UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 FORM 10-K
 (Mark One)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
 OR

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from to
 Commission file number 001-38495
 Nikola Corporation
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Delaware
 82-4151153

 (State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 4141 E Broadway Road
 85040

 Phoenix, Arizona

 (Address of Principal Executive Offices)
 (Zip Code)

 (480) 581-8888
 Registrant's telephone number, including area code

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share
 NKLA
 The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

 Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act:

 None

 (Title of class)

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
 Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
 Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No
 The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant on June 30, 2023, based on the closing price of $1.38 for shares of the Registrant's common stock as reported by The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, was approximately $ 1.0 billion. Shares of common stock beneficially owned by each executive officer, director, and holder of more than 10% of our common stock have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.
 The registrant had outstanding 1,335,615,165 shares of common stock as of February 26, 2024.
 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III incorporate by reference information from the registrant's proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the solicitation of proxies for the registrant's 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

 Page

 Forward-Looking Statements

 ii

 Summary of Risk Factors

 iii

 Item 1. Business

 Item 1A. Risk Factors

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity

 Item 2. Properties

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B. Other Information

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11. Executive Compensation

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees

 Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 i

 Forward-Looking Statements
 This report contains forward-looking statements that are not historical facts. When used in this report, words such as "believe," "may," "will," "estimate," "continue," "anticipate," "intend," "expect," "should," "would," "could," "plan," "predict," "potential," "target," "goal," "strategy," "seem," "seek," "future," "outlook," and similar expressions are intended to identify forward looking statements. These are statements that predict or indicate future events or trends or that are not statements of historical matters. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the company's expectations regarding its business and the potential benefits received from the planned integrated offering of trucks and fueling solutions; the potential benefits from the company's hydrogen offtake, distribution and dispensing plans; the expected performance and specifications of company vehicles, distribution and fueling solutions; the benefits and attributes of the company's business model and strategy; the company's expectations for its trucks and market acceptance of electric trucks and hydrogen fueling solutions; expected benefits of the company's strategic partnerships; the company's plans with respect to its potential leasing arrangements; the company's plans with respect to its maintenance and service program; our future capital requirements and ability to raise capital; expected uses of our common stock; beliefs regarding our competitive position; market opportunity; expectations and estimates regarding expense levels and costs; our critical judgements and estimates, and the sufficiency thereof; and expected scope, costs and timing related to the battery-electric truck recall, including the nature of the repairs, expected costs to repair the vehicles and timing of such expenses, and any potential offsets, timing of battery replacement and truck deliveries and sales. These statements are based on various assumptions, whether or not identified in this report, and on the current expectations of management and are not predictions of actual performance. These assumptions include our financial and business performance; expected timing with respect to the production and attributes of our FCEV and BEV trucks; expectations regarding our hydrogen fuel station rollout plan; timing of completion of validation testing, volume production and other milestones; changes in our strategy, future operations, financial position, estimated revenues and losses, projected costs, prospects and plans; the execution of definitive agreements with our business partners and the success of our planned collaborations; the failure to convert LOIs or MOUs into binding orders; the cancellation of orders; our future capital requirements, ability to raise capital in the future and sources and uses of cash; costs of capital; the availability of sufficient authorized common stock; the ability to obtain parts and components on a timely basis and at the acceptable prices; the outcome of investigations, litigation, complaints, product liability claims and/or adverse publicity; the implementation, market acceptance and success of our business model; developments relating to our competitors and industry; the impact of health epidemics on our business and the actions we may take in response thereto; our expectations regarding our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection and not infringe on the rights of others; our ability to obtain funding for our operations and planned operations; the impact of inflation on our business; our business, expansion plans and opportunities; our ability to achieve cost reductions for our vehicles; end user demand for our trucks; assumptions regarding our recall campaign and warranty costs; the continued availability of government incentives; changes in applicable laws or regulations; and anticipated trends and challenges in our business and the markets in which we operate.
 Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expected. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those risks discussed in Item 1A of this report, as well as our ability to execute our business model, including market acceptance of our products and planned services; changes in applicable laws or regulations; risks associated with the outcome of any legal, regulatory, or judicial proceedings; our ability to raise capital and the terms thereof; our ability to service or repay our debt; our ability to compete; the success of our business collaborations; regulatory developments in the United States; the effects of inflation, supply chain issues and other economic, business, and/or competitive factors; risks related to the recall, including higher than expected costs, the discovery of additional problems, delays retrofitting the trucks and delivering such trucks to customers, supply chain and other issues that may create additional delays, order cancellations as a result of the recall, litigation, complaints and/or product liability claims, and reputational harm; and our history of operating losses. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date hereof. We expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based.
 In this report, all references to "Nikola," "we," "us," or "our" mean Nikola Corporation.
 Nikola and HYLA are trademarks of Nikola Corporation. We also refer to trademarks of other corporations and organizations in this report.
 ii

 Summary of Risk Factors
 Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties that could affect our ability to successfully implement our business strategy and affect our financial results. You should carefully consider all of the information in this report and, in particular, the following principal risks and all of the other specific factors described in Item 1A. of this report, "Risk Factors," before deciding whether to invest in our company.
 • We are an early stage company with a history of losses, expect to incur significant expenses and continuing losses for the foreseeable future, and there is substantial doubt that we will have sufficient funds to satisfy our obligations through the next 12 months from the date of this report.
 • We may be unable to adequately control the costs associated with our operations.
 • We need to raise additional capital, which may not be available to us when we need it. If we cannot raise additional capital when needed, our operations and prospects will be negatively affected.
 • Our business model has yet to be tested and any failure to commercialize our strategic plans would have an adverse effect on our operating results and business, harm our reputation and could result in substantial liabilities that exceed our resources.
 • Our limited operating history makes evaluating our business and future prospects difficult and may increase the risk of your investment.
 • We may be unable to issue sufficient additional shares to operate our business, including pursuant to existing potential sources of capital, or strategic transactions, unless we obtain stockholder approval to amend our certificate of incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of our common stock available for issuance.
 • Our future success is dependent upon the trucking market's willingness to adopt hydrogen fuel cell and battery electric trucks.
 • If we fail to manage our future growth effectively, we may not be able to market and sell our vehicles successfully.
 • We may face legal challenges in one or more states attempting to sell directly to fleets or end users which could materially and adversely affect our costs.
 • We face risks and uncertainties related to litigation, regulatory actions and government investigations and inquiries.
 • Product recalls have and may in the future materially and adversely affect our business prospects, operating results and financial condition.
 • Our success will depend on our ability to economically manufacture our trucks at scale and establish hydrogen fueling ecosystem to meet our customers' business needs, and our ability to develop and manufacture trucks of sufficient quality and appeal to end user fleets on schedule and at scale.
 • We may experience significant delays in the design, validation, manufacture, launch and financing of our trucks, which could harm our business and prospects.
 • Increases in costs, disruption of supply or shortage of raw materials and delays in the manufacturing and servicing of battery-packs for our BEV and FCEV trucks could harm our business.
 • Our plan to build a network of hydrogen fueling stations will require significant cash investments and management resources and may not meet our expectations with respect to additional sales of our FCEV trucks. In addition, we may not be able to open fueling stations in certain states or jurisdictions within states.
 • We may not be able to produce or source the hydrogen needed to establish our planned hydrogen fueling stations or may not be able to produce or source the hydrogen needed at competitive prices.
 • Reservations for the purchase or lease for our trucks are cancellable.
 • Collaboration with strategic partners is subject to risks.
 • We are or may be subject to risks associated with strategic alliances or acquisitions.
 iii

 • We may face challenges related to perceptions of safety for commercial electric vehicles, especially if adverse events or accidents occur that are linked to the quality or safety of commercial electric vehicles.
 • We identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, and have identified other material weaknesses in the past. If we are unable to remediate these material weaknesses, or if we experience additional material weaknesses or other deficiencies in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial results.
 • Servicing our debt may require a significant amount of cash, and we may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our substantial debt.
 iv

 Item 1. Business
 Company Overview
 Our vision is to be the zero-emissions transportation industry leader. We plan to realize this vision through world-class strategic partnerships, groundbreaking research and development, and a revolutionary business model.
 According to the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"), the transportation industry causes an estimated 29% of U.S. greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions. Medium and heavy-duty trucking represents approximately 23% of transportation industry GHG according to the EPA. With ever-expanding e-commerce freight demands, zero-emission vehicles are believed to be one of the only viable options for a sustainable future.
 We are a technology innovator and integrator, working to develop innovative energy and transportation solutions. We are pioneering a business model that will enable customers and fleets to integrate next-generation truck technology, hydrogen fueling and charging infrastructure, and related maintenance. By creating this ecosystem, we and our strategic business partners and suppliers expect to build a long-term competitive advantage for clean technology vehicles and next generation fueling solutions.
 Our expertise lies in design, innovation, software, and engineering. We assemble, integrate, and commission our vehicles in collaboration with our business partners and suppliers. Our approach is to leverage strategic partnerships to help lower cost, increase capital efficiency and accelerate speed to market.
 We operate in two business units: Truck and Energy. The Truck business unit is commercializing hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles ("FCEV") and battery electric vehicles ("BEV") Class 8 trucks that provide environmentally friendly, cost-effective solutions to the short-haul, medium-haul, and long-haul trucking sector. The Energy business unit is developing a hydrogen fueling ecosystem and providing BEV charging support to meet anticipated fuel demand for FCEV and BEV Nikola truck owners, as well as other third-party customers.
 We believe the key differentiator of our business model is our planned hydrogen fueling ecosystem, which includes (1) hydrogen procurement, (2) hydrogen distribution, and (3) hydrogen storage and dispensing. Historically, investing in alternative fuel vehicles has represented a high risk for both original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs") and vehicle owners due to the uncertainty of the fueling infrastructure. Existing fuel providers have limited incentive to deploy the required resources and capital to develop an alternative fuel infrastructure due to a lack of known demand. The inability to tackle both sides of this equation has prohibited hydrogen from reaching its full potential. Our approach aims to solve this "chicken or the egg" problem, by pairing dedicated fueling demand from our FCEV trucks to the refueling infrastructure to reduce the risk of developing the infrastructure while giving our FCEV truck owners the assurance that fuel will be available where and when they need it. We believe this strategy could help unlock hydrogen's potential as the fuel of the future.
 We may offer integrated FCEV solutions including the truck, fueling solutions, and maintenance. Our integrated solutions have the potential to de-risk infrastructure development by locking in fuel demand from FCEV fleets with dedicated routes. This locked in demand is intended to ensure high station utilization. End user fleets may purchase or lease our FCEV trucks through our network of authorized dealers.
 We believe our hydrogen fueling ecosystem will provide a competitive advantage and help accelerate the adoption of our FCEV. We believe our product portfolio and planned hydrogen fueling ecosystem will provide a key strategic advantage that differentiates us from competitors and will allow us to provide significant and valuable innovation to the heavy-duty commercial vehicle market and the related fueling and maintenance markets.
 Shift to Zero-Emission Vehicles and U.S. Market Policy Trends
 Diesel vehicles are a major source of harmful air pollutants and GHG emissions. The associated local air pollution, particulates of oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter emissions, negatively impacts health and quality of life. Additionally, diesel exhaust has been classified as a potential human carcinogen by the EPA and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Studies done on exposure to elevated levels of diesel exhaust indicate a greater risk of lung cancer.
 A significant share of global GHG emissions stem from heavy-duty vehicle transportation. We believe zero-emission vehicles are one of the viable options to reduce emissions in the transportation sector to meet climate, ozone, and regulatory targets.
 A strong consensus among the largest governments calls for a global push to shift to zero-emission vehicles and the eventual elimination of internal combustion engine ("ICE") vehicles.

 The following are recent policy trends and initiatives that have been enacted or are in development, which promote the growth of zero-emission trucks and infrastructure and the development of a national hydrogen economy.
 Federal Policy
 • The $773 billion Inflation Reduction Act ("IRA") was signed into law in August of 2022. The IRA directs $400 billion in federal funding to clean energy, with the goal of substantially lowering the nation's carbon emissions by the end of this decade. The funds will be delivered through a mix of tax incentives, grants, and loan guarantees. The majority of the energy and climate funding is in the form of tax credits. These are designed to catalyze private investment in clean energy, transport, and manufacturing. Section 45V of the IRA provides a tax credit for the production of qualified clean hydrogen, and Section 45W provides a $40,000 tax credit for qualified commercial clean vehicles weighing over 14,000 lbs. The EPA is developing multiple programs funded through the IRA, including the $1 billion Clean Heavy-Duty Vehicle Program, and the $3 billion Clean Ports Program to fund zero-emission port equipment and infrastructure. Additionally, the IRA granted the U.S. Department of Energy's Loan Program Office up to $250 billion in new authority to finance projects that reinvest in the nation's energy infrastructure.
 • In October 2023, the U.S. Department of Energy ("DOE") announced the selection of seven clean hydrogen hub projects across the country. Collectively, the selected hubs will receive up to $7 billion in federal investment over the next 8-12 years and form a critical arm of America's future clean energy economy. Funded through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, the hydrogen hubs are intended to be a central driver in helping communities across the country benefit from clean energy investments, good-paying jobs, and improved energy security. Clean hydrogen hubs are expected to create networks of hydrogen producers, consumers, and local connective infrastructure to accelerate the use of hydrogen as a clean energy carrier that can deliver or store large amounts of energy. The production, processing, delivery, storage, and end-use of clean hydrogen, including innovative uses in the industrial sector, are crucial to DOE's strategy for achieving President Biden's goal of a 100 percent clean electrical grid by 2035 and net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.
 State Policy
 • California's application to the DOE clean hydrogen hubs program was selected to receive $1.2 billion and is in the negotiation stage as of February 2024. The Alliance for Renewable Clean Hydrogen Energy Systems ("ARCHES") is intended to be a marketplace for the hydrogen industry, including production, distribution, storage and end users.
 • California's Advanced Clean Fleets ("ACF") regulation, which mandates adoption of zero-emission trucks, is in effect but is not being enforced until the EPA issues a Clean Air Act ("CAA") waiver, in an agreement reached by the California Air Resources Board ("CARB") and the California Trucking Association ("CTA"). CTA had previously filed a lawsuit against CARB claiming it had no authority to regulate heavy duty vehicles beyond federal standards. Nearly all past CAA waiver requests have been approved outright by the EPA. The sole rejection was later approved. CARB filed a CAA waiver request with the EPA on November 15, 2023.
 • Multiple states have moved to adopt California's Advanced Clean Trucks ("ACT") rule including Colorado, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington.
 • California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard ("LCFS"), which seeks to reduce GHG emissions from transportation by setting emission caps on fuels, has served as a model for states like Oregon and Washington that have developed their own clean fuels or transportation standards. Such programs set emissions benchmarks and allow the producers of clean fuels to generate credits, which can be traded on the open market to entities that exceed those benchmarks. Additional states considering similar programs include Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, and New Jersey.
 • State governments have employed incentive and grant programs to accelerate the adoption of zero-emission medium and heavy-duty vehicles in the commercial sector. California, New York, New Jersey, and Massachusetts offer vouchers for commercial entities replacing diesel Class-8 trucks with zero-emission vehicles, while Maryland and Washington state have programs under development. Numerous other states continue to fund decarbonization efforts through state funds or funding sources such as the Volkswagen Environmental Mitigation Trust or the federally funded Diesel Emissions Reductions Act.

 Other Policy Items
 • CALSTART, Clean Cities and clean air groups maintain activity and advocacy efforts to advance zero-emission transportation technologies. Hydrogen coalitions and stakeholder groups have become increasingly relevant at the national and state levels. For example, the Clean Hydrogen Future Coalition and Fuel Cell Hydrogen Energy Association continue to be proactive in advancing and supporting key tax credits impacting hydrogen production and infrastructure in the IRA.
 • Efforts continue by utilities across a number of states focusing on transportation electrification planning, grid modernization efforts, including energy storage targets, innovative pilot programs, advanced rate design pilots, electric grid resilience, battery storage deployments and emerging discussion around hydrogen as a potential clean energy source.
 Given our product portfolio, we believe we are well suited to take advantage of, or enable end user fleets to take advantage of, currently funded government programs, tax credit and incentive programs to be implemented by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law ("BIL") and the IRA that impact us across two key business pillars: vehicles and infrastructure.
 Zero-Emission Vehicle Incentive Programs
 In addition to the policy initiatives discussed above, there are vehicle specific incentive programs aimed to help lower the upfront or operational costs of zero-emission vehicles. For example, we believe funding programs like California's Hybrid Zero Emission Truck and Bus Voucher Incentive Project ("HVIP") and New York's Truck Voucher Incentive Program ("NYTVIP") will play an important role in the adoption of our zero-emissions BEV and FCEV trucks.
 On November 17, 2022, the CARB approved the FY22-23 Funding Plan for Clean Transportation Incentives, which includes policy changes and an allocation of over $1.7 billion to be administered by HVIP.
 The CARB approved our Tre FCEV model to be eligible for CARB's HVIP program. Purchases of the Tre FCEV in 2023 qualified for a base incentive valued at $240,000 per truck; $270,000 per truck for drayage fleets; or up to $288,000 per truck for fleets with (i) 10 trucks or less, (ii) performing drayage operations, and (iii) located within a disadvantaged community area. In addition, under the HVIP program our Tre BEV is eligible for a base incentive amount of $120,000, or $150,000 for drayage fleets. In addition to the funding provided by HVIP, purchasers of our Tre BEV and FCEVs also qualify for an additional $40,000 in clean commercial vehicle tax credits starting in 2023 from the federal government due to the passage of the IRA. Our Tre BEV is also approved for the NYTVIP, and is one of the first zero-emission Class 8 truck registered in the program. Participation in both programs provides opportunity for Nikola's Tre BEV to penetrate markets on both the West and East Coasts.
 Additionally, New Jersey's voucher program, ("NJZIP") has expanded the eligibility of vehicles for participation in the program to Class 8 trucks, allowing purchasers of our Tre BEV in New Jersey to benefit from this program by receiving a $175,000 voucher. Pennsylvania approved the Medium and Heavy-Duty Zero-Emission Vehicle ("MHD-ZEV") Fleet Pilot Grant. MHD-ZEV is a $12.7 million grant funding opportunity through their Driving Forward initiative providing an incentive up to 75% of the cost of the truck and up to 100%, if located in an economically distressed area. Texas also updated funding amounts for zero-emission trucks through its Rebate Grants Program to $150,000 per truck under the Texas Environmental Reduction Plan program ("TERP"). The MOR-EV Trucks Program in Massachusetts offers rebates for Class 8 trucks for public and private purchases or leasing of qualified new vehicles up to $90,000 registered in the Commonwealth and maintained for at least 48 months. Rebates apply to both individual vehicles and fleet acquisitions. An additional 10% may be added to the currently available incentive block value for vehicles above 14,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating ("GVWR") if the vehicle is registered in or will operate more than 50% of the time within census block groups that meet the State's Environmental Justice Income Criteria.
 The incentives described above are not intended to be an exhaustive list. Programs are continually being created, changing, or funds may become fully utilized. There can be no assurances that our efforts or end user fleets' efforts to take advantage of any of the above or other grants, tax credits or incentives will be successful or have a material effect on our business, or that any incentives with respect to our vehicles will continue to remain in effect. The loss or absences of these or other grants, credits or incentives could have a material adverse effect on demand for our trucks, our ability to develop our refueling infrastructure and our business and prospects.
 Industry and Competition
 In the highly competitive trucking industry, when choosing between truck models that meet their technical and safety requirements, customers typically base their purchasing decision on total cost of ownership ("TCO"). TCO is the total cost of

 owning and operating the truck through its ownership period or lifecycle, including lease cost or purchase payment, fuel cost, service, and maintenance.
 According to ACT Research, historically, diesel fuel comprises 40% to 60% of TCO, depending on prevailing diesel fuel prices. With the incumbent ICE technology, fleet operators are also forced to accept volatility in their largest cost component, creating risk and uncertainty.
 Competition in the Class 8 heavy-duty truck industry is intense as new regulatory requirements for vehicle emissions, technological advances, and shifting customer demands are forcing the industry to evolve towards zero-emission solutions. We believe the primary competitive factors in the Class 8 market include, but are not limited to:
 • need for a reliable solution;
 • total cost of ownership;
 • availability of charging or re-fueling network;
 • service availability and quality;
 • product performance;
 • improved operations and fleet management;
 • emissions profile;
 • technological innovation; and
 • ease of autonomous capability development.
 Similar to traditional OEMs in the passenger vehicle market, incumbent commercial transportation OEMs are typically burdened with legacy systems and the need to generate sufficient return on existing infrastructure, which historically created a reluctance to embrace new zero-emission drivetrain technology.
 The global push for lower emissions combined with vast technological improvements in fuel cell and battery-electric powertrain technologies has resulted in well-established OEMs investing in zero-emission vehicle platforms. However, in the near term, it appears that their primary focus continues to be on their traditional ICE product lines, and they are only introducing zero-emissions products in limited capacity. We believe this creates an opportunity for us.
 The competitive landscape for our Class 8 vehicles ranges from vehicles relying on legacy internal combustion engines, battery electric trucks, hydrogen fuel cell trucks, and compressed natural gas trucks. Most of our current and potential competitors have greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing, and other resources than we do. They may be able to deploy greater resources to the design, development, manufacturing, distribution, promotion, sales, marketing and support of their programs. Additionally, many of our competitors also have greater name recognition, longer operating histories, larger sales forces, and broader customer, fleet, and industry relationships.
 Although we do not have the same name recognition or operating history as most of our competition, we believe that our focus on delivering zero tail pipe emissions Class 8 trucks, and innovative charging and fueling solutions, along with a strong service and dealer network, provides us with a head start that is not burdened by legacy infrastructure and product portfolios.
 BEV Competition
 Daimler, Volvo, Tesla, BYD, Paccar, XOS, and Lion as well as other automotive manufacturers, have brought or are planning to bring Class 8 BEV trucks to the market. We believe all of these competitors are in various stages of rolling out their vehicles, including pilot programs and providing test vehicles to customers. We believe that we compete favorably with our competitors.
 FCEV Competition
 Due to higher barriers to entry, there are fewer competitors in the FCEV Class 8 market as compared to BEV market. However, Hyundai and Toyota have chosen to focus their efforts on FCEV as the powertrain of the future. Hyundai unveiled their FCEV trucks for the North American market and has stated it plans to invest in hydrogen stations for refueling. Toyota is collaborating with Kenworth on developing trucks and hydrogen fueling infrastructure. Daimler and Volvo formed a joint venture to develop fuel cell systems for heavy-duty trucks. Overall, we believe these fuel cell vehicle introductions promote the development of the electric vehicle market by highlighting the attractiveness of electric vehicles relative to the internal combustion vehicle.

 Products
 As the commercial transportation sector transitions towards zero-emission solutions, we believe there will be a need to offer tailored solutions that meet the needs of each end user. By offering both BEV (for short and medium-haul, city, regional, and drayage deliveries) and FCEV (for medium and long-haul) solutions, we believe we are positioned to change the commercial transportation sector by providing solutions that address the full range of applications and use cases.
 The electrical propulsion of our BEV and FCEV trucks has a modular design which allows the batteries and associated controls to be configured to either a BEV or FCEV propulsion. Our architecture inside the centralized e-axle is configured for the appropriate power needs for the BEV and FCEV for a wide range of applications.
 We also plan to announce Level 2 ("L2") autonomous driving projects in the near future that are intended to increase driver safety, and reduce accidents and operational cost. A longer-term benefit of an L2 autonomous truck may be a relaxation of the hours-of-service restrictions, increasing the opportunity for using FCEV trucks for longer continuous hauls and reduce driver shortage and turnover associated costs.
 Nikola's Class 8 BEV - Nikola Tre
 The Nikola Tre Class 8 truck is a purpose built zero-emissions truck based on the S-WAY cab and chassis licensed from Iveco S.p. A. ("Iveco"). Nikola has developed and integrated our electrified propulsion, thermal management, technology, vehicle controls and infotainment. In addition, we redesigned many of the high-visibility components and body panels of the S-WAY truck and added several new interior features including a digital cockpit with an infotainment screen, instrument cluster, steering wheel, and new seats. The cab-over design is desirable for city center applications due to shorter vehicle length, improved maneuverability, and better visibility. We are marketing the Nikola Tre BEV for short and medium-haul applications in North America.
 The BEV version of Nikola Tre was one of the first in production zero emission Class 8 trucks to market. BEV trucks run on a fully electric drivetrain powered by rechargeable batteries. Our BEV has a range of up to 330 miles and is designed to address the short and medium-haul market. During the initial roll-out, most of our truck owners indicated that they intend to charge at their terminal. To help facilitate this, along with our dealer network and key partners, we provide consulting expertise and, as required, mobile charging products and services intended to ensure charging is available.
 Sales of the Nikola Tre BEV began in the second quarter of 2022.
 Nikola's Class 8 FCEV - Nikola Tre
 FCEV trucks use hydrogen fuel cells on-board to convert hydrogen into electricity supplying power to both the electric motors to propel the truck or to charge the high voltage battery. The fuel cell generates electricity through a chemical reaction, supplied from on-board hydrogen tanks, and oxygen from the atmosphere. A much smaller battery (compared to our BEV) provides supplemental power to the drivetrain, and stores energy recovered during regenerative braking. The voltage and charge of the battery are maintained through a combination of power supplied from the fuel cell and energy captured through regenerative braking, managed through in-house developed software and industry-leading energy management controls.
 The Nikola Tre FCEV is targeted for medium missions ranging up to 500 miles per fill of the hydrogen tanks as well as multi-shift operations with limited refueling time. Its scalable architecture is expected to address the majority of the North American Class-8 day cab market. The Tre FCEV leverages the Tre BEV platform with modifications for hydrogen fuel cell operation, improved aerodynamics and thermal management systems, and light-weighting.
 Sales of the Nikola Tre FCEV began in the fourth quarter of 2023, and are temporarily halted due to the recall.
 Nikola Energy
 Energy Overview
 We believe that our energy products, which are comprised of our planned hydrogen fueling ecosystem, and planned integrated BEV charging solutions, are a key differentiator that have the potential to create long-term competitive benefits. We believe the passage of the IRA in 2022 provides strong support, through regulatory incentives, for our integrated energy and vehicle business model. In January 2023, we launched a new brand for our hydrogen energy products called HYLA, which we believe will create further differentiation and competitive advantage for our integrated energy model. The zero emissions heavy duty truck market currently lacks sufficient infrastructure, and we believe companies that are able to provide both the vehicles and energy infrastructure solutions will capture market share and value.

 Our energy model is expected to rely heavily on our energy business partners. We believe we have established strong business partnerships that bring significant resources and capabilities that complement our own capabilities to create strategic benefits as we look to create the next generation fueling infrastructure.
 • Integrated Hydrogen Fueling Ecosystem – For FCEV fueling, our energy business unit is responsible for securing supply of hydrogen and distributing the hydrogen supply through the full value chain, until the fuel is dispensed into FCEV trucks. This unit is also responsible for the monetization of regulatory incentives and credits through the value chain.
 • BEV Charging Solutions – For BEV charging needs, our strategy is to work with end user fleets and our dealer network to ensure fleets have the appropriate charging infrastructure in place to support their adoption of our heavy-duty BEV trucks. Solutions may include, but are not limited to: behind-the-fence charging infrastructure on-property at a domicile location (paid by the fleet), short-term mobile charging solutions, or public access charging infrastructure.
 We believe that infrastructure for BEV and FCEV trucks will be critical for mass adoption. Our energy business unit aims to provide fueling infrastructure to both Nikola and non-Nikola branded FCEV and BEV trucks. We believe this will enable us to be well positioned to capture different channels of value in the market.
 Hydrogen Fueling Ecosystem (HYLA Brand)
 We are in the early stages of developing a hydrogen fueling ecosystem in North America to support Nikola FCEV purchasers and capture first mover advantage with respect to next generation fueling infrastructure. We are partnering throughout the hydrogen ecosystem with the goal of increasing speed to market and reducing capital expenditures related to next generation fueling infrastructure.
 We view the hydrogen fueling ecosystem in three main sectors: hydrogen supply, hydrogen distribution, and hydrogen storage and dispensing, each with the potential to generate separate margins for us and our hydrogen ecosystem partners.
 Hydrogen Supply
 We expect to source hydrogen supply by leveraging multiple hydrogen production models including on-site production, large-scale "hub" production, or other alternative hydrogen production or procurement. We expect the hydrogen solution utilized in each case will depend on the unique characteristics near each potential station location and customer needs.
 We expect to leverage multiple ownership structures where we either fully or partially own, or do not own hydrogen production assets. In cases where we are able to source hydrogen supply without ownership of hydrogen production assets, we expect to enter into long-term supply contracts where our costs and surety of supply are well-defined. We may also source hydrogen for our customers at third party dispensing locations.
 We intend to procure the lowest carbon-intensity hydrogen available while also ensuring a hydrogen supply that is safe, reliable, and economical.
 Hydrogen Distribution
 We expect hydrogen distribution to play a key role in the hydrogen fueling ecosystem. We intend to collaborate with strategic partners or develop distribution capabilities to enhance value through the hydrogen fueling ecosystem. The hydrogen distribution network may include delivery and logistics of liquid, gas, and/or dissolved hydrogen distribution via tractor trailer, rail, pipeline, ship, or other methods of distribution. We and our partners will likely leverage multiple hydrogen distribution models in an effort to ensure efficient hydrogen distribution throughout the ecosystem.
 Hydrogen Dispensing and Storage
 We intend to collaborate with strategic partners and to develop hydrogen storage and dispensing solutions comprised of fixed heavy duty hydrogen stations and modular hydrogen fueling assets. Each "base" dispensing station is currently expected to contain ample on-site hydrogen storage and to be capable of dispensing up to 4,000 to 8,000 kgs of hydrogen per day. Each 4,000 kg per day dispensing station could potentially support approximately 100 FCEV trucks per day.
 Our base stations are expected to contain heavy-duty (for commercial trucks) and light-duty (for vehicles) hydrogen fueling dispensers. In some cases, we may also plan to install electric fast charging to support BEV trucks.
 Early dispensing stations could be smaller or larger depending on the unique characteristics of each site, including near-term and long-term customer demand, availability of hydrogen supply, land, and other relevant factors.

 We expect to leverage multiple structures for our dispensing station go-to-market strategy including stations wholly-owned, partially-owned, or not owned by us.
 Modular Fueling Solutions
 To facilitate customer and fleet demonstrations, and to accelerate adoption of our BEV and FCEV trucks, we have developed modular charging infrastructure that provides transitional charging (for BEV) or modular hydrogen storage and dispensing (for FCEV) that can support customer fueling needs as fixed infrastructure is being developed and commissioned. In 2022, we announced the successful commissioning of the first HYLA 700 bar pressure hydrogen mobile fueler capable of fast back-to-back truck fueling. In the fourth quarter of 2023, we opened our first modular station in Ontario, California. Coupled with our hydrogen tube trailer with a 960 kg capacity, this is expected to allow customers to refuel trucks back-to-back. We also have strategic partnerships with a number of third party modular fueler suppliers and believe we have secured sufficient fuelers to help support our truck deployment plan.
 In addition to providing early-stage fueling, we believe our modular fueling solutions can play a key role in the development of our energy ecosystem. We believe modular fueling assets can serve us by:
 • Accelerating vehicle and equipment testing;
 • Providing fueling opportunities in nascent geographies with low vehicle sales volumes; and
 • Providing risk mitigation and support during station outages or during periods of elevated demand.
 BEV Charging Solutions
 Early interactions with end users and potential end users indicated a preference to charge BEV trucks at their terminal or depot. To facilitate this, we, along with our dealer network and partners, intend to provide charging infrastructure, consulting advisory, and, if required, products and services intended to ensure charging availability. Our solutions are focused in two key areas, short-term mobile charging and long-term fixed infrastructure.
 Mobile Charging
 We have designed and built the mobile charging trailer ("MCT") as a solution to support both vehicle testing in remote locations without fixed utility infrastructure as well as to support initial operations at end user locations. By using the MCT, we are able to facilitate fleet demonstrations and adoptions by providing transitional charging at the same time as fixed infrastructure is prepared. Powered by either a mobile generator set or a direct 480V three phase utility connection, the MCT is able to provide emergency back-up charging to keep vehicles running during utility outages, as well as flexible capacity to meet demand fluctuations.
 Fixed Infrastructure
 Working closely with end users, we provide guidance through the entire process of planning, development, and deployment of fixed charging infrastructure. By analyzing key data such as truck duty cycles, current and future electric loading, and key operating costs we, along with our dealers and partners, can optimize charging solutions that target operational and cost efficiency for each fleet.
 Infrastructure Development Coordinated with Truck Sales Strategy
 We take an integrated approach to infrastructure development, with our energy, sales, and service teams working closely to ensure alignment among fleet demand, service capabilities, and fueling and related infrastructure. Our goal is to focus infrastructure development on targeted regions and fleets that create optimal value for our integrated business model.
 Initial U.S. Station Roll-out to Target California
 Due to the strong incentives for fueling infrastructure, zero-emission trucks, and low carbon fuel sales, initial stations will likely be located in California. California is the world's fifth largest economy, with significant international and interstate commerce. Consequently, California contains some of the western hemisphere's most active ports and intermodal facilities, which brings a significant volume of truck traffic, making it an ideal place for early adopters of FCEV and BEV products.
 We made progress in securing sites for modular and fixed stations in California. We expect these stations will supply fuel for launch customers in those geographies that have dedicated routes, or significant activity. We plan on proceeding to build in phases to support demand and adoption of our FCEV truck. Our modular station in Ontario, California was completed in the fourth quarter of 2023.

 We plan to strategically target other states that offer the right mix of product demand, hydrogen supply, regulatory incentives, and other factors that allow end users to achieve a total cost of ownership that can be competitive with diesel.
 Hydrogen Ecosystem Partners
 We have established strategic partnerships that we believe bring significant resources and capabilities that complement our own capabilities to create strategic benefits as we look to create the next generation fueling infrastructure. Collectively, we believe the strategic partnerships we have assembled provide building blocks necessary to develop, construct, and operate the fueling ecosystem of the future.
 We believe strategic partnerships and collaborations provide us key competitive benefits and may allow us to become a leader in providing comprehensive, low-cost, safe, reliable, and efficient hydrogen delivery systems to FCEV end users.
 Sales, Service, and our Dealer Network
 Sales and Marketing
 We take an end user-focused, integrated solution approach to deliver trucks along with the infrastructure and service to support them. Across the product portfolio, we are commissioning studies, performing market and segmentation research, and, with the help of our dealer network, gathering end-user insights to focus our sales and marketing efforts. We are generating brand awareness not only through traditional marketing and social media, but also through direct meetings with fleets, industry events, and facility tours along with truck demos.
 Service
 A key requirement for the fleets purchasing Nikola trucks is knowing there is an available service infrastructure for the maintenance, repair, and availability of parts for our vehicles. We are building a network of dealers, a robust preventative maintenance program, as well as several levels of service to support fleet complexity, application, and duty cycles.
 We have assembled what we believe are nimble and adaptable service, maintenance, and parts solutions for our vehicles, which are expected to include the following options:
 • Electric vehicles have a system of sensors and controls that allow for precise monitoring of the vehicle and component operation performance. We intend to use this data to provide smart predictive maintenance, which is expected to decrease downtime and costs by identifying a potential problem before it results in a breakdown. Preventative maintenance is expected to be customized to match duty cycle and fleet applications.
 • We have the ability to provide over the air updates and software fixes when the vehicles are stopped. This significantly reduces the time for repair, improves uptime, and continually monitor performance, efficiency, and overall utilization.
 • In cases where a fleet has their own maintenance expertise and infrastructure, we plan to identify and provide certification of technicians and procedures for items that can be maintained at their shops. This could include procedures such as tire changes, wearable parts, preventative maintenance and brake services.
 • In cases where the fleet does not have a maintenance infrastructure or for more complex items, we utilize a dealer network for maintenance and warranty work. The network is expected to monitor day to day trip activity and incorporate support at the origin and destination for truck routes. We also intend to support our partners with the latest diagnostic technologies like an interactive diagnostic tool and web-enabled video to support technicians for complex tasks or newly identified issues.
 • If a vehicle requires maintenance of a complex system or component such as the fuel cell, e-axle, or battery-pack, some of those items can be removed and replaced with limited downtime. We offer a network of trained technicians that can travel to a fleet or service partner as necessary. We also expect to have dedicated vendor agreements to service and maintain a specific fleet on premise or close in proximity to the truck's domicile location.
 • Additionally, we currently procure replacement parts, components, and aftermarket support supplies. These components and materials are inventoried, warehoused and distributed by third party logistic providers currently engaged in supplying the Class 8 truck industry.
 We opened the Nikola training academy facility in December 2021 on our Phoenix, Arizona campus. Our training model provides dealer technician training and certification on Nikola BEV and FCEV trucks. The current curriculum includes safety awareness, diagnostics, preventative maintenance, shop bay tooling, repair times and related technical competencies to support

 Class 8 vehicle services. Academy trainers have Class 8 industry experience, and an onsite dedicated service FCEV and BEV truck which are leveraged for the hands-on portion of certification. A portion of the facility is dedicated to a technical team that actively monitors fleets' vehicle condition performance, assist dealers directly for troubleshooting guidance and alert service personnel in the event a vehicle transmits a proactive warning that may impact reliability.
 Dealer Network
 We have created a sales and service dealer network that, to date, consists of 10 dealers with 181 service center locations. Our dealers bring both over the road truck experience as well as power, infrastructure, and hydrogen experience and complement our integrated solutions strategy. Our focus is on locations in key metropolitan areas and at major intersections of the interstate highway system across the U.S. The dealer-based repair shop facilities are expected to have Nikola certified technicians, as well as a mobile service network tailored to meet carrier and fleet asset requirements. As the network continues to grow with new dealer locations and territories, future service solutions can be engineered and deployed to cover end-user fleets' locations or asset domicile requirements.
 Target End Users
 We target all Class 8 fleets with established sustainability goals, as well as fleets operating along dedicated routes that are located in regions offering strong incentives for developing hydrogen infrastructure and/or delivering zero-emission vehicles. Our primary sales conduit is expected to be through our dealer network, in which we sell trucks directly to the dealer. The dealers will enter into direct sales, finance leasing or full service leasing arrangements with their end-user fleet customers.
 BEV End User Strategy
 The BEV truck is designed for short and medium-haul applications, making it ideal for return-to-base operations, such as distribution, urban metro, inner-city, local delivery, port operations, and drayage applications. We aim to prioritize truck deployment to well-respected, visible fleets to establish early market share and strengthen brand identity. Initial deployment to end users would typically be done in small groups of trucks to multiple locations, to supplement their existing non-EV fleets.
 For BEV trucks, early U.S. sales to end users will primarily be in regions such as California, New Jersey, New York or Canada where incentive programs already exist.
 FCEV End User Strategy
 For the FCEV truck, we are planning to develop and construct initial hydrogen stations in California to create the nation's first heavy-duty "hydrogen highway". Therefore, early FCEV purchasers will likely have significant operations in or between these states.
 We also intend to target dedicated fleets with either nationwide or significant regional distribution networks and dedicated route networks (i.e., where trucks operate between two fixed points, e.g., production plant and distribution hub) along highly trafficked freight corridors. We believe this strategy may allow for gradual, strategic, and capital-efficient development of the hydrogen infrastructure required to support FCEV trucks in operation. We intend to expand the FCEV offering to the entire Class 8 truck market as the fueling infrastructure is sufficiently developed.
 Truck Co-Development Partners
 Iveco
 Iveco designs, manufactures and distributes under the Iveco brand a wide range of light, medium and heavy commercial vehicles and off-road trucks. Iveco with its affiliates and joint ventures, has significant manufacturing presence in Europe, as well as production facilities in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
 Iveco and its affiliate, FPT Industrial, S.p. A., provided engineering and manufacturing expertise to industrialize our BEV and FCEV trucks. Pursuant to our North America Engineering and Production Alliance with Iveco, Iveco agreed to provide $100.0 million of engineering and production support, which has been fully utilized by us, and access to intellectual property valued at $50.0 million to help bring our trucks to the North American market. We believe this alliance significantly de-risked our operational execution by leveraging the expertise and capabilities of one of the world's leading commercial vehicle manufacturers, and we retain 100% of the North American business as a result.
 In addition to the manufacturing and production expertise, we believe one of the benefits of this partnership is our ability to leverage Iveco's existing assortment of parts, thereby decreasing our purchasing expenses, and accelerating the vehicle validation process.

 Bosch
 Bosch is a leading global supplier of technology and services to automotive, industrial, energy, building technology, and consumer end-markets.
 Bosch will supply their latest e-machines for our electric truck e-axles as well as state-of-the-art inverters.
 We also entered into a Fuel Cell Supply Framework Agreement with Bosch in August 2021, whereby we committed to purchase certain component requirements for fuel cell power modules ("FCPMs") from Bosch beginning on June 1, 2023 through December 31, 2030. We also entered into an FCPM Design and Manufacturing License Agreement with Bosch in September 2021, whereby Bosch granted us a non-exclusive and non-transferable license to intellectual property that will be used to adapt, further develop and assemble FCPMs provided by Bosch for use in the production of our FCEV trucks. The FCPM Design and Manufacturing License Agreement will continue in effect through December 31, 2030 unless extended by mutual agreement of the parties, or unless terminated by either party with written notice received by the non-terminating party or by Bosch in the event that (i) compliance with laws and regulations is no longer possible; (ii) Bosch determines that it is unable to protect its licensed materials as a result in a change in ownership and control of Nikola by a third party investor that is not a manufacturer of FCPMs; (iii) Bosch determines that it is unable to protect its licensed materials as a result of a third party manufacturer of FCPMs becoming a five percent owner of our shares; or (iv) we are in default of a payment for over one month period. Bosch continues to supply FCPMs assembled in Germany to us for trucks.
 Manufacturing and Production
 In 2019, we acquired an approximately 400-acre parcel of real property in Coolidge, Arizona, which is located about 50 miles south of Phoenix, Arizona. In July 2020, we broke ground on Phase 1 of our state-of-the art manufacturing facility in Coolidge.
 Phase 1—Capacity of approximately 2,500 units per year (BEV only):
 • Low-volume production capacity (up to approximately 2,500 units per year on 15 stations and two shifts)
 • Production for Tre BEV trucks started at the end of the first quarter of 2022
 Phase 2—Capacity of approximately 2,400 units (BEV and FCEV) per year in same 15 station assembly line (three shifts per day) with expansion possible to 25 stations and 7,200 units per year with additional tooling acquisitions:
 • Completed building expansion in the second quarter of 2023 adding 370 thousand square feet
 • Production for Nikola Tre FCEV started in the second half of 2023
 Intellectual Property
 Our success depends in part upon our ability to protect our core technology and intellectual property. We protect our intellectual property rights, both in the U.S. and abroad, through a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret protection, as well as confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. We seek to control access to, and distribution of, our proprietary information through non-disclosure agreements with our vendors and business partners. Unpatented research, development, know-how, and engineering skills make a vital contribution to our business, and we pursue patent protection when we believe it is possible and consistent with our overall strategy for safeguarding intellectual property.
 We own or co-own intellectual property, including patents, patent applications, trademarks, and trademark applications in the U.S. and various foreign countries. Our patents and patent applications are directed to, among other things, vehicle and vehicle powertrain (including battery and fuel cell technology), and hydrogen fueling.
 Sustainability
 Sustainability is inherent in our purpose built zero tailpipe emission vehicles, but we also strive to integrate sustainable principles into several facets of our operations, systems and management. We believe there is both an opportunity and responsibility to participate in mitigating climate change. We are simultaneously focused on avoiding emissions in heavy duty transportation by investing in clean technology and clean energy solutions while comprehensively focusing on the footprint of our operations and creating quality of life for our team.
 Sustainability is at the core of our products and mission. To develop and execute our sustainability strategy we have appointed a sustainability team lead and partnered with a third party to perform a materiality assessment. The assessment aided in the development of internal practices for reporting reliable data on meaningful metrics for our industry and stakeholders. We

 have integrated sustainability oversight into the charter of our sustainability, nominating and corporate governance committee. This committee reviews our performance and provides input and oversight into our strategy. As a testament to our commitment to increase disclosure, we released our inaugural environmental, social, and governance ("ESG") highlights for the calendar year 2022. We aim to build upon our internal data collection practices and expand our disclosure on sustainability performance in alignment with leading industry standards.
 Operations
 Our manufacturing facility is approximately 670,000 square feet of state-of-the art manufacturing technology, environmentally thoughtful in both design and manufacturing process. The manufacturing facility was designed and constructed with environmentally thoughtful features including energy efficient LED lighting, HVAC, industrial fans, day lighting, smart controls, low water use landscaping, and a 750 kW nameplate solar array that also serves as a shade structure for employee parking and powers eighteen electric car charging stations. Our manufacturing includes modern energy efficient equipment, electric automated guided vehicles ("AGVs") and electric forklifts. Our headquarters conducts reviews for energy efficiency improvements in HVAC and smart controls and our service training center completed LED lighting retrofits.
 We are continually optimizing internal manufacturing practices to reduce waste, reuse resources and reduce our footprint. In 2023, we outperformed internal waste diversion goals, but we continue to prioritize keeping valuable materials in our domestic supply chain and investigating circularity. We make zero water withdrawals for truck manufacturing processes and our only use of fresh water is for human consumption. We also aim to measure our emission impact as our footprint evolves and use this evaluation to inform opportunities for mitigation.
 Safety
 Safety is and will always be our top priority. Our safety programs encompass not only our employees but our partners. Safety is critical in both our operations and in our products at all phases of production, testing, validation, and use. We have implemented a health and safety management system, steered by the Head of Environmental Health and Safety as well as our Safety Officer. All contractors are required to follow our contractor's safety management program and participate in a required site safety orientation. To ensure program integrity, routine monthly internal inspections are conducted at all of our facilities including our headquarters and manufacturing facility. We also conduct routine internal audits of our Environmental Management System. Our commitment to safety has resulted in the International Standards Organization ("ISO") 9001, 14001, and 45001 certifications.
 Governance
 We strive to be a leader in corporate responsibility and demonstrate our values through responsible business practices. Our corporate governance is guided by a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, and a Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers, which are both publicly available on our website. Ethics policies are supplemented by workforce training courses on ethical standards, and an Ethics and Whistleblower program available to all employees to anonymously report concerns about fraud, ethical misconduct, harassment, misappropriation of assets, or questionable financial reporting practices. Any concerns regarding accounting or auditing matters reported under these procedures will be communicated promptly to our audit committee. Current governance frameworks were designed to uphold the highest principles of business ethics and practice appropriate oversight of business responsibilities throughout every level of the organization.
 Our People
 Overview
 Execution of our business strategy depends on the successful execution of our people strategy, including the attraction, development and retention of key employees and members of our management team. The skills, experience, and knowledge of our employees equip us to achieve our operational, financial, and strategic objectives.
 Governance
 We devote substantial resources to managing our workforce, guided by a culture of accountability and excellence. Our board of directors and its compensation committee oversee our workforce policies, programs and initiatives. As noted in its charter, our compensation committee is responsible for periodically reviewing and approving employee programs and initiatives, including retention and succession strategies, which are intended to ensure that our board of directors and its committees guide how we manage our workforce in a way that aligns with our values.
 Our management team designs and implements all employment matters, such as recruiting and hiring, onboarding and training, compensation and rewards, performance management and professional development. We continuously evaluate and enhance our internal policies, processes, and practices to increase employee engagement and productivity.

 Workforce
 We have a highly skilled and experienced workforce, with many employees and all of our senior leaders having more than 20 years of experience in their respective fields.
 As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 870 employees, the majority of whom are located in the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area. We actively seek to manage internal talent mobility through promotions and new assignments to create a high-performing employee base with diverse experiences. More than 15% of our employees assumed larger responsibilities in connection with a promotion during fiscal year 2023, thereby growing their careers by assuming greater accountability and having a more meaningful impact on the business.
 We are committed to developing our people to meet our business needs and provide significant on the job experiences to develop and equip them to design and manufacture innovative and technologically advanced vehicles and products. We have implemented methodologies to manage individual performance, development, and feedback. Additionally, we hold regular team and company-wide townhalls to provide employees with ongoing exposure to leaders across the company, key business developments, and status of product and project milestones. These forums enable employees to learn more about our business beyond their immediate day to day roles while providing an opportunity for them to ask questions and seek answers to any concerns.
 We value and appreciate the distinct contributions every employee makes to our growth and success. Approximately 60% of our workforce is ethnically or gender diverse, with non-white ethnicities representing 50% of our workforce. We strive to cultivate a shared culture and mission that celebrates each person at every level. We embrace the diversity of our team members, customers, and stakeholders, including their unique backgrounds, experiences, perspectives, and talents. We are committed to providing an environment where human dignity prevails. Every person has an equal opportunity for hire, assignment, and advancement without regard to race, color, religion or belief, national origin, sex, childbirth or pregnancy related conditions, age, genetic information, sexual orientation, gender identity and/or expression, disability, covered military or veteran status, or any other status protected by applicable federal, state, or local law at all times from recruitment through employment and promotion.
 Culture
 We invest considerable time and resources to see that our values permeate all aspects of our operations and decision-making, and that our policies and practices reflect our commitment to them. We strive to create a workplace environment in which colleagues can bring their authentic selves to work and feel diverse perspectives and ideas are embraced. We encourage career growth and development by offering broad and diverse opportunities for employees to grow their skills and have an impact on the design of our products, the development of the fueling infrastructure, or the internal processes of the Company. Any employee with concerns related to our ethics and integrity, or who wishes to report incidents of fraud or abuse, may call an external hotline to register those concerns anonymously without fear of attribution or retribution.
 We are also committed to the health, safety and well-being of those who work for us. We provide our employees and their families with access to a variety of innovative, flexible and convenient health and wellness programs, including benefits that provide protection and security so they can have peace of mind with events that may require time away from work or that may impact their financial well-being, and that offer choice where possible so they can customize their benefits to meet their needs and the needs of their families. Additionally, we commit significant time and resources to a broad range of safety training, beginning with an employee's initial onboarding to ensure that she or he is equipped to meet the requirements of her or his position. We strive to provide reasonable accommodation for qualified employees with disabilities and employees whose religious belief, practice, or observance conflicts with a workplace requirement.
 We provide a robust and holistic rewards program to meet the needs of our employees and drive results in our business. We have designed, and will modify as necessary, our compensation and benefits programs to attract, retain, incent, and reward deeply talented and qualified employees who share our philosophy and desire to work towards achieving our strategic and operational goals. In addition to competitive salaries and wages, we provide broad-based stock awards, a 401(k) plan with employer match, heavily subsidized healthcare and insurance benefits, health savings accounts, paid time off, family leave, family care resources, flexible work schedules, employee assistance programs, and on-site services such as a fitness center and subsidized cafe. We design our people programs to facilitate the performance and retention of key people with critical roles, skills, and experiences.
 None of our employees are represented by an external employee organization such as a union, works council or employee association, and we believe our relations with our employees are favorable.
 We actively seek to comply with all local, state and federal employment laws, and we monitor current and emerging labor and human capital management risks and mitigate exposure to those risks.

 Government Regulation
 We operate in an industry that is subject to extensive environmental regulation, which has become more stringent over time. The laws and regulations to which we are subject govern, among others, water use; air emissions; use of recycled materials; energy sources; the storage, handling, treatment, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials; the protection of the environment, natural resources and endangered species; and the remediation of environmental contamination. We have been required to obtain and comply with the terms and conditions of multiple environmental permits, many of which are difficult and costly to obtain and could be subject to legal challenges. Compliance with such laws and regulations at an international, regional, national, state and local level is an important aspect of our ability to continue our operations. Environmental standards applicable to us are established by the laws and regulations of the countries in which we operate, standards adopted by regulatory agencies and the permits and licenses. Each of these sources is subject to periodic modifications and increasingly stringent requirements. Violations of these laws, regulations or permits and licenses may result in substantial civil and criminal fines, penalties, and possibly orders to cease the violating operations or to conduct or pay for corrective works. In some instances, violations may also result in the suspension or revocation of permits and licenses.
 Vehicle Safety and Testing Regulation
 Our vehicles are subject to, and are designed to comply with, numerous regulatory safety requirements established by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ("NHTSA") including applicable U.S. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards ("FMVSS"). As a manufacturer, we must self-certify that the vehicles meet or are exempt from all applicable FMVSS before a vehicle can be imported into or sold in the U.S.
 There are numerous FMVSS that apply to our vehicles. Examples of these requirements include:
 • Electronic Stability Control—performance and equipment requirements on heavy-duty vehicles to reduce crashes caused by rollover or by directional loss-of-control, including those resulting in vehicle rollover;
 • Air Brake Systems—performance and equipment requirements of air brake systems on heavy-duty vehicles to ensure safe braking performance under normal and emergency conditions; and
 • Seat Belt Assemblies and Anchorages—performance and equipment requirements to provide effective occupant protection by restraint and reducing the probability of failure.
 Our vehicles are also in compliance with Canadian vehicle requirements including Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Standards ("CMVSS"), and most of these standards are similar to FMVSS.
 In addition to the FMVSS requirements for heavy-duty vehicles, we also design our vehicles to meet the requirements of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration ("FMCSA") which has requirements for the truck and fleet owners. Many of these requirements are met by complying with the FMVSS.
 We are also required to comply with other NHTSA requirements and federal laws administered by NHTSA, including early warning reporting requirements regarding warranty claims, field reports, death and injury reports, foreign recalls, and owner's manual requirements.
 We have developed additional safety compliance requirements called Nikola Technical Standards based on other safety regulations for passenger vehicle including FMVSS, UNECE, and UN Global Technical Regulations ("GTRs"). The following are some of the Nikola Technical Standards applied to our BEV and FCEV trucks:
 • Electromagnetic Compatibility & Interference—performance requirements for the prevention and interference of electromagnetic radiation which may cause disturbances in the drivability of the vehicles and other vehicles in the area.
 • Lane Departure Warning System—an Automatic Driver Assist System ("ADAS") requirement which provides warnings for the driver of an unintentional drift of the vehicle out of its travel lane.
 • Automatic Emergency Braking System – an ADAS requirement which warns the driver of an emergent braking event and begins braking in these circumstances.
 • Tire Pressure Monitoring System – an ADAS requirement for the monitoring of the tire pressure on all tires on the vehicle providing warning to the driver when the pressure is out of the acceptable range.
 • Electric Vehicle Safety—performance and testing for high voltage safety requirements for BEVs during in-use and post-crash.

 • Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Safety—performance and testing for hydrogen safety requirements for FCEV during in-use and post-crash.
 Our BEV and FCEV trucks consist of many electronic and automated components and systems. Our vehicles are designed to comply with the ISO, Functional Safety for Road Vehicles Standard. This standard addresses the integration of electrical systems and software and identifies the possible hazards caused by malfunctioning behavior of the safety-related electrical or electronic systems, including the interaction of these systems.
 EPA and CARB GHG Emissions & Agency Approvals
 The U.S. Clean Air Act requires that we obtain a Certificate of Conformity for GHG issued by the EPA. A Certificate of Conformity is required for vehicles sold in states covered by the Clean Air Act's standards Recently, EPA finalized a Low NOx rule which has minimal effect on design and validation of our vehicles. However, EPA will release a proposed rule notice for GHG Phase 3. This rule is currently under final review, and is expected to affect Nikola as EPA wants to align with CARBs OMNIBUS rule for heavy duty vehicles. We have received a GHG Certificate of Conformity from EPA each model year since 2021.
 CARB sets the California standards for emissions control for certain regulated pollutants for new vehicles and engines sold in California. CARB requires Nikola to obtain an Executive Order for their GHG rule. Most requirements in this standard follow EPA requirements. CARB is more stringent in the emissions of specific pollutants as well as requiring additional data to provide compliance. Nikola has received a GHG Executive Order for GHG from CARB each model year since 2021.
 CARB has implemented a Zero Emissions Powertrain rule in which manufacturers may optionally certify their powertrain. Beginning in 2023, vehicles are required to have an Executive Order for the powertrain in order to qualify for HVIP funding. Nikola received an Executive Order for both the BEV and FCEV since 2023.
 CARB also implemented with the Zero Emission Powertrain rule the added GHG requirement to seek an Executive Order for an Enhanced Zero Emission Vehicle. Nikola received this Executive Order for both BEV and FCEV since 2023.
 Battery Safety and Industry Standards
 Our vehicles are designed to ISO standards and UN GTR 20 for electrically-propelled vehicles in vehicle operational safety specifications and connecting to an external power supply. Additionally, we are incorporating other ISO and Underwriters Laboratories ("UL") battery system standards in our vehicles.
 Some of these standards include:
 • Conductive Charging—for on board charge electromagnetic requirements;
 • Battery Pack Enclosure Protection—degrees of protection of the electrical equipment within an enclosure from the effects due to the ingress of water; and
 • Testing Lithium-ion Traction Battery Packs and Systems—safety performance requirements during a variety of testing, such as vibration, thermal cycling, external short circuit, over-charge, over-discharge, over-temperature, over-current and loss of thermal control.
 Safety in Shipping
 Our battery pack conforms with mandatory regulations governing the transport of "dangerous goods," which includes lithium-ion batteries that may present a risk in transportation. The governing regulations, which are issued by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration ("PHMSA") are based on the UN Recommendations on the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods Model Regulations, and related UN Manual Tests and Criteria. The regulations vary by mode of transportation when these items are shipped by ocean vessel, rail, truck, or by air.
 We are designing our battery packs to meet and exceed the compliance requirements of the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria demonstrating our ability to ship the vehicles and battery packs by any transportation method.
 In addition, our battery packs include packaging for the lithium-ion cells. This packaging includes trace amounts of various hazardous chemicals whose use, storage and disposal is regulated under federal law.
 Available Information
 We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Our SEC filings are available to the public over the internet at the SEC's website at

 www.sec.gov. Our SEC filings are also available free of charge on the Investors Overview page of our website at nikolamotor.com as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with or furnished to the SEC. Our website and the information contained on or through that site are not incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors
 Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
 We are an early stage company with a history of losses, expect to incur significant expenses and continuing losses for the foreseeable future, and there is substantial doubt that we will have sufficient funds to satisfy our obligations through the next 12 months from the date of this report.
 We incurred net losses of $966.3 million, $784.2 million and $690.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and have an accumulated deficit of approximately $3.1 billion from the inception of Nikola Corporation, a Delaware corporation, prior to the merger with VectoIQ, or Legacy Nikola, through December 31, 2023. We believe that we will continue to incur operating and net losses each quarter until at least the time we begin to generate significant margin from our trucks, which may not happen. We have determined under our ASC 205-40 analysis, there is substantial doubt that we will have sufficient funds to satisfy our obligations through the next twelve months from the date of issuance of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on our ability to obtain the necessary financing to meet our obligations and repay our liabilities arising from the ordinary course of business operations when they become due. The outcome of these matters cannot be predicted with any certainty at this time. If we are unable to raise sufficient capital when needed, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected, and we will need to significantly modify or terminate our operations and our planned business activities.
 We intend to employ various strategies to obtain the required funding for future operations such as continuing to access capital through an equity distribution agreement with Citigroup Global Markets Inc. ("Citi"), as sales agent, which was amended and restated in August 2023 (as amended and restated, the "Equity Distribution Agreement"), pursuant to which approximately $311.7 million was available as of January 30, 2024. However, the ability to access the Equity Distribution Agreement is dependent on the market price of our common stock and availability of sufficient authorized common stock, which cannot be assured, and the registration of shares to be sold under the Equity Distribution Agreement, and as a result cannot be included as a source of liquidity for our ASC 205-40 analysis.
 Our potential future profitability is dependent upon the successful development and successful commercial introduction and acceptance of our trucks and our hydrogen station platform, which may not occur.
 We expect the rate at which we will incur losses to be high in future periods as we:
 • continue to validate and manufacture our trucks;
 • continue to equip and tool our manufacturing plant in Arizona;
 • build up inventories of materials and components for our trucks;
 • service trucks subject to the recall campaign;
 • manufacture an available inventory of our FCEV trucks;
 • develop and deploy our hydrogen fueling stations;
 • expand our design, development, maintenance and repair capabilities;
 • increase our sales and marketing activities;
 • develop our distribution infrastructure; and
 • increase our general and administrative functions to support our growing operations.
 Because we incur the costs and expenses from these efforts and other efforts before we receive any incremental revenue with respect thereto, if any, our losses in future periods will be significant. In addition, these efforts have and may continue to be more expensive than we currently anticipate and these efforts may not result in sufficient revenue if customers do not purchase or lease our trucks in sufficient volume, which would further increase our losses.

 We may be unable to adequately control the costs associated with our operations.
 We require significant capital to develop and grow our business. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses which will impact our profitability, including research and development expenses, raw material procurement costs, leases, licenses, and sales and distribution expenses as we build our brand and market our trucks, and general and administrative expenses as we scale our operations. In addition, we expect to continue to incur significant costs in connection with our services, including building our hydrogen fueling stations and honoring our maintenance commitments. We have and expect to continue to incur significant costs related to the recall of our battery electric trucks. Our ability to become profitable in the future will not only depend on our ability to successfully market our vehicles and other products and services, but also to control our costs. If we are unable to cost efficiently design, manufacture, market, sell, distribute and service our trucks and cost efficiently develop our hydrogen fueling stations, our margins, profitability and prospects would be materially and adversely affected.
 We need to raise additional capital, which may not be available to us when we need it. If we cannot raise additional capital when needed, our operations and prospects will be negatively affected.
 Our business is capital-intensive. We need to raise additional capital in the short- and long- term to operate our business, scale our manufacturing and roll out our hydrogen fueling stations, among other activities. We have and may continue to raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, strategic partnerships, licensing arrangements, or through obtaining credit from government or financial institutions. This capital will be necessary to fund our ongoing operations, continue research, development and design efforts, improve infrastructure, introduce new vehicles, build hydrogen fueling stations and undertake other business activities. We cannot be certain that additional funds will be available to us on a timely basis, in the amounts needed, on reasonable terms, or terms favorable to us, or at all. If we raise funds by issuing equity or equity-linked securities, dilution to our stockholders could result. Any equity or equity-linked securities issued also may provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. The terms of debt securities issued or borrowings, if available, could impose significant restrictions on our operations and may require us to pledge certain assets. If we raise funds through collaborations and licensing arrangements, we might be required to relinquish significant rights to our technologies or products, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us.
 If we cannot raise additional funds when we need them, we may have to significantly reduce our spending, delay or cancel our planned business activities or substantially change our corporate structure, and we may not have sufficient resources to conduct our business as planned. As a result, we may be forced to curtail or discontinue our operations, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects. In addition, sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or the perception that these sales might occur, including pursuant to the Equity Distribution Agreement, could depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We also need to increase our authorized common stock, which is subject to stockholder approval, and we may not be able to obtain such approval on a timely basis or at all. See "We may be unable to issue sufficient additional shares to operate our business, including pursuant to existing potential sources of capital, or strategic transactions, unless we obtain stockholder approval to amend our certificate of incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of our common stock available for issuance."
 Our business model has yet to be tested and any failure to commercialize our strategic plans would have an adverse effect on our operating results and business, harm our reputation and could result in substantial liabilities that exceed our resources.
 Investors should be aware of the difficulties normally encountered by a new enterprise, many of which are beyond our control, including substantial risks and expenses in the course of establishing or entering new markets, organizing operations and undertaking successful marketing activities. The likelihood of our success must be considered in light of these risks, expenses, complications, delays and the competitive environment in which we operate. Our business plan may not be successful, and we may not be able to generate significant revenue, raise sufficient capital or operate profitably. We will continue to encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by early commercial stage companies, including scaling up our infrastructure and headcount, and may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties or delays in connection with our growth. In addition, as a result of the capital-intensive nature of our business, we expect to continue to sustain substantial operating expenses without generating sufficient revenue to cover expenditures. Any investment in our company is therefore highly speculative and could result in the loss of your entire investment.
 Our limited operating history makes evaluating our business and future prospects difficult and may increase the risk of your investment.
 You must consider the risks and difficulties we face as an early stage company with a limited operating history and a novel business plan. If we do not successfully address these risks, our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition will be materially and adversely harmed. We have a very limited operating history on which investors can base an evaluation of our business, operating results and prospects. We intend to derive substantially all of our revenue from the sale and lease of our

 vehicle platforms, which are still in the early stages of commercialization. Our revenue will also depend on the sale of hydrogen fuel. There are no assurances that we will be able to secure future business with the major trucking companies or with independent truck drivers.
 It is difficult to predict our future revenue and appropriately budget for our expenses, and we have limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect our business. In the event that actual results differ from our estimates or we adjust our estimates in future periods, our operating results and financial position could be materially affected.
 We may be unable to issue sufficient additional shares to operate our business, including pursuant to existing potential sources of capital, or strategic transactions, unless we obtain stockholder approval to amend our certificate of incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of our common stock available for issuance.
 We operate in a capital-intensive industry. We may not have sufficient unissued shares of common stock for future issuances to raise funds to execute our business plan, depending upon our stock price when funds are raised. Having additional authorized shares of common stock available is critical to our ability to run our business and our continued efforts to pursue our strategic goals and we will be limited by the number of shares available for future capital raising transactions, including pursuant to the Equity Distribution Agreement, agreements we may enter into in the future, or for business development transactions or acquisitions, unless we obtain stockholder approval of an amendment to our restated certificate of incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of our common stock. We plan to solicit the approval of our stockholders to amend our restated certificate of incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of our common stock at our annual meeting of stockholders in 2024, but have in the past encountered difficulties obtaining stockholder approval for similar proposals, and there can be no assurance that our stockholders will approve the amendment. A delay in securing, or a failure to secure, stockholder approval to amend our restated certificate of incorporation to increase our authorized common stock will adversely affect our ability to raise capital to operate our business, and would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, operations and financial condition.
 Our future success is dependent upon the trucking market's willingness to adopt FCEV and BEV trucks.
 Our success is highly dependent upon the adoption by the trucking market of hydrogen fuel cell and electric trucks. If the market for our FCEV and BEV trucks does not develop at the rate or to the extent that we expect, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results will be harmed. The market for hydrogen fuel cell and electric trucks is new and untested and is characterized by rapidly changing technologies, price competition, numerous competitors or potential competitors, evolving government regulation and industry standards and uncertain customer demands and behaviors.
 Factors that may influence the adoption of hydrogen fuel cell and electric vehicles include:
 • perceptions about FCEV or BEV truck quality, safety, design, performance and cost, especially if adverse events or accidents occur that are linked to the quality or safety of hydrogen fuel cell or electric vehicles;
 • perceptions about vehicle safety in general, including the use of advanced technology, such as vehicle electronics, hydrogen fueling and storage and regenerative braking systems;
 • the decline of vehicle efficiency resulting from deterioration over time in the ability of the battery to hold a charge;
 • the availability of charging infrastructure and associated costs;
 • concerns about the availability of hydrogen stations, including those we plan to develop and deploy, which could impede our present efforts to promote FCEV trucks as a desirable alternative to diesel trucks;
 • improvements in the fuel economy of internal combustion engines;
 • the availability of service for hydrogen fuel cell or electric trucks;
 • volatility in the cost of energy, oil, gasoline and hydrogen;
 • government regulations and economic incentives promoting fuel efficiency and alternate forms of energy;
 • the availability of tax and other governmental incentives to purchase and operate hydrogen fuel cell and electric trucks or future regulation requiring increased use of nonpolluting trucks;
 • our ability to sell or lease trucks directly to businesses or customers dependent on state by state unique regulations and dealership laws;

 • the availability of tax and other governmental incentives to sell hydrogen;
 • perceptions about and the cost of hydrogen fuel cell; and
 • macroeconomic factors.
 Additionally, we may become subject to regulations that may require us to alter the design of our trucks, which could negatively impact customer interest in our products.
 Further, we sell our trucks to dealers in our network and rely on the dealers to sell them to end users. The end users of our trucks will need to continually assess their charging capacity and may need to build additional infrastructure prior to ordering or receiving trucks from dealers. In addition, dealers have and may continue to experience delays in receiving proceeds from the California HVIP, the NYTVIP, the NJZIP or other government incentive programs, which many of our dealers are leveraging for the first time. To qualify for HVIP, NYTVIP or NJZIP, dealers are required to complete extensive training, initiate and complete applications for each sales order, and complete the voucher redemption process upon delivery to the end-user. There can be no assurances that our FCEV or BEV trucks will continue to qualify for these or other incentive programs, or that HVIP, NYTVIP and NJZIP incentives will remain in effect. Any reduction, termination or failure to qualify for incentives, or any repeal of, or modification to, HVIP, NYTVIP or NJZIP incentives, would result in increased prices for our trucks, which would harm our business.
 If we fail to manage our future growth effectively, we may not be able to market and sell our vehicles successfully.
 Any failure to manage our growth effectively could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition. We intend to expand our operations significantly. Our future expansion is expected to include:
 • forecasting production and revenue;
 • controlling expenses and investments in anticipation of expanded operations;
 • establishing or expanding validation, manufacturing, sales and service facilities;
 • establishing our hydrogen fueling capabilities;
 • implementing and enhancing administrative infrastructure, systems and processes; and
 • hiring and training personnel, as production scales.
 We may hire additional personnel as production scales, including manufacturing personnel and service technicians for our trucks. Because our trucks are based on a different technology platform than traditional internal combustion engines, individuals with sufficient training in alternative fuel and electric vehicles may not be available to hire, and as a result, we will need to expend significant time and expense training the employees we do hire.
 We may face legal challenges in one or more states attempting to sell directly to fleets or end users, which could materially and adversely affect our costs.
 Our business plan includes the sale of vehicles to our authorized dealers, and potentially directly to fleets or end users. Most, if not all, states require a license to sell vehicles within the state. Many states prohibit manufacturers from directly selling vehicles to end users. In other states, manufacturers must operate a physical dealership within the state to deliver vehicles to end users. As a result, we may not be able to sell directly to end users in each state in the United States.
 In many states, it is unclear if, as a manufacturer, we will be able to obtain permission to sell and deliver vehicles directly to end users. For end users located in states in which we are not allowed to sell or deliver vehicles, we will have to arrange alternate methods of delivery of vehicles. This could include selling to our dealers, who may subsequently sell to the end user, or delivering vehicles to adjacent or nearby states in which we are allowed to directly sell and ship vehicles, and arranging for the end user to transport the vehicles to their home states. These workarounds could add significant complexity, and as a result, costs, to our business.
 We depend on our network of independent dealers for the sale of vehicles, face competition for dealers, and have little control over their activities.
 Our primary sales conduit is expected to be through our dealer network. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold FCEV and BEV trucks to ten dealers, with four dealers individually representing sales in excess of 10% of total revenue. Although we continue to seek to broaden our user base in both quantity and type of truck end users, we may continue to be

 dependent on a small number of dealers for a significant portion of our sales. The loss of a significant dealer, or a significant reduction in sales to any such dealer, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 As we grow, particularly in new jurisdictions, we may need to expand our dealer network. We are subject to competition for the recruitment and retention of dealers from our competitors and we may not be able to recruit new or replacement dealers in the future. Most of our dealers are not restricted in their ability to work with our competitors and are not obligated to continue working with us. The departure of a significant number of our dealers for any reason, the failure to replace departing dealers in the event of such departures, or a substantial deterioration in the quality of our network of dealers could reduce our potential sales opportunities and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Misconduct, noncompliance with applicable laws and regulations, fraud or other improper activities by our dealers' employees, affiliates or other representatives could have a significant negative impact on our business, investments and results of operations. Such misconduct could include failures to comply with federal employment laws and regulations, including consumer protection laws. Although we require applicable dealers to comply with laws and regulations which are standard in our industry, we do not control the dealers, nor can we guarantee their compliance with all such laws and regulations. Failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations or acts of fraud or misconduct by dealers could subject us to fines and penalties.
 We face risks and uncertainties related to litigation, regulatory actions and government investigations and inquiries.
 We are subject to, and are, and may in the future become a party to, a variety of litigation, other claims, suits, regulatory actions and government investigations and inquiries. For example, in 2020, Nikola and our officers, directors and employees received subpoenas from the SEC related to aspects of our business as well as certain matters described in an article published in September 2020 by a short-seller (the "short-seller article").
 We have and may in the future incur significant expenses as a result of the regulatory and legal matters relating to the short-seller article and our founder and former executive chairman. The total cost associated with these matters will depend on many factors, including the duration of these matters and any related finding.
 Additionally, six putative class action lawsuits were filed against us and certain of our current and former officers and directors, asserting violations of federal securities laws under Section 10(b) and Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act, and, in one case, violations of the Unfair Competition Law under California law, alleging that Nikola and certain of our officers and directors made false and/or misleading statements in press releases and public filings regarding our business plan and prospects. These lawsuits have been consolidated. Separately, several purported Nikola stockholder derivative actions were filed in the United States District Court, against certain of our current and former directors, alleging breaches of fiduciary duties, violations of Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act, and gross mismanagement, among other claims. We are unable to estimate the potential loss or range of loss, if any, associated with these lawsuits.
 The results of litigation and other legal proceedings, including the other claims described under Legal Proceedings in Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated by reference herein, are inherently uncertain and adverse judgments or settlements in some or all of these legal disputes may result in materially adverse monetary damages or injunctive relief against us. Any claims or litigation, even if fully indemnified or insured, could damage our reputation and make it more difficult to compete effectively or obtain adequate insurance in the future. The litigation and other legal proceedings described under Note 14 are subject to future developments and management's view of these matters may change in the future.
 Product recalls have and may in the future materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition.
 In 2022, we announced a recall related to the installation of the seat belt shoulder anchorage assembly, and in 2023, we announced a recall related to the towing pack brake module from a supplier.
 In August 2023, we announced a voluntary recall of our BEV trucks as a result of the preliminary results of battery pack thermal event investigations. We filed a voluntary recall with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration on August 15, 2023 and have placed a temporary hold on new BEV truck shipments.
 The recall was initiated following a battery pack thermal event that was preliminarily determined to be caused by a defect within components of the existing battery pack. In investigating the root causes of the thermal event, which is ongoing, it was discovered that additional process and design changes may be necessary and that cell-level issues may need to be addressed beyond the initially identified coolant manifold replacement. We determined that the battery packs in dealer and end user trucks at the time of the recall would be retrofit with battery packs from an alternative supplier. The battery replacement commenced in late 2023, and the first set of trucks are expected to be returned to customers starting late in the first quarter of 2024, pending

 supply chain or other issues, including the need for additional changes to the recalled trucks. There can be no guarantee as to when we will be able to repair the BEV trucks previously sold to our dealers, many of which they sold to their end-user customers, or our existing inventory of BEV trucks so that they may be sold or resume production of our BEV trucks. We accrued recall campaign costs of $65.8 million, of which $3.0 million has been incurred through December 31, 2023 for the BEV trucks that are expected to be returned to dealers and end users once the recall work is complete, and we reserved $45.7 million for BEV battery pack and other components deemed excess and obsolete. If costs related to these events are higher than we expect, if it takes longer to repair and return affected trucks, if the needed repairs are more extensive than we currently anticipate, or if we are unable to sell our existing inventory or resume production of our BEV trucks on a timely basis, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely impacted.
 Recalls have resulted in significant expenses and involved lawsuits and other regulatory actions, and diversion of management attention and other resources, any of which have adversely affected our brand, business and financial condition.
 In the future, we may voluntarily or involuntarily initiate a recall if any of our vehicles or electric powertrain components (including the fuel cell or batteries) prove to be defective or noncompliant with applicable federal motor vehicle safety standards. Such recalls involve significant expense, may involve lawsuits and other regulatory actions and diversion of management attention and other resources, which could adversely affect our brand image and reputation, as well as our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our success will depend on our ability to economically manufacture our trucks at scale and establish hydrogen fueling ecosystem to meet our customers' business needs, and our ability to develop and manufacture trucks of sufficient quality and appeal to end user fleets on schedule and at scale.
 Our future business depends in large part on our ability to execute our plans to develop, manufacture, market and sell our FCEV and BEV trucks and to deploy the associated hydrogen fueling stations at sufficient capacity to meet the transportation demands of end users of our trucks.
 Our continued development of our truck platforms is and will be subject to risks, including with respect to:
 • our ability to secure necessary funding;
 • our ability to manufacture the vehicles within specified design tolerances;
 • long-and short-term durability of our hydrogen fuel cell and electric drivetrain technology related components in the day-to-day wear and tear of the commercial trucking environment;
 • compliance with environmental, workplace safety and other applicable regulations;
 • securing necessary components on acceptable terms and in a timely manner;
 • delays in delivery of final component designs to our suppliers;
 • our ability to attract, recruit, hire and train skilled employees;
 • quality controls;
 • the effects of our recall of our BEV trucks, including costs associated with repairs, loss of revenue reputational harm and legal proceedings;
 • delays or disruptions in our supply chain, including ongoing supply constraints and shortages; and
 • other delays and cost overruns.
 We have limited manufacturing experience and no experience to date in high volume manufacturing of our trucks. We do not know whether we will be able to develop efficient, automated, low-cost manufacturing capabilities and processes, and reliable sources of component supply, that will enable us to meet the quality, price, engineering, design and production standards, as well as the production volumes, required to successfully mass market our trucks. Even if we are successful in developing our high volume manufacturing capability and processes and reliably source our component supply, we do not know whether we will be able to do so in a manner that avoids significant delays and cost overruns, including as a result of factors beyond our control such as problems with suppliers and vendors, or in time to meet our vehicle commercialization schedules or to satisfy the requirements of end users. Any failure to develop and maintain such manufacturing processes and capabilities within our projected costs and timelines could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition.

 We may experience significant delays in the design, validation, and manufacture of our trucks, which could harm our business and prospects.
 Any delay in the financing, design, validation, and manufacture of our trucks could materially damage our brand, business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Vehicle manufacturers often experience delays in the design, validation, manufacture and commercial release of new products. To the extent there are delays in the manufacturing of our FCEV trucks, our prospects could be adversely affected as we may fail to grow our market share. Furthermore, we rely on third party suppliers for the provision and development of many of the key components and materials used in our vehicles, such as battery products. To the extent our suppliers experience any delays in providing us with or developing necessary components, we could experience delays in delivering on our timelines.
 Increases in costs, disruption of supply or shortage of components and raw materials, could harm our business.
 We have and may continue to experience increases in the cost or a sustained interruption in the supply or shortage of raw materials and components, including but not limited to battery cells and packs, semiconductors, integrated circuits, hydrogen tanks, and modular fuelers. Any such increase or supply interruption have and may in the future materially negatively impact our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.
 We use various raw materials including aluminum, steel, carbon fiber, non-ferrous metals (such as copper), and cobalt. Prices for these raw materials fluctuate depending on market conditions and global demand and could adversely affect our business and operating results. For instance, we are exposed to multiple risks relating to price fluctuations for lithium-ion cells. These risks include:
 • disruption in the supply of cells due to quality issues or recalls by the battery cell manufacturers;
 • an increase in the cost of raw materials, such as cobalt, used in lithium-ion cells; and
 • the inability or unwillingness of current battery manufacturers to build or operate battery cell manufacturing plants to supply the numbers of lithium-ion cells required to support the growth of the electric vehicle industry as demand for such cells increases.
 Any disruption in the supply of battery cells, semiconductors, or integrated circuits, has disrupted the production of our BEV trucks and may in the future, temporarily disrupt production of our BEV or FCEV trucks. For example, we have historically relied on a limited number of suppliers of battery products. The manufacturing process of battery products is complex, highly technical and can be affected by supply chain disruptions and component shortages. Separately, in 2023, one of our battery suppliers reorganized under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code, and is in the process of being sold to a buyer. We expect to continue sourcing battery products from this supplier while they undergo reorganization. However, we are looking to source from alternative suppliers as well. Battery products are critical to our ability to manufacture and service our BEV and FCEV trucks in the quantities and on the timeframes we expect. If we cannot manufacture sufficient quantities of battery-packs or source sufficient quantities from alternative manufacturers, we may experience delays in the manufacturing or servicing of our BEV and FCEV trucks. Our commercial production of FCEV trucks in 2023 was also affected by supply chain shortages, including shortages of hydrogen tanks, and these or other shortages have had and may continue to occur.
 We rely on complex machinery for our operations and production involves a significant degree of risk and uncertainty in terms of operational performance and costs.
 We rely on complex machinery for our operations and our production involves a significant degree of uncertainty and risk in terms of operational performance and costs. Our truck manufacturing plant consists of large-scale machinery combining many components. The manufacturing plant components are likely to suffer unexpected malfunctions from time to time and will depend on repairs and spare parts to resume operations, which may not be available when needed. Unexpected malfunctions of the manufacturing plant components may significantly affect the intended operational efficiency. Operational performance and costs can be difficult to predict and are often influenced by factors outside of our control, such as, but not limited to, scarcity of natural resources, environmental hazards and remediation, costs associated with decommissioning of machines, labor disputes and strikes, difficulty or delays in obtaining governmental permits, damages or defects in electronic systems, industrial accidents, fires, seismic activity and natural disasters. Should operational risks occur, they may result in the personal injury to or death of workers, the loss of production equipment, damage to manufacturing facilities, monetary losses, delays and unanticipated fluctuations in production, environmental damage, administrative fines, increased insurance costs and potential legal liabilities, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition or prospects.

 If our manufacturing plant becomes inoperable, we will be unable to produce our trucks and our business will be harmed.
 We produce all of our trucks at our manufacturing plant in Arizona. Our manufacturing plant and the equipment we use to manufacture our trucks would be costly to replace and could require substantial lead time to replace and qualify for use. Our manufacturing plant may be harmed or rendered inoperable by natural or man-made disasters, including earthquakes, flooding, fires, extreme temperatures and power outages, or by health epidemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which may render it difficult or impossible for us to manufacture our trucks for some period of time. The inability to produce our trucks or the backlog that could develop if our manufacturing plant is inoperable for even a short period of time may result in the loss of customers, loss of revenue or harm to our reputation. Although we maintain insurance for damage to our property and the disruption of our business, this insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses and may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all.
 Our business may be subject to risks associated with construction, cost overruns and delays, and other contingencies that may arise while constructing or servicing a network of hydrogen fueling stations, and such risks may increase in the future as we expand the scope of such services.
 We and our strategic partners expect to construct and service, or invest in the construction and servicing of, hydrogen fueling stations. We expect to undertake such construction or service with partners or contractors, which will require significant cash investments and may require us and our partners to acquire or lease suitable land, obtain licenses or permits, that may require compliance with additional rules, working conditions, wage requirements and other union requirements, adding costs and complexity to a construction project. Additionally, we and our partners have limited experience in the engineering, procurement, construction and operation of hydrogen fueling stations. If we and our partners are unable to provide timely, cost effective and quality construction-related services related to our hydrogen fueling stations, there could be material adverse effects on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.
 In addition, we expect such construction and servicing to be subject to oversight and regulation in accordance with state and local laws and ordinances relating to building codes, accessibility requirements, safety, environmental protection and related matters, and to require various local and other governmental approvals and permits that may vary by jurisdiction. All of the above has and may continue to cause delays or cost-overruns or may prevent construction or servicing of hydrogen fueling stations. Meaningful delays or cost overruns, or the inability to construct or service hydrogen fueling stations, could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.
 While we or our partners construct hydrogen fueling stations, we are currently operating modular fueling stations at strategic locations to provide fueling needs to initial FCEV purchasers and demonstrations. However, these modular fueling stations are also subject to local laws and regulations, may not function as intended, may not produce sufficient quantity or be available at desired locations, in order to support the fueling needs of our customers.
 We, our partners and other suppliers rely on complex technology to dispense hydrogen at hydrogen fueling stations, which involves a significant degree of risk and uncertainty in terms of operational performance and costs.
 We, our strategic partners and other suppliers rely on complex technology to dispense hydrogen at hydrogen fueling stations. Hydrogen dispensing technology is in the early stages and involves a significant degree of uncertainty and risk in terms of operational performance and costs. The dispensing technology will suffer non-performance or unexpected malfunctions given its maturity level and unproven uptime and will depend on repairs to resume operations, which will involve significant additional costs and may not be available or may not be available in a timely manner. Non-performance or malfunctions of the dispensing technology would significantly affect the intended operational efficiency of our or other suppliers' hydrogen fueling stations. The inability of customers to procure hydrogen from fueling stations due to non-performance or malfunctions of the dispensing technology would severely limit the use of their FCEV trucks and could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition or operating results.
 We may not be able to produce or source the hydrogen needed to establish our planned hydrogen fueling stations in sufficient volumes or at favorable prices, or at all.
 As a key component of our business model, we intend to establish a series of hydrogen fueling stations. We expect that hydrogen fuel will be sourced by third-party providers or produced off-site and delivered to fueling stations. We have established hydrogen supply strategic partnerships intended to provide us with low carbon hydrogen. To the extent we are unable source hydrogen, unable to source hydrogen in sufficient volumes, or unable to obtain hydrogen at favorable prices, we may be unable to establish these fueling stations and severely limit the usefulness of our trucks, or, if we are still able to establish these stations, we may be forced to sell hydrogen at a loss in order to meet our commitments. We believe that the provision of hydrogen fueling stations will be a significant driver for purchases or leases of our trucks, and therefore, the failure

 to establish and roll out hydrogen fueling stations in accordance with our expectations would materially and adversely affect our business.
 Reservations for our trucks are cancellable.
 Reservations for our FCEV trucks are subject to cancellation by the fleet until the fleet enters into a lease agreement or, in the case of Anheuser-Busch LLC ("AB"), to the extent our trucks do not meet the vehicle specifications and delivery timelines specified in the contract with AB, as discussed further below. Because all of our reservations are cancellable, it is possible that a significant number of end users who submitted reservations for our trucks may cancel those reservations.
 Given the anticipated lead times between reservation and delivery of our trucks, there is a heightened risk that fleets that have made reservations may not ultimately take delivery of vehicles due to potential changes in their preferences, timing of deliveries, cost, competitive developments and other factors. As a result, no assurance can be made that reservations will not be cancelled, or that reservations will ultimately result in the purchase or lease of a vehicle. Any cancellations could harm our financial condition, business, prospects and operating results.
 While we currently have a contract with AB to lease up to 800 long-haul sleeper cab FCEV trucks, if we are unable to deliver our trucks according to the vehicle specifications and delivery timelines set forth in the contract, AB has the right to cancel its order for trucks. Moreover, the AB contract specifies lease terms and rental rates that may be difficult for us to meet or arrange to be met by a financing institution, depending on our ability to develop our trucks and hydrogen fueling network according to current design parameters and cost estimates. Any of these adverse events related to the AB order could harm our financial condition, business, prospects and operating results.
 We may offer leasing options or other alternative structures to customers which would expose us to credit risk.
 While we may offer leasing options of our trucks or other alternative structures to potential customers through a third-party financing partner, we can provide no assurance that a third-party financing partner would be able or willing to provide the leasing services on terms that we have stated in our published materials, or provide financing at all. Furthermore, offering a leasing alternative directly to fleets will expose us to risks commonly associated with the extension of credit. Credit risk is the potential loss that may arise from any failure in the ability or willingness of the counterparty to fulfill their contractual obligations when they become due. Competitive pressure and challenging markets may increase credit risk through leases to financially weak customers, extended payment terms and leases into new and immature markets. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial results and results of operations.
 We face significant barriers to produce our trucks, and if we cannot successfully overcome those barriers, our business will be negatively impacted.
 The trucking industry has traditionally been characterized by significant barriers to entry, including large capital requirements, investment costs of designing and manufacturing vehicles, long lead times to bring vehicles to market from the concept and design stage, the need for specialized design and development expertise, regulatory requirements, establishing a brand name and image and the need to establish sales, leasing, fueling and service locations. In addition, our trucks are based on a different technology platform and powered with alternative fuel and electric sources. If we are not able to overcome these barriers, our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition will be negatively impacted and our ability to grow our business will be harmed.
 If our trucks fail to perform as expected, our ability to develop, market and sell or lease our alternative fuel and electric trucks could be harmed.
 Our trucks have and may in the future contain defects in design and manufacture that may cause them not to perform as expected or may require repair. We currently have a limited frame of reference by which to evaluate the performance of our trucks upon which our business prospects depend. For example, our trucks use a substantial amount of software to operate which require modification and updates over the life of the vehicle. Software products are inherently complex and often contain defects and errors when first introduced. Our trucks also include components made by third parties. Such components have and may in the future contain defects, and require that we replace affected parts.
 There can be no assurance that we will be able to detect and fix any defects in the trucks' hardware or software prior to commencing sales. We announced a recall of our BEV trucks in August 2023 and may in the future experience recalls, which had and may continue to adversely affect our brand in our target markets and could adversely affect our business, prospects and results of operations. Our trucks may not perform consistent with end users' expectations or consistent with other vehicles which may become available. Any additional product defects or any other failure of our trucks to perform as expected could harm our reputation and result in adverse publicity, lost revenue, delivery delays, product recalls, product liability claims and

 significant warranty and other expenses, and could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects.
 Insufficient warranty reserves to cover warranty claims could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.
 We maintain warranty reserves to cover warranty-related claims. If our warranty reserves are inadequate to cover warranty claims on our vehicles, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be materially and adversely affected. We may become subject to significant and unexpected warranty expenses. There can be no assurances that warranty reserves will be sufficient to cover all claims. Additionally, future warranty reserves for our FCEV trucks may be significant due to parts that utilize new technology and have limited operating history and suppliers that may not warranty these parts.
 We face intense competition as a provider of FCEV and BEV Class 8 trucks, which competition could have an adverse effect on our business.
 We face intense competition in FCEV and BEV Class 8 trucks, including from companies in our target markets with greater financial resources, more extensive development, manufacturing, marketing and service capabilities, greater brand recognition and a larger number of managerial and technical personnel. If competitors' trucks are brought to market before our trucks or are viewed as superior to or more reliable than our trucks, we may experience a reduction in potential market share.
 Many of our current and potential competitors, particularly international competitors, have significantly greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing and other resources than we do and may be able to devote greater resources to the design, development, manufacturing, distribution, promotion, sale and support of their products.
 We compete in a rapidly evolving and highly competitive industry, and a number of private and public companies have announced plans to offer or are offering FCEV and/or BEV trucks, including, but not limited to, companies such as Daimler, Volvo, Tesla, BYD, Peterbilt, XOS, Lion, Hyundai, Toyota, and others. Based on publicly available information, a number of these competitors have displayed prototype trucks and have announced target availability and production timelines, while others have launched pilot programs in some markets. In addition, we are aware that one potential competitor, BYD, is currently manufacturing and selling a Class 8 BEV truck. While some competitors may choose to offer BEV trucks, others such as Hyundai and Toyota have announced they plan to offer FCEV trucks and invest in hydrogen stations for refueling. In addition, our principal competition for our trucks are manufacturers of trucks with internal combustion engines powered by diesel fuel.
 We expect competition in our industry to intensify in the future in light of increased demand and regulatory push for alternative fuel and electric vehicles. We cannot provide assurances that our trucks will be among the first to market, or that competitors will not build hydrogen fueling stations that provide fueling at competitive locations and prices. Even if our trucks are among the first to market, we cannot ensure that fleets will choose our vehicles over those of our competitors, or over diesel powered trucks.
 Developments in alternative technology improvements in the internal combustion engine may adversely affect the demand for our trucks.
 Significant developments in alternative technologies, such as advanced diesel, ethanol, or compressed natural gas or improvements in the fuel economy of the internal combustion engine, may materially and adversely affect our business and prospects in ways we do not currently anticipate. Other fuels or sources of energy may emerge as fleets' preferred alternative to our truck platform. Any failure by us to develop new or enhanced technologies or processes, or to react to changes in existing technologies, could materially delay our development and introduction of new and enhanced alternative fuel and electric trucks, which could result in the loss of competitiveness of our trucks, decreased revenue and a loss of market share to competitors. Our research and development efforts may not be sufficient to adapt to changes in alternative fuel and electric vehicle technology. As technologies change, we plan to upgrade or adapt our trucks and introduce new models in order to continue to provide trucks with the latest technology, in particular battery cell technology.
 We have limited experience servicing or repairing our vehicles. If we are unable to address the service requirements of end users, our business will be materially and adversely affected.
 Because we recently started commercial production, we have limited experience servicing or repairing our vehicles. Servicing alternative fuel and electric vehicles is different than servicing vehicles with internal combustion engines and requires specialized skills, including high voltage training and servicing techniques. We utilize our dealer network and may decide to partner with a third party to perform some or all of the maintenance on our trucks, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to enter into an acceptable arrangement with any such third-party provider. If we are unable to successfully address the service requirements of end users, our business and prospects will be materially and adversely affected.

 In addition, the motor vehicle industry laws in many states require that service facilities be available to service vehicles physically sold from locations in the state. While we anticipate developing a service program that would satisfy regulators in these circumstances, the specifics of our service program are still in development, and at some point may need to be restructured to comply with state law, which may impact our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects.
 Collaboration with strategic partners is subject to risks.
 We have entered into collaborations and have announced planned collaborations with various parties, including with respect to hydrogen production and sourcing, providing service and maintenance and deployment of hydrogen fueling stations. Discussions with our strategic partners are ongoing, a number of collaborations are subject to the parties' entry into definitive documentation, and terms of the agreements are subject to change. Consequently, there can be no assurance that we will enter into agreements on the terms initially contemplated, if at all, or that our agreements with our strategic partners will remain in place. For example, we sold assets related to the development of a hydrogen production hub to FFI Phoenix Hub Holdings, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Fortescue Future Industries ("FFI") in July 2023 and in February 2024, and are currently negotiating an agreement with FFI for potential offtake of hydrogen produced at the hub.
 Collaboration with third parties is subject to risks with respect to operations that are outside our control. We could experience delays if our partners do not meet agreed upon timelines or experience capacity constraints. There are risks of potential disputes, disagreements or fallouts with partners and failure to perform under contracts or enforce contracts against the other party, and/or the potential terminations, or non-renewals, of such contracts, and the supply of hydrogen could be disrupted as a result. We may not be able to realize business or financial benefits of our strategic collaborations. We could be affected by adverse publicity related to our partners, whether or not such publicity is related to their collaboration with us, or adverse publicity related to our relationships with our partners. Our ability to successfully build a premium brand could also be adversely affected by perceptions about the quality of our partners' products or by termination of our agreements with our partners. In addition, in situations where we rely on our partners and third parties to meet our quality standards, there can be no assurance that we will successfully maintain quality standards. In addition, our share of the earnings or losses of a collaborator may adversely affect our financial results, depending on the nature of the collaboration, including the discontinuation thereof.
 We may be unable to enter into new agreements or extend existing agreements with strategic partners on terms and conditions acceptable to us and therefore may need to contract with other third parties or significantly add to our own production capacity. There can be no assurance that in such event we would be able to engage other third parties or establish or expand our own production capacity to meet our needs on acceptable terms or at all. The expense and time required to complete any transition, and to assure that vehicles manufactured at facilities of new manufacturers comply with our quality standards and regulatory requirements, may be greater than anticipated. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.
 We are or may be subject to risks associated with strategic alliances or acquisitions.
 We have entered into, and may in the future enter into additional, strategic alliances, including joint ventures or equity investments with various third parties to further our business purpose. These alliances subject us to a number of risks, including risks associated with sharing proprietary information, non-performance by the third party and increased expenses in establishing new, or maintaining current, strategic alliances, any of which may materially and adversely affect our business. We may have limited ability to monitor or control the actions of these third parties and, to the extent any of these strategic third parties suffer negative publicity or harm to their reputation from events relating to their business, we may also suffer negative publicity or harm to our reputation by virtue of our association with any such third party.
 When opportunities arise, we may seek to acquire additional assets, products, technologies or businesses that are complementary to our existing business. If we make any acquisitions, we may not be able to integrate these acquisitions successfully into our existing business, and we could assume unknown or contingent liabilities. Any future acquisitions by us also could result in significant write-offs or the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, any of which could harm our operating results. Integration of an acquired company also may require management resources that otherwise would be available for ongoing development of our existing business. We may not identify or complete these transactions in a timely manner, on a cost-effective basis, or at all, and we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition.
 To finance any acquisitions, we have in the past and may in the future choose to issue shares of our common stock as consideration, which would dilute the ownership of our stockholders. In addition, it may be necessary for us to raise additional funds for acquisitions through public or private financings. Additional funds may not be available on terms that are favorable to us, or at all.
 We acquired Romeo Power, Inc. ("Romeo") in October 2022. On June 30, 2023, pursuant to a general assignment (the "Assignment"), we transferred ownership of all of Romeo's right, title and interest in and to all of its tangible and intangible

 assets, subject to certain agreed upon exclusions (collectively, the "Assets") to SG Service Co., LLC, in its sole and limited capacity as Assignee for the Benefit of Creditors of Romeo ("Assignee"), and also designated Assignee to act as the assignee for the benefit of creditors of Romeo, such that, as of June 30, 2023, Assignee succeeded to all of Romeo's right, title and interest in and to the Assets.
 We have incurred losses as a result of the Assignment. For example, we recognized a loss of $24.9 million which is recorded in loss from deconsolidation of discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023. The carrying values of the assets and liabilities of Romeo were removed from the consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2023. See Note 11, Deconsolidation of Subsidiary, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.
 We are currently subject to ongoing litigation related to, among other things, our acquisition of Romeo, and may in the future be subject to additional litigation related to Romeo. While we understand that the Assignee is in the process of winding down Romeo, the commencement of the Assignment does not have the effect of staying such litigation. Litigation and the time, cost and expenses associated with it could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.
 We may not be able to consume minimum commitments under our "take or pay" agreements, which may have a material adverse impact on our earnings.
 We have entered into agreements with certain suppliers of hydrogen that include "take or pay" terms. Take or pay terms obligate us to purchase a minimum quantity of hydrogen within certain time periods or make specified payments in lieu of such purchase. If we fail to secure adequate demand for hydrogen, we may not be able to consume minimum commitments under these take or pay contracts, requiring payments to suppliers, which may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We are dependent on our suppliers, a significant number of which are single or limited source suppliers, and the inability of these suppliers to deliver necessary components of our vehicles at prices and volumes acceptable to us would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects and operating results.
 While we seek to obtain components from multiple sources whenever possible, many of the components used in our vehicles are or will be purchased by us from a single source, especially with respect to hydrogen fuel cells and batteries. We refer to these component suppliers as our single source suppliers. For example, we entered into an agreement with Robert Bosch LLC ("Bosch"), whereby we committed to purchase certain component requirements for fuel cell power modules from Bosch beginning on June 1, 2023 until December 31, 2030. While we believe that we may be able to establish alternate supply relationships and can obtain or engineer replacement components for our single source components, we may be unable to do so in the short term (or at all) at prices or quality levels that are favorable to us or that meet our requirements.
 A significant benefit of our collaborations with manufacturing partners is the ability to leverage their respective existing assortment of parts, thereby decreasing our purchasing expenses. While these relationships give us access to use an existing supplier base with the hopes of accelerating procurement of components at favorable prices, there is no guarantee that this will be the case. In addition, we have and may in the future experience delays if our suppliers do not meet agreed upon timelines or experience capacity constraints.
 Our vehicles' estimated range may not be achievable based on various external conditions, which may negatively influence potential end users' decisions whether to purchase our trucks.
 We estimate the range of our Tre FCEV and Tre BEV vehicles to be up to 500 and 330 miles, respectively, before needing to recharge or refuel, depending on the type of vehicle. Actual range will vary depending on conditions such as external environment, average speed, number of stops, grade of routes, gross combined weight, trailer type, and driver behavior, among others. Range specifications are subject to change. The perceived lack of sufficient range may negatively affect potential end users' decisions to buy or lease our trucks.
 The battery efficiency of electric trucks and fuel cell efficiency of FCEV trucks will decline over time, which may negatively influence potential end users' decisions whether to purchase our trucks.
 Our vehicles' range will decline over time as the battery or fuel cell, as applicable, deteriorates. Other factors such as usage, time and stress patterns may also impact the ability to hold a charge, which would decrease our trucks' range. Such deterioration and the related decrease in range may negatively influence potential end user decisions to purchase our trucks.
 Our trucks make use of lithium-ion battery cells, which have been observed to catch fire or vent smoke and flame.
 The battery packs within our trucks make use of lithium-ion cells. Lithium-ion cells can rapidly release the energy they contain by venting smoke and flames in a manner that can ignite nearby materials as well as other lithium-ion cells. While the

 battery pack is designed to contain any single cell's release of energy without spreading to neighboring cells, a field or testing failure of our vehicles or other battery packs that we produce could occur, which could subject us to lawsuits, product recalls, or redesign efforts, all of which would be time consuming and expensive. For example, we announced a recall of our BEV trucks in August 2023 as a result of preliminary results of our battery pack thermal event investigations. The investigation was in response to a thermal event caused by a battery pack defect. Subsequent thermal events have also occurred. Also, negative public perceptions regarding the suitability of lithium-ion cells for automotive applications or any future incident involving lithium-ion cells, such as a vehicle or other fire, even if such incident does not involve our trucks, could seriously harm our business and prospects.
 In addition, we store a significant number of lithium-ion cells at our facility. Any mishandling of battery cells may cause disruption to the operation of our facility. While we have implemented safety procedures related to the handling of the cells, a safety issue or fire related to the cells could disrupt our operations. Any related damage or injury could lead to adverse publicity and potentially a safety recall. Moreover, any failure of a competitor's electric vehicle or energy storage product may cause indirect adverse publicity for us and our products. Such adverse publicity could negatively affect our brand and harm our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.
 We may face challenges related to perceptions of safety for commercial electric vehicles, especially if adverse events or accidents occur that are linked to the quality or safety of commercial electric vehicles.
 An accident or safety incident involving one of our trucks may expose us to significant liability and a public perception that our trucks are unsafe or unreliable. For example, in June 2023, a fire started in one of our BEV trucks at our headquarters, which spread to other trucks parked nearby. As a result of the fire, all of the trucks affected became inoperable, and subsequent fires have occurred. Any accident or safety incident involving one of our trucks, even if fully insured, could harm our reputation and result in a loss of future demand if it creates a public perception that our trucks are unsafe or unreliable as compared to those offered by other manufacturers or other means of transportation. As a result, any accident or safety incident involving our trucks, or commercial electric vehicles of our competitors could directly or indirectly materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.
 Any unauthorized control or manipulation of our vehicles' systems could result in loss of confidence in us and our vehicles and harm our business.
 Our trucks contain complex information technology systems and built-in data connectivity to accept and install periodic remote updates to improve or update functionality. We have designed, implemented and tested security measures intended to prevent unauthorized access to our information technology networks, our trucks and related systems. However, bad actors may attempt to gain unauthorized access to modify, alter and use such networks, trucks and systems to gain control of or to change our trucks' functionality, user interface and performance characteristics, or to gain access to data stored in or generated by the truck. Future vulnerabilities could be identified and our efforts to remediate such vulnerabilities may not be successful. Any unauthorized access to or control of our trucks or their systems, or any unauthorized access to or loss of end user data, could result in risks to end users or failure of our systems, any of which could result in interruptions in our business, legal claims or proceedings. In addition, regardless of their veracity, reports of unauthorized access to our trucks, systems or data, as well as other factors that may result in the perception that our trucks, systems or data are capable of being hacked could negatively affect our brand and harm our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.
 Interruption or failure of our information technology and communications systems could impact our ability to effectively provide our services.
 We outfit our trucks with in-vehicle services and functionality that utilize data connectivity to monitor performance and timely capture opportunities for cost-saving preventative maintenance. The availability and effectiveness of our services depend on the continued operation of information technology and communications systems. Our systems may be vulnerable to damage or interruption from, among others, fire, terrorist attacks, attacks by computer hackers or other cybersecurity risks, natural disasters, power loss, telecommunications failures, computer viruses, computer denial of service attacks or other attempts to harm our systems. Our data centers could also be subject to break-ins, sabotage and intentional acts of vandalism causing potential disruptions. Some of our systems are not fully redundant, and our disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities. Any problems at our data centers could result in lengthy interruptions in our service. In addition, our trucks are highly technical and complex and may contain errors or vulnerabilities, which could result in interruptions in our business or the failure of our systems.

 We are subject to substantial regulation and unfavorable changes to, or failure by us to comply with, these regulations could substantially harm our business and operating results.
 Our alternative fuel and electric trucks, and the sale and servicing of motor vehicles in general, are subject to substantial regulation under international, federal, state, and local laws. We have and expect to continue to incur significant costs in complying with these regulations. Regulations related to the electric vehicle industry and alternative energy are currently evolving and we face risks associated with changes to these regulations, including but not limited to:
 • increased subsidies for corn and ethanol production, which could reduce the operating cost of vehicles that use ethanol or a combination of ethanol and gasoline; and
 • increased sensitivity by regulators to the needs of established automobile manufacturers with large employment bases, high fixed costs and business models based on the internal combustion engine, which could lead them to pass regulations that could reduce the compliance costs of such established manufacturers or mitigate the effects of government efforts to promote alternative fuel vehicles.
 To the extent laws change, our trucks may not comply with applicable international, federal, state or local laws, which would have an adverse effect on our business. Compliance with changing regulations could be burdensome, time consuming, and expensive. To the extent compliance with new regulations is cost prohibitive, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results would be adversely affected.
 We are subject to various environmental laws and regulations that could impose substantial costs upon us and cause delays in operating our manufacturing facilities.
 Our operations are subject to federal, state, and/or local environmental laws and regulations, including laws relating to the use, handling, storage, disposal and human exposure to hazardous materials. Environmental and health and safety laws and regulations can be complex, and we expect that we will be affected by future amendments to such laws or other new environmental and health and safety laws and regulations which may require us to change our operations, potentially resulting in a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results. These laws can give rise to liability for administrative oversight costs, cleanup costs, property damage, bodily injury and fines and penalties. Capital and operating expenses needed to comply with environmental laws and regulations can be significant, and violations may result in substantial fines and penalties, third party damages, suspension of production or a cessation of our operations.
 Contamination at properties we will own and operate, we formerly owned or operated or to which hazardous substances were sent by us, may result in liability for us under environmental laws and regulations, including, but not limited to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, which can impose liability for the full amount of remediation-related costs without regard to fault, for the investigation and cleanup of contaminated soil and ground water, for building contamination and impacts to human health and for damages to natural resources. The costs of complying with environmental laws and regulations and any claims concerning noncompliance, or liability with respect to contamination in the future, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or operating results. We may face unexpected delays in obtaining the required permits and approvals in connection with our manufacturing facilities that could require significant time and financial resources and delay our ability to operate these facilities, which would adversely impact our business prospects and operating results.
 We are subject to evolving laws, regulations, standards, policies, and contractual obligations related to data privacy and security, and any actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could harm our reputation and brand, subject us to significant fines and liabilities, or otherwise affect our business.
 In the course of our operations, we collect, use, store, disclose, transfer and otherwise process personal information from our customers, truck end users, employees and third parties with whom we conduct business, including names, accounts, user IDs and passwords, and payment or transaction related information. Additionally, we use our trucks' electronic systems to log information about each vehicle's use in order to aid us in vehicle diagnostics, repair and maintenance. End users may object to the use of this data, which may increase our vehicle maintenance costs and harm our business prospects. Possession and use of end users' information in conducting our business may subject us to legislative and regulatory burdens that could require notification of data breaches, restrict our use of such information and hinder our ability to acquire new customers or market to existing customers. Non-compliance or a major breach of our network security and systems could have serious negative consequences for our business and future prospects, including possible fines, penalties and damages, reduced customer demand for our vehicles, and harm to our reputation and brand. We are subject to or affected by a number of federal, state, and local laws and regulations, as well as contractual obligations and industry standards, that impose certain obligations and restrictions with respect to data privacy and security and govern our collection, storage, retention, protection, use, processing, transmission, sharing and disclosure of personal information including that of our employees, customers and other third parties with whom

 we conduct business. These laws, regulations and standards may be interpreted and applied differently over time and from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and it is possible that they will be interpreted and applied in ways that may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 The global data protection landscape is rapidly evolving, and implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. We may not be able to monitor and react to all developments in a timely manner. The European Union adopted the General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR"), which became effective in May 2018, and California adopted the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 ("CCPA"), which became effective in January 2020. Both the GDPR and the CCPA impose additional obligations on companies regarding the handling of personal data and provide certain individual privacy rights to persons whose data is collected. Compliance with existing, proposed and recently enacted laws and regulations (including implementation of the privacy and process enhancements called for under the GDPR and CCPA) can be costly, and any failure to comply with these regulatory standards could subject us to legal and reputational risks.
 Specifically, the CCPA establishes a privacy framework for covered businesses, including an expansive definition of personal information and data privacy rights for California consumers. The CCPA includes a framework with potentially severe statutory damages for violations and a private right of action for certain data breaches. The CCPA requires covered businesses to provide California consumers with new privacy-related disclosures and new ways to opt-out of certain uses and disclosures of personal information. As we expand our operations, particularly in California, the CCPA may increase our compliance costs and potential liability. Some observers have noted that the CCPA could mark the beginning of a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the United States. Additionally, effective starting on January 1, 2023, the California Privacy Rights Act ("CPRA") significantly modifies the CCPA, including by expanding California consumers' rights with respect to certain sensitive personal information. The CPRA also created a new state agency that will be vested with authority to implement and enforce the CCPA and the CPRA.
 Other states have begun to propose similar laws. Compliance with applicable privacy and data security laws and regulations is a rigorous and time-intensive process, and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms to comply with such laws and regulations, which could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices, including our data management practices, in a manner adverse to our business. In particular, certain emerging privacy laws are still subject to a high degree of uncertainty as to their interpretation and application. Failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations or to secure personal information could result in investigations, enforcement actions and other proceedings against us, which could result in substantial fines, damages and other liability as well as damage to our reputation and credibility, which could have a negative impact on revenues and profits.
 We post publicly privacy policies and other documentation regarding our collection, processing, use and disclosure of personal information. Although we endeavor to comply with our policies and other documentation, we may at times fail to do so or may be perceived to have failed to do so. Moreover, despite our efforts, we may not be successful in achieving compliance if our employees, contractors, service providers, vendors or other third parties fail to comply with our policies and documentation. Such failures could carry similar consequences or subject us to potential local, state and federal action if they are found to be deceptive, unfair or misrepresentative of our actual practices. Claims that we have violated individuals' privacy rights or failed to comply with data protection laws or applicable privacy notices could, even if we are not found liable, be expensive and time-consuming to defend and could result in adverse publicity that could harm our business.
 Most jurisdictions have enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals, regulatory authorities and other third parties of security breaches involving certain types of data. Such laws may be inconsistent or may change or additional laws may be adopted. In addition, our agreements with certain customers or truck end users may require us to notify them in the event of a security breach. Such mandatory disclosures are costly, could lead to negative publicity, penalties or fines, litigation and our customers and truck end users losing confidence in the effectiveness of our security measures and require us to expend significant capital and other resources to respond to or alleviate problems caused by the actual or perceived security breach. Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition.
 We face risks associated with our international operations, including unfavorable regulatory, political, tax and labor conditions, which could harm our business.
 We face risks associated with our international operations, including possible unfavorable regulatory, political, tax and labor conditions, which could harm our business. Although our operations are currently focused in the U.S., we also have international operations and subsidiaries in Germany and Canada that are subject to the legal, political, regulatory and social requirements and economic conditions in these jurisdictions. Additionally, as part of our growth strategy, we intend to expand our truck sales, hydrogen supply, truck maintenance and repair services in North America. However, we have limited experience selling and servicing our vehicles in North America, and no experience to date selling and servicing our vehicles outside of the United States and Canada, and such expansion may require us to make significant expenditures, including the hiring of local employees and establishing facilities, in advance of generating any revenue. We are subject to a number of risks

 associated with international business activities that may increase our costs, impact our ability to sell our alternative fuel and electric trucks and require significant management attention. These risks include:
 • conforming our trucks to various international law and regulatory requirements where our trucks are sold, or homologation;
 • development and construction of our hydrogen fueling network;
 • difficulty in staffing and managing foreign operations;
 • difficulties attracting customers and fleets in new jurisdictions;
 • foreign government taxes, regulations and permit requirements, including foreign taxes that we may not be able to offset against taxes imposed upon us in the United States, and foreign tax and other laws limiting our ability to repatriate funds to the United States;
 • fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates, including risks related to any interest rate swap or other hedging activities we undertake;
 • United States and foreign government trade restrictions, tariffs and price or exchange controls;
 • foreign labor laws, regulations and restrictions;
 • changes in diplomatic and trade relationships;
 • political instability, natural disasters, war or events of terrorism, including the current conflict involving Ukraine and Russia and in the Middle East; and
 • the strength of international economies.
 If we fail to successfully address these risks, our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition could be materially harmed.
 Our ability to use net operating losses to reduce future tax payments may be limited by provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and may be subject to further limitation as a result of future transactions.
 Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), contain rules that limit the ability of a company that undergoes an ownership change, which is generally any cumulative change in ownership of more than 50% of its stock over a three-year period, to utilize its net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and certain built-in losses recognized in the years after the ownership change. These rules generally operate by focusing on ownership changes involving stockholders who directly or indirectly own 5% or more of the stock of a company and any change in ownership arising from a new issuance of stock by the company. Generally, if an ownership change occurs, the yearly taxable income limitation on the use of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards is equal to the product of the applicable long-term tax exempt rate and the value of our stock immediately before the ownership change. As a result, we may be unable to offset our taxable income with net operating losses, or our tax liability with credits, before these losses and credits expire.
 In addition, it is possible that future transactions (including issuances of new shares of our common stock and sales of shares of our common stock and equity-linked securities) will cause us to undergo one or more additional ownership changes. In that event, we may not be able to use our net operating losses from periods prior to this ownership change to offset future taxable income in excess of the annual limitations imposed by Sections 382 and 383.
 We face risks related to health epidemics, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
 We face various risks related to public health issues, including epidemics, pandemics, and other outbreaks. For example, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic included changes in consumer and business behavior, pandemic fears and market downturns, global supply chain constraints and restrictions on business and individual activities, created significant volatility in the global economy and led to reduced economic activity. The spread of COVID-19 also created a disruption in the manufacturing, delivery and overall supply chain of vehicle manufacturers and suppliers, including us, and led to a global decrease in vehicle sales in markets around the world.
 The pandemic resulted in government authorities implementing numerous measures to try to contain the virus, such as travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, stay-at-home or shelter-in-place orders, and business shutdowns. These measures adversely impacted our employees and operations and the operations of our customers, suppliers, vendors and business

 partners, and negatively impacted our sales and marketing activities, the construction schedule of our hydrogen fueling stations and our manufacturing plant in Arizona, and the production schedule of our trucks. For example, the headquarters of our former joint venture partner located in Italy was shut down for two months in 2020 due to COVID-19, and as a result, pilot builds for the BEV truck were delayed. In addition, various aspects of our business, manufacturing plant and hydrogen fueling station building process, cannot be conducted remotely.
 Difficult macroeconomic conditions, such as decreases in per capita income and level of disposable income, increased and prolonged unemployment or a decline in consumer confidence due to the acceleration of inflation in the U.S. and the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as reduced spending by businesses, adversely affected the demand for our trucks. Under difficult economic conditions, potential purchasers may seek to reduce spending by forgoing our trucks for other traditional options, and cancel reservations for our trucks. In addition, in this inflationary environment, end users were less likely to invest time and resources in considering alternative charging infrastructure, which affected demand for our trucks. Decreased demand for our trucks negatively affects our business.
 The unavailability, reduction or elimination of government and economic incentives could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.
 We currently, and expect to continue to, benefit from certain government subsidies and economic incentives that support the development and adoption of our vehicles. Any reduction, elimination or discriminatory application of government subsidies and economic incentives because of policy changes, delays in promulgating regulations implementing new legislation, the reduced need for such subsidies and incentives due to the perceived success of the electric vehicle or other reasons may result in the diminished competitiveness of the alternative fuel and electric vehicle industry generally or our FCEV and BEV trucks in particular. This could materially and adversely affect the growth of the alternative fuel automobile markets and our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.
 These incentives include tax credits, rebates and other incentives for alternative energy production, alternative fuel and electric vehicles, including GHG emissions credits under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's GHG Rule, the California Air Resources Board, California Transportation Commission ("CTC"), New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, and New Jersey Economic Development Authority, HVIP, NYTVIP, and NJZIP. There is no guarantee these programs will be available in the future. If these tax incentives and other benefits are not available or are reduced or otherwise limited in the future, our financial position could be harmed.
 Additionally, while the IRA includes certain federal tax credits and other incentives for alternative energy production and alternative fuel, there is no guarantee these programs will be renewed or extended in the future or that we, our customers, our dealers, or their retail customers will qualify for the tax credits or incentives. If the IRA's tax credits and incentives for our trucks are not available to us or truck purchasers in the future, our business, financial viability and prospects could be adversely affected. The IRA, when combined with other state-based incentives, such as HVIP or NYTVIP incentives, could reduce the overall cost of our truck and the fueling thereof, but the repeal or modification of such incentives could discourage potential purchasers from acquiring our trucks. These and other changes to tax laws and regulations, or interpretation thereof, in the United States or other tax jurisdictions in which we do business, could adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 We may not be able to obtain or agree on acceptable terms and conditions for all or a significant portion of the government grants, loans and other incentives for which we may apply.
 We have received and expect to continue applying for federal and state grants, loans and tax incentives under government programs designed to stimulate the economy and support the production of alternative fuel and electric vehicles and related technologies, as well as the sale of hydrogen. We are initially focusing our efforts in California in part because of the incentives that are available. For example, in 2023, the CTC awarded us a $41.9 million grant under the Trade Corridor Enhancement Program ("TCEP") to build up to six heavy-duty hydrogen refueling stations across Southern California, subject to compliance with follow on requirements, including timing and completion of certain milestones. We anticipate that in the future there will be new opportunities for us to apply for grants, loans and other incentives from the United States, state and foreign governments. Our ability to obtain funds or incentives from government sources is subject to the availability of funds under applicable government programs, approval of our applications to participate in such programs, and in certain instances, compliance with ongoing requirements. The application process for these funds and other incentives will likely be highly competitive. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in obtaining any additional grants, loans and other incentives or achieving the follow on requirements to receive funding of grants awarded. If we are not successful in obtaining any of these incentives and we are unable to find alternative sources of funding to meet our planned capital needs, our business and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

 Further, accepting funding from governmental entities or in-licensing patent rights from third parties that are co-owned with governmental entities may result in the U.S. government having certain rights, including so-called march-in rights, to such patent rights and any products or technology developed from such patent rights. When new technologies are developed with U.S. government funding, the U.S. government generally obtains certain rights in any resulting patents, including a nonexclusive license authorizing the U.S. government to use the invention for noncommercial purposes. These rights may permit the U.S. government to disclose our confidential information to third parties and to exercise march-in rights to use or to allow third parties to use our licensed technology. The U.S. government can exercise its march-in rights if it determines that action is necessary because we fail to achieve the practical application of government-funded technology, because action is necessary to alleviate health or safety needs, to meet requirements of federal regulations, or to give preference to U.S. industry. In addition, our rights in such inventions may be subject to certain requirements to manufacture products embodying such inventions in the United States. Any exercise by the U.S. government of such rights could harm our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
 The evolution of the regulatory framework for autonomous vehicles is outside of our control and we cannot guarantee that our trucks will achieve the requisite level of autonomy to enable driverless systems.
 There are currently no federal U.S. regulations pertaining to the safety of self-driving vehicles. However, the National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration has established recommended guidelines. Certain states have legal restrictions on self-driving vehicles, and many other states are considering them. This patchwork increases the difficulty in legal compliance for our vehicles should we deploy autonomous driving features. Self-driving laws and regulations are expected to continue to evolve and may restrict autonomous driving features that we may deploy.
 We may be subject to risks associated with autonomous driving technology.
 Our trucks can be designed with connectivity for future installation of an autonomous hardware suite and we plan to partner with a third-party software provider in the future to potentially implement Level 2 ("L2") autonomous capabilities. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to identify a third party to provide the necessary hardware and software to enable driverless Level 4 or Level 5 autonomy in an acceptable timeframe, on terms satisfactory to us, or at all. Autonomous driving technologies are subject to risks and there have been accidents and fatalities associated with such technologies. The safety of such technologies depends in part on user interaction and users, as well as other drivers on the roadways, may not be accustomed to using or adapting to such technologies. To the extent accidents associated with our L2 autonomous driving systems occur, we could be subject to liability, negative publicity, government scrutiny and further regulation. Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects.
 Unfavorable publicity, or a failure to respond effectively to adverse publicity, could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business.
 As an early stage company, maintaining and enhancing our brand and reputation is critical to our ability to attract and retain employees, partners, customers and investors, and to mitigate legislative or regulatory scrutiny, litigation and government investigations.
 Significant negative publicity has adversely affected our brand and reputation and our stock price. Negative publicity has and may in the future give rise to litigation and/or governmental investigations. Unfavorable publicity relating to us or those affiliated with us, including our former executive chairman and our vehicle recall in August 2023, has and may in the future adversely affect public perception of the company. Adverse publicity and its effect on overall public perceptions of our brand, or our failure to respond effectively to adverse publicity, could have a material adverse effect on our business.
 The negative publicity has made it more difficult for us to attract and retain employees, partners, customers, and end users, reduced confidence in our products and services, harmed investor confidence and the market price of our common stock, invited legislative and regulatory scrutiny and resulted in litigation and governmental investigations and penalties. As a result, customers, potential customers, end users, potential end users, partners and potential partners have failed to award us additional business, cancelled or sought to cancel existing contracts or otherwise, or direct future business to our competitors, and may in the future take similar actions, and investors may invest in our competitors instead of us. See Legal Proceedings in Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated herein by reference.
 The successful rehabilitation of our brand will depend largely on regaining a good reputation, meeting business milestones, satisfying the requirements of customers and end users, meeting our fueling commitments, maintaining a high quality of service, improving our compliance programs and continuing our marketing and public relations efforts. Expenses related to our brand promotion, reputation building, and media strategies have been significant and our efforts may not be successful. We anticipate that other competitors and potential competitors will expand their offerings, which will make maintaining and

 enhancing our reputation and brand increasingly more difficult and expensive. If we fail to successfully rehabilitate our brand in the current or future competitive environment or if events similar to the negative publicity occur in the future, our brand and reputation would be further damaged and our business may suffer.
 Although we maintain insurance for the disruption of our business and director and officer liability insurance, these insurance policies will not be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses and may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all.
 Social media platforms present risks and challenges that could cause damage to our brand and reputation, and which could subject us to liability, penalties and other restrictive sanctions.
 Social media platforms present risks and challenges that have resulted, and may in the future result in damage to our brand and reputation, and which could subject us to liability, penalties and other restrictive sanctions. Our internal policies and procedures regarding social media have not been, and may not in the future, be effective in preventing the inappropriate use of social media platforms, including blogs, social media websites and other forms of Internet-based communications. These platforms allow individuals access to a broad audience of consumers, investors and other interested persons. The considerable expansion in the use of social media over recent years has increased the volume and speed at which negative publicity arising from these events can be generated and spread, and we may be unable to timely respond to, correct any inaccuracies in, or adequately address negative perceptions arising from such coverage. The use of such platforms by our former officers and employees has adversely impacted, and could in the future adversely impact, our costs, and our brand and reputation, and has resulted, and could in the future result in the disclosure of confidential information, litigation and regulatory inquiries. Any such litigation or regulatory inquiries may result in significant penalties and other restrictive sanctions and adverse consequences. In addition, negative or inaccurate posts or comments about us on social media platforms could damage our reputation, brand image and goodwill, and we could lose the confidence of our customers, end users, and partners, regardless of whether such information is true and regardless of any number of measures we may take to address them. We are currently party to litigation and regulatory proceedings related in part to social media statements. See Legal Proceedings in Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated herein by reference.
 Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
 We may need to defend ourselves against patent or trademark infringement, or other intellectual property claims, which may be time-consuming and cause us to incur substantial costs.
 Companies, organizations or individuals, including our competitors, may own or obtain patents, trademarks or other proprietary rights that would prevent or limit our ability to make, use, develop or sell our vehicles or components, which could make it more difficult for us to operate our business. We may receive inquiries from patent or trademark owners inquiring whether we infringe their proprietary rights. Companies owning patents or other intellectual property rights relating to battery packs, electric motors, fuel cells or electronic power management systems may allege infringement of such rights. In response to a determination that we have infringed upon a third party's intellectual property rights, we may be required to do one or more of the following:
 • cease development, sales, or use of vehicles that incorporate the asserted intellectual property;
 • pay substantial damages;
 • obtain a license from the owner of the asserted intellectual property right, which license may not be available on reasonable terms or at all; or
 • redesign one or more aspects or systems of our trucks.
 A successful claim of infringement against us could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition. Any litigation or claims, whether valid or invalid, could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources.
 We also have licensed patents and other intellectual property from third parties, including suppliers and service providers, and we may face claims that our use of this in-licensed technology infringes the intellectual property rights of others. In such cases, we will seek indemnification from our licensors. However, our rights to indemnification may be unavailable or insufficient to cover our costs and losses.
 We may also face claims challenging our use of open source software and our compliance with open source license terms. While we monitor our use of open source software and try to ensure that none is used in a manner that would require us to disclose or license our proprietary source code or that would otherwise breach the terms of an open source agreement, such use

 could inadvertently occur, or could be claimed to have occurred. Any breach of such open source license or requirement to disclose or license our proprietary source code could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
 Our business may be adversely affected if we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights from unauthorized use by third parties.
 Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property rights could result in our competitors offering similar products, potentially resulting in the loss of some of our competitive advantage, and a decrease in our revenue which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Our success depends, at least in part, on our ability to protect our core technology and intellectual property. To accomplish this, we rely on a combination of patents, trade secrets (including know-how), employee and third-party nondisclosure agreements, copyright, trademarks, intellectual property licenses and other contractual rights to establish and protect our rights in our technology. We cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade secrets or proprietary information, including our technology and processes. In connection with our collaboration, partnership and license agreements, our rights to use licensed or jointly owned technology and intellectual property under such agreements may be subject to the continuation of and compliance with the terms of those agreements. In some cases, we may not control the prosecution, maintenance or filing of licensed or jointly owned patent rights, or the enforcement of such patents against third parties.
 The protection of our intellectual property rights is important to our business and future opportunities. However, the measures we take to protect our intellectual property from unauthorized use by others may not be effective for various reasons, including the following:
 • any patent applications we submit may not result in the issuance of patents;
 • the scope of our issued patents may not be broad enough to protect our proprietary rights;
 • our issued patents may be challenged and/or invalidated by our competitors;
 • the costs associated with enforcing patents, confidentiality and invention agreements or other intellectual property rights may make aggressive enforcement impracticable;
 • current and future competitors may circumvent our patents; and
 • our in-licensed patents may be invalidated, or the owners of these patents may breach our license arrangements.
 Patent, trademark, and trade secret laws vary significantly throughout the world. Some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States. Further, policing the unauthorized use of our intellectual property in foreign jurisdictions may be difficult. Therefore, our intellectual property rights may not be as strong or as easily enforced outside of the United States.
 Our patent applications may not issue as patents, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from commercially exploiting products similar to ours.
 We cannot be certain that we are the first inventor of the subject matter to which we have filed a particular patent application, or if we are the first party to file such a patent application. If another party has filed a patent application to the same subject matter as we have, we may not be entitled to the protection sought by the patent application. Further, the scope of protection of issued patent claims is often difficult to determine. As a result, we cannot be certain that the patent applications that we file will issue, or that our issued patents will afford protection against competitors with similar technology. In addition, our competitors may design around our issued patents, which may adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition or operating results.
 Risks Related to Our Convertible Indebtedness
 Servicing our debt may require a significant amount of cash, and we may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our substantial debt.
 As of December 31, 2023, $123.5 million, $11.5 million, and $21.6 million in aggregate principal amount of our June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes, June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes and 8.25% Convertible Notes, respectively, were outstanding. The terms of our June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes and June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes allow us to issue additional June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes and June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, respectively, in lieu of paying cash interest thereon.
 Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on or to refinance our June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes, June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, 8.25% Convertible Notes or any future indebtedness we may incur

 depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. While, in lieu of paying cash interest on our June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes and June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, we may elect to pay interest in kind, that election will increase the aggregate principal amount of those notes and in the case of our June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes, could result in a further dilutive issuance of shares of our common stock if such notes are converted. Our business has not and may not in the future generate cash flow from operations sufficient to service our debt and make necessary capital expenditures, or repay our outstanding indebtedness. If we are unable to generate cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring debt or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance our indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations.
 We may incur a substantial amount of debt or take other actions which would intensify the risks discussed above, and significant indebtedness may prevent us from taking actions that we would otherwise consider to be in our best interests.
 We and our subsidiaries may be able to incur substantial additional debt in the future, subject to the restrictions contained in our debt instruments, some of which may be secured debt. The indentures governing our June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes, June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes and 8.25% Convertible Notes do not restrict us from incurring any unsecured debt; however, the indentures governing our June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes and June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes allow us to incur secured debt of up to $500.0 million.
 In addition, our indebtedness, combined with our other financial obligations and contractual commitments, could have other important consequences. For example, it could:
 • make us more vulnerable to adverse changes in general U.S. and worldwide economic, industry and competitive conditions and adverse changes in government regulation;
 • limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and our industry;
 • place us at a disadvantage compared to our competitors who have less debt; and
 • limit our ability to borrow additional amounts for working capital and other general corporate purposes, including to fund possible acquisitions of, or investments in, complementary businesses, products, services and technologies.
 Any of these factors could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle conversions of our convertible notes in cash or to repurchase the notes upon a fundamental change or change in control transaction, and our future debt may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the notes.
 Holders of our June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes and June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes have the right to require us to repurchase all or any portion of their notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change or a change of control transaction as defined in those notes at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the capitalized principal amount of the notes to be repurchased, in the case of a fundamental change, or 130% of the capitalized principal amount of the notes to be repurchased, in the case of a change in control transaction, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. Holders of 8.25% Convertible Notes have the right to require us to repurchase all or any portion of their notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change or a change of control transaction as defined in those notes at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be repurchased in the case of a fundamental change plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, upon conversion of our June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes and June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our common stock to settle such conversion (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we will be required to make cash payments in respect of the notes being converted. In addition, upon conversion of our 8.25% Convertible Notes, we will be required to deliver to the converting holder in cash a coupon make-whole premium in an amount equal to the present value of all regularly scheduled payments of interest due on each interest payment date of such notes until the maturity date thereof discounted based on United States treasuries plus 50 basis points. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases of notes surrendered therefor or notes being converted. In addition, our ability to repurchase our June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes, June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes and 8.25% Convertible Notes, or to pay cash upon conversions of such notes may be limited by law, by regulatory authority or by agreements governing our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase our June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes, June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes and 8.25% Convertible Notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the indenture that governs such notes or to pay any cash payable on future conversions of such notes as required by the indenture that governs such notes would constitute a default under such indenture. A default under any such indenture or the occurrence of the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our existing or future indebtedness. If the repayment of

 the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness, repurchase such notes or make cash payments upon conversions of such notes.
 The conditional conversion feature of our June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes and June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
 In the event the conditional conversion feature of each of our June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes and June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes is triggered, holders of such notes will be entitled to convert such notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert such notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our common stock (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders do not elect to convert such notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of such notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.
 Risks Related to Operating as a Public Company
 We incur significant increased expenses and administrative burdens as a public company, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We incur significant legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses as a public company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the "Sarbanes-Oxley Act"), including the requirements of Section 404, as well as rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and the rules and regulations promulgated and to be promulgated thereunder, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and the securities exchanges, impose additional reporting and other obligations on public companies. Our management and other personnel need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance and disclosure obligations. If these requirements divert the attention of our management and personnel from other aspects of our business, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, these rules and regulations applicable to public companies substantially increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs, require that we hire additional personnel and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. It may also be more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance.
 We identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, and have identified other material weaknesses in the past. If we are unable to remediate these material weaknesses, or if we experience additional material weaknesses or other deficiencies in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial results.
 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting and for evaluating and reporting on the effectiveness of our system of internal control. As a public company, we are required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. We must also include a report issued by our independent registered public accounting firm based on their audit of our internal controls over financial reporting.
 In connection with our year-end assessment of internal control over financial reporting, we determined that, as of December 31, 2023, we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting because of a material weakness associated with ineffective information technology general controls ("ITGCs"), in the areas of user access and change management for the IT systems that support our financial reporting processes. We believe that these control deficiencies were a result of insufficient training of personnel on the operation and importance of ITGCs and inadequate risk-assessment processes resulting in failure to identify and assess risks in IT environments that could impact internal control over financial reporting. Management also deemed ineffective certain automated and manual business process controls that are dependent on the affected ITGCs, because they could have been adversely impacted to the extent that they rely upon information and configurations from the affected IT system.
 The material weakness for ITGCs was first identified in 2022. With the oversight of senior management and our audit committee, we have identified controls and implemented our remediation plan to address the material weakness related to our

 ITGCs mentioned above. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we have completed the following remedial actions related to this material weakness:
 • Performed a risk assessment over the IT system that supports our financial reporting processes;
 • Hired consultants and key personnel with internal control experience with our IT system to drive remediation efforts;
 • Designed, developed, and deployed an enhanced ITGC framework, including the implementation of systems and tools to enable the effectiveness and consistent execution of these controls;
 • Developed a training program to address ITGCs and policies, including (i) educating control owners concerning the principles and requirements of each control, with a focus on those related to user access and change management over IT systems impacting financial reporting; (ii) developing and maintaining documentation of underlying ITGCs to promote knowledge transfer upon personnel and function changes; and (iii) implementing an IT management review and testing plan to monitor ITGCs with a specific focus on systems supporting our financial reporting processes; and
 • Implemented enhanced system capabilities and business processes to manage and monitor key elements of the control framework. This includes segregation of duties, elevated user access review, change management, user provisioning and deprovisioning, and user access reviews.
 We believe the measures described above will remediate the material weakness and strengthen our internal control over financial reporting. However, this material weakness will not be considered remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded through testing that the controls are operating effectively. Our implementation of the measures described above occurred through the end of 2023, and as a result, there was not a sufficient period of time for the controls to be operating or tested to conclude a full assessment of their effectiveness. Although we have improved our controls intended to remediate this material weakness, we cannot be certain as to when or if remediation will be complete. Further, remediation efforts place a significant burden on management and add increased pressure to our financial and IT resources and processes. As a result, we may not be successful in making the improvements necessary to remediate the material weakness identified by management, be able to do so in a timely manner, or be able to identify and remediate additional control deficiencies, including material weaknesses, in the future. For further discussion of the material weaknesses identified and our remedial efforts, see Item 9A. Controls and Procedures of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 We have also identified other material weaknesses in the past including, most recently in connection with the review of our unaudited consolidated financial statements for the three months ended September 30, 2023. That material weakness was a result of certain control deficiencies related to the precision of our review for the valuation and remeasurement of the embedded derivative liability of our Toggle Convertible Notes as of June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2023, and was remediated in 2023.
 Any failure to maintain internal control over financial reporting could severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our financial condition or results of operations. The effectiveness of our controls and procedures may be limited by a variety of factors, including:
 • faulty human judgment and simple errors, omissions, or mistakes;
 • fraudulent action of an individual or collusion of two or more people;
 • inappropriate management override of procedures; and
 • the possibility that any enhancements to controls and procedures may still not be adequate to assure timely and accurate financial control.
 Our ability to comply with the annual internal control report requirements will depend on the effectiveness of our financial reporting and data systems and controls across our company. We expect these systems and controls to involve significant expenditures and to become increasingly complex as our business grows. To effectively manage this complexity, we will need to continue to improve our operational, financial, and management controls, and our reporting systems and procedures. Our inability to successfully remediate our existing or any future material weaknesses or other deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting or any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in the implementation or operation of these controls, could harm our operating results and cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations or result in material misstatements in our financial statements, which could adversely affect our liquidity and access to capital markets, our business and investor confidence in us, and our stock price.

 Interest in our common stock from our significant base of retail and other individual investors could result in increased volatility in the market price of our common stock, which could have a material adverse impact on the market price of our common stock and your investment.
 Retail and other individual investors, which make up a significant segment of our overall stockholder base, have played a significant role in recent market dynamics that have resulted in substantial increases and volatility in the market prices of "meme" stocks. For example, the market prices and trading volumes of the common stock of GameStop Corp., AMC Entertainment Holdings, Inc. and certain other "meme" stocks, have recently experienced, and may continue to experience, extreme volatility. The rapid and substantial increases or decreases in the market prices of these "meme" stocks may be unrelated to operating performance, macroeconomic trends or industry fundamentals, and substantial increases in the value of such stocks may obscure the significant risks and uncertainties that the issuer faces. This volatility has been attributed, in part, to strong and atypical retail investor interest, including as may be expressed on financial trading and other social media sites and online forums.
 We have in the past and may in the future experience significant interest in our common stock from such investors, and as a result the market price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile. There is no guarantee that we will continue to benefit from such retail and individual investor interest, even if our business or financial performance is strong. If investor sentiment changes, this could have a material adverse impact on the market price of our common stock and your investment.
 Retail and individual investor sentiment (including as may be expressed on financial trading and other social media sites and online forums) may also influence the amount and status of short interest in our common stock. This has and may in the future increase the likelihood of our common stock being the target of a "short squeeze", particularly because a large proportion of our common stock has been in the past and may in the future be traded by short sellers. A short squeeze and/or focused investor trading in anticipation of a short squeeze has and may in the future lead to volatile price movements in shares of our common stock that may be unrelated or disproportionate to our operating performance or prospects. Or, if investors no longer believe a short squeeze is viable, the market price of our common stock may rapidly decline. Accordingly, investors that purchase shares of our common stock during a short squeeze may lose a significant portion of their investment.
 Furthermore, short squeeze and/or other focused trading activity stemming from negative sentiment across our retail investor base could result in declines in the market price of our common stock such that our eligibility to remain listed on Nasdaq may be adversely impacted, which could impair our ability to access the capital markets and otherwise raise capital in the future. See "General Risk Factors—If we fail to satisfy all applicable Nasdaq continued listing requirements, including the $1.00 minimum closing bid price requirement, our common stock may be delisted from Nasdaq, which could have an adverse impact on the liquidity and market price of our common stock."
 General Risk Factors
 We have never paid dividends on our capital stock, and we do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future.
 We have never paid dividends on any of our capital stock and currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund the growth of our business. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors, and will depend on our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be the sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.
 Our stock price is volatile, and you may not be able to sell shares of our common stock at or above the price you paid.
 The trading price of our common stock is volatile and has been and may in the future be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. For example, the trading price of our common stock declined following the release of the short-seller article, which contains certain allegations against us. Other factors that have or may cause our stock price to fluctuate include, but are not limited to:
 • our progress on achievement of business milestones and objectives;
 • actual or anticipated fluctuations in operating results;
 • our ability to increase our authorized common stock;
 • our need for additional capital;
 • failure to meet or exceed financial estimates and projections of the investment community or that we provide to the public;

 • issuance of new or updated research or reports by securities analysts or changed recommendations for our stock or the transportation industry in general;
 • announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, capital commitments or the entrance into or discontinuation of strategic partnerships, joint ventures or collaborations;
 • operating and share price performance of other companies that investors deem comparable to us;
 • recalls, including our BEV truck recall;
 • our focus on long-term goals over short-term results;
 • the timing and magnitude of our investments in the growth of our business;
 • actual or anticipated changes in laws and regulations affecting our business;
 • additions or departures of key management or other personnel;
 • disputes or other developments related to our intellectual property or other proprietary rights, including litigation;
 • our ability to market new and enhanced products and technologies on a timely basis;
 • sales of substantial amounts of our common stock, including sales by our directors, executive officers or significant stockholders or the perception that such sales could occur;
 • changes in our capital structure, including future issuances of securities or the incurrence of debt; and
 • general economic, political and market conditions.
 In addition, the stock market in general, and The Nasdaq Stock Market in particular, has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies.
 In September 2020, an entity published an article containing certain allegations against us that we believe has negatively impacted the trading price of our common stock. The price of our common stock also decreased substantially following public announcements made by us. In addition, broad market and industry factors, including the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine, may seriously affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance.
 Any investment in our common stock is subject to extreme volatility and could result in the loss of your entire investment. In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a particular company's securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. This litigation, which has and may in the future be instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management's attention and resources. See Legal Proceedings in Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated herein by reference.
 If we fail to satisfy all applicable Nasdaq continued listing requirements, including the $1.00 minimum closing bid price requirement, our common stock may be delisted from Nasdaq, which could have an adverse impact on the liquidity and market price of our common stock.
 Our common stock is currently listed on Nasdaq, which has qualitative and quantitative continued listing requirements, including corporate governance requirements, public float requirements, and a $1.00 minimum closing bid price requirement. On January 19, 2024, we received a notice from Nasdaq that we were not in compliance with the minimum bid price requirement set forth in Rule 5450(a)(1) of the Nasdaq listing rules for continued listing on Nasdaq. To regain compliance, the closing bid price of our common stock must be at least $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days within 180 days of the notice date, or by July 17, 2024, which may be extended if certain conditions are met. If we do not regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement, or if we are unable to satisfy any of the other continued listing requirements, Nasdaq may take steps to delist our common stock. Delisting would have an adverse effect on the liquidity of our common stock, decrease the market price of our common stock, result in the potential loss of confidence by investors, suppliers, customers, end users, and employees, and fewer business development opportunities, and adversely affect our ability to obtain financing for our continuing operations. In addition, delisting would constitute a fundamental change under the indentures that govern our June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes, June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes and 8.25% Convertible Notes which could result in our being required to repurchase such notes. See "Risks Related to Our Convertible Indebtedness - We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle conversions of convertible notes in cash or to repurchase the notes upon a fundamental change or change in control transaction, and our future debt may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the notes".

 If we are unable to attract and retain key employees and hire qualified management, technical and engineering personnel, our ability to compete could be harmed.
 Our success depends, in part, on our ability to retain our key personnel. The unexpected loss of or failure to retain one or more of our key employees could adversely affect our business. For example, we have experienced a number of changes in management in the past few years.
 Our success also depends, in part, on our continuing ability to identify, hire, attract, train and develop other highly qualified personnel, including management, technical and engineering personnel. Qualified individuals are in high demand, particularly in the vehicle technology industry. Competition for individuals with experience designing, manufacturing and servicing electric vehicles is intense, and we may not be able to attract, integrate, train, motivate or retain additional highly qualified personnel in the future. Furthermore, our ability to hire, attract and retain them may depend on our ability to provide competitive compensation. We use equity awards to attract talented employees, but if the value of our common stock declines significantly, as it has in the recent past, and remains depressed, it may prevent us from recruiting and retaining qualified employees. We may not be able to attract, integrate, train or retain qualified personnel in the future. Additionally, we may not be able to hire new employees quickly enough to meet our needs. Our failure to do so could adversely affect our business and prospects, including the execution of our global business strategy.
 Our Certificate of Incorporation provides, subject to limited exceptions, that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for certain stockholder litigation matters, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or stockholders.
 Our Certificate of Incorporation requires, to the fullest extent permitted by law, that derivative actions brought in our name, actions against directors, officers and employees for breach of fiduciary duty and other similar actions may be brought in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware or, if that court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, another federal or state court situated in the State of Delaware. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the forum provisions in our Certificate of Incorporation. In addition, our Certificate of Incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws ("Bylaws") will provide that the federal district courts of the United States shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act.
 In March 2020, the Delaware Supreme Court issued a decision in Salzburg et al. v. Sciabacucchi, which found that an exclusive forum provision providing for claims under the Securities Act to be brought in federals court is facially valid under Delaware law. It is unclear whether this decision will be appealed, or what the final outcome of this case will be. We intend to enforce this provision, but we do not know whether courts in other jurisdictions will agree with this decision or enforce it.
 This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our Certificate of Incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.
 If securities or industry analysts issue an adverse recommendation regarding our stock or do not publish research or reports about our company, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
 The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. We do not control these analysts or the content and opinions included in their reports. Securities analysts may elect not to provide research coverage of our company and such lack of research coverage may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. The price of our common stock could also decline if one or more equity research analysts downgrade our common stock, change their price targets, issue other unfavorable commentary or cease publishing reports about us or our business. For example, in September 2020, an entity published an article containing certain allegations against us that we believe has negatively impacted the trading price of our common stock. If one or more equity research analysts cease coverage of our company, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline.
 Certain of our warrants are accounted for as liabilities and the changes in value of our warrants could have a material effect on our financial results.
 We are required to measure the fair value of certain of our warrants at the end of each reporting period and recognize changes in the fair value from the prior period in our operating results for the current period. As a result of the recurring fair value measurement, our financial statements and results of operations may fluctuate quarterly based on factors which are

 outside our control. We expect that we will recognize non-cash gains or losses due to the quarterly fair valuation of certain of our warrants and that such gains or losses could be material.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity
 Cybersecurity Approach and Integration
 We have implemented processes and controls for identifying, monitoring, assessing, mitigating, and managing potential risks including unauthorized access to our computer networks, applications and systems. These processes and controls include a wide variety of mechanisms and methods that are designed to prevent, detect, or mitigate data loss, theft, misuse or unauthorized access. Our cybersecurity risk mitigation program is integrated into our overall risk management program and includes, but is not limited to, conducting end-user training campaigns to spread awareness, training our employees on security fundamentals, application security assessments, risk scores, security audits, and change review boards. Additionally, we use processes to identify and oversee risks from cybersecurity threats associated with our use of third-party technology and systems, including the use of monitoring and logging inherent in those systems or applications.
 Our data includes confidential, proprietary, and business information that we collect, process and store. When incidents are detected, we utilize internal and external systems, processes and applications that are designed to reduce the impact of a security incident. We also maintain incident response plans to be utilized when incidents are detected.
 Governance
 Our security team, led by our Global Head of Information Technology, is responsible for implementing and maintaining centralized cybersecurity and data protection practices, as well as overall management of material risk. Reporting to our Global Head of Information Technology are a number of experienced technical managers and team leads responsible for various parts of our IT infrastructure and operations, each of whom is supported by a team of trained cybersecurity, infrastructure and network professionals. In addition to our in-house cybersecurity capabilities, we also engage external partners to assist with assessing, identifying, and managing cybersecurity risks and supplement or enhance our team capabilities.
 The Global Head of Information Technology provides regular updates to the audit committee of our board of directors regarding potential risks and recommendations for mitigation. Our Security Committee oversees the incident response procedure for any significant cybersecurity incidents.
 Engagement with third-party experts
 We partner with third-party security vendors to conduct our security assessments, penetration testing, security audits and ongoing risk assessments on a regular frequency. Our security vendors also assist with cyber defense capabilities and transformation to mitigate associated threats, reduce risk, enhance our cybersecurity posture, and meet our evolving needs.

 Item 2. Properties
 We lease our headquarters facility located in Phoenix, Arizona, which consists of more than 150,000 square feet. We also lease office space adjacent to our Phoenix headquarters.
 In addition, we lease an approximately 400-acre parcel of real property in Coolidge, Arizona, where we have constructed our manufacturing facility that we will continue to scale and expand.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings
 For a description of our material pending legal proceedings, see Legal Proceedings in Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 Market Information
 Our common stock is traded on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the symbol "NKLA."
 Holders
 As of February 26, 2024, there were 160 holders of record of our common stock and 17 holders of record of our warrants. This number excludes holders whose stock or warrant is held in "street name" by brokers.
 Dividend Policy
 We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock to date. We may retain future earnings, if any, for future operations, and have no current plans to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends may be limited by covenants of future outstanding indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur. We do not anticipate declaring any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
 Stock Performance Graph
 The information contained in this Stock Performance Graph section shall not be deemed to be "soliciting material" or "filed" or incorporated by reference in future filings with the SEC, or subject to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into a document filed under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.
 The graph below indicates our cumulative 5-year total shareholder return on common stock with the cumulative total returns of the NASDAQ Composite index and the NASDAQ Clean Edge Green Energy index. The graph tracks the

 performance of a $100 investment in our common stock and in each index (with the reinvestment of all dividends) from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2023.

 Issuer Purchases of Securities
 None.

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with the consolidated financial statements and related notes that are included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under "Forward-Looking Statements", "Risk Factors" and in other parts of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Overview
 We are a technology innovator and integrator, working to decarbonize the trucking industry by developing innovative energy and transportation solutions. We are pioneering a business model that will enable fleets and end users to integrate next-generation truck technology, hydrogen refueling infrastructure, EV charging solutions, and related maintenance. By creating this ecosystem, we and our strategic business partners and suppliers hope to build a long-term competitive advantage for clean technology vehicles and next-generation fueling solutions.
 Our expertise lies in design, innovation, and software and engineering. We assemble, integrate, and commission our vehicles in collaboration with our business partners and suppliers. Our approach is to leverage strategic partnerships to help lower cost, increase capital efficiency and increase speed to market.
 We operate in two business units: Truck and Energy. The Truck business unit is commercializing FCEV and BEV Class 8 trucks that provide or are intended to provide environmentally friendly, cost-effective solutions to the short, medium and long haul trucking sectors. The Energy business unit is developing hydrogen fueling infrastructure to support our FCEV trucks.
 We commenced commercial production of the Tre BEV in the first quarter of 2022 and commenced commercial production of the Tre FCEV in the third quarter of 2023, both at our manufacturing facility in Coolidge, Arizona.
 In January 2023, we announced our new global brand, HYLA, to encompass our energy products for procuring, distributing, and dispensing hydrogen to fuel our trucks. We expect to leverage multiple ownership structures where we either fully or partially own, or do not own, hydrogen production assets. In cases where we are able to source hydrogen supply, without ownership of hydrogen production assets, we expect to enter into long-term supply contracts where our costs and surety of supply are well-defined.
 We intend to continue to develop our business, which includes the following ongoing activities:
 • commercialize our heavy-duty trucks and other products;
 • expand and maintain manufacturing facilities and equipment;
 • invest in servicing our vehicles under warranty including repairs and service parts;
 • develop, deploy, and maintain hydrogen fueling infrastructure;
 • continue to invest in our technology;
 • invest in marketing and advertising, sales, and distribution infrastructure for our products and services;
 • maintain and improve our operational, financial and management information systems;
 • hire and retain personnel;
 • obtain, maintain, expand, and protect our intellectual property portfolio; and
 • operate as a public company.

 Comparability of Financial Information
 On June 30, 2023, we completed the Assignment of Romeo, which was previously consolidated in our financial statements from the date of acquisition, October 14, 2022. The operating results of Romeo are reported in discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Our results for the periods presented, as discussed in this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, include only results from continuing operations and exclude results related to our discontinued operation.

 Key Factors Affecting Operating Results
 We believe that our performance and future success depend on several factors that present significant opportunities for us but also pose risks and challenges, including those set forth in the section entitled "Risk Factors."
 We require substantial additional capital to manufacture and validate our products and services and fund operations for the foreseeable future. Until we can generate sufficient revenue and positive gross margins, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of existing cash on hand, sales of stock, debt financings, strategic partnerships, and licensing arrangements. The amount and timing of our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of our development and validation efforts, demand for our trucks and expense levels, among other things.
 Truck Production and Shipments
 We started serial production at our manufacturing facility in March 2022 and began sales of Tre BEV trucks in the second quarter of 2022. During the second half of 2023, production and shipment of the Tre BEV was suspended due to the voluntary recall of BEV trucks initiated during the third quarter of 2023. In response to the voluntary recall, we have placed a temporary hold on all new BEV truck shipments.
 The recall was initiated in response to investigations prompted by a battery pack thermal event. To minimize vehicle downtime and maximize end user safety and satisfaction, the battery packs in trucks owned by dealers and their retail customers are being retrofit with battery packs from an alternative supplier. We accrued recall campaign costs of $65.8 million for the BEV trucks that are expected to be returned to dealers and their customers once the recall is complete, of which $3.0 million has been incurred through December 31, 2023. The battery replacement commenced in late 2023, with the first set of trucks expected to be returned to fleets starting late in the first quarter of 2024, pending supply chain or other issues.
 As of December 31, 2023, all BEV truck inventory was classified as work in process inventory as we are retrofitting the BEV inventory with alternative battery packs.
 The following is a summary of the number of Tre BEV trucks produced and shipped since we commenced commercial production:

 Tre BEVs
 Q1 2022

 Q2 2022
 Q3 2022
 Q4 2022
 YTD 2022

 Produced
 N/A

 Shipped
 N/A

 Tre BEVs
 Q1 2023
 Q2 2023
 Q3 2023
 Q4 2023

 YTD 2023

 Produced
 N/A
 N/A

 Shipped
 N/A

 During the second quarter of 2023, we transitioned the manufacturing line to a mixed model production line in preparation for the commencement of commercial production of the FCEV starting on July 31, 2023.
 The following is a summary of the number of Tre FCEV trucks produced and shipped since we commenced commercial production:

 FCEVs
 Q3 2023
 Q4 2023

 YTD 2023

 Produced
 —

 Shipped
 —

 As of December 31, 2023, we had no FCEV trucks in finished goods inventory. Among the seven trucks produced but not shipped, three are being used in an extended field test with a fleet partner, two are in continued validation and engineering and two are being used for service training/fleet demos.
 The hydrogen fuel cell vehicle market and hydrogen infrastructure are early stage markets. As a result, we have and may continue to experience production shortages as a result of new technology supply chain challenges, including but not limited to supply chain shortages we experienced in 2023 with respect to hydrogen tanks and modular fuelers. Additionally, we may experience delays in deliveries of FCEV trucks due to lack of hydrogen infrastructure or supply for end users.

 Basis of Presentation
 Currently, we conduct business through one operating segment. See Note 2 in the accompanying audited consolidated financial statements for more information.

 Components of Results of Operations
 Revenues
 Truck sales: During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our truck sales were derived from deliveries of our Tre FCEV and Tre BEV trucks to dealers.
 Service and other: During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, service and other revenues included sales from delivered MCTs and other charging products to dealers and fleet customers, hydrogen sales, and service parts and labor.
 Cost of Revenues
 Truck sales: Cost of revenues includes direct parts, material and labor costs, manufacturing overhead, including amortized tooling costs and depreciation of our manufacturing facility, freight and duty costs, reserves for estimated warranty expenses including recall campaigns, and inventory write-downs.
 Service and other: Cost of revenues relate primarily to direct materials, labor, outsourced manufacturing services and fulfillment costs for the sale of MCTs and other charging products, hydrogen, and service parts and labor.
 Research and Development Expense
 Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for the discovery and development of our vehicles, which include:
 • Personnel-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation expense, for personnel in our engineering and research functions;
 • Fees paid to third parties such as consultants and contractors for outside development and validation activities;
 • Expenses related to materials, supplies and third-party services, including prototype tooling and non-recurring engineering.
 • Depreciation for prototyping equipment and R&D facilities; and
 • Expenses related to operating the manufacturing facility until the start of commercial production. With the start of commercial production of the Tre BEV in 2022 and Tre FCEV in 2023, manufacturing costs, including labor and overhead, as well as inventory-related expenses related to our trucks, and related facility costs, are no longer recorded in research and development but are reflected in cost of revenues.
 During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, our research and development expenses were primarily incurred in connection with the development of the BEV and FCEV trucks.
 As a part of an in-kind investment, Iveco agreed to provide us with $100.0 million in advisory services (based on pre-negotiated hourly rates), including project coordination, drawings, documentation support, engineering support, vehicle integration, and product validation support. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we utilized $46.3 million of advisory services which were recorded as research and development expense. As of December 31, 2021, the full amount of advisory services had been consumed.
 Our research and development costs have decreased and are expected to remain relatively stable as we have commenced commercial production of the Tre BEV and Tre FCEV. We will continue to incur research and development expenses for personnel and outside development.
 Selling, General, and Administrative Expense
 Selling, general, and administrative expenses consist of personnel related expenses for our corporate, executive, finance, and other administrative functions, expenses for outside professional services, including legal, audit and accounting services, as well as expenses for facilities, depreciation, amortization, travel, marketing, and selling costs. Personnel related expenses consist of salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation.

 We expect our selling, general, and administrative expenses to decrease as we continue to stay focused on right-scaling the business and implement cost-cutting programs to enable cash preservation.
 Loss on Supplier Deposits
 Loss on supplier deposits consist of losses on deposits for tooling and long-term supply agreements.
 Interest Expense, net
 Interest expense consists of interest on our debt, financing obligation and finance lease liabilities. Interest income consists primarily of interest received or earned on our cash and cash equivalents balances.
 Revaluation of Warrant Liability
 The revaluation of warrant liability includes the net gains and losses from the remeasurement of the warrant liability. Warrants recorded as liabilities are recorded at their fair value and remeasured at each reporting period.
 Gain on Divestiture of Affiliate
 Gain on divestiture of affiliate consists of consideration for the divestiture of Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH and the related License Agreement, in excess of the basis of our investment as of the divestiture date.
 Loss on Debt Extinguishment
 Loss on debt extinguishment includes the loss on exchange of $100.0 million of June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes for the issuance of $100.0 million April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes. Additionally, loss on debt extinguishment includes losses incurred on conversions of the 8.25% Convertible Notes. Losses were calculated as the difference between the carrying value of notes extinguished and the fair value of the notes or consideration issued as of the exchange or upon conversion, as applicable.
 Other Income (Expense), net
 Other income (expense), net consists primarily of other miscellaneous non-operating items, such as government grants, subsidies, merchandising, revaluation gains and losses on derivative assets and liabilities and other instruments recognized at fair value, foreign currency gains and losses, and unrealized gains and losses on investments.
 Income Tax Expense
 Our income tax provision consists of an estimate for U.S. federal and state income taxes based on enacted rates, as adjusted for allowable credits, deductions, uncertain tax positions, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities, and changes in the tax law. Due to cumulative losses, we maintain a valuation allowance against U.S. and state deferred tax assets. Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were not material.
 Equity in Net Loss of Affiliates
 Equity in net loss of affiliates consists of our net portion of gains and losses from equity method investments, primarily Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH through the date of divestiture on June 29, 2023.

 Results of Operations
 Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 2023 to Year Ended December 31, 2022
 The following table sets forth our historical operating results for the periods indicated:

 2023
 2022
 $ Change
 % Change

 Revenues:

 $
 30,061
 $
 45,931
 $
 (15,870)
 (35)
 %

 5,778
 3,794
 1,984
 %

 Total revenues
 35,839
 49,725
 (13,886)
 (28)
 %

 Cost of revenues:

 242,519
 132,556
 109,963
 %

 7,387
 3,138
 4,249
 %

 Total cost of revenues
 249,906
 135,694
 114,212
 %

 Gross loss
 (214,067)
 (85,969)
 (128,098)
 %

 Operating expenses:

 208,160
 270,480
 (62,320)
 (23)
 %

 198,768
 346,186
 (147,418)
 (43)
 %

 —
 NM

 Total operating expenses
 435,762
 616,666
 (180,904)
 (29)
 %

 Loss from operations
 (649,829)
 (702,635)
 52,806
 (8)
 %

 Other income (expense):

 (76,023)
 (17,712)
 (58,311)
 %

 Revaluation of warrant liability
 3,903
 (3,532)
 (90)
 %

 70,849
 —
 70,849
 NM

 (31,025)
 —
 (31,025)
 NM

 Other expense, net

 (162,534)
 (1,023)
 (161,511)
 15788
 %

 Loss before income taxes and equity in net loss of affiliates
 (848,191)
 (717,467)
 (130,724)
 %

 Income tax expense
 %

 Loss before equity in net loss of affiliates
 (848,203)
 (717,473)
 (130,730)
 %

 Equity in net loss of affiliates
 (16,418)
 (20,665)
 4,247
 (21)
 %

 $
 (864,621)
 $
 (738,138)
 $
 (126,483)
 %

 Basic and diluted net loss per share:

 $
 (1.08)
 $
 (1.67)
 $
 0.59
 (35)
 %

 Weighted-average shares outstanding, basic and diluted:

 358,230,052
 %

 Revenues
 Truck Sales
 Revenues related to truck sales decreased by $15.9 million, or 35%, from $45.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $30.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease is attributed to the hold on new BEV truck shipments in connection with the recall initiated during the third quarter of 2023. We shipped 131 Tre BEVs during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 79 during the year ended December 31, 2023. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized the impact of 13 Tre BEV repurchases or expected repurchases related to executed or expected cancellations of dealer agreements.
 Decreases were partially offset by Tre FCEV truck shipments, commencing in the fourth quarter of 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we transferred control of 35 Tre FCEV trucks to our dealer network.

 Service and Other
 Revenues related to service and other revenue increased by $2.0 million, or 52%, from $3.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $5.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by deliveries of MCTs and other charging products, hydrogen, and service parts and labor.
 Cost of Revenues
 Truck Sales
 Cost of revenues related to truck sales increased by $110.0 million, or 83%, from $132.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $242.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase is primarily attributed to the voluntary recall of BEV trucks in the second half of 2023. As a result of the recall, we accrued $65.8 million for estimated recall campaign costs, and wrote down $45.7 million for BEV battery pack and other BEV inventory components deemed excess and obsolete.
 Outside of expenses directly related to the recall, cost of revenues increased related to the shipment of FCEV trucks starting in the fourth quarter of 2023, partially offset by a decrease in freight during the year ended December 31, 2023 of $18.4 million, and a decrease for BEV cost of revenues due to a decrease in the number of Tre BEVs shipped to our dealer network.
 Cost of revenues related to service and other revenue increased by $4.2 million, or 135%, from $3.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $7.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase is driven by direct materials, outsourced services, inventory write-downs and fulfillment costs related to MCTs and other charging products, and cost of hydrogen, including transportation.
 Research and Development
 Research and development expenses decreased by $62.3 million, or 23%, from $270.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $208.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. This decrease was primarily due to decreased spending on purchased components, outside development, professional services, freight, and tooling related to Tre BEV and FCEV prototype builds of $54.9 million. Additional decreases were related to stock compensation for $13.2 million and travel for $2.1 million. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in personnel costs of $3.1 million related to higher labor costs and severance costs incurred related to reorganization in June 2023, higher depreciation and occupancy costs of $2.1 million related to equipment and software dedicated to research and development activities and hydrogen fuel costs of $1.9 million.
 Selling, General, and Administrative
 Selling, general, and administrative expenses decreased by $147.4 million, or 43%, from $346.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $198.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease primarily related to stock based compensation expense of $163.7 million, which decreased primarily due to the acceleration of stock compensation for the market based RSUs that were cancelled in the third quarter of 2022, along with a decrease of $10.0 million for a supply commitment revision fee recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $3.5 million for professional services and a $1.2 million decrease for freight. Decreases were partially offset by increases in personnel costs of $12.9 million related to higher labor costs and severance costs incurred related to reorganization in June 2023, and additional depreciation expense of $10.3 million primarily related to the reassessment of useful lives for BEV demo trucks. Additional increases included costs related to occupancy, legal expenses and other general corporate expenses of $8.2 million.
 Loss on Supplier Deposits
 Loss on supplier deposits was $28.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, consisting of losses on deposits for tooling and long-term supply agreements.
 Interest expense, net increased by $58.3 million, or 329%, from $17.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $76.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase is primarily due to increases in interest expense on our Toggle Convertible Notes of $50.7 million, interest on our senior convertible notes of $13.4 million, interest on our financing obligations of $3.9 million, and interest on our finance leases of $0.7 million. These increases were partially offset by an increase in interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalent balances of $10.1 million.

 Revaluation of Warrant Liability
 The revaluation of warrant liability decreased $3.5 million, from $3.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $0.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, resulting from changes in fair value of our warrant liability.
 Gain on Divestiture of Affiliate
 Gain on divestiture of affiliate was $70.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing the consideration received for the divestiture of Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH and related License Agreement, in excess of the basis of our investment as of the divestiture date.
 Loss on Debt Extinguishment
 Loss on debt extinguishment includes a $20.4 million loss for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing the loss on exchange of $100.0 million of June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes for the issuance of $100.0 million April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes. Additionally, loss on debt extinguishment includes a $10.7 million loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 due to extinguishments of the 8.25% Convertible Notes for conversions.
 Other Expense, net
 Other expense, net increased by $161.5 million, from $1.0 million of expense during the year ended December 31, 2022 to $162.5 million of expense during the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was driven primarily by an increase of net losses on revaluations of derivative assets and liabilities of $202.2 million compared to the prior year, along with losses on foreign currency valuation adjustments of $3.2 million and additional losses on sales of assets of $1.4 million. Increases were partially offset by a gain on revaluation of contingent stock consideration of $44.0 million and an increase in government grant income recognized of $1.8 million.
 Income Tax Expense
 Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was immaterial. We have cumulative net operating losses at the federal and state level and maintain a full valuation allowance against our net deferred taxes.
 Equity in Net Loss of Affiliates
 Equity in net loss of affiliates decreased by $4.2 million, from $20.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $16.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was driven by a reduction of losses of $4.8 million for Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH, primarily attributed to the divestiture of this affiliate during the second quarter of 2023.

 Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 2022 to Year Ended December 31, 2021
 The following table sets forth our historical operating results for the periods indicated:

 2022
 2021
 $ Change
 % Change

 Revenues:

 $
 45,931
 $
 —
 $
 45,931
 NM

 3,794
 —
 3,794
 NM

 Total revenues
 49,725
 —
 49,725
 NM

 Cost of revenues:

 132,556
 —
 132,556
 NM

 3,138
 —
 3,138
 NM

 Total cost of revenues
 135,694
 —
 135,694
 NM

 Gross loss

 (85,969)
 —
 (85,969)
 NM

 Operating expenses:

 270,480
 292,951
 (22,471)
 (8)
 %

 346,186
 400,575
 (54,389)
 (14)
 %

 Total operating expenses
 616,666
 693,526
 (76,860)
 (11)
 %

 Loss from operations
 (702,635)
 (693,526)
 (9,109)
 %

 Other income (expense):

 (17,712)
 (481)
 (17,231)
 3582
 %

 Revaluation of warrant liability
 3,903
 3,051
 %

 Other income (expense), net
 (1,023)
 4,102
 (5,125)
 (125)
 %

 Loss before income taxes and equity in net loss of affiliates
 (717,467)
 (686,854)
 (30,613)
 %

 Income tax expense

 %

 Loss before equity in net loss of affiliates
 (717,473)
 (686,858)
 (30,615)
 %

 Equity in net loss of affiliates
 (20,665)
 (3,580)
 (17,085)
 %

 $
 (738,138)
 $
 (690,438)
 $
 (47,700)
 %

 Net loss from continuing operations per share:

 Basic
 $
 (1.67)
 $
 (1.73)
 $
 0.06
 (3)
 %

 $
 (1.67)
 $
 (1.74)
 $
 0.07
 (4)
 %

 Weighted-average shares outstanding:

 Basic
 398,655,081
 43,145,418
 %

 398,784,392
 43,016,107
 %

 Revenues
 Revenues were $49.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, consisting of $45.9 million in truck revenue driven by sales of Tre BEV trucks and $3.8 million in service and other revenue driven by deliveries of MCT units, and other charging products.
 Cost of Revenues
 Cost of revenues related to truck sales were $132.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Truck cost of revenues include direct materials, freight and duties for transportation of purchased parts, manufacturing labor and overhead including Coolidge plant facility costs and depreciation, inventory write-downs for net realizable value and obsolescence, and reserves for estimated warranty expenses. Given our inventory is stated at net realizable value, which is currently lower than the actual cost, any overhead including freight is expensed in the period incurred as opposed to being capitalized into inventory.
 With the start of production late in the first quarter of 2022, we have experienced high fixed costs due to low volumes produced driving significantly negative margins.

 Cost of revenues related to service and other revenue were $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, driven by direct materials, outsourced services, and fulfillment costs related to MCTs, other charging products, and battery product deliveries.
 Research and Development
 Research and development expenses decreased by $22.5 million, or 8%, from $293.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 to $270.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease of $54.3 million in outside development. The decrease was partially offset by an increase in personnel costs of $26.7 million driven by growth in our in-house engineering headcount, and an increase in freight for prototype components of $2.9 million.
 Selling, General, and Administrative
 Selling, general, and administrative expenses decreased by $54.4 million, or 14%, from $400.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 to $346.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily related to $125.0 million recognized in the third quarter of 2021 related to settlement of the SEC investigation, along with a decrease of $21.5 million for legal expenses related to Mr. Milton's indemnification agreement. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in stock-based compensation of $45.5 million, an increase in personnel costs of $22.9 million driven by an increase in headcount, an increase of $10.0 million for a supply commitment revision fee, and increase in professional services of $9.5 million primarily due to costs incurred for the acquisition of Romeo in October 2022.
 Interest Expense, net
 Interest expense, net increased by $17.2 million, or 3582%, from $0.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 to $17.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase is primarily due to an increase in interest on our Toggle Convertible Notes of $15.1 million, interest on our financing obligations of $2.3 million, interest on our Collateralized Promissory Notes of $1.3 million, and interest on other debt of $0.5 million, partially offset by interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalents balances.
 Revaluation of Warrant Liability
 The revaluation of warrant liability increased $0.9 million, from $3.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 to $3.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, resulting from changes in the fair value of our warrant liability.
 Other Income (Expense), net
 Other income (expense), net decreased by $5.1 million, from $4.1 million of income during the year ended December 31, 2021 to $1.0 million of expense during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was driven primarily by an incremental loss on revaluations of the derivative asset and liability of $3.8 million compared to the prior year, a decrease in government grant income recognized of $1.7 million, along with losses on foreign currency valuation adjustments, partially offset by an increase of $1.0 million related to a loss on sale of equipment recognized in the prior year.
 Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
 Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was immaterial. We have cumulative net operating losses at the federal and state level and maintain a full valuation allowance against our net deferred taxes.
 Equity in Net Loss of Affiliates
 Equity in net loss of affiliate increased by $17.1 million from $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $20.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was driven by additional losses of $16.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 related to Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH, attributed to research and development activities, and additional losses of $0.6 million related to Wabash Valley Resources, LLC ("WVR") for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 Non-GAAP Financial Measures
 In addition to our results determined in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP"), we believe the following non-GAAP measures are useful in evaluating operational performance. We use the following non-GAAP financial information to evaluate ongoing operations and for internal planning and forecasting purposes. We believe that non-GAAP financial information, when taken collectively, may be helpful to investors in assessing operating performance.

 EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA
 "EBITDA" is defined as net loss from continuing operations before interest income or expense, income tax expense or benefit, and depreciation and amortization. "Adjusted EBITDA" is defined as EBITDA adjusted for stock-based compensation and other items determined by management. Adjusted EBITDA is intended as a supplemental measure of our performance that is neither required by, nor presented in accordance with, GAAP. We believe that the use of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA provides an additional tool for investors to use in evaluating ongoing operating results and trends and in comparing our financial measures with those of comparable companies, which may present similar non-GAAP financial measures to investors. However, you should be aware that when evaluating EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA we may incur future expenses similar to those excluded when calculating these measures. In addition, our presentation of these measures should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. Our computation of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures computed by other companies, because all companies may not calculate Adjusted EBITDA in the same fashion.
 Because of these limitations, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for performance measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA on a supplemental basis. You should review the reconciliation of net loss from continuing operations to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA below and not rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.
 The following table reconciles net loss from continuing operations to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the periods indicated:

 Three Months Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 (153,596)
 $
 (175,966)
 $
 (864,621)
 $
 (738,138)
 $
 (690,438)

 4,761
 6,958
 76,023
 17,712

 Income tax expense

 Depreciation and amortization
 7,132
 6,293
 35,890
 22,765
 8,231

 EBITDA
 (141,692)
 (162,712)
 (752,696)
 (697,655)
 (681,722)

 6,475
 41,231
 75,391
 252,445

 10,401
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 (70,849)
 —
 —

 10,663
 —
 31,025
 —
 —

 Revaluation of financial instruments
 10,457
 (81)
 161,608
 (174)
 (3,155)

 Romeo Acquisition transaction costs
 —
 5,218
 —
 7,315
 —

 Regulatory and legal matters(1)

 1,665
 (15,145)
 7,339
 23,175
 47,842

 SEC settlement
 —
 —
 —
 —
 125,000

 Adjusted EBITDA
 $
 (102,031)
 $
 (131,489)
 $
 (519,348)
 $
 (414,894)
 $
 (306,324)

 (1) Regulatory and legal matters include legal, advisory and other professional service fees incurred in connection with the short-seller article from September 2020, and investigations and litigation related thereto.
 Non-GAAP Net Loss and Non-GAAP Net Loss Per Share, Basic and Diluted
 Non-GAAP net loss and non-GAAP net loss per share, basic and diluted are presented as supplemental measures of our performance. Non-GAAP net loss is defined as net loss from continuing operations, basic and diluted adjusted for stock compensation expense and other items determined by management. Non-GAAP net loss per share, basic and diluted, is defined as non-GAAP net loss divided by weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted.

 The following table reconciles net loss from continuing operations and net loss per share to non-GAAP net loss and non-GAAP net loss per share for the periods indicated:

 Three Months Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 (153,596)
 $
 (175,966)
 $
 (864,621)
 $
 (738,138)
 $
 (690,438)

 6,475
 41,231
 75,391
 252,445

 10,401
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 (70,849)
 —
 —

 10,663
 —
 31,025
 —
 —

 Revaluation of financial instruments
 10,457
 (81)
 161,608
 (174)
 (3,155)

 Romeo Acquisition transaction costs
 —
 5,218
 —
 7,315
 —

 Regulatory and legal matters(1)

 1,665
 (15,145)
 7,339
 23,175
 47,842

 SEC settlement
 —
 —
 —
 —
 125,000

 Non-GAAP net loss
 $
 (113,935)
 $
 (144,743)
 $
 (631,273)
 $
 (455,377)
 $
 (315,040)

 Non-GAAP net loss per share:

 Basic
 $
 (0.11)
 $
 (0.30)
 $
 (0.79)
 $
 (1.03)
 $
 (0.79)

 $
 (0.11)
 $
 (0.30)
 $
 (0.79)
 $
 (1.03)
 $
 (0.79)

 Weighted average shares outstanding:

 Basic
 1,078,090,959
 487,551,035
 398,655,081

 1,078,090,959
 487,551,035
 398,784,392

 (1) Regulatory and legal matters include legal, advisory and other professional service fees incurred in connection with the short-seller article from September 2020, and investigations and litigation related thereto.
 Adjusted Free Cash Flow
 We define "Adjusted free cash flow", a non-GAAP financial measure, as net cash flow from operating activities less purchases of property, plant and equipment. Adjusted free cash flow is intended as a supplemental measure of our performance that is neither required by, nor presented in accordance with, GAAP.
 Our use of Adjusted free cash flow has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for an analysis of our results under GAAP. First, Adjusted free cash flow is not a substitute for net cash flow from operating activities. Second, other companies may calculate Adjusted free cash flow or similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures differently or may use other measures to evaluate their performance, all of which could reduce the usefulness of Adjusted free cash flow as a tool for comparison. Additionally, the utility of Adjusted free cash flow is further limited as it does not reflect our future contractual commitments and does not represent the total increase or decrease in our cash balance for a given period. Because of these and other limitations, Adjusted free cash flow should be considered along with net cash flow from operating activities and other comparable financial measures prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP.

 The following table presents a reconciliation of net cash flow from operating activities, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted free cash flow for the periods indicated:

 Three Months Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022
 2021

 Most comparable GAAP measure:

 Net cash used for operating activities
 $
 (117,754)
 $
 (150,104)
 $
 (496,178)
 $
 (581,563)
 $
 (307,154)

 Net cash used for investing activities
 (11,107)
 (55,702)
 (66,749)
 (225,645)
 (207,481)

 Net cash provided by financing activities
 230,726
 115,925
 742,983
 598,876
 187,598

 Non-GAAP measure:

 Net cash used for operating activities
 (117,754)
 (150,104)
 (496,178)
 (581,563)
 (307,154)

 Purchases of property, plant and equipment
 (12,107)
 (49,821)
 (120,516)
 (168,257)
 (179,269)

 Adjusted free cash flow
 $
 (129,861)
 $
 (199,925)
 $
 (616,694)
 $
 (749,820)
 $
 (486,423)

 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 In accordance with the ASC 205-40, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, ("ASC 205-40"), we have evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued.
 As an early stage growth company, our ability to access capital is critical. Until we can generate sufficient revenue to cover our operating expenses, working capital and capital expenditures, we will need to raise additional capital. Additional stock financing may not be available on favorable terms and could be dilutive to current stockholders. Debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants and dilutive financing instruments.
 We intend to employ various strategies to obtain the required funding for future operations such as continuing to access capital through the Equity Distribution Agreement. However, the ability to access the Equity Distribution Agreement is dependent on the market price of our common stock, the registration of shares to be sold under the Equity Distribution Agreement and availability of sufficient authorized common stock, which cannot be assured, and as a result cannot be included as sources of liquidity for our ASC 205-40 analysis.
 If capital is not available to us when, and in the amounts needed, we could be required to delay, scale back, or abandon some or all of our operations and development programs, which would materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. The result of our ASC 205-40 analysis, due to uncertainties discussed above, is that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern through the next twelve months from the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements.
 Since inception, we financed our operations primarily from the sales of common stock, the business combination with VectoIQ Acquisition Corp., redemption of warrants, and the issuance of debt. As of December 31, 2023, our principal sources of liquidity were our cash and cash equivalents in the amount of $464.7 million.
 During 2021, we entered into a common stock purchase agreement (the "First Tumim Purchase Agreement") with Tumim Stone Capital LLC ("Tumim") allowing us to issue shares of our common stock to Tumim for proceeds of up to $300.0 million. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, 2021 and we sold 3,420,990, 17,248,244, and 14,213,498 shares of common stock, respectively, for proceeds of $8.4 million, $123.7 million, and $163.8 million, respectively, under the First Tumim Purchase Agreement. As of December 31, 2023 we sold in aggregate 34,882,732 shares of common stock to Tumim under the terms of the First Tumim Purchase Agreement for gross proceeds of $295.9 million, excluding the 155,703 commitment shares issued to Tumim as consideration for its irrevocable commitment to purchase shares of our common stock under the First Tumim Purchase Agreement. The First Tumim Purchase Agreement was terminated in the first quarter of 2023.
 Additionally, during 2021, we entered into a second common stock purchase agreement with Tumim (the "Second Tumim Purchase Agreement" and, together with the First Tumim Purchase Agreement, the "Tumim Purchase Agreements") allowing us to issue shares of our common stock to Tumim for proceeds of up to an additional $300.0 million, provided that certain

 conditions have been met. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold to Tumim 28,790,787 shares of common stock for proceeds of $59.2 million, excluding the 252,040 commitment shares issued to Tumim as a consideration for its irrevocable commitment to purchase shares of our common stock under the Second Tumim Purchase Agreement. The Second Tumim Purchase Agreement was terminated in the third quarter of 2023.
 During the second quarter of 2022, we completed a private placement of $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of unsecured 8.00% / 11.00% convertible senior paid in kind ("PIK") toggle notes (the "June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes"), which mature on May 31, 2026. Net proceeds from the issuance were $183.2 million. The June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes bear interest at 8.00% per annum, to the extent paid in cash ("Cash Interest"), and 11.00% per annum, to the extent paid in kind through the issuance of additional June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes ("PIK Interest"). Interest is payable semi-annually in arrears on May 31 and November 30 of each year, beginning on November 30, 2022. We can elect to make any interest payment through Cash Interest, PIK Interest or any combination thereof.
 The initial conversion rate is 114.3602 shares per $1,000 principal amount of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments in certain circumstances, which represented an initial conversion price of approximately $8.74 per share. During the second quarter of 2023, we exchanged $100.0 million of June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes for $100.0 million principal amount of unsecured 8.00% / 11.00% Series B convertible senior PIK toggle notes (the "April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes"). The initial conversion rate for the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes is 686.8132 shares per $1,000 principal amount of the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments in certain circumstances, which represented an initial conversion price of approximately $1.46 per share. During the third quarter of 2023, the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes were converted in full for the issuance of 72,458,789 shares of our common stock.
 Prior to February 28, 2026, the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes will be convertible at the option of the holders only upon the occurrence of specified events and during certain periods, and will be convertible on or after February 28, 2026, at any time until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes.
 During the third quarter of 2022, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement, which was subsequently amended and restated during the third quarter of 2023, with Citi pursuant to which we can issue and sell shares of our common stock with an aggregate maximum offering price of $600.0 million. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we sold 68,351,243 and 45,324,227 shares, respectively, of common stock under the Equity Distribution Agreement. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we received $117.5 million and $163.5 million, respectively, in net proceeds from the Equity Distribution Agreement after deduction of commissions and fees to the sales agent. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $311.7 million remaining available under the Equity Distribution Agreement.
 During the fourth quarter of 2022, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with an investor pursuant to which we can issue and sell up to $125.0 million in initial principal amount of senior convertible notes (the "First Purchase Agreement Notes") in a registered direct offering. We consummated an initial closing for the sale of $50.0 million in aggregate principal amount of First Purchase Agreement Notes on December 30, 2022. During 2023, we consummated additional closings of $52.1 million in aggregate principal amount of First Purchase Agreement Notes. The First Purchase Agreement was terminated in the third quarter of 2023. As of December 31, 2023, all of the First Purchase Agreement Notes had been converted into common stock.
 On April 4, 2023, we sold 29,910,715 shares of our common stock in an underwritten public offering (the "Public Offering") at an offering price of $1.12 per share, for net proceeds of $32.2 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions.
 On March 29, 2023, we entered into a stock purchase agreement with an investor (the "Investor") pursuant to which the Investor agreed to purchase up to $100.0 million of shares of our common stock in a registered direct offering (the "Direct Offering"), with the actual amount of shares of common stock purchased in the Direct Offering reduced to the extent of the total number of shares sold in the Public Offering. The Direct Offering closed on April 11, 2023, and we sold 59,374,999 shares of common stock at the Public Offering price of $1.12 per share to the Investor for net proceeds of $63.2 million.
 On August 3, 2023, we obtained stockholder approval to increase our authorized number of shares of common stock from 800,000,000 to 1,600,000,000. As of December 31, 2023, we had 140.4 million shares unreserved and unissued.
 During the third quarter of 2023, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with an investor pursuant to which we can issue and sell up to $325.0 million in initial principal amount of senior convertible notes (the "Second Purchase Agreement Notes" and, together with the First Purchase Agreement Notes, the "Senior Convertible Notes") in a registered direct offering. We consummated an initial closing for the sale of $125.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Second Purchase Agreement

 Notes on August 21, 2023. Additionally, during the third quarter of 2023, we consummated an additional closing of $40.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Second Purchase Agreement Notes. As of December 31, 2023, all of the Second Purchase Agreement Notes had been converted into common stock. The amount of additional notes that may be issued pursuant to the Second Purchase Agreement is limited by Nasdaq listing rules limiting the number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the notes and is less than the remaining notional capacity under the agreement.
 On December 12, 2023, we sold 133,333,334 shares of our common stock in an underwritten public offering (the "December 2023 Public Offering") at an offering price of $0.75 per share, for net proceeds of $95.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions.
 On December 12, 2023, we sold $175.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 8.25% green convertible senior notes due 2026 (the "8.25% Convertible Notes") for net proceeds of $169.4 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. As of December 31, 2023, holders of the 8.25% Convertible Notes converted aggregate principal amount of $153.4 million for issuance of 170,491,093 shares of our common stock.
 As of December 31, 2023, our current assets were $572.4 million consisting primarily of cash and cash equivalents of $464.7 million and inventory of $62.6 million, and our current liabilities were $260.1 million, primarily comprised of accrued expenses and accounts payable, which includes $84.0 million related to the SEC settlement and $65.7 million for warranty reserves related primarily to the BEV recall.
 Our short term liquidity will be utilized to execute our business strategy over the next twelve month period including (i) scaling the production, distribution and service of the FCEV and BEV trucks, (ii) performing the recall work related to our BEV recall (iii) maintaining the manufacturing facility, and (iv) establishing our initial energy infrastructure. However, actual results could vary materially and negatively as a result of a number of factors, including:
 • our ability to manage the costs of manufacturing and servicing the FCEV and BEV trucks and our ability to drive the cost down with our suppliers;
 • the amount and timing of cash generated from sales of our FCEV and BEV trucks and hydrogen infrastructure, and our ability to offer our products and services at competitive prices;
 • the costs of maintaining our manufacturing facility, hydrogen refueling assets and equipment;
 • our warranty claims experience should actual warranty claims differ significantly from estimates;
 • our BEV truck recall campaign costs and timing;
 • the scope, progress, results, costs, timing and outcomes of our ongoing validation and demos of our FCEV trucks;
 • the costs and timing of development and deployment of our hydrogen distribution, dispensing and storage network;
 • our ability to attract and retain strategic partners for development and maintenance of our hydrogen dispensing and storage network and the related costs and timing;
 • the costs of maintaining, expanding and protecting our intellectual property portfolio, including potential litigation costs and liabilities;
 • the costs of additional general and administrative personnel, including accounting and finance, legal and human resources, as well as costs related to litigation, investigations, or settlements;
 • our ability to raise sufficient capital to finance our business, and our ability to increase our authorized common stock, which is subject to stockholder approval; and
 • other risks discussed in the section entitled "Risk Factors."
 For at least the next twelve months, we expect our principal demand for funds will be for our ongoing activities described above. In addition to those activities, our short term liquidity will be utilized to fund the current portion of non-cancellable commitments including leases, debt obligations and purchase commitments. Refer to Note 5, Leases, Note 8, Debt and Finance Lease Liabilities, and Purchase Commitments within Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional details.

 Long-Term Liquidity Requirements
 Until we can generate sufficient revenue and positive gross margins to cover operating expenses, working capital and capital expenditures, we expect to fund cash needs through a combination of equity and debt financing, and potentially through lease securitization, strategic collaborations, and licensing arrangements. If we raise funds by issuing equity or equity-linked securities, dilution to stockholders may result. Any equity or equity-linked securities issued may also provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. If we raise funds by issuing debt securities, these debt securities would have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. The terms of debt securities or other debt financing agreements could impose significant restrictions on our operations and may require us to pledge certain assets. The credit market and financial services industry have in the past, and may in the future, experience periods of upheaval that could impact the availability and cost of equity and debt financing.
 As of December 31, 2023, our long-term liquidity requirements include debt repayments, lease arrangements, and long-term purchase commitments. Refer to Note 5, Leases, Note 8, Debt and Finance Lease Liabilities, and Purchase Commitments within Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional details.
 Summary of Cash Flows
 The following table provides a summary of cash flow data:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Net cash used in operating activities

 $
 (496,178)
 $
 (581,563)
 $
 (307,154)

 Net cash used in investing activities

 (66,749)
 (225,645)
 (207,481)

 Net cash provided by financing activities

 742,983
 598,876
 187,598

 Cash Flows from Operating Activities
 Our cash flows from operating activities are significantly affected by the growth of our business primarily related to manufacturing, research and development and selling, general, and administrative activities. Our operating cash flows are also affected by our working capital needs to support personnel-related expenditures and fluctuations in accounts payable and other current assets and liabilities.
 Net cash used in operating activities was $496.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The most significant component of our cash used during this period was a net loss from continuing operations of $864.6 million, which included $205.6 million non-cash net losses on revaluation of financial instruments, $79.2 million non-cash interest expense, non-cash expenses of $75.4 million related to stock-based compensation, gain on divestiture of affiliate of $70.8 million, $71.2 million in inventory write downs, other net non-cash charges of $72.5 million, and net cash outflows of $64.6 million from changes in operating assets and liabilities primarily driven by increases in prepaid expenses and other current assets and inventory, a decrease in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, partially offset by a decrease in accounts receivable, net.
 Net cash used in operating activities was $581.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The most significant component of our cash used during this period was a net loss from continuing operations of $738.1 million, which included non-cash expenses of $252.4 million related to stock-based compensation, $19.7 million related to inventory write-downs, $20.7 million equity in loss of affiliates, and $22.8 million related to depreciation and amortization, other non cash adjustments of $16.2 million and net cash outflows of $175.2 million from changes in operating assets and liabilities primarily driven by an increase in inventory and accounts receivable, partially offset by an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses.
 Net cash used in operating activities was $307.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The most significant component of our cash used during this period was a net loss of $690.4 million, which included non-cash expenses of $205.7 million related to stock-based compensation, $46.3 million for in-kind services, $8.2 million related to depreciation and amortization, and $5.6 million for the issuance of commitment shares to Tumim, other non cash adjustments of $7.1 million and net cash inflows of $110.4 million from changes in operating assets and liabilities primarily driven by an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses related to the liability for the SEC settlement, and increased spend on the development of our BEV and FCEV trucks, along with an increase in other long-term liabilities related to the SEC settlement, partially offset by an increase in inventory and prepaid expenses and other current assets.

 Cash Flows from Investing Activities
 Cash flows from investing activities primarily relate to capital expenditures to support our growth. Net cash used in investing activities is expected to continue as we maintain our truck manufacturing facility in Coolidge, Arizona, and develop our hydrogen infrastructure network. As of December 31, 2023, we anticipate our capital expenditures for fiscal year 2024 to be approximately $65.0 million. Actual capital expenditures will also be dependent on availability of capital as well as third party lead times.
 Net cash used in investing activities was $66.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was primarily due to $120.5 million in purchases of and deposits for capital equipment, costs of expansion of our facilities, and investments in our hydrogen infrastructure and $3.0 million in other investing outflows, partially offset by proceeds of $36.0 million related to the divestiture of Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH and dissolution of Nikola TA HRS 1, LLC ("TA"), and proceeds of $20.7 million related to the sale of assets to FFI.
 Net cash used in investing activities was $225.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was primarily due to purchases and deposits for property and equipment, including construction for our manufacturing facility and purchases of capital equipment of $168.3 million, $27.8 million for issuance of senior secured debt to Romeo, $23.0 million in cash paid for investment in affiliates, and $6.6 million paid to settle the first price differential with WVR.
 Net cash used in investing activities was $207.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was primarily due to purchases and deposits for property and capital equipment, including construction for our manufacturing facility and purchase of capital equipment of $179.3 million, $25.0 million in cash paid for investment in WVR, and $3.4 million paid to settle the first price differential with WVR.
 Cash Flows from Financing Activities
 Net cash provided by financing activities was $743.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was primarily due to proceeds from the issuance of convertible notes of $386.7 million, proceeds from public offerings of $128.2 million, proceeds from the issuance of common stock under the Equity Distribution Agreement of approximately $115.9 million, proceeds from the Tumim Purchase Agreements of approximately $67.6 million, proceeds from the registered direct offering of $63.2 million, and proceeds from the issuance of financing obligations of $56.1 million, partially offset by repayments of debt and notes payable of $45.5 million, payments for coupon make whole premiums of $35.2 million and other net finance inflows of $5.9 million.
 Net cash provided by financing activities was $598.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was primarily due to proceeds from the issuance of convertible notes of approximately $233.2 million, proceeds from the issuance of common stock from the Equity Distribution Agreement of approximately $165.1 million, proceeds from First Tumim Purchase Agreement of approximately $123.7 million, net proceeds from issuance of promissory notes for $54.0 million, proceeds from financing obligations of $44.8 million, proceeds from the exercises of stock options of $6.9 million, and other financing activity of $1.7 million partially offset by a $30.5 million in payments of our debt, promissory notes and notes payable.
 Net cash provided by financing activities was $187.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was primarily due to proceeds from the First Tumim Purchase Agreement of approximately $163.8 million, net proceeds from issuance of the promissory notes for $24.6 million, proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $4.8 million, partially offset by a $4.1 million payment of our term loan and other financing outflows of $1.5 million.

 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
 Since the date of incorporation, we have not engaged in any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC.

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. These principles require us to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, as of the balance sheet date, as well as reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Our most significant estimates and judgments involve valuation of our stock-based compensation for the fair value of market-based restricted stock units, assignment of fair value and allocation of purchase price in connection with the Romeo Acquisition, the valuations of warrant liabilities, derivative liabilities, the Put Right and Price Differential, estimates related to our lease assumptions and revenue recognition, contingent liabilities, including litigation reserves, warranty reserves, including inputs and assumptions related to recall campaigns, and inventory valuation. Management bases its estimates on historical experience

 and on various other assumptions believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and the results may be material.
 We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management's judgments and estimates.
 While our significant accounting policies are described in the notes to our consolidated financial statements, we believe that the following accounting policies are most critical to understanding our financial condition and historical and future results of operations.

 Stock-Based Compensation
 The fair value of market based RSU awards is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model that utilizes significant assumptions, including volatility, that determine the probability of satisfying the market condition stipulated in the award to calculate the fair value of the award. Significant judgment is required in determining the expected volatility of our common stock. Due to the limited history of trading of our common stock, we determine expected volatility based on a mix of historical volatility and a peer group of publicly traded companies.
 Product Warranties and Recall Campaigns
 Product warranty costs are recognized upon transfer of control of trucks to dealers, and are estimated based on factors including the length of the warranty (generally 2 to 5 years), product costs, and product failure rates. Warranty reserves are reviewed and adjusted quarterly to ensure that accruals are adequate to meet expected future warranty obligations. Estimating future warranty costs is highly subjective and requires significant management judgment. We believe that the accruals are adequate, however, based on the limited historical information available, it is possible that substantial additional charges may be required in future periods based on new information or changes in facts and circumstances. Our accrual includes estimates of the replacement costs for covered parts which is based on historical experience. This could be impacted by contractual changes with third-party suppliers or the need to identify new suppliers and the engineering and design costs that would accompany such a change.
 Recall campaign costs are recognized when a product recall liability is probable and related amounts are reasonably estimable. Costs are estimated based on the number of trucks to be repaired and the required repairs including engineering and development, product costs, labor rates, and shipping. Estimating the cost to repair the trucks is highly subjective and requires significant management judgment. Based on information that is currently available, we believe that the accruals are adequate. It is possible that substantial additional charges may be required in future periods based on new information, changes in facts and circumstances, availability of materials from key suppliers, and actions that we may commit to or be required to undertake.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, provides more information about recent accounting pronouncements, the timing of their adoption, and our assessment, to the extent we have made one, of their potential impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 We are exposed to a variety of market and other risks, including the effects of changes in interest rates, inflation, and foreign currency exchange rates, as well as risks to the availability of funding sources, hazard events, and specific asset risks.
 Interest Rate Risk
 The market risk inherent in our financial instruments and our financial position represents the potential loss arising from adverse changes in interest rates. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $464.7 million and $225.9 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we had a cash and cash equivalents balance of $29.8 million which consisted of interest-bearing money market accounts for which the fair market value would be affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. However, due to the short-term maturities and the low-risk profile of our investments, an immediate 10% change in interest rates would not have a material effect on the fair market value of our cash and cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2022, none of our cash and cash equivalents balance was invested in interest-bearing money market accounts.
 Foreign Currency Risk
 For the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recorded a $2.2 million loss, $1.0 million gain and $1.4 million gain, respectively, for foreign currency adjustments.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Page

 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 00 42)

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Nikola Corporation

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Nikola Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 28, 2024 expressed an adverse opinion thereon.

 The Company's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

 The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations and has stated that substantial doubt exists about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. Management's evaluation of the events and conditions and management's plans regarding these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matter

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosure to which it relates.

 Product Warranties and Recall Campaigns

 Description of the Matter
 The Company's liabilities for product warranties and recall campaigns totaled $78.9 million at December 31, 2023. As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company's liability for product warranties are estimated and recorded upon the transfer of control of trucks to dealers based on length of warranty, replacement product costs, and expected failure rates for certain components covered by the warranty. Recall campaign costs are accrued when a product recall liability is probable and related amounts are reasonably estimable. Recall campaign liabilities are primarily related to the number of trucks to be recalled and the replacement product costs. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded product warranties and recall campaign liabilities and adjusts them as appropriate to reflect actual experience and change in estimates.

 Auditing the Company's product warranties and recall campaign liabilities is complex due to the significant estimation uncertainty and the application of significant management judgment regarding the product replacement costs and failure rates used in these calculations.

 How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit

 To evaluate product warranties and recall campaign liabilities, our audit procedures included, among others, testing the completeness and accuracy of the replacement costs used in the product warranties and recall campaign accrual calculations and evaluating the failure rates used in the product warranties accrual for reasonableness. We also evaluated the sufficiency of management's disclosures related to the product warranties and recall campaigns.

 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2018.

 Phoenix, Arizona

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Nikola Corporation

 Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 We have audited Nikola Corporation's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, because of the effect of the material weakness described below on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, Nikola Corporation (the Company) has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.

 A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weakness has been identified and included in management's assessment. Management has identified a material weakness associated with ineffective information technology general controls (ITGCs) in the areas of user access and change management, over the information technology (IT) systems that support the Company's financial reporting processes. Automated and manual business process controls that are dependent on the affected ITGCs were also deemed ineffective because they could have been adversely impacted to the extent that they rely upon information or configurations from the affected IT systems.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes. This material weakness was considered in determining the nature, timing and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2023 consolidated financial statements, and this report does not affect our report dated February 28, 2024 which expressed an unqualified opinion thereon that included an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.

 Basis for Opinion

 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

 Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the

 company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP

 Phoenix, Arizona

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

 December 31,

 2023
 2022

 Assets

 Current assets

 Cash and cash equivalents

 $
 464,715
 $
 225,850

 Restricted cash and cash equivalents

 1,224
 10,600

 Accounts receivable, net

 17,974
 31,638

 62,588
 111,870

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets

 25,911
 27,943

 Assets subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors, current portion
 —
 29,025

 Total current assets

 572,412
 436,926

 Restricted cash and cash equivalents

 28,026
 77,459

 Long-term deposits

 14,954
 34,279

 503,416
 417,785

 Intangible assets, net

 85,860
 92,473

 Investment in affiliates
 57,062
 62,816

 Goodwill

 5,238
 6,688

 7,889
 8,107

 Assets subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors
 —
 100,125

 Total assets

 $
 1,274,857
 $
 1,236,658

 Liabilities and stockholders' equity

 Current liabilities

 Accounts payable

 $
 44,133
 $
 93,242

 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities

 207,022
 179,571

 Debt and finance lease liabilities, current (including zero and $ 50.0 million measured at fair value, respectively)

 8,950
 61,675

 Liabilities subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors, current portion

 —
 49,102

 Total current liabilities

 260,105
 383,590

 269,279
 290,128

 4,765
 6,091

 Other long-term liabilities
 21,512
 6,684

 Deferred tax liabilities, net

 Liabilities subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors
 —
 23,671

 Total liabilities

 555,683
 710,179

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)

 Stockholders' equity

 Preferred stock, $ 0.0001 par value, 150,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022

 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.0001 par value, 1,600,000,000 and 800,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, 1,330,083,002 and 512,935,485 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively

 Additional paid-in capital

 3,790,272
 2,562,855

 Accumulated deficit

 ( 3,071,069)
 ( 2,034,850)

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss

 ( 162)
 ( 1,577)

 Total stockholders' equity

 719,174
 526,479

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

 $
 1,274,857
 $
 1,236,658

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Revenues:

 $
 30,061
 $
 45,931
 $
 —

 5,778
 3,794
 —

 Total revenues
 35,839
 49,725
 —

 Cost of revenues:

 242,519
 132,556
 —

 7,387
 3,138
 —

 Total cost of revenues
 249,906
 135,694
 —

 Gross loss

 ( 214,067)
 ( 85,969)
 —

 Operating expenses:

 208,160
 270,480
 292,951

 198,768
 346,186
 400,575

 —
 —

 Total operating expenses
 435,762
 616,666
 693,526

 Loss from operations
 ( 649,829)
 ( 702,635)
 ( 693,526)

 Other income (expense):

 ( 76,023)
 ( 17,712)
 ( 481)

 Revaluation of warrant liability
 3,903
 3,051

 70,849
 —
 —

 ( 31,025)
 —
 —

 Other income (expense), net
 ( 162,534)
 ( 1,023)
 4,102

 Loss before income taxes and equity in net loss of affiliates
 ( 848,191)
 ( 717,467)
 ( 686,854)

 Income tax expense

 Loss before equity in net loss of affiliates
 ( 848,203)
 ( 717,473)
 ( 686,858)

 Equity in net loss of affiliates
 ( 16,418)
 ( 20,665)
 ( 3,580)

 $
 ( 864,621)
 $
 ( 738,138)
 $

 Discontinued operations:

 Loss from discontinued operations
 ( 76,726)
 —

 Loss from deconsolidation of discontinued operations
 ( 24,935)
 —
 —

 Net loss from discontinued operations
 ( 101,661)
 —

 $
 $
 $

 Basic net loss per share:

 $
 ( 1.08)
 $
 ( 1.67)
 $
 ( 1.73)

 Net loss from discontinued operations
 ( 0.13)
 ( 0.11)
 —

 $
 ( 1.21)
 $
 ( 1.78)
 $
 ( 1.73)

 Diluted net loss per share:

 $
 ( 1.21)
 $
 ( 1.78)
 $
 ( 1.74)

 Weighted-average shares outstanding:

 Basic
 398,655,081

 398,784,392

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 $
 $

 Other comprehensive income (loss):

 Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax
 1,415
 ( 1,379)
 ( 437)

 Comprehensive loss
 $
 ( 964,867)
 $
 ( 785,617)
 $
 ( 690,875)

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
 (in thousands, except share data)

 Common Stock
 Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 Accumulated
Deficit
 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 Total
Stockholders' Equity

 Shares

 Balance as of December 31, 2020
 391,041,347
 $
 $
 1,540,037
 $
 ( 560,174)
 $
 $
 980,141

 Exercise of stock options
 3,472,267
 4,571
 —
 —
 4,572

 Issuance of shares for RSU awards
 2,523,328
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Common stock issued for commitment shares
 407,743
 —
 5,564
 —
 —
 5,564

 Common stock issued for investment in affiliates, net of common stock with embedded put right
 1,682,367
 —
 19,139
 —
 —
 19,139

 Reclassification from mezzanine equity to equity after elimination of put right
 —
 —
 5,532
 —
 —
 5,532

 Issuance of common stock under Tumim Purchase Agreements
 14,213,498
 163,787
 —
 —
 163,788

 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive loss
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 437)
 ( 437)

 Balance as of December 31, 2021
 413,340,550
 $
 $
 1,944,341
 $
 ( 1,250,612)
 $
 ( 198)
 $
 693,572

 Exercise of stock options
 6,424,780
 7,104
 —
 —
 7,105

 Issuance of shares for RSU awards
 8,527,456
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Common stock issued under Tumim Purchase Agreements
 17,248,244
 123,670
 —
 —
 123,672

 Common stock issued under Equity Distribution Agreement, net
 45,324,227
 163,457
 —
 —
 163,462

 Common stock issued for Romeo acquisition

 22,070,228
 67,533
 —
 —
 67,535

 Fair value of vested portion of Romeo stock awards
 —
 —
 1,345
 —
 —
 1,345

 —
 —
 255,405
 —
 —
 255,405

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive loss
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,379)
 ( 1,379)

 Balance as of December 31, 2022
 512,935,485
 $
 $
 2,562,855
 $
 ( 2,034,850)
 $
 ( 1,577)
 $
 526,479

 Exercise of stock options
 6,723,629
 7,154
 —
 —
 7,155

 Issuance of shares for RSU awards
 13,247,573
 ( 1)
 —
 —
 —

 Common stock issued under Tumim Purchase Agreements
 32,211,777
 67,584
 —
 —
 67,587

 Common stock issued under Equity Distribution Agreement, net
 68,351,243
 117,518
 —
 —
 117,525

 Common stock issued for conversions of convertible notes

 494,594,247
 526,893
 —
 —
 526,943

 Common stock issued in registered direct offering

 59,374,999
 63,150
 —
 —
 63,156

 Common stock issued in public offerings

 163,244,049
 127,877
 —
 —
 127,893

 Common stock received for contingent stock consideration
 ( 20,600,000)
 ( 2)
 —
 ( 69,937)
 —
 ( 69,939)

 Reclassification of conversion features embedded in Toggle Convertible Notes to equity
 —
 —
 241,851
 —
 —
 241,851

 Reclassification of share-based payment awards from liability to equity
 —
 —
 20,992
 —
 —
 20,992

 Reclassification of share-based payment awards from equity to liability
 —
 —
 ( 10,401)
 —
 —
 ( 10,401)

 —
 —
 64,800
 —
 —
 64,800

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive income

 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,415
 1,415

 Balance as of December 31, 2023
 1,330,083,002
 $
 $
 3,790,272
 $
 ( 3,071,069)
 $
 ( 162)
 $
 719,174

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash flows from operating activities

 $
 $
 $

 Less: Loss from discontinued operations
 ( 101,661)
 —

 Loss from continuing operations
 $
 ( 864,621)
 $
 ( 738,138)
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net loss from continuing operations to net cash used in operating activities:

 Depreciation and amortization
 35,890
 22,765
 8,231

 75,391
 252,445

 Non-cash in-kind services
 —
 —
 46,271

 Equity in net loss of affiliates
 16,418
 20,665
 3,580

 Revaluation of financial instruments
 205,589
 ( 174)
 ( 3,051)

 Revaluation of contingent stock consideration
 ( 43,981)
 —
 —

 Inventory write-downs
 71,218
 19,705
 4,927

 Non-cash interest expense
 79,201
 15,481
 —

 —
 —

 ( 70,849)
 —
 —

 31,025
 —
 —

 Issuance of common stock for commitment shares
 —
 —
 5,564

 Other non-cash activity
 4,343
 1,626

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

 Accounts receivable, net
 13,665
 ( 31,638)
 —

 ( 23,756)
 ( 141,168)
 ( 17,412)

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 ( 44,732)
 ( 27,681)
 ( 10,967)

 Long-term deposits
 ( 1,377)
 ( 4,306)
 ( 4,721)

 ( 1,530)
 ( 912)
 ( 1,216)

 Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities
 ( 14,613)
 29,669
 96,144

 ( 2,009)
 ( 843)
 ( 50)

 Other long-term liabilities
 9,716
 1,694
 48,647

 Net cash used in operating activities
 ( 496,178)
 ( 581,563)
 ( 307,154)

 Cash flows from investing activities

 Purchases and deposits for property, plant and equipment
 ( 120,516)
 ( 168,257)
 ( 179,269)

 Divestiture of affiliates

 36,000
 —
 —

 Proceeds from the sale of assets

 20,742

 Payments to assignee

 ( 2,725)
 —
 —

 Investments in affiliates
 ( 250)
 ( 23,027)
 ( 25,000)

 Issuance of senior secured note receivable and prepaid acquisition-related consideration
 —
 ( 27,791)
 —

 Settlement of price differentials

 —
 ( 6,588)
 ( 3,412)

 Net cash used in investing activities
 ( 66,749)
 ( 225,645)
 ( 207,481)

 Cash flows from financing activities

 Proceeds from the exercise of stock options
 7,395
 6,867
 4,785

 Proceeds from issuance of shares under the Tumim Purchase Agreements

 67,587
 123,672
 163,788

 Proceeds from registered direct offering, net of underwriter's discount
 63,246
 —
 —

 Proceeds from public offerings, net of underwriter's discount

 128,152
 —
 —

 Proceeds from issuances of convertible debt instruments, net of discount and issuance costs

 386,733
 233,214
 —

 Proceeds from issuance of common stock under Equity Distribution Agreement, net of commissions paid
 115,893
 165,143
 —

 Proceeds from issuance of debt, promissory notes and notes payable, net of issuance costs
 —
 54,000
 24,632

 Proceeds from issuance of financing obligations, net of issuance costs
 56,148
 44,823
 —

 Proceeds from insurance premium financing
 5,223
 6,637
 —

 Payment for Coupon Make-Whole Premiums

 ( 35,241)
 —
 —

 Repayment of debt, promissory notes and notes payable
 ( 45,469)
 ( 30,526)
 ( 4,100)

 Payments on insurance premium financing
 ( 5,369)
 ( 4,638)
 —

 Payments on finance lease liabilities and financing obligation
 ( 1,315)
 ( 316)
 ( 863)

 Other financing activities
 —
 —
 ( 644)

 Net cash provided by financing activities
 742,983
 598,876
 187,598

 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents
 180,056
 ( 208,332)
 ( 327,037)

 Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
 313,909
 522,241
 849,278

 Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash and cash equivalents, end of period
 $
 493,965
 $
 313,909
 $
 522,241

 Cash flows from discontinued operations:

 Operating activities
 ( 4,964)
 4,857
 —

 Investing activities
 ( 1,804)
 ( 2,469)
 —

 Financing activities
 ( 572)
 ( 198)
 —

 Net cash provided by (used in) discontinued operations

 $
 ( 7,340)
 $
 2,190
 $
 —

 Supplemental cash flow disclosures:

 Cash paid for interest
 $
 8,327
 $
 4,097
 $

 Cash interest received
 $
 11,522
 $
 1,449
 $

 Supplemental noncash investing and financing activities:

 Conversion of Senior Convertible Notes into common stock
 $
 246,431
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Reclassification of conversion features embedded in Toggle Convertible Notes to equity
 $
 241,851
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Conversion of 8.25 % Convertible Notes

 $
 131,361
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Conversion of April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes
 $
 115,152
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Embedded derivative liability bifurcated from 8.25 % Convertible Notes

 $
 47,250
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Contingent stock consideration for divestiture of affiliate
 $
 25,956
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Embedded derivative liability bifurcated from April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes
 $
 21,180
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Reclassification from liability to equity for certain share-based awards
 $
 20,992
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Reclassification from equity to liability for certain share-based awards
 $
 10,401
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Net assets acquired in Romeo acquisition

 $
 —
 $
 77,137
 $
 —

 Purchases of property, plant and equipment included in liabilities
 $
 16,083
 $
 34,946
 $
 27,510

 Leased assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities
 $
 32,820
 $
 1,547
 $

 Toggle Unsecured Convertible Notes issued for paid in kind interest
 $
 12,998
 $
 10,939
 $
 —

 Accrued PIK interest
 $
 1,170
 $
 1,998
 $
 —

 Accrued commissions under Equity Distribution Agreement
 $
 $
 1,681
 $
 —

 Embedded derivative asset bifurcated from Convertible Notes
 $
 —
 $
 1,500
 $
 —

 Stock option proceeds receivable
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —

 Accrued debt and equity issuance costs

 $
 $
 $
 —

 Common stock issued for commitment shares
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 5,564

 Common stock issued for investments in affiliates, including common stock with embedded put right
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 32,376

 Acquired intangible assets included in liabilities
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION
 (a)Overview
 Nikola Corporation ("Nikola" or the "Company") is a designer and manufacturer of heavy-duty commercial FCEVs and BEVs, and energy infrastructure solutions.
 On June 3, 2020 (the "Closing Date"), VectoIQ Acquisition Corp. ("VectoIQ"), consummated a merger pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, dated March 2, 2020 (the "Business Combination Agreement"), by and among VectoIQ, VCTIQ Merger Sub Corp., a wholly-owned subsidiary of VectoIQ incorporated in the State of Delaware ("Merger Sub"), and Nikola Corporation, a Delaware corporation ("Legacy Nikola"). Pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, a business combination between the Company and Legacy Nikola was effected through the merger of Merger Sub with and into Legacy Nikola, with Legacy Nikola surviving as the surviving company and as a wholly-owned subsidiary of VectoIQ (the "Business Combination").
 On October 14, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition (the "Romeo Acquisition") of all of the outstanding common stock of Romeo Power, Inc. ("Romeo") for a total purchase price of $ 78.6 million. See Note 3, Business Combinations. On June 30, 2023, pursuant to the Assignment, the Company transferred ownership of all of Romeo's right, title and interest in and to all of its tangible and intangible assets, subject to certain agreed upon exclusions (collectively, the "Assets") to SG Service Co., LLC, in its sole and limited capacity as Assignee for the Benefit of Creditors of Romeo ("Assignee"), and also designated Assignee to act as the assignee for the benefit of creditors of Romeo, such that, as of June 30, 2023, Assignee succeeded to all of Romeo's right, title and interest in and to the Assets. The results of operations of Romeo are reported as discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. See Note 11, Deconsolidation of Subsidiary, for additional information.
 All references made to financial data in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are related to the Company's continuing operations, unless otherwise specifically noted.
 (b) Basis of Presentation
 The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP and pursuant to the regulations of the SEC.
 Certain prior period balances have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation in the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes.
 All dollar amounts are in thousands, unless otherwise noted.
 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect certain reported amounts and disclosures. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates.
 (c)Funding Risks and Going Concern
 In accordance with the ASC 205-40, the Company has evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued.
 As an early stage growth company, the Company's ability to access capital is critical. Until the Company can generate sufficient revenue to cover its operating expenses, working capital and capital expenditures, the Company will need to raise additional capital. Additional stock financing may not be available on favorable terms, or at all, and would be dilutive to current stockholders. Debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants and dilutive financing instruments.
 The Company has secured and intends to employ various strategies to obtain the required funding for future operations such as continuing to access capital through the Equity Distribution Agreement, see Note 9, Capital Structure. However, the ability to access the Equity Distribution Agreement is dependent on the market price of the Company's common stock, trading volume, and availability of unreserved shares, which cannot be assured, and as a result cannot be included as sources of liquidity for the Company's ASC 205-40 analysis.

 1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION (Continued)

 If capital is not available to the Company when, and in the amounts needed, the Company would be required to delay, scale back, or abandon some or all of its development programs and operations, which could materially harm the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. The result of the Company's ASC 205-40 analysis, due to uncertainties discussed above, is that there is substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern through the next twelve months from the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements.
 These financial statements have been prepared by management in accordance with GAAP and this basis assumes that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. These financial statements do not include any adjustments that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
 (a) Principles of Consolidation
 The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
 (b) Comprehensive Loss
 Comprehensive loss represents the net loss for the period adjusted for other comprehensive loss. Other comprehensive loss is comprised of currency translation adjustments relating to the Company's subsidiaries and equity method investments, whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar.
 (c) Use of Estimates
 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the balance sheet date, as well as reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. The Company's most significant estimates and judgments involve valuation of the Company's stock-based compensation related to the fair value of market-based restricted stock units, assignment of fair value and allocation of purchase price in connection with the Romeo Acquisition, the valuations of warrant liabilities, derivative liabilities, the Put Right and Price Differential, estimates related to the Company's lease assumptions and revenue recognition, contingent liabilities, including litigation reserves, inventory valuation and warranty reserves, including inputs and assumptions related to recall campaigns. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 (d) Segment Information
 Under ASC 280, Segment Reporting, operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise where discrete financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision-maker ("CODM"), in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company has two business units, the Truck business unit and Energy business unit. The Truck business unit is manufacturing and selling FCEV and BEV trucks that provide, or are expected to provide, environmentally friendly, cost effective solutions to the trucking sector. The Energy business unit is developing and constructing a network of hydrogen fueling stations to meet hydrogen fuel demand for the Company's customers. The Company's chief executive officer, who is also the CODM, makes decisions and manages the Company's operations as a single reporting unit, and single operating and reportable segment for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance.
 (e) Accounts Receivable, net
 Accounts receivable, net, are reported at the invoiced amount, less an allowance for potential uncollectible amounts. The Company had no allowance for uncollectible amounts as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
 (f) Concentration of Credit Risk
 Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, and accounts receivable. The Company's cash is placed with high-credit-quality financial

 institutions and issuers, and at times exceeds federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any credit loss relating to its cash equivalents and accounts receivable.
 (g) Concentration of Supplier Risk
 The Company is subject to risks related to its dependence on suppliers as some of the components and technologies used in the Company's products are produced by a limited number of sources or contract manufacturers. The inability of these suppliers to deliver necessary components in a timely manner, at prices and quantities acceptable to the Company may cause the Company to incur transition costs to other suppliers and could have a material and adverse impact on the Company's business, growth and financial and operating results. For example, the Company relies on a limited number of suppliers of battery products. The manufacturing process of battery products is complex, highly technical and can be affected by supply chain disruptions and component shortages.
 (h) Concentration of Customer Risk
 The Company is subject to risks related to its dependence on dealers to facilitate sales to end users. The Company sold FCEV and BEV trucks to ten dealers during the year ended December 31, 2023, with four dealers individually representing sales in excess of 10% of total revenue. The loss of any of these dealers, or a significant reduction in sales to any such dealer, could adversely affect the Company's revenues.
 (i) Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents
 The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a remaining maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Additionally, the Company considers investments in money market funds to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 the Company had $ 464.7 million and $ 225.9 million of cash and cash equivalents, respectively. Cash equivalents included $ 29.8 million and zero of highly liquid investments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $ 29.3 million and $ 88.1 million, respectively, in current and non-current restricted cash. Restricted cash represents cash that is restricted as to withdrawal or usage and primarily consists of securitization of the Company's letters of credit, leases, and debt. See Note 8, Debt and Finance Lease Liabilities, for additional details.
 The reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents to amounts presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows are as follows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash and cash equivalents

 $
 464,715
 $
 225,850
 $
 497,241

 Restricted cash and cash equivalents—current

 1,224
 10,600
 —

 Restricted cash and cash equivalents—non-current

 28,026
 77,459
 25,000

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents

 $
 493,965
 $
 313,909
 $
 522,241

 (j)Fair Value of Financial Instruments
 The carrying value and fair value of the Company's financial instruments are as follows:

 As of December 31, 2023

 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Total

 Assets

 Cash equivalents—money market

 $
 29,839
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 29,839

 Derivative asset
 —
 —

 Liabilities

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 8,871
 $
 8,871

 Warrant liability
 —
 —

 As of December 31, 2022

 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Total

 Assets

 Derivative asset
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $

 Liabilities

 Warrant liability
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $

 Senior Convertible Notes

 —
 —

 Put Premium Derivative Asset
 In June 2022, the Company completed a private placement of $ 200.0 million aggregate principal amount of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes. In conjunction with the issuance of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes, the Company entered into a premium letter agreement (the "Put Premium") with the purchasers (the "Note Purchasers") of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes which requires the Note Purchasers to pay $ 9.0 million to the Company if during the period through the date that is thirty months after the closing date of the private placement of June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes, the last reported sale price of the Company's common stock has been at least $ 20.00 for at least 20 trading days during any consecutive 40 trading day period.
 The Put Premium was determined to be an embedded derivative asset and met the criteria to be separated from the host contract and carried at fair value. The derivative is measured both initially and in subsequent periods at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of the derivative asset is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The change in fair value of the derivative asset was as follows:

 Derivative asset

 Estimated fair value at December 31, 2021

 $
 —

 Recognition of derivative asset
 1,500

 ( 1,330)

 Estimated fair value at December 31, 2022

 ( 101)

 Estimated fair value at December 31, 2023

 $

 The fair value of the derivative asset was immaterial as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
 Warrant Liability
 As a result of the Business Combination, the Company assumed a warrant liability (the "Warrant Liability") related to previously issued private warrants in connection with VectoIQ's initial public offering. Additionally, as a result of the Romeo Acquisition, the Company assumed Romeo's warrant liability previously issued in connection with Romeo's initial public offering (together the "Warrant Liabilities"). The Warrant Liabilities are remeasured to their fair value at each reporting period

 and upon settlement. The change in fair value was recognized in revaluation of warrant liability on the consolidated statements of operations. The change in fair value of the Warrant Liabilities was as follows:

 Warrant liabilities

 Estimated fair value at December 31, 2020
 $
 7,335

 ( 3,051)

 Estimated fair value at December 31, 2021
 4,284

 ( 3,903)

 Estimated fair value at December 31, 2022

 ( 371)

 Estimated fair value at December 31, 2023
 $

 The fair value of the warrants outstanding was estimated using the Black-Scholes model. The application of the Black-Scholes model requires the use of a number of inputs and significant assumptions including volatility. The following reflects the inputs and assumptions used:

 2023
 2022

 $
 0.88
 $
 2.16

 Exercise price
 $
 11.50
 $
 11.50

 Remaining term (in years)
 1.42
 2.42

 Volatility
 %
 %

 Risk-free rate
 4.51
 %
 4.28
 %

 Expected dividend yield
 —
 —

 Derivative Liabilities
 Put Right and Price Differential derivative liabilities
 On June 22, 2021 (the "WVR Closing Date"), the Company entered into a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (the "MIPA") with Wabash Valley Resources LLC ("WVR") and the sellers party thereto (collectively, the "Sellers"), pursuant to which, the Company purchased a 20 % equity interest in WVR in exchange for cash and the Company's common stock (see Note 7, Investments in Affiliates). Under the original MIPA, each Seller had a right but not the obligation, in its sole discretion, to cause the Company to purchase a portion of such Seller's shares outside the specified blackout windows, at $ 14.86 per share of common stock (the "Put Right") with a maximum common share repurchase of $ 10.0 million in aggregate. As of the WVR Closing Date, the potential cash settlement from the shares of common stock subject to the Put Right and the fair value of the embedded Put Right was recorded in temporary equity.
 The fair value of the Put Right, a level 3 measurement, was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The application of the Monte Carlo simulation model requires the use of a number of inputs and significant assumptions including volatility. The fair value of the Put Right was $ 3.2 million as of the WVR Closing Date. The following reflects the inputs and assumptions used:

 As of

 June 22, 2021

 $
 17.32

 Strike price
 $
 14.86

 Volatility
 %

 Risk-free rate
 0.10
 %

 On September 13, 2021, the Company entered into an Amended Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (the "Amended MIPA") with WVR and the Sellers, pursuant to which the Put Right, was removed in its entirety and replaced with the first

 price differential and second price differential (together the "Price Differential"). The first price differential was equal to $ 14.86 (the "Issue Price"), less the average closing price for shares of the Company's common stock for the 15 consecutive days immediately following September 20, 2021. The second price differential was equal to the Issue Price less the average closing price for shares of the Company's common stock for the five consecutive days immediately following June 20, 2022. If the first price differential was positive, the Company was obligated to pay to each Seller an amount equal to the product of 50 % of such Seller's portion of the closing stock consideration and the first price differential on October 12, 2021. If the second price differential was positive, the Company was obligated to pay to each Seller an amount equal to the product of 50 % of such Seller's portion of the closing stock consideration and the second price differential on June 28, 2022. Under the Amended MIPA, the Company's maximum obligation was $ 10.0 million in aggregate.
 As a result of the Amended MIPA, the shares of common stock with the embedded Put Right were deemed modified and $ 13.2 million was reclassified from temporary equity to equity on the consolidated balance sheets. The Price Differential was a freestanding financial instrument and accounted for as a derivative liability. The fair value of the derivative at modification was $ 7.7 million and was recognized in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, resulting in a net impact of $ 5.5 million to equity.
 The derivative liability was remeasured to its fair value at each reporting period and upon settlement. In accordance with the Amended MIPA, the first price differential with the Sellers was settled in the fourth quarter of 2021 for $ 3.4 million and the second price differential was settled in the third quarter of 2022 for $ 6.6 million, eliminating the Company's derivative liability balance as of December 31, 2022.
 The derivative liability was remeasured at each reporting period with changes in its fair value recorded in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations. The change in fair value of the derivative liability was as follows:

 Estimated fair value at December 31, 2020

 $
 —

 Recognition of derivative liability

 7,705

 ( 104)

 Settlement of first price differential
 ( 3,412)

 Estimated fair value at December 31, 2021

 4,189

 2,399

 Settlement of second price differential
 ( 6,588)

 Estimated fair value at December 31, 2022
 $
 —

 Embedded conversion features derivative liabilities
 On April 11, 2023, the Company completed an exchange (the "Exchange") of $ 100.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Company's existing June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes for the issuance of $ 100.0 million aggregate principal amount of 8.00 % / 11.00 % Series B convertible senior PIK toggle notes (the "April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes"). The April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture dated as of April 11, 2023 (the "April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture").
 Additionally, in June 2023, the Company completed a private placement of $ 11.0 million aggregate principal amount of unsecured 8.00 % / 8.00 % Series C convertible senior PIK toggle notes (the "June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes" and, together with the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes and the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, the "Toggle Convertible Notes"). The June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture dated as of June 23, 2023 (the "June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture").
 The April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture and June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture, among other things, limited conversion of the notes in certain instances until the earlier to occur of (x) an increase in the number of authorized shares in an amount sufficient to, among other things, allow for the issuance of common stock underlying the notes and (y) October 11, 2023, and provided that the Company shall elect to settle conversions of the notes in cash until such

 increase in the number of authorized shares occurred, and the Company obtained the stockholder approval contemplated by Rule 5635 of the Nasdaq listing rules ("Nasdaq Rule 5635").
 The conversion features embedded to the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes and June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes were bifurcated and recognized separately at fair value due to the temporary requirement to settle conversions in cash, in certain instances, until stockholder approval as contemplated by Nasdaq Rule 5635 was obtained to increase the number of authorized shares. Upon the Exchange, the Company recognized $ 21.2 million for the embedded conversion features as a derivative liability within accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
 During the third quarter of 2023, and commensurate with the approval to increase the number of authorized shares on August 3, 2023, the Company reassessed the conversion features bifurcated from the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes and June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes. As of August 3, 2023, the conversion features met all equity classification criteria, and as a result, the derivative liabilities were remeasured as of August 3, 2023, and reclassified from accrued expenses and other current liabilities to additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value of the derivative liabilities are recorded within other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations.
 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the change in fair value of the derivative liabilities was as follows:

 Estimated fair value as of December 31, 2022

 $
 —

 Recognition of derivative liability

 21,180

 220,671

 Reclassification to equity

 ( 241,851)

 Estimated fair value at December 31, 2023

 $
 —

 The fair value of the conversion features was estimated by applying a with-and-without approach to a binomial lattice model. The following reflects the ranges of inputs and assumptions used:

 For The Year Ended

 $ 1.09 - $ 3.40

 Conversion price
 $ 1.46 - $ 1.48

 Risk free rate
 3.76 % - 4.58 %

 Equity volatility
 47.5 % - 70 %

 Expected dividend yield
 — %

 Credit spread
 14.9 % - 20.1 %

 Additionally, on December 12, 2023, the Company consummated an underwritten public offering of $ 175.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Company's 8.25 % Green Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (the " 8.25 % Convertible Notes"). The 8.25 % Convertible Notes were issued pursuant to, and are governed by, an indenture, dated as of December 12, 2023, between the Company and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee (the "Trustee"), as supplemented by a first supplemental indenture, dated as of December 12, 2023, between the Company and the Trustee.
 The conversion features embedded in the 8.25 % Convertible Notes met the criteria to be separated from the host contract and recognized separately at fair value. The derivative is measured both initially and in subsequent periods at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations. As of the issuance of the 8.25 % Convertible Notes, the Company recognized $ 47.3 million for the embedded conversion features as a derivative liability within accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The change in fair value of the derivative liability was as follows:

 Estimated fair value as of December 31, 2022

 $
 —

 Recognition of derivative liability

 47,250

 10,458

 Settlement of derivative liability for conversions

 ( 48,837)

 Estimated fair value as of December 31, 2023

 $
 8,871

 The fair value of the conversion features was estimated by applying a with-and without approach. The following reflects the ranges of inputs and assumptions used:

 For the year ended

 $ 0.72 - $ 0.91

 Conversion price

 $ 0.90

 Risk free rate

 3.97 % - 4.42 %

 Credit spread

 14.20 % - 15.10 %

 Liability Classified Awards
 During the second and third quarters of 2023, the Company reclassified certain share-based payment awards from equity to liabilities that would require cash settlement upon distribution or exercise. The fair value of these awards was determined based on the closing price of the Company's stock or a Black-Scholes model as of the measurement date and as of the end of each reporting period. Changes in the fair value of the liabilities were recognized as compensation cost over the requisite service period.
 As of August 3, 2023, the share-based payment awards classified as liabilities no longer required cash settlement upon distribution or exercise. The Company reclassified the share-based payment awards into additional paid in capital on the Company's consolidated balance sheets at their fair value. Changes in the fair value of liability classified awards during the year ended December 31, 2023, were as follows:

 Liability classified awards

 Liability classified awards as of December 31, 2022

 $
 —

 Reclassification of share-based payment awards to liability

 10,401

 Change in fair value

 10,591

 Reclassification of share-based payment awards to equity

 ( 20,992)

 Liability classified awards as of December 31, 2023

 $
 —

 (k) Inventory
 Inventory cost is computed using standard cost, which approximates actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventories are written down for any excess or obsolescence and when net realizable value, which is based upon estimated selling prices, is in excess of carrying value plus costs to complete. Once inventory is written-down, a new, lower cost basis for that inventory is established and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration of or increase in that newly established cost basis.
 (l) Investments
 Variable Interest Entities
 The Company may enter into investments in entities that are considered variable interest entities ("VIE") under ASC 810, Consolidations. A VIE is an entity that has either insufficient equity to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or equity investors who lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. If

 the Company is a primary beneficiary of a VIE, it is required to consolidate the entity. To determine if the Company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE, the Company evaluates whether it has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the Company. If the Company is not the primary beneficiary and an ownership interest is held in the entity, the interest is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The Company continuously assesses whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE as changes to existing relationships or future transactions may result in changing conclusions.
 Equity Method
 Investments in which the Company can exercise significant influence, but do not control, are accounted for using the equity method and are presented on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company's share of the net earnings or losses of the investee is presented within the consolidated statements of operations. The Company evaluates its equity method investments whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate that the carrying amounts of such investments may be impaired. If a decline in the value of an equity method investment is determined to be other than temporary, a loss is recorded in earnings in the current period. Distributions received from equity method investees are presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows based on the cumulative earnings approach, whereby distributions received from equity method investments are classified as cash flows from operations to the extent of equity earnings and then as cash flows from investing activities thereafter. Refer to Note 7, Investments in Affiliates, for further discussion.
 (m) Property, Plant and Equipment
 Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is generally computed on a straight-line basis over estimated useful life of the respective assets, except for tooling which is depreciated using the consumption method over the estimated productive life of the asset. The useful lives of the Company's assets are as follows:

 Computers
 3 years

 Software
 3 to 5 years

 Demo trucks
 2 years

 Vehicles
 5 years

 Machinery and equipment

 3 to 20 years

 Furniture and fixtures

 7 years

 Leasehold improvements

 Shorter of useful life or lease term

 Tooling
 Based off estimated production quantity

 Buildings

 20 to 40 years

 Deposits on equipment are reclassified from long-term deposits to property, plant and equipment upon receipt or transfer of title of the related equipment.
 (n) Leases
 The Company determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. This determination depends on whether the arrangement conveys the right to control the use of an explicitly or implicitly identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Control of an underlying asset is conveyed if the Company obtains the right to direct the use of and obtains substantially all of the economic benefits from using the underlying asset. The Company classifies leases with contractual terms greater than 12 months as either operating or finance. Leases with terms of 12 months or less are not recognized as right-of-use assets or lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets pursuant to the short-term lease exclusion.
 Lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments, reduced by lease incentives, at the lease commencement date. The Company uses an incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of lease payments when the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. The Company's incremental borrowing rate is the rate of interest that it would have to pay to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments, on a collateralized basis and in a similar economic environment over a similar term.

 Lease assets are recognized based on the related lease liabilities, plus any prepaid lease payments and initial direct costs from executing the leasing arrangement. The lease term includes the base, non-cancelable lease term, and any options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain, at commencement, that the Company will exercise such options.
 Finance lease assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the assets or the lease term. The interest component of a finance lease is included in interest expense, net on the consolidated statements of operations and recognized using the effective interest method over the lease term. Operating lease assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Leases with terms of 12 months or less at commencement are expensed over the lease term. The Company has also elected not to separate lease and non-lease components within a leasing arrangement related to the Company's existing classes of assets. Non-lease components primarily include payments for maintenance and utilities.
 Variable payments related to a lease are expensed as incurred. These costs often relate to payments for real estate taxes, insurance, common area maintenance, and other operating costs in addition to base rent.
 (o) Goodwill
 The Company records goodwill when consideration paid in a purchase acquisition exceeds the fair value of the net tangible assets and the identified intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized, but rather is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if facts and circumstances warrant a review. The Company has determined that there is a single reporting unit for the purpose of the goodwill impairment test, which is performed annually. For purposes of assessing the impairment of goodwill, the Company performs a qualitative analysis on December 31 of each year to determine if events or changes in circumstances indicate the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value.
 Factors considered which could trigger a further impairment review include, but are not limited to, significant under-performance relative to historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of use of the acquired assets, the Company's overall business strategy, and significant industry or macroeconomic trends. If the qualitative analysis indicates that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable based on the existence of one or more of the above indicators, recoverability is determined by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to net future undiscounted cash flows that the asset is expected to generate. An impairment charge would then be recognized equal to the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair-market value of the asset.
 There was no impairment of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
 (p) Intangible Assets with Indefinite Useful Lives
 The Company is required to test its intangible assets with indefinite lives for impairment annually using the guidance for indefinite-lived intangible assets. The Company's evaluation consists of first assessing qualitative factors to determine if impairment of the asset is more likely than not. If it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired, the Company determines the fair value of the asset and records an impairment charge if the carrying amount exceeds the fair value.
 There were no impairments of indefinite-lived intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. See Note 6, Intangible Assets, Net, for further discussion.
 For intangible assets acquired in a non-monetary exchange, the estimated fair value of the shares transferred are used to establish their recorded values.
 (q) Long-Lived Assets and Finite Lived Intangibles
 The Company has finite lived intangible assets related to licenses. The Company reviews its long-lived assets and finite lived intangibles for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The events and circumstances the Company monitors and considers include significant decreases in the market price of similar assets, significant adverse changes to the extent and manner in which the asset is used, an adverse change in legal factors or business climate, an accumulation of costs that exceed the estimated cost to acquire or develop a similar asset, and continuing losses that exceed forecasted costs. The Company assesses the recoverability of these assets by comparing the carrying amount of such assets or asset group to the future undiscounted cash flow it expects the assets or asset group to generate. The Company recognizes an impairment loss if the sum of the expected long-term undiscounted cash flows that the long-lived asset is expected to generate is less than the carrying amount of the long-lived asset being evaluated. An impairment charge would then be recognized equal to the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset.

 There were no impairments of long-lived assets for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. See Note 4, Balance Sheet Components, and Note 6, Intangible Assets, Net, for further discussion.
 (r) Income Taxes
 The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis.
 A valuation allowance is recognized when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Due to the Company's lack of earnings history, the net deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return are accounted for using the more likely than not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement.
 (s) Stock-based Compensation
 The Company recognizes the cost of stock-based awards granted to employees and directors based on the estimated grant-date fair value of the awards. Cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period, which is generally the vesting period of the award. The Company reverses previously recognized costs for unvested awards in the period forfeitures occur. The fair value of restricted stock unit ("RSU") awards is determined using the closing price of the Company's common stock on the grant date. The fair value of market based RSU awards ("Market Based RSUs") is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model that utilizes significant assumptions, including volatility, that determine the probability of satisfying the market condition stipulated in the award to calculate the fair value of the award.
 During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company issued replacement awards in connection with the Romeo Acquisition in exchange for awards held by employees of Romeo who became employees of the Company. The portion of the acquiree awards that are attributable to pre-acquisition service are recognized as purchase consideration. The portion of the replacement awards attributable to post-acquisition service are recognized as compensation expense and classified in the consolidated statements of operations according to the activities that the employees perform.
 (t) Warrant Liability
 The Company may issue common stock warrants with debt, equity or as a standalone financing instruments that are recorded as either liabilities or equity in accordance with the respective accounting guidance. Warrants recorded as equity are recorded at their relative fair value determined at the issuance date and remeasurement is not required. Warrants recorded as liabilities are recorded at their fair value, within other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, and remeasured on each reporting date with changes recorded in revaluation of warrant liability on the Company's consolidated statements of operations.
 (u) Revenue Recognition
 Truck sales consist of revenue recognized on the sales of the Company's trucks. The sale of a truck is generally recognized as a single performance obligation at the point in time when control is transferred to the customer, which has historically been only the Company's dealers. Control is generally deemed transferred when the product is picked up by the carrier and the dealer can direct the product's use and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from the product. The Company may offer certain after-market upgrades at the request of dealers. If a contract contains more than one distinct performance obligation, the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on the standalone selling price of each performance obligation. In accordance with state law and the Company's dealer agreements, the Company may be required to repurchase dealer inventory in the event a dealer agreement is terminated, and accounts for these as sales with right of return.
 Revenue is recognized based on the transaction price, which is measured as the amount of consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring the product pursuant to the terms of the contract with its dealer. The transaction price may be adjusted, if applicable, for variable consideration, such as rebates and financing costs on floor plan arrangements, which requires the Company to make estimates for the portion of these allowances that have yet to be credited to dealers.

 Payments for trucks sold are made in accordance with the Company's customary payment terms. The Company has elected an accounting policy whereby the Company does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component because, at contract inception, the Company expects the period between the time when the Company transfers a promised good or service to the dealer and the time when the dealer pays for that good or service will be one year or less. Sales tax collected from dealers is not considered revenue and is accrued until remitted to the taxing authorities. Shipping and handling activities occur after the dealer has obtained control of the product, thus the Company has elected to account for those expenses as fulfillment costs in cost of revenues, rather than an additional promised service.
 Service and other revenues primarily consist of sales of charging products, service parts, after-market parts, service and labor, and hydrogen. Sales are generally recognized as a single performance obligation at the point in time when control is transferred to the customer. Control is deemed transferred when the product is delivered to the customer and the customer can direct the product's use and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from the asset. Payment for products sold are made in accordance with the Company's customary payment terms and the Company's contracts do not have significant financing components. The Company has elected to exclude sales taxes from the measurement of the transaction price.
 (v) Product Warranties and Recall Campaigns
 Product warranty costs are recognized upon transfer of control of trucks to dealers, and are estimated based on factors including the length of the warranty (generally 2 to 5 years), product costs, and product failure rates. Warranty reserves are reviewed and adjusted quarterly to ensure that accruals are adequate to meet expected future warranty obligations. Estimating future warranty costs is highly subjective and requires significant management judgment. Management believes that the accruals are adequate, however, based on the limited historical information available, it is possible that substantial additional charges may be required in future periods based on new information or changes in facts and circumstances. The Company's accrual includes estimates of the replacement costs for covered parts which is based on historical experience. This could be impacted by contractual changes with third-party suppliers or the need to identify new suppliers and the engineering and design costs that would accompany such a change. Increases in estimated replacement costs of 10% could increase accrued warranty costs by $ 1.4 million. The warranty accrual also includes estimated failure rates for certain components covered by the warranty. There is limited history to inform these estimates due to the recent launch of the Company's products, and changes to the estimated failure rates of 10% could increase the accrual by $ 1.1 million.
 Recall campaign costs are recognized when a product recall liability is probable and related amounts are reasonably estimable. Costs are estimated based on the number of trucks to be repaired and the required repairs including engineering and development, product costs, labor rates, and shipping. Estimating the cost to repair the trucks is highly subjective and requires significant management judgment. Based on information that is currently available, management believes that the accruals are adequate. It is possible that substantial additional charges may be required in future periods based on new information, changes in facts and circumstances, availability of materials from key suppliers, and actions the Company may commit to or be required to undertake.
 During the third quarter of 2023, the Company filed a voluntary recall with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration for the Company's BEV trucks. The recall was initiated as a result of preliminary results of the Company's battery pack thermal event investigation. The investigation was in response to a thermal event caused by a battery pack defect and is ongoing. The Company has transported all BEV trucks to the Company's manufacturing facility where they are being retrofit with battery packs from another supplier. The Company accrued recall campaign costs of $ 65.8 million, of which $ 3.0 million has been incurred through December 31, 2023 for the BEV trucks that are expected to be returned to dealers and their retail customers once the recall work is complete. The accrual includes estimates of product costs which are based upon historical experience. This could be impacted by contractual changes with third-party suppliers or the need to identify new suppliers and the engineering and design costs that would accompany such a change. Increases to the estimated product costs of 10% could increase the accrual by $ 4.3 million. The Company placed a temporary hold on new BEV truck shipments until its

 BEV truck inventory has been retrofit with alternative battery packs. See Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information.
 The change in warranty liability for the year ended December 31, 2023 is summarized as follows:

 Warranty liability

 Accrued warranty at December 31, 2021
 $
 —

 Warranties issued in period - product warranty
 8,079

 Warranty costs incurred
 ( 291)

 Accrued warranty at December 31, 2022
 7,788

 Warranties issued in period - product warranty
 11,888

 Warranties issued in period - recall campaign
 65,778

 Net changes in liability for pre-existing warranties
 ( 2,622)

 Warranty costs incurred
 ( 3,886)

 Accrued warranty at December 31, 2023
 $
 78,946

 (w) Research and Development Expense
 Research and development expense consist of outsourced engineering services, allocated facilities costs, depreciation, internal engineering and development expenses, materials, labor, stock-based compensation related to development of the Company's products and services, and expenses related to operating the manufacturing plant until the start of commercial production. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.
 (x) Selling, General, and Administrative Expense
 Selling, general, and administrative expense consist of personnel related expenses for corporate, executive, finance, and other administrative functions, expenses for outside professional services, including legal, audit and accounting services, as well as expenses for facilities, depreciation, amortization, travel, and marketing costs. Personnel related expenses consist of salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation.
 Advertising expense is expensed as incurred and was $ 2.0 million, $ 2.0 million and $ 1.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
 (y) Other Income (Expense)
 Other income (expense) consists of revaluation gains and losses on derivative assets and liabilities, grant income received from various governmental entities, foreign currency gains and losses, unrealized gains and losses on investments, and gains and losses on the sale of equipment. Grant income is recognized as income over the periods necessary to match the income on a systematic basis to the costs that it is intended to compensate.
 For the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized a $ 2.2 million loss, $ 1.0 million gain, and $ 1.4 million gain respectively, related to foreign currency adjustments.
 (z) Net Loss Per Share
 Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss for the period by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period.
 Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss, adjusted for the revaluation of warrant liability, by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, adjusted for the dilutive effect of shares of common stock

 equivalents resulting from the assumed exercise of the warrants. The treasury stock method is used to calculate the potential dilutive effect of these common stock equivalents.
 (aa)Recent Accounting Pronouncements.
 Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted
 In October 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-06 to clarify or improve disclosure and presentation requirements of a variety of topics, which will allow users to more easily compare entities subject to the SEC's existing disclosures with those entities that were not previously subject to the requirements, and align the requirements in the FASB accounting standard codification with the SEC's regulations. The Company is currently evaluating the provisions of the amendments and the impact on its future consolidated statements
 In December 2023, FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes, to enhance income tax disclosures to address investor requests for more information about the tax risks and opportunities present in an entity's worldwide operation. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. The Company plans to adopt ASU 2023-09 for the year ended December 31, 2025, and is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

 3. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
 Romeo Acquisition
 On October 14, 2022, the Company completed the Romeo Acquisition. Under the terms of the acquisition, the Company acquired each of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock, par value $ 0.0001 per share, of Romeo ("Romeo Common Stock") in exchange for 0.1186 of a share (the "Romeo Exchange Ratio") of the Company's common stock, rounded down to the nearest whole number of shares.
 Total consideration for the acquisition of Romeo is summarized as follows:

 Purchase consideration

 Fair value of Nikola common stock issued to Romeo stockholders(1)

 $
 67,535

 Settlement of pre-existing relationships in the form of loan forgiveness(2)

 27,923

 Settlement of pre-existing relationships in the form of accounts payable
 ( 18,216)

 Fair value of outstanding stock compensation awards attributable to pre-acquisition services(3)

 1,345

 Total purchase consideration
 $
 78,587

 (1)Represents the acquisition date fair value of 22.1 million shares of Nikola common stock issued to Romeo stockholders, based on the Romeo Exchange Ratio for each outstanding share of Romeo Common Stock, at the October 14, 2022 closing price of $ 3.06 per share.
 (2)The Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization dated July 30, 2022 (the "Merger Agreement") with Romeo. Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, Romeo entered into a loan agreement (the "Loan Agreement") with the Company as the lender. The Loan Agreement provided for a facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $ 30.0 million (subject to certain incremental increases of up to $ 20.0 million), which were available for drawing subject to certain terms and conditions set forth in the Loan Agreement. Interest was payable on borrowings under the facility at the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR") plus 8.00 %. Upon closing, the loan and related accrued interest were forgiven and considered part of the purchase price. As of acquisition close, Romeo had drawn $ 12.5 million on the loan and accrued $ 0.1 million in interest.
 Additionally, as part of the Loan Agreement entered into with Romeo, the Company agreed to a short-term battery price increase. Through the acquisition close, the Company recorded $ 15.3 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets related to the incremental pack price increase, which was considered part of the purchase consideration upon close.

 3. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS (Continued)

 (3)Represents the portion of the fair value of the replacement awards related to services provided prior to the acquisition. The remaining portion of the fair value is associated with future service and will be recognized as expense over the future service period.
 The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations ("ASC 805"). The purchase price was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The acquisition resulted in goodwill due to the purchase consideration exceeding the estimated fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired by $ 1.5 million.
 During the second quarter of 2023, the Company transferred ownership of all of Romeo's right, title and interest in and to all of its tangible and intangible assets to an Assignee, who is designated Assignee to act as the assignee for the benefit of creditors of Romeo. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the operations of Romeo are reported as discontinued operations on the Company's consolidated statements of operation. Refer to Note 11. Deconsolidation of Subsidiary, for additional information.
 The Company incurred transaction expenses of approximately $ 7.3 million (excluding $ 7.3 million associated with discontinued operations) for the year ended December 31, 2022, which are recognized in selling, general and administrative expense on the Company's consolidated statements of operations.

 4. BALANCE SHEET COMPONENTS
 Inventory consisted of the following at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

 2023
 2022

 Raw materials
 $
 32,889
 $
 52,442

 Work-in-process
 15,486
 9,646

 Finished goods
 8,206
 47,677

 Service parts
 6,007
 2,105

 Total inventory
 $
 62,588
 $
 111,870

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company reclassified all BEV truck finished goods inventory to work in process to be retrofit with alternative battery packs related to the Company's voluntary recall. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company wrote down BEV inventory related to the battery packs, cells and other BEV components for $ 45.7 million which were deemed excess or obsolete due to the voluntary recall.

 4. BALANCE SHEET COMPONENTS (Continued)

 Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
 Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

 2023
 2022

 Prepaid expenses
 $
 6,152
 $
 5,333

 Non-trade receivables
 5,570
 6,064

 Inventory deposits

 4,843

 Holdback receivable

 3,655
 —

 Prepaid insurance premiums
 2,148
 3,611

 Deposits
 1,643
 3,917

 Prepaid software

 1,421
 1,015

 Deferred implementation costs
 2,101

 Headquarters sale agreement receivable
 —
 5,487

 Total prepaid expenses and other current assets
 $
 25,911
 $
 27,943

 Deferred implementation costs
 Deferred implementation costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the related software. During the second quarter of 2022, the Company re-assessed the estimated useful life of its existing enterprise resource planning system as a result of a new system implementation, resulting in a shorter useful life and prospective change in amortization.
 The Company recorded $ 0.5 million and $ 2.8 million of amortization expense on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to deferred implementation costs. Amortization expense during the year ended December 31, 2021 was immaterial.
 Non-trade receivables
 For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized government grant income totaling $ 2.7 million, $ 1.2 million and $ 2.4 million, respectively, in connection with the Arizona Qualified Facility Tax Credit ("QFTC"). As GAAP does not contain authoritative accounting standards on this topic, the Company accounted for the QFTC by analogy to International Accounting Standards 20 ("IAS 20"), Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance. Under IAS 20, the grant is recognized on a systematic basis over the periods in which the qualifying expenses are incurred when it is determined that receipt of the grant is no longer contingent. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $ 2.0 million and $ 1.2 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company must continue to maintain compliance of the QFTC within the meaning of A.R.S. § 41-1512(X)(5) and, in respect to at least 51% of the then Qualified Eligible Person ("QEP"), to continue to pay at least the applicable threshold wage, to qualify for the tax credits related to the Phoenix, Arizona facility for a maximum of $ 6.1 million, in five equal installments of $ 1.2 million and the tax credits related to the Coolidge, Arizona facility for a maximum of $ 3.7 million, in five equal installments of $ 0.7 million.

 4. BALANCE SHEET COMPONENTS (Continued)

 Property, Plant and Equipment, Net
 Property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

 2023
 2022

 Buildings
 $
 239,918
 $
 127,797

 Construction-in-progress
 135,994
 209,187

 Equipment
 67,657
 35,257

 Tooling
 39,389
 17,693

 Finance lease assets
 37,504
 2,193

 Software
 8,649
 8,568

 Land
 7,957
 24,762

 Other
 4,926
 3,501

 Leasehold improvements
 3,100
 2,953

 Furniture and fixtures
 1,483
 1,492

 Demo vehicles

 15,215

 Property, plant and equipment, gross
 547,365
 448,618

 Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization
 ( 43,949)
 ( 30,833)

 Total property, plant and equipment, net
 $
 503,416
 $
 417,785

 Construction-in-progress on the Company's consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 relates primarily to the development of hydrogen infrastructure.
 Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 28.9 million, $ 14.4 million and $ 8.2 million, respectively.
 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company reassessed the useful lives of its BEV demo vehicles due to the recall in the current year, and subsequently retired all demo vehicles.
 In July 2023, the Company executed a membership interest and asset purchase agreement (the "FFI Purchase Agreement") with FFI. Pursuant to the terms of the FFI Purchase Agreement, FFI Phoenix Hub Holdings, LLC, acquired 100 % of the interests in Phoenix Hydrogen Hub, LLC, the Company's wholly owned subsidiary holding the assets related to the Phoenix hydrogen hub project, including land and construction-in-progress. The Company received net proceeds of $ 20.7 million during the third quarter of 2023 pursuant to the terms of the FFI Purchase Agreement. The Company's proceeds are net of a $ 3.7 million holdback, which the Company recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets, on the consolidated balance sheets.

 4. BALANCE SHEET COMPONENTS (Continued)

 Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

 2023
 2022

 Settlement liabilities

 $
 91,330
 $
 90,000

 Warranty liability, current

 65,703
 1,484

 Accrued purchase of intangible asset
 13,796
 32,126

 8,871
 —

 Inventory received not yet invoiced
 8,642
 18,167

 Other accrued expenses
 5,137
 2,152

 Accrued outsourced engineering services
 4,207
 8,056

 Accrued payroll and payroll related expenses
 3,254
 8,298

 Accrued purchases of property, plant and equipment
 2,458
 3,587

 Operating lease liabilities, current
 1,867
 1,979

 Accrued legal expenses
 1,708
 2,041

 Accrued Equity Distribution Agreement Fees
 1,681

 Supply agreement revision commitment
 —
 10,000

 Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities
 $
 207,022
 $
 179,571

 Settlement liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 include $ 84.0 million related to the SEC settlement and $ 1.8 million in expected settlements related to the Lion Electric matter, each discussed further under Legal Proceedings in Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies. Settlement liabilities also include $ 3.0 million related to a dispute over consulting services, $ 2.0 million related to insurance claims expected to be paid following thermal events and $ 0.6 million related to a fastener settlement.

 5. LEASES
 As of December 31, 2023 the Company leased land in Colton, California related to the development of hydrogen infrastructure, buildings for warehousing and office space in Arizona and in California, mobile fueling and hydrogen infrastructure assets, and equipment under noncancellable operating and finance leases expiring at various dates through March 2033. Certain of the Company's leases as of December 31, 2023, contain purchase options and options to renew that the Company has deemed reasonably certain to exercise. The Company's lease agreements do not contain material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

 5. LEASES (Continued)

 The following table summarizes the effects of finance and operating lease costs in the Company's consolidated statements of operations:

 Consolidated Statements of Operations Caption
 Year Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Operating lease cost:

 Lease cost

 $
 2,622
 $
 1,182
 $

 Variable lease cost(1)

 Total operating lease cost
 2,841
 1,394

 Short-term lease cost
 Research and development, Selling, general and administrative and Cost of revenues

 3,617
 1,744
 1,155

 Finance lease cost:

 Amortization of right of use assets
 Research and development, Selling, general and administrative and Cost of revenues

 2,758

 Interest on lease liabilities

 Variable lease cost(1)

 Selling, general and administrative and Cost of revenues

 Total finance lease cost
 1,776
 4,285

 Total lease cost
 $
 8,234
 $
 3,579
 $
 5,596

 (1) Variable lease costs were not included in the measurement of the operating and finance lease liabilities and primarily include property taxes, property insurance and common area maintenance expenses.
 Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:

 Classification

 2023
 2022

 Assets

 Finance lease assets, net
 $
 36,106
 $
 1,774

 Operating lease assets
 6,358
 7,936

 Total lease assets
 $
 42,464
 $
 9,710

 Liabilities

 Current:

 Debt and finance lease liabilities, current
 $
 6,312
 $

 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
 1,867
 1,979

 Non-current:

 26,395

 4,765
 6,091

 Total lease liabilities
 $
 39,339
 $
 9,255

 5. LEASES (Continued)

 2023
 2022

 Weighted average remaining lease term (years)

 Finance leases
 3.97
 4.23

 Operating leases
 5.66
 5.98

 Weighted average discount rate

 Finance leases
 9.58
 %
 4.94
 %

 Operating leases
 6.29
 %
 5.92
 %

 Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:

 2023
 2022

 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities

 Operating cash flow for finance leases
 $
 $

 Operating cash flow for operating leases
 2,502
 1,102

 Leased assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities

 Finance leases
 $
 32,820
 $
 1,547

 Operating leases
 6,176

 Maturities of the Company's lease liabilities are as follows:

 Finance leases
 Operating leases
 Total

 2024
 $
 9,182
 $
 2,186
 $
 11,368

 2025
 7,927
 1,364
 9,291

 2026
 15,370
 1,287
 16,657

 2027
 4,514
 5,034

 2028
 3,051
 3,517

 Thereafter
 2,197
 2,346

 Total lease payments
 $
 40,193
 $
 8,020
 $
 48,213

 Less: imputed interest
 7,486
 1,388
 8,874

 Total lease liabilities
 $
 32,707
 $
 6,632
 $
 39,339

 Less: current portion
 6,312
 1,867
 8,179

 Long-term lease liabilities
 $
 26,395
 $
 4,765
 $
 31,160

 6. INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET
 The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of separately identifiable intangible assets are as follows:

 As of December 31, 2023

 Gross Carrying
 Accumulated
Amortization
 Net Carrying

 Licenses:

 S-WAY Product and Platform license
 $
 $
 12,500
 $
 37,500

 FCPM license
 —

 Other intangibles
 1,650
 1,179

 Total intangible assets
 $
 98,831
 $
 12,971
 $
 85,860

 As of December 31, 2022

 Gross Carrying
 Accumulated
Amortization
 Net Carrying

 Licenses:

 S-WAY Product and Platform license
 $
 $
 5,357
 $
 44,643

 FCPM license
 —

 Other intangibles

 Total intangible assets
 $
 97,981
 $
 5,508
 $
 92,473

 Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 7.4 million and $ 5.5 million, respectively. Amortization expense for the year ended 2021 was immaterial.
 In 2019, the Company was granted a non-exclusive and non-transferable license to intellectual property used in the Iveco S-WAY Platform and Product, which is the cab over engine truck manufactured by Iveco S.p. A ("Iveco"). The material rights under the license agreement include the non-exclusive use of the S-WAY key technology to manufacture, distribute and service BEV and FCEV trucks and related components in the United States, and the ability to grant the use of the key technology to the Company's North American sub-suppliers. The license was placed in service in the second quarter of 2022 commensurate with the start of production of the BEV. The license will be amortized over a 7 -year useful life, as it reflects the period over which the sales of BEV and FCEV trucks utilizing Iveco S-WAY platform are expected to contribute to the Company's cash flows. The Company recorded $ 7.1 million and $ 5.4 million of amortization expense to cost of revenues on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to the S-WAY license.
 In 2021, the Company was granted a non-exclusive and non-transferable license to intellectual property that will be used to adapt, further develop and assemble FCPMs for use in the production of the Company's FCEV. The license was accounted for as an asset acquisition and the accumulated cost of the license was determined to be 40.0 million or $ 47.2 million. As of December 31, 2023, the Company accrued 12.5 million or $ 13.8 million in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and 5.0 million or $ 5.5 million in other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets related to the payments for the license. As of December 31, 2022, the Company accrued 30.0 million or $ 32.1 million in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The payment schedule for the license was amended in 2023, pursuant to which payments will be made in two remaining installments in 2024 and 2025. The Company will amortize the license beginning at the start of in-house FCPM production, and the expected useful life is 7 years. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has not started amortizing the license.

 6. INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET (Continued)

 Estimated amortization expense for all intangible assets subject to amortization in future years is expected to be:

 Amortization

 2024
 $
 12,455

 2025
 14,140

 2026
 13,990

 2027
 13,940

 2028
 13,940

 Thereafter
 17,395

 Total
 $
 85,860

 7. INVESTMENTS IN AFFILIATES
 Investments in unconsolidated affiliates accounted for under the equity method consisted of the following:

 Ownership as of December 31, 2023

 2023
 2022

 Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH
 —
 %
 $
 —
 $
 4,142

 Wabash Valley Resources LLC
 %
 57,062
 57,674

 Nikola - TA HRS 1, LLC
 —
 %
 —
 1,000

 $
 57,062
 $
 62,816

 Equity in net loss of affiliates on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Equity in net loss of affiliates:

 Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH
 $
 ( 15,556)
 $
 ( 20,394)
 $
 ( 3,900)

 Wabash Valley Resources LLC
 ( 862)
 ( 271)

 Total equity in net loss of affiliates
 $
 ( 16,418)
 $
 ( 20,665)
 $
 ( 3,580)

 Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH
 In April 2020, the Company and Iveco became parties to a series of agreements which established a joint venture in Europe, Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH. The operations of the joint venture were located in Ulm, Germany, and consisted of manufacturing the FCEV and BEV Class 8 trucks for the European market. The agreements provided for a 50 / 50 ownership of the joint venture and a 50 / 50 allocation of the joint venture's production volumes and profits between Nikola and Iveco. Both parties were entitled to appoint an equal number of members to the shareholders' committee of the joint venture. Pursuant to the terms of the agreements and amended contribution agreement, the Company and Iveco each contributed cash and intellectual property licenses to their respective technology.
 Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH was considered a VIE due to insufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support. The Company was not considered the primary beneficiary as it did not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impacted the economic performance based on the terms of the agreements. Accordingly, the VIE was accounted for under the equity method.

 7. INVESTMENTS IN AFFILIATES (Continued)

 During the year ended December 31, 2022 the Company made total contributions to Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH of 20.0 million (approximately $ 21.8 million). During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021 no contributions were made to Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH.
 On June 29, 2023 (the "Divestiture Closing"), the Company and Iveco executed the European Joint Venture Transaction Agreement (the "Transaction Agreement") whereby the Company sold its 50 % equity interest in Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH to Iveco for $ 35.0 million. In conjunction with the Transaction Agreement, the Company issued an intellectual property license agreement (the "License Agreement"), which grants Iveco and Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH a non-exclusive, perpetual, irrevocable, fully sublicensable, transferable, and fully assignable license ("Licensed Software") to software and controls technology related to the BEV and FCEV. According to the terms of the Transaction Agreement, the Company was eligible to receive 20.6 million shares of its own common stock from Iveco, contingent on successful due diligence ("Software Due Diligence") performed by Iveco and its consultants on the Licensed Software delivered to Iveco on the Divestiture Closing pursuant to the License Agreement. The Software Due Diligence was evaluated based on mutually agreed criteria between Iveco and the Company.
 On the Divestiture Closing, the Company recognized a gain equal to the difference between the consideration received and its basis in the Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH investment, consisting of a liability balance of $ 11.4 million for investment in affiliates, and cumulative currency translation losses of $ 1.5 million. The delivery of the Licensed Software on the Divestiture Closing was determined to represent a right to use the Licensed Software and the performance obligation was satisfied upon the delivery of the Licensed Software on Divestiture Closing. The Company recognized gains related to the derecognition of its basis in Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH and delivery of the Licensed Software in gain on divestiture of affiliate on the consolidated statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized a gain of $ 70.8 million in gain on divestiture of affiliates consisting of the following:

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Cash consideration received
 $
 35,000

 Contingent stock consideration receivable
 25,956

 Derecognition of investment in affiliate
 11,428

 Derecognition of cumulative currency translation losses
 ( 1,535)

 $
 70,849

 Contingent stock consideration received
 The contingent stock consideration was accounted for as variable consideration and included in total consideration as of Divestiture Closing, as it was not probable that a significant reversal of such consideration would occur upon resolution of the contingency. On August 3, 2023, the Software Due Diligence was deemed successful, and Iveco transferred to the Company 20.6 million shares of Nikola common stock, which were immediately retired. The Company recognized the fair value of the common stock upon receipt in accumulated deficit on the consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of the contingent stock consideration was measured based on the closing price of the Company's common stock price, with changes in fair value recognized in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations.
 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the change in fair value of the contingent stock consideration was as follows:

 Stock consideration receivable

 Fair value at June 29, 2023

 $
 25,956

 Change in fair value
 43,981

 Receipt of shares for stock consideration

 ( 69,937)

 Fair value at December 31, 2023

 $
 —

 Wabash Valley Resources LLC
 On June 22, 2021, the Company entered into a MIPA with WVR and the Sellers, pursuant to which, the Company purchased a 20 % equity interest in WVR in exchange for $ 25.0 million in cash and 1,682,367 shares of the Company's common

 7. INVESTMENTS IN AFFILIATES (Continued)

 stock. The common stock consideration was calculated based on the Company's 30-day average closing stock price, or $ 14.86 per share, and the Company issued 1,682,367 shares of its common stock. As of the WVR Closing Date, the fair value of the stock consideration and Put Right was $ 32.4 million, based upon the closing price of the Company's common stock as of the WVR Closing Date and fair value of the embedded Put Right. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for additional details related to the Put Right.
 The Company's interest in WVR is accounted for under the equity method and is included in investment in affiliates on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. As of the WVR Closing Date, the fair value of the Company's investment in WVR was $ 57.4 million, which consists of the Company's cash, common stock consideration, and the Put Right. Subsequently, the Put Right was removed and replaced with the Price Differential. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for further details.
 Included in the initial carrying value was a basis difference of $ 55.5 million due to the difference between the cost of the investment and the Company's proportionate share of WVR's net assets. The basis difference is primarily comprised of property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets.
 As of December 31, 2023, the Company's maximum exposure to loss was $ 57.6 million, which represents the book value of the Company's equity interest and a loan to WVR for $ 0.5 million.
 Nikola - TA HRS 1, LLC
 In March 2022, the Company and Travel Centers of America, Inc. ("TA") entered into a series of agreements which established a joint venture, Nikola - TA HRS 1, LLC. The operations expected to be performed by the joint venture consist of the development, operation and maintenance of a hydrogen fueling station.
 The agreements provided for 50 / 50 ownership of the joint venture. Both parties were entitled to appoint an equal number of board members to the management committee of the joint venture. Pursuant to the terms of the agreements, the Company contributed $ 1.0 million to Nikola - TA HRS 1, LLC in 2022.
 Nikola - TA HRS 1, LLC was considered a VIE due to insufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support. The Company was not considered the primary beneficiary as it did not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance based on the terms of the agreements. Accordingly, the VIE was accounted for under the equity method.
 The Company did not guarantee debt for, or have other financial support obligations to the entity and its maximum exposure to loss in connection with its continuing involvement with the entity was limited to the carrying value of the investment.
 On November 29, 2023, (the "Dissolution Closing"), the Company and TA executed the dissolution agreement of Nikola TA HRS 1, LLC (the "Dissolution Agreement") whereby the Company and TA mutually agreed to terminate efforts related to the joint development of the hydrogen fueling station, and accordingly, dissolve Nikola - TA, HRS 1, LLC. Upon the Dissolution Closing, the Company received a distribution equal to its basis in the investment, resulting in no gain or loss on the consolidated statements of operations.

 8. DEBT AND FINANCE LEASE LIABILITIES
 A summary of debt and finance lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

 2023
 2022

 Current:

 $
 6,312
 $

 Insurance premium financing
 1,852
 1,999

 Promissory notes
 9,309

 Financing obligations

 —

 Senior Convertible Notes

 —

 Debt and finance lease liabilities, current
 $
 8,950
 $
 61,675

 Non-current:

 Toggle Convertible Notes

 $
 124,061
 $
 199,786

 Financing obligations

 101,470
 50,359

 26,395

 8.25 % Convertible Notes

 15,047
 —

 Promissory notes
 2,306
 39,165

 $
 269,279
 $
 290,128

 The fair values of the following debt obligations are estimated using level 2 fair value inputs, including stock price and risk-free rates. The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair values:

 As of December 31, 2023

 Carrying Value
 Fair Value

 June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes

 $
 115,097
 $
 100,516

 8.25 % Convertible Notes

 15,047
 25,579

 June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes

 8,964
 10,108

 Promissory notes

 3,005
 2,955

 Insurance premium financings

 1,852
 1,854

 Term Note
 In January 2018, the Company entered into a term note with JP Morgan Chase, pursuant to which, the Company borrowed $ 4.1 million to fund equipment purchases. The term note accrued interest at 2.43 % per annum and was payable on or before January 31, 2019. The term note was secured by restricted cash.
 In February 2019, the Company amended the term note to extend its term by one year and increased the interest rate to 3.00 % per annum. In February 2020, the Company amended the term note to extend its term for one year, to January 31, 2021. The term note accrued interest at a rate equal to the LIBOR rate for the applicable interest period multiplied by the statutory reserve rate as determined by the Federal Reserve Board. During the first quarter of 2021, the Company repaid the $ 4.1 million term note.
 Toggle Convertible Notes
 In June 2022, the Company completed a private placement of $ 200.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Company's June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes, which will mature on May 31, 2026. The June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of June 1, 2022 (the "June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture").

 In April 2023, the Company completed an exchange of $ 100.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Company's June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes for the issuance of $ 100.0 million aggregate principal amount of April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, which will mature on May 31, 2026. The April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes were issued pursuant to the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture. In conjunction with the issuance of the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, the Company executed the first supplemental indenture to the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture dated as of April 3, 2023 (the "First Supplemental Indenture to June 2022 Notes"), and the second supplemental indenture to the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture dated as of April 10, 2023 (the "Second Supplemental Indenture to June 2022 Notes"), which First Supplemental Indenture to June 2022 Notes, among other things, amended the conversion provisions of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture.
 Additionally, in June 2023, the Company completed a private placement of $ 11.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Company's June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, which will mature on May 31, 2026. The June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes were issued pursuant to the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture (together with the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture and the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture, the "Toggle Convertible Notes Indentures"). The June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes were issued in consideration as a consent fee to the holders for execution of the third supplemental indenture to the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture dated as of June 23, 2023 (the "Third Supplemental Indenture to June 2022 Notes"), and the first supplemental indenture to the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture dated as of June 23, 2023 (the "First Supplemental Indenture to April 2023 Notes"), which, among other things, released Romeo as a guarantor of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes and the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, respectively.
 Below is a summary of certain terms of the Toggle Convertible Notes:
 Interest Payments
 The Company can elect to make any Cash Interest payment on the Toggle Convertible Notes, through the issuance of additional Toggle Convertible Notes in the form of PIK Interest, or any combination thereof. Interest on the Toggle Convertible Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears. The interest rates and payment dates for each of the Toggle Convertible Notes is summarized below:

 June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes
 April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes
 June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes

 PIK interest rate (per annum)
 11.00 %
 11.00 %
 8.00 %

 Cash interest rate (per annum)
 8.00 %
 8.00 %
 8.00 %

 Semi-annual interest payable dates
 May 31 and November 30 of each year
 May 31 and November 30 of each year
 June 30 and December 31 of each year

 First interest payment date
 November 30, 2022
 May 31, 2023

 The April 2023 Toggle Convertible Note and June 2023 Toggle Convertible Note shall bear interest at the applicable Cash Interest rate or PIK Interest rate from November 30, 2022 and June 23, 2023, respectively.
 Conversions
 Based on the applicable conversion rate, the Toggle Convertible Notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest are convertible into cash, shares of the Company's common stock or a combination thereof, at the Company's election. However, conversions of the Toggle Convertible Notes were limited in certain instances until the earlier to occur of (x) an increase in the number of authorized shares in an amount sufficient to, among other things, allow for the issuance of common stock underlying such Toggle Convertible Notes and (y) October 11, 2023, and the Company shall elect to settle conversions of the Toggle Convertible Notes in cash until such increase in the number of authorized shares has occurred and in the case of conversions of the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, the Company obtains the stockholder approval contemplated by Nasdaq Rule 5635. The Company amended its Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock from 800,000,000 to 1,600,000,000, following approval by the stockholders at the Company's annual meeting of stockholders on August 3, 2023.

 The initial conversion rates are 114.3602 and 686.8132 shares per $1,000 principal amount of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes and April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, respectively, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments in certain circumstances, which represent initial conversion prices of approximately $ 8.74 and $ 1.46 per share, respectively.
 With respect to the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, the initial conversion rate shall be an amount equal to (a) 674.4258 divided by (b) a quotient, (i) the numerator of which is the sum of (x) the initial principal amount of the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes outstanding immediately prior to such conversion and (y) the aggregate amount capitalized related to PIK Interest issuances in respect of interest that came due on the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes and (ii) the denominator of which is the initial principal amount of the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes.
 The Toggle Convertible Notes Indentures provide that prior to February 28, 2026, the Toggle Convertible Notes will be convertible at the option of the holders only upon the occurrence of specified events and during certain periods, and will be convertible on or after February 28, 2026, at any time until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of the Toggle Convertible Notes.
 Holders of the Toggle Convertible Notes will have the right to convert all or a portion of their Toggle Convertible Notes prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding February 28, 2026 only under the following circumstances: (i) during any fiscal quarter commencing after the fiscal quarter ending on September 30, 2022 for the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes, during any fiscal quarter commencing after the fiscal quarter ending on June 30, 2023 for the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes, during any fiscal quarter commencing after the fiscal quarter ending on September 30, 2023 for the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes (and only during such fiscal quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Common Stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter is greater than or equal to 130 % of the conversion price for the Toggle Convertible Notes on each applicable trading day; (ii) during the five business day period after any ten consecutive trading day period in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of the Toggle Convertible Notes for each trading day of that ten consecutive trading day period was less than 98 % of the product of the last reported sale price of the Common Stock and the conversion rate of the Toggle Convertible Notes on each such trading day; (iii) if the Company calls such Toggle Convertible Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding the redemption date; or (iv) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events.
 Redemption
 Except with respect to the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes as described in the immediately succeeding paragraph, the Company may not redeem the Toggle Convertible Notes prior to June 1, 2025. The Company may redeem the Toggle Convertible Notes in whole or in part, at its option, on or after such date and prior to the 26 th scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, for a cash purchase price equal to the aggregate principal amount of any Toggle Convertible Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest.
 The June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes provide for an additional optional redemption period from the initial issuance of such Toggle Convertible Notes through the first interest payment date of December 31, 2023, in whole and not in part for a cash purchase price equal to the aggregate principal amount of the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes.
 In addition, following certain corporate events that occur prior to the maturity date or following issuance by the Company of a notice of redemption, in certain circumstances, the Company will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its Toggle Convertible Notes (other than the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes) in connection with such a corporate event or who elects to convert any such Toggle Convertible Notes called for redemption during the related redemption period. Additionally, in the event of a fundamental change or a change in control transaction, holders of the Toggle Convertible Notes will have the right to require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of their Toggle Convertible Notes at a price equal to 100 % of the capitalized principal amount of such Toggle Convertible Notes, in the case of a fundamental change, or 130 % of the capitalized principal amount of such Toggle Convertible Notes, in the case of change in control transactions, in each case plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the repurchase date.
 The Toggle Convertible Notes Indentures include restrictive covenants that, subject to specified exceptions, limit the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to incur secured debt in excess of $ 500.0 million, incur other subsidiary guarantees, and sell equity interests of any subsidiary that guarantees the Toggle Convertible Notes. In addition, the Toggle Convertible Notes Indentures include customary terms and covenants, including certain events of default after which the holders may accelerate

 the maturity of the Toggle Convertible Notes issued thereunder and cause them to become due and payable immediately upon such acceleration.
 In conjunction with the issuance of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes, the Company executed the Put Premium which was determined to be an embedded derivative that met the criteria for bifurcation from the host. The total proceeds received were first allocated to the fair value of the bifurcated derivative asset, and the remaining proceeds allocated to the host resulting in an adjustment to the initial purchasers' debt discount.
 The net proceeds from the sale of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes were $ 183.2 million, net of initial purchasers' discounts and debt issuance costs. Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs were reported as a direct deduction from the face amount of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes.
 During the second quarter of 2023, the exchange of $ 100.0 million of June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes for the issuance of $ 100.0 million of April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes was determined to represent a substantial change in terms and extinguishment accounting was applied. The Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $ 20.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. As part of the assessment of the exchange, the Company bifurcated the conversion features on the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes and recognized a derivative liability of $ 21.2 million as of the exchange date, resulting in an adjustment to the debt discount.
 Additionally, during the second quarter of 2023, the execution of the Third Supplemental Indenture to June 2022 Notes and First Supplemental Indenture to April 2023 Notes were deemed modifications to the Toggle Convertible Notes outstanding under the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture and April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes Indenture, respectively, as the amended terms did not substantially change the terms of the respective notes. The consideration paid to the holders in the form of the issuance of the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes was recognized as an issuance cost upon modification and is amortized as an adjustment of interest expense over the remaining terms of the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes and April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes.
 On August 4, 2023, the holders of the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes exercised their conversion right for all the outstanding principal amount. The Company elected to settle the conversion with the issuance of 72,458,789 shares of common stock. The remaining unamortized discount was recognized in interest expense, net on the consolidated statements of operations due to the reclassification of the conversion feature to equity.
 The net carrying amounts of the debt component of the Toggle Convertible Notes as of December 31, 2023 were as follows:

 June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes
 June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes

 Principal amount
 $
 123,478
 $
 11,460

 Accrued PIK interest
 1,170
 —

 Unamortized discount
 ( 2,306)
 ( 2,496)

 Unamortized issuance costs
 ( 7,245)
 —

 Net carrying amount
 $
 115,097
 $
 8,964

 The net carrying amounts of the debt component of the Toggle Convertible Notes as of December 31, 2022 were as follows:

 June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes

 Principal amount
 $
 210,939

 Accrued PIK interest
 1,998

 Unamortized discount
 ( 6,443)

 Unamortized issuance costs
 ( 6,708)

 Net carrying amount
 $
 199,786

 As of December 31, 2023, the effective interest rates on the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes and June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes were 13.90 % and 17.24 %, respectively. Amortization of the debt discount and issuance costs is reported as a component of interest expense and is computed using the straight-line method over the term of the Toggle Convertible Notes, which approximates the effective interest method.
 The following table presents the Company's interest expense related to the June 2022 Toggle Convertible Notes:

 2023
 2022

 Contractual interest expense
 $
 15,744
 $
 12,937

 Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs
 3,333
 2,156

 Total interest expense
 $
 19,077
 $
 15,093

 The following table presents the Company's interest expense related to the April 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes:

 Year Ended

 Contractual interest expense
 $
 3,562

 Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs
 42,242

 Total interest expense
 $
 45,804

 The following table presents the Company's interest expense related to the June 2023 Toggle Convertible Notes:

 Year Ended

 Contractual interest expense
 $

 Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs

 Total interest expense
 $

 Senior Convertible Notes
 First Purchase Agreement Notes
 On December 30, 2022, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the "First Purchase Agreement") with the investors named therein for the sale of up to $ 125.0 million in initial principal amount of unsecured senior convertible notes (the "First Purchase Agreement Notes"), in a registered direct offering. The First Purchase Agreement Notes are convertible into shares of the Company's common stock, subject to certain conditions and limitations. The Company consummated an initial closing for the sale of $ 50.0 million in aggregate principal amount of First Purchase Agreement Notes on December 30, 2022 (the "Series A Notes").
 Subsequent to the initial closing, the Company entered into amended securities purchase agreements (the "Amended Purchase Agreements") pursuant to which the Company consummated additional closings on March 17, 2023 for the sale of $ 25.0 million in aggregate principal amount of First Purchase Agreement Notes (the "Series B-1 Notes"), on May 10, 2023 for the sale of $ 15.0 million in aggregate principal amount of First Purchase Agreement Notes (the "Series B-2 Notes"), and on May 25, 2023 for the sale of $ 12.1 million in aggregate principal amount of First Purchase Agreement Notes (the "Series B-3 Notes"). The purchase price for the First Purchase Agreement Notes is $1,000 per $1,000 principal amount.
 Each First Purchase Agreement Note accrued interest at a rate of 5 % per annum, payable in arrears on the first calendar day of each calendar quarter, beginning April 1, 2023 for the Series A Notes, June 1, 2023 for the Series B-1 Notes and July 1, 2023 for the Series B-2 and Series B-3 Notes. Interest was payable in cash or shares of the Company's common stock or in a combination of cash and shares of common stock, at the Company's option. Each First Purchase Agreement Note issued pursuant to the First Purchase Agreement and Amended Purchase Agreements will have a maturity date of one year from issuance, which may be extended at the option of the noteholders in certain instances. Upon any conversion, redemption or

 other repayment of a First Purchase Agreement Note, a "make-whole" amount equal to the amount of additional interest that would accrue under such First Purchase Agreement Note at the interest rate then in effect assuming that the outstanding principal of such First Purchase Agreement Notes remained outstanding through and including the maturity date of such First Purchase Agreement Note.
 At any time on or after January 9, 2023, all or any portion of the principal amount of each First Purchase Agreement Note, plus accrued and unpaid interest, any make-whole amount and any late charges thereon (the "Conversion Amount"), is convertible at any time, in whole or in part, at the noteholder's option, into shares of the Company's common stock at a conversion price per share (the "Conversion Price") equal to the lower of (i) the applicable "reference price", subject to certain adjustments (the "Reference Price"), (ii) the greater of (x) the applicable "floor price" (the "Floor Price") and (y) the volume weighted average price ("VWAP") of the Common Stock as of the conversion date, and (iii) the greater of (x) the Floor Price, and as elected by the converting noteholder, (y) either (X) depending on the delivery time of the applicable conversion notice, (1) the VWAP as of the applicable conversion date or (2) the VWAP immediately prior to the applicable conversion date and (Y) 95 % of the average VWAP for the three trading days commencing on, and including, the applicable conversion date, subject to adjustment in accordance with the terms of the Notes. The Reference Price and Floor Price applicable to each issuance of First Purchase Agreement Notes is summarized below:

 Reference Price
 Floor Price

 Series A Notes
 $
 5.975
 $
 0.478

 Series B-1 Notes
 $
 4.050
 $
 0.478

 Series B-2 Notes
 $
 2.140
 $
 0.478

 Series B-3 Notes
 $
 1.952
 $
 0.478

 At any time during an Event of Default Redemption Right Period (as defined below), a noteholder may alternatively elect to convert all or any portion of the First Purchase Agreement Notes at an alternate conversion rate (the "Alternate Conversion Rate") equal to the quotient of (i) 115 % of the Conversion Amount divided by (ii) the Conversion Price.
 Upon a change of control, a noteholder may, subject to certain exceptions, require the Company to redeem all, or any portion, of the First Purchase Agreement Notes in cash at a price equal to 115 % of the greatest of: (i) the Conversion Amount, (ii) the product of (x) the Conversion Amount and (y) the quotient of (I) the greatest closing sale price of the common stock during the period beginning on the date immediately preceding the earlier to occur of (1) the consummation of a change of control and (2) the public announcement of such change of control, and ending on the date the noteholder notifies the Company of its exercise of its right to redeem pursuant to the change of control divided by (II) the Conversion Price, and (iii) the product of (x) the Conversion Amount and (y) the quotient of (I) the aggregate consideration per share of common stock to be paid to the holders of the Common Stock upon consummation of such change of control divided by (II) the Conversion Price.
 At any time an "Equity Conditions Failure" (as defined in the First Purchase Agreement Notes) exists at the time of consummation of certain "Subsequent Placements" (as defined in the First Purchase Agreement), the noteholders have the right, subject to certain exceptions, to require that the Company redeem all, or any portion, of the Conversion Amount of the Notes not in excess of the gross proceeds of such Subsequent Placement at a redemption price of 100 % of the Conversion Amount to be redeemed. If the noteholder is participating in such Subsequent Placement, the noteholder may require the Company to apply all, or any part, of any amounts that would otherwise be payable to the noteholder in such redemption, on a dollar-for-dollar basis, against the purchase price of the securities to be purchased by the noteholder in such Subsequent Placement.
 A noteholder will not have the right to convert any portion of the First Purchase Agreement Notes, to the extent that, after giving effect to such conversion, the noteholder (together with certain of its affiliates and other related parties) would beneficially own in excess of 4.99 % of the shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such conversion (the "Maximum Percentage"). The noteholder may from time to time increase the Maximum Percentage to 9.99 %, provided that any such increase will not be effective until the 61 st day after delivery of a notice to the Company of such increase.
 The First Purchase Agreement Notes provide for certain Events of Default, including certain types of bankruptcy or insolvency events of default involving the Company after which the First Purchase Agreement Notes become automatically due and payable. At any time after the earlier of (x) a noteholder's receipt of a required notice of an event of default, and (y) the

 noteholder becoming aware of an event of default, and ending on the twentieth trading day after the later of (I) the date such event of default is cured, and (II) the investor's receipt of an event of default notice from the Company (such period, the "Event of Default Redemption Rights Period"), the noteholder may require the Company to redeem, subject to certain exceptions, all or any portion of its Notes at a price equal to 115 % of the greater of (i) the Conversion Amount and (ii) the product of the Alternate Conversion Rate and the greatest closing sale price of the common stock on any trading day during the period commencing on the date immediately preceding such Event of Default and ending on the trading day immediately prior to the date the Company makes the entire redemption payment.
 The Company will be subject to certain customary affirmative and negative covenants regarding the rank of the First Purchase Agreement Notes, the incurrence of certain indebtedness, the repayment of certain indebtedness, transactions with affiliates, and restrictions on certain issuance of securities, among other customary matters.
 The following table summarizes conversions of the First Purchase Agreement notes during the year ended December 31, 2023:

 Series A Notes
 Series B-1 Notes
 Series B-2 Notes
 Series B-3 Notes

 Shares of common stock issued for conversions
 21,785,618
 21,127,720
 21,758,268
 22,639,159

 Principal balance converted
 $
 $
 25,000
 $
 15,000
 $
 12,075

 Make-whole interest converted
 $
 2,500
 $
 1,250
 $
 $

 Average conversion price
 $
 2.41
 $
 1.24
 $
 0.72
 $
 0.56

 The Company elected to account for the First Purchase Agreement Notes pursuant to the fair value option under ASC 825. ASC 825-10-15-4 provides for the "fair value option" ("FVO") election, to the extent not otherwise prohibited by ASC 825-10-15-5, to be afforded to financial instruments, wherein the financial instrument is initially measured at its issue-date estimated fair value and subsequently remeasured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date. The Company believes that the fair value option better reflects the underlying economics of the First Purchase Agreement Notes. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized zero and $ 50.0 million, respectively, in debt and finance lease liabilities, current on the consolidated balance sheets for the fair value of First Purchase Agreement Notes outstanding. The First Purchase Agreement was terminated in the third quarter of 2023.
 Second Purchase Agreement Notes
 On August 21, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the "Second Purchase Agreement") with the investors named therein for the sale of up to $ 325.0 million in initial principal amount of senior convertible notes (the "Second Purchase Agreement Notes"), in a registered direct offering. Pursuant to Nasdaq Rule 5635, the Company is limited to the issuance of an aggregate of 171,179,577 shares under the terms of the Second Purchase Agreement. The Second Purchase Agreement Notes (together with the First Purchase Agreement Notes, the "Senior Convertible Notes") are convertible into shares of the Company's common stock, subject to certain conditions and limitations. The Company consummated an initial closing for the sale of $ 125.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Second Purchase Agreement Notes on August 21, 2023 (the "Series A-1 Notes").
 Subsequent to the initial closing, the Company entered into a supplemental indenture pursuant to which the Company consummated an additional closing on September 22, 2023 for the sale of $ 40.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Second Purchase Agreement Notes (the "Series A-2 Notes").
 The purchase price for the Second Purchase Agreement Notes is $1,000 per $1,000 principal amount. Subject to certain conditions being met or waived, at the option of the Company, one or more additional closings for up to the remaining principal amount of Second Purchase Agreement Notes may occur. The aggregate principal amount of Second Purchase Agreement Notes that may be offered in the additional closings may not be more than $ 160.0 million and the Company's option to sell additional Second Purchase Agreement Notes will be exercisable until the 18 month anniversary of the date of the Second Purchase Agreement.
 Each Second Purchase Agreement Note will accrue interest at a rate of 5 % per annum, payable in arrears on the first calendar day of each calendar quarter, beginning January 1, 2024 for the Series A-1 Notes and for the Series A-2 Notes. Each Second Purchase Agreement Note issued pursuant to the Second Purchase Agreement will have a maturity date of one year

 from issuance, which may be extended at the option of the noteholders in certain instances. Upon any conversion, redemption or other repayment of a Second Purchase Agreement Note, a "make-whole" amount equal to the amount of additional interest that would accrue under such Second Purchase Agreement Note at the interest rate then in effect assuming that the outstanding principal of such Second Purchase Agreement Notes remained outstanding through and including the maturity date of such Second Purchase Agreement Note.
 At any time on or after August 21, 2023, the Conversion Amount is convertible at any time, at the Conversion Price. The Reference Price and Floor Price applicable to each issuance of Second Purchase Agreement Notes is summarized below:

 Reference Price
 Floor Price

 Series A-1 Notes
 $
 2.940
 $
 0.380

 Series A-2 Notes
 $
 2.940
 $
 0.380

 The following table summarizes conversions of the Second Purchase Agreement Notes during the year ended December 31, 2023:

 Series A-1 Notes
 Series A-2 Notes

 Shares of common stock issued for conversions
 128,380,608
 35,952,992

 Principal balance converted
 $
 125,000
 $
 40,000

 Make-whole interest converted
 $
 6,250
 $
 2,000

 Average conversion price
 $
 1.02
 $
 1.17

 The Company elected to account for the Second Purchase Agreement Notes pursuant to the fair value option under ASC 825. As of December 31, 2023, there were no Second Purchase Agreement Notes outstanding.
 8.25 % Convertible Notes
 On December 12, 2023, the Company consummated the sale and issuance of $ 175.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 8.25 % Green Convertible Senior Notes due 2026. The 8.25 % Convertible Notes are senior, unsecured obligations of the Company.
 The 8.25 % Convertible Notes accrue interest at a rate of 8.25 % per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, beginning on June 15, 2024. The 8.25 % Convertible Notes will mature on December 15, 2026, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted. At any time before the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, noteholders may convert their 8.25 % Convertible Notes at their option. The Company will settle conversions by delivering (i) shares of the Company's common stock (together, if applicable, with cash in lieu of any fractional share), at the then-applicable conversion rate; and (ii) a cash amount representing the present value of remaining scheduled coupon payments on the converted notes discounted at United States treasuries plus 50 basis points (the "Coupon Make-Whole Premium"). The initial conversion rate is $1,111.11 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 8.25 % Convertible Notes, which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $ 0.90 per share of common stock. The conversion rate and conversion price are subject to customary adjustments upon the occurrence of certain events. In addition, if certain corporate events that constitute a make-whole fundamental change occur, then the conversion rate will, in certain circumstances, be increased for a specified period of time.
 The 8.25 % Convertible Notes will be redeemable, in whole or in part (subject to certain limitations described below), at the Company's option at any time, and from time to time, on or after December 15, 2025 and before the maturity date, but only if the last reported sale price per share of the Company's common stock exceeds 175 % of the conversion price on each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends the related redemption notice. However, the Company may not redeem less than all of the outstanding 8.25 % Convertible Notes unless at least $ 100.0 million aggregate principal amount of 8.25 % Convertible Notes are outstanding and not called for redemption as of the time the Company sends the related redemption notice. The redemption price will be a cash amount equal to the principal amount of the 8.25 % Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date.

 If certain corporate events that constitute a fundamental change occur prior to the maturity date, then, subject to a limited exception for certain cash mergers, noteholders may require the Company to repurchase their 8.25 % Convertible Notes at a cash repurchase price equal to the principal amount of the 8.25 % Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. The definition of fundamental change includes certain business combination transactions involving the Company and certain de-listing events with respect to the Company's common stock.
 The 8.25 % Convertible Notes have customary provisions relating to the occurrence of events of default, which include the following: (i) certain payment defaults on the 8.25 % Convertible Notes (which, in the case of a default in the payment of interest on the 8.25 % Convertible Notes, will be subject to a 30 -day cure period); (ii) the Company's failure to send certain notices under the Indenture within specified periods of time; (iii) the Company's failure to comply with certain covenants in the Indenture relating to the Company's ability to consolidate with or merge with or into, or sell, lease or otherwise transfer, in one transaction or a series of transactions, all or substantially all of the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, to another person; (iv) a default by the Company in its other obligations or agreements under the Indenture or the Notes if such default is not cured or waived within 60 days after notice is given in accordance with the Indenture; (v) certain payment defaults or other defaults that result in the acceleration prior to stated maturity of indebtedness for borrowed money of the Company or any of its significant subsidiaries of at least $ 30,000,000 are not cured, waived, rescinded or discharged, as applicable, within 30 days after notice is given in accordance with the Indenture; (vi) the rendering of certain judgments against the Company or any of its significant subsidiaries for the payment of at least $ 30,000,000 (excluding any amounts covered by insurance), where such judgments are not discharged or stayed within 60 days after date on which the right to appeal has expired or on which all rights to appeal have been extinguished; and (vii) certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency and reorganization involving the Company or any of its significant subsidiaries.
 If an event of default involving bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization events with respect to the Company (and not solely with respect to a significant subsidiary of the Company) occurs, then the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest and Coupon Make-Whole Premium, if any, on, all of the 8.25 % Convertible Notes then outstanding will immediately become due and payable without any further action or notice by any person. If any other event of default occurs and is continuing, then, the Trustee, by notice to the Company, or noteholders of at least 25 % of the aggregate principal amount of 8.25 % Convertible Notes then outstanding, by notice to the Company and the Trustee, may declare the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest and Coupon Make-Whole Premium, if any, on, all of the 8.25 % Convertible Notes then outstanding to become due and payable immediately. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company may elect, at its option, that the sole remedy for an event of default relating to certain failures by the Company to comply with certain reporting covenants in the Indenture consists exclusively of the right of the noteholders to receive during the continuance of such event of default special interest on the 8.25 % Convertible Notes for up to 180 days at a specified rate per annum of 0.25 % for the first 90 days and 0.50 % from the 91st day until the 180th day, in each case, on the principal amount of the 8.25 % Convertible Notes.
 The conversion features embedded to the 8.25 % Convertible Notes met the criteria to be separated from the host contract and recognized separately at fair value, see Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. The total proceeds received were first allocated to the fair value of the bifurcated derivative liability, and the remaining proceeds allocated to the host resulting in an adjustment to the initial purchasers' debt discount.
 The Company recognized $ 122.1 million upon issuance of the 8.25 % Convertible Notes, net of initial purchasers' discounts of $ 47.3 million and debt issuance costs of $ 5.6 million. Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs were reported as a direct deduction from the face amount of the 8.25 % Convertible Notes. As of December 31, 2023, the Company accrued $ 0.3 million for debt issuance costs.
 During the year ended December 31, 2023, noteholders of the 8.25 % Convertible Notes converted aggregate principal amount of $ 153.4 million for issuance of 170,491,093 shares of the Company's common stock and Coupon Make-Whole Premium in cash of $ 35.2 million. The Company extinguished 8.25 % Convertible Notes with a carrying amount of $ 107.1 million for conversions, resulting in a loss on debt extinguishment of $ 10.7 million on the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.

 The net carrying amount of the debt component of the 8.25 % Convertible Notes as of December 31, 2023 was as follows:

 8.25 % Convertible Notes

 Principal amount
 $
 21,558

 Unamortized discount
 ( 5,821)

 Unamortized issuance costs
 ( 690)

 Net carrying amount
 $
 15,047

 Interest expense on the 8.25 % Convertible Notes for the year ended December 31, 2023 was immaterial.
 Financing Obligations
 On May 10, 2022 (the "Sale Date"), the Company entered into a sale agreement (the "Sale Agreement"), pursuant to which the Company sold the land and property related to the Company's headquarters in Phoenix, Arizona for a purchase price of $ 52.5 million. As of the Sale Date, $ 13.1 million was withheld from the proceeds received related to portions of the headquarters undergoing construction. The Company received the remaining proceeds throughout the completion of construction pursuant to the terms of the Sale Agreement. Concurrent with the sale, the Company entered into a lease agreement (the "Lease Agreement"), whereby the Company leased back the land and property related to the headquarters for an initial term of 20 years with four extension options for 7 years each. As of the Sale Date, the Company considered one extension option reasonably certain of being exercised.
 The buyer is not considered to have obtained control of the headquarters because the lease is classified as a finance lease. Accordingly, the sale of the headquarters is not recognized and the property and land continue to be recognized on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. As of the Sale Date, the Company recorded $ 38.3 million as a financing obligation on the Company's consolidated balance sheets representing proceeds received net of debt issuance costs of $ 1.1 million. Rent payments under the terms of the Lease Agreement will be allocated between interest expense and principal repayments using the effective interest method. Additionally, debt issuance costs will be amortized to interest expense over the lease term.
 After the Sale Date and through December 31, 2023, the Company recognized $ 12.0 million for financing obligations on the Company's consolidated balance sheets related to the completion of construction after the Sale Date. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company has recognized a HQ Sale Agreement receivable of zero and $ 5.5 million, respectively, for funds not yet received for construction completed in prepaid expenses and other current assets. Additionally, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $ 3.6 million and $ 2.3 million, respectively, of interest expense related to interest on the financing obligation and amortization of debt issuance costs.
 On June 29, 2023 (the "Land Sale Date"), the Company entered into a sale agreement (the "Land Sale Agreement"), pursuant to which the Company sold the land in Coolidge, Arizona on which the Company's manufacturing facility is located for a purchase price of $ 50.4 million. Concurrent with the sale, the Company entered into a lease agreement (the "Land Lease Agreement"), whereby the Company leased back the land for an initial term of 99 years. The Land Lease Agreement grants the Company an option to repurchase the land upon the fiftieth ( 50 th) anniversary of the Land Sale Date for a price equal to the greater of the fair market value, or 300 % of the purchase price. As of the Land Sale Date, the Company considered the purchase option reasonably certain of being exercised.
 The buyer is not considered to have obtained control of the land because the lease is classified as a finance lease. Accordingly, the sale of the land in Coolidge, Arizona is not recognized and the land continues to be recognized on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. As of the Land Sale Date, the Company recorded $ 49.4 million as a financing obligation on the Company's consolidated balance sheets representing proceeds received net of debt issuance costs of $ 1.0 million. Rent payments under the terms of the Land Lease Agreement will be allocated between interest expense and principal repayments using the effective interest method. Additionally, debt issuance costs will be amortized to interest expense over the lease term.
 For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized $ 2.6 million of interest expense related to interest on the financing obligation and amortization of debt issuance costs.

 Promissory Notes
 During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company closed on the purchase of its headquarters facility in Phoenix, Arizona. Concurrently with the closing of the purchase, the Company, as borrower, executed a promissory note for $ 25.0 million at a stated interest rate of 4 % (the "Promissory Note"). The Promissory Note carried a 60 month term, interest only payments for the first 12 months and a 25 year amortization thereafter, with the remaining principal balance due upon maturity. The loan was fully collateralized by the Company's headquarters.
 On May 10, 2022, and in connection with the execution of the sale and leaseback of the Company's headquarters, the Company repaid the Promissory Note.
 For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $ 0.4 million of interest expense related to interest on the Promissory Note and amortization of debt issuance costs prior to redemption. During the second quarter of 2022, the Company expensed $ 0.3 million of unamortized debt issuance costs related to the Promissory Note.
 Collateralized Promissory Notes
 On June 7, 2022, the Company executed a promissory note and a master security agreement (the "Master Security Agreement") for $ 50.0 million at a stated interest rate of 4.26 % (the "Collateralized Note"). The Collateralized Note was fully collateralized by certain personal property assets as fully described in the Master Security Agreement. The Collateralized Note carried a 60 month term and was payable in 60 equal consecutive monthly installments due in arrears.
 For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $ 1.1 million and $ 1.1 million, respectively, of interest expense on the Collateralized Note. The Company repaid $ 39.3 million during the third quarter of 2023, representing the outstanding principal balance of the Collateralized Note.
 On August 4, 2022, the Company executed a promissory note and a security agreement for $ 4.0 million at an implied interest rate of 7.00 % (the "Second Collateralized Note"). The Second Collateralized Note is fully collateralized by certain personal property assets as fully described in the security agreement. The Second Collateralized Note carries a 60 month term and is payable in 60 equal monthly installments due in arrears.
 For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $ 0.2 million and $ 0.1 million, respectively, of interest expense on the Second Collateralized Note.
 Insurance Premium Financing
 The Company executed an insurance premium financing agreement pursuant to which the Company financed certain annual insurance premiums for $ 6.6 million, primarily consisting of premiums for directors' and officers' insurance. The insurance premium payable incurred interest at 2.95 %, and matured on March 27, 2023.
 During the second and third quarters of 2023, the Company executed additional insurance premium financing agreements pursuant to which the Company financed certain annual insurance premiums for $ 3.9 million and $ 1.2 million, respectively, primarily consisting of premiums for directors' and officers' insurance. The insurance premium payables each incurred interest at 6.64 %, and is due in monthly installments maturing on March 27, 2024.
 For the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $ 0.1 million and $ 0.1 million of interest expense on the insurance premium financing agreements.

 Aggregate Long-Term Debt Maturities
 The following table summarizes the long-term debt maturities for each of the next five years and thereafter at December 31, 2023.

 Total

 2024
 $
 8,070

 2025
 8,946

 2026
 165,600

 2027
 8,950

 2028
 8,441

 Thereafter
 574,450

 Total
 $
 774,457

 Letters of Credit
 During the third quarter of 2022, the Company executed a $ 0.6 million letter of credit to secure a customs bond through August 31, 2023. During the third quarter of 2023, the Company executed a $ 1.2 million letter of credit to secure a customs bond through September 14, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, no amounts have been drawn on the letter of credit.
 During the second quarter of 2022, and in conjunction with the execution of the Lease Agreement, the Company executed an irrevocable standby letter of credit for $ 12.5 million to collateralize the Company's lease obligation. The Lease Agreement was subsequently amended, increasing the amount of the letter of credit to $ 13.1 million. The letter of credit is subject to annual increases commensurate with base rent increases pursuant to the Lease Agreement. The letter of credit will expire upon the expiration of the Lease Agreement, but may be subject to reduction or early termination upon the satisfaction of certain conditions as described in the Lease Agreement.
 During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company executed an irrevocable standby letter of credit for $ 25.0 million through December 31, 2024 in connection with the execution of a product supply agreement with a vendor. The supply agreement was subsequently amended, reducing the amount of the letter of credit to $ 15.0 million. As of December 31, 2023, no amounts have been drawn on the letters of credit.

 9. CAPITAL STRUCTURE
 Shares Authorized
 As of December 31, 2023, the Company had authorized a total of 1,750,000,000 shares for issuance consisting of 1,600,000,000 shares designated as common stock and 150,000,000 shares designated as preferred stock.
 Warrants
 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had 841,183 and 1,137,850 private warrants outstanding, respectively. The Company assumed the private warrants previously issued by VectoIQ and Romeo through the Business Combination and Romeo Acquisition, respectively, and each private warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one share of common stock at a price of $ 11.50 or $ 96.96 per share, respectively, subject to adjustment.
 The exercise price and number of common shares issuable upon exercise of the private warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a stock dividend, recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, the private warrants will not be adjusted for the issuance of common stock at a price below their exercise price.
 For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded a $ 0.4 million gain, $ 3.9 million gain and $ 3.1 million gain, respectively, for revaluation of warrant liability on the consolidated statement of operations. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $ 0.01 million and $ 0.4 million, respectively, for warrant liability related to the private warrants outstanding, which are included in other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

 9. CAPITAL STRUCTURE (Continued)

 Stock Purchase Agreements
 First Purchase Agreement with Tumim Stone Capital LLC
 On June 11, 2021, the Company entered into a common stock purchase agreement (the "First Tumim Purchase Agreement") and a registration rights agreement (the "Registration Rights Agreement") with Tumim Stone Capital LLC ("Tumim"), pursuant to which Tumim committed to purchase up to $ 300.0 million in shares of the Company's common stock, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the First Tumim Purchase Agreement. The Company shall not issue or sell any shares of common stock under the First Tumim Purchase Agreement which, when aggregated with all other shares of common stock beneficially owned by Tumim, would result in beneficial ownership of more than 4.99 % of the Company's outstanding shares of common stock.
 Under the terms of the First Tumim Purchase Agreement, the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to sell to Tumim, shares of common stock over the period commencing on the date of the First Tumim Purchase Agreement (the "Tumim Closing Date") and ending on the first day of the month following the 36-month anniversary of the Tumim Closing Date. The purchase price will be calculated as 97 % of the volume weighted average prices of the Company's common stock during normal trading hours for three consecutive trading days commencing on the purchase notice date.
 Concurrent with the signing of the First Tumim Purchase Agreement, the Company issued 155,703 shares of its common stock to Tumim as a commitment fee ("Commitment Shares"). The total fair value of the shares issued for the commitment fee of $ 2.6 million was recorded in selling, general, and administrative expense on the Company's consolidated statements of operations.
 During 2023, the Company sold 3,420,990 shares of common stock for proceeds of $ 8.4 million, and terminated the First Tumim Purchase Agreement during the first quarter of 2023. During 2022, the Company sold 17,248,244 shares of common stock under the First Tumim Purchase Agreement for proceeds of $ 123.7 million. During 2021, the Company sold 14,213,498 shares of common stock under the First Tumim Purchase Agreement for proceeds of $ 163.8 million.
 Second Purchase Agreement with Tumim
 On September 24, 2021, the Company entered into the "Second Tumim Purchase Agreement" and a registration rights agreement with Tumim, pursuant to which Tumim committed to purchase up to $ 300.0 million in shares of the Company's common stock, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Second Tumim Purchase Agreement. The Company will not issue or sell any shares of common stock under the Second Tumim Purchase Agreement which, when aggregated with all other shares of common stock beneficially owned by Tumim, would result in beneficial ownership of more than 4.99 % of the Company's outstanding shares of common stock.
 Under the terms of the Second Tumim Purchase Agreement, the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to sell to Tumim, shares of common stock over the period commencing on the date of the Second Tumim Purchase Agreement (the "Second Tumim Closing Date") and ending on the first day of the month following the 36 -month anniversary of the Second Tumim Closing Date, provided that certain conditions have been met. These conditions include effectiveness of a registration statement covering the resale of shares of common stock that have been and may be issued under the Second Tumim Purchase Agreement and termination of the First Tumim Purchase Agreement. The registration statement covering the offer and sale of up to 29,042,827 shares of common stock, including the commitment shares, to Tumim was declared effective on November 29, 2021. The purchase price will be calculated as 97 % of the volume weighted average prices of the Company's common stock during normal trading hours for three consecutive trading days commencing on the purchase notice date.
 Concurrent with the signing of the Second Tumim Purchase Agreement, the Company issued 252,040 shares of its common stock to Tumim as a commitment fee. The total fair value of the shares issued for the commitment fee of $ 2.9 million was recorded in selling, general, and administrative expense on the Company's consolidated statement of operations.
 During 2023, the Company sold 28,790,787 shares of common stock for proceeds of $ 59.2 million to Tumim under the terms of the Second Tumim Purchase Agreement, and terminated the Second Tumim Purchase Agreement during the third quarter of 2023.

 9. CAPITAL STRUCTURE (Continued)

 Equity Distribution Agreement
 In August 2022, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement with Citi as sales agent, pursuant to which the Company can issue and sell shares of its common stock with an aggregate maximum offering price of $ 400.0 million. In August 2023, the Company restated the equity distribution agreement with Citi as a sales agent, pursuant to which the Company increased the aggregate maximum offering price by $ 200.0 million, resulting in an aggregate offering price of up to $ 600.0 million.
 The Company pays Citi a fixed commission rate of 2.5 % of gross offering proceeds of shares sold under the Equity Distribution Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold 68,351,243 shares of common stock under the Equity Distribution Agreement at an average price per share of $ 1.76 for gross proceeds of $ 120.5 million and net proceeds of approximately $ 117.5 million, after $ 3.0 million in commissions and fees to the sales agent. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company sold 45,324,227 shares of common stock under the Equity Distribution Agreement at an average price per share of $ 3.70 for gross proceeds of $ 167.8 million and net proceeds of approximately $ 163.5 million, after $ 4.3 million in commissions and fees to the sales agent. Commissions incurred in connection with the Equity Distribution Agreement are reflected as a reduction of additional paid-in capital on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $ 49.5 thousand and $ 1.7 million, respectively, in commissions were recognized in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
 Public Offerings
 The Company sold 29,910,715 shares of common stock in an underwritten public offering (the "Public Offering") at an offering price of $ 1.12 per share. The Public Offering closed on April 4, 2023, and the Company received net proceeds of $ 32.2 million after underwriter's discounts and offering costs.
 The Company sold 133,333,334 shares of common stock in an underwritten public offering (the "December 2023 Public Offering") at an offering price of $ 0.75 per share. The December 2023 Public Offering closed on December 12, 2023, and the Company received net proceeds of $ 95.6 million after underwriter's discounts and offering costs.
 Direct Offering
 The Company entered into a stock purchase agreement with an investor (the "Investor") pursuant to which the investor agreed to purchase up to $ 100.0 million of shares of the Company's common stock in a registered direct offering (the "Direct Offering"), with an actual amount of shares of common stock purchased in the Direct Offering reduced to the extent of the total number of shares issued pursuant to the Public Offering. The Direct Offering closed on April 11, 2023, and the Company sold 59,374,999 shares of common stock at the Public Offering price of $ 1.12 per share to the Investor for net proceeds of $ 63.2 million, after deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses.

 10. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION EXPENSE
 2017 and 2020 Stock Plans
 Legacy Nikola's 2017 Stock Option Plan (the "2017 Plan") provided for the grant of incentive and nonqualified options to purchase Legacy Nikola common stock to officers, employees, directors, and consultants of Legacy Nikola. Options were granted at a price not less than the fair market value on the date of grant and generally became exercisable between one and four years after the date of grant. Options generally expire ten years from the date of grant. Outstanding awards under the 2017 Plan continue to be subject to the terms and conditions of the 2017 Plan.
 At the Company's special meeting of stockholders held on June 2, 2020, the stockholders approved the Nikola Corporation 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (the "2020 Plan") and the Nikola Corporation 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "2020 ESPP"). The 2020 Plan and the 2020 ESPP were previously approved, subject to stockholder approval, by the Company's board of directors on May 6, 2020. The aggregate number of shares authorized for issuance under the 2020 Plan will not exceed 42,802,865, plus the number of shares subject to outstanding awards as of the closing of the Business Combination under the 2017 Plan that are subsequently forfeited or terminated. The aggregate number of shares available for issuance under the 2020 ESPP is 4,000,000.
 At the Company's annual meeting of stockholders on August 3, 2023, the Company's stockholders approved an amendment to the 2020 Plan to increase the number of shares of common stock available for issuance by 30,000,000 shares.

 10. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION EXPENSE (Continued)

 The 2020 Plan provides for the grant of incentive and nonqualified stock option, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), restricted share awards, stock appreciation awards, and cash-based awards to employees, outside directors, and consultants of the Company. The 2020 Plan and the 2020 ESPP became effective immediately upon the closing of the Business Combination. No offerings have been authorized to date by the Company's board of directors under the ESPP.
 Stock Options
 Options vest in accordance with the terms set forth in the grant letter. Time-based options generally vest ratably over a period of approximately 36 months. Changes in stock options are as follows:

 Options
 Weighted
Average
Exercise Price
Per share
 Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term
(Years)
 Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value

 Outstanding at December 31, 2022
 22,470,585
 $
 1.31
 5.33
 $
 23,418

 Granted
 —
 —

 Exercised
 6,723,629
 1.06

 Cancelled
 705,583
 2.45

 Outstanding at December 31, 2023
 15,041,373
 $
 1.37
 3.64
 $
 —

 Vested and exercisable as of December 31, 2023
 15,041,373
 $
 1.37
 3.64
 $
 —

 There were 6,723,629, 6,424,780 and 3,472,267 stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $ 8.2 million, $ 14.6 million and $ 51.8 million during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The fair value of stock options vested during the year ended December 31, 2023 was immaterial. The fair value of stock options vested during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $ 0.8 million, and $ 0.4 million, respectively.
 Restricted Stock Units
 The fair value of RSUs is based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on the grant date. The time-based RSUs generally vest in increments over a three year period or, in the case of executive officers, cliff-vest following the third anniversary from the date of grant. The RSUs to directors have a vesting cliff of one year after the grant date. Changes in RSUs are as follows:

 Number of RSUs
 Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value

 Balance at December 31, 2022

 19,574,800
 $
 10.0

 Granted
 26,365,516
 1.3

 Released
 13,247,573
 9.9

 Cancelled
 7,151,622
 5.1

 Balance at December 31, 2023

 25,541,121
 $
 2.1

 During the fourth quarter of 2022, in connection with the Romeo Acquisition, each share of Romeo Common Stock that was issued and outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Romeo Acquisition was converted into the right to receive 0.1186 of a share of Nikola Common Stock, rounded down to the nearest whole number of shares of Nikola Common Stock. Each Romeo RSU and Romeo performance-related stock unit that was outstanding and not settled immediately prior to the effective time was settled for shares of Nikola Common Stock, determined by multiplying the number of shares of Romeo Common Stock that were subject to such Romeo RSU or Romeo PSU, as in effect immediately prior to the effective time, by 0.1186, rounded down to the nearest whole number of shares of Nikola Common Stock.

 10. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION EXPENSE (Continued)

 Market Based RSUs
 The Company's market based RSUs contained a stock price index as a benchmark for vesting. Through the second quarter of 2022, these awards were issued with three milestones that vested depending upon a consecutive 20 -trading day stock price target of the Company's common stock. The Company's stock price targets ranged from $ 25 per share to $ 55 per share. At the time of their grant, the Company estimated the fair value of the awards using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which utilized significant assumptions consisting of risk-free interest rate in the range of 0.2 % to 0.3 %, and volatility in the range of 70 % to 85 %.
 During 2022, the Company granted 1,351,361 shares of market based RSUs to various executives in connection with either their hiring or assumption of new roles within the Company. The awards vest depending upon a consecutive 20 -trading day stock price target of the Company's common stock of $ 25 per share to $ 55 per share. The total grant date fair value of the market based RSUs was determined to be $ 3.2 million and is recognized over the requisite service period.

 During the third quarter of 2022, the market based RSUs subject to the $ 40 and $ 55 stock price milestones were cancelled and the Company expensed $ 55.8 million related to the cancelled awards representing the remaining unamortized expense as of the cancellation date.
 Additionally, during the third quarter of 2022, the performance period for the market based RSUs subject to the $ 25 stock price milestone was extended from June 3, 2023 to June 3, 2024. The incremental compensation cost from this modification was $ 4.3 million, determined by comparing the estimated fair value of the modified awards to the estimated fair value of the original awards immediately before the modification of the performance period. The remaining compensation cost related to the original award and the incremental compensation cost are recognized over the award's remaining requisite service period. The vested shares related to the modified awards are transferred to the award holders upon the completion of the requisite service period ending June 3, 2024, and upon achievement certification by the Company's board of directors. If the $ 25 target price is not achieved by the end of requisite service period, the market based RSUs are forfeited. During the second quarter of 2023, the market based RSUs subject to the $ 25 stock price milestones were cancelled and the Company expensed $ 6.8 million related to the cancelled awards representing the remaining unamortized expense as of the cancellation date.
 During 2023, the Company granted 5,000,000 performance-based RSUs to the Company's executive officers, which entitle them to receive a specified number of shares of the Company's common stock upon vesting. The number of shares earned could range between 0 % and 200 % of the target award depending upon the Company's performance at the conclusion of the three-year performance period, ending December 31, 2025. The performance condition of the awards is based on total shareholder return ("TSR") of the Company's common stock relative to a broad group of green energy companies. The TSR performance condition is deemed a market condition. The grant date fair value of the TSR awards was determined to be $ 12.5 million and is recognized over the vesting period.
 The estimated fair value of the market based RSUs and TSR awards as of each grant date, or as of the modification date, as applicable, were estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model that utilizes significant assumptions, including volatility, that determine the probability of satisfying the market condition stipulated in the award to calculate the fair value of the award. The grant date fair value of the awards does not change throughout the vesting period. The following represents the range of assumptions used to determine the grant date or modification date fair value for these awards:

 For the years ended December 31,

 2023
 2022

 Term (years)
 2.20 - 2.70

 0.80 - 1.80

 $ 0.82 - $ 3.40

 $ 5.32 - $ 9.66

 Risk-free interest rate
 3.93 % - 5.03 %

 1.66 % - 3.50 %

 Expected volatility
 99 % - 127 %

 100 %

 10. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION EXPENSE (Continued)

 The following table summarizes 2023 market-based RSU activity:

 Number of Market Based RSUs
 Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value

 Balance at December 31, 2022

 2,071,058
 $
 24.5

 Granted
 5,000,000
 2.5

 Released
 —
 —

 Cancelled
 4,071,058
 13.1

 Balance at December 31, 2023

 3,000,000
 $
 3.3

 Stock-Based Compensation Expense
 The following table presents the impact of stock-based compensation expense on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ending December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Selling, general, and administrative
 $
 51,003
 $
 214,717
 $
 169,561

 22,213
 34,949
 36,150

 Cost of revenues
 2,175
 2,779
 —

 Total stock-based compensation expense
 $
 75,391
 $
 252,445
 $

 As of December 31, 2023, total unrecognized compensation expense and remaining weighted-average recognition period related to outstanding share-based awards were as follows:

 Unrecognized compensation expense
 Remaining weighted-average recognition period (years)

 Market Based RSUs
 $
 8,151
 1.71

 RSUs
 31,174
 2.00

 Total unrecognized compensation expense at December 31, 2023

 $
 39,325

 11. DECONSOLIDATION OF SUBSIDIARY
 As discussed in Note 1, Basis of Presentation, on June 30, 2023, the Company transferred ownership of all of Romeo's right, title and interest in and to all of its tangible and intangible assets, subject to certain agreed upon exclusions, to the Assignee. The Company received no cash consideration related to the Assignment.
 The Company deconsolidated Romeo as of the Assignment as the Company no longer held a controlling financial interest in Romeo as of that date. The Company did not have any amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive loss associated with Romeo at the time of deconsolidation. The Assignment of Romeo represents a strategic shift and its results are reported as discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Following the Assignment, the Company retained no interest in Romeo, and Romeo is not deemed a related party.

 11. DECONSOLIDATION OF SUBSIDIARY (Continued)

 In connection with the deconsolidation, the Company recognized a loss from deconsolidation of subsidiaries of $ 24.9 million which is recorded in loss from deconsolidation of discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 and consisted of the following:

 As of deconsolidation

 Assets deconsolidated:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $

 Accounts receivable, net
 —

 7,271

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 3,351

 Restricted cash and cash equivalents, non-current
 1,500

 17,555

 Intangible assets, net

 Investments in affiliates
 10,000

 23,364

 Total assets deconsolidated
 $
 63,910

 Liabilities deconsolidated:

 Accounts payable
 $
 15,583

 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
 57,612

 Debt and finance lease liabilities, current
 1,206

 1,160

 21,664

 Warrant liability

 Other non-current liabilities
 —

 Total liabilities deconsolidated
 97,233

 Net liabilities derecognized from deconsolidation
 ( 33,323)

 Less: intercompany balances derecognized
 54,084

 Less: cash payments directly related to deconsolidation
 2,724

 Less: derecognition of goodwill
 1,450

 Loss from deconsolidation of discontinued operation
 $
 24,935

 11. DECONSOLIDATION OF SUBSIDIARY (Continued)

 As of December 31, 2022, the assets and liabilities of Romeo subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors have been reflected as assets subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors and liabilities subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors on the Company's consolidated balance sheets and consisted of the following:

 As of December 31, 2022

 Assets:

 Current assets

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 7,555

 Accounts receivable, net

 11,327

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 9,881

 Total current assets subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors
 29,025

 Non-current assets

 Restricted cash and cash equivalents, non-current
 1,500

 19,221

 Intangible assets, net

 Investments in affiliates
 10,000

 Prepayment - Long-term Supply Agreement
 44,835

 23,948

 Total non-current assets subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors
 100,125

 Total assets subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors
 $
 129,150

 Liabilities:

 Current liabilities

 Accounts payable
 $
 24,672

 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
 22,990

 Debt and finance lease liabilities, current
 1,440

 Total current liabilities subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors
 49,102

 Long-term liabilities

 1,499

 22,132

 Warrant liability

 Total long-term liabilities subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors
 23,671

 Total liabilities subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors
 $
 72,773

 11. DECONSOLIDATION OF SUBSIDIARY (Continued)

 The following represents the major components of net loss from discontinued operations presented in the consolidated statements of operations:

 2023
 2022

 Revenues
 $
 1,665
 $
 1,100

 Cost of revenues
 12,926
 19,888

 Gross loss
 ( 11,261)
 ( 18,788)

 Operating expenses:

 5,673
 3,287

 14,937
 23,968

 44,835
 —

 Total operating expenses
 65,445
 27,255

 Loss from operations
 ( 76,706)
 ( 46,043)

 Other income (expense), net

 ( 53)
 ( 28)

 Revaluation of warrant liability
 ( 29)

 Loss from discontinued operations
 $
 ( 76,726)
 $

 12. RETIREMENT SAVINGS PLAN
 The Company sponsored a savings plan available to all eligible employees, which qualifies under Section 401(k) of the Code. Employees may contribute to the plan amounts of their pre-tax salary subject to statutory limitations. Beginning in 2021, the Company provided an employer matching contribution for the amount a participant contributes as salary deferrals up to 100 % of the amount contributed for the first 1 % of the participant's plan compensation plus 50 % for each additional 1 % of compensation contributed between 1 % and 6 % of the participant's plan compensation. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company provided $ 4.1 million, $ 3.5 million and $ 2.1 million, respectively, in matching contributions.

 13. INCOME TAXES
 A provision of $ 12.0 thousand, $ 6.0 thousand and $ 4.0 thousand has been recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related primarily to changes in indefinite lived goodwill deferred tax liabilities.
 The components of the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 consisted of the following:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Current tax provision

 Federal
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 State

 Total current tax provision

 Deferred tax provision

 Federal
 —

 State

 Total deferred tax provision

 Total income tax provision

 $
 $
 $

 13. INCOME TAXES (Continued)

 The reconciliation of taxes at the federal statutory rate to the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was as follows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Tax at statutory federal rate
 $
 ( 181,041)
 $
 ( 155,064)
 $
 ( 144,848)

 State tax, net of federal benefit
 ( 70,917)
 ( 28,612)
 ( 21,212)

 23,822
 47,382
 22,825

 Section 162(m) limitation
 3,551
 3,725
 2,009

 Divestiture of affiliate

 ( 11,776)
 —
 —

 Research and development credits, net of uncertain tax position
 ( 13,822)
 ( 16,503)
 ( 12,558)

 Warrant revaluation
 ( 109)
 ( 971)
 ( 641)

 SEC Settlement
 —
 —
 26,250

 Change in fair value of convertible debt instruments
 60,204
 —
 —

 Non-deductible interest expense
 16,666
 —
 —

 Other
 12,572
 5,345
 ( 438)

 Change in valuation allowance
 160,862
 144,704
 128,617

 Total income tax provision

 $
 $
 $

 Deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:

 2023
 2022

 Deferred tax assets:

 Federal and state income tax credits
 $
 66,692
 $
 52,932

 Net operating loss carryforward
 397,340
 317,393

 Start-up costs capitalized
 1,655
 1,432

 4,659
 13,599

 32,202
 15,017

 Accrued purchase of intangible asset
 —
 7,993

 21,999
 2,758

 Research expenditures
 79,429
 49,137

 Warranty reserve

 23,072
 1,938

 Other

 2,429
 —

 Total deferred tax assets
 629,477
 462,199

 Valuation allowance
 ( 597,680)
 ( 435,923)

 Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance
 31,797
 26,276

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Intangible assets
 ( 2,775)
 ( 2,363)

 Finance lease assets
 ( 1,860)
 ( 1,975)

 ( 27,184)
 ( 21,474)

 Other

 —
 ( 479)

 Total deferred tax liabilities
 ( 31,819)
 ( 26,291)

 Deferred tax liabilities, net
 $
 ( 22)
 $
 ( 15)

 The table above includes only deferred tax assets and liabilities related to continuing operations. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had net deferred tax assets of $ 183.1 million and $ 158.7 million, respectively, related to assets subject to assignment for the benefit of creditors, subject to a full valuation allowance.

 13. INCOME TAXES (Continued)

 The Company is required to reduce its deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. Management must use judgment in assessing the potential need for a valuation allowance, which requires an evaluation of both negative and positive evidence. The weight given to the potential effect of negative and positive evidence should be commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified. In determining the need for and amount of the valuation allowance, if any, the Company assesses the likelihood that it will be able to recover its deferred tax assets using historical levels of income, estimates of future income and tax planning strategies. As a result of historical cumulative losses, the Company determined that, based on all available evidence, there was substantial uncertainty as to whether it will recover recorded net deferred taxes in future periods. Accordingly, the Company recorded valuation allowances of $ 597.7 million, $ 435.9 million and $ 291.2 million at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 respectively. The increase in the valuation allowance for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $ 161.8 million as reflected below, is due to increases in the net operating losses and research and development credit carryforwards.

 2023
 2022

 Valuation Allowance as of the beginning of the period
 $
 ( 435,923)
 $
 ( 291,222)

 Current Year Change
 ( 161,757)
 ( 144,701)

 Valuation Allowance as of the end of the period
 $
 ( 597,680)
 $
 ( 435,923)

 At December 31, 2023, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards of $ 11.2 million that expire in 2037 and $ 1.5 billion that have an indefinite carryforward period. The Company has combined state net operating loss carryforwards of $ 1.7 billion at December 31, 2023, that begin to expire in 2033. The Company had federal and state tax credits of $ 57.8 million and $ 37.3 million, respectively, at December 31, 2023, which if unused will begin to expire in 2038 for federal and 2032 for state tax purposes.
 The Tax Reform Act of 1986 (the "Act") provides for a limitation on the annual use of net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards following certain ownership changes (as defined by the Act and codified under Section 382 of the Code) that could limit the Company's ability to utilize these carryforwards. The Company determined that an ownership change occurred on September 30, 2023. An analysis was performed and while utilization of net operating losses may be subject to annual limitation prior to December 31, 2047, subsequent to that date there is no limitation on the Company's ability to utilize its net operating losses. As such, the ownership change has no impact to the carrying value of the Company's net operating loss carryforwards.
 The following table reflect changes in the unrecognized tax benefits:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of the beginning of the year

 $
 18,076
 $
 11,661
 $
 7,392

 Additions based on tax positions related to the current year

 4,677
 5,550
 4,269

 Additions based on tax position from prior years
 —

 Gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of the end of the year

 $
 22,764
 $
 18,076
 $
 11,661

 Effective July 11, 2017, the Company adopted the provisions of ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. ASC Topic 740 provides that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained in a court of last resort, based on the technical merits. If more-likely-than-not, the amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination, including compromise settlements. For tax positions not meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, no tax benefit is recorded.
 As of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company had $ 22.8 million, $ 18.1 million, and $ 11.7 million, respectively, of gross unrecognized tax benefits, related to research and experimental tax credits. The Company does not expect a significant change to the amount of unrecognized tax benefits to occur within the next 12 months.
 The Company's policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. The Company had no accrual for interest or penalties at December 31, 2023 or 2022, and has no t recognized interest or penalties

 13. INCOME TAXES (Continued)

 during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, since there was no reduction in income taxes paid due to uncertain tax positions.
 On October 8 2021, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") released a statement on the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Sharing, which agreed to a two-pillar solution to address tax challenges of the digital economy. On December 20, 2021, the OECD released the Model GloBE Rules for Pillar Two defining a 15% global minimum tax rate for large multinational corporations. The OECD continues to release additional guidance and countries are implementing legislation with widespread adoption of the Model GloBE Rules for Pillar Two expected by calendar year 2024. The Company is continuing to evaluate the Model GloBE Rules for Pillar Two and related legislation, and their potential impact on future periods.
 The Company is subject to taxation in the United States, various states, Canada, and Germany. As of December 31, 2023, all tax years remain open to examination, to the extent of the losses incurred.

 14. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
 Legal Proceedings
 The Company is subject to legal and regulatory actions that arise from time to time. The assessment as to whether a loss is probable or reasonably possible, and as to whether such loss or a range of such loss is estimable, often involves significant judgment about future events, and the outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. The Company expenses professional legal fees as incurred, which are included in selling, general and administrative expense on the consolidated financial statements. Other than as described below, there is no material pending or threatened litigation against the Company that remains outstanding as of December 31, 2023.
 Regulatory and Governmental Investigations
 By order dated December 21, 2021, the Company and the SEC reached a settlement arising out of the SEC's investigation of the Company related to a short-seller article published in September 2020. Under the terms of the settlement, without admitting or denying the SEC's findings, the Company among other things, agreed to pay a $ 125 million civil penalty. The first $ 25 million installment was paid at the end of 2021 and the remaining installments to be paid semiannually through 2023. The Company previously reserved the full amount of the settlement in the quarter ended September 30, 2021, as disclosed in the Company's quarterly report on Form 10-Q for such quarter, filed with the SEC on November 4, 2021. In July 2022, the Company and SEC agreed to an alternative payment plan with the first two payments of $ 5 million to be paid in July 2022 and December 2022. The July 2022 and December 2022 payments have been made by the Company. In February 2023, the Company and the SEC agreed to another alternative payment plan, with two payments of $ 1.5 million each to be paid in March 2023 and June 2023. The March 2023 and June 2023 payments have been made by the Company. In August 2023, the Company and the SEC agreed to make two additional payments of $ 1.5 million to be paid in September 2023 and December 2023, both of which have been made by the Company. The remainder of the payment plan is subject to determination. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has reflected the remaining liability of $ 84.0 million in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
 The legal and other professional costs the Company incurred during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and 2021 in connection with legal work disclosed elsewhere in this Report include approximately $ 0.2 million, $ 6.1 million and $ 22.4 million, respectively, expensed for Mr. Milton's attorneys' fees under his indemnification agreement with the Company. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company accrued immaterial amounts for legal and other professional costs for Mr. Milton's attorneys' fees under his indemnification agreement.
 To the extent that these investigations and any resulting third-party claims yield adverse results over time, such results could jeopardize the Company's operations and exhaust its cash reserves, and could cause stockholders to lose their entire investment.
 The Company is currently seeking reimbursement from Mr. Milton for costs and damages arising from the actions that are the subject of the government and regulatory investigations. On October 20, 2023, an arbitration panel in New York, New York awarded the Company approximately $ 165 million plus interest in an arbitration proceeding against Mr. Milton. The Company is currently in the process of seeking to have the arbitration award confirmed in the United States District Court of the District

 14. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Continued)

 of Arizona. The Company's ability to enforce the arbitration award and recover any judgment from the counterparty is not guaranteed and could result in no recovery.
 Shareholder Securities Litigation
 The Company and certain of its current and former officers and directors are defendants in a consolidated securities class action lawsuit pending in the United States District Court of the District of Arizona (the "Shareholder Securities Litigation").On December 15, 2020, the United States District Court for the District of Arizona consolidated the actions under lead case Borteanu v. Nikola Corporation, et al., No. CV-20-01797-PXL-SPL, and appointed Angelo Baio as the "Lead Plaintiff". On December 30, 2020, a petition for writ of mandamus seeking to vacate the District Court's Lead Plaintiff order and directing the court to appoint another Lead Plaintiff was filed before the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Case No. 20-73819. On July 23, 2021, the Ninth Circuit granted in part the mandamus petition, vacated the district court's December 15, 2020 order, and remanded the case to the District Court to reevaluate the appointment of a Lead Plaintiff. On November 18, 2021, the Court appointed Nikola Investor Group II as Lead Plaintiff. On January 24, 2022, Lead Plaintiffs filed the Consolidated Amended Class Action Complaint which asserts claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, based on allegedly false and/or misleading statements and omissions in press releases, public filings, and in social media regarding the Company's business plan and prospects. On April 8, 2022, Defendants moved to dismiss the Consolidated Amended Class Action Complaint. On February 2, 2023, the court issued a ruling granting the Defendants' motions to dismiss, without prejudice. As a result, Plaintiffs' complaint was dismissed in its entirety, with leave to amend by April 3, 2023. On April 3, 2023, Plaintiffs filed the Second Consolidated Amended Class Action Complaint. Defendants filed their motions to dismiss the Second Consolidated Amended Class Action Complaint on May 15, 2023. On December 8, 2023, the Court granted in part and denied in part Defendants' motion to dismiss. On January 26, 2024, the Company and certain former officers and directors answered the Second Consolidated Amended Class Action Complaint.
 Plaintiffs seek an unspecified amount in damages, attorneys' fees, and other relief. The Company intends to vigorously defend itself. The Company is unable to estimate the potential loss or range of loss, if any, associated with these lawsuits, which could be material.
 Derivative Litigation
 Beginning on September 23, 2020, two purported shareholder derivative actions were filed in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware (Byun v. Milton, et al., Case No. 1:20-cv-01277-UNA; Salguocar v. Girsky et. al., Case No. 1:20-cv-01404-UNA), purportedly on behalf of the Company, against certain of the Company's current and former directors alleging breaches of fiduciary duties, violations of Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act, and gross mismanagement. The Byun action also brings claims for unjust enrichment and abuse of control, while the Salguocar action brings a claim for waste of corporate assets. On October 19, 2020, the Byun action was stayed until 30 days after the earlier of (a) the Shareholder Securities Litigation being dismissed in their entirety with prejudice; (b) defendants filing an answer to any complaint in the Shareholder Securities Litigation; or (c) a joint request by plaintiff and defendants to lift the stay. On November 17, 2020, the Byun and Salguocar actions were consolidated as In re Nikola Corporation Derivative Litigation, Lead Case No. 20-cv-01277-CFC. In its order consolidating the actions, the Court applied the Byun stay to the consolidated action. On January 31, 2023, plaintiffs filed an amended complaint.
 On December 18, 2020, a purported shareholder derivative action was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Arizona, Huhn v. Milton et al., Case No. 2:20-cv-02437-DWL, purportedly on behalf of the Company, against certain of the Company's current and former directors alleging breaches of fiduciary duties, violations of Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act, unjust enrichment, and against defendant Jeff Ubben, a member of the Company's board of directors, insider selling and misappropriation of information. On January 26, 2021, the Huhn action was stayed until 30 days after the earlier of (a) the Shareholder Securities Litigation being dismissed in its entirety with prejudice; (b) defendants filing an answer to any complaint in the Shareholder Securities Litigation; or (c) a joint request by plaintiff and defendants to lift the stay.
 On January 7, 2022, Barbara Rhodes, a purported stockholder of the Company, filed her Verified Stockholder Derivative Complaint in Delaware Chancery Court captioned Rhodes v. Milton, et al. and Nikola Corp., C.A. No. 2022-0023-KSJM (the "Rhodes Action"). On January 10, 2022, Zachary BeHage and Benjamin Rowe, purported stockholders of the Company, filed their Verified Shareholder Derivative Complaint in Delaware Chancery Court captioned BeHage v. Milton, et al. and Nikola Corp., C.A. No. 2022-0045-KSJM, (the "BeHage Rowe Action" and, together with the Rhodes Action, the "Related Actions").

 14. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Continued)

 These actions are against certain of the Company's current and former directors and allege breach of fiduciary duties, insider selling under Brophy, aiding and abetting insider selling, aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment, and waste of corporate assets.
 On February 1, 2022, the Court consolidated the Rhodes Action and the BeHage Rowe Action as In re Nikola Corporation Derivative Litigation, C.A. No. 2022-0023-KJSM (the "Consolidated Chancery Action"). The Consolidated Chancery Action was stayed through February 2, 2022 on a combination of joint stipulations and court orders. Plaintiffs then filed a second amended complaint on February 14, 2023 (the "Second Amended Complaint"). On March 10, 2022, Michelle Brown and Crisanto Gomes, purported stockholders of the Company, filed their Verified Shareholder Derivative Complaint in Delaware Chancery Court captioned Brown v. Milton, et al. and Nikola Corp., C.A. No. 2022-0223-KSJM (the "Brown & Gomes Action"). The Brown & Gomes Action likewise alleges claims against certain of the Company's current and former directors for purported breaches of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment. On January 12, 2023, the parties entered into a stipulation consolidating the Brown & Gomes Action in the Consolidated Chancery Derivative Action. On May 3, 2023, each of the current and former director defendants moved to partially dismiss the Second Amended Complaint. Briefing concluded on August 25, 2023, and the court heard argument on December 8, 2023. The court has not yet ruled on the motions.
 In addition, on March 8, 2021, the Company received a demand letter from a law firm representing a purported stockholder of the Company alleging facts and claims substantially the same as many of the facts and claims in the filed derivative shareholder lawsuit. The demand letter requests that the board of directors (i) undertake an independent internal investigation into certain board members and management's purported violations of Delaware and/or federal law; and (ii) commence a civil action against those members of the board and management for alleged fiduciary breaches. In April 2021, the board of directors formed a demand review committee, consisting of independent directors Bruce L. Smith, and Mary L. Petrovich, to review such demands and provide input to the Company and retained independent counsel. Upon completion of the independent internal investigation by the demand review committee, it was recommended that the board take no action in response to the demand letter at this time. The independent counsel for the demand review committee provided an update to counsel for the stockholder who sent the demand letter. There can be no assurance as to whether any litigation will be commenced by or against the Company by the purported shareholder with respect to the claims set forth in the demand letter, or whether any such litigation could be material.
 Additionally, on December 23, 2022, the Company received another demand letter from a law firm representing purported stockholder of the Company, Ed Lomont, alleging facts and claims substantially the same as many of the facts and claims in the filed derivative shareholder lawsuits. The demand letter requested that the board's demand review committee (i) undertake an independent internal investigation into certain board members and management's purported violations of Delaware and/or federal law; and (ii) commence a civil action against those members of the board and management for alleged fiduciary breaches. In February 2023, the board of directors reengaged the demand review committee, consisting of independent directors Bruce L. Smith, and Mary L. Petrovich, to review such demands and provide input to the Company and retained independent counsel.
 On September 6, 2023, Lomont filed a Verified Stockholder Derivative Complaint in Delaware Chancery Court captioned Lomont v. Milton, et al.., C.A. No. 2023-0908-KSJM (the "Lomont Action") against certain of the Company's current and former directors, alleging claims against those defendants for purported breaches of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, and contribution and indemnification. The Lomont Action alleges that the Company constructively and wrongfully refused Lomont's demand that the Company bring claims against officers and directors. The parties have not yet entered into a schedule for the Lomont Action.
 The complaints seek unspecified monetary damages, costs and fees associated with bringing the actions, and reform of the Company's corporate governance, risk management and operating practices. The Company is vigorously defending against the foregoing complaints. The Company is unable to estimate the potential loss or range of loss, if any, associated with these lawsuits, which could be material.
 On February 21, 2024, a purported shareholder derivative action was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware, captioned Roy v. Russell, et al., Case No. 1:24-cv-00230-UNA (the "Roy Action"), purportedly on behalf of the Company, against certain of the Company's current and former officers and directors alleging violations of Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act, breach of fiduciary duty based on false statements; oversight, and insider trading; unjust enrichment; abuse of control; corporate waste; and gross mismanagement. The Company is currently evaluating the claims asserted in the complaint.

 14. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Continued)

 Tenneson Action
 On October 13, 2023, John Tenneson filed a purported securities class action in the United States District Court for the District of Arizona, captioned Tenneson v. Nikola et al., Case No. 2:23-cv-02131-DJH (the "Tenneson Action"). The Tenneson Action asserts claims against the Company and certain officers and directors asserts under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act, and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, based on allegedly false and/or misleading statements and omissions in press releases, public filings, and in social media regarding the Company's safety and structural controls related to its manufacturing of battery components and the likelihood of a product recall. On December 12, 2023, three sets of plaintiffs filed motions to be appointed as lead plaintiff. On January 16, 2024, the court entered the parties' stipulated extension of time for Defendants to respond to the complaint until after a lead plaintiff is appointed and an amended complaint is filed.
 Plaintiff seeks an unspecified amount in damages, attorneys' fees, and other relief. The Company intends to vigorously defend itself. The Company is unable to estimate the potential loss or range of loss, if any, associated with the Tenneson Action, which could be material.
 Lion Electric matter
 On March 2, 2023, Lion Electric filed a complaint against Nikola in Arizona federal district court alleging that Nikola tortiously interfered with the Romeo Power, Inc. / Lion Electric business relationship and Lion's business expectancy from the commercial relationship. Nikola denies the allegations and intends to vigorously defend the matter. Based upon information presently known to management, the Company has reflected an estimated liability of $ 1.8 million in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
 Lightning eMotors matter
 On March 9, 2023, Lighting eMotors filed a complaint in Colorado State Court alleging that Nikola tortiously interfered with the Romeo Power, Inc. / Lightning eMotors business relationship and Lightning's business expectancy. Nikola denies the allegations and intends to vigorously defend the matter. Lightning eMotors recently went into receivership and its assets are subject to a pending sale. Accordingly, the Colorado State Court stayed this action indefinitely. Based upon information presently known to management, the Company is not currently able to estimate the outcome of this proceeding or a possible range of loss, if any.
 Purchase Commitments
 The Company enters into commitments under non-cancellable or partially cancellable purchase orders or vendor agreements in the normal course of business. The following table presents the Company's commitments and contractual obligations as of December 31, 2023:

 Payments due by period as of December 31, 2023

 Total
 Less than 1 Year
 1 - 3 Years
 3 - 5 Years
 More than 5 Years

 Unrecorded contractual obligations:

 Purchase obligations
 $
 751,526
 $
 12,186
 $
 218,314
 $
 335,876
 $
 185,150

 Leases executed not yet commenced
 29,323
 3,668
 11,693
 11,090
 2,872

 Recorded contractual obligations:

 Accrued SEC settlement
 84,000
 84,000
 —
 —
 —

 FCPM License
 19,314
 13,796
 5,518
 —
 —

 Other accrued obligations

 5,000
 3,000
 2,000
 —
 —

 $
 889,163
 $
 116,650
 $
 237,525
 $
 346,966
 $
 188,022

 Purchase commitments include agreements with hydrogen suppliers which require a minimum commitment of product purchases on a take-or-pay basis starting in the fourth quarter of 2023. The Company's purchase obligations with these suppliers contain minimum purchase quantities, provisions for price adjustments, and in certain instances, are contingent on the supplier's expected construction of the production site and commencement of production by a certain deadline.

 14. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Continued)

 Commitments and Contingencies
 FCPM License
 In the third quarter of 2021, the Company entered into a FCPM license to intellectual property that will be used to adapt, further develop and assemble FCPMs. Payments for the license will be due in installments ranging from 2022 to 2023. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company accrued $ 13.8 million and $ 32.1 million, respectively, in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and $ 5.5 million and zero, respectively, in other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
 Inventory Repurchase Agreements
 During the first quarter of 2023, the Company entered into an arrangement with a finance company to provide floor plan financing to its dealers (the "Floor Plan"), generally with terms of approximately 15 months. The Company receives payment from the finance company following shipment of trucks to the dealers, and the Company participates in the cost of dealer financing up to certain limits. In conjunction with the Floor Plan, the Company entered into an inventory repurchase agreement (the "Inventory Repurchase Agreement") with the finance company, whereby the Company has agreed to repurchase trucks re-possessed by the financing company in the event of a dealer default, at the financing company's option. As of December 31, 2023, the maximum potential cash payments the Company could be required to make under the terms of the Inventory Repurchase Agreement was $ 14.5 million. The Company's financial exposure under the Inventory Repurchase Agreement is limited to the difference between the amount paid to the financing company and the amount received upon subsequent resale of the re-possessed truck. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had not repurchased any trucks under the terms of the Inventory Repurchase Agreement, nor received any requests for repurchase.
 BEV Recall Campaign
 On August 11, 2023, the Company announced a voluntary recall of its BEV trucks, as a result of the preliminary results of the Company's battery pack thermal event investigations. The incident was deemed likely caused by a defect within components of the supplier battery pack. The Company continues to investigate the thermal event and has determined that replacement of the battery pack in all BEV trucks is the safest, most cost effective remedy. All BEV trucks have been transported to the Company's manufacturing facility to be retrofit with alternative battery packs.
 Amounts accrued for the recall campaign are based on management's best estimates of the amounts that will ultimately be required to settle such items. The Company can provide no assurances that it will not experience material claims in the future or that it will not incur significant costs to defend or settle such claims beyond the amounts accrued. As of December 31, 2023, the Company accrued $ 65.8 million related to the recall campaign, of which $ 3.0 million has been incurred through December 31, 2023 for the BEV trucks that are expected to be returned to dealers and their retail customers once the recall work is complete.

 15. NET LOSS PER SHARE
 The following table sets forth the computation of the basic and diluted net loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Numerator:

 $
 ( 864,621)
 $
 ( 738,138)
 $

 Net loss from discontinued operations

 ( 101,661)
 —

 Net loss, basic

 $
 $
 $

 Less: revaluation of warrant liability
 —
 —
 ( 3,051)

 Net loss, diluted

 $
 $
 $
 ( 693,489)

 Denominator:

 Weighted average shares outstanding, basic
 398,655,081

 Dilutive effect of common stock issuable from assumed exercise of options
 —
 —
 129,311

 Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted
 398,784,392

 Basic net loss per share:

 $
 ( 1.08)
 $
 ( 1.67)
 $
 ( 1.73)

 Net loss from discontinued operations
 $
 ( 0.13)
 $
 ( 0.11)
 $
 —

 $
 ( 1.21)
 $
 ( 1.78)
 $
 ( 1.73)

 Diluted net loss per share:

 $
 ( 1.21)
 $
 ( 1.78)
 $
 ( 1.74)

 Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss for the period by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period.
 Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss, adjusted for the revaluation of warrant liability, by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, adjusted for the dilutive effect of shares of common stock equivalents resulting from the assumed exercise of warrants. The treasury stock method was used to calculate the potential dilutive effect of these common stock equivalents.
 Potentially dilutive shares were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss when their effect was antidilutive. The following outstanding common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have been anti-dilutive.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Toggle Convertible Notes (on an as-converted basis)

 21,539,624
 24,123,014
 —

 Senior Convertible Notes (on an as-converted basis)

 —
 22,418,653
 —

 8.25 % Convertible Notes (on an as-converted basis)

 23,953,333
 —
 —

 Outstanding warrants
 841,183
 1,137,850
 —

 Stock options, including performance stock options
 15,041,373
 22,470,585
 28,996,160

 Restricted stock units, including Market Based RSUs
 28,541,121
 21,645,858
 25,496,384

 Total
 89,916,634
 91,795,960
 54,492,544

 16. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
 FFI Purchase Agreement
 In January 2024, the Company completed the second closing under the terms of the FFI Purchase Agreement in connection with the sale of certain project assets related to Phoenix Hydrogen Hub, LLC to FFI. The Company received net proceeds of $ 12.5 million in February 2024 related to the second closing under the FFI Purchase Agreement.
 Conversions
 During January and February 2024, noteholders of the 8.25 % Convertible Notes converted $ 4.1 million aggregate principal amount for issuance of 4,499,999 shares of the Company's common stock and $ 0.9 million of Coupon Make-Whole Premium.

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 We maintain a system of disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act") designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (our principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (our principal financial officer), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
 Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures under the Exchange Act as of December 31, 2023, the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K due to the existence of the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting described below.
 Additionally, the Company identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting in connection with the review of our unaudited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that it is reasonably possible that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
 Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
 Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements and projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria set forth in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on the assessment, management has concluded that we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 due to the material weakness described below.
 A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
 We identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting associated with ineffective ITGCs in the areas of user access and change management over the information technology ("IT") systems that support our financial reporting processes. We also deemed certain automated and manual business process controls ineffective that are dependent on the affected ITGCs, because they could have been adversely impacted to the extent that they rely upon information or configurations from the affected IT systems. We believe that these control deficiencies were a result of: (i) insufficient training of personnel on the operation and importance of ITGCs; and (ii) inadequate risk-assessment processes resulting in failure to identify and assess risks in IT environments that could impact internal control over financial reporting. The material weakness did not result in any identified misstatements to the financial statements, and there were no changes to previously released financial results. However, the deficiencies in ITGCs created a more than remote possibility that a material misstatement to the consolidated financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
 Management has analyzed the material weaknesses and performed additional analysis and procedures in preparing our consolidated financial statements. We have concluded that our consolidated financial statements fairly present, in all material respects, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows at and for the periods presented.
 Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm who audited and reported on our consolidated financial statements included in this report, has issued an adverse report on the effectiveness of our internal control over

 financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, included in their report under Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 Remediation Efforts
 The aforementioned material weakness for ITGCs was first identified in 2022. With the oversight of senior management and our Audit Committee, we have identified controls and implemented our remediation plan to address the material weakness related to our ITGCs mentioned above. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we have completed the following remedial actions.
 • Performed a risk assessment over the IT system that supports our financial reporting processes;
 • Hired consultants and key personnel with internal control experience with our IT system to drive remediation efforts;
 • Designed, developed, and deployed an enhanced ITGC framework, including the implementation of systems and tools to enable the effectiveness and consistent execution of these controls;
 • Developed a training program to address ITGCs and policies, including (i) educating control owners concerning the principles and requirements of each control, with a focus on those related to user access and change management over IT systems impacting financial reporting; (ii) developing and maintaining documentation of underlying ITGCs to promote knowledge transfer upon personnel and function changes; and (iii) implementing an IT management review and testing plan to monitor ITGCs with a specific focus on systems supporting our financial reporting processes; and
 • Implemented enhanced system capabilities and business processes to manage and monitor key elements of the control framework. This includes segregation of duties, elevated user access review, change management, user provisioning and deprovisioning, and user access reviews.
 We believe the measures described above will remediate the material weakness and strengthen our internal control over financial reporting. However, this material weakness will not be considered remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded through testing that the controls are operating effectively. Our implementation of the measures described above occurred through the end of 2023 and as a result there was not a sufficient period of time for the controls to be operating or tested to conclude a full assessment of their effectiveness. We anticipate that the applicable remediation will be completed during fiscal year 2024. We are committed to continuing to improve our internal control processes, and, as we continue to evaluate and work to improve our internal control over financial reporting, we may take additional measures to address control deficiencies, or we may modify or enhance certain of the remediation measures described above.
 Remediation of Previously Reported Material Weakness
 We previously identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting in connection with the review of our unaudited consolidated financial statements for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The material weakness identified was a result of certain control deficiencies related to the precision of our review for the valuation and remeasurement of the embedded derivative liability of our Toggle Convertible Notes as of June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2023. In response to this material weakness, we enhanced the control execution to ensure our review of the completeness of features included in valuations.
 We have completed the implementation of the enhancement above and management has concluded that this material weakness has been remediated as of December 31, 2023.
 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 Other than the changes and remediation efforts as described above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and Rule 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act, that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B. Other Information
 During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, no director or officer adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of securities of the Company pursuant to Rule 10b5-1(c) or any non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as defined in Regulation S-K Item 408(c)).

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
 Not applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
 The information required by this Item of Form 10-K will be included in our Proxy Statement (the "Proxy Statement") under the headings "Election of Directors," "Executive Compensation," "Corporate Governance — Code of Business Conduct and Ethics" and "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" to be filed with the SEC in connection with the solicitation of proxies for our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation
 The information required by this Item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement under the headings "Election of Directors — Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation," "Election of Directors—Board Committees", "Corporate Governance — Director Compensation" and "Executive Compensation" incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
 The information required by this Item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement under the headings "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" and "Executive Compensation—Equity Compensation Plan Information" and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence
 The information required by this Item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement under the headings "Corporate Governance — Certain Relationships and Transactions with Related Persons" and "Election of Directors — Director Independence" and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
 The information required by this Item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement under the headings "Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm—Principal Accountant Fees and Services" and "Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm—Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures" and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
 1.Financial Statements: The information concerning our financial statements and Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm required by this Item is incorporated by reference herein to the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K in Item 8, titled "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
 2.Financial Statement Schedules: No schedules are required
 3.The exhibits listed in the following Index to Exhibits are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this report

 1.1

 Amended and Restated Equity Distribution Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation and Citigroup Global Markets Inc., as sales agent, dated August 4, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 4, 2023).

 2.1

 +
 Business Combination Agreement by and among VectoIQ Acquisition Corp., VCTIQ Merger Sub Corp., and Nikola Corporation, dated March 2, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 3, 2020).

 3.1

 Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-239185) (as amended, the "Resale S-1")).

 3.2

 Certificate of Amendment of the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Nikola Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-4 filed August 29, 2022).

 3.3

 Certificate of Amendment of the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Nikola Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed November 2, 2023).

 3.4

 Amended and Restated Bylaws (as amended as of February 5, 2024) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 9, 2024).

 4.1

 Form of Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 8, 2020 (the "Super 8-K")).

 4.2

 Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Super 8-K).

 4.3

 Form of Senior Convertible Note (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 30, 2022).

 4.4

 Indenture (including form of Note), dated June 1, 2022, by and among Nikola Corporation, Nikola Subsidiary Corporation and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 3, 2022).

 4.5

 First Supplemental Indenture to Indenture dated June 1, 2022, by and among Nikola Corporation, Nikola Subsidiary Corporation and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, dated April 3, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 14, 2023).

 4.6

 Second Supplemental Indenture to Indenture dated June 1, 2022, by and among Nikola Corporation, Nikola Subsidiary Corporation and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, dated April 10, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 14, 2023).

 4.7

 Third Supplemental Indenture to Indenture dated June 1, 2022, by and among Nikola Corporation, Nikola Subsidiary Corporation and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, dated June 23, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023).

 4.8

 Indenture by and between Nikola Corporation and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB, dated March 16, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 16, 2023).

 4.9

 First Supplemental Indenture (including form of Series B-1 Senior Convertible Note) by and between Nikola Corporation and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB, dated March 16, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 16, 2023).

 4.10

 Second Supplemental Indenture (including form of Series B-2 Senior Convertible Note) by and between Nikola Corporation and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB, dated May 10, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 10, 2023).

 4.11

 Indenture (including form of Note) by and among Nikola Corporation, Nikola Subsidiary Corporation and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, dated April 11, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 14, 2023).

 4.12

 First Supplemental Indenture to Indenture dated April 11, 2023, by and among Nikola Corporation, Nikola Subsidiary Corporation and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, dated June 23, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023).

 4.13

 Indenture (including form of Note) by and among Nikola Corporation, Nikola Subsidiary Corporation and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, dated June 23, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023).

 4.14

 Indenture by and between Nikola Corporation and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB, as trustee, dated August 21, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 21, 2023).

 4.15

 First Supplemental Indenture (including Form of Note) by and between Nikola Corporation and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB, as trustee, dated August 21, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 21, 2023).

 4.16

 Second Supplemental Indenture (including Form of Series A-2 Senior Convertible Note) to Indenture dated August 21, 2023 by and between Nikola Corporation and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB, as trustee, dated September 22, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 22, 2023).

 4.17

 Indenture by and between Nikola Corporation and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, dated December 12, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 12, 2023).

 4.18

 First Supplemental Indenture by and between Nikola Corporation and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, dated December 12, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 12, 2023).

 4.19

 Form of certificate representing the 8.25% Green Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.2) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 12, 2023).

 4.20

 Warrant Agreement by and between the Registrant and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, dated May 15, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 21, 2018).

 4.21

 Registration Rights and Lock-Up Agreement by and among VectoIQ Acquisition Corp. and certain stockholders of VectoIQ Acquisition Corp., dated June 3, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Resale S-1).

 4.22

 Amendment No. 1 to Registration Rights and Lock-Up Agreement by and among VectoIQ Acquisition Corp. and certain stockholders of VectoIQ Acquisition Corp., dated July 17, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 23, 2020).

 4.23

 Registration Rights Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation and Tumim Stone Capital LLC, dated September 24, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 27, 2021).

 4.24

 Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

 4.25

 Warrant Agreement (including Form of Warrant) by and between RMG Acquisition Corp. and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, as warrant agent, dated February 7, 2019, as amended by Amendment No. 1 to Warrant Agreement by and between Romeo Power, Inc. and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, dated October 14, 2022.

 10.1

 Form of Subscription Agreement by and between the Registrant and certain purchasers, dated March 2, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 3, 2020).

 10.2

 Form of Subscription Agreement by and between the Registrant and entities affiliated with Fidelity Management & Research Company, dated June 3, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Super 8-K).

 10.3

 #
 Form of Indemnification Agreement by and between the Registrant and its directors and officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Super 8-K).

 10.4

 #
 Nikola Corporation 2020 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated on April 12, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023).

 10.5

 #
 Forms of Stock Option Agreement, Notice of Exercise, Stock Option Grant Notice, Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, and Restricted Stock Agreement under the Nikola Corporation 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-237179) (as amended, the "S-4")).

 10.6

 #
 Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Nikola Corporation 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 28, 2023).

 10.7

 #
 Nikola Corporation 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021).

 10.8

 #
 Nikola Corporation 2022 Inducement Plan. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-268141).

 10.9

 #
 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Nikola Corporation 2022 Inducement Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-268141).

 10.10

 #
 Romeo Power, Inc. 2020 Long-Term Incentive Plan, and form of agreements used thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-268141).

 10.11

 #
 Form of Amendment to Executive Employment Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 28, 2023).

 10.12

 #
 Offer Letter from Nikola Corporation to Kim J. Brady, dated October 17, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the S-4).

 10.13

 #
 Offer Letter from Nikola Corporation to Joseph R. Pike, dated January 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the S-4).

 10.14

 #
 Offer Letter from Nikola Corporation to Britton M. Worthen, dated March 26, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the S-4).

 10.15

 #
 Executive Employment Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation and Michael Lohscheller, dated February 3, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 24, 2022).

 10.16

 #
 Amendment to Executive Employment Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation Michael Lohscheller, dated August 15, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 15, 2022).

 10.17

 #
 Executive Transition Services Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation and Michael Lohscheller, dated August 4, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed November 2, 2023).

 10.18

 #
 Executive Employment Agreement by and between the Registrant and Kim J. Brady, dated June 3, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Super 8-K).

 10.19

 #
*
 Amendment to Executive Employment Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation and Kim J. Brady dated August 15, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 15, 2022).

 10.20

 #
 Executive Employment Agreement by and between the Registrant and Joseph R. Pike, dated June 3, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Super 8-K).

 10.21

 #
 Amendment to Executive Employment Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation and Joseph R. Pike dated August 15, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 15, 2022).

 10.22

 #
 Executive Employment Agreement by and between the Registrant and Britton M. Worthen, dated June 3, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the Super 8-K).

 10.23

 #
 Amendment to Executive Employment Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation and Britton M. Worthen dated August 15, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 15, 2022).

 10.24

 #
 Executive Employment Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation and Carey Mendes dated August 30, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 6, 2022).

 10.25

 #
 Executive Employment Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation and Anastasiya Pasterick, dated March 27, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 28, 2023).

 10.26

 #
 Executive Employment Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation and Stephen J. Girsky, dated August 4, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed November 2, 2023).

 10.27

 #
 Executive Employment Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation and Mary S. Chan, dated September 15, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 19, 2023).

 10.28

 #
 Executive Employment Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation and Joseph S. Cappello, dated September 15, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 21, 2023).

 10.29

 #
 Nikola Corporation 2017 Stock Option Plan, dated July 10, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the S-4).

 10.30

 #
 Founder Stock Option Plan, dated November 9, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the S-4).

 10.31

 Redemption Agreement by and between the Registrant and M&M Residual, LLC, dated June 3, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Super 8-K).

 10.32

 Lease Agreement by and between DARED 90 LLC and Nikola Corporation, dated February 13, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the S-4).

 10.33

 *
 Master Industrial Agreement by and among Nikola Corporation, CNH Industrial N.V. and Iveco S.p. A., dated September 3, 2019, as amended by Amendment to Master Industrial Agreement, dated December 26, 2019, Second Amendment to Master Industrial Agreement, dated January 31, 2020, and Third Amendment to Master Industrial Agreement, dated February 28, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the S-4).

 10.34

 *
 Amended and Restated European Alliance Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation, Iveco S.p. A., and solely with respect to Sections 9.5 and 16.18, CNH Industrial N.V., dated February 28, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the S-4).

 10.35

 *
 Commercial Letter by and among VectoIQ Acquisition Corp., Nikola Corporation and Nimbus Holdings LLC, dated March 2, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the S-4).

 10.36

 *
 Master Agreement by and between Anheuser-Busch, LLC and Nikola Corporation (formerly Nikola Motor Company, LLC), dated February 22, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the S-4).

 10.37

 *
 Supply Agreement by and between Nel ASA and Nikola Corporation (formerly Nikola Motor Company, LLC), dated June 28, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the S-4).

 10.38

 *
 European Supply Agreement by and among Nikola Iveco Europe B.V., IVECO S.p. A. and Nikola Corporation, dated April 9, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the S-4).

 10.39

 *
 North American Supply Agreement by and among Nikola Iveco Europe B.V., Nikola Corporation, and solely with respect to Sections 2, 4.2, 4.8 and 6.2.2, Iveco S.p. A., dated April 9, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the S-4).

 10.40

 *
 Technical Assistance Service Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation and Iveco S.p. A., dated April 9, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the S-4).

 10.41

 +
 First Amendment to Technical Services Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation and Iveco S.p. A., a Societ per Azioni, dated June 17, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022).

 10.42

 *
 S-Way Platform and Product Sharing Contract by and between Nikola Corporation and Iveco S.p. A., dated April 9, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the S-4).

 10.43

 *
 First Amendment to S-Way Platform and Product Sharing Contract by and between Nikola Corporation and Iveco S.p. A., a Societ per Azioni, dated June 17, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022).

 10.44

 *
 Nikola Technology License Agreement by and among Nikola Iveco Europe B.V., Nikola Corporation, and solely with respect to Sections 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6, Iveco S.p. A., dated April 9, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the S-4).

 10.45

 *
+
 First Amendment to Nikola Technology License Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation and Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH (former Nikola Iveco Europe B.V.), dated June 17, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022).

 10.46

 *
 Iveco Technology License Agreement by and among Nikola Iveco Europe B.V., Iveco S.p. A., and solely with respect to Sections 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, and 4.6, Nikola Corporation, dated April 9, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the S-4).

 10.47

 *
 First Amendment to Iveco Technology License Agreement by and among Nikola Corporation, Nikola Iveco Europe GmbH (former Nikola Iveco Europe B.V.), and Iveco S.p. A., a Societ per Azioni dated June 17, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022).

 10.48

 *
 Membership Interests Purchase Agreement by and among the Registrant, Wabash Valley Resources LLC and the sellers party thereto, dated June 22, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 28, 2021).

 10.49

 Amendment No. 1 to the Membership Interest Purchase Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation, Wabash Valley Resources LLC and the sellers party thereto, dated September 13, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2021).

 10.50

 *
 Hydrogen Sale and Purchase Agreement by and between the Registrant and Wabash Valley Resources LLC, dated June 22, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 28, 2021).

 10.51

 *
 Second Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Wabash Valley Resources LLC, dated June 22, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 28, 2021).

 10.52

 *
 Fuel Cell Supply Framework Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation and Robert Bosch LLC, dated August 30, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2021).

 10.53

 *
 FCPM Design and Manufacturing License Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation and Robert Bosch LLC, dated September 1, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2021).

 10.54

 Loan Agreement by and between 4141 E Broadway Road LLC and Colliers Funding LLC, dated November 23, 2021 and Promissory Note, dated November 23, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.43 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021).

 10.55

 +
 Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of July 30, 2022, by and among Nikola Corporation, Romeo Power, Inc., and Romeo Systems, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 2, 2022).

 10.56

 Investment Agreement by and among Nikola Corporation, Nikola Subsidiary Corporation and Antara Capital LP, dated April 30, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 3, 2022).

 10.57

 Exchange and Investment Agreement by and among Nikola Corporation, Nikola Subsidiary Corporation and Antara Capital LP, dated March 29, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 31, 2023).

 10.58

 Stock Purchase Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation and Antara Capital LP, dated March 29, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 31, 2023).

 10.59

 Securities Purchase Agreement by and between Nikola Corporation and the investors named therein, dated August 21, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 21, 2023).

 10.60

 +
 Membership Interest and Asset Purchase Agreement by and among Nikola Corporation, FFI Phoenix Hub Holdings LLC and Nikola Phx Hub, LLC, dated July 3, 2023, as amended by First Amendment to Membership Interest and Asset Purchase Agreement, dated January 31, 2024.

 21.1

 List of Subsidiaries.

 23.1

 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

 24.1
 Power of Attorney (included on the signature page hereof).

 31.1

 Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.1

 ^
 Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 97.1

 Nikola Corporation Compensation Recovery Policy.

 101.INS

 101.SCH

 101.CAL

 101.DEF

 101.LAB

 101.PRE

 __________________________

 +
 The schedules and exhibits to this agreement have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. A copy of any omitted schedule and/or exhibit will be furnished to the SEC upon request.

 #

 Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

 *

 Portions of this exhibit have been redacted in accordance with Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K.

 ^

 In accordance with Item 601(b)(32)(ii) of Regulation S-K and SEC Release No. 34-47986, the certification furnished in Exhibit 32.1 hereto is deemed to accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K and will not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act") or deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act of 1933 except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
 None.

 SIGNATURES
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 Date: February 28, 2024

 By:
 /s/ Stephen J. Girsky

 Stephen J. Girsky

 President and Chief Executive Officer

 POWER OF ATTORNEY
 KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Stephen J. Girsky and Britton M. Worthen, and each of them, his or her true and lawful attorneys in fact, each with full power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this annual report on Form 10 K and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys in fact or their substitute or substitutes may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signature
 Title
 Date

 /s/ Stephen J. Girsky
 President, Chief Executive Officer, Acting Chief Financial Officer and a Director (Principal Executive Officer, Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

 Stephen J. Girsky

 /s/ Steven M. Shindler
 Chairman of the Board

 Steven M. Shindler

 /s/ Michael L. Mansuetti

 Michael L. Mansuetti

 /s/ Mary L. Petrovich

 Mary L. Petrovich

 /s/ Jonathan M. Pertchik

 Jonathan M. Pertchik

 /s/ Bruce L. Smith

 Bruce L. Smith

 /s/ Carla M. Tully

 Carla M. Tully

 /s/ John C. Vesco

 John C. Vesco

 Andrew M. Vesey