satisfying performance obligations based on the proportion of incurred costs to total estimated costs at completion. The Company also estimates the total transaction price, including variable components, for each construction contract.

 Auditing the Company's measurement of general contracting revenue was challenging due to the significant estimation required to determine the estimated total costs at completion and variable consideration. Estimated costs at completion are affected by management's forecasts of anticipated costs to be incurred and contingency reserves for exposures related to unknown costs, such as design deficiencies and subcontractor defaults. Estimated variable consideration is affected by claims and unapproved change orders, which may result from changes in the scope of the contract.

 How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
 We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company's controls over the measurement of general contracting revenue. For example, we tested controls over management's review and monitoring of the variable consideration calculation and the underlying assumptions related to estimates of costs at completion.

 To test general contracting revenue recognition, our audit procedures included, among others, evaluating the estimates discussed above and testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used by the Company to calculate variable consideration and total estimated costs at completion. For example, we tested variable consideration by inspecting subsequently executed change orders, reviewing legally enforceable terms of the contracts or confirming the value of executed change orders directly with the customers. We also confirmed directly with customers specific contract details, including the current and original contract value as well as the estimated percentage of completion. We tested the estimated costs at completion by comparing management's cost estimates of materials, labor, and subcontractors to third-party evidence, such as subcontractor bids. In addition, we visited property sites, conducted interviews with the Company's project management personnel, and involved our engineering specialists to assist in testing the Company's estimated costs at completion. We also assessed the historical accuracy of management's estimates of variable consideration and estimated costs at completion through retrospective review of actual gross-margins of completed projects compared to the anticipated gross margins during the projects.

 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2012.
 Richmond, Virginia

 Consolidated Balance Sheets
 (In thousands, except par value and share data)

 DECEMBER 31,

 2023
 2022

 ASSETS

 Real estate investments:

 Income producing property
 $
 2,093,032
 $
 1,884,214

 Held for development
 6,294

 Construction in progress
 102,277
 53,067

 2,207,287
 1,943,575

 Accumulated depreciation
 ( 393,169)
 ( 329,963)

 Net real estate investments
 1,814,118
 1,613,612

 Cash and cash equivalents
 27,920
 48,139

 Restricted cash
 2,246
 3,726

 Accounts receivable, net
 45,529
 39,186

 Notes receivable, net
 94,172
 136,039

 Construction receivables, including retentions, net
 126,443
 70,822

 Construction contract costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings

 Equity method investment
 142,031
 71,983

 Operating lease right-of-use assets
 23,085
 23,350

 Finance lease right-of-use assets
 90,565
 45,878

 Acquired lease intangible assets
 109,137
 103,870

 Other assets
 87,548
 85,363

 Total Assets
 $
 2,562,898
 $
 2,242,310

 LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

 Indebtedness, net
 $
 1,396,965
 $
 1,068,261

 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
 31,041
 26,839

 Construction payables, including retentions
 128,290
 93,472

 Billings in excess of construction contract costs and estimated earnings
 21,414
 17,515

 Operating lease liabilities
 31,528
 31,677

 Finance lease liabilities
 91,869
 46,477

 Other liabilities
 56,613
 54,055

 Total Liabilities
 1,757,720
 1,338,296

 Stockholders' equity:

 Preferred stock, $ 0.01 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized:
 6.75 % Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, 9,980,000 shares
 authorized, 6,843,418 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized; 66,793,294 and 67,729,854 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively

 Additional paid-in capital
 580,687
 587,884

 Distributions in excess of earnings
 ( 184,724)
 ( 126,875)

 Accumulated other comprehensive income
 4,906
 14,679

 Total stockholders' equity
 572,622
 647,450

 Noncontrolling interests in investment entities
 9,986
 24,055

 Noncontrolling interests in Operating Partnership
 222,570
 232,509

 Total Equity
 805,178
 904,014

 Total Liabilities and Equity
 $
 2,562,898
 $
 2,242,310

 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
 (In thousands, except per share and unit data)

 YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Revenues

 $
 238,924
 $
 219,294
 $
 192,140

 General contracting and real estate services revenues
 413,131
 234,859
 91,936

 Interest income
 15,103
 16,978
 18,457

 Total revenues
 667,158
 471,131
 302,533

 Expenses

 56,419
 50,742
 46,494

 22,442
 22,057
 21,852

 General contracting and real estate services expenses
 399,713
 227,158
 88,100

 Depreciation and amortization
 96,078
 72,974
 68,853

 1,349
 1,110
 1,022

 General and administrative expenses
 18,122
 15,691
 14,610

 Acquisition, development, and other pursuit costs

 Impairment charges
 21,378

 Total expenses
 594,309
 390,185
 262,421

 Gain on real estate dispositions, net
 53,466
 19,040

 Operating income
 73,587
 134,412
 59,152

 Interest expense
 ( 57,810)
 ( 39,680)
 ( 33,905)

 Loss on extinguishment of debt
 —
 ( 3,374)
 ( 3,810)

 Change in fair value of derivatives and other
 ( 6,242)
 8,698
 2,182

 Unrealized credit loss (provision) release
 ( 574)
 ( 626)

 Other income (expense), net

 Income before taxes
 8,992
 99,808
 24,713

 Income tax (provision) benefit
 ( 1,329)

 7,663

 Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests:

 Investment entities
 ( 605)
 ( 5,948)

 Operating Partnership
 1,229
 ( 19,258)
 ( 3,568)

 Net income attributable to Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.
 8,287
 74,747
 21,892

 Preferred stock dividends

 Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders

 $
 ( 3,261)
 $
 63,199
 $
 10,344

 Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders per share (basic and diluted)

 $
 ( 0.05)
 $
 0.94
 $
 0.17

 Weighted-average common shares outstanding (basic and diluted)
 67,692
 67,576
 60,647

 Comprehensive income:

 $
 7,663
 $
 $

 6,879
 20,165
 3,678

 Realized cash flow hedge (gains) losses reclassified to net income
 ( 20,047)
 ( 800)
 8,163

 Comprehensive income
 ( 5,505)
 119,318
 37,296

 Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests:

 Investment entities
 ( 322)
 ( 6,103)

 Operating Partnership
 4,341
 ( 23,755)
 ( 6,573)

 Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc.

 $
 ( 1,486)
 $
 89,460
 $
 30,728

 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Equity
 (In thousands, except share data)

 Preferred stock
 Common stock
 Additional paid-in capital
 Distributions in excess of earnings
 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 Total stockholders' equity
 Noncontrolling interests in investment entities
 Noncontrolling interests in Operating Partnership
 Total equity

 Balance, January 1, 2021
 $
 $
 $
 472,747
 $
 ( 112,356)
 $
 ( 8,868)
 $
 523,199
 $
 $
 233,115
 $
 756,802

 Net income (loss)
 —
 —
 —
 21,892
 —
 21,892
 ( 5)
 3,568

 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,739
 2,739
 —
 3,678

 Realized cash flow hedge losses reclassified to net income
 —
 —
 —
 —
 6,096
 6,096
 —
 2,067
 8,163

 Net proceeds from issuance of common stock
 —
 51,639
 —
 —
 51,677
 —
 —
 51,677

 Restricted stock awards, net
 —
 2,005
 —
 —
 2,006
 —
 —
 2,006

 Acquisitions of noncontrolling interests in real estate entities
 —
 —
 ( 950)
 —
 —
 ( 950)
 —
 ( 804)

 Redemption of operating partnership units
 —
 —
 ( 411)
 —
 —
 ( 411)
 —
 ( 2,538)
 ( 2,949)

 Dividends declared on preferred stock
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Dividends and distributions declared on common shares and units
 —
 —
 —
 ( 39,348)
 —
 ( 39,348)
 —
 ( 13,309)
 ( 52,657)

 Balance, December 31, 2021
 525,030
 ( 141,360)
 ( 33)
 555,352
 223,842
 779,823

 —
 —
 —
 74,747
 —
 74,747
 5,948
 19,258

 —
 —
 —
 —
 15,333
 15,333
 4,684
 20,165

 Realized cash flow hedge (gains) losses reclassified to net income
 —
 —
 —
 ( 621)
 ( 620)
 ( 187)
 ( 800)

 Net proceeds from issuance of common stock
 —
 65,114
 —
 —
 65,159
 —
 —
 65,159

 Restricted stock awards, net
 —
 3,027
 —
 —
 3,029
 —
 —
 3,029

 Noncontrolling interest in acquired real estate entity
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 23,065
 —
 23,065

 Acquisitions of noncontrolling interest in real estate entities
 —
 —
 ( 5,401)
 —
 —
 ( 5,401)
 —
 —
 ( 5,401)

 Redemption of operating partnership units
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 244)
 ( 130)

 Distributions to noncontrolling interests
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 5,742)
 —
 ( 5,742)

 Dividends declared on preferred stock
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Dividends and distributions declared on common shares and units
 —
 —
 —
 ( 48,715)
 —
 ( 48,715)
 —
 ( 14,844)
 ( 63,559)

 Balance, December 31, 2022
 587,884
 ( 126,875)
 14,679
 647,450
 24,055
 232,509
 904,014

 Net income (loss)
 —
 —
 —
 8,287
 —
 8,287
 ( 1,229)
 7,663

 —
 —
 —
 —
 5,026
 5,026
 1,538
 6,879

 Realized cash flow hedge gains reclassified to net income
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 14,799)
 ( 14,799)
 ( 598)
 ( 4,650)
 ( 20,047)

 Net costs of issuance of common stock
 —
 —
 ( 208)
 —
 —
 ( 208)
 —
 —
 ( 208)

 Retirement of common stock
 —
 ( 12)
 ( 10,458)
 ( 2,158)
 —
 ( 12,628)
 —
 —
 ( 12,628)

 Restricted stock awards, net
 —
 2,955
 —
 —
 2,958
 —
 —
 2,958

 Issuance of operating partnership units for acquisitions
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 12,194
 12,194

 Acquisitions of noncontrolling interest in real estate entities
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 12,834)
 —
 ( 12,834)

 Redemption of operating partnership units
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,219)
 ( 705)

 Distributions to noncontrolling interests
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,557)
 —
 ( 1,557)

 Dividends declared on preferred stock
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Dividends and distributions declared on common shares and units
 —
 —
 —
 ( 52,430)
 —
 ( 52,430)
 —
 ( 16,573)
 ( 69,003)

 Balance, December 31, 2023
 $
 $
 $
 580,687
 $
 ( 184,724)
 $
 4,906
 $
 572,622
 $
 9,986
 $
 222,570
 $
 805,178

 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
 (In thousands)

 YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 OPERATING ACTIVITIES

 $
 7,663
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Depreciation of buildings and tenant improvements
 63,462
 54,548
 51,549

 Amortization of leasing costs, in-place lease intangibles, and below market ground rents - operating leases
 32,616
 18,426
 17,304

 Accrued straight-line rental revenue
 ( 6,272)
 ( 6,178)
 ( 4,938)

 Amortization of leasing incentives and above or below-market rents
 ( 2,190)
 ( 1,070)
 ( 1,065)

 1,349
 1,110
 1,022

 Accrued straight-line ground rent expense

 Unrealized credit loss provision (release)
 ( 792)

 Adjustment for uncollectible lease accounts
 4,013

 Noncash stock compensation
 3,677
 3,273
 2,230

 Impairment charges
 21,378

 Noncash interest expense
 7,106
 6,828
 2,878

 Noncash loss on extinguishment of debt
 —
 3,374
 3,810

 Gain on real estate dispositions, net
 ( 738)
 ( 53,466)
 ( 19,040)

 Unrealized change in the fair value of derivatives and other
 14,185
 ( 8,698)
 ( 2,182)

 Adjustment for receipts on off-market interest rate derivatives
 ( 7,947)
 —
 —

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

 Property assets
 ( 5,794)
 ( 12,029)
 ( 3,721)

 Property liabilities
 12,092
 2,960
 7,175

 Construction assets
 ( 59,226)
 ( 60,756)
 19,284

 Construction liabilities
 42,487
 71,642
 ( 27,904)

 Interest receivable
 ( 13,909)
 ( 4,735)
 ( 2,440)

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 93,314
 116,858
 91,184

 INVESTING ACTIVITIES

 Development of real estate investments
 ( 58,793)
 ( 76,182)
 ( 48,625)

 Tenant and building improvements
 ( 24,650)
 ( 17,085)
 ( 15,496)

 Acquisitions of real estate investments, net of cash received
 ( 8,394)
 ( 119,739)
 ( 73,595)

 Dispositions of real estate investments, net of selling costs
 252,270
 85,322

 Notes receivable issuances
 ( 48,184)
 ( 37,791)
 ( 30,656)

 Notes receivable paydowns
 —
 35,848
 42,301

 Payments to purchase off-market interest rate derivatives
 ( 31,311)
 —
 —

 Receipts on off-market interest rate derivatives
 7,947
 —
 —

 Leasing costs
 ( 4,059)
 ( 7,640)
 ( 4,585)

 Leasing incentives
 ( 20)
 ( 51)
 ( 688)

 Contributions to equity method investments
 ( 70,048)
 ( 62,872)
 ( 11,607)

 Net cash used for investing activities
 ( 237,266)
 ( 33,242)
 ( 57,629)

 FINANCING ACTIVITIES

 Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net
 ( 208)
 65,159
 51,677

 Common shares tendered for tax withholding
 ( 1,111)
 ( 774)
 ( 553)

 Repurchase and retirement of common stock, net
 ( 12,628)
 —
 —

 Debt issuances, credit facility, and construction loan borrowings
 402,568
 678,574
 161,806

 Debt and credit facility repayments, including principal amortization
 ( 180,869)
 ( 723,739)
 ( 187,758)

 Debt issuance costs
 ( 2,839)
 ( 8,316)
 ( 2,831)

 Cash paid on extinguishment of debt
 —
 —
 ( 3,417)

 Acquisition of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate investments
 —
 ( 4,651)
 ( 804)

 Redemption of operating partnership units
 ( 705)
 ( 130)
 ( 2,949)

 Distributions to noncontrolling interests
 ( 1,557)
 ( 5,756)
 —

 Contributions from noncontrolling interests
 —
 —

 Dividends and distributions
 ( 80,398)
 ( 72,575)
 ( 58,713)

 Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities
 122,253
 ( 72,194)
 ( 43,542)

 Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
 ( 21,699)
 11,422
 ( 9,987)

 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period (1)

 50,430

 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period (1)

 $
 30,166
 $
 $

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)
 (In thousands)

 YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Supplemental cash flow information:

 Cash paid for interest
 $
 44,920
 $
 29,878
 $
 29,237

 Cash refunded (paid) for income taxes
 ( 1)

 Increase in dividends and distributions payable
 2,532
 5,492

 Other liability issued in acquisition of noncontrolling interest in real estate investment
 —
 —

 (Decrease) increase in accrued capital improvements and development costs
 ( 4,825)
 15,111

 Issuance of operating partnership units for acquisitions
 12,194
 —
 —

 Operating partnership units redeemed for common shares

 Debt assumed at fair value in conjunction with real estate purchases
 105,584
 156,071
 19,989

 Note receivable redeemed in conjunction with real estate purchase
 90,232
 —
 —

 Equity method investment redeemed for a note receivable
 —
 3,772
 —

 Acquisitions of noncontrolling interests
 12,834
 —
 —

 Noncontrolling interest in acquired real estate entity
 —
 23,065
 —

 Other liability satisfied in connection with a real estate disposal
 —
 —

 Recognition of operating lease right-of-use assets
 —
 —

 Recognition of operating lease liabilities
 —
 —

 Recognition of finance lease right-of-use assets
 47,742
 —
 24,466

 Recognition of finance lease liabilities
 46,616
 —
 27,940

 Derecognition of operating lease ROU assets - lease termination
 —
 —
 9,037

 Derecognition of operating lease liabilities - lease termination
 —
 —
 10,143

 Adjustment to finance lease ROU assets
 1,705
 —
 —

 Adjustment to finance lease liabilities
 1,705
 —
 —

 (1) The following table sets forth the items from the Company's consolidated balance sheets that are included in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash in the consolidated statements of cash flows:

 As of December 31,

 2023
 2022

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 27,920
 $
 48,139

 Restricted cash (a)

 2,246
 3,726

 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
 $
 30,166
 $

 (a) Restricted cash represents amounts held by lenders for real estate taxes, insurance, and reserves for capital improvements.

 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 1. Business and Organization

 Armada Hoffler Properties, Inc. (the "Company") is a vertically integrated, self-managed real estate investment trust ("REIT") with over four decades of experience developing, building, acquiring, and managing high-quality retail, office, and multifamily properties located primarily in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States. The Company also provides general construction and development services to third-party clients, in addition to developing and building properties to be placed in its stabilized portfolio.

 The Company is the sole general partner of Armada Hoffler, L.P. (the "Operating Partnership"), and as of December 31, 2023, owned 75.6 % of the economic interest in the Operating Partnership, of which 0.1 % is held as general partnership units. The operations of the Company are carried on primarily through the Operating Partnership and the wholly-owned subsidiaries thereof. Both the Company and the Operating Partnership were formed on October 12, 2012 and commenced operations upon completion of the underwritten initial public offering of shares of the Company's common stock (the "IPO") and certain related formation transactions on May 13, 2013.

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company's operating portfolio consisted of the following properties:

 249 Central Park Retail*

 %

 Apex Entertainment*

 %

 Columbus Village*

 %

 Commerce Street Retail*

 %

 Fountain Plaza Retail*
 %

 Pembroke Square*
 %

 Premier Retail*

 %

 South Retail*

 %

 Studio 56 Retail*

 %

 Grocery Anchored

 Broad Creek Shopping Center

 Norfolk, Virginia
 %

 Broadmoor Plaza
 South Bend, Indiana
 %

 Brooks Crossing Retail*
 Newport News, Virginia
 %
 (1)

 Delray Beach Plaza*

 Delray Beach, Florida
 %

 Chesapeake, Virginia
 %

 Greentree Shopping Center
 Chesapeake, Virginia
 %

 Hanbury Village
 Chesapeake, Virginia
 %

 Lexington, South Carolina
 %

 Mount Pleasant, South Carolina
 %

 North Pointe Center

 Durham, North Carolina
 %

 Parkway Centre
 Moultrie, Georgia
 %

 Parkway Marketplace
 %

 Perry Hall Marketplace
 Perry Hall, Maryland
 %

 Sandbridge Commons

 %

 Tyre Neck Harris Teeter
 Portsmouth, Virginia
 %

 Nexton Square*

 Summerville, South Carolina
 %

 North Hampton Market
 Taylors, South Carolina
 %

 Overlook Village

 Asheville, North Carolina
 %

 Patterson Place

 Durham, North Carolina
 %

 Providence Plaza*
 Charlotte, North Carolina
 %

 South Square
 Durham, North Carolina
 %

 The Interlock Retail*
 Atlanta, Georgia
 %

 Wendover Village
 Greensboro, North Carolina
 %

 Dimmock Square

 Colonial Heights, Virginia
 %

 Harrisonburg Regal

 Harrisonburg, Virginia
 %

 Marketplace at Hilltop

 %

 Red Mill Commons

 %

 Colonial Heights, Virginia
 %

 Southshore Shops

 Chesterfield, Virginia
 %

 4525 Main Street*
 %

 Armada Hoffler Tower*
 %

 One Columbus*
 %

 Two Columbus*
 %

 Harbor Point - Baltimore Waterfront

 Constellation Office*

 %

 Thames Street Wharf*
 %

 Wills Wharf*
 %

 One City Center*
 Durham, North Carolina
 %

 The Interlock Office*
 Atlanta, Georgia
 %

 Brooks Crossing Office*
 Newport News, Virginia
 %

 Encore Apartments*
 %

 Premier Apartments*
 %

 The Cosmopolitan*
 %

 Harbor Point - Baltimore Waterfront

 1305 Dock Street*
 %

 1405 Point*
 %

 Chronicle Mill*
 Belmont, North Carolina
 %
 (1)

 Charlotte, North Carolina
 %

 The Everly(2)*

 Gainesville, Georgia
 %

 The Edison*
 Richmond, Virginia
 %

 Liberty Apartments*
 Newport News, Virginia
 %

 Smith's Landing
 Blacksburg, Virginia
 %

 * Located in a mixed-use development
 (1) The Company is entitled to a preferred return on its investment in this property.
 (2) Formerly known as Gainesville Apartments.

 As of December 31, 2023, the following properties were under development, redevelopment or not yet stabilized:

 Segment

 Mixed-use
 Roswell, Georgia
 100 %

 Columbus Village II
 100 %

 2. Significant Accounting Policies

 Basis of Presentation

 The accompanying consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP").

 The consolidated financial statements include the financial position and results of operations of the Company and its subsidiaries. The Company's subsidiaries include the Operating Partnership and the subsidiaries that are, directly or indirectly, wholly owned or in which the Company has a controlling interest, including where the Company has been determined to be a primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity ("VIE") in accordance with the consolidation guidance of the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC"). All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

 Use of Estimates

 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed. Such estimates are based on management's historical experience and best judgment after considering past, current, and expected events and economic conditions. Actual results could differ significantly from management's estimates.

 Segments

 Segment information is prepared on the same basis that management reviews information for operational decision-making purposes. Management evaluates the performance of each of the Company's properties individually and aggregates such properties into segments based on their economic characteristics and classes of tenants. The Company operates in five business segments: (i) retail real estate, (ii) office real estate, (iii) multifamily real estate, (iv) general contracting and real estate services, and (v) real estate financing. The Company's general contracting and real estate services business develops and builds properties for its own account and also provides construction and development services to both related and third parties. The Company's real estate financing segment includes the Company's mezzanine loans and preferred equity investments on development projects.

 Reclassifications

 Certain items have been reclassified from their prior year classifications to conform to the current year presentation. Effective for the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company has changed the presentation of its consolidated statements of comprehensive income. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company reclassified interest income of $ 17.0 million and $ 18.5 million, respectively, from non-operating income to operating income. As a result, total revenues and operating income increased by $ 17.0 million and $ 18.5 million, respectively, compared to previous reporting. These reclassifications had no effect on net income or stockholder's equity as previously reported.

 Revenue Recognition

 Rental Revenues

 The Company leases its properties under operating leases and recognizes base rents when earned on a straight-line

 basis over the lease term. Rental revenues include $ 6.4 million, $ 6.2 million and $ 4.9 million of straight-line rent adjustments for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The Company begins recognizing rental revenue when the tenant has the right to take possession of or controls the physical use of the property under lease. The extended collection period for accrued straight-line rental revenue along with the Company's evaluation of tenant credit risk may result in the nonrecognition of all or a portion of straight-line rental revenue until the collection of substantially all such revenue for a tenant is probable. The Company recognizes contingent rental revenue (e.g., percentage rents based on tenant sales thresholds) when the sales thresholds are met. The Company recognizes leasing incentives as reductions to rental revenue on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Leasing incentive amortization was $ 0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $ 0.7 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Company recognizes fair value adjustments recorded at the time of lease assumption in rental income on a straight-line basis as a reduction to revenue over the remaining life of the lease or any renewal periods for which the Company determines have value at the time of acquisition. The Company recognizes cost reimbursement revenue for real estate taxes, operating expenses, and common area maintenance costs on an accrual basis during the periods in which the expenses are incurred. The Company recognizes lease termination fees either upon termination or amortizes them over any remaining lease term.

 General Contracting and Real Estate Services Revenues

 The Company recognizes general contracting revenues as a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. For each construction contract, the Company identifies the performance obligations, which typically include the delivery of a single building constructed according to the specifications of the contract. The Company estimates the total transaction price, which generally includes a fixed contract price and may also include variable components such as early completion bonuses, liquidated damages, or cost savings to be shared with the customer. Variable components of the contract price are included in the transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue will not occur. The Company recognizes the estimated transaction price as revenue as it satisfies its performance obligations; the Company estimates its progress in satisfying performance obligations for each contract using the input method, based on the proportion of incurred costs relative to total estimated construction costs at completion. Construction contract costs include all direct material, direct labor, subcontract costs, and overhead costs directly related to contract performance. Changes in job performance, job conditions, and estimated profitability, including those arising from contract penalty provisions and final contract settlements, are all significant judgments that may result in revisions to costs and income and are recognized in the period in which they are determined. Additionally, the estimated costs at completion are affected by management's forecasts of anticipated costs to be incurred and contingency reserves for exposures related to unknown costs, such as design deficiencies and subcontractor defaults. The estimated variable consideration is also affected by claims and unapproved change orders, which may result from changes in the scope of the contract. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are recognized immediately in the period in which such losses are determined. The Company defers pre-contract costs when such costs are directly associated with specific anticipated contracts and their recovery is probable.

 The Company recognizes real estate services revenues from property development and management as it satisfies its performance obligations under these service arrangements.

 The Company assesses whether multiple contracts with a single counterparty may be combined into a single contract for the revenue recognition purposes based on factors such as the timing of the negotiation and execution of the contracts and whether the economic substance of the contracts was contemplated separately or in tandem.

 Interest Income

 Interest income on notes receivable is accrued based on the contractual terms of the loans and when it is deemed collectible. Many loans provide for accrual of interest and fees that will not be paid until maturity of the loan. Interest is recognized on these loans at the accrual rate subject to the determination that accrued interest and fees are ultimately collectible, based on the underlying collateral and the status of development activities, as applicable. If this determination cannot be made, recognition of interest income may be fully or partially deferred until it is ultimately paid. Interest income is also accrued as earned on interest-bearing deposits.

 Real Estate Investments

 Income producing property primarily includes land, buildings, and tenant improvements and is stated at cost. Real estate investments held for development include land. The Company reclassifies real estate investments held for development to construction in progress upon commencement of construction. Construction in progress is stated at cost. Direct and certain indirect costs clearly associated with the development, redevelopment, construction, leasing, or expansion of real estate assets are capitalized as a cost of the property. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

 The Company capitalizes direct and indirect project costs associated with the initial development of a property until the property is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. Capitalized project costs include pre-acquisition, development, and preconstruction costs including overhead, salaries, and related costs of personnel directly involved, real estate taxes, insurance, utilities, ground rent, and interest. Interest is also capitalized in relation to the Company's equity method investments for development projects. Interest capitalized during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $ 8.3 million, $ 4.0 million and $ 1.5 million, respectively.

 The Company capitalizes predevelopment costs directly identifiable with specific properties when the development of such properties is probable. Capitalized predevelopment costs are presented within other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Land for which development activities have not yet commenced are presented separately as land held for development in the consolidated balance sheets. Capitalized predevelopment costs as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $ 7.8 million and $ 8.0 million, respectively. Costs attributable to unsuccessful projects are expensed.

 Income producing property is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives:

 Buildings
 39 years

 Capital improvements
 5 — 20 years

 Equipment
 3 — 7 years

 Tenant improvements
 Term of the related lease (or estimated useful life, if shorter)

 Operating Property Acquisitions

 Acquisitions of operating properties have been and will generally be accounted for as acquisitions of a group of assets, with costs incurred to effect an acquisition, including title, legal, accounting, brokerage commissions, and other related costs, being capitalized as part of the cost of the assets acquired. In connection with such acquisitions, the Company identifies and recognizes all assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their relative fair values as of the acquisition date. The purchase price allocations to tangible assets, such as land, site improvements, and buildings and improvements are presented within income producing property in the consolidated balance sheets and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Acquired lease intangible assets are presented as a separate component of assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Acquired lease intangible liabilities are presented within other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company amortizes in-place lease assets as depreciation and amortization expense on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. The Company amortizes above-market lease assets as reductions to rental revenues on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. The Company amortizes below-market lease liabilities as increases to rental revenues on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. The Company amortizes below-market ground lease assets as increases to amortization of right-of-use assets - finance leases expense on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases. Conversely, the Company amortizes above-market ground lease assets as decreases to amortization of right-of-use assets - finance leases expense on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related leases.

 The Company values land based on a market approach, looking to recent sales of similar properties, adjusting for differences due to location, the state of entitlement, as well as the shape and size of the parcel. Improvements to land are valued using a replacement cost approach. The approach applies industry standard replacement costs adjusted for geographic specific considerations and reduced by estimated depreciation. The value of buildings acquired is estimated using the replacement cost approach, assuming the buildings were vacant at acquisition. The replacement cost approach considers the composition of the structures acquired, adjusted for an estimate of depreciation. The estimate of depreciation is made considering industry standard information and depreciation curves for the identified asset classes. The value of acquired lease intangibles considers the estimated cost of leasing the properties as if the acquired buildings were vacant, as well as the value of the current leases relative to market-rate leases. The in-place lease value is determined using an estimated total lease-up time and lost rental revenues during such time. The value of current

 leases relative to market-rate leases is based on market rents obtained for comparable leases. Given the significance of unobservable inputs used in the valuation of acquired real estate assets, the Company classifies them as Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy.

 The Company values debt assumed in connection with operating property acquisitions based on a discounted cash flow analysis of the expected cash flows of the debt. Such analysis considers the contractual terms of the debt, including the period to maturity, credit characteristics, and other terms of the arrangements, which are Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy.

 Real Estate Sales

 The Company accounts for the sale of real estate assets and any related gain in accordance with the accounting guidance applicable to sales of real estate, which establishes standards for recognition of profit on all real estate sales transactions other than retail land sales. The Company recognizes the sale and associated gain or loss once it transfers control of the real estate asset and the Company does not have significant continuing involvement.

 Real Estate Investments Held for Sale

 Real estate assets classified as held for sale are reported at the lower of their carrying value or their fair value, less estimated costs to sell. Once a property is classified as held for sale, it is no longer depreciated. A property is classified as held for sale when: (i) senior management commits to a plan to sell the property, (ii) the property is available for immediate sale in its present condition, subject only to conditions usual and customary for such sales, (iii) an active program to locate a buyer and other actions required to complete the plan to sell have been initiated, (iv) the sale is expected to be completed within one year, (v) the property is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value, and (vi) actions required to complete the plan indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn.

 As of each of December 31, 2023 and 2022, no properties were classified as held for sale.

 Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

 The Company evaluates its real estate assets for impairment on a property-by-property basis whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If such an evaluation is necessary, the Company compares the carrying amount of any such real estate asset with the undiscounted expected future cash flows that are directly associated with, and that are expected to arise as a direct result of, its use and eventual disposition. If the carrying amount of a real estate asset exceeds the associated estimate of undiscounted expected future cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized to reduce the real estate asset's carrying value to its fair value. The impairment charges recognized during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 represent unamortized leasing or acquired intangible assets related to vacated tenants. The impairment charges recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily relate to the $ 3.0 million impairment of Socastee Commons, which was sold during the year ended December 31, 2021, and the $ 18.3 million impairment of Hoffler Place and Summit Place, which were classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2021.

 Equity Method Investments

 The Company owns investments in partnerships in which it has significant influence, but its ownership interest does not meet the criteria for consolidation in accordance with GAAP. Therefore, the Company accounts for these investments using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the investment is carried at the cost of assets contributed, plus the Company's equity in earnings less distributions received and the Company's share of losses.

 The Company evaluates its equity method investments for impairments and records a loss if the carrying value is greater than the fair value of the investment and the impairment is other-than-temporary. No other-than-temporary impairment charges were recorded in relation to the Company's equity method investments for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents

 Cash and cash equivalents include demand deposits, investments in money market funds, and investments with an original maturity of three months or less.

 Restricted Cash

 Restricted cash represents amounts held by lenders for real estate taxes, insurance, and reserves for capital improvements.

 Accounts Receivable, Net

 Accounts receivable include amounts from tenants for base rents, contingent rents, and cost reimbursements as well as accrued straight-line rental revenue. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, accrued straight-line rental revenue presented within accounts receivable in the consolidated balance sheets was $ 33.6 million and $ 30.2 million, respectively.

 The Company's evaluation of the collectability of accounts receivable and the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts is based primarily upon evaluations of individual accounts receivable, current economic conditions, historical experience, and other relevant factors. The Company establishes a reserve for any receivable associated with a tenant when collection of substantially all operating lease payments for a tenant is not probable. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the allowance for doubtful accounts was $ 1.8 million and $ 1.5 million, respectively. The Company reflects these amounts as a component of rental income on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

 Notes Receivable and Allowance for Loan Losses

 Notes receivable primarily represent financing to third parties in the form of mezzanine loans or preferred equity investments for the development of new real estate. The Company's loans are typically made to borrowers who have little or no equity in the underlying development projects. Real estate financing investments are secured, in part, by pledges of ownership interests of the entities that own the underlying real estate. The loans generally have junior liens on the respective real estate projects.

 The Company's allowance for loan losses on notes receivable is evaluated using risk ratings that correspond to probabilities of default and loss given default. Risk ratings are determined for each loan after consideration of progress of development activities, including leasing activities, projected development costs, and current and projected mezzanine and senior loan balances. The Company's risk ratings are as follows:

 • Pass: loans in this category are adequately collateralized by a development project with conditions materially consistent with the Company's underwriting assumptions.
 • Special Mention: loans in this category show signs that the economic performance of the project may suffer as a result of slower-than-expected leasing activity or an extended development or marketing timeline. Loans in this category warrant increased monitoring by management.
 • Substandard: loans in this category may not be fully collected by the Company unless remediation actions are taken. Remediation actions may include obtaining additional collateral or assisting the borrower with asset management activities to prepare the project for sale. The Company will also consider placing the loan on nonaccrual status if it does not believe that additional interest accruals will ultimately be collected.

 At the end of each reporting period, the Company measures expected credit losses to be incurred over the remaining contractual term based on the risk rating of each loan. If a loan is rated as substandard, the Company then estimates expected credit losses as the difference between the amortized cost basis of the outstanding loan and the estimated projected sales proceeds of the underlying collateral. Changes to the allowance for loan losses resulting from quarterly evaluations are recorded through provision for unrealized credit losses on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

 The Company's loans typically include commitments to fund incremental proceeds to the borrowers over the life of the loan, which future funding commitments are also subject to the current expected credit losses ("CECL") model. The CECL provision related to future loan fundings is recorded as a component of Other Liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheet. This provision is estimated using the same process outlined above for the Company's outstanding loan balances, and changes in this component of the provision will similarly impact the Company's

 consolidated net income. For both the funded and unfunded portions of the Company's loans, the Company consider the risk rating of each loan as the primary credit quality indicator underlying its assessment.

 The Company places loans on nonaccrual status when the loan balance, together with the balance of any senior loans, approximately equals the estimated realizable value of the underlying development project.

 Guarantees

 The Company measures and records a liability for the fair value of its guarantees on a nonrecurring basis upon issuance using Level 3 internally-developed inputs. These guarantees typically relate to payments that could be required of the Company to senior lenders on its real estate financing investments. The Company bases its estimated fair value on the market approach, which compares the guarantee terms and credit characteristics of the underlying development project to other projects for which guarantee pricing terms are available. The offsetting entry for the guarantee liability is a premium on the related loan receivable. The liability is amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the loan. On a quarterly basis, the Company assesses the likelihood of a contingent liability in connection with these guarantees and will record an additional guarantee liability if the unamortized guarantee liability is insufficient.

 Leasing Costs

 Commissions paid by the Company to third parties to originate a lease are deferred and amortized as depreciation and amortization expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the related lease. Leasing costs are presented within other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

 Leasing Incentives

 Incentives paid by the Company to tenants are deferred and amortized as reductions to rental revenues on a straight-line basis over the term of the related lease. Leasing incentives are presented within other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

 Debt Issuance Costs

 Financing costs are deferred and amortized as interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the related debt. Debt issuance costs are presented as a direct deduction from the carrying value of the associated debt liability in the consolidated balance sheets. The amortization of debt issuance costs as interest expense is also subject to capitalization when those costs are associated with a development property, including equity method investments for development projects.

 Derivative Financial Instruments

 The Company may enter into interest rate derivatives to manage exposure to interest rate risks. The Company does not use derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. The Company recognizes derivative financial instruments at fair value and presents them within other assets and liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Gains and losses from derivatives that are neither designated nor qualify as hedging instruments are recognized within the change in fair value of derivatives and other caption in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. For derivatives that qualify as cash flow hedges, the gain or loss is reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified into earnings in the periods during which the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings.

 For interest rate caps that qualify as cash flow hedges, the premium paid by the Company at inception represents the time value of the instrument and is excluded from the hedge effectiveness assessment. The excluded component is amortized over the life of the derivative instrument and presented within interest expense in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The Company recognized amortization of interest rate cap premiums of $ 3.2 million, $ 3.8 million and $ 0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

 Cash flows for derivative financial instruments are classified as cash flows from operating activities within the consolidated statements of cash flows, unless there is an other-than-insignificant financing element present at inception of the derivative financial instrument. For derivatives with an other-than-insignificant financing element at inception

 due to off-market terms, cash flows are classified as cash flows from investing or financing activities within the consolidated statements of cash flows depending on the derivative's off-market nature at inception.

 Stock-Based Compensation

 The Company measures the compensation cost of restricted stock awards based on the grant date fair value. The Company recognizes compensation cost for the vesting of restricted stock awards using the accelerated attribution method. Compensation cost associated with the vesting of restricted stock awards is presented within either general and administrative expenses or general contracting and real estate services expenses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Stock-based compensation for personnel directly involved in the construction and development of a property is capitalized. The effect of forfeitures of awards is recorded as they occur.

 Income Taxes

 The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. For continued qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, the Company must meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to pay distributions to stockholders of at least 90 % of annual taxable income, excluding net capital gains. As a REIT, the Company generally is not subject to income tax on net income distributed as dividends to stockholders. The Company is subject to state and local income taxes in some jurisdictions and, in certain circumstances, may also be subject to federal excise taxes on undistributed income. In addition, certain of the Company's activities must be conducted by subsidiaries that have elected to be treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary ("TRS") subject to both federal and state income taxes. The Operating Partnership conducts its development and construction businesses through a TRS. The related income tax provision or benefit attributable to the profits or losses of a TRS and any taxable income of the Company is reflected in the consolidated financial statements.

 The Company uses the liability method of accounting for deferred income tax in accordance with GAAP. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the carrying value of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the statutory rates expected to be applied in the periods in which those temporary differences are settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the period of the change. A valuation allowance is recorded on the Company's deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized. When evaluating the realizability of the Company's deferred tax assets, all evidence, both positive and negative, is evaluated. Items considered in this analysis include the ability to carry back losses, the reversal of temporary differences, tax planning strategies, and expectations of future earnings.

 Under GAAP, the amount of tax benefit to be recognized is the amount of benefit that is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination. Management analyzes its tax filing positions in the U.S. federal, state and local jurisdictions where it is required to file income tax returns for all open tax years. If, based on this analysis, management determines that uncertainties in tax positions exist, a liability is established. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax positions in the provision for income taxes. If recognized, the entire amount of unrecognized tax positions would be recorded as a reduction to the provision for income taxes.

 Discontinued Operations

 Disposals representing a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on the Company's operations and financial results are reported as discontinued operations.

 Net Income Per Share

 The Company calculates net income per share based upon the weighted average shares outstanding. Diluted net income per share is calculated after giving effect to all significant potential dilutive shares outstanding during the period. Potential dilutive shares outstanding during the period include unvested restricted stock awards. However, there were no significant potential dilutive shares outstanding for each of the three years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. As a result, basic and diluted outstanding shares were the same for each period presented.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements

 Recently Adopted Accounting Standards:

 Reference Rate Reform

 In March 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2020-04 Reference Rate Reform - Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (Topic 848), which became effective on March 12, 2020. ASU 2020-04 contains practical expedients for reference rate reform related activities that impact debt, leases, derivatives, and other contracts. This ASU also provides optional expedients to enable companies to continue to apply hedge accounting to certain hedging relationships impacted by reference rate reform. Application of the guidance is optional and only available in certain situations. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848). The amendments in this standard are elective and principally apply to entities that have derivative instruments that use an interest rate for margining, discounting, or contract price alignment that is modified as a result of reference rate reform. Similar to ASU No. 2020-04, provisions of this ASU are effective upon issuance. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06 Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 which became effective immediately upon issuance. ASU 2022-06 deferred the sunset date of Topic 848 to December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company elected to apply the practical expedients to modifications of qualifying contracts as continuations of the existing contracts rather than as new contracts. The adoption of the new guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

 Earnings Per Share

 In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06 as an update to ASC Topic 470 and ASC Topic 815, which became effective January 1, 2022. ASU 2020-06 simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments and removes certain settlement conditions that are required for equity contracts to qualify for the derivative scope exception. This ASU also simplifies diluted earnings per share calculation in certain areas and provides updated disclosure requirements. The Company adopted ASU 2020-06 effective January 1, 2022 and the adoption did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

 Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted:

 Segment Reporting

 In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07 as an update to ASC Topic 280, which will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. ASU 2023-07 requires an entity to disclose significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker, a description of "other segment items," and the title and position of the chief operating decision maker and allows for more than one measure of a segment's profit or loss if used by the chief operating decision maker. The update also enhances interim disclosure requirements and requirements for entities with a single reportable segment. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2023-07 on its consolidated financial statements.

 Income Taxes

 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 as an update to ASC Topic 740, which will become effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. ASU 2023-09 enhances the disclosures surrounding income taxes, specifically in relation to the rate reconciliation table and income taxes paid. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2023-09 on its consolidated financial statements.

 3. Segments

 Net operating income (segment revenues minus segment expenses) is the measure used by the Company's chief operating decision-maker to assess segment performance. Net operating income is not a measure of operating income or cash flows from operating activities as measured by GAAP and is not indicative of cash available to fund cash needs. As a result, net operating income should not be considered as an alternative to cash flows as a measure of liquidity. Not all companies calculate net operating income in the same manner. The Company considers net operating income to be an appropriate supplemental measure to net income because it assists both investors and management in understanding the core operations of the Company's real estate and construction businesses.

 Net operating income of the Company's reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Retail real estate

 $
 97,762
 $
 86,344
 $
 78,572

 16,170
 13,769
 12,512

 8,806
 8,873
 8,416

 Segment net operating income
 72,786
 63,702
 57,644

 Office real estate

 82,517
 74,036
 47,363

 22,477
 18,710
 12,412

 8,742
 7,625
 6,112

 Segment net operating income
 51,298
 47,701
 28,839

 Multifamily residential real estate

 58,645
 58,914
 66,205

 17,772
 18,263
 21,570

 4,894
 5,559
 7,324

 Segment net operating income
 35,979
 35,092
 37,311

 General contracting and real estate services

 Segment revenues
 413,131
 234,859
 91,936

 Segment expenses
 399,713
 227,158
 88,100

 Segment gross profit
 13,418
 7,701
 3,836

 Real estate financing

 Interest income

 14,176
 16,461
 18,026

 Interest expense(a)

 3,667
 3,497
 2,833

 Segment gross profit

 10,509
 12,964
 15,193

 Net operating income
 $
 183,990
 $
 167,160
 $
 142,823

 (a) Interest expense within the real estate financing segment is allocated based on the average outstanding principal of notes receivable in the real estate financing portfolio, and the effective interest rate on the amended credit facility, the M&T term loan facility, and the TD term loan facility, each as defined in Note 8.

 The following table reconciles net operating income to net income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Net operating income
 $
 183,990
 $
 167,160
 $
 142,823

 Interest income(a)

 Depreciation and amortization
 ( 96,078)
 ( 72,974)
 ( 68,853)

 ( 1,349)
 ( 1,110)
 ( 1,022)

 General and administrative expenses
 ( 18,122)
 ( 15,691)
 ( 14,610)

 Acquisition, development, and other pursuit costs
 ( 84)
 ( 37)
 ( 112)

 Impairment charges
 ( 102)
 ( 416)
 ( 21,378)

 Gain on real estate dispositions, net
 53,466
 19,040

 Interest expense(b)

 ( 54,143)
 ( 36,183)
 ( 31,072)

 Loss on extinguishment of debt
 —
 ( 3,374)
 ( 3,810)

 Change in fair value of derivatives and other
 ( 6,242)
 8,698
 2,182

 Unrealized credit loss (provision) release
 ( 574)
 ( 626)

 Other income (expense), net

 Income tax (provision) benefit
 ( 1,329)

 $
 7,663
 $
 $

 (a) Excludes real estate financing segment interest income of $ 14.2 million, $ 16.5 million, and $ 18.0 million for the years ended 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
 (b) Excludes real estate financing segment interest expense of $ 3.7 million, $ 3.5 million, and $ 2.8 million for the years ended 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

 Rental expenses represent costs directly associated with the operation and management of the Company's real estate properties. Rental expenses include asset management fees, property management fees, repairs and maintenance, insurance, and utilities.

 General contracting and real estate services revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 exclude revenues related to intercompany construction contracts of $ 53.1 million, $ 58.1 million, and $ 27.8 million, respectively, which are eliminated in consolidation. General contracting and real estate services expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 exclude expenses related to intercompany construction contracts of $ 52.5 million, $ 57.5 million, and $ 27.6 million, respectively, which are eliminated in consolidation.

 Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $ 34.3 million, $ 44.3 million, and $ 16.9 million for the retail, office, and multifamily real estate segments, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $ 28.3 million, $ 27.0 million, and $ 17.3 million for the retail, office, and multifamily real estate segments, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $ 26.9 million, $ 17.8 million, and $ 23.8 million for the retail, office, and multifamily real estate segments, respectively.

 General and administrative expenses represent costs not directly associated with the operation and management of the Company's real estate properties and general contracting and real estate services businesses. General and administrative expenses include corporate office personnel salaries and benefits, bank fees, accounting fees, legal fees, and other corporate office expenses.

 Interest expense on secured property debt for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $ 9.2 million $ 10.2 million, and $ 12.1 million for the retail, office, and multifamily real estate segments, respectively. Interest expense on secured property debt for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $ 8.4 million, $ 11.6 million, and $ 13.0 million for the retail, office, and multifamily real estate segments, respectively. Interest expense on secured property debt for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $ 7.9 million, $ 5.1 million, and $ 14.0 million for the retail, office, and multifamily real estate segments, respectively.

 4. Leases

 Lessee Disclosures

 As a lessee, the Company has nine ground leases on nine properties. These ground leases have maximum lease terms (including renewal options) that expire between 2074 and 2117. In connection with the acquisition of The Interlock during the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company assumed a sublease of a ground lease with a sublessee. The agreement with the sublessee requires that the Company exercise all renewal options over the associated ground lease. The sub-lease has a maximum lease term (including renewal options) that expires in 2117. The exercise of other lease renewal options is at the Company's sole discretion. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term. Five of these leases have been classified as operating leases and four of these leases have been classified as finance leases. The Company's lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

 The components of lease cost for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Operating lease cost (a)

 $
 1,969
 $
 1,969
 $
 2,448

 Finance lease cost:

 Amortization of right-of-use assets (a)

 1,349
 1,110
 1,022

 Interest on lease liabilities
 3,636
 2,573
 2,251

 (a) Includes amortization of above & below-market ground lease intangible assets.

 The table below presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities

 Operating cash flows from operating leases
 $
 1,852
 $
 1,797
 $
 2,085

 Operating cash flows from finance leases
 2,876
 2,256
 1,986

 Additional information related to leases as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

 2023
 2022

 Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (years)

 Operating leases
 34.8
 35.8

 Finance leases
 76.9
 42.7

 Weighted Average Discount Rate

 Operating leases
 5.5
 %
 5.5
 %

 Finance leases
 4.5
 %
 5.7
 %

 The undiscounted cash flows to be paid on an annual basis for the next five years and thereafter are presented below. The total amount of lease payments, on an undiscounted basis, are reconciled to the lease liability, on the consolidated balance sheet by considering the present value discount.

 Year Ending December 31,
 Operating Leases
 Finance Leases

 (in thousands)

 2024
 $
 1,881
 $
 3,538

 2025
 1,897
 3,575

 2026
 1,882
 3,580

 2027
 1,890
 3,602

 2028
 1,930
 3,697

 64,565
 374,471

 Total undiscounted cash flows
 74,045
 392,463

 Present value discount
 ( 42,517)
 ( 300,594)

 Discounted cash flows
 $
 31,528
 $
 91,869

 Lessor Disclosures

 As a lessor, the Company leases its properties under operating leases and recognizes base rents on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company also recognizes revenue from tenant recoveries, through which tenants reimburse the Company on an accrual basis for certain expenses such as utilities, janitorial services, repairs and maintenance, security and alarms, parking lot and ground maintenance, administrative services, management fees, insurance, and real estate taxes. Rental revenues are reduced by the amount of any leasing incentives amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the applicable lease. In addition, the Company recognizes contingent rental revenue (e.g., percentage rents based on tenant sales thresholds) when the sales thresholds are met. Many tenant leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from one to 25 years or more. The exercise of lease renewal options is at the tenant's sole discretion. The Company includes a renewal period in the lease term only if it appears at lease inception that the renewal is reasonably certain.

 Rental revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 comprised the following (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Base rent and tenant charges
 $
 230,379
 $
 212,046
 $
 186,137

 Accrued straight-line rental adjustment
 6,355
 6,178
 4,938

 Lease incentive amortization
 ( 557)
 ( 684)
 ( 660)

 Below/(above) market lease amortization
 2,747
 1,754
 1,725

 Total rental revenue
 $
 238,924
 $
 219,294
 $
 192,140

 The Company's commercial tenant leases provide for minimum rental payments during each of the next five years and thereafter as follows (in thousands):

 Year Ending December 31,
 Operating Leases

 2024
 $
 144,114

 2025
 139,816

 2026
 131,619

 2027
 119,741

 2028
 107,561

 520,189

 Total
 $
 1,163,040

 5. Real Estate Investments and Equity Method Investments

 The Company's real estate investments comprised the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

 Income producing property
 Held for development
 Construction in progress
 Total

 Land
 $
 279,135
 $
 $
 5,000
 $
 296,113

 Land improvements
 73,313
 —
 —
 73,313

 Buildings and improvements
 1,740,584
 —
 —
 1,740,584

 Development and construction costs
 —
 —
 97,277
 97,277

 Real estate investments
 $
 2,093,032
 $
 $
 102,277
 $
 2,207,287

 December 31, 2022

 Income producing property
 Held for development
 Construction in progress
 Total

 Land
 $
 285,030
 $
 6,294
 $
 5,000
 $
 296,324

 Land improvements
 71,308
 —
 —
 71,308

 Buildings and improvements
 1,527,876
 —
 —
 1,527,876

 Development and construction costs
 —
 —
 48,067
 48,067

 Real estate investments
 $
 1,884,214
 $
 6,294
 $
 53,067
 $
 1,943,575

 2023 Operating Property Acquisitions

 On January 14, 2023, the Company acquired an additional 11 % membership interest in the Constellation Energy Building, increasing its ownership interest to 90 %, in exchange for full satisfaction of the $ 12.8 million loan that was extended to the seller upon the acquisition of the property in January 2022.

 The Interlock

 On May 19, 2023, the Company acquired The Interlock, a 311,000 square foot Class A commercial mixed-use asset in West Midtown Atlanta anchored by Georgia Tech. The Interlock consists of office and retail space as well as structured parking. For segment reporting purposes, management has separated office and retail components of The Interlock into two operating properties respectively presented in the office and retail real estate segments. The Company acquired the asset for total consideration of $ 214.1 million plus capitalized acquisition costs of $ 1.2 million. As part of this acquisition, the Company paid $ 6.1 million in cash, redeemed its outstanding $ 90.2 million mezzanine loan, issued $ 12.2 million of Class A units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership ("Class A Units") to the seller, and assumed the asset's senior construction loan of $ 105.6 million, that was paid off on the acquisition date using the proceeds of the TD term loan facility and an increase in borrowings under the revolving credit facility, as defined in Note 8. The Company also assumed the leasehold interest in the underlying land owned by Georgia Tech. The ground lease has an expiration in 2117 after considering renewal options.

 The following table summarizes the purchase price allocation (including acquisition costs) based on the relative fair value of the assets acquired for the operating property purchased during the year ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

 The Interlock(1)

 Building
 $
 183,907

 In-place leases
 35,234

 Above-market leases

 Below-market leases
 ( 3,931)

 Finance lease right-of-use assets(2)

 46,616

 Finance lease liabilities
 ( 46,616)

 Net assets acquired
 $
 215,272

 (1) The net assets acquired attributable to the office and retail real estate segments were $ 134.6 million and $ 80.6 million, respectively.
 (2) Excludes $ 1.1 million of rent for the finance lease, which was prepaid on the acquisition date. The total finance lease right-of-use asset recognized on the acquisition date was $ 47.7 million.

 2022 Operating Property Acquisitions

 On January 14, 2022, the Company acquired a 79 % membership interest and an additional 11 % economic interest in the partnership that owns the Constellation Energy Building for a purchase price of approximately $ 92.2 million in cash and a loan to the seller of $ 12.8 million. The Constellation Energy Building is a mixed-use structure located in Baltimore's Harbor Point and is comprised of an office building, the Constellation Office, that serves as the headquarters for Constellation Energy Corp., which was spun-off from Exelon, a Fortune 100 energy company, in February 2022, as well as a multifamily component, 1305 Dock Street. The Constellation Office includes a parking garage and retail space. The Constellation Energy Building was subject to a $ 156.1 million loan, which the Company immediately refinanced following the acquisition with a new $ 175.0 million loan. The new loan bears interest at a rate of the Bloomberg Short-Term Bank Yield Index ("BSBY") plus a spread of 1.50 % and will mature on November 1, 2026. This loan is hedged by an interest rate derivative of 1.00 % and 3.00 % as well as an interest rate cap of 4.00 %. See Note 9 for further details.

 Pembroke Square

 On November 4, 2022, the Company acquired a 124,000 square foot grocery-anchored shopping center in Virginia Beach, Virginia for a purchase price of $ 26.5 million plus capitalized acquisition costs of $ 0.2 million.

 The following table summarizes the purchase price allocation (including acquisition costs) based on the relative fair value of the assets acquired for the three operating properties purchased during the year ended December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

 Constellation Energy Building(1)

 Pembroke Square

 Land
 $
 23,317
 $
 14,513

 Site improvements

 Building
 194,916
 8,825

 In-place leases
 53,705
 4,445

 Above-market leases
 —

 Below-market leases
 —
 ( 1,557)

 Net assets acquired
 $
 272,385
 $
 26,691

 (1) The Constellation Energy Building is comprised of two properties which include the Constellation Office and 1305 Dock Street.

 2021 Operating Property Acquisitions

 On February 26, 2021, the Company acquired Delray Beach Plaza, a Whole Foods-anchored retail property located in Delray Beach, Florida, for a contract price of $ 27.6 million plus capitalized transaction costs of $ 0.2 million. The

 developer of this property repaid the Company's mezzanine note receivable of $ 14.3 million at the time of the acquisition.

 On June 28, 2021, the Company purchased the remaining 7.5 % ownership interest in Hoffler Place for a cash payment of $ 0.3 million.

 On June 28, 2021, the Company purchased the remaining 10 % ownership interest in Summit Place for a cash payment of $ 0.5 million.

 On July 28, 2021, the Company acquired Overlook Village, a retail center in Asheville, North Carolina, for a contract price of $ 28.3 million plus capitalized acquisition costs of $ 0.1 million.

 On August 24, 2021, the Company acquired Greenbrier Square, a Kroger-anchored retail center in Chesapeake, Virginia, for total consideration of $ 36.5 million plus capitalized acquisition costs of $ 0.3 million. As a part of this acquisition, the Company assumed a note payable of $ 20.0 million.

 The following table summarizes the purchase price allocation (including acquisition costs) based on relative fair value of the assets acquired and intangible liabilities assumed for the three operating properties purchased during the year ended December 31, 2021 (in thousands):

 Delray Beach Plaza
 Overlook Village

 Land
 $
 —
 $
 6,328
 $
 8,549

 Site improvements
 4,607
 1,727
 1,974

 Building and improvements
 22,544
 18,375
 19,196

 In-place leases
 7,209
 3,997
 6,659

 Above-market leases
 —
 1,753

 Below-market leases
 ( 3,121)
 ( 2,146)
 ( 1,365)

 Finance lease liabilities
 ( 27,940)
 —
 —

 Finance lease right-of-use assets
 24,466
 —
 —

 Fair value adjustment on acquired debt
 —
 —

 Net assets acquired
 $
 27,765
 $
 28,362
 $
 36,777

 Other 2023 Real Estate Transactions

 On April 11, 2023, the Company completed the sale of a non-operating outparcel at Market at Mill Creek in full satisfaction of the outstanding consideration payable for the acquisition of the noncontrolling interest in the property completed on December 31, 2022. The gain recorded on this disposition was $ 0.5 million.

 On September 20, 2023, the Company exercised its option to purchase an outparcel adjacent to Brooks Crossing Retail and subsequently sold the outparcel. The gain recorded on this disposition was $ 0.2 million.

 Other 2022 Real Estate Transactions

 On January 14, 2022, the Company acquired the remaining 20 % ownership interest in the entity that is developing the Ten Tryon project in Charlotte, North Carolina for a cash payment of $ 3.9 million. The Company recorded the amount as an adjustment to additional paid-in-capital.

 On April 1, 2022, the Company completed the sale of Hoffler Place for a sale price of $ 43.1 million. The loss recognized upon sale was $ 0.8 million.

 On April 11, 2022, the Company exercised its option to acquire an additional 16 % of the partnership that owns The Residences at Annapolis Junction, increasing its ownership to 95 %. In exchange for this increased partnership interest, the terms of the partnership waterfall calculation in the event of a capital event were modified.

 On April 25, 2022, the Company completed the sale of Summit Place for a sale price of $ 37.8 million. The loss recognized upon sale was $ 0.5 million.

 In addition to the losses recognized on the sales of the Hoffler Place and Summit Place student-housing properties during the year ended December 31, 2022 described above, the Company recognized impairment of real estate of $ 18.3 million to record these properties at their fair values during the three months ended December 31, 2021.

 On June 29, 2022, the Company completed the sale of the Home Depot and Costco outparcels at North Pointe for a sale price of $ 23.9 million. The gain on disposition was $ 20.9 million.

 On July 22, 2022, the Company completed the sale of The Residences at Annapolis Junction for a sale price of $ 150.0 million. The gain recognized on disposition was $ 31.5 million, $ 5.4 million of which was allocated to the Company's noncontrolling interest partner.

 On July 26, 2022, the Company completed the sale of the AutoZone and Valvoline outparcels at Sandbridge Commons for a sale price of $ 3.5 million. The gain recognized on disposition was $ 2.4 million.

 On September 23, 2022, the Company completed the sale of the retail portion of The Everly for a sale price of $ 1.5 million. There was no gain or loss on the disposition. In conjunction with the sale, the Company paid down The Everly loan by $ 0.8 million.

 In October 2022, the Company acquired the remaining 5 % ownership interest in the entity that developed The Everly. During 2022, the Company made earn-out payments totaling $ 4.2 million to its development partner in addition to development cost savings of $ 0.8 million paid to the partner.

 On December 31, 2022, the Company acquired the remaining 30 % of the partnership that owns the Market at Mill Creek shopping center in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina for total consideration of $ 1.5 million.

 Other 2021 Real Estate Transactions

 On January 4, 2021, the Company completed the sale of the 7-Eleven outparcel at Hanbury Village for a sales price of $ 2.9 million. The gain on disposition was $ 2.4 million.

 On January 14, 2021, the Company completed the sale of a land outparcel at Nexton Square for a sale price of $ 0.9 million. There was no gain or loss on the disposition. In conjunction with the sale, the Company paid down the Nexton Square loan by $ 0.8 million.

 On March 16, 2021, the Company completed the sale of Oakland Marketplace for a sale price of $ 5.5 million. The gain on disposition was $ 1.1 million.

 On March 18, 2021, the Company completed the sale of easement rights at Courthouse 7-Eleven for a sale price of $ 0.3 million. The gain on disposition was $ 0.2 million.

 During the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company recognized impairment of real estate of $ 3.0 million related to the Socastee Commons shopping center in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. The Company anticipated a decline in cash flows due to the expiration of the anchor tenant lease. The Company had not re-leased the anchor tenant space and had determined that it was not probable that this space would be leased at rates sufficient to recover the Company's investment in the property. The Company recorded an impairment loss equal to the excess of the book value of the property's assets over the estimated fair value of the property during the first quarter of 2021. On August 25, 2021, the Company completed the sale of Socastee Commons for a price of $ 3.8 million. The loss on disposition was $ 0.1 million.

 On October 28, 2021 the Company completed the sale of Courthouse 7-Eleven for a sale price of $ 3.1 million. The gain on disposition was $ 1.1 million.

 On November 16, 2021 the Company completed the sale of Johns Hopkins Village for a sale price of $ 75.0 million. The gain on disposition was $ 14.4 million.

 On December 15, 2021, the Company completed the sale of a land parcel at Brooks Crossing for a sale price of $ 0.5 million. The loss recognized upon disposition was immaterial.

 Equity Method Investments

 Harbor Point Parcel 3

 The Company owns a 50 % interest in Harbor Point Parcel 3, a joint venture with Beatty Development Group, for purposes of developing T. Rowe Price's new global headquarters office building in Baltimore, Maryland. The Company is a noncontrolling partner in the joint venture and serves as the project's general contractor. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company invested $ 1.0 million in Harbor Point Parcel 3. The Company has a current estimated total equity commitment of $ 47.0 million relating to this project. In October 2022, Harbor Point Parcel 3 modified its construction loan, which was increased from $ 161.7 million to $ 180.4 million as a result of an increase in the scope of the project. In accordance with a preexisting promissory note secured by the development partner's ownership interest in Harbor Point Parcel 4, the Company advanced $ 3.8 million to the Harbor Point Parcel 3 development partner to satisfy its additional equity contribution required under the Harbor Point Parcel 3 operating agreement. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the carrying value of the Company's investment in Harbor Point Parcel 3 was $ 40.7 million and $ 39.8 million, respectively, which excludes $ 2.2 million and $ 0.9 million, respectively, of intra-entity profits. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, Harbor Point Parcel 3 had no operating activity, and therefore the Company received no allocated income.

 Based on the terms of the operating agreement, the Company has concluded that Harbor Point Parcel 3 is a VIE and that the Company holds a variable interest. The Company has significant influence over the project due to its 50 % ownership interest; however, the Company does not have the power to direct the activities of the project that most significantly impact its performance. This includes activity as the managing member of the entity, which is a power that is retained by the Company's joint venture partner. Accordingly, the Company is not the project's primary beneficiary and, therefore, does not consolidate Harbor Point Parcel 3 in its consolidated financial statements. The Company's investment in the project is recorded as an equity method investment in the consolidated balance sheets.

 Harbor Point Parcel 4

 On April 1, 2022, the Company acquired a 78 % interest in Harbor Point Parcel 4, a real estate venture with Beatty Development Group, for purposes of developing a mixed-use project, which is planned to include multifamily units, retail space, and a parking garage. The Company holds an option to increase its ownership to 90 %. The Company is a noncontrolling partner in the real estate venture and serves as the project's general contractor. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company invested $ 69.1 million in Harbor Point Parcel 4. The Company has a current estimated total equity commitment of $ 113.3 million relating to this project. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the carrying value of the Company's investment in Harbor Point Parcel 4 was $ 101.3 million and $ 32.2 million, respectively, which excludes $ 0.8 million and $ 0.2 million, respectively, of intra-entity profits. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, Harbor Point Parcel 4 had no operating activity, and therefore the Company received no allocated income.

 Based on the terms of the operating agreement, the Company has concluded that Harbor Point Parcel 4 is a VIE and that the Company holds a variable interest. The Company has significant influence over the project due to its 78 % ownership interest; however, the Company does not have the power to direct the activities of the project that most significantly impact its performance. This includes activity as the managing member of the entity, which is a power that is retained by the Company's partner. Accordingly, the Company is not the project's primary beneficiary and, therefore, does not consolidate Harbor Point Parcel 4 in its consolidated financial statements. The Company's investment in the project is recorded as an equity method investment in the consolidated balance sheets.

 6. Notes Receivable and Current Expected Credit Losses

 Notes Receivable

 The Company had the following loans receivable outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 ($ in thousands):

 Outstanding loan amount (a)

 Maximum loan commitment
 Interest rate
 Interest compounding

 Development Project
 December 31, 2022

 Solis City Park II
 $
 24,313
 (a)

 $
 19,062
 (a)

 $
 20,594
 13.0
 %
 Annually

 Solis Gainesville II
 22,268
 (a)

 6,638
 (a)

 19,595
 14.0
 %
 (b)

 Annually

 Solis Kennesaw
 15,922
 (a)

 —
 37,870
 14.0
 %
 (b)

 Annually

 Solis Peachtree Corners
 11,092
 (a)

 —
 28,440
 15.0
 %
 (b)

 Annually

 The Allure at Edinburgh
 9,830
 (a)

 —
 9,228
 15.0
 %
 (c)

 None

 The Interlock(d)

 —
 86,584
 (a)

 107,000
 (e)

 15.0
 %
 None

 Total mezzanine & preferred equity
 83,425
 112,284
 $
 222,727

 Constellation Energy Building note receivable
 —
 12,834

 Other notes receivable
 12,219
 (a)

 11,512
 (a)

 Notes receivable guarantee premium
 —

 Allowance for credit losses(f)

 ( 1,472)
 ( 1,292)

 Total notes receivable
 $
 94,172
 $
 136,039

 _______________________________________
 (a) Outstanding loan amounts include any accrued and unpaid interest, and accrued exit fees, as applicable.
 (b) The interest rate varies over the life of the loans, and the Company also earns an unused commitment fee. Refer below under "Solis Gainesville II," "Solis Kennesaw," and "Solis Peachtree Corners" for further details.
 (c) The interest rate varies over the life of the loan. Refer below under "The Allure at Edinburgh" for further details.
 (d) This note receivable was repaid on May 19, 2023 in connection with the Company's acquisition of The Interlock. Refer below under "The Interlock" for further details.
 (e) This amount includes interest reserves.
 (f) The amounts as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 exclude $ 0.7 million and $ 0.3 million, respectively, of CECL allowance that relates to the unfunded commitments, which were recorded as a liability under other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

 Interest on notes receivable is accrued and funded utilizing the interest reserves for each loan, which are components of the respective maximum loan commitments, and such accrued interest is added to the loan receivable balances. The Company recognized interest income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 as follows (in thousands):

 Development Project
 2023
 2022
 2021

 Nexton Multifamily
 $
 —
 $
 5,348
 (a)

 $
 1,252

 Solis Apartments at Interlock
 —
 —
 4,005
 (b)(c)

 Solis City Park II
 2,887
 (c)

 1,038
 (c)

 —

 Solis Gainesville II
 2,757
 (c)(d)

 —

 Solis Kennesaw
 2,810
 (c)(d)

 —
 —

 Solis Peachtree Corners
 1,472
 (c)(d)

 —
 —

 The Allure at Edinburgh
 —
 —

 The Interlock
 3,647
 (c)

 9,870
 (c)

 12,769
 (c)

 Total mezzanine & preferred equity interest income
 14,176
 16,461
 18,026

 Other interest income

 Total interest income
 $
 15,103
 $
 16,978
 $
 18,457

 (a) Includes prepayment premium of $ 2.7 million received from the early payoff of the loan.

 (b) Includes prepayment premium of $ 2.4 million received from the early payoff of the loan.
 (c) Includes recognition of interest income related to fee amortization.
 (d) Includes recognition of unused commitment fees.

 Management has concluded that each entity that owns the respective projects denoted below is a VIE. Because the other investor in each project is the developer and managing member of each entity that owns the respective project, the Company does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact their performance. Accordingly, the Company is not the primary beneficiary and does not consolidate any of these projects in its consolidated financial statements.

 Solis City Park II

 On March 23, 2022, the Company entered into a $ 20.6 million preferred equity investment for the development of a multifamily property located in Charlotte, North Carolina ("Solis City Park II"). The investment has economic terms consistent with a note receivable, including a mandatory redemption or maturity on April 28, 2026, and it is accounted for as a note receivable. The Company's investment bears interest at a rate of 13 %, compounded annually, with minimum interest of $ 5.7 million over the life of the investment.

 Solis Gainesville II

 On October 3, 2022, the Company entered into a $ 19.6 million preferred equity investment for the development of a multifamily property located in Gainesville, Georgia ("Solis Gainesville II"). The investment has economic terms consistent with a note receivable, including a mandatory redemption or maturity on October 3, 2026, and it is accounted for as a note receivable. The Company's investment bears interest at a rate of 14 %, compounded annually, with minimum interest of $ 5.9 million over the life of the investment.

 On March 29, 2023, the Solis Gainesville II preferred equity investment agreement was modified to adjust the interest rate. The interest rate of 14 % remains effective through the first 24 months of the investment. Beginning on October 3, 2024, the investment will bear interest at a rate of 10 % for 12 months. On October 3, 2025, the investment will again bear interest at a rate of 14 % per annum through maturity. Additionally, the amendment introduced an unused commitment fee of 10 % on the unfunded portion of the investment's maximum loan commitment, which is effective January 1, 2023. Both the interest and unused commitment fee compound annually.

 Solis Kennesaw

 On May 25, 2023, the Company entered into a $ 37.9 million preferred equity investment for the development of a multifamily property located in Marietta, Georgia ("Solis Kennesaw"). The investment has economic terms consistent with a note receivable, including a mandatory redemption or maturity on May 25, 2027, and it is accounted for as a note receivable. The Company's investment bears interest at a rate of 14.0 % for the first 24 months. Beginning on May 25, 2025, the investment will bear interest at a rate of 9.0 % for 12 months. On May 25, 2026, the investment will again bear interest at a rate of 14.0 % through maturity. The interest compounds annually. The Company also earns an unused commitment fee of 11.0 % on the unfunded portion of the investment's maximum loan commitment, which does not compound, and an equity fee on its commitment of $ 0.6 million to be amortized through redemption. The preferred equity investment is subject to a minimum interest guarantee of $ 13.1 million over the life of the investment.

 Solis Peachtree Corners

 On July 26, 2023, the Company entered into a $ 28.4 million preferred equity investment for the development of a multifamily property located in Peachtree Corners, Georgia ("Solis Peachtree Corners"). The preferred equity investment has economic and other terms consistent with a note receivable, including a mandatory redemption feature effective on October 27, 2027. The Company's investment bears interest at a rate of 15.0 % for the first 27 months. Beginning on November 1, 2025, the investment will bear interest at a rate of 9.0 % for 12 months. On November 1, 2026, the investment will again bear interest at a rate of 15.0 % through maturity. The interest compounds annually. The Company also earns an unused commitment fee of 10.0 % on the unfunded portion of the investment's maximum loan commitment, which also compounds annually, and an equity fee on its commitment of $ 0.4 million to be amortized through redemption. The preferred equity investment is subject to a minimum interest guarantee of $ 12.0 million over the life of the investment.

 The Allure at Edinburgh

 On July 26, 2023, the Company entered into a $ 9.2 million preferred equity investment for the development of a multifamily property located in Chesapeake, Virginia ("The Allure at Edinburgh"). The preferred equity investment has economic and other terms consistent with a note receivable, including a mandatory redemption feature effective on January 16, 2028. The Company's investment bears interest at a rate of 15.0 %, which does not compound. Upon The Allure at Edinburgh obtaining a certificate of occupancy, the investment will bear interest at a rate of 10.0 %. The common equity partner in the development property holds an option to sell the property to the Company at a predetermined amount if certain conditions are met. The Company also holds an option to purchase the property at any time prior to maturity of the preferred equity investment, and at the same predetermined amount as the common equity partner's option to sell.

 The Interlock

 On May 19, 2023, the Company acquired The Interlock. The consideration for such acquisition included the repayment of the Company's outstanding $ 90.2 million mezzanine loan on the project. Refer to Note 5 for further information regarding the acquisition.

 Guarantee liabilities

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding payment guarantees for the senior loans on Harbor Point Parcel 4 as described above. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company has recorded a guarantee liability of $ 0.1 million and $ 0.9 million, respectively, representing the unamortized fair value. These guarantees are classified as other liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheets, with a corresponding adjustment to the notes receivable balance on the consolidated balance sheets. See Note 18 for additional information on the Company's outstanding guarantees.

 Allowance for Loan Losses

 The Company is exposed to credit losses primarily through its real estate financing investments. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had five real estate financing investments, which are accounted for as notes receivable, each of which are financing development projects in various stages of completion or lease-up. Each of these projects is subject to a loan that is senior to the Company's loan. Interest on these loans is paid in kind and is generally not expected to be paid until a sale of the project after completion of the development. The Company also has $12.2 million outstanding in other notes receivable.

 The Company updated the risk ratings for each of its notes receivable as of December 31, 2023 and obtained industry loan loss data relative to these risk ratings. Each of the outstanding loans as of December 31, 2023 was "Pass" rated. The Company's analysis resulted in an allowance for loan losses of approximately $ 2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. An allowance related to unfunded commitments of approximately $ 0.7 million as of December 31, 2023 was recorded as Other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.

 At December 31, 2023, the Company reported $ 94.2 million of notes receivable, net of allowances of $ 1.5 million. At December 31, 2022, the Company reported $ 136.0 million of notes receivable, net of allowances of $ 1.3 million.

 Changes in the allowance for funded and unfunded commitments for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (in thousands):

 Year ended December 31, 2023
 Year ended December 31, 2022

 Funded
 Unfunded
 Total
 Funded
 Unfunded
 Total

 Beginning balance
 $
 1,292
 $
 $
 1,630
 $
 $
 $
 1,004

 Unrealized credit loss provision (release)
 1,039

 Extinguishment due to acquisition
 ( 465)
 —
 ( 465)
 —
 —
 —

 Ending balance
 $
 1,472
 $
 $
 2,204
 $
 1,292
 $
 $
 1,630

 The Company places loans on non-accrual status when the loan balance, together with the balance of any senior loan, approximately equals the estimated realizable value of the underlying development project. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had the Constellation Energy Building note, which bore interest at 3 % per annum, on non-accrual status. The principal balance of the note receivable was adequately secured by the seller's partnership interest. On January 14,

 2023, the Company acquired an additional 11 % membership interest in the Constellation Energy Building, increasing its ownership interest to 90 %, in exchange for full satisfaction of the note. As of December 31, 2023, there were no loans on non-accrual status.

 7. Construction Contracts

 Construction contract costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings represent reimbursable costs and amounts earned under contracts in progress as of the balance sheet date. Such amounts become billable according to contract terms, which usually consider the passage of time, achievement of certain milestones, or completion of the project. The Company expects to bill and collect substantially all construction contract costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings as of December 31, 2023 during the year ending December 31, 2024.

 Billings in excess of construction contract costs and estimated earnings represent billings or collections on contracts made in advance of revenue recognized.

 The following table summarizes the changes to the balances in the Company's construction contract costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings account and the billings in excess of construction contract costs and estimated earnings account for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

 Year ended December 31, 2023
 Year ended December 31, 2022

 Construction contract costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings
 Billings in excess of construction contract costs and estimated earnings
 Construction contract costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings
 Billings in excess of construction contract costs and estimated earnings

 Beginning balance
 $
 $
 17,515
 $
 $
 4,881

 Revenue recognized that was included in the balance at the beginning of the period
 —
 ( 17,515)
 —
 ( 4,881)

 Increases due to new billings, excluding amounts recognized as revenue during the period
 —
 23,309
 —
 18,238

 Transferred to receivables
 ( 394)
 —
 ( 965)
 —

 Construction contract costs and estimated earnings not billed during the period
 —
 —

 Changes due to cumulative catch-up adjustment arising from changes in the estimate of the stage of completion
 ( 1,895)
 ( 723)

 Ending balance
 $
 $
 21,414
 $
 $
 17,515

 The Company defers pre-contract costs when such costs are directly associated with specific anticipated contracts and their recovery is probable. Pre-contract costs of $ 1.9 million and $ 1.3 million were deferred as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Amortization of pre-contract costs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 0.2 million and $ 1.1 million, respectively.

 Construction receivables and payables include retentions, which are amounts that are generally withheld until the completion of the contract or the satisfaction of certain restrictive conditions such as fulfillment guarantees. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, construction receivables included retentions of $ 28.7 million and $ 8.3 million, respectively. The Company expects to collect substantially all construction receivables as of December 31, 2023 during the year ending December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, construction payables included retentions of $ 38.2 million and $ 24.7 million, respectively. The Company expects to pay substantially all construction payables as of December 31, 2023 during the year ending December 31, 2024.

 The Company's net position on uncompleted construction contracts comprised the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Costs incurred on uncompleted construction contracts
 $
 718,571
 $
 571,465

 Estimated earnings
 26,089
 22,162

 Billings
 ( 765,970)
 ( 610,800)

 Net position
 $
 ( 21,310)
 $
 ( 17,173)

 Construction contract costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings
 $
 $

 Billings in excess of construction contract costs and estimated earnings
 ( 21,414)
 ( 17,515)

 Net position
 $
 ( 21,310)
 $
 ( 17,173)

 The Company's balances and changes in construction contract price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations (backlog) for each of the three years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Beginning backlog
 $
 $
 $
 71,258

 New contracts/change orders
 221,473
 685,753
 236,077

 Work performed
 ( 414,868)
 ( 235,707)
 ( 91,816)

 Ending backlog
 $
 472,170
 $
 $

 The Company expects to complete a majority of the uncompleted contracts as of December 31, 2023 during the next 12 to 24 months.

 8. Indebtedness

 The Company's indebtedness comprised the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

 Principal Balance
 Interest Rate (a)

 Maturity Date (b)

 2023
 2022
 2023

 Secured Debt

 Chronicle Mill
 $
 34,438
 $
 27,630
 SOFR+
 3.00 %
 May 5, 2024

 Red Mill Central
 1,838
 2,013
 4.80 %
 June 17, 2024

 Premier Apartments(c)

 16,036
 16,269
 SOFR+
 1.55 %
 October 31, 2024

 Premier Retail(c)

 7,898
 8,013
 SOFR+
 1.55 %
 October 31, 2024

 Red Mill South
 4,853
 5,191
 3.57 %
 May 1, 2025

 11,347
 12,494
 SOFR+
 1.55 %
 July 12, 2025

 The Everly

 SOFR+
 1.50 %
 December 20, 2025

 Encore Apartments(d)

 23,421
 23,980
 2.93 %
 February 10, 2026

 4525 Main Street(d)

 30,074
 30,785
 2.93 %
 February 10, 2026

 30,546
 —
 SOFR+
 2.25 %
 August 25, 2026

 69,327
 SOFR+
 1.30 %
 (e)

 September 30, 2026

 SOFR+
 1.50 %
 November 1, 2026

 25,331
 26,195
 SOFR+
 1.90 %
 December 21, 2026

 Nexton Square
 21,581
 22,195
 SOFR+
 1.95 %
 June 30, 2027

 Liberty Apartments
 20,588
 20,926
 SOFR+
 1.50 %
 September 27, 2027

 19,569
 19,940
 3.74 %
 October 10, 2027

 13,599
 13,892
 4.50 %
 September 1, 2028

 Red Mill North
 3,963
 4,079
 4.73 %
 December 31, 2028

 31,104
 31,862
 3.17 %
 December 15, 2029

 Smith's Landing
 14,578
 15,535
 4.05 %
 June 1, 2035

 The Edison

 15,179
 15,563
 5.30 %
 December 1, 2044

 The Cosmopolitan
 40,367
 41,243
 3.35 %
 July 1, 2051

 Total secured debt
 $
 639,204
 $
 612,132

 Unsecured Debt

 TD unsecured term loan
 $
 95,000
 $
 —
 SOFR+
 1.35 %- 1.90 %

 (e)

 May 19, 2025

 Senior unsecured revolving credit facility
 262,000
 61,000
 SOFR+
 1.30 %- 1.85 %

 January 22, 2027

 Senior unsecured revolving credit facility (fixed)
 5,000
 —
 SOFR+
 1.30 %- 1.85 %

 (e)

 January 22, 2027

 M&T unsecured term loan
 SOFR+
 1.25 %- 1.80 %

 (e)

 March 8, 2027

 125,000
 31,658
 SOFR+
 1.25 %- 1.80 %

 January 21, 2028

 Senior unsecured term loan (fixed)
 268,342
 SOFR+
 1.25 %- 1.80 %

 (e)

 January 21, 2028

 Total unsecured debt
 762,000
 461,000

 Total principal balances
 1,073,132

 Other note payable(f)

 6,127
 6,131

 Unamortized GAAP adjustments
 ( 10,366)
 ( 11,002)

 Indebtedness, net
 $
 1,396,965
 $
 1,068,261

 (a) The Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") is determined by individual lenders.
 (b) Does not reflect the effect of any maturity extension options.
 (c) Cross collateralized.
 (d) Cross collateralized.
 (e) Includes debt subject to interest rate swap locks.
 (f) Represents the fair value of additional ground lease payments at 1405 Point over the approximately 39-year remaining lease term.

 The Company's indebtedness was comprised of the following fixed and variable-rate debt as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Fixed-rate debt
 $
 816,439
 $
 641,752

 Variable-rate debt
 584,765
 431,380

 Total principal balance
 $
 $
 1,073,132

 Certain loans require the Company to comply with various financial and other covenants, including the maintenance of minimum debt coverage ratios. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all loan covenants.

 Scheduled principal repayments and maturities during each of the next five years and thereafter are as follows (in thousands):

 Year (1)

 Scheduled Principal Payments
 Maturities
 Total Payments

 2024
 $
 10,377
 $
 59,830
 $
 70,207

 2025
 10,736
 139,759
 150,495

 2026
 8,150
 339,922
 348,072

 2027
 4,796
 423,766
 428,562

 2028
 3,983
 315,339
 319,322

 57,780
 26,766
 84,546

 Total

 $
 95,822
 $
 1,305,382
 $

 (1)Debt principal payments and maturities exclude increased ground lease payments at 1405 Point which are classified as a note payable in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

 Amended Credit Facility

 On August 23, 2022, the Company, as parent guarantor, and the Operating Partnership, as borrower, entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement"), which provides for a $ 550.0 million credit facility comprised of a $ 250.0 million senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the "revolving credit facility") and a $ 300.0 million senior unsecured term loan facility (the "term loan facility" and, together with the revolving credit facility, the "amended credit facility"), with a syndicate of banks. The amended credit facility replaces the prior $ 150.0 million revolving credit facility, which was scheduled to mature on January 24, 2024, and the prior $ 205.0 million term loan facility, which was scheduled to mature on January 24, 2025.

 The amended credit facility includes an accordion feature that allows the total commitments to be increased to $ 1.0 billion, subject to certain conditions, including obtaining commitments from any one or more lenders. The revolving credit facility has a scheduled maturity date of January 22, 2027, with two six-month extension options, subject to the Company's satisfaction of certain conditions, including payment of a 0.075 % extension fee at each extension. The term loan facility has a scheduled maturity date of January 21, 2028.

 On August 29, 2023, the Company increased the capacity of the revolving credit facility by $ 105.0 million by exercising the accordion feature in part, bringing the revolving credit facility capacity to $ 355.0 million and the total credit facility capacity to $ 655.0 million.

 The revolving credit facility bears interest at SOFR plus a margin ranging from 1.30 % to 1.85 %, and the term loan facility bears interest at SOFR plus a margin ranging from 1.25 % to 1.80 %, in each case depending on the Company's total leverage and in each case subject to a credit spread adjustment of 0.10 %. The Company is also obligated to pay an unused commitment fee of 15 or 25 basis points on the unused portions of the commitments under the revolving credit facility, depending on the amount of borrowings under the revolving credit facility. If the Company or the Operating Partnership attains investment grade credit ratings from both S&P Global Ratings and Moody's Investors Service, Inc., the Operating Partnership may elect to have borrowings become subject to interest rates based on such credit ratings. The Company may, at any time, voluntarily prepay any loan under the amended credit facility in whole or in part without premium or penalty.

 As of December 31, 2023, the outstanding balance on the revolving credit facility was $ 267.0 million, and the outstanding balance on the term loan facility was $ 300.0 million. As of December 31, 2023, the effective interest rates on the revolving credit facility and the term loan facility, before giving effect to interest rate caps and swaps, were 6.85 % and 6.75 %, respectively. After giving effect to interest rate caps and swaps, the effective interest rates on the revolving credit facility and the term loan facility were 4.41 % and 3.08 %, respectively, as of December 31, 2023.

 The Operating Partnership is the borrower under the amended credit facility, and its obligations under the amended credit facility are guaranteed by the Company and certain of its subsidiaries that are not otherwise prohibited from providing such guaranty. The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and financial and other affirmative and negative covenants. The Company's ability to borrow under the amended credit facility is subject to ongoing compliance with a number of financial covenants, affirmative covenants, and other restrictions. The Credit Agreement includes customary events of default, in certain cases subject to customary cure periods. The occurrence of an event of default, if not cured within the applicable cure period, would permit the lenders to, among other things, declare the unpaid principal, accrued and unpaid interest, and all other amounts payable under the amended credit facility to be immediately due and payable.

 On January 7, 2021, the Operating Partnership entered into a $ 15.0 million standby letter of credit using the available capacity under the prior credit facility to guarantee the funding of its investment in the Harbor Point Parcel 3 joint venture, which is the developer of T. Rowe Price's new global headquarters. This letter of credit was available for draw down on the prior revolving credit facility in the event the Company did not meet its equity requirement. The letter of credit expired on January 4, 2022 and was not required to be renewed.

 M&T Term Loan Facility

 On December 6, 2022, the Company, as parent guarantor, and the Operating Partnership, as borrower, entered into a term loan agreement (the "M&T term loan agreement") with Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company, as lender and administrative agent, which provides a $ 100.0 million senior unsecured term loan facility (the "M&T term loan facility"), with the option to increase the total capacity to $ 200.0 million, subject to the Company's satisfaction of certain conditions. The proceeds from the M&T term loan facility were used to repay the loans secured by the Wills Wharf, 249 Central Park Retail, Fountain Plaza Retail, and South Retail properties. The M&T term loan facility has a scheduled maturity date of March 8, 2027, with a one-year extension option, subject to the Company's satisfaction of certain conditions, including payment of a 0.075 % extension fee.

 The M&T term loan facility bears interest at a rate elected by the Operating Partnership based on term SOFR, Daily Simple SOFR, or the Base Rate (as defined below), and in each case plus a margin. A term SOFR or Daily Simple SOFR loan is also subject to a credit spread adjustment of 0.10 %. The margin under each interest rate election depends on the Company's total leverage. The "Base Rate" is equal to the highest of: (a) the rate of interest in effect for such day as publicly announced from time to time by M&T Bank as its "prime rate" for such day, (b) the Federal Funds Rate for such day, plus 0.50 %, (c) one month term SOFR for such day plus 100 basis points and (d) 1.00 %. The Operating Partnership has elected for the loan to bear interest at term SOFR plus margin. If the Company or the Operating Partnership attains investment grade credit ratings from both S&P Global Ratings and Moody's Investor Service, Inc., the Operating Partnership may elect to have borrowings become subject to interest rates based on such credit ratings. The Company may, at any time, voluntarily prepay the M&T term loan facility in whole or in part without premium or penalty, provided certain conditions are met.

 As of December 31, 2023, the outstanding balance on the M&T term loan facility was $ 100.0 million. As of December 31, 2023, the effective interest rate on the M&T term loan facility, before giving effect to interest rate swaps, was 6.75 %. After giving effect to interest rate swaps, the effective interest rate on the M&T term loan facility was 4.90 % as of December 31, 2023. The Operating Partnership may, at any time, voluntarily prepay the M&T term loan facility in whole or in part without premium or penalty, provided certain conditions are met.

 The Operating Partnership is the borrower under the M&T term loan facility, and its obligations under the M&T term loan facility are guaranteed by the Company and certain of its subsidiaries that are not otherwise prohibited from providing such guaranty. The M&T term loan agreement contains customary representations and warranties and financial and other affirmative and negative covenants. The Company's ability to borrow under the M&T term loan facility is subject to ongoing compliance with a number of financial covenants, affirmative covenants, and other restrictions. The term loan agreement includes customary events of default, in certain cases subject to customary cure periods. The occurrence of an event of default, if not cured within the applicable cure period, would permit the lenders to, among other things, declare the unpaid principal, accrued and unpaid interest, and all other amounts payable under

 the M&T term loan facility to be immediately due and payable.

 TD Term Loan Facility

 On May 19, 2023, the Company, as parent guarantor, and the Operating Partnership, as borrower, entered into a term loan agreement (the "TD term loan agreement") with Toronto Dominion (Texas) LLC, as administrative agent, and TD Bank, N.A. as lender, which provides a $ 75.0 million senior unsecured term loan facility (the "TD term loan facility"), with the option to increase the total capacity to $ 150.0 million, subject to the Company's satisfaction of certain conditions. The proceeds from the TD term loan facility were used in connection with the acquisition of The Interlock, which is detailed in Note 5. The TD term loan facility has a scheduled maturity date of May 19, 2025, with a one-year extension option, subject to the Company's satisfaction of certain conditions, including payment of a 0.15 % extension fee.

 The TD term loan facility bears interest at a rate elected by the Operating Partnership based on term SOFR, Daily Simple SOFR, or the Base Rate (as defined below), and in each case plus a margin. A term SOFR or Daily Simple SOFR loan is also subject to a credit spread adjustment of 0.10 %. The margin under each interest rate election depends on the Company's total leverage. The "Base Rate" is equal to the highest of: (a) the Federal Funds Rate for such day, plus 0.50 % (b) the rate of interest in effect for such day as publicly announced from time to time by the administrative agent as its "prime rate" for such day, (c) one month term SOFR for such day plus 100 basis points and (d) 1.00 %. The Operating Partnership has elected for the loan to bear interest at term SOFR plus margin. If the Company or the Operating Partnership attains investment grade credit ratings from both S&P Global Ratings and Moody's Investor Service, Inc., the Operating Partnership may elect to have borrowings become subject to interest rates based on such credit ratings. The Operating Partnership may, at any time, voluntarily prepay the TD term loan facility in whole or in part without premium or penalty, provided certain conditions are met.

 On June 29, 2023, the TD term loan facility commitment increased to $ 95.0 million as a result of the addition of a second lender to the facility.

 As of December 31, 2023, the outstanding balance on the TD term loan facility was $ 95.0 million. As of December 31, 2023, the effective interest rate on the TD term loan facility, before giving effect to interest rate swaps, was 6.85 %. After giving effect to interest rate swaps, the effective interest rate on the TD term loan facility was 4.70 % as of December 31, 2023.

 The Operating Partnership is the borrower under the TD term loan facility, and its obligations under the TD term loan facility are guaranteed by the Company and certain of its subsidiaries that are not otherwise prohibited from providing such guaranty. The TD term loan agreement contains customary representations and warranties and financial and other affirmative and negative covenants. The Company's ability to borrow under the TD term loan facility is subject to ongoing compliance with a number of financial covenants, affirmative covenants, and other restrictions. The TD term loan agreement includes customary events of default, in certain cases subject to customary cure periods. The occurrence of an event of default, if not cured within the applicable cure period, would permit the lenders to, among other things, declare the unpaid principal, accrued and unpaid interest, and all other amounts payable under the TD term loan facility to be immediately due and payable.

 The Company is currently in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement, the M&T term loan agreement, and TD term loan agreement, all of which are substantially similar.

 Other 2023 Financing Activity

 Effective April 3, 2023, the Company transitioned the $ 69.0 million loan secured by Thames Street Wharf to SOFR, previously indexed to the Bloomberg Short-Term Yield Index (BSBY). The modified loan bears interest at a rate of SOFR plus a spread of 1.30 % and a credit spread adjustment of 0.10 %.

 Effective April 3, 2023, the Company transitioned the $ 175.0 million loan secured by the Constellation Energy Building to SOFR, previously indexed to BSBY. The modified loan bears interest at a rate of SOFR plus a spread of 1.50 % and a credit spread adjustment of 0.11 %.

 On April 11, 2023, the Company paid down $ 0.5 million of the loan secured by Market at Mill Creek in connection with the disposition of a non-operating outparcel.

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company borrowed $ 37.4 million under its existing construction loans to fund new development and construction.

 Other 2022 Financing Activity

 On January 5, 2022, the Company contributed $ 2.6 million to the Harbor Point Parcel 3 joint venture in order to meet the lender's equity funding requirement since the $ 15.0 million standby letter of credit discussed above expired on January 4, 2022.

 On January 14, 2022, the Company acquired a 79 % membership interest and an additional 11 % economic interest in the partnership that owns the mixed-use property known as the Constellation Energy Building. The property was subject to a $ 156.1 million loan, which the Company immediately refinanced following the acquisition with a new $ 175.0 million loan. The new loan originally bore interest at a rate of BSBY plus a spread of 1.50 % and will mature on November 1, 2026. The index for this loan was subsequently transitioned to SOFR. See "—Other 2023 Financing Activity."

 On January 19, 2022, the Company paid off the $ 14.1 million balance of the loan secured by the Delray Beach Plaza shopping center.

 On March 3, 2022, the Company paid off the $ 10.3 million balance of the loan secured by the Red Mill West Commons shopping center.

 On April 25, 2022, Harbor Point Parcel 3, a joint venture to which the Company is party, entered into a construction loan agreement for $ 161.5 million.

 On April 1, 2022, the Company paid off the $ 18.4 million loan secured by Hoffler Place in conjunction with the sale of the property.

 On April 25, 2022, the Company paid off the $ 23.1 million loan secured by Summit Place in conjunction with the sale of the property.

 On April 25, 2022, Harbor Point Parcel 4, a real estate venture to which the Company is party, entered into a construction loan agreement for $ 109.7 million.

 On June 29, 2022, the Company paid off the $ 1.9 million loan balance associated with North Pointe Phase II in conjunction with the sale of the property leased and occupied by Costco.

 On June 30, 2022, the Company refinanced the $ 20.1 million loan secured by Nexton Square. The new $ 22.5 million loan bears interest at a rate of SOFR plus a spread of 1.95 % (SOFR has a 0.30 % floor) and will mature on June 30, 2027.

 On July 22, 2022, the Company paid off the $ 84.4 million loan secured by The Residences at Annapolis Junction in conjunction with the sale of the property.

 On August 15, 2022, the Company paid off the $ 9.4 million balance of the loan secured by the Marketplace at Hilltop shopping center.

 On August 25, 2022, the Company paid off the $ 51.8 million, $ 14.6 million, and $ 23.6 million balances of the loans secured by the 1405 Point, Brooks Crossing Office, and One City Center properties, respectively.

 On August 25, 2022, the Company entered into a $ 73.6 million construction loan agreement for the Southern Post development project. The loan bears interest at a rate of SOFR plus a spread of 2.25 %. The loan matures on August 25, 2026 and has two 12-month extension options.

 On September 27, 2022, the Company refinanced the $ 13.4 million loan secured by Liberty Apartments. The new $ 21.0 million loan bears interest at a rate of SOFR plus a spread of 1.50 % and will mature on September 27, 2027.

 On December 6, 2022, the Company paid off the $ 64.3 million, $ 16.1 million, $ 9.7 million, and $ 7.1 million balances of the loans secured by the Wills Wharf, 249 Central Park Retail, Fountain Plaza Retail, and South Retail properties, respectively.

 On December 20, 2022, the Company refinanced the $ 29.6 million loan secured by The Everly. The new $ 30.0 million loan bears interest at a rate of SOFR plus a spread of 1.50 %. The loan matures on December 20, 2025 and has two 12 -month extension options, subject to certain conditions.

 During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company borrowed $ 39.8 million under its existing construction loans to fund new development and construction.

 9. Derivative Financial Instruments

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company had the following interest rate caps ($ in thousands):

 Effective Date
 Maturity Date
 Strike Rate
 Premium Paid

 7/5/2022
 1/1/2024
 35,100
 (a)

 1.00 %- 3.00 % (SOFR)

 (b)

 (c)

 9/1/2022
 9/1/2024
 63,169
 (a)(d)

 1.00 %- 3.00 % (SOFR)

 (b)

 1,370

 $
 98,269
 $
 1,490

 (a) Designated as a cash flow hedge.
 (b) The Company purchased interest rate caps at 1.00 % and sold interest rate caps at 3.00 %, resulting in interest rate cap corridors of 1.00 % and 3.00 %. The intended goal of these corridors is to provide a level of protection from the effect of rising interest rates and reduce the all-in cost of the derivative instrument.
 (c) This amount represents the sum of the premiums paid on the original instruments. The caps were blended and extended during the year ended December 31, 2022.
 (d) Represents the notional amount as of December 31, 2023. The notional amount is scheduled to increase over the term of the corridor in accordance with projected borrowings on the associated loan. The maximum notional amount that will eventually be in effect is $ 73.6 million.

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company held the following floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps ($ in thousands):

 Related Debt
 Swap Fixed Rate
 Debt effective rate
 Effective Date
 Expiration Date

 $
 50,000
 (a)(b)

 3.40
 %
 4.91
 %
 7/5/2023
 1/1/2024

 (a)(c)

 1.84
 %
 3.46
 %
 4/3/2023
 2/1/2024

 200,000
 (a)(d)

 3.39
 %
 4.90
 %
 7/1/2023
 3/1/2024

 (a)

 (e)

 0.42
 %
 1.82
 %

 (a)

 (e)

 0.33
 %
 1.73
 %

 (a)

 (e)

 0.44
 %
 1.84
 %

 Harbor Point Parcel 3 senior construction loan
 90,000
 (f)

 2.75
 %
 4.82
 %
 10/2/2023
 10/1/2025

 330,000
 (g)

 2.75
 %
 4.26
 %
 10/1/2023
 10/1/2025

 Harbor Point Parcel 4 senior construction loan
 (h)

 2.75
 %
 5.12
 %
 11/1/2023
 11/1/2025

 300,000
 (i)

 2.75
 %
 4.26
 %
 12/1/2023
 12/1/2025

 Revolving credit facility and TD unsecured term loan
 3.20
 %
 4.70
 %
 5/19/2023
 5/19/2026
 (j)

 (a)

 (e)

 0.93
 %
 2.33
 %
 9/30/2021
 9/30/2026

 M&T unsecured term loan
 (a)

 3.50
 %
 4.90
 %
 12/6/2022
 12/6/2027

 3.43
 %
 4.83
 %
 12/13/2022
 1/21/2028

 Total
 $
 1,687,894

 (a) Designated as a cash flow hedge.

 (b) On July 6, 2023, the Company terminated a SOFR corridor of 1.00 %- 3.00 % with a notional amount of $ 50.0 million and entered into this interest rate swap agreement. The Company paid a net zero premium for this transaction.
 (c) Effective April 4, 2023, the Company terminated its 4.00 % BSBY interest rate cap with a notional amount of $ 175.0 million and its BSBY corridor of 1.00 %- 3.00 % with a notional amount of $ 175.0 million and, effective April 3, 2023, entered into this interest rate swap agreement. The Company paid a net zero premium for this transaction.
 (d) On July 5, 2023, the Company terminated a SOFR corridor of 1.00 %- 3.00 % with a notional amount of $ 200.0 million and entered into this interest rate swap agreement. The Company paid a net zero premium for this transaction.
 (e) Transitioned to SOFR during the year ended December 31, 2023.
 (f) This interest rate swap agreement reduces the Company's interest rate exposure on the $ 180.4 million senior construction loan secured by the Company's Harbor Point Parcel 3 equity method investment as described in Note 5. As such, the loan is not reflected on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company also paid $ 3.6 million to reduce the swap fixed rate.
 (g) The Company paid $ 13.3 million to reduce the swap fixed rate.
 (h) This interest rate swap agreement reduces the Company's interest rate exposure on the $ 109.7 million senior construction loan secured by the Company's Harbor Point Parcel 4 equity method investment as described in Note 5. As such, the loan is not reflected on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company also paid $ 3.9 million to reduce the swap fixed rate.
 (i) The Company paid $ 10.5 million to reduce the swap fixed rate.
 (j) Subject to cancellation by the counterparty beginning on May 1, 2025 and the first day of each month thereafter.

 For the interest rate swaps and caps designated as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes, realized gains and losses are reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss) to interest expense in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income due to payments received from and paid to the counterparty. During the next 12 months, the Company anticipates reclassifying approximately $ 6.3 million of net hedging gains as reductions to interest expense. These amounts will be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive gain into earnings to offset the variability of the hedged items during this period.

 The Company's derivatives comprised the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

 December 31, 2022

 Fair Value
 Fair Value

 Asset
 Liability
 Asset
 Liability

 Derivatives not designated as accounting hedges

 Interest rate swaps
 $
 1,020,000
 $
 20,761
 $
 —
 $
 250,000
 $
 2,201
 $
 —

 Interest rate caps
 —
 —
 —
 289,479
 2,102
 —

 Total derivatives not designated as accounting hedges
 1,020,000
 20,761
 —
 539,479
 4,303
 —

 Derivatives designated as accounting hedges

 Interest rate swaps
 667,894
 7,141
 —
 187,670
 11,247
 —

 Interest rate caps
 98,269
 —
 561,200
 13,565
 —

 Total derivatives
 $
 1,786,163
 $
 28,862
 $
 —
 $
 1,288,349
 $
 29,115
 $
 —

 The unrealized changes in the fair value of the Company's derivatives during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Interest rate swaps
 $
 ( 6,981)
 $
 16,210
 $
 4,775

 Interest rate caps
 ( 325)
 12,841
 1,222

 Total unrealized change in fair value of interest rate derivatives
 $
 ( 7,306)
 $
 29,051
 $
 5,997

 Comprehensive income statement presentation:

 Change in fair value of derivatives and other(1)

 $
 ( 14,185)
 $
 8,886
 $
 2,319

 6,879
 20,165
 3,678

 Total unrealized change in fair value of interest rate derivatives
 $
 ( 7,306)
 $
 29,051
 $
 5,997

 (1) Excludes $ 7.9 million of realized changes in the fair value of derivatives for the year-ended December 31, 2023.

 10. Equity

 Stockholders' Equity

 As of each of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company's authorized capital was 500 million shares of common stock and 100 million shares of preferred stock. The Company had 66.8 million and 67.7 million shares of common stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company had 6.8 million shares of its Series A Preferred Stock (as defined below) issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 Common Stock

 On March 10, 2020, the Company commenced a new at-the-market continuous equity offering program (the "ATM Program") through which the Company may, from time to time, issue and sell shares of its common stock and shares of its 6.75 % Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock (the "Series A Preferred Stock") having an aggregate offering price of up to $ 300.0 million, to or through its sales agents and, with respect to shares of its common stock, may enter into separate forward sales agreements to or through the forward purchaser. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company did not issue any shares of common stock under the ATM Program. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company issued and sold 475,074 and 3,801,731 shares of common stock at a weighted average price of $ 15.21 and $ 13.87 per share under the ATM Program, receiving net proceeds, after offering costs and commissions, of $ 7.1 million and $ 51.7 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company did not issue any shares of the Series A Preferred Stock under the ATM Program.

 On January 11, 2022, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 4,025,000 shares of common stock, which were pre-purchased from the Company by the underwriter at a purchase price of $ 14.45 per share of common stock including fees, resulting in net proceeds after offering costs of $ 58.0 million.

 On April 3, 2023, in connection with the tender by a holder of Class A Units of 51,000 Class A Units for redemption by the Operating Partnership, the Company elected to satisfy the redemption request with a cash payment of $ 0.6 million.

 On July 14, 2023, in connection with the tender by a holder of Class A Units of 10,146 Class A Units for redemption by the Operating Partnership, the Company elected to satisfy the redemption request with a cash payment of $ 0.1 million.

 On October 2, 2023, in connection with the tender by a holder of Class A Units of 50,000 Class A Units for redemption by the Operating Partnership, the Company elected to satisfy the redemption request through the issuance of an equal number of shares of common stock.

 Preferred Stock

 Dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock are payable quarterly in arrears on or about the 15th day of each January, April, July, and October. The first dividend on the Series A Preferred Stock was paid on October 15, 2019. The Series A Preferred Stock does not have a stated maturity date and is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption provisions. Upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the Series A Preferred Stock will rank senior to the Company's common stock with respect to the payment of distributions and other amounts. Except in instances relating to preservation of the Company's qualification as a REIT or pursuant to the Company's special optional redemption right, the Series A Preferred Stock is not redeemable prior to June 18, 2024. On and after June 18, 2024, the Company may, at its option, redeem the Series A Preferred Stock, in whole, at any time, or in part, from time to time, for cash at a redemption price of $ 25.00 per share, plus any accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not declared) to, but excluding, the redemption date.

 Upon the occurrence of a change of control (as defined in the articles supplementary designating the terms of the Series A Preferred Stock), the Company has a special optional redemption right that enables it to redeem the Series A Preferred Stock, in whole or in part and within 120 days after the first date on which a change of control has occurred resulting in neither the Company nor the surviving entity having a class of common stock listed on the New York Stock Exchange, NYSE American, or NASDAQ or the acquisition of beneficial ownership of its stock entitling a person to exercise more than 50 % of the total voting power of all our stock entitled to vote generally in election of directors. The special optional redemption price is $ 25.00 per share, plus any accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not declared) to, but excluding, the date of redemption.

 Upon the occurrence of a change of control, holders will have the right (unless the Company has elected to exercise its
 special optional redemption right to redeem their Series A Preferred Stock) to convert some or all of such holder's Series A Preferred Stock into a number of shares of the Company's common stock equal to the lesser of:

 • the quotient obtained by dividing (i) the sum of the $ 25.00 liquidation preference plus the amount of any accrued and unpaid distributions to, but not including, the change of control conversion date (unless the change of control conversion date is after a record date for a Series A Preferred Stock distribution payment and prior to the corresponding Series A Preferred Stock distribution payment date, in which case no additional amount for such accrued and unpaid distribution will be included in this sum) by (ii) the Common Stock Price (as defined in the articles supplementary designating the terms of the Series A Preferred Stock); and

 • 2.97796 (i.e., the Share Cap), subject to certain adjustments;

 Such conversions are subject to certain adjustments and provisions for the receipt of alternative consideration of equivalent value as described in the articles supplementary designating the terms of the Series A Preferred Stock.

 Noncontrolling Interests

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company held a 75.6 % and 76.7 % common interest in the Operating Partnership, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the Company also held a preferred interest in the Operating Partnership in the form of preferred units with a liquidation preference of $ 171.1 million. The Company is the primary beneficiary of the Operating Partnership as it has the power to direct the activities of the Operating Partnership and the rights to absorb 75.6 % of the net income of the Operating Partnership. As the primary beneficiary, the Company consolidates the financial position and results of operations of the Operating Partnership. Noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership represent units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership not held by the Company. As of December 31, 2023, there were 21,553,062 Class A Units and 39,694 LTIP Units in the Operating Partnership ("LTIP Units") not held by the Company. The Company's financial position and results of operations are the same as those of the Operating Partnership. See Note 11 for a description of LTIP Units.

 Additionally, the Operating Partnership owns a majority interest in certain non-wholly-owned operating and development properties. The noncontrolling interest in investment entities was $ 10.0 million and $ 24.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which represents the minority partners' interest in certain consolidated real estate entities.

 Holders of Class A Units may not transfer their units without the Company's prior consent as general partner of the Operating Partnership. Subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, holders of Class A Units may tender their units for redemption by the Operating Partnership in exchange for cash equal to the market price of shares of the Company's

 common stock at the time of redemption or, at the Company's option and sole discretion, for unregistered or registered shares of common stock on a one -for-one basis. Accordingly, the Company presents Class A Units of the Operating Partnership not held by the Company as noncontrolling interests within equity in the consolidated balance sheets.

 Share Repurchase Program

 On June 15, 2023, the Company adopted a $ 50.0 million share repurchase program (the "Share Repurchase Program"). Under the Share Repurchase Program, the Company may repurchase shares of common stock and Series A Preferred Stock from time to time in the open market, in block purchases, through privately negotiated transactions, the use of trading plans intended to qualify under Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or other means. The Share Repurchase Program does not obligate the Company to acquire any specific number of shares or acquire shares over any specific period of time. The Share Repurchase Program may be suspended or discontinued at any time by the Company and does not have an expiration date.

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 1,204,838 shares of common stock for a total of $ 12.6 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company did not repurchase any shares of Series A Preferred Stock. As of December 31, 2023, $ 37.4 million remained available for repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program.

 Dividends and Class A Unit Distributions

 During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company declared dividends per common share and distributions per Class A Unit of $ 0.775, $ 0.72, and $ 0.64, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, these common stock dividends totaled $ 52.4 million, $ 48.7 million, and $ 39.3 million, respectively, and these Operating Partnership distributions totaled $ 16.6 million, $ 14.8 million, and $ 13.3 million, respectively.

 The tax treatment of dividends paid to common stockholders during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was as follows (unaudited):

 Years ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Capital gains
 2.84
 %
 —
 %
 8.98
 %

 Ordinary income
 35.77
 %
 65.64
 %
 66.71
 %

 Return of capital
 61.39
 %
 34.36
 %
 24.31
 %

 Total
 %
 %
 %

 During each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company declared dividends of $ 1.6875 per share to holders of Series A Preferred Stock. During each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, these preferred stock dividends totaled $ 11.5 million.

 The tax treatment of dividends paid to preferred stockholders during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was as follows (unaudited):

 Years ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Capital gains
 5.03
 %
 —
 %
 11.96
 %

 Ordinary income
 94.97
 %
 %
 88.04
 %

 Total
 %
 %
 %

 11. Stock-Based Compensation

 The Company's Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the "Equity Plan"), permits the grant of restricted stock awards, stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance units, LTIP Units and other equity-based awards up to an aggregate of 3,400,000 shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had 1,566,590 shares of common stock available for issuance under the Equity Plan.

 As a result of the Company inadvertently issuing more shares of common stock than were available for issuance under the Equity Plan (prior to the amendment adopted on June 14, 2023), on May 9, 2023, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and the Company's Chief Financial Officer forfeited 75,321 and 8,975 restricted shares of common stock, respectively. Following approval by the Company's board of directors and stockholders of the amendment to the Equity Plan to increase the number of shares available for issuance thereunder, on June 20, 2023, 75,321 and 8,975 restricted shares of common stock were granted to the Company's Chief Executive Officer and the Company's Chief Financial Officer, respectively, one-third of which will vest on March 3, 2024, one-third of which will vest on March 3, 2025, and one-third of which will vest on March 3, 2026, subject to the executives' continued employment on such dates.

 LTIP Units are a special class of partnership interests in the Operating Partnership. Each LTIP Unit awarded will be deemed equivalent to an award of one share of stock under the Equity Plan, reducing the availability for other equity awards on a one-for-one basis. The vesting period for LTIP Units, if any, will be determined at the time of issuance. Under the terms of the Operating Partnership's agreement of limited partnership, the Operating Partnership will revalue for tax purposes its assets upon the occurrence of certain specified events, and any increase in valuation from the time of grant until such event will be allocated first to the holders of LTIP Units to equalize the capital accounts of such holders with the capital accounts of Class A unitholders. Subject to any agreed upon exceptions (including pursuant to the applicable LTIP Unit award agreement), once vested and having achieved parity with Class A unitholders, LTIP Units are convertible into Class A Units on a one -for-one basis.

 During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company granted an aggregate of 434,053, 288,677 and 166,768 shares of restricted stock and LTIP Units to employees and non-employee directors, respectively. The grant date fair value of the restricted stock and LTIP Unit awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $ 5.4 million, $ 4.2 million and $ 2.1 million, respectively. Employee restricted stock awards (except for awards made to executive officers) generally vest over a period of two years: one-third immediately on the grant date and the remaining two-thirds in equal amounts on the first two anniversaries following the grant date, subject to continued service to the Company. Executive officers' restricted shares generally vest over a period of three years: two-fifths immediately on the grant date and the remaining three-fifths in equal amounts on the first three anniversaries following the grant date, subject to continued service to the Company. Non-employee director restricted stock awards or LTIP Units may vest either immediately upon grant or over a period of one year, subject to continued service to the Company. Unvested restricted stock awards and LTIP Units are entitled to receive dividends or distributions, respectively, from their grant date.

 During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company issued performance-based awards in the form of restricted stock units to certain employees. The performance period for these awards is three years, with a required two-year service period immediately following the expiration of the performance period in order to fully vest. There were no shares issued due to vesting of performance-based awards in 2023 and 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2021, 5,760 shares were issued with a grant date fair value of $ 15.19 per share due to the partial vesting of performance units awarded to certain employees in 2017. Of those shares, 1,926 were surrendered by the employees for income tax withholdings.

 During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company recognized $ 4.1 million, $ 3.8 million and $ 2.6 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation. As of December 31, 2023, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted shares and LTIP Units was $ 1.7 million, substantially all of which the Company expects to recognize over the next 27 months.

 Compensation cost relating to stock-based compensation for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was recorded as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 General and administrative expense
 $
 2,319
 $
 1,905
 $
 1,505

 General contracting and real estate services expenses
 1,360
 1,342

 Capitalized in conjunction with development projects

 Total stock-based compensation cost
 $
 4,071
 $
 3,777
 $
 2,572

 The following table summarizes the changes in the Company's unvested restricted stock awards during the year ended December 31, 2023:

 Restricted Stock
Awards
 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share

 Unvested as of January 1, 2023

 219,306
 $
 14.15

 Granted
 394,359
 12.70

 Vested
 ( 254,030)
 13.42

 Forfeited
 ( 88,095)
 13.52

 Unvested as of December 31, 2023

 271,540
 $
 12.93

 Restricted stock awards granted and vested during the year ended December 31, 2023 include 87,986 shares tendered by employees to satisfy minimum statutory tax withholding obligations.

 The following table summarizes the changes in the Company's unvested LTIP Unit awards during the year ended December 31, 2023:

 LTIP Unit
 Awards

 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share

 Unvested as of January 1, 2023

 —
 $
 —

 Granted
 39,694
 10.14

 Vested
 —
 —

 Forfeited
 —
 —

 Unvested as of December 31, 2023

 39,694
 $
 10.14

 12. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

 Fair value measurements are based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. The hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value is as follows:

 Level 1 Inputs — quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
 Level 2 Inputs — observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities
 Level 3 Inputs — unobservable inputs

 Except as disclosed below, the carrying amounts of the Company's financial instruments approximate their fair values. Financial assets and liabilities whose fair values are measured on a recurring basis using Level 2 inputs consist of interest rate swaps and caps. The Company measures the fair values of these assets and liabilities based on prices provided by independent market participants that are based on observable inputs using market-based valuation techniques.

 Financial assets and liabilities whose fair values are not measured at fair value but for which the fair value is disclosed include the Company's notes receivable and indebtedness. The fair value is estimated by discounting the future cash flows of each instrument at estimated market rates consistent with the maturity, credit characteristics, and other terms of the arrangements, which are Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy.

 In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. For disclosure purposes, the level within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

 Considerable judgment is used to estimate the fair value of financial instruments. The estimates of fair value presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized upon disposition of the financial instruments.

 The carrying amounts and fair values of the Company's financial instruments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Carrying
Value
 Fair
Value
 Carrying
Value
 Fair
Value

 Indebtedness, net (a)

 $
 1,407,323
 $
 1,389,296
 $
 1,079,233
 $
 1,058,530

 Notes receivable
 94,172
 94,172
 136,039
 136,039

 Interest rate swap and cap assets
 28,862
 28,862
 29,115
 29,115

 _______________________________________
 (a) Excludes $ 10.4 million and $ 11.0 million of deferred financing costs as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 13. Income Taxes

 The income tax benefit (provision) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 comprised the following (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Federal income taxes:

 Current
 $
 ( 496)
 $
 —
 $

 Deferred
 ( 559)
 ( 100)

 State income taxes:

 Current
 ( 166)
 —

 Deferred
 ( 108)
 ( 19)

 Income tax (provision) benefit
 $
 ( 1,329)
 $
 $

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $ 0.7 million and $ 1.4 million, respectively, of net deferred tax assets representing net operating losses of the TRS that are being carried forward and basis differences in the assets of the TRS. The deferred tax assets are presented within other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

 Management has evaluated the Company's income tax positions and concluded that the Company has no uncertain income tax positions as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company is generally subject to examination by the applicable taxing authorities for the tax years 2020 through 2023. The Company does not currently have any ongoing tax examinations by taxing authorities.

 14. Other Assets

 Other assets were comprised of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Leasing costs, net
 $
 15,753
 $
 15,005

 Leasing incentives, net
 2,160
 2,697

 Interest rate swaps and caps
 28,862
 29,115

 Prepaid expenses and other
 33,006
 30,516

 Pre-acquisition and pre-development costs
 7,767
 8,030

 Other assets
 $
 87,548
 $
 85,363

 15. Other Liabilities

 Other liabilities were comprised of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Dividends and distributions payable
 $
 19,930
 $
 19,777

 Acquired lease intangibles, net
 19,021
 18,418

 Prepaid rent and other
 12,763
 10,935

 Security deposits
 4,752
 4,026

 Guarantee liability

 Other liabilities
 $
 56,613
 $
 54,055

 16. Acquired Lease Intangibles

 The following table summarizes the Company's acquired lease intangibles as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

 Gross Carrying
 Net Carrying

 Amount
 Amortization
 Amount

 In-place lease assets
 $
 215,832
 $
 108,772
 $
 107,060

 Above-market lease assets
 7,810
 5,733
 2,077

 Above/Below-market ground lease assets
 5,075
 1,085
 3,990

 Below-market lease liabilities
 36,282
 17,261
 19,021

 The following table summarizes the Company's acquired lease intangibles as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

 December 31, 2022

 Gross Carrying
 Net Carrying

 Amount
 Amortization
 Amount

 In-place lease assets
 $
 180,598
 $
 79,320
 $
 101,278

 Above-market lease assets
 7,748
 5,156
 2,592

 Above/Below-market ground lease assets
 5,075
 4,127

 Below-market lease liabilities
 32,355
 13,937
 18,418

 During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company recognized the following amortization of intangible lease assets and liabilities (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Intangible lease assets

 In-place lease assets
 $
 29,351
 $
 15,767
 $
 13,210

 Above-market lease assets

 Above/Below-market ground lease assets

 Intangible lease liabilities

 Below-market lease liabilities
 3,324
 2,395
 2,148

 As of December 31, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lives of in-place lease assets, above-market lease assets, above/below-market ground lease assets, and below-market lease liabilities were 7.6 years, 4.2 years, 41.2 years and 9.4 years, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted-average remaining life of below-market lease renewal options was 9.3 years.

 Estimated amortization of acquired lease intangibles for each of the five succeeding years is as follows (in thousands):

 Rental Revenues
 Depreciation and Amortization

 Year ending December 31,

 2024
 $
 2,080
 $
 14,794

 2025
 2,007
 13,766

 2026
 2,014
 13,059

 2027
 1,866
 12,183

 2028
 1,413
 8,402

 17. Related Party Transactions

 The Company provides general contracting and real estate services to certain related party entities that are included in these consolidated financial statements. Revenue and gross profits from construction contracts with related party entities of the Company were nominal for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Revenue and gross profits from construction contracts with related party entities of the Company were $ 23.6 million and $ 1.7 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2021. As of each of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was no outstanding balance from related parties of the Company. Real estate services fees from affiliated entities of the Company were not material for any of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. In addition, affiliated entities also reimburse the Company for monthly maintenance and facilities management services provided to the properties. Cost reimbursements earned by the Company from affiliated entities were not material for any of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

 The general contracting services described above include contracts with an aggregate price of $ 81.6 million with the developer of a mixed-use project, including an apartment building, retail space, and a parking garage located in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The developer is owned in part by executives and non-independent directors of the Company, not including the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer, and Chief Financial Officer. These contracts were executed in October and December 2019 and as of December 31, 2022 were completed and resulted in aggregate gross profit of $ 3.9 million to the Company, representing a gross profit margin of 5.1 %. As part of these contracts and per the requirements of the lender for this project, the Company issued a letter of credit for $ 9.5 million to secure certain performances of the Company's subsidiary construction company under the contracts, which letter of credit expired on August 16, 2023 and was not required to be renewed.

 The Company provides general contracting services to the Harbor Point Parcel 3 and Harbor Point Parcel 4 ventures. See Note 5 for more information. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized gross profit of $ 1.4 million and $ 0.9 million, respectively, relating to these construction contracts, associated with 50 % of gross profit on contracts for Harbor Point Parcel 3 and 10 % of gross profit on contracts for Harbor Point Parcel 4.

 18. Commitments and Contingencies

 Legal Proceedings

 The Company is from time to time involved in various disputes, lawsuits, warranty claims, environmental and other matters arising in the ordinary course of its business. Management makes assumptions and estimates concerning the likelihood and amount of any potential loss relating to these matters.

 The Company currently is a party to various legal proceedings, none of which management expects will have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations, or liquidity. Management accrues a liability for litigation if an unfavorable outcome is determined to be probable and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. If an unfavorable outcome is determined by management to be probable and a range of loss can be reasonably estimated, management accrues the best estimate within the range; however, if no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other, the minimum amount within the range is accrued. Legal fees related to litigation are expensed as incurred. Management does not believe that the ultimate outcome of these matters, either individually or

 in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial position or results of operations; however, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties.

 Under the Company's leases, tenants are typically obligated to indemnify the Company from and against all liabilities, costs, and expenses imposed upon or asserted against it as owner of the properties due to certain matters relating to the operation of the properties by the tenant.

 Guarantees

 In connection with the Company's real estate financing activities and equity method investments, the Company has made guarantees to pay portions of certain senior loans of third parties associated with the development projects. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had an outstanding guarantee liability of $ 0.1 million related to the $ 32.9 million senior loan on the Harbor Point Parcel 4. As of December 31, 2023, no amounts have been funded on this senior loan.

 Commitments

 The Company has a bonding line of credit for its general contracting construction business and is contingently liable under performance and payment bonds, bonds for cancellation of mechanics liens, and defect bonds. Such bonds collectively totaled $ 6.5 million and $ 8.5 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company issued a letter of credit for $ 9.5 million to secure certain performances of the Company's subsidiary construction company under a related party project, which expired on August 16, 2023 and was not required to be renewed.

 On January 7, 2021, the Operating Partnership entered into a $ 15.0 million standby letter of credit using the available capacity under the amended credit facility to guarantee the funding of its investment in the Harbor Point Parcel 3 joint venture, which is the developer of T. Rowe Price's new global headquarters. This letter of credit was available for draw down on the revolving credit facility in the event the Company did not meet its equity requirement. The letter of credit expired on January 4, 2022 and was not required to be renewed.

 Unfunded Loan Commitments

 The Company has certain commitments related to its notes receivable investments that it may be required to fund in the future. The Company is generally obligated to fund these commitments at the request of the borrower or upon the occurrence of events outside of the Company's direct control. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had six notes receivable with a total of $ 46.3 million of unfunded commitments. If commitments are funded in the future, interest will be charged at rates consistent with the existing investments. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has recorded a $ 0.7 million CECL allowance that relates to the unfunded commitments, which was recorded as a liability in Other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. See Note 6 for more information.

 The Operating Partnership has entered into standby letters of credit related to the guarantee of future performance on certain of the Company's construction contracts. Letters of credit generally are available for draw down in the event the Company does not perform. The Operating Partnership had no letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2022, the Operating Partnership had outstanding letters of credit totaling $ 9.5 million.

 Concentrations of Credit Risk

 The majority of the Company's properties are located in Hampton Roads, Virginia. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, rental revenues from Hampton Roads properties represented 37 %, 38 % and 40 %, respectively, of the Company's rental revenues. Many of the Company's Hampton Roads properties are located in the Town Center of Virginia Beach. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, rental revenues from Town Center properties represented 24 %, 25 % and 26 %, respectively, of the Company's rental revenues.

 The Company also has a concentration of properties at Harbor Point in Baltimore, Maryland. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, rental revenues from Harbor Point properties represented 25 %, 26 % and 14 %, respectively, of the Company's rental revenues.

 A group of three construction customers comprised 94 %, 89 %, and 58 % of the Company's general contracting and real estate services revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

 19. Subsequent Events

 The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date on which this Form 10-K was filed, the date on which these financial statements were issued, and identified the items below for discussion.

 Indebtedness

 Borrowings under the revolving credit facility were $ 299.0 million on February 23, 2024.

 Equity

 On January 2, 2024, in connection with the tender by a holder of Class A Units of 9,286 Class A Units for redemption by the Operating Partnership, the Company elected to satisfy the redemption request with a cash payment of $ 0.1 million.

 SCHEDULE III—Consolidated Real Estate Investments and Accumulated Depreciation

 Initial Cost
 Cost Capitalized
 Gross Carrying Amount

 Year of

 Building and
 Subsequent to

 Building and

 Net Carrying
 Construction/

 Encumbrances

 Land
 Improvements
 Acquisition
 Land
 Improvements
 Total
 Depreciation
 Amount (1)

 Acquisition

 249 Central Park Retail
 $
 —
 (2)

 $
 $
 —
 $
 17,464
 $
 $
 17,464
 $
 18,177
 $
 10,694
 $
 7,483
 2004

 Apex Entertainment
 —
 (2)

 —
 17,920
 17,920
 17,987
 8,432
 9,555
 2002

 Broad Creek Shopping Center
 —
 (2)

 —
 —
 9,763
 —
 9,763
 9,763
 5,486
 4,277
 1997/2001

 Broadmoor Plaza
 —
 (2)

 2,410
 9,010
 1,607
 2,410
 10,617
 13,027
 3,827
 9,200
 1980/2016

 Brooks Crossing Retail
 —
 —
 2,512
 2,512
 2,629
 2,092
 2016

 Columbus Village
 —
 (2)

 7,631
 10,135
 8,536
 7,631
 18,671
 26,302
 6,057
 20,245
 1980/2015

 Columbus Village II
 —
 (2) (3)

 8,853
 10,922
 8,853
 11,075
 19,928
 6,035
 13,893
 1995/2016

 Commerce Street Retail
 —
 (2)

 —
 3,357
 3,357
 3,475
 2,185
 1,290
 2008

 Delray Beach Plaza
 —
 (2)

 —
 27,151
 —
 27,637
 27,637
 2,720
 24,917
 2021

 Dimmock Square
 —
 (2)

 5,100
 13,126
 1,210
 5,100
 14,336
 19,436
 3,777
 15,659
 1998/2014

 Fountain Plaza Retail
 —
 (2)

 —
 8,543
 8,543
 8,968
 4,547
 4,421
 2004

 19,569
 8,549
 21,170
 8,549
 21,775
 30,324
 1,679
 28,645
 2017/2021

 Greentree Shopping Center
 —
 (2)

 1,103
 —
 4,197
 1,103
 4,197
 5,300
 1,661
 3,639
 2014

 Hanbury Village
 —
 (2)

 2,566
 —
 16,655
 2,566
 16,655
 19,221
 8,553
 10,668
 2006

 Harrisonburg Regal
 —
 1,554
 —
 4,148
 1,554
 4,148
 5,702
 2,628
 3,074
 1999

 13,599
 3,035
 20,581
 3,035
 20,922
 23,957
 3,956
 20,001
 2017/2018

 11,347
 2,042
 —
 21,167
 2,042
 21,167
 23,209
 3,484
 19,725
 2018

 Marketplace at Hilltop
 —
 (2)

 2,023
 19,886
 1,388
 2,023
 21,274
 23,297
 2,752
 20,545
 2000/2019

 Nexton Square
 21,581
 9,086
 27,760
 6,304
 9,086
 34,064
 43,150
 3,880
 39,270
 2020/2020

 North Hampton Market
 —
 (2)

 7,250
 10,210
 1,017
 7,250
 11,227
 18,477
 3,415
 15,062
 2004/2016

 North Pointe Center
 —
 (4)

 1,276
 —
 23,292
 1,276
 23,292
 24,568
 12,513
 12,055
 1998

 Overlook Village
 —
 (2)

 6,328
 20,101
 6,328
 20,802
 27,130
 1,764
 25,366
 1990/2021

 Parkway Centre
 —
 (2)

 1,372
 7,864
 1,372
 8,048
 9,420
 1,467
 7,953
 2017/2018

 Parkway Marketplace
 —
 (2)

 1,150
 —
 4,175
 1,150
 4,175
 5,325
 2,534
 2,791
 1998

 Patterson Place
 —
 (2)

 15,060
 20,180
 1,447
 15,060
 21,627
 36,687
 5,162
 31,525
 2004/2016

 Pembroke Square
 —
 (2)

 14,513
 9,290
 14,513
 9,736
 24,249
 23,450
 1966/2015/2022

 Perry Hall Marketplace
 —
 (2)

 3,240
 8,316
 3,240
 8,983
 12,223
 2,991
 9,232
 2001/2015

 Premier Retail
 7,898
 —
 15,496
 15,496
 15,814
 2,756
 13,058
 2018

 Providence Plaza
 —
 (2)

 9,950
 12,369
 2,530
 9,950
 14,899
 24,849
 4,225

 20,624
 2007/2015

 Red Mill Commons
 10,654
 (4)

 44,252
 30,348
 6,375
 44,252
 36,723
 80,975
 8,532
 72,443
 2000/2019

 Sandbridge Commons
 —
 (2)

 4,118
 —
 7,509
 4,118
 7,509
 11,627
 2,861

 8,766
 2015

 South Retail
 —
 (2)

 —
 8,316
 8,316
 8,506
 5,637

 2,869
 2002

 South Square
 —
 (2)

 14,130
 12,670
 1,296
 14,130
 13,966
 28,096
 3,762
 24,334
 1977/2016

 25,331
 10,238
 25,950
 7,076
 10,238
 33,026
 43,264
 7,949
 35,315
 1991/2016

 Southshore Shops
 —
 (2)

 1,770
 6,509
 1,770
 7,235
 9,005
 1,704
 7,301
 2006/2016

 Studio 56 Retail
 —
 (2)

 —
 3,806
 3,806
 3,882
 1,375

 2,507
 2007

 Initial Cost
 Cost Capitalized
 Gross Carrying Amount

 Year of

 Building and
 Subsequent to

 Building and

 Net Carrying
 Construction/

 Encumbrances

 Land
 Improvements
 Acquisition
 Land
 Improvements
 Total
 Depreciation
 Amount (1)

 Acquisition

 Tyre Neck Harris Teeter
 —
 (2)

 —
 —
 3,306
 —
 3,306
 3,306
 1,920

 1,386
 2011

 Wendover Village
 —
 (2)

 19,893
 22,638
 1,393
 19,893
 24,031
 43,924
 5,256
 38,668
 2004/2016-2019

 The Interlock Retail
 —
 (2)

 —
 66,104
 —
 66,945
 66,945
 1,162
 65,783
 2021/2023

 Total retail
 $
 109,979
 $
 210,516
 $
 412,290
 $
 216,955
 $
 210,516
 $
 629,245
 $
 839,761
 $
 160,674

 $
 679,087

 4525 Main Street
 30,074
 —
 47,170
 47,170
 48,152
 15,795
 32,357
 2014

 Armada Hoffler Tower
 —
 (2)

 1,976
 —
 72,567
 1,976
 72,567
 74,543
 45,789
 28,754
 2002

 Brooks Crossing Office
 —
 (2)

 —
 19,497
 19,497
 19,792
 3,123
 16,669
 2016/2019

 Constellation Office
 21,152
 176,943
 1,910
 21,152
 178,853
 200,005
 9,279
 190,726
 2016/2022

 One City Center
 —
 (2)

 2,911
 28,202
 6,463
 2,911
 34,665
 37,576
 5,058
 32,518
 2019

 One Columbus
 —
 (2)

 10,269
 16,244
 26,513
 27,473
 16,063
 11,410
 1984

 15,861
 64,689
 2,152
 15,861
 66,841
 82,702
 7,708
 74,994
 2010/2019

 Two Columbus
 —
 (2)

 —
 22,167
 22,167
 22,220
 11,693
 10,527
 2009

 Wills Wharf
 —
 (2)

 —
 —
 113,200
 —
 113,200
 113,200
 11,893
 101,307
 2020

 The Interlock Office
 —
 (2)

 —
 117,864
 —
 118,622
 118,622
 2,022
 116,600
 2021/2023

 Total office
 $
 272,968
 $
 44,190
 $
 397,967
 $
 302,128
 $
 44,190
 $
 700,095
 $
 744,285
 $
 128,423
 $
 615,862

 1305 Dock Street
 $
 —
 $
 2,165
 $
 18,114
 $
 $
 2,165
 $
 18,427
 $
 20,592
 $
 $
 19,627
 2016/2022

 1405 Point
 —
 (2)

 —
 95,466
 4,258
 —
 99,724
 99,724
 15,090
 84,634
 2018/2019

 Chronicle Mill
 34,438
 1,788
 57,523
 1,788
 58,056
 59,844
 2,301
 57,543
 2021

 The Edison
 15,179
 3,428
 18,582
 1,592
 3,428
 20,174
 23,602
 2,819
 20,783
 1919/ 2014/2020

 Encore Apartments
 23,421
 1,293
 —
 31,913
 1,293
 31,913
 33,206
 9,002
 24,204
 2014

 The Everly
 4,832
 —
 45,386
 4,832
 45,386
 50,218
 2,299
 47,919
 2020

 31,104
 5,711
 —
 45,735
 5,711
 45,735
 51,446
 7,934
 43,512
 2018

 Liberty Apartments
 20,588
 3,580
 23,494
 2,768
 3,580
 26,262
 29,842
 8,503
 21,339
 2013/2014

 Premier Apartments
 16,036
 —
 29,371
 29,371
 30,018
 4,772
 25,246
 2018

 Smith's Landing
 14,578
 —
 35,105
 5,595
 —
 40,700
 40,700
 12,928
 27,772
 2009/2013

 30,546
 5,000
 —
 87,502
 5,000
 87,502
 92,502
 —
 92,502
 2021
 (5)

 The Cosmopolitan
 40,367
 —
 78,584
 78,584
 79,569
 37,459
 42,110
 2006

 Total multifamily
 $
 256,257
 $
 29,429
 $
 191,294
 $
 390,540
 $
 29,429
 $
 581,834
 $
 611,263
 $
 104,072
 $
 507,191

 Held for development
 $
 —
 (6)

 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Real estate investments
 $
 639,204
 $
 296,113
 $
 1,001,551
 $
 909,623
 $
 296,113
 $
 1,911,174
 $
 2,207,287
 $
 393,169
 $
 1,814,118

 (1)The net carrying amount of real estate for federal income tax purposes was $ 1,579.1 million as of December 31, 2023.
 (2)Borrowing base collateral for the amended credit facility, M&T term loan facility, and TD term loan facility as of December 31, 2023.
 (3)As of December 31, 2023, $ 5.7 million of this property's land value was included in held for development related to redevelopment plans.
 (4)A portion of this property is borrowing base collateral for the amended credit facility, M&T term loan facility, and TD term loan facility as of December 31, 2023.
 (5)Construction in progress as of December 31, 2023.
 (6)Held for development includes Columbus Village II land held for redevelopment and Ten Tryon, both of which are borrowing base collateral for the amended credit facility, M&T term loan facility, and TD term loan facility as of December 31, 2023.

 Income producing property is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives:

 Buildings
 39 years

 Capital improvements
 5 — 20 years

 Equipment
 3 — 7 years

 Tenant improvements
 Term of the related lease (or estimated useful life, if shorter)

 Real Estate

 Investments
 Depreciation

 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022

 Balance at beginning of the year
 $
 1,943,575
 $
 1,737,438
 $
 329,963
 $
 285,814

 Construction costs and improvements
 80,089
 93,467
 —
 —

 Acquisitions
 183,982
 242,423
 —
 —

 Dispositions
 ( 260)
 ( 129,342)
 ( 260)
 ( 10,396)

 Reclassifications
 ( 99)
 ( 411)
 —
 —

 Depreciation
 —
 —
 63,466
 54,545

 Balance at end of the year
 $
 2,207,287
 $
 1,943,575
 $
 393,169
 $
 329,963