UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 Form 10-K

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 Commission File No. 001-37917
 Mammoth Energy Services, Inc.
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Delaware

 32-0498321

 (State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)

 (I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

 14201 Caliber Drive,
 Suite 300

 Oklahoma City,
 Oklahoma
 (405)
 608-6007
 73134

 (Address of principal executive offices)
 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
 (Zip Code)

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of The Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock
 TUSK
 The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

 NASDAQ Global Select Market

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No

 The aggregate market value of common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2024 was approximately $ 78.9 million, calculated based on the closing price of the common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on that date.

 As of March 5, 2025, there were 48,127,369 shares of our $0.01 par value common stock outstanding.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 Portions of Mammoth Energy Services, Inc.'s Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference in Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III of this Form 10-K.

 Page

 Glossary of Oil and Natural Gas and Electrical Infrastructure Terms

 i

 Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

 iv

 PART I.

 Item 1.
 Business

 Item 1A.
 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.
 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.
 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.
 Properties

 Item 3.
 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.
 Mine Safety Disclosure

 PART II.

 Item 5.
 Market for Registrant ' s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.
 [Reserved]

 Item 7.
 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.
 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.
 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.
 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.
 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.
 Other Information

 Item 9C.
 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions the Prevent Inspections

 PART III.

 Item 10.
 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.
 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.
 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.
 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence

 Item 14.
 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 PART IV.

 Item 15.
 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.
 Form 10-K Summary

 SIGNATURES

 GLOSSARY OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS AND ELECTRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE TERMS
 The following is a glossary of certain oil and natural gas and natural sand proppant industry terms used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "annual report" or "report"):

 Acidizing
 To pump acid into a wellbore to improve well productivity or injectivity.

 Blowout
 An uncontrolled flow of reservoir fluids into the wellbore, and sometimes catastrophically to the surface. A blowout may consist of salt water, oil, natural gas or a mixture of these. Blowouts can occur in all types of exploration and production operations, not just during drilling operations. If reservoir fluids flow into another formation and do not flow to the surface, the result is called an underground blowout. If the well experiencing a blowout has significant open-hole intervals, it is possible that the well will bridge over (or seal itself with rock fragments from collapsing formations) down-hole and intervention efforts will be averted.

 Bottomhole assembly
 The lower portion of the drillstring, consisting of (from the bottom up in a vertical well) the bit, bit sub, a mud motor (in certain cases), stabilizers, drill collar, heavy-weight drillpipe, jarring devices ("jars") and crossovers for various threadforms. The bottomhole assembly must provide force for the bit to break the rock (weight on bit), survive a hostile mechanical environment and provide the driller with directional control of the well. Oftentimes the assembly includes a mud motor, directional drilling and measuring equipment, measurements-while-drilling tools, logging-while-drilling tools and other specialized devices.

 Cementing
 To prepare and pump cement into place in a wellbore.

 Coiled tubing
 A long, continuous length of pipe wound on a spool. The pipe is straightened prior to pushing into a wellbore and rewound to coil the pipe back onto the transport and storage spool. Depending on the pipe diameter (1 in. to 4 1/2 in.) and the spool size, coiled tubing can range from 2,000 ft. to 23,000 ft. (610 m to 6,096 m) or greater length.

 Completion
 A generic term used to describe the assembly of down-hole tubulars and equipment required to enable safe and efficient production from an oil or gas well. The point at which the completion process begins may depend on the type and design of the well.

 Directional drilling
 The intentional deviation of a wellbore from the path it would naturally take. This is accomplished through the use of whipstocks, bottomhole assembly (BHA) configurations, instruments to measure the path of the wellbore in three-dimensional space, data links to communicate measurements taken down-hole to the surface, mud motors and special BHA components and drill bits, including rotary steerable systems, and drill bits. The directional driller also exploits drilling parameters such as weight on bit and rotary speed to deflect the bit away from the axis of the existing wellbore. In some cases, such as drilling steeply dipping formations or unpredictable deviation in conventional drilling operations, directional-drilling techniques may be employed to ensure that the hole is drilled vertically. While many techniques can accomplish this, the general concept is simple: point the bit in the direction that one wants to drill. The most common way is through the use of a bend near the bit in a down-hole steerable mud motor. The bend points the bit in a direction different from the axis of the wellbore when the entire drillstring is not rotating. By pumping mud through the mud motor, the bit turns while the drillstring does not rotate, allowing the bit to drill in the direction it points. When a particular wellbore direction is achieved, that direction may be maintained by rotating the entire drillstring (including the bent section) so that the bit does not drill in a single direction off the wellbore axis, but instead sweeps around and its net direction coincides with the existing wellbore. Rotary steerable tools allow steering while rotating, usually with higher rates of penetration and ultimately smoother boreholes.

 Down-hole
 Pertaining to or in the wellbore (as opposed to being on the surface).

 Down-hole motor
 A drilling motor located in the drill string above the drilling bit powered by the flow of drilling mud. Down-hole motors are used to increase the speed and efficiency of the drill bit or can be used to steer the bit in directional drilling operations. Drilling motors have become very popular because of horizontal and directional drilling applications and the day rates for drilling rigs.

 Drilling rig
 The machine used to drill a wellbore.

 Drillpipe or Drill pipe
 Tubular steel conduit fitted with special threaded ends called tool joints. The drillpipe connects the rig surface equipment with the bottomhole assembly and the bit, both to pump drilling fluid to the bit and to be able to raise, lower and rotate the bottomhole assembly and bit.

 Drillstring or Drill string
 The combination of the drillpipe, the bottomhole assembly and any other tools used to make the drill bit turn at the bottom of the wellbore.

 Flowback
 The process of allowing fluids to flow from the well following a treatment, either in preparation for a subsequent phase of treatment or in preparation for cleanup and returning the well to production.

 Horizontal drilling
 A subset of the more general term "directional drilling," used where the departure of the wellbore from vertical exceeds about 80 degrees. Note that some horizontal wells are designed such that after reaching true 90-degree horizontal, the wellbore may actually start drilling upward. In such cases, the angle past 90 degrees is continued, as in 95 degrees, rather than reporting it as deviation from vertical, which would then be 85 degrees. Because a horizontal well typically penetrates a greater length of the reservoir, it can offer significant production improvement over a vertical well.

 Hydraulic fracturing
 A stimulation treatment routinely performed on oil and gas wells in low permeability reservoirs. Specially engineered fluids are pumped at high pressure and rate into the reservoir interval to be treated, causing a vertical fracture to open. The wings of the fracture extend away from the wellbore in opposing directions according to the natural stresses within the formation. Proppant, such as grains of sand of a particular size, is mixed with the treatment fluid to keep the fracture open when the treatment is complete. Hydraulic fracturing creates high-conductivity communication with a large area of formation and bypasses any damage that may exist in the near-wellbore area.

 Hydrocarbon
 A naturally occurring organic compound comprising hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons can be as simple as methane, but many are highly complex molecules, and can occur as gases, liquids or solids. Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. The most common hydrocarbons are natural gas, oil and coal.

 i

 Mesh size
 The size of the proppant that is determined by sieving the proppant through screens with uniform openings corresponding to the desired size of the proppant. Each type of proppant comes in various sizes, categorized as mesh sizes, and the various mesh sizes are used in different applications in the oil and natural gas industry. The mesh number system is a measure of the number of equally sized openings per square inch of screen through which the proppant is sieved.

 Mud motors
 A positive displacement drilling motor that uses hydraulic horsepower of the drilling fluid to drive the drill bit. Mud motors are used extensively in directional drilling operations.

 Natural gas liquids
 Components of natural gas that are liquid at surface in field facilities or in gas processing plants. Natural gas liquids can be classified according to their vapor pressures as low (condensate), intermediate (natural gasoline) and high (liquefied petroleum gas) vapor pressure.

 Nitrogen pumping unit
 A high-pressure pump or compressor unit capable of delivering high-purity nitrogen gas for use in oil or gas wells. Two basic types of units are commonly available: a nitrogen converter unit that pumps liquid nitrogen at high pressure through a heat exchanger or converter to deliver high-pressure gas at ambient temperature, and a nitrogen generator unit that compresses and separates air to provide a supply of high pressure nitrogen gas.

 Plugging
 The process of permanently closing oil and gas wells no longer capable of producing in economic quantities. Plugging work can be performed with a well servicing rig along with wireline and cementing equipment; however, this service is typically provided by companies that specialize in plugging work.

 Plug
 A down-hole packer assembly used in a well to seal off or isolate a particular formation for testing, acidizing, cementing, etc.; also a type of plug used to seal off a well temporarily while the wellhead is removed.

 Pounds per square inch
 A unit of pressure. It is the pressure resulting from a one pound force applied to an area of one square inch.

 Pressure pumping
 Services that include the pumping of liquids under pressure.

 Producing formation
 An underground rock formation from which oil, natural gas or water is produced. Any porous rock will contain fluids of some sort, and all rocks at considerable distance below the Earth's surface will initially be under pressure, often related to the hydrostatic column of ground waters above the reservoir. To produce, rocks must also have permeability, or the capacity to permit fluids to flow through them.

 Proppant
 Sized particles mixed with fracturing fluid to hold fractures open after a hydraulic fracturing treatment. In addition to naturally occurring sand grains, man-made or specially engineered proppants, such as resin-coated sand or high-strength ceramic materials like sintered bauxite, may also be used. Proppant materials are carefully sorted for size and sphericity to provide an efficient conduit for production of fluid from the reservoir to the wellbore.

 Resource play
 Accumulation of hydrocarbons known to exist over a large area.

 Shale
 A fine-grained, fissile, sedimentary rock formed by consolidation of clay- and silt-sized particles into thin, relatively impermeable layers.

 Tight oil
 Conventional oil that is found within reservoirs with very low permeability. The oil contained within these reservoir rocks typically will not flow to the wellbore at economic rates without assistance from technologically advanced drilling and completion processes. Commonly, horizontal drilling coupled with multistage fracturing is used to access these difficult to produce reservoirs.

 Tight sands
 A type of unconventional tight reservoir. Tight reservoirs are those which have low permeability, often quantified as less than 0.1 millidarcies.

 Tubulars
 A generic term pertaining to any type of oilfield pipe, such as drill pipe, drill collars, pup joints, casing, production tubing and pipeline.

 Unconventional resource/unconventional well
 A term for the different manner by which resources are exploited as compared to the extraction of conventional resources. In unconventional drilling, the wellbore is generally drilled to specific objectives within narrow parameters, often across long, lateral intervals within narrow horizontal formations offering greater contact area with the producing formation. Typically, the well is then hydraulically fractured at multiple stages to optimize production.

 Wellbore
 The physical conduit from surface into the hydrocarbon reservoir.

 Well stimulation
 A treatment performed to restore or enhance the productivity of a well. Stimulation treatments fall into two main groups, hydraulic fracturing treatments and matrix treatments. Fracturing treatments are performed above the fracture pressure of the reservoir formation and create a highly conductive flow path between the reservoir and the wellbore. Matrix treatments are performed below the reservoir fracture pressure and generally are designed to restore the natural permeability of the reservoir following damage to the near wellbore area. Stimulation in shale gas reservoirs typically takes the form of hydraulic fracturing treatments.

 Wireline
 A general term used to describe well-intervention operations conducted using single-strand or multi-strand wire or cable for intervention in oil or gas wells. Although applied inconsistently, the term commonly is used in association with electric logging and cables incorporating electrical conductors.

 Workover
 The process of performing major maintenance or remedial treatments on an oil or gas well. In many cases, workover implies the removal and replacement of the production tubing string after the well has been killed and a workover rig has been placed on location. Through-tubing workover operations, using coiled tubing, snubbing or slickline equipment, are routinely conducted to complete treatments or well service activities that avoid a full workover where the tubing is removed. This operation saves considerable time and expense.

 ii

 The following is a glossary of certain electrical infrastructure industry terms used in this report:

 Distribution
 The distribution of electricity from the transmission system to individual customers.

 Substation
 A part of an electrical transmission and distribution system that transforms voltage from high to low, or the reverse.

 Transmission
 The movement of electrical energy from a generating site, such as a power plant, to an electric substation.

 iii

 CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 Various statements contained in this report that express a belief, expectation, or intention, or that are not statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In particular, the factors discussed in this report could affect our actual results and cause our actual results to differ materially from expectations, estimates or assumptions expressed, forecasted or implied in such forward-looking statements.

 Forward-looking statements may include statements about:

 • the levels of capital expenditures by our customers and the impact of drilling and completions activity on utilization and pricing for our oilfield services;
 • the volatility of oil and natural gas prices and actions by OPEC members and other oil exporting nations, or OPEC+, affecting commodity price and production levels;
 • employee retention and increasingly competitive labor market;
 • general economic, business or industry conditions and concerns over a potential economic slowdown or recession;
 • conditions in the capital, financial and credit markets;
 • conditions of U.S. oil and natural gas industry and the effect of U.S. energy, monetary and trade policies;
 • U.S. and global economic conditions and political and economic developments, including the energy and environmental policies;
 • inflationary pressure on the cost of services, equipment and other goods in our industries and other sectors;
 • our ability to comply with the applicable financial covenants and other terms and conditions under our revolving credit facility;
 • our ability to execute our business and financial strategies;
 • our plans with respect to any stock repurchases under the board of directors' authorized stock repurchase program;
 • our ability to continue to grow our infrastructure services segment or recommence certain of our suspended oilfield services;
 • any loss of one or more of our significant customers and its impact on our revenue, financial condition and results of operations;
 • asset impairments;
 • our ability to identify, complete and integrate acquisitions of assets or businesses;
 • our ability to receive, or delays in receiving, permits and governmental approvals and/or payments, and to comply with applicable governmental laws and regulations;
 • the failure to receive or delays in receiving the remaining payment under the settlement agreement with the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, or PREPA;
 • the outcome or settlement of our litigation matters discussed in this report on our financial condition and cash flows;
 • any future litigation, indemnity or other claims;
 • regional supply and demand factors, delays or interruptions of production, and any governmental order, rule or regulation that may impose production limits on our customers;
 • sustained weakness in the natural gas basins in which we operate and adverse impact on demand for our well completion and natural sand proppant services;
 • shortages, delays in delivery and interruptions in supply of major components, replacement parts, or other equipment, supplies or materials;
 • changes in U.S. and foreign trade regulations and tariffs, including potential increases of tariffs on goods imported into the U.S., and uncertainty regarding the same;
 • extreme weather conditions, wild fires and other natural disasters in areas where we provide our services;
 • access to and restrictions on use of sourced or produced water;
 • advances in technology;
 • civil unrest, war, military conflicts or terrorist attacks;
 • cyberattacks and any resulting loss of information;
 • competition within the energy services industry;
 • payment of any future dividends;
 • future operating results; and
 • capital expenditures and other plans, objectives, expectations and intentions.

 All of these types of statements, other than statements of historical fact included in this annual report, are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements may be found in the "Business," "Risk Factors," "Management's
 iv

 Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," and other sections of this annual report. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as "may," "will," "could," "should," "would," "expect," "plan," "project," "budget," "intend," "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "predict," "potential," "pursue," "target," "seek," "objective," "continue," "will be," "will benefit," or "will continue," the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology.

 The forward-looking statements contained in this annual report are largely based on our expectations, which reflect estimates and assumptions made by our management. These estimates and assumptions reflect our best judgment based on currently known market conditions and other factors, which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. Although we believe such estimates and assumptions to be reasonable, they are inherently uncertain and involve a number of risks and uncertainties that are beyond our control. In addition, our management's assumptions about future events may prove to be inaccurate. Our management cautions all readers that the forward-looking statements contained in this annual report are not guarantees of future performance, and we cannot assure any reader that such statements will be realized or the forward-looking events and circumstances will occur. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements due to the many factors including those described in Item 1A. "Risk Factors" and Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and elsewhere in this annual report. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this annual report. We do not intend to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. These cautionary statements qualify all forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf.
 v

 PART I.

 Item 1. Business

 Overview

 We are an integrated, growth-oriented energy services company focused on providing products and services to enable the exploration and development of North American onshore unconventional oil and natural gas reserve as well as the construction and repair of the electric grid for private utilities, public investor-owned utilities and co-operative utilities through our infrastructure services businesses. Our primary business objective is to grow our operations and create value for stockholders through organic growth opportunities and accretive acquisitions. Our suite of services includes well completion services, infrastructure services, natural sand proppant services and other services. Our well completion services division provides hydraulic fracturing and sand hauling services. Our infrastructure services division provides engineering, design, construction, upgrade, maintenance and repair services to the electrical infrastructure industry. Our natural sand proppant services division mines, processes and sells natural sand proppant used for hydraulic fracturing. In addition to these service divisions, we also provide directional drilling services, aviation services, equipment rentals, remote accommodations and equipment manufacturing. We believe that the services we offer play a critical role in increasing the ultimate recovery and present value of production streams from unconventional resources as well as in maintaining and improving electrical infrastructure. Our complementary suite of services provides us with the opportunity to cross-sell our services and expand our customer base and geographic positioning.

 We continue to focus on growing our industrial business. We offer infrastructure engineering services focused on the transmission and distribution industry and also have equipment manufacturing operations and offer fiber optic services. Our equipment manufacturing operations provide us with the ability to repair much of our existing equipment in-house, as well as the option to manufacture certain new equipment we may need in the future. Our fiber optic services include the installation of both aerial and buried fiber. We are continuing to explore other opportunities to expand our industrial business lines.

 Our facilities and service centers are strategically located in Ohio, Texas, Oklahoma, Wisconsin, Kentucky, California, Colorado, Oregon, Indiana and Alberta, Canada primarily to serve the following areas:

 • The Utica Shale in Eastern Ohio;
 • Southern Ohio;
 • The Permian Basin in West Texas;
 • The Appalachian Basin in the Northeast;
 • The SCOOP and STACK in Oklahoma;
 • The Arkoma Basin in Arkansas and Oklahoma;
 • The Anadarko Basin in Oklahoma;
 • The Marcellus Shale in West Virginia and Pennsylvania;
 • Southeastern New Mexico;
 • The Barnett Shale in Texas;
 • The Granite Wash and Mississippi Shale in Oklahoma and Texas;
 • The Cana Woodford and Woodford Shales and the Cleveland Sand in Oklahoma;
 • Southern California; and
 • The oil sands in Alberta, Canada.

 Our operational division heads have an extensive track record in the oilfield service and infrastructure businesses with an average of over 32 years of oilfield services experience and over 27 years of infrastructure services experience. They bring valuable expertise and long-term customer relationships to our business. We provide our well completion, natural sand proppant and other services to a diversified range of both public and private independent oil and natural gas producers and our infrastructure services to private utilities, public investor owned utilities, or IOUs, and cooperatives, or Co-Ops.

 Our Services

 Our revenues, operating income (loss) and identifiable assets are primarily attributable to three reportable segments: well completion services, infrastructure services and natural sand proppant services.

 Well Completion Services

 Pressure Pumping. We provide pressure pumping services, also known as hydraulic fracturing, to exploration and production companies. Fracturing services are performed to enhance the production of oil and natural gas from formations having low permeability such that the flow of hydrocarbons is restricted. We have significant expertise in multistage fracturing of horizontal oil and natural gas producing wells in shale and other unconventional geological formations. Currently, we provide pressure pumping services in the Utica Shale of Eastern Ohio, the Marcellus shale in the Appalachian Basin, and the mid-continent region in Oklahoma.

 The fracturing process consists of pumping a fracturing fluid into a well at sufficient pressure to fracture the formation. Materials known as proppants, in our case primarily sand or ceramic beads, are suspended in the fracturing fluid and are pumped into the fracture to prop it open. The fracturing fluid is designed to "break," or loosen viscosity, and be forced out of the formation by its pressure, leaving the proppants suspended in the fractures created, thereby increasing the mobility of the hydrocarbons. As a result of the fracturing process, production rates are usually enhanced substantially, thus increasing the rate of return for the operator.

 We refer to the group of fracturing units, other equipment and vehicles necessary to perform a typical fracturing job as a "fleet" and the personnel assigned to each fleet as a "crew." We usually operate on a 24-hour-per-day basis and we typically staff three crews per fleet. All of our fracturing units and high-pressure pumps are manufactured to our specifications to enhance the performance and durability of our equipment and meet our customers' needs.

 Each hydraulic fracturing fleet includes a mobile, on-site control center that monitors pressures, rates and volumes, as applicable. From there, our field-level managers supervise the job site by radio. Each control center is equipped with high bandwidth satellite hardware that provides continuous upload and download of job telemetry data. The data is delivered on a real-time basis to on-site job personnel, the operator and personnel at our headquarters for display in both digital and graphical form.

 An important element of fracturing services is determining the proper fracturing fluid, proppants and injection program to maximize results. In virtually all of our hydraulic fracturing jobs, our customers specify the composition of the fracturing fluid to be used. The fracturing fluid may contain hazardous substances, such as hydrochloric acid and certain petrochemicals. Our customers are responsible for the disposal of the fracturing fluid that flows back out of the well as waste water. The customers remove the water from the well using a controlled flow-back process, and we are generally not involved in that process or in the disposal of the fluid.

 We own and operate fleets of mobile hydraulic fracturing units and other auxiliary heavy equipment to perform fracturing services. Our hydraulic fracturing units consist primarily of a high-pressure hydraulic pump, an engine, a transmission and various hoses, valves, tanks and other supporting equipment that are typically mounted to a flat-bed trailer. As of December 31, 2024, our pressure pumping business included six high-pressure fleets consisting of an aggregate 128 high-pressure fracturing units with pump nameplate capacity of 310,000 horsepower. Two of our six pressure pumping fleets were staffed and providing services in the northeast region as of December 31, 2024. See also "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Overview of Our Industries—Oil and Natural Gas Industry" for additional information.

 Sand Hauling. Our sand hauling services provide last-mile trucking and logistics services for proppant used in completion activities in the Utica Shale and SCOOP/STACK. As of December 31, 2024, we owned a fleet of 39 trucks.

 Water Transfer. During the periods discussed in this report, we provided water transfer services primarily for completion activities in the mid-continent region. During the fourth quarter of 2024, we idled these operations. As of December 31, 2024, we owned 95 water transfer pumps and 84 miles of layflat hose.

 Master Services Agreements. We contract with most of our well completion customers under master service agreements, or MSAs. Generally, our MSAs, including those relating to our hydraulic fracturing services, specify payment terms, audit rights and insurance requirements and allocate certain operational risks through indemnity and similar provisions.

 Infrastructure Services

 Our infrastructure services business provides engineering, design, construction, upgrade, maintenance and repair services to the electrical infrastructure industry. We offer a broad range of services on electric transmission and distribution, or T&D, networks and substation facilities, which include engineering, design, construction, upgrade, maintenance and repair of

 high voltage transmission lines, substations and lower voltage overhead and underground distribution systems. Our commercial services include the installation, maintenance and repair of commercial wiring. We also provide storm repair and restoration services in response to storms and other disasters. We provide infrastructure services primarily in the northeast, southwest, midwest and western portions of the United States.

 Our average crew count declined slightly from approximately 83 crews throughout 2023 to approximately 79 crews throughout 2024. With the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act funds being released for infrastructure projects, we remain encouraged about the potential for growth in this sector. We are currently seeing an uptick in bidding opportunities related to engineering, fiber, and transmission and distribution, all of which are areas we believe we have differentiated and specialized capabilities. We continue to focus on operational execution and pursue opportunities within this sector as we strategically structure our service offerings for growth, intending to increase our infrastructure services activity and expand both our geographic footprint and depth of projects, especially in fiber maintenance and installation projects.

 We work for multiple private utilities, public IOUs and Co-Ops primarily across the northeastern, southwestern, midwestern and western portions of the United States. We believe that we are well-positioned to compete for new projects due to the experience of our infrastructure management team, combined with our vertically integrated service offerings. We are seeking to leverage this experience and our service offerings to grow our customer base and increase our revenues in the continental United States over the coming years.

 Settlement Agreement with PREPA

 Since we commenced operations in this line of business, a substantial portion of our infrastructure revenue has been generated from storm restoration work, primarily from the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, or PREPA, due to damage caused by Hurricane Maria. On October 19, 2017, Cobra Acquisitions LLC, or Cobra, and PREPA entered into an emergency master services agreement for repairs to PREPA's electrical grid. The one-year contract, as amended, provided for payments of up to $945 million. On May 26, 2018, Cobra and PREPA entered into a second one-year, $900 million master services agreement to provide additional repair services and begin the initial phase of reconstruction of the electrical power system in Puerto Rico. Our work under each of the contracts with PREPA ended on March 31, 2019. PREPA is currently subject to bankruptcy proceedings, which were filed in July 2017 and are currently pending in the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico (the "Title III Court"). As a result, PREPA's ability to meet its payment obligations under the above-referenced agreements was largely dependent upon funding from the Federal Emergency Management Agency ("FEMA") or other sources. Since September 30, 2019, Cobra has been pursuing litigation in the Title III Court and other dispute resolution efforts seeking recovery of the amounts owed to Cobra by PREPA for restoration services in Puerto Rico, which proceedings are discussed in more detail in the Company's prior reports filed with the SEC. PREPA was holding approximately $18.4 million in funds (the "Withheld FEMA Funds") received from FEMA and considered payable to Cobra but had been withheld due to garnishments asserted by three Puerto Rican municipalities (the "Specified Municipalities") for certain municipal tax claims discussed in Mammoth's filings with the SEC (the "Specified Municipal Tax Claims") and for which Cobra disputed any valid garnishment.

 On July 22, 2024, Cobra entered into a release and settlement agreement with PREPA and the Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico ("FOMB"), in its capacity as Title III representative for PREPA, to settle all outstanding matters between Cobra and PREPA (the "Settlement Agreement"). Under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, Cobra was allowed an administrative expense claim against PREPA of $170.0 million, plus the $18.4 million in the Withheld FEMA Funds. Cobra's allowed claim will be paid through three installments: (i) $150.0 million on the later of (A) ten business days following approval of the Settlement Agreement by the Title III Court and (B) August 31, 2024; (ii) $20.0 million within seven days following the effective date of PREPA's plan of adjustment; and (iii) $18.4 million (subject to providing one or more indemnity letters of credit) in the Withheld FEMA Funds within either (A) ten business days after the deadline for appealing the entry of the settlement order by the Title III Court under the applicable bankruptcy rules of procedure if no such appeal is filed, or (B) if the provisions of the settlement order allowing PREPA to release the Withheld FEMA Funds to Cobra without retaining any liability to the Specified Municipalities are appealed by the Specified Municipalities, within ten business days of the filing of the notice of such appeal.

 The Settlement Agreement was approved by the Company's Board of Directors on July 22, 2024, and was also approved by the PREPA Board and by the FOMB. On September 18, 2024, the Settlement Agreement was approved by the Title III Court overruling all objections thereto and an order was entered the same day (the "Settlement Order"). On October 1, 2024, Cobra received the first installment payment of $150.0 million from the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in connection with the Settlement Agreement with PREPA. Also on October 1, 2024, certain Puerto Rico municipalities and Foreman Electric Services Inc. that had objected to approval of the Settlement Order each filed timely notices of appeal of the Settlement Order to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit. None of the foregoing parties have sought a stay of the Settlement

 Order pending such appeals. Although the ultimate outcome of these appeals cannot be predicted with certainty, Cobra believes that the appeals are without merit.

 On October 18, 2024, Cobra received a payment from PREPA totaling $18.4 million under the terms of the Settlement Agreement. In connection with the receipt of the $18.4 million from PREPA, Cobra instructed Fifth Third Bank, National Association ("Fifth Third Bank") to issue a letter of credit to PREPA under the Reimbursement Agreement in the amount of $18.4 million and transferred a total of $19.3 million to a restricted cash account maintained by Fifth Third Bank as collateral for the letter of credit.

 As a result of the Settlement Agreement, the Company recorded a non-cash, pre-tax charge of approximately $170.7 million in the second quarter of 2024 to reduce its accounts receivable balance from PREPA of $359.1 million, representing the amount owed to Cobra by PREPA in relation to these agreements as of June 30, 2024, including the accrued but unpaid interest, prior to the Settlement Agreement, to the amount expected to be received from the Settlement Agreement. Of the $170.7 million, $89.2 million was charged to credit loss expense, which is included in "selling, general and administrative" on the consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income, and $81.5 million was charged to interest on delinquent accounts receivable, which is included in "other (expense) income, net" on the consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income. See Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Accounts Receivable" and Note 20. "Commitments and Contingencies—Litigation" to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for more information.

 Natural Sand Proppant Services

 In our natural sand proppant business, we mine, process and sell sand. In the past, we have also bought processed sand from suppliers on the spot market for resale. Natural sand proppant, also known as frac sand, is the most widely used type of proppant due to its broad applicability in unconventional oil and natural gas wells and its cost advantage relative to other proppants. Natural frac sand may be used as proppant in all but the highest pressure and temperature environments and is being employed in nearly all major U.S. unconventional oil and natural gas producing basins, including those in which we operate.

 At our Barron County and Jackson County, Wisconsin plants, we mine and process sand into premium monocrystalline sand, a specialized mineral that is used as frac sand. We can also purchase raw or washed sand and process it at our indoor sand processing plant located in Pierce County, Wisconsin; however, this facility has been temporarily idled since September 2018 due to market conditions. We sell sand to our customers for use in their hydraulic fracturing operations to enhance recovery rates from unconventional wells. Our sand processing plants produce a range of frac sand sizes for use in all major North American shale basins, including a majority of the standard proppant sizes as defined by the ISO/API 13503-2 specifications. These grain sizes can be customized to meet the demands of our customers with respect to a specific well. Our supply of Jordan substrate exhibits the physical properties necessary to withstand the completion and production environments of the wells in these shale basins. Our indoor processing plant in Pierce County, Wisconsin is designed for year-round continuous wet and dry plant operation. Our multi-environment processing plants in Barron County and Jackson County, Wisconsin have indoor dry plants designed to operate year-round and outdoor wet plants that generally operate eight months per year.

 We also provide logistics solutions to facilitate delivery of our frac sand products to our customers. Our frac sand products are primarily shipped by rail to our customers in the Utica Shale, SCOOP/STACK, DJ Basin, Permian Basin and the Montney Shale in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada. Our logistics capabilities are important to our customers, who focus on both the reliability and flexibility of product delivery. Because our customers generally find it impractical to store frac sand in large quantities near their well completion sites, they typically prefer product to be delivered where and as needed, which requires predictable and efficient loading and shipping capabilities. We contract with third party providers to transport our frac sand products to railroad facilities for delivery to our customers. We currently lease or have access to origin transloading facilities on the Canadian National Railway Company (CN), Union Pacific (UP), Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF) and the Canadian Pacific (CP) rail systems and use an in-house railcar fleet that we lease from various third parties to deliver our frac sand products to our customers. Origin transloading facilities on multiple railways allow us to provide predictable and efficient loading and shipping of our frac sand products. We also utilize a destination transloading facility in Yorkville, Ohio, to serve the Utica Shale, and utilize destination transloading facilities located in other North American resource plays, including the Montney Shale, to meet our customers' delivery needs.

 Other Services

 We also offer a variety of other services including directional drilling services, aviation services, equipment rental services, remote accommodation services and equipment manufacturing services. Additionally, previously we offered contract

 land drilling services, rig moving services, coil tubing services, pressure control services, flowback services, crude oil hauling services, cementing services and acidizing services.

 Directional Drilling. Our directional drilling services provide for the efficient drilling and production of oil and natural gas from unconventional resource plays. Our directional drilling equipment includes mud motors used to propel drill bits and kits for measurement-while-drilling, or MWD, and electromagnetic, or EM, technology. MWD kits are down-hole tools that provide real-time measurements of the location and orientation of the bottom-hole assembly, which is necessary to adjust the drilling process and guide the wellbore to a specific target. This technology, coupled with our complementary services, allows our customers to drill wellbores to specific objectives within narrow location parameters within target horizons. The evolution of unconventional resource reserve recovery has increased the need for the precise placement of a wellbore. Wellbores often travel across long-lateral intervals within narrow formations as thin as ten feet. Our personnel are involved in all aspects of a well from the initial planning of a customer's drilling program to the management and execution of the horizontal or directional drilling operation.

 As of December 31, 2024, we owned four MWD kits and one EM kit used in vertical, horizontal and directional drilling applications, 89 mud motors, nine air motors and an inventory of related parts and equipment. Currently, we perform our directional drilling services in the Utica Shale, Anadarko Basin, Arkoma Basin, Powder River Basin and Permian Basin.

 Aviation Services. Our aviation services include leasing helicopters to customers for use primarily in the electrical utility industry. Additionally, we provide helicopter training and response services. As of December 31, 2024, we owned two helicopters.

 Equipment Rentals. Our equipment rental services provide a wide range of oilfield related equipment used in drilling, flowback and hydraulic fracturing services. Our equipment rentals consist of cranes, light plants, generators and other oilfield related equipment. We provide equipment rental in the Permian Basin, Utica Shale and Marcellus Shale.

 Remote Accommodations. Our remote accommodations business provides housing, kitchen and dining, and recreational service facilities for oilfield workers located in remote areas away from readily available lodging. We provide a turnkey solution for our customers' accommodation needs. These modular camps, when assembled together, form large dormitories, with kitchen/dining facilities and recreation areas. These camps are operated as "all inclusive," where meals are prepared and provided for the guests. The primary revenue source for these camps is lodging fees. As of December 31, 2024, we had a capacity of 764 rooms, 612 of which are at Sand Tiger Lodge, our camp in northern Alberta, Canada, and 152 of which are available to be leased as rental equipment to a third party. On average, 216 rooms were utilized per night during the year ended December 31, 2024.

 Equipment Manufacturing. Our equipment manufacturing operations, which are located at our facility in Oklahoma, have primarily served our internal needs for our pressure pumping, water transfer, equipment rental and infrastructure businesses, but we have the ability to expand into third party sales in the future.

 We also offered coil tubing services, pressure control services, flowback services, crude oil hauling services, cementing services and acidizing services. Due to market conditions, we idled our flowback, cementing and acidizing operations beginning in July 2019, our contract land drilling operations beginning in December 2019, our rig moving services beginning in April 2020, our coil tubing, pressure control and full service transportation operations beginning in July 2020 and our crude oil hauling operations beginning in July 2021. We continue to maintain our equipment and monitor market conditions to determine if and when we will recommence these services.

 Flowback. Our flowback services consisted of production testing, solids control, hydrostatic testing and torque services. Flowback involves the process of allowing fluids to flow from the well following a treatment, either in preparation for an impending phase of treatment or to return the well to production. Our flowback equipment consists of manifolds, accumulators, valves, flare stacks and other associated equipment. We provided flowback services in the Appalachian Basin, the Eagle Ford Shale, the Haynesville Shale and mid-continent markets. As of December 31, 2024, we owned 20 solids control packages, four hydrostatic testing packages and seven torque service packages.

 Cementing and Acidizing. We provided cementing and acidizing services in the Permian Basin. Cementing services involve preparing and pumping cement into place in a wellbore to support and protect well casings and help achieve zonal isolation. Acidizing services involve pumping acid into a wellbore to improve productivity or injectivity. As of December 31, 2024, we owned four acidizing pumps.

 Contract Drilling. As part of our contract drilling services, we provided both vertical and horizontal drilling services to customers in the Permian Basin of West Texas. As of December 31, 2024, we owned 11 land drilling rigs, ranging from 800 to 1,600 horsepower, seven of which are specifically designed for drilling horizontal and directional wells.

 Our drilling rigs have rated maximum depth capabilities ranging from 12,500 feet to 20,000 feet. Of these drilling rigs, six are electric rigs and five are mechanical rigs. An electric rig differs from a mechanical rig in that the electric rig converts the power from its generators (which in the case of mechanical rigs, power the rig directly) into electricity to power the rig. Depth and complexity of the well and drill site conditions are the principal factors in determining the specifications of the rig selected for a particular job. Power requirements for drilling jobs may vary considerably, but most of our mechanical drilling rigs employ six engines to generate between 800 and 1,200 horsepower, depending on well depth and rig design. Most drilling rigs capable of drilling in deep formations drill to measured depths greater than 10,000 to 18,000 feet. We believe that our drilling rigs and other related equipment are in good operating condition. Our employees perform periodic maintenance and minor repair work on our drilling rigs.

 Rig Moving. We provided rig moving services in the Permian Basin. As of December 31, 2024, we owned 15 trucks specifically tailored to move rigs.

 Coil Tubing. We provided coil tubing services in Eagle Ford Shale and Permian Basin. Coiled tubing services involve injecting coiled tubing into wells to perform various well-servicing and workover operations. Coiled tubing is a flexible steel pipe with a diameter of typically less than three inches and manufactured in continuous lengths of thousands of feet. It is wound or coiled on a truck-mounted reel for onshore applications. Due to its small diameter in certain iterations, coiled tubing can be inserted into existing production tubing and used to perform a variety of services to enhance the flow of oil or natural gas without using a larger, more costly workover rig. The principal advantages of using coiled tubing in a workover include the ability to (i) continue production from the well without interruption, thus reducing the risk of formation damage, (ii) move continuous coiled tubing in and out of a well significantly faster than conventional pipe in the case of a workover rig, which must be jointed and unjointed, (iii) direct fluids into a wellbore with more precision, allowing for improved stimulation fluid placement, (iv) provide a source of energy to power a downhole mud motor or manipulate down-hole tools and (v) enhance access to remote fields due to the smaller size and mobility of a coiled tubing unit. As of December 31, 2024, we owned two coiled tubing units capable of running 23,500 feet of two and three eighths inch coil rated at 15,000 psi, one coiled tubing unit capable of running 24,500 feet of two inch coil rated at 15,000 psi, two coiled tubing units capable of running 22,500 feet of two inch coil rated at 10,000 psi and one coiled tubing unit capable of running 20,500 feet of two and three eighths inch coil rated at 15,000 psi.

 Pressure Control. Our pressure control services consisted of nitrogen and fluid pumping services. Our pressure control services equipment is designed to support activities in unconventional resource plays with the ability to operate under high pressures without having to delay or cease production during completion operations. Ceasing or suppressing production during the completion phase of an unconventional well could result in formation damage impacting the overall recovery of reserves. Our pressure control services helped operators minimize the risk of such damage during completion activities. As of December 31, 2024, we had a total of four nitrogen pumping units and five fluid pumping units. We provided pressure control services in the Eagle Ford Shale and the Permian Basin.

 • Nitrogen Services. Nitrogen services involve the use of nitrogen, an inert gas, in various pressure pumping operations. When provided as a stand-alone service, nitrogen is used in displacing fluids in various oilfield applications. As of December 31, 2024, we had a total of four nitrogen pumping units capable of pumping at a rate of up to 3,000 standard cubic feet per minute with pressures up to 10,000 psi. Pumping at these rates and pressures is typically required for the unconventional oil and natural gas resource plays we serve.
 • Fluid Pumping Services. Fluid pumping services consist of maintaining well pressure, pumping down wireline tools, assisting coiled tubing units and the removal of fluids and solids from the wellbore for clean-out operations. As of December 31, 2024, we had five fluid pumping units. Three of these units are coiled tubing double pump units capable of output of up to eight barrels per minute and are rated for pressures up to 15,000 psi. Two of these units are quintuplex pump units capable of output of up to 15 barrels per minute and are rated for pressures up to 15,000 psi.

 Full Service Transportation. During 2019, we expanded our trucking operations to include brokering and hauling of general freight throughout the United States. As of December 31, 2024, we had a fleet of six trucks.

 Crude Oil Hauling. We provided crude transportation services in the Permian Basin and mid-continent region. As of December 31, 2024, we had a fleet of 13 crude oil hauling trucks.

 Our Industries

 Oil and Natural Gas Industry

 The oil and natural gas industry has traditionally been volatile and is influenced by a combination of long-term, short-term and cyclical trends, including the domestic and international supply and demand for oil and natural gas, current and expected future prices for oil and natural gas and the perceived stability and sustainability of those prices, production depletion rates and the resultant levels of cash flows generated and allocated by exploration and production companies to their drilling, completion and related services and products budgets. The oil and natural gas industry is also impacted by general domestic and international economic conditions, political instability in oil producing countries, government regulations (both in the United States and elsewhere), levels of customer demand, the availability of pipeline capacity, storage capacity, shortages of equipment and materials and other conditions and factors that are beyond our control.

 Demand for most of our oil and natural gas products and services depends substantially on the level of expenditures by companies in the oil and natural gas industry. The levels of capital expenditures of our customers are driven by many factors, including the prices of oil and natural gas. Throughout 2023, pricing for crude oil and natural gas declined from levels seen in 2022, which slowed down completion activities for our customers, in particular, in the Utica and Marcellus Shale natural gas plays, and, as a result, reduced demand for our well completion services. Throughout 2024, we continued to experience persistent challenges in our well completion business and other oilfield services associated with lower U.S. onshore activity and sustained weakness in the natural gas basins in which we operate. We expect 2025 completions activity to be relatively steady, with the potential for upside compared to 2024 driven by incremental demand associated with natural gas. Positive trends that may contribute to increased activity will come from LNG export capacity coming online and general electricity and power demand enhancements. We will be strategically positioned to capitalize on this anticipated demand if and when it ramps up.

 In response to market conditions and reduced demand, we idled our cementing and acidizing operations and flowback operations beginning in July 2019, our contract drilling operations beginning in December 2019, our rig hauling operations beginning in April 2020, our coil tubing, pressure control and full service transportation operations beginning in July 2020 and our crude oil hauling operations beginning in July 2021. We continue to monitor the market to determine if and when we can recommence these services.

 Natural Sand Proppant Industry

 Increased demand from oil and gas companies in 2022 resulted in higher demand and pricing for our sand compared to 2021, which continued throughout the first quarter of 2023. Demand for our natural sand proppant was adversely impacted in the second quarter of 2023 by the wildfires in Canada, which hindered our ability to transport sand. As discussed above, pricing for crude oil and natural gas declined from levels seen in 2022, which slowed down completion activities and adversely impacted demand for our sand proppant services in the second half of 2023. Activity remained suppressed throughout 2024. As discussed above, we expect 2025 activity to be relatively steady, with the potential for upside compared to 2024 driven by incremental demand associated with natural gas.

 Our proppant sand reserves consist of Northern White silica sand, giving us access to a range of high-quality sand grades meeting or exceeding all API specifications, including a mix between concentrations of coarse grades (20/40 and 30/50 mesh size) and finer grades (40/70 and 100 mesh size). Our sample boring data and our historical production data have indicated that our reserves contain deposits of approximately 60% 40 mesh size or finer substrate. The coarseness and conductivity of Northern White frac sand significantly enhances recovery of oil and liquids-rich gas by allowing hydrocarbons to flow more freely than is sometimes possible with native sand. The low acid-solubility increases the integrity of Northern White frac sand relative to other proppants with higher acid-solubility, especially in shales where hydrogen sulfide and other acidic chemicals are co-mingled with the targeted hydrocarbons. In addition, its crush resistant properties enable Northern White frac sand to be used in deeper drilling applications than the frac sand produced from many native mineral deposits.

 We believe that the coarseness, conductivity, sphericity, acid-solubility, and crush-resistant properties of our Northern White sand reserves and our facilities' connectivity to rail and other transportation infrastructure afford us a cost advantage over many of our competitors and make us one of a select group of sand producers capable of delivering high volumes of frac sand that is optimal for oil and natural gas production to all major unconventional resource basins currently producing throughout North America.

 Energy Infrastructure Industry

 The energy infrastructure industry involves the construction and maintenance of the electrical power grid, including power generation, high voltage transmission lines, substations and low voltage distribution lines, all of which connect power generation facilities to end users. The industry also provides storm repair and restoration services in response to storms and other disasters.

 Demand for our services is driven by the repair and construction of transmission lines, fiber lines, substations and distribution networks and is determined by the level of expenditures of utility companies. While expansion of the electrical grid is occurring, the majority of capital expenditures spent in recent years has surrounded the repair and maintenance of existing networks. Another factor that significantly influences the level of spending in the industry are natural disasters, including thunderstorms, ice storms, snow storms, tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, wildfires and lightning strikes, all of which can impact the electrical grid.

 Certain barriers to entry exist in the markets in which we operate, including adequate financial resources, technical expertise, high safety ratings and a proven track record of operational success. We compete based upon our industry experience, technical expertise, financial and operational resources, geographic presence, industry reputation, safety record and customer service. While we believe our customers consider a number of factors when selecting a service provider, they generally award most of their work through a bid process. Consequently, price is often a principal factor in determining which service provider is selected.

 We believe that the age of the existing infrastructure across the United States and the spending trends in North America will benefit our operations and our ability to achieve our business objectives. Funding for projects in the infrastructure space remains strong with added opportunities since the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act was signed into law on November 15, 2021.

 Our Strengths

 Our primary business objective is to grow our operations and create value for our stockholders through organic growth opportunities and accretive acquisitions. We believe that the following strengths position us well to capitalize on activity in unconventional resource plays and achieve our primary business objective:

 • Strategic geographic positioning. We currently operate facilities and service centers to support our oilfield service operations in major unconventional resource plays in the United States, including the Utica Shale in Eastern Ohio, the Permian Basin in West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico, the SCOOP/STACK in Oklahoma, the Marcellus Shale in West Virginia, the Granite Wash in Oklahoma and Texas, the Cana Woodford Shale in Oklahoma and the oil sands in Alberta, Canada. We believe our geographic positioning within active oil and natural gas liquids resource plays will benefit us strategically as activity increases in these unconventional resource plays. We currently operate infrastructure facilities and service centers to support our infrastructure operations in the northeastern, southwestern, midwestern and western portions of the United States.

 • Experienced management and operating team. Our operational division heads have an extensive track record in the oilfield and infrastructure service businesses with an average of over 32 years of oilfield services experience and over 27 years of infrastructure services experience. In addition, our field managers have expertise in the areas in which they operate and understand the challenges that our customers face. We believe their knowledge of our industries and business lines enhances our ability to provide innovative, client-focused and basin-specific customer service, which we also believe strengthens our relationships with our customers.

 • Fleet of equipment. Our oilfield service fleet is predominantly comprised of equipment designed to optimize recovery from unconventional wells and our infrastructure service fleet is predominantly comprised of equipment designed to construct and repair electric transmission and distribution lines. We believe that our fleet of quality equipment will allow us to provide a high level of service to our customers.

 Our Business Strategy

 We intend to achieve our primary business objective by the successful execution of our business plan to strategically deploy our equipment and personnel to provide well completion services, natural sand proppant services and other energy services in unconventional resource plays, including the Utica Shale in Ohio, the SCOOP/STACK in Oklahoma and the Marcellus Shale in West Virginia. We intend to achieve our primary business objective in connection with our infrastructure services by the successful execution of our business plan to strategically deploy equipment and personnel to provide infrastructure services across the United States. We believe our infrastructure services optimize our customers' ability to maintain, improve and expand their infrastructure and that our oil and natural gas services optimize our customers' ultimate resources recovery and present value of hydrocarbon reserves. We seek to create cost efficiencies for our customers by providing a suite of complementary services designed to address a wide range of our customers' needs. Specifically, we strive to create value for our stockholders through the following strategies:

 • Leverage our broad range of services for cross-selling opportunities. We offer a complementary suite of services and products. Our well completion services division provide hydraulic fracturing services for unconventional wells as well as sand hauling services and water transfer services. Our infrastructure services division provides engineering, design, construction, upgrade, maintenance and repair services to the electrical infrastructure industry. Our natural sand proppant services division mines, processes and sells natural sand proppant for hydraulic fracturing. Additionally, we provide directional drilling services, equipment rentals, remote accommodations and equipment manufacturing. We intend to leverage our existing customer relationships and operational track record to cross sell our services and increase our exposure and product offerings to our existing customers, broaden our customer base and expand opportunistically to other geographic regions in which our customers have operations, as well as to create operational efficiencies for our customers.

 • Expand our energy infrastructure business. On November 15, 2021, President Biden signed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act into law. This has brought new opportunities in the infrastructure industry, including new fiber-related projects. We consistently monitor market conditions and intend to expand the capacity and scope of our energy infrastructure services as demand warrants in geographic areas in which we currently operate, as well as in new geographic areas.

 • Capitalize on activity in the unconventional resource plays. Our oil and natural gas service equipment is designed to provide a broad range of services for unconventional wells, and our operations are strategically located in major unconventional resource plays. During 2024, oil prices fluctuated between a low of $65.75 on September 10, 2024, and a high of $86.91 on April 5, 2024, and averaged $75.79 per barrel for the year. During 2024, natural gas prices fluctuated between a low of $1.58 on February 15, 2024, and a high of $3.95 on December 24, 2024, and averaged $2.41 per MMBtu for the year. We saw a decline in commodity pricing during 2024, resulting in lower utilization and margins for our oilfield services divisions.

 • Maintain a conservative balance sheet. We seek to maintain a conservative balance sheet, which allows us to better react to changes in commodity prices and related demand for our services, as well as overall market conditions. We used a portion of the proceeds received from our Settlement Agreement with PREPA to pay, in full, all amounts owed under our term credit facility and terminated the facility. As of December 31, 2024, we had no outstanding debt and unrestricted cash of $61.0 million.

 • Leverage our experienced operational management team expertise. We seek to manage the services we provide as closely as possible to the needs of our customer base. Our operational division heads have long-term relationships with our largest customers. We intend to leverage these relationships and our operational management team's expertise to deliver innovative, client focused and services to our customers.

 • Expand through selected, accretive acquisitions. To complement our organic growth, we intend to pursue selected, accretive acquisitions of businesses and assets, primarily related to our infrastructure services and industrial based companies that can meet our targeted returns on invested capital and enhance our portfolio of products and services, market positioning and/or geographic presence. We believe this approach will help facilitate the strategic expansion of our customer base, geographic presence and service offerings. We also believe that our industry contacts and those of Wexford Capital LP ("Wexford"), our largest stockholder, may help us identify acquisition opportunities. We may use our common stock as consideration for accretive acquisitions.

 Marketing and Customers

 Our customers consist primarily of independent oil and natural gas producers, land-based drilling contractors, private utilities, IOUs, and Co-Ops in North America. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we had approximately 259, 360 and 410 customers, respectively, including Oncor Electric Delivery Company, LLC, San Diego Gas & Electric Company, Kentucky Utilities Company, Duke Energy and Apex Energy Services. Our top five customers accounted for approximately 34%, 35% and 36%, respectively, of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Although we believe we have a broad customer base and wide geographic coverage of operations, it is likely that we will continue to derive a significant portion of our revenue from a relatively small number of customers in the future. If a major customer decides not to continue to use our services and is not replaced by new or existing customers, our revenue would decline and our operating results and financial condition would be harmed.

 Operating Risks and Insurance

 Our operations are subject to hazards inherent in the energy services industry, such as accidents, blowouts, explosions, fires and spills and releases that can cause:

 • personal injury or loss of life;
 • damage or destruction of property, equipment, natural resources and the environment; and
 • suspension of operations.

 In addition, claims for loss of oil and natural gas production and damage to formations can occur in the oilfield services industry. If a serious accident were to occur at a location where our equipment and services are being used, it could result in us being named as a defendant in lawsuits asserting large claims.

 Because our business involves the transportation of heavy equipment and materials, we may also experience traffic accidents which may result in spills, property damage and personal injury.

 Despite our efforts to maintain safety standards, from time to time we have suffered accidents in the past and anticipate that we could experience accidents in the future. In addition to the property damage, personal injury and other losses from these accidents, the frequency and severity of these incidents affect our operating costs and insurability and our relationships with customers, employees, regulatory agencies and other parties. Any significant increase in the frequency or severity of these incidents, or the general level of compensation awards, could adversely affect the cost of, or our ability to obtain, workers' compensation and other forms of insurance, and could have other material adverse effects on our financial condition and results of operations.

 We maintain commercial general liability, workers' compensation, business auto, commercial property, motor truck cargo, umbrella liability, professional liability, cybersecurity, in certain instances, excess liability, and directors and officers insurance policies providing coverages of risks and amounts that we believe to be customary in our industry. With respect to our hydraulic fracturing operations, coverage would be available under our policy for any surface or subsurface environmental clean-up and liability to third parties arising from any surface or subsurface contamination. We also have certain specific coverages for some of our businesses, including our remote accommodation services, pressure pumping services, directional drilling services and infrastructure engineering services.

 Although we maintain insurance coverage of types and amounts that we believe to be customary in the industry, we are not fully insured against all risks, either because insurance is not available or because of the high premium costs relative to perceived risk. Further, insurance rates have in the past been subject to wide fluctuation and changes in coverage could result in less coverage, increases in cost or higher deductibles and retentions. Liabilities for which we are not insured, or which exceed the policy limits of our applicable insurance, could have a material adverse effect on us. See Item 1A. " Risk Factors " for a description of certain risks associated with our insurance policies.

 Safety and Remediation Program

 In the energy services industry, an important competitive factor in establishing and maintaining long-term customer relationships is having an experienced and skilled workforce. Many of our larger customers place an emphasis not only on pricing, but also on safety records and quality management systems of contractors. We have committed resources toward employee safety and quality management training programs. Our field employees are required to complete both technical and safety training programs. Further, as part of our safety program and remediation procedures, we check treating iron for any defects on a periodic basis to avoid iron failure during hydraulic fracturing operations, marking such treating iron to reflect the

 most recent testing date. We also regularly monitor pressure levels in the treating iron used for fracturing and the surface casing to verify that the pressure and flow rates are consistent with the job specific model in an effort to avoid failure. As part of our safety procedures, we also have the capability to shut down our pressure pumping and fracturing operations both at the pumps and in our data van. In addition, we maintain spill kits on location for containment of pollutants that may be spilled in the process of providing our hydraulic fracturing services. The spill kits are generally comprised of pads and booms for absorption and containment of spills, as well as soda ash for neutralizing acid. Fire extinguishers are also in place on job sites at each pump.

 Historically, we have used third-party contractors to provide remediation and spill response services when necessary to address spills that were beyond our containment capabilities. None of these prior spills were significant, and we have not experienced any material incidents, citations or legal proceeding relating to our hydraulic fracturing or crude hauling services for environmental concerns. To the extent our hydraulic fracturing or other energy services operations result in a future spill, leak or other environmental impact that is beyond our ability to contain, we intend to engage the services of such remediation company or an alternative company to assist us with clean-up and remediation.

 Competition

 The markets in which we operate are highly competitive. To be successful, a company must provide services and products that meet the specific needs of oil and natural gas exploration and production companies, drilling services contractors, private utilities, IOUs and Co-Ops at competitive prices.

 We provide our services and products across the United States and in Alberta, Canada and we compete against different companies in each geographic area and service and product line we offer. Our competition includes many large and small energy service companies, including the largest integrated oilfield services companies and energy infrastructure companies. Our major competitors in well completion services include Halliburton Company, Evolution Well Services, NexTier Oilfield Solutions, Inc., Liberty Oilfield Services, Inc. and ProFrac Holding Corp. Our major competitors for our infrastructure services business include MYR Group, Inc., Quanta Services, Inc., MasTec, Inc. and EMCOR Group, Inc. Our major competitors in our natural sand proppant services business are Badger Mining Corporation, Covia Holdings Corporation, Hi-Crush Partners LP, Capital Sand Proppants LLC, Athabasca Minerals Inc., Source Energy Services Ltd., and U.S. Silica Holdings Inc.

 We believe that the principal competitive factors in the market areas that we serve are quality of service and products, reputation for safety, technical proficiency, availability and price. While we must be competitive in our pricing, we believe our customers select our services and products based on the local leadership and expertise that our field management and operating personnel use to deliver quality services and products.

 Regulation

 We operate under the jurisdiction of a number of regulatory bodies that regulate worker safety standards, permitting and inspection requirements applicable to construction projects, building and electrical codes regulations, government project regulations, the handling of hazardous materials, the transportation of explosives, the protection of human health and the environment and driving standards of operation. Regulations concerning equipment certification create an ongoing need for regular maintenance which is incorporated into our daily operating procedures. The oil and natural gas and infrastructure industries are subject to environmental and other regulation pursuant to local, state and federal legislation.

 Transportation Matters

 In connection with the transportation and relocation of our equipment and shipment of frac sand, crude oil and general cargo, we operate trucks and other heavy equipment. As such, we operate as a motor carrier in providing certain of our services and therefore are subject to regulation by the United States Department of Transportation and by various state agencies. These regulatory authorities exercise broad powers, governing activities such as the authorization to engage in motor carrier operations, driver licensing and insurance requirements, financial reporting and review of certain mergers, consolidations and acquisitions, and transportation of hazardous materials (HAZMAT). Our trucking operations are subject to possible regulatory and legislative changes that may increase our costs. Some of these possible changes include increasingly stringent environmental regulations, changes in the hours of service regulations which govern the amount of time a driver may drive or work in any specific period, onboard black box recorder device requirements or limits on vehicle weight and size.

 Interstate motor carrier operations are subject to safety requirements prescribed by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, or FMCSA, a unit within the United States Department of Transportation. To a large degree, intrastate motor

 carrier operations are subject to state safety regulations that mirror federal regulations. Matters such as the weight and dimensions of equipment are also subject to federal and state regulations. From time to time, various legislative proposals are introduced, including proposals to increase federal, state or local taxes, including taxes on motor fuels, which may increase our costs or adversely impact the recruitment of drivers. We cannot predict whether, or in what form, any increase in such taxes applicable to us will be enacted.

 Certain motor vehicle operators require registration with the Department of Transportation. This registration requires an acceptable operating record. The Department of Transportation periodically conducts compliance reviews and may revoke registration privileges based on certain safety performance criteria which could result in a suspension of operations. The rating scale consists of "satisfactory," "conditional" and "unsatisfactory" ratings. As of December 31, 2024, all of our trucking operations have "satisfactory" ratings with the Department of Transportation. We have undertaken comprehensive efforts that we believe are adequate to comply with the regulations. Further information regarding our safety performance is available at the FMCSA website at www.fmcsa.dot.gov.

 In December 2010, the FMCSA launched a program called Compliance, Safety, Accountability, or CSA, in an effort to improve commercial truck and bus safety. A component of CSA is the Safety Measurement System, or SMS, which analyzes all safety violations recorded by federal and state law enforcement personnel to determine a carrier's safety performance. The SMS is intended to allow FMCSA to identify carriers with safety issues and intervene to address those problems. However, the agency has announced its intention to revise its safety rating system to ensure greater consistency in results, continually improve the quality of data used and help motor carriers better understand their results. These changes are expected to go into effect in 2025. At this time, we cannot predict the effect these revisions may have on our safety rating.

 Environmental Matters and Regulation

 Our operations are subject to stringent laws and regulations governing the discharge of materials into the environment or otherwise relating to environmental protection. Numerous federal, state and local governmental agencies, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, or the EPA, issue regulations that often require difficult and costly compliance measures that carry substantial administrative, civil and criminal penalties and may result in injunctive obligations for non-compliance. These laws and regulations may require the acquisition of a permit before commencing operations, restrict the types, quantities and concentrations of various substances that can be released into the environment in connection with our operations, limit or prohibit construction or drilling activities on certain lands lying within wilderness, wetlands, ecologically or seismically sensitive areas and other protected areas, require action to prevent or remediate pollution from current or former operations, such as plugging abandoned wells or closing pits, result in the suspension or revocation of necessary permits, licenses and authorizations, require that additional pollution controls be installed and impose substantial liabilities for pollution resulting from our operations or related to our owned or operated facilities. Liability under such laws and regulations is strict (i.e., no showing of "fault" is required) and can be joint and several. Moreover, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the release of hazardous substances, hydrocarbons or other waste products into the environment. Changes in environmental laws and regulations occur frequently, and any changes that result in more stringent and costly pollution control or waste handling, storage, transport, disposal or cleanup requirements could materially adversely affect our operations and financial position, as well as the oil and natural gas industry and infrastructure industry in general. We have not experienced any material adverse effect from compliance with these environmental requirements. This trend, however, may not continue in the future.

 Waste Handling. We handle, transport, store and dispose of wastes that are subject to the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, as amended, or RCRA, and comparable state statutes and regulations promulgated thereunder, which affect our activities by imposing requirements regarding the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, disposal and cleanup of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. With federal approval, the individual states administer some or all of the provisions of RCRA, sometimes in conjunction with their own, more stringent requirements. Although certain petroleum production wastes are exempt from regulation as hazardous wastes under RCRA, such wastes may constitute "solid wastes" that are subject to the less stringent requirements of non-hazardous waste provisions.

 Administrative, civil and criminal penalties can be imposed for failure to comply with waste handling requirements. Moreover, the EPA or state or local governments may adopt more stringent requirements for the handling of non-hazardous wastes or categorize some non-hazardous wastes as hazardous for future regulation. Indeed, legislation has been proposed from time to time in Congress to re-categorize certain oil and natural gas exploration, development and production wastes as "hazardous wastes." Several environmental organizations have also petitioned the EPA to modify existing regulations to recategorize certain oil and natural gas exploration, development and production wastes as "hazardous." Also, in December 2015, the EPA agreed in a consent decree to review its regulation of oil and gas waste. However, in April 2019, the EPA concluded that revisions to the federal regulations for the management of oil and gas waste are not necessary at this time. Any

 such changes in the laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our capital expenditures and operating expenses. Although we do not believe the current costs of managing our wastes, as presently classified, to be significant, any legislative or regulatory reclassification of oil and natural gas exploration and production wastes could increase our costs to manage and dispose of such wastes.

 Remediation of Hazardous Substances. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, as amended, which we refer to as CERCLA, or the "Superfund" law, and analogous state laws, generally imposes liability, without regard to fault or legality of the original conduct, on classes of persons who are considered to be responsible for the release of a "hazardous substance" into the environment. These persons include the current owner or operator of a contaminated facility, a former owner or operator of the facility at the time of contamination and those persons that disposed or arranged for the disposal of the hazardous substance at the facility. Under CERCLA and comparable state statutes, persons deemed "responsible parties" are subject to strict liability, that, in some circumstances, may be joint and several for the costs of removing or remediating previously disposed substances (including substances disposed of or released by prior owners or operators) or property contamination (including groundwater contamination), for damages to natural resources and for the costs of certain health studies. In addition, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the hazardous substances released into the environment. In the course of our operations, we use materials that, if released, would be subject to CERCLA and comparable state statutes. Therefore, governmental agencies or third parties may seek to hold us responsible under CERCLA and comparable state statutes for all or part of the costs to clean up sites at which such "hazardous substances" have been released.

 NORM. In the course of our operations, some of our equipment may be exposed to naturally occurring radioactive materials associated with oil and gas deposits and, accordingly may result in the generation of wastes and other materials containing naturally occurring radioactive materials, or NORM. NORM exhibiting levels of naturally occurring radiation in excess of established state standards are subject to special handling and disposal requirements, and any storage vessels, piping and work area affected by NORM may be subject to remediation or restoration requirements. Because certain of the properties presently or previously owned, operated or occupied by us may have been used for oil and gas production operations, it is possible that we may incur costs or liabilities associated with NORM.

 Water Discharges. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, as amended, also known as the "Clean Water Act," the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Oil Pollution Act and analogous state laws and regulations promulgated thereunder impose restrictions and strict controls regarding the unauthorized discharge of pollutants, including produced waters and other gas and oil wastes, into navigable waters of the United States, as well as state waters. The discharge of pollutants into regulated waters is prohibited, except in accordance with the terms of a permit issued by the EPA or the state. The Clean Water Act and regulations implemented thereunder also prohibit the discharge of dredge and fill material into regulated waters, including jurisdictional wetlands, unless authorized by a permit issued by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which we refer to as the Corps. The scope of waters regulated under the CWA has fluctuated in recent years. On June 29, 2015, the EPA and the Corps jointly promulgated final rules expanding the scope of waters protected under the Clean Water Act. However, on October 22, 2019, the agencies published a final rule to repeal the 2015 rules, and then, on April 21, 2020, the EPA and the Corps published a final rule replacing the 2015 rules, and significantly reducing the waters subject to federal regulation under the Clean Water Act. On August 30, 2021, a federal court struck down the replacement rule and, on January 18, 2023, the EPA and the Corps published a final rule that would restore water protections that were in place prior to 2015. However on May 25, 2023, the Supreme Court issued an opinion substantially narrowing the scope of "waters of the United States" protected by the CWA. On September 8, 2023, the EPA and the Corps published a final rule conforming their regulations to the Supreme Court decision. These recent actions have provided some clarity. However, to the extent the EPA and the Corps broadly interpret their jurisdiction and expand the range of properties subject to the Clean Water Act's jurisdiction, certain energy companies could face increased costs and delays with respect to obtaining permits for dredge and fill activities in wetland areas. The appointment of a new EPA administrator may mitigate enforcement.

 The EPA has also adopted regulations requiring certain oil and natural gas exploration and production facilities to obtain individual permits or coverage under general permits for storm water discharges. In addition, on June 28, 2016, the EPA published a final rule prohibiting the discharge of wastewater from onshore unconventional oil and gas extraction facilities to publicly owned wastewater treatment plants, which regulations are discussed in more detail below under the caption "—Regulation of Hydraulic Fracturing." Costs may be associated with the treatment of wastewater or developing and implementing storm water pollution prevention plans, as well as for monitoring and sampling the storm water runoff from certain of our facilities. Also, spill prevention, control and countermeasure plan requirements under federal law require appropriate containment berms and similar structures to help prevent the contamination of navigable waters. Some states also maintain groundwater protection programs that require permits for discharges or operations that may impact groundwater conditions. Noncompliance with these requirements may result in substantial administrative, civil and criminal penalties, as well as injunctive obligations.

 Air Emissions. The federal Clean Air Act, as amended, and comparable state laws and regulations, regulate emissions of various air pollutants through the issuance of permits and the imposition of other requirements. The EPA has developed, and continues to develop, stringent regulations governing emissions of air pollutants at specified sources. New facilities may be required to obtain permits before work can begin, and existing facilities may be required to obtain additional permits and incur capital costs in order to remain in compliance. For example, our sand proppant services operations are subject to air permits issued by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources regulating our emission of fugitive dust and other constituents. These and other laws and regulations may increase the costs of compliance for some facilities where we operate, and federal and state regulatory agencies can impose administrative, civil and criminal penalties for non-compliance with air permits or other requirements of the federal Clean Air Act and associated state laws and regulations. Obtaining or renewing permits has the potential to delay the development of oil and natural gas and infrastructure projects.

 Climate Change. In recent years, federal, state and local governments have taken steps to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases, collectively referred to as GHGs. For example, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021 and the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the "IRA") include billions of dollars in incentives for the development of renewable energy, clean hydrogen, clean fuels, electric vehicles, investments in advanced biofuels and supporting infrastructure and carbon capture and sequestration, amongst other provisions. In addition, the IRA imposes the first ever federal fee on the emission of GHGs through a methane emissions charge, which will be phased-in starting in 2024. On January 12, 2024, the EPA announced a proposed rule to implement the methane emissions charge. These incentives and regulations could accelerate the transition of the economy away from the use of fossil fuels towards lower or zero carbon emissions alternatives, which could decrease demand for our well completion, natural sand proppant and other services related to the oil and natural gas industry.

 The EPA has also finalized a series of GHG monitoring, reporting and emissions control rules for the oil and natural gas industry, and almost one-half of the states have taken measures to reduce emissions of GHGs primarily through the development of GHG emission inventories and/or regional GHG cap-and-trade programs. Also, states have imposed increasingly stringent requirement related to the venting or flaring of gas during oil and gas operations.

 At the international level, in December 2015, the United States participated in the 21st Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Paris, France. The resulting Paris Agreement calls for the parties to undertake "ambitious efforts" to limit the average global temperature, and to conserve and enhance sinks and reservoirs of GHGs. The Paris Agreement went into effect on November 4, 2016. On April 21, 2021, the United States announced that it was setting an economy-wide target of reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 50 to 52 percent below 2005 levels in 2030. In November 2021, in connection with the 26th Conference of the Parties in Glasgow, Scotland, the United States and other world leaders made further commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emission, including reducing global methane emissions by at least 30 percent by 2030 (from 2020 levels) to meet this objective. More than 150 countries have now signed on to this pledge. Most
 recently, at the 28th Conference of the Parties in the United Arab Emirates, world leaders agreed to transition away from fossil fuels in a just, orderly and equitable manner and to triple renewables and double energy efficiency globally by 2030. Furthermore, many state and local leaders have stated their intent to intensify efforts to support the international commitments. However, President Trump has recently announced he intends for the United States to withdraw from the 2015 Paris agreement.

 In addition, there have also been efforts in recent years to influence the investment community, including investment advisors and certain sovereign wealth, pension and endowment funds promoting divestment of fossil fuel equities and pressuring lenders to limit funding to companies engaged in the extraction of fossil fuel reserves. Such environmental activism and initiatives aimed at limiting climate change and reducing air pollution could interfere with our business activities, operations and ability to access capital. Furthermore, claims have been made against certain energy companies alleging that GHG emissions from oil and natural gas operations constitute a public nuisance under federal and/or state common law. As a result, private individuals or public entities may seek to enforce environmental laws and regulations against certain energy companies and could allege personal injury, property damages or other liabilities. While our business is not a party to any such litigation, we could be named in actions making similar allegations. An unfavorable ruling in any such case could significantly impact our operations and could have an adverse impact on our financial condition.

 Moreover, climate change may cause more extreme weather conditions such as more intense hurricanes, thunderstorms, tornadoes and snow or ice storms, as well as rising sea levels and increased volatility in seasonal temperatures. Extreme weather conditions can interfere with our productivity and increase our costs and damage resulting from extreme weather may not be fully insured. However, at this time, we are unable to determine the extent to which climate change may lead to increased storm or weather hazards affecting our operations.

 Endangered Species Act

 Environmental laws such as the Endangered Species Act, as amended, or the ESA, may impact exploration, development and production activities on public or private lands. The ESA provides broad protection for species of fish, wildlife and plants that are listed as threatened or endangered in the U.S. Similar protections are offered to migratory birds under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Federal agencies are required to insure that any action authorized, funded or carried out by them is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of listed species or modify their critical habitat. While some of our facilities may be located in areas that are designated as habitat for endangered or threatened species, we believe that we are in substantial compliance with the ESA. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service may identify, however, previously unidentified endangered or threatened species or may designate critical habitat and suitable habitat areas that it believes are necessary for survival of a threatened or endangered species, which could cause us to incur additional costs or become subject to operating restrictions or bans in the affected areas.

 Regulation of Hydraulic Fracturing

 A portion of our business is dependent on our ability to conduct hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling activities. Hydraulic fracturing is an important and common practice that is used to stimulate production of hydrocarbons, particularly natural gas, from tight formations, including shales. The process, which involves the injection of water, sand and chemicals (also called "proppants") under pressure into formations to fracture the surrounding rock and stimulate production, is typically regulated by state oil and natural gas commissions. However, federal agencies have asserted regulatory authority over certain aspects of the process. For example, the EPA has taken the position that hydraulic fracturing with fluids containing diesel fuel is subject to regulation under the Underground Injection Control program, specifically as "Class II" Underground Injection Control wells under the Safe Drinking Water Act. In addition, on June 28, 2016, the EPA published a final rule prohibiting the discharge of wastewater from onshore unconventional oil and natural gas extraction facilities to publicly owned wastewater treatment plans. The EPA is also conducting a study of private wastewater treatment facilities (also known as centralized waste treatment, or CWT, facilities) accepting oil and natural gas extraction wastewater. The EPA is collecting data and information related to the extent to which CWT facilities accept such wastewater, available treatment technologies (and their associated costs), discharge characteristics, financial characteristics of CWT facilities and the environmental impacts of discharges from CWT facilities. Furthermore, legislation to amend the Safe Drinking Water Act, or SDWA, to repeal the exemption for hydraulic fracturing (except when diesel fuels are used) from the definition of "underground injection" and require federal permitting and regulatory control of hydraulic fracturing, as well as legislative proposals to require disclosure of the chemical constituents of the fluids used in the fracturing process, were proposed in recent sessions of Congress.

 On August 16, 2012, the EPA published final regulations under the federal Clean Air Act that establish new air emission controls for oil and natural gas production and natural gas processing operations. Specifically, the EPA's rule package includes New Source Performance standards, which we refer to as NSP standards, to address emissions of sulfur dioxide and volatile organic compounds and a separate set of emission standards to address hazardous air pollutants frequently associated with oil and natural gas production and processing activities. The final rules seek to achieve a 95% reduction in volatile organic compounds emitted by requiring the use of reduced emission completions or "green completions" on all hydraulically-fractured wells constructed or refractured after January 1, 2015. The rules also establish specific new requirements regarding emissions from compressors, controllers, dehydrators, storage tanks and other production equipment. The EPA received numerous requests for reconsideration of these rules from both industry and the environmental community, and court challenges to the rules were also filed. In response, the EPA has issued, and will likely continue to issue, revised rules responsive to some of the requests for reconsideration. In particular, on May 12, 2016, the EPA amended the NSP standards to impose new standards for methane and VOC emissions for certain new, modified and reconstructed equipment, processes and activities across the oil and natural gas sector. However, on August 13, 2020, in response to an executive order by former President Trump to review and revise unduly burdensome regulations, the EPA amended the 2012 and 2016 New Source Performance standards to ease regulatory burdens, including rescinding standards applicable to transmission or storage segments and eliminating methane requirements altogether. On June 30, 2021, President Biden signed into law a joint resolution of Congress disapproving the 2020 amendments (with the exception of some technical changes) thereby reinstating the 2012 and 2016 New Source Performance standards. The EPA expects owners and operators of regulated sources to take "immediate steps" to comply with these standards. Additionally, on December 2, 2023, the EPA announced a final rule that would expand and strengthen emission reduction requirements for both new and existing sources in the oil and natural gas industry by requiring increased monitoring of fugitive emissions, imposing new requirements for pneumatic controllers and tank batteries and prohibiting venting of natural gas in certain situations. President Trump has indicated his support for withdrawal of EPA's proposed rule imposing a fee on methane emissions from oil and gas facilities.

 In addition, on March 26, 2015, the Bureau of Land Management, or BLM, published a final rule governing hydraulic fracturing on federal and Indian lands. The rule requires public disclosure of chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing,

 implementation of a casing and cementing program, management of recovered fluids, and submission to the BLM of detailed information about the proposed operation, including wellbore geology, the location of faults and fractures, and the depths of all usable water. Also, on November 18, 2016, the BLM finalized a waste prevention rule to reduce the flaring, venting and leaking of methane from oil and gas operations on federal and Indian lands. The rule requires operators to use currently available technologies and equipment to reduce flaring, periodically inspect their operations for leaks, and replace outdated equipment that vents large quantities of gas into the air. The rule also clarifies when operators owe the government royalties for flared gas. On March 28, 2017, the Trump Administration issued an executive order directing the BLM to review the above rules and, if appropriate, to initiate a rulemaking to rescind or revise them. Accordingly, on December 29, 2017, the BLM published a final rule to rescind the 2015 hydraulic fracturing rule. A coalition of environmentalists, tribal advocates and the State of California filed lawsuits challenging the rule rescission. Also, on September 28, 2018, the BLM finalized revisions to the waste prevention rule to reduce "unnecessary compliance burdens". However, a federal court struck down the scaled-back rule on July 15, 2020, and shortly thereafter, on October 8, 2020, another federal court struck down the 2016 waste prevention rule. On November 28, 2022, the BLM announced a proposed replacement rule to reduce the waste of natural gas from venting, flaring and leaks during oil and gas production activities on federal and Indian lands, which would require the use of upgraded equipment in some cases and would place time and volume limits on royalty-free flaring. Also, on July 24, 2023, the BLM published a
 proposed rule to update its oil and gas leasing regulations, which would increase bonding requirements and raise royalty rates. At this time, it is uncertain when, or if, the rules will be implemented, and what impact they would have on our operations.

 There are certain governmental reviews either underway or being proposed that focus on the environmental aspects of hydraulic fracturing practices. On December 13, 2016, the EPA released a study examining the potential for hydraulic fracturing activities to impact drinking water resources, finding that, under some circumstances, the use of water in hydraulic fracturing activities can impact drinking water resources. Also, on February 6, 2015, the EPA released a report with findings and recommendations related to public concern about induced seismic activity from disposal wells. The report recommends strategies for managing and minimizing the potential for significant injection-induced seismic events. Other governmental agencies, including the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of the Interior have evaluated or are evaluating various other aspects of hydraulic fracturing. These ongoing or proposed studies, depending on their degree of pursuit and whether any meaningful results are obtained, could spur initiatives to further regulate hydraulic fracturing, and could ultimately make it more difficult or costly for us to perform fracturing and increase our costs of compliance and doing business.

 Several states and local jurisdictions in which we or our customers operate have adopted or are considering adopting regulations that could restrict or prohibit hydraulic fracturing in certain circumstances, impose more stringent operating standards, require the disclosure of the composition of hydraulic fracturing fluids and/or impose restrictions on the use of produced water from hydraulic fracturing activities or moratoriums on new produced water well permits in an effort to control induced seismicity. Any increased regulation of hydraulic fracturing or related activities could reduce the demand for our services and materially and adversely affect our reserves and results of operations.

 There has been increasing public controversy regarding hydraulic fracturing with regard to the use of fracturing fluids, induced seismic activity, impacts on drinking water supplies, use of water and the potential for impacts to surface water, groundwater and the environment generally. A number of lawsuits and enforcement actions have been initiated across the country implicating hydraulic fracturing practices. If new laws or regulations that significantly restrict hydraulic fracturing are adopted, such laws could make it more difficult or costly for us to perform fracturing to stimulate production from tight formations as well as make it easier for third parties opposing the hydraulic fracturing process to initiate legal proceedings based on allegations that specific chemicals used in the fracturing process could adversely affect groundwater. In addition, if hydraulic fracturing is further regulated at the federal, state or local level, our customers' fracturing activities could become subject to additional permitting and financial assurance requirements, more stringent construction specifications, increased monitoring, reporting and recordkeeping obligations, plugging and abandonment requirements and also to attendant permitting delays and potential increases in costs. Such legislative or regulatory changes could cause us or our customers to incur substantial compliance costs, and compliance or the consequences of any failure to comply by us could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. At this time, it is not possible to estimate the impact on our business of newly enacted or potential federal, state or local laws governing hydraulic fracturing.

 Regulation of Natural Sand Proppant Services

 The MSHA has primary regulatory jurisdiction over commercial silica operations, including quarries, surface mines, underground mines and industrial mineral processing facilities. MSHA representatives perform at least two annual inspections of our production facilities to ensure employee and general site safety. To date, these inspections have not resulted in any citations for material violations of MSHA standards, and we believe we are in material compliance with MSHA requirements.

 Other Regulation of the Oil and Natural Gas Industry

 The oil and natural gas industry is extensively regulated by numerous federal, state and local authorities. Legislation affecting the oil and natural gas industry is under constant review for amendment or expansion, frequently increasing the regulatory burden. Also, numerous departments and agencies, both federal and state, are authorized by statute to issue rules and regulations that are binding on the oil and natural gas industry and its individual members, some of which carry substantial penalties for failure to comply. These binding rules and regulations are subject to changes in interpretation or enforcement. Although changes to the regulatory burden on the oil and natural gas industry could affect the demand for our services, we would not expect to be affected any differently or to any greater or lesser extent than other companies in the industry with similar operations.

 Drilling. Our operations are subject to various types of regulation at the federal, state and local level. These types of regulation include requiring permits for the drilling of wells, drilling bonds and reports concerning operations. The states, and some counties and municipalities, in which we operate also regulate one or more of the following:

 • the location of wells;
 • the method of drilling and casing wells;
 • the timing of construction or drilling activities, including seasonal wildlife closures;
 • the surface use and restoration of properties upon which wells are drilled;
 • the plugging and abandoning of wells; and
 • notice to, and consultation with, surface owners and other third parties.

 Federal, state and local regulations provide detailed requirements for the plugging and abandonment of wells, closure or decommissioning of production facilities and pipelines and for site restoration in areas where we operate. Although the Corps does not require bonds or other financial assurances, some state agencies and municipalities do have such requirements.

 State Regulation. The states in which we or our customers operate regulate the drilling for, and the production and gathering of, oil and natural gas, including through requirements relating to the method of developing new fields, the spacing and operation of wells and the prevention of waste of oil and natural gas resources. States may also regulate rates of production and may establish maximum daily production allowable from oil and natural gas wells based on market demand or resource conservation, or both. States do not regulate wellhead prices or engage in other similar direct economic regulation, but they may do so in the future. The effect of these regulations may be to limit the amount of oil and natural gas that may be produced from wells and to limit the number of wells or locations our customers can drill.

 The petroleum industry is also subject to compliance with various other federal, state and local regulations and laws. Some of those laws relate to resource conservation and equal employment opportunity. We do not believe that compliance with these laws will have a material adverse effect on us.

 Regulation of Infrastructure Services

 In our infrastructure business, our operations are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations including:

 • licensing, permitting and inspection requirements applicable to contractors, electricians and engineers;
 • regulations governing environmental and conservation matters;
 • regulations relating to worker safety;
 • permitting and inspection requirements applicable to construction projects;
 • wage and hour regulations;
 • building and electrical codes; and
 • special bidding, procurement and other requirements on government projects.

 We believe that we have all the licenses required to conduct our energy infrastructure services and that we are in substantial compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. Our failure to comply with applicable regulations could result in substantial fines or revocation of our operating licenses, as well as give rise to termination or cancellation rights under our contracts or disqualify us from future bidding opportunities.

 OSHA Matters

 We are also subject to the requirements of the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act, or OSHA, and comparable state statutes that regulate the protection of the health and safety of workers. In addition, the OSHA hazard communication standard requires that information be maintained about hazardous materials used or produced in operations and that this information be provided to employees, state and local government authorities and the public. Compliance with these laws and regulations has not had a material adverse effect on our operations or financial position.

 Employees, Safety and Diversity

 As of December 31, 2024, we had 639 full time employees. The number of employees fluctuates depending on the current and expected demand for our services. None of our employees are represented by labor unions or covered by any collective bargaining agreements. We also hire independent contractors and consultants involved in land, technical, regulatory and other disciplines to assist our full-time employees.

 We view our employees as our greatest asset and actively recruit talented people regardless of gender or ethnic background. We also promote diversity, inclusion and equal employment opportunities by evaluating and promoting employees based on skills and performance alone, while also seeking to attract and retain a diverse workforce and continuing to cultivate an inclusive and respectful work environment. One of five of our current board members is ethnically diverse. Further, as of December 31, 2024, over 9% of our employees were women and 24 of 117 employees holding managerial and other key positions within the organization are women. Also, over 13% of our employees self-identify as ethnic minorities as of December 31, 2024. Further, we invest in the learning and development of our employees. We strive to identify talent and to provide employees who demonstrate exceptional performance with opportunities and training to progress to higher levels within the organization.

 We maintain a culture of safety, committed to the protection of the health and safety of our employees as well as preserving the environment and our relationships with the communities in which we operate. We place a strong emphasis on the safe execution of our operations, including safety training for our employees. We have a comprehensive approach to formulating and managing training requirements for our operational employees. This includes periodic environmental, health and safety meetings, a combination of live in-person training and computer-based training tailored to specific job duties and operational activities, and comprehensive safety reference material. In addition, our safety recognition program encourages employees throughout our organization to focus on conducting operations in accordance with our strict safety standards. Further, we work closely with federal, state and local governments and community organizations to help ensure that our operations comply with legal requirements and community standards. Lastly, when our employees identify a heightened safety risk, we respond quickly to mitigate the risk through communication, coordination and, if appropriate, a change in policy, procedures and training. We believe that our customers select their operational partners based in part on the quality of their safety and compliance records, and therefore, we will continue to make investments in this area. We also empower all personnel with stop-work authority ("SWA") as a tool for helping ensure safety. Our SWA policy empowers our employees to stop work whenever they identify unsafe work conditions. When SWA is employed, operations cease until the risk is addressed and both the employee and management agree that it is safe to resume work. See also "Safety and Remediation Program" below for additional information.

 Availability of Company Reports

 Our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are made available free of charge on the Investor Relations page of our website at www.mammothenergy.com as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Information contained on our website, or on other websites that may be linked to our website, is not incorporated by reference into this annual report on Form 10-K and should not be considered part of this report or any other filing that we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC").
 Risk Factors Summary

 The following is a summary of the principal risks that could adversely affect our business, operations and financial results. Please refer to Item 1A "Risk Factors" of this Form 10-K below for additional discussion of the risks summarized in this Risk Factors Summary.

 Risks Related to Our Business and the Industries We Serve

 • Our customer base is concentrated and the loss of one or more of our significant customers, or their failure to pay the amounts they owe us, could cause our revenue to decline substantially.
 • We may experience losses in excess of our recorded reserves for receivables.
 • Cobra, one of our infrastructure services subsidiaries, was party to service contracts with PREPA. Due to PREPA's bankruptcy proceedings, PREPA's ability to meet its payment obligations under the contracts is largely dependent upon funding from the FEMA or other sources. In the event that PREPA does not pay the remaining amount owed to us under the Settlement Agreement, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be materially and adversely affected.
 • Our revolving credit facility impose restrictions on us that may affect our ability to successfully operate our business.
 • A portion of our business depends on the oil and natural gas industry and particularly on the level of exploration and production activity within the United States and Canada, and continued volatility in the oil and natural gas markets have impacted, and are likely to continue to impact, our oilfield services and, as a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price.
 • The cyclicality of the oil and natural gas industry may cause our operating results to fluctuate.
 • If oil prices or natural gas prices decline, the demand for our oil and natural gas services could be adversely affected.
 • Advancements in oilfield service technologies could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
 • Our failure to receive payment for contract change orders or adequately recover on claims brought by us against customers related to payment terms and costs could materially and adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
 • We may not accurately estimate the costs associated with infrastructure services provided under fixed price contracts, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
 • We may be unable to obtain sufficient bonding capacity to support certain service offerings, and the need for performance and surety bonds could reduce availability under our revolving credit facility.
 • An increase in the prices of certain materials used in our businesses could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operation and cash flows.
 • Increasing transportation and related costs could have a material adverse effect on our business.
 • Diminished access to water and inability to secure or maintain necessary permits may adversely affect operations of our frac sand processing plants.
 • In the course of our business, we may become subject to lawsuits, indemnity or other claims, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows.
 • We rely on a few key employees whose absence or loss could adversely affect our business.
 • Our operations may be limited or disrupted in certain parts of the continental U.S. and Canada during severe weather conditions, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 • Concerns over general economic, business or industry conditions may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition.
 • Our operations require substantial capital and we may be unable to obtain needed capital or financing on satisfactory terms or at all, which could limit our ability to grow or conduct our business.
 • The growth of our business through acquisitions may expose us to various risks, including those relating to difficulties in identifying suitable, accretive acquisition opportunities and integrating businesses, assets and personnel, as well as difficulties in obtaining financing for targeted acquisitions and the potential for increased leverage or debt service requirements.
 • We may have difficulty managing growth in our business, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
 • If our intended expansion of our business is not successful, our financial condition, profitability and results of operations could be adversely affected, and we may not achieve increases in revenue and profitability that we hope to realize.

 • Our operations are subject to hazards inherent in the oil and natural gas and energy infrastructure industries, which could expose us to substantial liability and cause us to lose customers and substantial revenue.
 • We are subject to extensive environmental, health and safety laws and regulations that may subject us to substantial liability or require us to take actions that will adversely affect our results of operations.
 • Our operations in our natural sand proppant services business are dependent on our rights and ability to mine our properties and on our having renewed or received the required permits and approvals from governmental authorities and other third parties.
 • Changes in tax laws and regulations or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our tax returns may adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.
 • We are subject to cyber security risks. Cyber incidents or intrusions may result in information theft, data corruption, operational disruption and/or financial loss.

 Risks Inherent to Our Common Stock

 • Our largest stockholder controls a significant percentage of our common stock, and its interests may conflict with those of our other stockholders.
 • The corporate opportunity provisions in our certificate of incorporation could enable Wexford or other affiliates of ours to benefit from corporate opportunities that might otherwise be available to us.
 • We have engaged and expect to continue to engage in transactions with our affiliates and expect to do so in the future. The terms of such transactions and the resolution of any conflicts that may arise may not always be in our or our common stockholders' best interests.
 • If the price of our common stock fluctuates significantly, your investment could lose value.
 • Wexford beneficially owns a substantial amount of our common stock and may sell such common stock in the public or private markets. Sales of these shares of common stock or sales of substantial amounts of our common stock by other stockholders, or the perception that such sales may occur, could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock.
 • If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, if they adversely revise their recommendations regarding our stock or if our operating results do not meet their expectations, the price of our stock could decline.
 • We may issue preferred stock whose terms could adversely affect the voting power or value of our common stock.
 • Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law make it more difficult to effect a change in control of the company, which could adversely affect the price of our common stock.
 • Our certificate of incorporation designates courts in the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees.
 • The declaration of dividends on our common stock is within the discretion of our board of directors based upon a review of relevant considerations, and there is no guarantee that we will pay any dividends in the future or at levels anticipated by our stockholders.
 • Our ability to repurchase stock may be limited and no assurance can be given that we will be able to effectuate our stock repurchase program in the future at indicated levels or at all.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors

 Described below are certain risks that we believe apply to our business and the industries in which we operate. You should carefully consider each of the risks described below in conjunction with other information including the financial statements and related notes provided in this Annual Report and in our other public disclosures. The risks described below highlight potential events, trends or other circumstances that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity, and consequently, the market value of our common stock. These risks could cause our future results to differ materially from historical results and from guidance we may provide regarding our expectations of future financial performance. The risks described below are those that we have identified as material and is not an exhaustive list of all the risks we face. There may be other risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial which may also materially and adversely affect our business operations in the future. Please refer to the explanation of the qualifications and limitation on forward-looking statements set forth on page iv hereof.

 Risks Related to Our Business and the Industries We Serve

 Our customer base is concentrated and the loss of one or more of our significant customers, or their failure to pay the amounts they owe us, could cause our revenue to decline substantially.

 When a major customer discontinues the use our services, our revenue will decline and our operating results and financial condition will be harmed unless such loss is offset by new business. Our top five customers accounted for approximately 34%, 35% and 36%, respectively, of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. It is likely that we will continue to derive a significant portion of our revenue from a relatively small number of customers in the future. In addition, we are subject to credit risk due to the concentration of our customer base. Any nonperformance by our counterparties, including their failure to pay the amounts they owe us on a timely basis or at all, either as a result of changes in financial and economic conditions or otherwise, could have a material adverse impact on our operating results and could adversely affect our liquidity.

 We may experience losses in excess of our recorded reserves for receivables.

 We evaluate the collectability of our receivables based on consideration of a customer's ability to make required payments, payment history, economic events and other factors. Recorded reserves represent our estimate of current expected credit losses on existing receivables and are determined based on historical customer reviews, current financial conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. An unexpected change in customer financial condition or future economic uncertainty could result in additional requirements for specific reserves, which could have a material effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 We cannot predict the impact of the ongoing war in Ukraine and the instability in the Middle East on the global economy, energy markets, geopolitical stability, industries in which we operate and our business.

 All of our infrastructure, well completion, natural sand proppant, and other services are concentrated in North America. However, the broader consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, and the instability in the Middle East may increase volatility in the price and demand for oil and natural gas, which would adversely impact the oilfield services industry, increase exposure to cyberattacks, cause disruptions in global supply chains, increase foreign currency fluctuations, cause constraints or disruption in the capital markets and limit sources of liquidity. We cannot predict the extent of these wars' effect on our business and results of operations as well as on the global economy, energy markets and industries in which we operate.

 Cobra, one of our infrastructure services subsidiaries, was party to service contracts with PREPA. Due to PREPA's bankruptcy proceedings, PREPA's ability to meet its payment obligations under the contracts is largely dependent upon funding from the FEMA or other sources. In the event that PREPA does not pay the remaining amount owed to us under the Settlement Agreement, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be materially and adversely affected.

 On October 19, 2017, Cobra Acquisitions LLC, or Cobra, and PREPA entered into an emergency master services agreement for repairs to PREPA's electrical grid. The one-year contract, as amended, provided for payments of up to $945 million. On May 26, 2018, Cobra and PREPA entered into a second one-year, $900 million master services agreement to provide additional repair services and begin the initial phase of reconstruction of the electrical power system in Puerto Rico. Our work under each of the contracts with PREPA ended on March 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2024, $20.0 million remained outstanding from PREPA. PREPA is currently subject to bankruptcy proceedings, which were filed in July 2017 and are currently pending in the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico (the "Title III Court"). As a result,

 PREPA's ability to meet its payment obligations under the above-referenced agreements was largely dependent upon funding from the Federal Emergency Management Agency ("FEMA") or other sources. Since September 30, 2019, Cobra has been pursuing litigation in the Title III Court and other dispute resolution efforts seeking recovery of the amounts owed to Cobra by PREPA for restoration services in Puerto Rico, which proceedings are discussed in more detail in the Company's prior reports filed with the SEC. On July 22, 2024, Cobra entered into a release and settlement agreement with PREPA and the FOMB, in its capacity as Title III representative for PREPA, to settle all outstanding matters between Cobra and PREPA.

 Under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, Cobra was allowed an administrative expense claim against PREPA of $170.0 million, plus the $18.4 million in the Withheld FEMA Funds, as defined herein. During October 2024, Cobra received the first installment payment of $150.0 million from the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the $18.4 million in the Withheld FEMA Funds. As of December 31, 2024, $20.0 million remained outstanding from PREPA. Under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, this amount is required to be paid to Cobra within seven days following the effective date of PREPA's plan of adjustment. In the event PREPA (i) does not have or does not obtain the funds necessary to satisfy its obligations to Cobra under the Settlement Agreement, (ii) obtains the necessary funds but refuses to pay the amounts owed to us or (iii) otherwise does not pay amounts owed to us under the Settlement Agreement, the receivable may not be collected and our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be materially and adversely affected. Further, as noted above, our contracts with PREPA have concluded and we have not obtained, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain, one or more contracts with other customers to replace the level of services that we provided to PREPA.

 Opportunities associated with government contracts could lead to increased governmental regulation applicable to us.

 Most government contracts are awarded through a regulated competitive bidding process. If we are successful in being awarded government contracts, significant costs could be incurred by us before any revenues were realized from these contracts. Government agencies may review a contractor's performance, cost structure and compliance with applicable laws, regulations and standards. If government agencies determine through these reviews that costs were improperly allocated to specific contracts, they will not reimburse the contractor for those costs or may require the contractor to refund previously reimbursed costs. If government agencies determine that we engaged in improper activity, we may be subject to civil and criminal penalties. Government contracts are also subject to renegotiation of profit and termination by the government prior to the expiration of the term.

 Our revolving credit facility impose restrictions on us that may affect our ability to successfully operate our business.

 Our revolving credit facility limits our ability to take various actions, such as:

 • incurring additional indebtedness;
 • paying dividends;
 • creating certain additional liens on our assets;
 • entering into sale and leaseback transactions;
 • making investments;
 • entering into transactions with affiliates;
 • making material changes to the type of business we conduct or our business structure;
 • making guarantees;
 • entering into hedges;
 • disposing of assets in excess of certain permitted amounts;
 • merging or consolidating with other entities; and
 • selling all or substantially all of our assets.

 A portion of our business depends on the oil and natural gas industry and particularly on the level of exploration and production activity within the United States and Canada, and continued volatility in the oil and natural gas markets have impacted, and are likely to continue to impact, our oilfield services and, as a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price.

 Demand for our oil and natural gas products and services depends substantially on the level of capital expenditures by companies in the oil and natural gas industry. The levels of capital expenditures of our customers are driven by many factors, including the prices of oil and natural gas. In March and April 2020, concurrent with the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine orders in the U.S. and worldwide, oil prices dropped sharply to below zero dollars per barrel for the first time in history due to factors including significantly reduced demand and a shortage of storage facilities. In 2021, U.S. oil production stabilized as commodity prices increased and demand for crude oil rebounded throughout 2022. Throughout 2023, pricing for crude oil and natural gas declined from levels seen in 2022, which slowed down completion activities for our customers, in particular, in the

 Utica and Marcellus Shale natural gas plays, and, as a result, reduced demand for our well completion services. Throughout 2024, we continued to experience persistent challenges in our well completion business and other oilfield services associated with lower U.S. onshore activity and sustained weakness in the natural gas basins in which we operate. Other significant factors that are likely to continue to affect commodity prices in current and future periods include, but are not limited to, the effect of U.S. energy, monetary and trade policies, U.S. and global political developments, conditions in the U.S. oil and gas industry, actions of OPEC+ members, the impact of the ongoing war in Ukraine and the instability in the Middle East on the global energy and capital markets and global stability and other factors. We anticipate demand for our oil and natural gas services and products will continue to be dependent on the level of capital expenditures by companies in the oil and natural gas industry and, ultimately, commodity prices. While we still expect commodity prices to be the primary driver of capital spending and industry activity levels in the future, other factors, such as debt repayment obligations and access to the capital markets, may play a significant role in the ultimate level of capital expenditures by the companies that use our completion and production, natural sand proppant and contract land and directional drilling service lines. Industry conditions are dynamic and the weakening of commodity prices may result in a material adverse impact on certain of our customers' liquidity and financial position resulting in spending reductions, delays in the collection of amounts owing to us and similar impacts. These conditions, and others, have had and may continue to have an adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and it is difficult to predict how long the current commodity price environment will continue.

 Many factors over which we have no control affect the supply of and demand for, and our customers' willingness to explore, develop and produce oil and natural gas, and therefore, influence prices for our products and services, including:

 • the domestic and foreign supply of and demand for oil and natural gas;
 • the level of prices, and expectations about future prices, of oil and natural gas;
 • the level of global oil and natural gas exploration and production;
 • the cost of exploring for, developing, producing and delivering oil and natural gas;
 • the expected decline rates of current production;
 • the price and quantity of foreign imports;
 • political and economic conditions in oil producing countries, including the Middle East, Africa, South America and Russia, including the impact of the war in Ukraine and the instability in the Middle East on the global energy and capital markets and global stability;
 • the ability of members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries to agree to and maintain oil price and production controls;
 • speculative trading in crude oil and natural gas derivative contracts;
 • the level of consumer product demand;
 • the discovery rates of new oil and natural gas reserves;
 • contractions in the credit market;
 • the strength or weakness of the U.S. dollar;
 • available pipeline and other transportation capacity;
 • the levels of oil and natural gas storage;
 • weather conditions and other natural disasters;
 • political instability in oil and natural gas producing countries;
 • domestic and foreign tax policy;
 • domestic and foreign tariffs;
 • domestic and foreign governmental approvals and regulatory requirements and conditions;
 • the continued threat of terrorism and the impact of military and other action, including military action in the Middle East;
 • technical advances affecting energy consumption;
 • the proximity and capacity of oil and natural gas pipelines and other transportation facilities;
 • the price and availability of alternative fuels;
 • the ability of oil and natural gas producers to raise equity capital and debt financing;
 • global or national health concerns, including the outbreak of pandemic or contagious diseases;
 • merger and divestiture activity among oil and natural gas producers;
 • governmental laws, policies, regulations, subsidies, and other actions, including initiatives to promote the use of renewable energy sources; and
 • overall domestic and global economic conditions.

 These factors and the volatility of the energy markets make it extremely difficult to predict future oil and natural gas price movements with any certainty. Any of the above factors could impact the level of oil and natural gas exploration and production activity and could ultimately have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Further, future weakness in commodity prices could impact our business going forward, and we could

 encounter difficulties such as an inability to access needed capital on attractive terms or at all, recognizing asset impairment charges, an inability to meet financial ratios contained in our debt agreements, a need to reduce our capital spending and other similar impacts.

 The cyclicality of the oil and natural gas industry may cause our operating results to fluctuate.

 We derive a portion of our revenues from companies in the oil and natural gas exploration and production industry, a historically cyclical industry with levels of activity that are significantly affected by the levels and volatility of oil and natural gas prices. We have, and may in the future, experience significant fluctuations in operating results as a result of the reactions of our customers to changes in oil and natural gas prices. In addition, a majority of the service revenue we earn is based upon a charge for a relatively short period of time (e.g., an hour, a day, a week) for the actual period of time the service is provided to our customers. By contracting services on a short-term basis, we are exposed to the risks of a rapid reduction in market prices and utilization, with resulting volatility in our revenues.

 If oil prices or natural gas prices decline, the demand for our oil and natural gas services could be adversely affected.

 The demand for our oil and natural gas services is primarily determined by current and anticipated oil and natural gas prices and the related general production spending and level of drilling activity in the areas in which we have operations. Volatility or weakness in oil prices or natural gas prices (or the perception that oil prices or natural gas prices will decrease) affects the spending patterns of our customers and may result in the drilling of fewer new wells or lower production spending on existing wells. This, in turn, could result in lower demand for our services and may cause lower rates and lower utilization of our well service equipment.

 Any future decline in oil and gas prices could materially affect the demand for our services. Prices for oil and natural gas historically have been extremely volatile and are expected to continue to be volatile in the years to come. During 2024, West Texas Intermediate posted prices ranged from $65.75 to $86.91 per barrel and the New York Mercantile Exchange natural gas futures prices ranged from $1.58 to $3.95 per MMBtu. If the prices of oil and natural gas decline from current levels, our operations, financial condition and level of expenditures may be materially and adversely affected.

 Failure to effectively and timely address the energy transition to a lower carbon footprint could adversely affect our oil and gas business.

 Our long-term success depends on our ability to effectively address the energy transition to a lower carbon footprint, which will require adapting our portfolio of oilfield services to potentially changing or more burdensome government requirements and customer preferences. If the energy industry transition changes faster than anticipated or in a manner that we do not anticipate, demand for oilfield services could be adversely affected. Furthermore, if we fail or are perceived to not effectively implement an energy transition strategy, comply with new and evolving regulatory requirements on climate change, or if investors or financial institutions shift funding away from companies in fossil fuel related industries, our business, access to capital and the market for our securities could be negatively impacted. Investor and regulatory focus on environmental, social and governance ("ESG") matters continues to increase. In addition to climate change, there remains attention on topics such as diversity and inclusion, human rights, and human and natural capital, in companies' own operations as well as their supply chains. In addition, perspectives on the efficacy of ESG considerations continue to evolve, and we cannot currently predict how regulators', investors' and other stakeholders' views on ESG matters may affect the regulatory and investment landscape and affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, our inability to timely address these new and evolving regulatory requirements or pressures may result in regulatory enforcement actions or shareholder litigation and otherwise damage our reputation.

 In March 2022, the SEC proposed new rules relating to the disclosure of a range of climate-related risks and other information. To the extent this rule is finalized as proposed, we and/or our customers could incur increased costs related to the assessment and disclosure of climate-related information. Enhanced climate disclosure requirements could also accelerate any trend by certain stakeholders and capital providers to restrict or seek more stringent conditions with respect to their financing of certain carbon intensive sectors. However, President Trump has indicated his support for rescission of these climate-related disclosure rules.

 Increasing attention to global climate change has resulted in increased investor attention and an increased risk of public and private litigation, which could increase our costs or otherwise adversely affect us. For example, shareholder activism has recently been increasing in our industry, and shareholders may attempt to effect changes to our business or governance to deal with climate change-related issues, whether by shareholder proposals, public campaigns, proxy solicitations or otherwise, which

 may result in significant management distraction and potentially significant expense. Additionally, cities, counties, and other governmental entities in several states in the U.S. have filed lawsuits against energy companies seeking damages allegedly associated with climate change. Similar lawsuits may be filed in other jurisdictions. If any such lawsuits were to be filed against us, we could incur substantial legal defense costs and, if any such litigation were adversely determined, we could incur substantial damages. Any of these climate change-related litigation risks could result in unexpected costs, negative sentiments about our company, disruptions to our business, and increases to our operating expenses, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and cash flow.

 The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 could accelerate the transition to a low carbon economy and could impose new costs on our operations.

 In recent years, federal, state and local governments have taken steps to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. For example, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and the IRA contain billions of dollars in incentives for the development of renewable energy, clean hydrogen, clean fuels, electric vehicles, investments in advanced biofuels and supporting infrastructure and carbon capture and sequestration, amongst other provisions. Also, the EPA has proposed ambitious rules to reduce harmful air pollutant emissions, including greenhouse gases, from light-, medium-, and heavy-duty vehicles beginning in model year 2027. In addition, the IRA imposes the first ever federal fee on the emission of GHGs through a methane emissions charge, which will be phased-in starting in 2024. The IRA could accelerate the transition of the economy away from the use of fossil fuels towards lower- or zero-carbon emissions alternatives, which could decrease demand for our services related to the oil and natural gas industry.

 Shortages, delays in delivery and interruptions in supply of major components, replacement parts or, other equipment, supplies or materials may adversely affect our pressure pumping business.

 During periods of increased demand for drilling and completion services, such as those in the second half of 2022 and early 2023, the industry has experienced shortages of major components, replacement parts, other equipment, supplies and materials, including, in the case of our pressure pumping operations, replacement parts, engines and other equipment, proppants, acid, gel and water. These shortages can cause the price of these items to increase significantly and require that orders for the items be placed well in advance of expected use. In addition, any interruption in supply could result in significant delays in delivery of equipment and materials and delay or prevent operations. Interruptions may be caused by, among other reasons:

 • weather issues, whether short-term such as a hurricane or winter storm, or long-term such as a drought; and
 • shortage in the number of vendors able or willing to provide the necessary equipment, supplies and materials, including as a result of commitments of vendors to other customers or third parties.

 Additionally, changes in U.S. and foreign trade regulations and tariffs, including potential increases of tariffs on goods imported into the U.S. may cause a rise in the cost of replacement parts for our pressure pumping operations. These price increases, delays in delivery and interruptions in supply may require us to increase capital and repair expenditures and incur higher operating costs. Severe shortages, delays in delivery and interruptions in supply could limit our ability to construct and operate our pressure pumping fleets and hinder our ability to execute on our business plan, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

 Oilfield services equipment, refurbishment and new asset construction projects, as well as the reactivation of oilfield service assets that have been idle for six months or longer, are subject to risks which could cause delays or cost overruns and adversely affect our business, cash flows, results of operations and financial position.

 Oilfield services equipment or assets being upgraded, converted or re-activated following a period of inactivity may experience significant start-up costs and complications and may encounter other operational problems that could result in significant delays, uncompensated downtime, reduced day rates or the cancellation, termination or non-renewal of contracts. In this regard, due to market conditions, we have idled certain of our service offerings, including contract land drilling, flowback, cementing, acidizing and crude oil hauling operations as well as certain of our facilities, such as our sand processing plant in Pierce County, Wisconsin. Further, construction and upgrade projects are subject to risks of delay or significant cost overruns inherent in any large construction project from numerous factors, including the following:

 • shortages of equipment, materials or skilled labor;
 • unscheduled delays in the delivery of ordered materials and equipment or shipyard construction;
 • failure of equipment to meet quality and/or performance standards;
 • financial or operating difficulties of equipment vendors;

 • unanticipated actual or purported change orders;
 • inability by us or our customers to obtain required permits or approvals, or to meet applicable regulatory standards in our areas of operations;
 • unanticipated cost increases between order and delivery;
 • adverse weather conditions and other events of force majeure;
 • design or engineering changes; and
 • work stoppages and other labor disputes.

 The occurrence of any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, results of operations and financial position.

 Advancements in oilfield service technologies could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 The oilfield services industry is characterized by rapid and significant technological advancements and introductions of new products and services using new technologies. As competitors and others use or develop new technologies or technologies comparable to ours in the future, we may lose market share or be placed at a competitive disadvantage. Further, we may face competitive pressure to implement or acquire certain new technologies at a substantial cost. Some of our competitors may have greater financial, technical and personnel resources than we do, which may allow them to gain technological advantages or implement new technologies before we can. Additionally, we may be unable to implement new technologies or services at all, on a timely basis or at an acceptable cost. New technology could also make it easier for our customers to vertically integrate their operations, thereby reducing or eliminating the need for our services. Limits on our ability to effectively use or implement new technologies may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

 Our business depends upon our ability to obtain specialized equipment and parts from third-party suppliers, and we may be vulnerable to delayed deliveries and future price increases.

 We purchase specialized equipment and parts from third party suppliers. At times during the business cycle, there is a high demand for hydraulic fracturing and other oilfield services and extended lead times to obtain equipment needed to provide these services. Further, there are a limited number of suppliers that manufacture the equipment we use. Should our current suppliers be unable or unwilling to provide the necessary equipment and parts or otherwise fail to deliver the products timely and in the quantities required, any resulting delays in the provision of our services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, future price increases for this type of equipment and parts could negatively impact our ability to purchase new equipment to update or expand our existing fleet or to timely repair equipment in our existing fleet.

 Our failure to receive payment for contract change orders or adequately recover on claims brought by us against customers related to payment terms and costs could materially and adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

 We have in the past brought, and may in the future bring, claims against our customers related to, among other things, the payment terms of our contracts and change orders relating to such contracts. These types of claims can occur due to, among other things, customer-caused delays or changes in project scope, both of which may result in additional costs. In some instances, these claims can be the subject of lengthy legal proceedings, and it is difficult to predict the timing and outcome of such proceedings. Our failure to promptly and adequately recover on these types of claims could have an adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 We may not accurately estimate the costs associated with infrastructure services provided under fixed price contracts, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 We derive a portion of our infrastructure services revenue from fixed-price master service and other service agreements. Under these contracts, we typically set the price of our services on a per unit or aggregate basis and assume the risk that costs associated with our performance may be greater than what we estimated. In addition to master service and other service agreements, we enter into contracts for specific projects or jobs that may require the installation or construction of an entire infrastructure system or specified units within an infrastructure system, which are priced on a per unit basis. Profitability will be reduced if actual costs to complete a project exceed our original estimates. Our profitability is dependent upon our ability to accurately estimate the costs associated with our services and our ability to execute in accordance with our plans. A variety of factors could negatively affect these costs, such as lower than anticipated productivity, conditions at work sites

 differing materially from those anticipated at the time we bid on the contract and higher than expected costs of materials and labor. These variations, along with other risks inherent in performing fixed price contracts, could cause actual project revenue and profits to differ from original estimates, which could result in lower margins than anticipated, or losses, which could reduce our profitability, cash flows and liquidity.

 We may be unable to obtain sufficient bonding capacity to support certain service offerings, and the need for performance and surety bonds could reduce availability under our revolving credit facility.

 Some of our infrastructure services contracts require performance and payment bonds. If we are not able to renew or obtain a sufficient level of bonding capacity in the future, we may be precluded from being able to bid for certain contracts or successfully contract with certain customers. In addition, even if we are able to successfully renew or obtain performance or payment bonds, we may be required to post letters of credit in connection with the bonds, which would reduce availability under our revolving credit facility. Furthermore, under standard terms in the surety market, sureties issue bonds on a project-by-project basis and can decline to issue bonds at any time or require the posting of additional collateral as a condition to issuing or renewing any bonds. If we were to experience an interruption or reduction in the availability of bonding capacity as a result of these or any other reasons, we may be unable to compete for or work on projects that require bonding.

 The nature of our infrastructure services business exposes us to potential liability for warranty claims and faulty engineering, which may reduce our profitability.

 Under some of our infrastructure services contracts with customers, we provide a warranty for the services we provide, guaranteeing the work performed against defects in workmanship and material. As much of the work we perform is inspected by our customers for any defects in construction prior to acceptance of the project, we have not historically incurred warranty claims. Additionally, materials used in construction are often provided by the customer or are warranted against defects from the supplier. However, certain projects may have longer warranty periods and include facility performance warranties that may be broader than the warranties we generally provide. In these circumstances, if warranty claims occurred, it could require us to re-perform the services or to repair or replace the warranted item, at a cost to us, and could also result in other damages if we are not able to adequately satisfy our warranty obligations. In addition, we may be required under contractual arrangements with our customers to warrant any defects or failures in materials we provide that we purchase from third parties. While we generally require suppliers to provide us warranties that are consistent with those we provide to the customers, if any of these suppliers default on their warranty obligations to us, we may incur costs to repair or replace the defective materials for which we are not reimbursed. Costs incurred as a result of warranty claims could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 Our infrastructure services business involves professional judgments regarding the planning, design, development, construction, operations and management of electric power transmission and commercial construction. Because our projects are often technically complex, our failure to make judgments and recommendations in accordance with applicable professional standards, including engineering standards, could result in damages. While we do not generally accept liability for consequential damages, and although we have adopted a range of insurance, risk management and risk avoidance programs designed to reduce potential liabilities, a significantly adverse or catastrophic event at one of our project sites or completed projects resulting from the services we have performed could result in significant warranty, professional liability, or other claims against us as well as reputational harm, especially if public safety is impacted. These liabilities could exceed our insurance limits or could impact our ability to obtain insurance in the future. In addition, customers, subcontractors or suppliers who have agreed to indemnify us against any such liabilities or losses might refuse or be unable to pay us. An uninsured claim, either in part or in whole, if successful and of a material magnitude, could have a substantial impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 The timing of new contracts and termination of existing contracts may result in unpredictable fluctuations in our cash flows and financial results.

 A portion of our infrastructure services revenue is derived from project-based work that is awarded through a competitive bid process. It is generally very difficult to predict the timing and geographic distribution of the projects that we will be awarded. The selection of, timing of, or failure to obtain projects, delays in awards of projects, the re-bidding or termination of projects due to budget overruns, cancellations of projects or delays in completion of contracts could result in the under-utilization of our assets, which could lower our overall profitability and reduce our cash flows. Even if we are awarded contracts, we face additional risks that could affect whether, or when, work will begin. This can present difficulty in matching workforce size and equipment location with contract needs. In some cases, we may be required to bear the cost of a ready workforce and equipment that is larger than necessary, which could impact our cash flow, expenses and profitability. If an expected contract award or the related work release is delayed or not received, we could incur substantial costs without receipt

 of any corresponding revenues. Moreover, construction projects for which our services are contracted may require significant expenditures by us prior to receipt of relevant payments from the customer. Finally, the winding down or completion of work on significant projects that were active in previous periods will reduce our revenue and earnings if such significant projects have not been replaced in the current period.

 Many of our contracts may be canceled upon short notice, typically 30 to 90 days, even if we are not in default under the contract, and we may be unsuccessful in replacing our contracts if they are canceled or as they are completed or expire. We could experience a decrease in our revenue, net income and liquidity if contracts are canceled and if we are unable to replace canceled, completed or expired contracts. Certain of our infrastructure services customers assign work to us on a project-by-project basis under MSAs. Under these agreements, our customers often have no obligation to assign a specific amount of work to us. Our operations could decline significantly if the anticipated volume of work is not assigned to us or is canceled. Many of our contracts, including our MSAs, are opened to competitive bid at the expiration of their terms. There can be no assurance that we will be the successful bidder on our existing contracts that come up for re-bid.

 Delays and reductions in government appropriations can negatively impact energy infrastructure engineering, design, construction, maintenance and repair projects and may impair the ability of our energy infrastructure customers to timely pay for products or services provided or result in their insolvency or bankruptcy, any of which exposes us to credit risk of our infrastructure customers.

 Many of our infrastructure customers derive funding from federal, state and local bodies. Delayed or reduced appropriations may cancel, curtail or delay projects and may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

 Outcomes of rate cases may impact the capital expenditure budgets of our infrastructure customers and may result in lower demand for our services.

 Many of our infrastructure customers are regulated by governing bodies and the prices they charge their customers are decided through a process called a rate case. A rate case is a formal process, conducted by utility regulators, to determine if the utility's proposed base rates are just and reasonable. The outcome of rate cases may impact the capital expenditure budgets of our infrastructure customers and, in turn, could result in lower demand for our services and may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

 An increase in the prices of certain materials used in our businesses could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operation and cash flows.

 We are exposed to market risk of increases in certain commodity prices of materials, such as copper and steel, which are used as components of supplies or materials utilized in some of our infrastructure and pressure pumping businesses. An increase in these materials could increase our operating costs, limit our ability to service our customers' needs or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operation and cash flows.

 Inaccuracies in estimates of volumes and qualities of our sand reserves could result in lower than expected sales and higher than expected production costs.

 Estimates of our sand reserves are by nature imprecise and depend to some extent on statistical inferences drawn from available data, which may prove unreliable. There are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating quantities and qualities of sand reserves and costs to mine recoverable reserves, including many factors beyond our control. Estimates of economically recoverable sand reserves necessarily depend on a number of factors and assumptions, all of which may vary considerably from actual results, such as:

 • geological and mining conditions and/or effects from prior mining that may not be fully identified by available data or that may differ from experience;
 • assumptions concerning future prices of frac sand, operating costs, mining technology improvements, development costs and reclamation costs; and
 • assumptions concerning future effects of regulation, including the issuance of required permits and taxes by governmental agencies.

 Any inaccuracy in the estimates related to our sand reserves could result in lower than expected sales and higher than expected costs. For example, these estimates assume that our revenue and cost structure will remain relatively constant over the life of our reserves. If these assumptions prove to be inaccurate, some or all of our reserves may not be economically mineable,

 which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, our current customer contracts require us to deliver frac sand that meets certain specifications. If the estimates of the quality of our sand reserves, including the volumes of the various specifications of those reserves, prove to be inaccurate, we may incur significantly higher excavation costs without corresponding increases in revenues, we may not be able to meet our contractual obligations, or our facilities may have a shorter than expected reserve life, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 As part of our natural sand proppant services business, we rely on third parties for raw materials and transportation, and the suspension or termination of our relationship with one or more of these third parties could adversely affect our business, financial conditions, results of operations and cash flows.

 As part of our natural sand proppant services business, we mine and process sand into premium monocrystalline sand, a specialized mineral that is used as a proppant (also known as frac sand) at our Barron County and Jackson County, Wisconsin plants. We sell natural sand proppant to our customers for use in their hydraulic fracturing operations to enhance the recovery rates of hydrocarbons from oil and natural gas wells. We also provide logistics solutions to deliver our frac sand products to our customers. Because our customers generally find it impractical to store frac sand in large quantities near their job sites, they seek to arrange for product to be delivered where and as needed, which requires predictable and efficient loading and shipping of product. To facilitate our logistics and transload facility capabilities, we contract with third party providers to transport our frac sand products to railroad facilities for delivery to our customers. We also lease a railcar fleet from various third parties to deliver our frac sand products to our customers and lease or otherwise utilize origin and destination transloading facilities. The suspension, termination or nonrenewal of our relationship with any one or more of these third parties involved in the sourcing, transportation and delivery of our frac sand products could result in material operational delays, increase our operating costs, limit our ability to service our customers' wells or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 Future performance of our natural sand proppant services business will depend on our ability to succeed in competitive markets, and on our ability to appropriately react to potential fluctuations in the demand for and supply of frac sand.

 In our natural sand proppant services business, we operate in a highly competitive market that is characterized by a small number of large, national producers and a larger number of small, regional or local producers. Competition in the industry is based on price, consistency and quality of product, site location, distribution and logistics capabilities, customer service, reliability of supply and breadth of product offering. The large, national producers with whom we compete include Badger Mining Corporation, Covia Holdings Corporation, Hi-Crush Partners LP, Capital Sand Proppants LLC, Athabasca Minerals Inc., Source Energy Services Ltd., and U.S. Silica Holdings Inc. Our larger competitors may have greater financial and other resources than we do, may develop technology superior to ours, may have production facilities that are located closer to sand mines from which raw sand is mined or to their key customers than our facilities or have a more cost effective access to raw sand and transportation facilities than we do. As the demand for hydraulic fracturing services has decreased due to commodity price volatility, prices in the frac sand market have materially decreased as demand for frac sand dropped and sand producers sought to preserve market share or exit the market and sell frac sand at below market prices. In addition, some oil and natural gas exploration and production companies and other providers of hydraulic fracturing services have acquired their own frac sand reserves, developed or expanded frac sand production capacity or otherwise fulfilled their own proppant requirements and existing or new frac sand producers could add to or expand their frac sand production capacity, which may negatively impact pricing and demand for our frac sand. We may not be able to compete successfully against either our larger or smaller competitors in the future, and competition could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 Demand for our frac sand products could be reduced by changes in well stimulation processes and technologies, as well as changes in governmental regulations and other applicable law.

 As part of our natural sand proppant services business, we mine, process and sell frac sand products to our customers for use in their hydraulic fracturing operations to enhance the recovery rates of hydrocarbons from oil and natural gas wells. A significant shift in demand from frac sand to other proppants, or the development of new processes to replace hydraulic fracturing altogether, could cause a decline in the demand for the frac sand we produce and result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Further, federal and state governments and agencies have adopted various laws and regulations or are evaluating proposed legislation and regulations that are focused on the extraction of shale gas or oil using hydraulic fracturing, a process which utilizes proppants such as those that we produce. Future hydraulic fracturing-related legislation or regulations could restrict the ability of our customers to utilize, or increase the cost associated with, hydraulic fracturing, which could reduce demand for our proppants and adversely affect our business, financial condition,

 results of operations and cash flows. For additional information regarding the regulation of hydraulic fracturing, see Item 1. "Business—Regulation of Hydraulic Fracturing" included elsewhere in this annual report.

 We face distribution and logistics challenges in our business.

 In response to various factors, including fluctuations in oil and natural gas prices, our customers may shift their focus among resource plays, some of which can be located in geographic areas that do not have well-developed transportation and distribution infrastructure systems. Some geographic areas, including the areas in which our sand facilities are located, have limited access to railroads. Any interruption or delay in the railroad access or service may affect our ability to ship and/or the timing of shipment of our frac sand to our customers, which may adversely affect our revenues or result in increased costs, and thus could negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition. Serving our customers in these less-developed areas presents distribution and other operational challenges that may affect our sales and could negatively impact our operating costs. Labor disputes, system constraints, derailments, adverse weather conditions or other environmental events, an increasingly tight railcar leasing market and changes to rail freight systems, among other factors, could interrupt or limit available transportation services, could affect our ability to timely and cost-effectively deliver our frac sand to our customers and could provide a competitive advantage to our competitors located in closer proximity to our customers. Failure to find long-term solutions to these logistics challenges could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 Increasing transportation and related costs could have a material adverse effect on our business.

 Because of the relatively low cost of producing frac sand, transportation expenses and related costs, including freight charges, fuel surcharges, transloading fees, switching fees, railcar lease costs, demurrage costs and storage fees, comprise a significant component of the total delivered cost of frac sand sales. The relatively high transportation expenses and related costs tend to favor frac sand producers located in close proximity to their customers. We contract with truck and rail services to move frac sand from our production facilities to transload sites and our customers, and increased costs under these contracts could adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, we bear the risk of non-delivery under our contracts. A significant increase in transportation service rates, a reduction in the dependability or availability of transportation or transload services, or relocation of our customers' businesses to areas farther from our plants or transloading facilities could impair our ability to deliver our products economically to our customers and our ability to expand into different markets.

 Diminished access to water and inability to secure or maintain necessary permits may adversely affect operations of our frac sand processing plants.

 The processing of raw sand and production of natural sand proppant require significant amounts of water. As a result, securing water rights and water access is necessary to operate our processing facilities. If the areas where our facilities are located experience water shortages, restrictions or any other constraints due to drought, contamination or otherwise, there may be additional costs associated with securing water access. Although we have obtained water rights to service our activities when we are operating our processing plants, the amount of water that we are entitled to use pursuant to our water rights must be determined by the appropriate regulatory authorities. Such regulatory authorities may amend the regulations regarding such water rights, increase the cost of maintaining such water rights or eliminate our current water rights, and we may be unable to retain all or a portion of such water rights. If implemented, these new regulations could also affect local municipalities and other industrial operations and could have a material adverse effect on costs involved in operating our processing plant. Such changes in laws, regulations or government policy and related interpretations pertaining to water rights may alter the environment in which we do business, which may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Additionally, a water discharge permit may be required to properly dispose of water at our processing sites when in operation. Certain of our facilities are also required to obtain storm water permits. The water discharge, storm water or any other permits we may be required to have in order to conduct our frac sand processing operations is subject to regulatory discretion, and any inability to obtain or maintain the necessary permits could have an adverse effect on our ability to run such operations.

 Similar to our natural sand proppant services, certain of our completion and production services, particularly our hydraulic fracturing services, are substantially dependent on the availability of water. Restrictions on our ability, or our customers' ability, to obtain water may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 Water is an essential component of deep shale oil and natural gas production during both the drilling and hydraulic fracturing processes. In recent years, certain areas in which we operate have experienced drought conditions and competition for water in such areas is growing. As a result, some local water districts have begun restricting the use of water subject to their jurisdiction for hydraulic fracturing to protect local water supply. For example, in 2021, the Texas Legislature directed the

 Texas Railroad Commission to adopt rules encouraging fluid oil and gas waste recycling. In January 2025, the Commission adopted the first overhaul of oilfield waste rules in over 40 years, to, among other things, encourage waste recycling. Our inability, or customers' inability, to obtain water to use in our operations from local sources or to effectively utilize flowback water could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 The customized nature, and remote location, of the modular camps that we provide and service present unique challenges that could adversely affect our ability to successfully operate our remote accommodations business.

 We rely on a third-party subcontractor to manufacture and install the customized modular units used in our remote accommodations business. These customized units often take a considerable amount of time to manufacture and, once manufactured, often need to be delivered to remote areas that are frequently difficult to access by traditional means of transportation. In the event we are unable to provide these modular units in a timely fashion, we may not be entitled to full, or any, payment therefor under the terms of our contracts with customers. In addition, the remote location of the modular camps often makes it difficult to install and maintain the units, and our failure, on a timely basis, to have such units installed and provide maintenance services could result in our breach of, and non-payment by our customers under, the terms of our customer contracts. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our remote accommodation business and our overall financial condition and results of operations.

 Health and food safety issues and food-borne illness concerns could adversely affect our remote accommodations business.

 We provide food services to our customers as part of our remote accommodations business and, as a result, face health and food safety issues that are common in the food and hospitality industries. Food-borne illnesses, such as E. coli, hepatitis A, trichinosis or salmonella, and food safety issues have occurred in the food industry in the past and could occur in the future. Our reliance on third-party food suppliers and distributors increases the risk that food-borne illness incidents could be caused by factors outside of our control. New illnesses resistant to any precautions may develop in the future, or diseases with long incubation periods could arise. Further, the remote nature of our accommodation facilities and related food services may increase the risk of contamination of our food supply and create additional health and hygiene concerns due to the limited access to modern amenities and conveniences that may not be faced by other food service providers or hospitality businesses operating in an urban environment. If our customers become ill from food-borne illness, we could be forced to close some or all of our remote accommodation facilities on a temporary basis or otherwise. Any such incidents and/or any report of publicity linking us to incidents of food-borne illness or other food safety issues, including food tampering or contamination, could adversely affect our remote accommodations business as well as our overall financial condition and results of operations.

 Development of permanent infrastructure in the Canadian oil sands region or other locations where we locate our remote accommodations could negatively impact our remote accommodations business.

 Our remote accommodations business specializes in providing modular housing and related services for workforces in remote areas which lack the infrastructure typically available in towns and cities. If significant development activity does not return to the Canadian oil sands region or if permanent towns, cities and municipal infrastructure develop in the oil sands region of northern Alberta, Canada or other regions where we locate our modular camps, then demand for our accommodations could decrease as customer employees move to the region and choose to utilize permanent housing and food services.

 Revenue generated and expenses incurred by our remote accommodation business are denominated in the Canadian dollar and could be negatively impacted by currency fluctuations.

 Our remote accommodation business generates revenue and incurs expenses that are denominated in the Canadian dollar. These transactions could be materially affected by currency fluctuations. Changes in currency exchange rates could adversely affect our combined results of operations or financial position. We also maintain cash balances denominated in the Canadian dollar. At December 31, 2024, we had $4.0 million of cash in Canadian dollars, in Canadian accounts. We have not hedged our exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and, as a result, could incur unanticipated translation gains and losses.

 In the course of our business, we may become subject to lawsuits, indemnity or other claims, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows.

 In addition to the investigations and legal proceedings referenced in the risk factors above, from time to time, we are subject to various claims, lawsuits and other legal proceedings brought or threatened against us in the course of our business. These actions and proceedings may seek, among other things, compensation for alleged personal injury, workers' compensation, employment discrimination and other employment-related damages, breach of contract, indemnity claims,

 property damage and violation of federal or state securities laws. We may also be subject to litigation in the normal course of business involving allegations of violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act and state wage and hour laws.

 Claimants may seek large damage awards and defending claims can involve significant costs. When appropriate, we establish accruals for litigation and contingencies that we believe to be adequate in light of current information, legal advice and our indemnity insurance coverages. We reassess our potential liability for litigation and contingencies as additional information becomes available and adjust our accruals as necessary. We could experience a reduction in our profitability and liquidity if we do not properly estimate the amount of required accruals for litigation or contingencies, or if our insurance coverage proves to be inadequate or becomes unavailable, or if our self-insurance liabilities are higher than expected. The outcome of litigation is difficult to assess or quantify, as plaintiffs may seek recovery of very large or indeterminate amounts and the magnitude of the potential loss may remain unknown for substantial periods of time. Furthermore, because litigation is inherently uncertain, the ultimate resolution of any such claim, lawsuit or proceeding through settlement, mediation, or court judgment could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, claims, lawsuits and proceedings may harm our reputation or divert management's attention from our business or divert resources away from operating our business, and cause us to incur significant expenses, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Please see Note 20. "Commitments and Contingencies" to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

 We rely on a few key employees whose absence or loss could adversely affect our business.

 Many key responsibilities within our business have been assigned to a small number of employees. The loss of their services could adversely affect our business. In particular, the loss of the services of our Chief Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer could disrupt our operations. We do not have any written employment agreement with either our Chief Executive Officer or our Chief Financial Officer at this time. Further, we do not maintain "key person" life insurance policies on any of our employees. As a result, we are not insured against any losses resulting from the death of our key employees.

 If we are unable to employ a sufficient number of skilled and qualified workers, our capacity and profitability could be diminished and our growth potential could be impaired.

 The delivery of our products and services requires skilled and qualified workers with specialized skills and experience who can perform physically demanding work. As a result of the volatility of the energy services industry and the demanding nature of the work, workers may choose to pursue employment in fields that offer a more desirable work environment at wage rates that are competitive. Our ability to be productive and profitable will depend upon our ability to employ and retain skilled workers. In addition, our ability to expand our operations depends in part on our ability to increase the size of our skilled labor force. The demand for skilled workers is high, and the supply is limited. As a result, competition for experienced energy service personnel is intense, and we face significant challenges in competing for crews and management with large and well established competitors. A significant increase in the wages paid by competing employers could result in a reduction of our skilled labor force, increases in the wage rates that we must pay, or both. If either of these events were to occur, our capacity and profitability could be diminished and our growth potential could be impaired.

 Unionization efforts could increase our costs or limit our flexibility.

 Presently, none of our employees work under collective bargaining agreements. Unionization efforts have been made from time to time within our industries, to varying degrees of success. Any such unionization could increase our costs or limit our flexibility.

 Our operations may be limited or disrupted in certain parts of the continental U.S. and Canada during severe weather conditions, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 We provide well completion services and drilling services in the Utica, SCOOP, STACK, Permian Basin, Marcellus, Granite Wash, and Cana Woodford resource plays located in the continental U.S. We provide infrastructure services in the northeastern, southwestern, midwestern and western portions of the United States. We provide remote accommodation services in the oil sands in Alberta, Canada. We serve these markets through our facilities and service centers located in Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas, Wisconsin, Kentucky, California, Colorado, Oregon, Indiana and Alberta, Canada. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we generated approximately 35% and 48%, respectively, of our revenue from our operations in Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Canada where weather conditions may be severe, particularly during winter and spring months. Repercussions of severe weather conditions may include:

 • curtailment of services;

 • weather-related damage to equipment resulting in suspension of operations;
 • weather-related damage to our facilities;
 • inability to deliver equipment and materials to jobsites in accordance with contract schedules; and
 • loss of productivity.

 Many municipalities, including those in Ohio and Wisconsin, impose bans or other restrictions on the use of roads and highways, which include weight restrictions on the paved roads that lead to our jobsites due to the muddy conditions caused by spring thaws. This can limit our access to these jobsites and our ability to service wells in these areas. These constraints and the resulting shortages or high costs could delay our operations and materially increase our operating and capital costs in those regions. Weather conditions may also affect the price of crude oil and natural gas, and related demand for our services. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Concerns over general economic, business or industry conditions may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition.

 Concerns over global economic conditions, energy costs, geopolitical issues, inflation, the availability and cost of credit, the European, Asian and the United States financial markets and global or national health concerns have contributed to economic uncertainty and diminished expectations for the global economy. These factors, combined with volatility in commodity prices, business and consumer confidence and unemployment rates, have in the past precipitated and may in the future precipitate an economic slowdown. Concerns about global economic growth may have a significant adverse impact on global financial markets and commodity prices. If the economic climate in the United States or abroad deteriorates, worldwide demand for petroleum products could diminish, which could impact the price at which oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids can be sold, which could affect the ability of our customers to continue operations and ultimately adversely impact our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition.

 Public health emergencies and resulting adverse economic conditions have had, and may continue to have, a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

 Public health emergencies have caused, and could again cause, a significant reduction in global economic activity, significantly weakening demand for oil and gas, and in turn, demand for our products and services. Other effects of public health emergencies have included, and may continue to include, significant volatility and disruption of the global financial markets; adverse revenue and net income effects; disruptions to our operations; customer shutdowns of oil and gas exploration and production; downward revisions to customer budgets; limitations on access to sources of liquidity; supply chain disruptions; employee impacts from illness; and local and regional closures or lockdowns, including temporary closures of our facilities and the facilities of our customers and suppliers. The extent to which our operating and financial results will be and may continue to be affected by public health emergencies will depend on various factors beyond our control, such as the continued severity and duration of the public health emergencies, including any sustained geographic resurgence; the emergence of new variants and strains of a contagious disease or virus; and the success of actions to contain or mitigate the effects of the public health emergency.

 A terrorist attack or armed conflict could harm our business.

 The occurrence or threat of terrorist attacks in the United States or other countries, anti-terrorist efforts and other armed conflicts involving the United States or other countries, including continued hostilities in the Middle East, may adversely affect the United States and global economies and could prevent us from meeting our financial and other obligations. If any of these events occur, the resulting political instability and societal disruption could reduce overall demand for oil and natural gas, potentially putting downward pressure on demand for our services and causing a reduction in our revenues. Oil and natural gas related facilities could be direct targets of terrorist attacks, and our operations could be adversely impacted if infrastructure integral to our customers' operations is destroyed or damaged. Costs for insurance and other security may increase as a result of these threats, and some insurance coverage may become more difficult to obtain, if available at all.

 Our operations require substantial capital and we may be unable to obtain needed capital or financing on satisfactory terms or at all, which could limit our ability to grow or conduct our business.

 Our capital budget for 2025 is estimated to be $12 million, depending upon industry conditions and our financial results. We fund our capital expenditures primarily with cash generated by operations and borrowings under our revolving credit facility. We may be unable to generate sufficient cash from operations and other capital resources to meet our operating needs and/or maintain planned or future levels of capital expenditures which, among other things, may prevent us from acquiring new equipment, properly maintaining our existing equipment or restarting idled businesses or expanding existing

 operations as demand may warrant. Further, any disruptions or continuing volatility in the global financial markets and rising interest rates due to efforts to curb persistent inflation may lead to a contraction in credit availability and an increase in our cost of capital, which will adversely impact our ability to finance our operations. This could put us at a competitive disadvantage, impair our ability to meet our operating needs or interfere with our growth plans. Further, our actual capital expenditures for 2024 or future years could exceed our capital expenditure budget. In the event our operating or capital expenditure requirements at any time are greater than the amount we have available, we could be required to seek additional sources of capital, which may include debt financing, joint venture partnerships, sales of assets, sale-leaseback transactions, offerings of debt or equity securities or other means. We may not be able to obtain any such alternative source of capital. We may be required to curtail or eliminate contemplated activities. If we can obtain alternative sources of capital, the terms of such alternative may not be favorable to us. In particular, the terms of any debt financing may include covenants that significantly restrict our operations. Our inability to grow as planned may reduce our chances of achieving, maintaining and improving profitability.

 The growth of our business through acquisitions may expose us to various risks, including those relating to difficulties in identifying suitable, accretive acquisition opportunities and integrating businesses, assets and personnel, as well as difficulties in obtaining financing for targeted acquisitions and the potential for increased leverage or debt service requirements.

 As a component of our business strategy, we have pursued and intend to continue to pursue selected, accretive acquisitions of complementary assets, businesses and technologies. Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including:

 • unanticipated costs and assumption of liabilities and exposure to unforeseen liabilities of acquired businesses, including but not limited to environmental liabilities;
 • difficulties in integrating the operations and assets of the acquired business and the acquired personnel;
 • limitations on our ability to properly assess and maintain an effective internal control environment over an acquired business, in order to comply with public reporting requirements;
 • potential losses of key employees and customers of the acquired businesses;
 • inability to commercially develop acquired technologies;
 • risks of entering markets in which we have limited prior experience; and
 • increases in our expenses and working capital requirements.

 The process of integrating an acquired business may involve unforeseen costs and delays or other operational, technical and financial difficulties and may require a disproportionate amount of management attention and financial and other resources. Our failure to achieve consolidation savings, to incorporate the acquired businesses and assets into our existing operations successfully or to minimize any unforeseen operational difficulties could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, there is intense competition for acquisition opportunities in our industries. Competition for acquisitions may increase the cost of, or cause us to refrain from, completing acquisitions. We may incur substantial indebtedness to finance future acquisitions and also may issue equity, debt or convertible securities in connection with such acquisitions. Debt service requirements could represent a significant burden on our results of operations and financial condition and the issuance of additional equity or convertible securities could be dilutive to our existing stockholders. Furthermore, we may not be able to obtain additional financing on satisfactory terms. Even if we have access to the necessary capital, we may be unable to continue to identify additional suitable acquisition opportunities, negotiate acceptable terms or successfully acquire identified targets. Our ability to grow through acquisitions and manage growth will require us to continue to invest in operational, financial and management information systems and to attract, retain, motivate and effectively manage our employees. The inability to effectively manage the integration of acquisitions could reduce our focus on subsequent acquisitions and current operations, which, in turn, could negatively impact our earnings and growth. Our financial position and results of operations may fluctuate significantly from period to period, based on whether or not significant acquisitions are completed in particular periods.

 We may have difficulty managing growth in our business, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

 Growth in accordance with our business plan, if achieved, could place a significant strain on our financial, technical, operational and management resources. As we expand the scope of our activities, lines of our businesses and our geographic coverage through both organic growth and acquisitions, there will be additional demands on our financial, technical, operational and management resources. The failure to continue to upgrade our technical, administrative, operating and financial control systems or the occurrences of unexpected expansion difficulties, including the failure to recruit and retain experienced managers, engineers and other professionals in the energy services industry, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and our ability to successfully or timely execute our business plan.

 If our intended expansion of our business is not successful, our financial condition, profitability and results of operations could be adversely affected, and we may not achieve increases in revenue and profitability that we hope to realize.

 A key element of our business strategy involves the expansion of our services, geographic presence and customer base. These aspects of our strategy are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including:

 • an inability to retain or hire experienced crews and other personnel;
 • a lack of customer demand for the services we intend to provide;
 • an inability to secure necessary financing, equipment, raw materials (particularly sand and other proppants) or technology to successfully execute our expansion plans;
 • shortages of water used in our sand processing operations and our hydraulic fracturing operations;
 • unanticipated delays that could limit or defer the provision of services by us and jeopardize our relationships with existing customers and adversely affect our ability to obtain new customers for such services; and
 • competition from new and existing services providers.

 Encountering any of these or any unforeseen problems in implementing our planned expansion could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and could prevent us from achieving the increases in revenues and profitability that we hope to realize.

 Our revolving credit facility provides for fluctuating interest rates, which may increase or decrease our interest expense.

 Our revolving credit facility provides for fluctuating interest rates, primarily based on rates set by the U.S. Federal Reserve. During the last two years, inflation in the U.S. reached some of the highest levels in over 40 years, creating inflationary pressure on the cost of services, equipment and other goods in our industries and other sectors and contributing to labor and materials shortages across the supply-chain. Although inflation has recently moderated and the Federal Reserve has begun lowering interest rates, there can be no assurance regarding the timing of any such interest rate cuts or their impact on inflation or any future price changes.

 We have not hedged our interest rate exposure with respect to our floating rate debt. Accordingly, our interest expense for any particular period will fluctuate based on the rates set by the U.S. Federal Reserve and other variable interest rates. To the extent the interest rates applicable to our floating rate debt increase, our interest expense will increase, in which event we may have difficulties making interest payments and funding our other fixed costs, and our available cash flow may be adversely affected.

 We may not be able to provide services that meet the specific needs of oil and natural gas exploration and production companies or utilities at competitive prices.

 The markets in which we operate are generally highly competitive and have relatively few barriers to entry. The principal competitive factors in our markets are price, product and service quality and availability, responsiveness, experience, technology, equipment quality and reputation for safety. We compete with large national and multi-national companies that have longer operating histories, greater financial, technical and other resources and greater name recognition than we do. Several of our competitors provide a broader array of services and have a stronger presence in more geographic markets. In addition, we compete with several smaller companies capable of competing effectively on a regional or local basis. Our competitors may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies and services and changes in customer requirements. Some contracts are awarded on a bid basis, which further increases competition based on price. Pricing is often the primary factor in determining which qualified contractor is awarded a job. The competitive environment may be further intensified by mergers and acquisitions among oil and natural gas or utility companies or other events that have the effect of reducing the number of available customers. As a result of competition, we may lose market share or be unable to maintain or increase prices for our present services or to acquire additional business opportunities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 In addition, some exploration and production companies have begun performing hydraulic fracturing and directional drilling on their wells using their own equipment and personnel. Any increase in the development and utilization of in-house fracturing and directional drilling capabilities by our customers could decrease the demand for our oil and natural gas services and have a material adverse impact on our business.

 Our operations are subject to hazards inherent in the oil and natural gas and energy infrastructure industries, which could expose us to substantial liability and cause us to lose customers and substantial revenue.

 Our operations include hazards inherent in the oil and natural gas and energy infrastructure industries, such as equipment defects, vehicle accidents, fires, explosions, blowouts, surface cratering, uncontrollable flows of gas or well fluids, pipe or pipeline failures, abnormally pressured formations and various environmental hazards such as oil spills and releases of, and exposure to, hazardous substances. For example, our operations are subject to risks associated with hydraulic fracturing, including any mishandling, surface spillage or potential underground migration of fracturing fluids, including chemical additives. The occurrence of any of these events could result in substantial losses to us due to injury or loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property, natural resources and equipment, pollution or other environmental damage, clean-up responsibilities, regulatory investigations and penalties, suspension of operations and repairs required to resume operations. The cost of managing such risks may be significant. The frequency and severity of such incidents will affect operating costs, insurability and relationships with customers, employees and regulators. In particular, our customers may elect not to purchase our services if they view our environmental or safety record as unacceptable, which could cause us to lose customers and substantial revenues. In addition, these risks may be greater for us than some of our competitors because we sometimes acquire companies that may not have allocated significant resources and management focus to safety and environmental matters and may have a poor environmental and safety record and associated possible exposure. Our insurance may not be adequate to cover all losses or liabilities we may suffer. Also, insurance may no longer be available to us or, if it is, its availability may be at premium levels that do not justify its purchase. The occurrence of a significant uninsured claim, a claim in excess of the insurance coverage limits maintained by us or a claim at a time when we are not able to obtain liability insurance could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct normal business operations and on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, we may not be able to secure additional insurance or bonding that might be required by new governmental regulations. This may cause us to restrict our operations, which might severely impact our financial position.

 Since hydraulic fracturing activities are part of our operations, they are covered by our insurance against claims made for bodily injury, property damage and clean-up costs stemming from a sudden and accidental pollution event. However, we may not have coverage if we are unaware of the pollution event and unable to report the "occurrence" to our insurance company within the time frame required under our insurance policy. We have no coverage for gradual, long-term pollution events. In addition, these policies do not provide coverage for all liabilities, and the insurance coverage may not be adequate to cover claims that may arise, or we may not be able to maintain adequate insurance at rates we consider reasonable. A loss not fully covered by insurance could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

 We are subject to extensive environmental, health and safety laws and regulations that may subject us to substantial liability or require us to take actions that will adversely affect our results of operations.

 Our business is significantly affected by stringent and complex federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the discharge of substances into the environment or otherwise relating to environmental protection and health and safety matters. As part of our business, we handle, transport and dispose of a variety of fluids and substances, including hydraulic fracturing fluids which can contain hydrochloric acid and certain petrochemicals. This activity poses some risks of environmental liability, including leakage of hazardous substances from the wells to surface and subsurface soils, surface water or groundwater. We also handle, transport and store these substances. The handling, transportation, storage and disposal of these fluids are regulated by a number of laws, including: the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act; the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act; the Clean Water Act; the Safe Drinking Water Act; and other federal and state laws and regulations promulgated thereunder. The cost of compliance with these laws can be significant. Failure to properly handle, transport or dispose of these materials or otherwise conduct our operations in accordance with these and other environmental laws could expose us to substantial liability for administrative, civil and criminal penalties, cleanup and site restoration costs and liability associated with releases of such materials, damages to natural resources and other damages, as well as potentially impair our ability to conduct our operations. We could be exposed to liability for cleanup costs, natural resource damages and other damages under these and other environmental laws. Such liability is commonly on a strict, joint and several liability basis, without regard to fault. Liability may be imposed as a result of our conduct that was lawful at the time it occurred or the conduct of, or conditions caused by, prior operators or other third parties. Environmental laws and regulations have changed in the past, and they are likely to change in the future. If existing environmental requirements or enforcement policies change and become more stringent, we may be required to make significant unanticipated capital and operating expenditures. For a detailed description of environmental laws and regulations applicable to us and their impact on our operations, see Item 1. "Business—Regulations" above.

 Further, in connection with providing our infrastructure services, we have made a substantial investment in construction equipment that utilizes petroleum-based fuel. Any changes in laws requiring us to use equipment that runs on alternative fuels could require a significant investment, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and liquidity.

 Legislation or regulatory initiatives intended to address seismic activity could restrict our drilling and production activities, as well as our ability to dispose of produced water gathered from such activities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

 State and federal regulatory agencies have recently focused on a possible connection between hydraulic fracturing-related activities, particularly the underground injection of wastewater into disposal wells, and the increased occurrence of seismic activity, and regulatory agencies at all levels are continuing to study the possible linkage between oil and gas activity and induced seismicity. In addition, a number of lawsuits have been filed in some states alleging that disposal well operations have caused damage to neighboring properties or otherwise violated state and federal rules regulating waste disposal. In response to these concerns, regulators in some states are seeking to impose additional requirements related to underground injection activities. For example, the Oklahoma Corporation Commission has implemented a variety of measures, including the adoption of the National Academy of Science's "traffic light system," pursuant to which the agency reviews new disposal well applications and may restrict operations at existing wells. The Texas Railroad Commission has also implemented measures to assess the potential for seismic activity in the vicinity of disposal wells, and it has restricted and indefinitely suspended disposal well activities in some cases. These restrictions on the disposal of produced water and a moratorium on new produced water disposal wells could result in increased operating costs, requiring us to truck produced water, recycle it or dispose of it by other means, all of which could be costly and could adversely impact our results of operations, cash flows and liquidity.

 Our operations in our natural sand proppant services business are dependent on our rights and ability to mine our properties and on our having renewed or received the required permits and approvals from governmental authorities and other third parties.

 We hold numerous governmental, environmental, mining and other permits, water rights and approvals authorizing operations at our production facilities. For our extraction and processing in Wisconsin, the permitting process is subject to federal, state and local authority. For example, at the federal level, a Mine Identification Request must be filed and obtained before mining commences. If wetlands are implicated, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers wetland permit may be required. At the state level, a series of permits are required related to air quality, wetlands, water quality (waste water and storm water), grading, endangered species and archaeological assessments in addition to other permits depending upon site specific factors and operational detail. At the local level, zoning, building, storm water, erosion control, wellhead protection, road usage and access are all regulated and require permitting to some degree. A non-metallic mining reclamation permit is required. A decision by a governmental agency or other third party to deny or delay issuing a new or renewed permit or approval, or to revoke or substantially modify an existing permit or approval, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue operations.

 Title to, and the area of, mineral properties and water rights may also be disputed. Mineral properties sometimes contain claims or transfer histories that examiners cannot verify. A successful claim that we do not have title to our property or lack appropriate water rights could cause us to lose any rights to explore, develop and extract minerals, without compensation for our prior expenditures relating to such property. Our business may suffer a material adverse effect in the event we have title deficiencies.

 In some instances, we have received access rights or easements from third parties, which allow for a more efficient operation than would exist without the access or easement. A third party could take action to suspend the access or easement, and any such action could be materially adverse to our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

 Penalties, fines or sanctions that may be imposed by the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration could have a material adverse effect on our proppant production and sales business and our overall financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 The U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration, or MSHA, has primary regulatory jurisdiction over commercial silica operations, including quarries, surface mines, underground mines, and industrial mineral process facilities. In addition, MSHA representatives perform at least two annual inspections of our production facilities to ensure employee and general site safety. As a result of these and future inspections and alleged violations and potential violations, we and our suppliers could be subject to material fines, penalties or sanctions. Any of our production facilities or our suppliers' mines could be subject to a temporary or extended shut down as a result of an alleged MSHA violation. Any such penalties, fines or sanctions could have a material adverse effect on our proppant production and sales business and our overall financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 Increasing trucking regulations may increase our costs and negatively impact our results of operations.

 In connection with our business operations, including the transportation and relocation of our energy service equipment, shipment of frac sand and general freight hauling, we operate trucks and other heavy equipment. As such, we operate as a motor carrier in providing certain of our services and therefore are subject to regulation by the United States Department of Transportation and by various state agencies. These regulatory authorities exercise broad powers, governing activities such as the authorization to engage in motor carrier operations, driver licensing, insurance requirements, financial reporting and review of certain mergers, consolidations and acquisitions, and transportation of hazardous materials (HAZMAT). Our trucking operations are subject to possible regulatory and legislative changes that may increase our costs. Some of these possible changes include increasingly stringent environmental regulations, changes in the hours of service regulations which govern the amount of time a driver may drive or work in any specific period, onboard black box recorder device requirements or limits on vehicle weight and size. Interstate motor carrier operations are subject to safety requirements prescribed by the United States Department of Transportation. To a large degree, intrastate motor carrier operations are subject to state safety regulations that mirror federal regulations. Matters such as the weight and dimensions of equipment are also subject to federal and state regulations. From time to time, various legislative proposals are introduced, including proposals to increase federal, state, or local taxes, including taxes on motor fuels, which may increase our costs or adversely impact the recruitment of drivers. We cannot predict whether, or in what form, any increase in such taxes applicable to us will be enacted.

 Certain motor vehicle operators require registration with the Department of Transportation. This registration requires an acceptable operating record. The Department of Transportation periodically conducts compliance reviews and may revoke registration privileges based on certain safety performance criteria that could result in a suspension of operations.

 Conservation measures and technological advances could reduce demand for oil and natural gas and our services.

 Fuel conservation measures, alternative fuel requirements, increasing consumer demand for alternatives to oil and natural gas, technological advances in fuel economy and energy generation devices could reduce demand for oil and natural gas, resulting in reduced demand for oilfield services. The impact of the changing demand for oil and natural gas services and products may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 Changes in tax laws and regulations or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our tax returns may adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.
 We are subject to tax liabilities imposed by multiple jurisdictions, including income taxes, indirect taxes (excise/duty, sales/use and value-added taxes), payroll taxes, franchise taxes, withholding taxes and ad valorem taxes. New tax laws and regulations and changes in existing tax laws and regulations are continuously being enacted or proposed that could result in increased expenditures for tax liabilities in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Additionally, many of these liabilities are subject to periodic audits by the respective taxing authority. Subsequent changes to our tax liabilities as a result of these audits may subject us to interest and penalties.

 Our income tax returns are subject to review and examination by the applicable tax authorities. We regularly assess the likelihood of an adverse outcome resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. We do not recognize the benefit of income tax positions we believe are more likely than not to be disallowed upon challenge by a tax authority. Although we believe our tax provisions are adequate, the final determination of tax audits and any related disputes could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions and accruals. The results of audits or related disputes could have an adverse effect on our financial statements for the periods for which the applicable final determinations are made.

 Losses and liabilities from uninsured or underinsured activities could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operations.

 The operational insurance coverage we maintain for our business may not fully insure us against all risks, either because insurance is not available or because of the high premium costs relative to perceived risk. Further, any insurance obtained by us may not be adequate to cover any losses or liabilities and this insurance may not continue to be available at all or on terms which are acceptable to us. Insurance rates have in the past been subject to wide fluctuation and changes in coverage could result in less coverage, increases in cost or higher deductibles and retentions. Liabilities for which we are not insured, or which exceed the policy limits of our applicable insurance, could have a material adverse effect on our business activities, financial condition and results of operations.

 We may be subject to claims for personal injury and property damage, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

 We operate with most of our customers under master service agreements, or MSAs. We endeavor to allocate potential liabilities and risks between the parties in the MSAs. Generally, under our MSAs, including those relating to our hydraulic fracturing services, we assume responsibility for, including control and removal of, pollution or contamination which originates above surface and originates from our equipment or services. Our customer assumes responsibility for, including control and removal of, all other pollution or contamination which may occur during operations, including that which may result from seepage or any other uncontrolled flow of drilling fluids. We may have liability in such cases if we are negligent or commit willful acts. Generally, our customers also agree to indemnify us against claims arising from their employees' personal injury or death to the extent that, in the case of our hydraulic fracturing operations, their employees are injured or their properties are damaged by such operations, unless resulting from our gross negligence or willful misconduct. Similarly, we generally agree to indemnify our customers for liabilities arising from personal injury to or death of any of our employees, unless resulting from gross negligence or willful misconduct of the customer. In addition, our customers generally agree to indemnify us for loss or destruction of customer-owned property or equipment and in turn, we agree to indemnify our customers for loss or destruction of property or equipment we own. Losses due to catastrophic events, such as blowouts, are generally the responsibility of the customer. However, despite this general allocation of risk, we might not succeed in enforcing such contractual allocation, might incur an unforeseen liability falling outside the scope of such allocation or may be required to enter into an MSA with terms that vary from the above allocations of risk. As a result, we may incur substantial losses which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operation.

 Loss of our information and computer systems could adversely affect our business.

 We are heavily dependent on our information systems and computer-based programs. If our programs or systems were to fail or create erroneous information in our hardware or software network infrastructure, whether due to cyberattack or otherwise, possible consequences include our loss of communication links and inability to automatically process commercial transactions or engage in similar automated or computerized business activities. Any such consequence could have a material adverse effect on our business.

 We are subject to cyber security risks. Cyber incidents or intrusions may result in information theft, data corruption, operational disruption and/or financial loss.

 Our operations have become increasingly dependent on digital technologies to conduct certain processing activities. For example, we depend on digital technologies to perform many of our services and process and record financial and operating data. At the same time, cyber incidents, including deliberate attacks or unintentional events, have increased. The U.S. government has issued public warnings that indicate that energy assets might be specific targets of cyber security threats. Our technologies, systems and networks, and those of our vendors, suppliers and other business partners, have been and could continue to be the target of cyberattacks or information security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of proprietary and other information, or other disruption of our business operations. In addition, certain cyber incidents, such as surveillance, may remain undetected for an extended period. Our security programs and measures, as well as security programs of our customers, suppliers, or other third parties, may not prevent all intrusions and our systems and insurance coverage for protecting against cyber security risks may not be sufficient. Additionally, as artificial intelligence technologies become increasingly sophisticated, the security risks associated with their use and the potential for misuse also increase. Hackers and malicious actors can harness the power of artificial intelligence to develop more advanced cyberattacks, bypass security measures, and exploit vulnerabilities in systems. As cyber incidents continue to evolve, we may be required to expend additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any vulnerability to cyber incidents. Laws and regulations governing cybersecurity, data privacy, and the unauthorized disclosure of confidential or protected information pose increasingly complex compliance challenges, and failure to comply with these laws could result in penalties and legal liability. Our insurance coverage for cyberattacks may not be sufficient to cover all the losses we may experience as a result of such cyberattacks.

 Increased regulation by state and federal governments related to cybersecurity protections and disclosures may require additional resources for compliance, and any inability, or perceived inability, to adequately address new requirements could subject us to regulatory enforcement, private litigation, public criticism, disrupt our operations, cause us to lose customers, result in additional costs and legal liability, damage our reputation or otherwise harm our business.

 Risks Inherent to Our Common Stock

 Our largest stockholder controls a significant percentage of our common stock, and its interests may conflict with those of our other stockholders.

 Wexford, through its affiliates, beneficially owns approximately 45.9% of our outstanding common stock. As a result, Wexford can exercise significant influence over matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors, changes to our organizational documents and significant corporate transactions. Further, individuals who serve as our directors are affiliates of Wexford. This concentration of ownership and relationship with Wexford makes it unlikely that any other holder or group of holders of our common stock will be able to affect the way we are managed or the direction of our business. In addition, we have engaged, and expect to continue to engage, in related party transactions involving Wexford, and certain companies they control. The interests of Wexford with respect to matters potentially or actually involving or affecting us, such as services provided, future acquisitions, financings and other corporate opportunities, and attempts to acquire us, may conflict with the interests of our other stockholders. This concentrated ownership will make it impossible for another company to acquire us and for you to receive any related takeover premium for your shares unless these stockholders approve the acquisition.

 A significant reduction by Wexford of its ownership interests in us could adversely affect us.

 We believe that Wexford's substantial ownership interest in us provides it with an economic incentive to assist us to be successful. Wexford is not subject to any obligation to maintain its ownership interest in us and may elect at any time to sell all or a substantial portion of or otherwise reduce its ownership interest in us. If Wexford sells all or a substantial portion of its ownership interest in us, it may have less incentive to assist in our success and its affiliates that serve as members of our board of directors may resign. Such actions could adversely affect our ability to successfully implement our business strategies which could adversely affect our cash flows or results of operations.

 We are subject to certain requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. If we are unable to continue to comply with Section 404 or if the costs related to compliance are significant, our profitability, stock price, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

 We are required to document and test our internal control over financial reporting and issue management's assessment of our internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes Act of 2002. As we perform the required testing of our internal control over financial reporting, we may identify areas requiring improvement, and we may have to design enhanced processes and controls to address issues identified through this review. We believe that the out-of-pocket costs, the diversion of management's attention from running the day-to-day operations and operational changes caused by the need to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could be significant. If the time and costs associated with such compliance exceed our current expectations, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

 If we fail to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or if we or our auditors identify material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting, the accuracy and timeliness of the filing of our annual and quarterly reports may be materially adversely affected and could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock. In addition, a material weakness in the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting could result in an increased chance of fraud and the loss of customers, reduce our ability to obtain financing and require additional expenditures to comply with these requirements, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 The corporate opportunity provisions in our certificate of incorporation could enable Wexford or other affiliates of ours to benefit from corporate opportunities that might otherwise be available to us.

 Subject to the limitations of applicable law, our certificate of incorporation, among other things:

 • permits us to enter into transactions with entities in which one or more of our officers or directors are financially or otherwise interested;
 • permits any of our stockholders, officers or directors to conduct business that competes with us and to make investments in any kind of property in which we may make investments; and
 • provides that if any director or officer of one of our affiliates who is also one of our officers or directors becomes aware of a potential business opportunity, transaction or other matter (other than one expressly offered to that director or officer in writing solely in his or her capacity as our director or officer), that director or officer will have no duty to communicate or offer that opportunity to us, and will be permitted to communicate or offer that

 opportunity to such affiliates and that director or officer will not be deemed to have (i) acted in a manner inconsistent with his or her fiduciary or other duties to us regarding the opportunity or (ii) acted in bad faith or in a manner inconsistent with our best interests.

 These provisions create the possibility that a corporate opportunity that would otherwise be available to us may be used for the benefit of one of our affiliates.

 We have engaged and expect to continue to engage in transactions with our affiliates and expect to do so in the future. The terms of such transactions and the resolution of any conflicts that may arise may not always be in our or our common stockholders' best interests.

 We have engaged in transactions and expect to continue to engage in transactions with affiliated companies. As described elsewhere in this report, including in the notes to our consolidated financial statements, these transactions include, among others, a joint venture and agreements pursuant to which our affiliates provide us with facilities. Each of these entities is either controlled by or affiliated with Wexford, as the case may be, and the resolution of any conflicts that may arise in connection with such related party transactions, including pricing, duration or other terms of service, may not always be in our or our stockholders' best interests because Wexford may have the ability to influence the outcome of these conflicts. For a discussion of potential conflicts, see "—Risks Inherent to Our Common Stock—Our largest stockholder controls a significant percentage of our common stock, and its interests may conflict with those of our other stockholders."

 If the price of our common stock fluctuates significantly, your investment could lose value.

 Although our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Global Select Market, an active public market for our common stock may not be maintained. If an active public market for our common stock is not maintained, the trading price and liquidity of our common stock will be materially and adversely affected. Without a large float, our common stock is less liquid than the securities of companies with broader public ownership and, as a result, the trading prices of our common stock may be more volatile. The market price for our common stock has fluctuated significantly, ranging from a high of $4.94 per share to a low of $2.50 per share during 2024. In addition, in the absence of an active public trading market, investors may be unable to liquidate their investment in us. In addition, the stock market is subject to significant price and volume fluctuations, and the price of our common stock could fluctuate widely in response to several factors, including:

 • our quarterly or annual operating results;
 • changes in our earnings estimates;
 • investment recommendations by securities analysts following our business or our industries;
 • additions or departures of key personnel;
 • changes in the business, earnings estimates or market perceptions of our competitors;
 • our failure to achieve operating results consistent with securities analysts' projections;
 • changes in industry, general market or economic conditions; and
 • announcements of legislative or regulatory change.

 The stock market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations in recent years that have significantly affected the quoted prices of the securities of many companies, including companies in our industries. The changes often appear to occur without regard to specific operating performance. The price of our common stock could fluctuate based upon factors that have little or nothing to do with our company and these fluctuations could materially reduce the price for our common stock.

 Wexford beneficially owns a substantial amount of our common stock and may sell such common stock in the public or private markets. Sales of these shares of common stock or sales of substantial amounts of our common stock by other stockholders, or the perception that such sales may occur, could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock.

 As of December 31, 2024, Wexford beneficially owned 45.9% shares of our common stock. Sales of these shares of common stock or sales of substantial amounts of our common stock by other stockholders, or the perception that such sales may occur, could cause the price of our common stock to decline. In addition, the sale of these shares could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional common or preferred stock.

 If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, if they adversely revise their recommendations regarding our stock or if our operating results do not meet their expectations, the price of our stock could decline.

 The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. If analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. Moreover, if analysts who cover our company downgrades our stock or if our operating results do not meet their expectations, our stock price could decline.

 We may issue preferred stock whose terms could adversely affect the voting power or value of our common stock.

 Our certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue, without the approval of our stockholders, one or more classes or series of preferred stock having such designations, preferences, limitations and relative rights, including preferences over our common stock respecting dividends and distributions, as our board of directors may determine. The terms of one or more classes or series of preferred stock could adversely impact the voting power or value of our common stock. For example, we might grant holders of preferred stock the right to elect some number of our directors in all events or on the happening of specified events or the right to veto specified transactions. Similarly, the repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences we might assign to holders of preferred stock could affect the residual value of the common stock.

 Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law make it more difficult to effect a change in control of the company, which could adversely affect the price of our common stock.

 The existence of some provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware corporate law could delay or prevent a change in control of our company, even if that change would be beneficial to our stockholders. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that may make acquiring control of our company difficult, including:

 • provisions regulating the ability of our stockholders to nominate directors for election or to bring matters for action at annual meetings of our stockholders;
 • limitations on the ability of our stockholders to call a special meeting and act by written consent;
 • the ability of our board of directors to adopt, amend or repeal bylaws, and the requirement that the affirmative vote of holders representing at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of all outstanding shares of capital stock be obtained for stockholders to amend our bylaws;
 • the requirement that the affirmative vote of holders representing at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of all outstanding shares of capital stock be obtained to remove directors;
 • the requirement that the affirmative vote of holders representing at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of all outstanding shares of capital stock be obtained to amend our certificate of incorporation; and
 • the authorization given to our board of directors to issue and set the terms of preferred stock without the approval of our stockholders.

 These provisions also could discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other stockholders to elect directors and take other corporate actions. As a result, these provisions could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so would benefit our stockholders, which may limit the price that investors are willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock.

 Our certificate of incorporation designates courts in the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees.

 Our certificate of incorporation provides that, subject to limited exceptions, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for:

 • Any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;
 • Any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders;
 • Any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law; or
 • Any other action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

 In addition, our certificate of incorporation provides that if any action specified above (each is referred to herein as a covered proceeding), is filed in a court other than the specified Delaware courts without the approval of our board of directors (each is referred to herein as a foreign action), the claiming party will be deemed to have consented to (i) the personal

 jurisdiction of the specified Delaware courts in connection with any action brought in any such courts to enforce the exclusive forum provision described above and (ii) having service of process made upon such claiming party in any such enforcement action by service upon such claiming party's counsel in the foreign action as agent for such claiming party. These provisions may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find these provisions of our certificate of incorporation inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the covered proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

 The declaration of dividends on our common stock is within the discretion of our board of directors based upon a review of relevant considerations, and there is no guarantee that we will pay any dividends in the future or at levels anticipated by our stockholders.
 The decision to pay dividends is solely within the discretion of, and subject to approval by, our board of directors. Our board of directors' determination with respect to any such dividends, including the record date, the payment date and the actual amount of the dividend, will depend upon our profitability and financial condition, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors that the board deems relevant at the time of such determination. Based on its evaluation of these factors, the board of directors may determine not to declare a dividend, or declare dividends at rates that are less than anticipated, either of which could reduce returns to our stockholders.
 Our ability to repurchase stock may be limited and no assurance can be given that we will be able to effectuate our stock repurchase program in the future at indicated levels or at all.
 On August 10, 2023, our board of directors approved a stock repurchase program pursuant to which we would be authorized to repurchase up to the lesser of $55 million or 10 million shares of its common stock, subject to the factors discussed below. Following the completion of the refinancing transactions discussed in this report, any stock repurchases under this program may be made opportunistically from time to time in open market or privately negotiated transactions in compliance with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Act of 1934, as amended, including any 10b5-1 plan, and will be subject to market conditions, applicable legal and contractual restrictions, liquidity requirements and other factors. The repurchase program has no time limit, does not require us to repurchase any specific number of shares and may be suspended from time to time, modified or discontinued by our board of directors at any time. Any common stock repurchased as part of such stock repurchase program will be cancelled and retired. No assurance can be given that we will effectuate stock buybacks in the future, which could materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock. We have not repurchased any shares of our common stock under the stock repurchase program as of December 31, 2024 or to date.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity

 Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

 We depend on digital technologies to perform many of our services and process and record financial and operating data. At the same time, cyber incidents, including deliberate attacks or unintentional events, have increased. To assess and manage cybersecurity risks impacting our industry and our business, we have implemented and invested in, and will continue to implement and invest in, controls, procedures and protections (including internal and external personnel) that are designed to protect our systems, identify and remediate vulnerabilities in our systems and related infrastructure on a regular basis and monitor and mitigate the risk of data loss and other cybersecurity threats. As part of our cybersecurity risk management program, we have a designated in-house team principally responsible for managing cybersecurity risk assessment processes, security controls and response to cybersecurity incidents or intrusions. We have also engaged third-party consultants to conduct penetration testing and risk assessments.

 Our cybersecurity risk management program is integrated into our overall enterprise risk management program, using common methodologies, reporting channels and governance processes that apply to other risks managed by our organization, including operational, financial and strategic risks, as well as applicable legal and regulatory risks.

 Our cybersecurity governance program is informed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology ("NIST") Cybersecurity Framework and measured by the Maturity and Risk Assessment Ratings associated with the NIST Cybersecurity Framework and the Capability Maturity Model Integration. In addition, our cybersecurity risk management program includes processes to assess cybersecurity risks related to third-party vendors and suppliers.

 Cybersecurity Governance

 Our cybersecurity team consists of in-house cybersecurity professionals and external threat analysts, consultants and service providers. Our in-house professionals and external threat analysts possess various cybersecurity certifications, including Security +, Network +, A + and Server + certifications.

 Our internal cybersecurity governance program is led by Mammoth's Director of Information Technology, with support from the internal information technology department, who reports to our Chief Financial Officer. Our Director of
 Information Technology has over seven years of technological leadership experience along with an extensive background in computer support and application support. The Director of Information Technology and her team are responsible for leading cybersecurity strategy, policy, standards, architecture, and processes within our organization. In addition, our cybersecurity incident response team is responsible for responding to cybersecurity incidents. This team continuously identifies potential cyber vulnerabilities and opportunities for improvement, including yearly security training for all employees. This team also continuously evaluates and implements technological enhancements as part of our cybersecurity systems. Progress and developments in our cybersecurity governance program are regularly communicated to our executive team. Our board of directors, as part of its oversight process, receives quarterly updates on the status of our cybersecurity governance program, including as related to new or developing initiatives and any security incidents that have occurred.

 Risks from cybersecurity threats, incidents or intrusions have not thus far materially affected, and are not currently anticipated to materially affect, our Company, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. See, however, Item 1A. "Risk Factors--We are subject to cyber security risks. Cyber incidents or intrusions may result in information theft, data corruption, operational disruption and/or financial loss" for additional information regarding cybersecurity risks we face and their potential impact on our business strategy, results of operations and financial condition.

 In addition, our internal audit function, in conjunction with third-party experts, plays a key role in reviewing and assessing our cybersecurity technologies, controls and procedures. Our security programs and measures may not prevent all incidents or intrusions and our systems and insurance coverage for protecting against cyber security risks may not be sufficient. As cybersecurity risks continue to evolve, we may be required to expend additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any vulnerability to cyber incidents or intrusions. Laws and regulations governing cybersecurity, data privacy, and the unauthorized disclosure of confidential or protected information pose increasingly complex compliance challenges, and failure to comply with these laws could result in penalties and legal liability. Our insurance coverage for cyberattacks may not be sufficient to cover all the losses we may experience as a result of such cyberattacks.

 Item 2. Properties

 Overview of Sand Properties and Operations

 Information concerning our mining properties in this annual report has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K, which first became applicable to us for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. These requirements differ significantly from the previously applicable disclosure requirements of SEC Industry Guide 7. Among other differences, subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K requires us to disclose our mineral resources, in addition to our mineral reserves, as of the end of our most recently completed fiscal year both in the aggregate and for each of our individually material mining properties.

 As used in this annual report, the terms "mineral resource," "measured mineral resource," "indicated mineral resource," "inferred mineral resource," "mineral reserve," "proven mineral reserve" and "probable mineral reserve" are defined and used in accordance with subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K. Under subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K, mineral resources may not be classified as "mineral reserves" unless the determination has been made by a qualified person that the mineral resources can be the basis of an economically viable project. You are specifically cautioned not to assume that any part or all of the mineral deposits (including any mineral resources) in these categories will ever be converted into mineral reserves, as defined by the SEC. You are further cautioned that, except for that portion of mineral resources classified as mineral reserves, mineral resources do not have demonstrated economic value.

 The information that follows is derived, in part, from the technical report summary prepared by John T. Boyd Company in February 2022, our third-party mining and geological consultant and an external qualified person, ("John T. Boyd"), in compliance with Item 601(b)(96) and subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K. As of December 31, 2024, in the opinion of John T. Boyd, there were no material changes in mineral (frac sand) resources/mineral (frac sand) reserves, material assumptions or other technical information from those reported in the February 2022 technical report. As a result, we are relying on the February 2022 technical report, as updated by John T. Boyd for immaterial changes in our reserves/resources as of December 31, 2024. Portions of the following information are based on assumptions, qualifications and procedures that are summarized here and are described in more detail in the technical report. Reference should be made to the full text of the technical report summary, incorporated herein by reference and made a part of this annual report.

 Our natural sand proppant business mines, processes and sells high quality Northern White silica, a key input for the hydraulic fracturing of oil and gas wells, which we refer to as frac sand. Northern White frac sand deposits are generally located in the north-central portion of the United States (predominantly in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois, with lesser amounts in Arkansas and Iowa). Northern White frac sand is found in poorly cemented Cambrian and Ordovician sandstones and in unconsolidated alluvial deposits locally derived from these sandstones. All of our frac sand facilities are located in Wisconsin, with our Taylor facilities located in Jackson County, our Piranha facilities located in Barron County and our Muskie facilities located in Pierce County.

 Our frac sand facilities consist of three dry plants with a total permitted capacity of 5.7 million tons of sand per year, and two wet plants, with a total permitted capacity of 8.7 million tons of sand per year, that supply two of the dry plants with Northern White silica sand, which we believe is some of the highest quality raw frac sand available. Our Muskie plant in Pierce County, Wisconsin is currently idled. Our frac sand facilities operate seasonally from March or April through October or November depending on both weather and material demand.

 We produce predominantly 20/40-mesh, 30/50-mesh and 40/70-mesh frac sand. The production of our frac sand consists of three basic processes: mining, wet plant operations and dry plant operations. All mining activities take place in an open pit environment, whereby we remove the topsoil, which is set aside, and then remove other non-economic minerals, or "overburden," to expose the sand deposits. A third-party contractor then "bumps" the sand using explosives on the mine face,

 which causes the sand to fall into the pit, where it is then carried by truck or conveyor to the wet plant operations. At our wet plants, the mined sand goes through a series of processes designed to separate the sand from unusable materials. The resulting wet sand is then conveyed to a wet sand stockpile where most of the water is allowed to drain into our on-site recycling facility, while the remaining fine grains and materials, if any, are separated through a series of settlement ponds. We reuse the water that does not evaporate in our wet process. Wet sand from our stockpile is then conveyed or trucked to our dry plants where the sand is dried, screened into specific mesh categories and stored in silos. From the silos, we load sand directly into railcars or trucks, which we then ship to one of our transloading facilities or directly to our customers. For information regarding our transloading facilities and shipping capabilities, see Item 1. "Business-Our Services-Natural Sand Proppant Services."

 Our Wisconsin dry plants are enclosed facilities capable of running year-round, regardless of the weather. Under normal market conditions, we typically operate our plants with work crews of ten to 15 employees. These crews typically work 40-hour weeks, with shifts between eight and twelve hours, depending on the employee's function. Because raw sand cannot be wet-processed during extremely cold temperatures, we typically mine and wet-process sand eight months out of the year at our Taylor and Piranha locations. Our Muskie location has an indoor wash facility, which is capable of being run year-round.

 Our Taylor and Piranha mines are located in western Wisconsin, near an estimated combined population of over 350,000 people. Both sites are accessible via a well-developed network of primary and secondary roads, which offer direct access to the mines and processing facilities and are open year-round. Our Taylor facilities have access to the Canadian National rail network, while our Piranha facilities have access to the Union Pacific rail network. Both operations have readily available access to requisite electrical power, natural gas and water. Each of our facilities undergoes regular maintenance to minimize unscheduled downtime and to ensure that the quality of our frac sand meets API standards and our customers' specifications. In addition, we make capital investments in our facilities as required to support customer demand, and our performance goals.

 The following table provides information regarding our aggregate sand mined for December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

 Total Sand Mined
 (Thousands of Tons)

 As of December 31,

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Plant Location

 Taylor in Jackson County, Wisconsin

 Piranha in Barron County, Wisconsin(a)

 Total
 1,304
 1,396

 a. Decline in 2024 due to lower sales volumes.

 Mineral Resources and Reserves

 The quantity and nature of our mineral resources and reserves are estimated by John T. Boyd, while we internally track depletion rate on an interim basis. Estimates of frac sand reserves for the Taylor mine and Piranha mine were derived contemporaneously with estimates of frac sand resources. To derive an estimate of saleable product tons (proven and probable frac sand reserves), the following modifying factors were applied to the in-place measured and indicated frac sand resources underlying the respective mine plan areas:

 • A 90% mining recovery factor, which assumes that 10% of the mineable (in-place) frac sand resource will not be recovered during mining for various reasons. Applying this recovery factor to the in-place resource results in the estimated sand tonnage that will be delivered to the wet process plant.
 • An overall 79% processing recovery. This recovery factor accounts for losses in the wet and dry plants. This recovery factor accounts for removal of out-sized (i.e., larger than 20-mesh and smaller than 100-mesh) sand and losses in the wet and dry processing plants due to minor inefficiencies.

 We do not have any reportable frac sand resources excluding those converted to frac sand proven reserves for the Taylor and Piranha mines. Any frac sand within the defined boundaries of the Taylor and Piranha mines which is not reported as frac sand reserves are not considered to have potential economic viability. Therefore, they are not reportable as frac sand resources. Further, as we do not own any mineral rights for the Muskie property, but, rather, own only the surface rights to the processing plants, we do not (and do not expect to ever) report any reserves attributable to our Muskie property. John T. Boyd updates our reserve estimates annually, making necessary adjustments for operations at each location during the year and

 additions or surveying, drill core analysis and other tests to confirm the quantity and quality of the reserves. The following table presents our estimated frac sand reserves for the Taylor and Piranha mines as of December 31, 2024 (amounts in thousands):

 Mine
 Reserves Category
 Total Reserves(1)(2)

 Taylor
 Proven
 22,633

 Piranha
 Proven
 36,650

 Total
 59,283

 1.Pricing data based on the weighted average projected sales price for sand of $19.73 per ton for Taylor's operations and $18.59 for Piranha's operations.
 2.John T. Boyd has determined that all reportable mineral resources for the Taylor and Piranha mines are categorized as proven reserves as the areas are well explored and exhibit acceptable drill hole data spacing to be classified as measured resources.

 We categorize our sand properties in accordance with the SEC definition in subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K. Our mineral resources are concentration or occurrence of material of economic interest in or on the Earth's crust in such form, grade or quality and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for economic extraction. A mineral resource is a reasonable estimate of mineralization, taking into account relevant factors such as cut-off grade, likely mining dimensions, location or continuity that, with the assumed and justifiable technical and economic conditions, is likely to, in whole or in part, become economically extractable. It is not merely an inventory of all mineralization drilled or sampled. Our sand reserves are our estimate of tonnage and grade or quality of indicated and measured mineral resources that, in the opinion of the qualified person, can be the basis of an economically viable project. More specifically, they are the economically mineable part of a measured or indicated mineral resource, which includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the material is mined or extracted.

 John T. Boyd updates our reserve estimates annually, making necessary adjustments for operations at each location during the year and additions or surveying, drill core analysis and other tests to confirm the quantity and quality of the reserves. To opine as to the economic viability of our reserves, John T. Boyd reviewed our financial cost and revenue per ton data at the time of the proven reserve determination. Our 2024 average monthly sales prices ranged from approximately $19 to $26 per ton free on board mine. Based on its review of our cost structure and its extensive experience with similar operations, John T. Boyd concluded that it is reasonable to assume that we will operate under a similar cost structure over the remaining life of our reserves. Based on these assumptions, and taking into account possible cost increases associated with a maturing mine, John T. Boyd concluded that our current operating margins are sufficient to expect continued profitability throughout the life of our reserves.

 Our proppant sand reserves consist of Northern White silica sand, giving us access to a range of high-quality sand grades meeting or exceeding all API specifications, including a mix between concentrations of coarse grades (20/40 and 30/50 mesh sands) and finer grades (40/70 and 100 mesh). Our sample boring data and our historical production data have indicated that our reserves contain deposits of approximately 40% 40 mesh or coarser substrate. The coarseness and conductivity of Northern White frac sand significantly enhances recovery of oil and liquids-rich gas by allowing hydrocarbons to flow more freely than is sometimes possible with native sand. The low acid-solubility increases the integrity of Northern White frac sand relative to other proppants with higher acid-solubility, especially in shales where hydrogen sulfide and other acidic chemicals are co-mingled with the targeted hydrocarbons. In addition, its crush resistant properties enable Northern White frac sand to be used in deeper drilling applications than the frac sand produced from many native mineral deposits. We believe that the coarseness, conductivity, sphericity, acid-solubility and crush-resistant properties of our Northern White sand reserves and our facilities' connectivity to rail and other transportation infrastructure afford us an advantage over our competitors and make us one of a select group of sand producers capable of delivering high volumes of frac sand that is optimal for oil and natural gas production to all major unconventional resource basins currently producing throughout North America.

 Surface and Mineral Rights

 For each of our Taylor and Piranha frac sand facilities, we own surface and mineral rights. For our Muskie sand facility, we own surface rights.

 Individual Properties

 Taylor. Our Taylor operation is located less than one mile northwest of the town of Taylor, in Jackson County, Wisconsin and encompasses a total of approximately 393 acres. Approximately 148 acres of frac sand resources remain on this

 property. We own in fee numerous land parcels which comprise the processing plant site, mineral resource areas and rail loadout facility. Our rail loadout facility, located in Trempealeau County, Wisconsin, is approximately two miles southwest of the mine and processing facility. Our Taylor operation commenced mining operations in 2012. We acquired the Taylor operation in June 2017 when we acquired Sturgeon Acquisitions, LLC. The total net book value of the Taylor operation's real property and fixed assets as of December 31, 2024, was $22.2 million.

 The site contains a mine with 22.6 million tons of proven recoverable proppant sand reserves as of December 31, 2024, based on estimates prepared by John T. Boyd. Our Taylor wet plant can currently process up to 2.6 million tons of wet frac sand per year. Our Taylor dry plant is adjacent to our Taylor wet plant and wash facilities. As of December 31, 2024, the dry plant had a rated production capacity of 2.2 million tons per year. Our current air permit allows us to produce up to 2.2 million tons per year of finished product. The Taylor facility includes a 150 ton per hour natural gas fluid bed dryer and a 100 ton per hour natural gas fluid bed dryer as well as nine high-capacity screeners that are capable of producing 2.2 million tons of frac sand per year. During the year ended December 31, 2024, our Taylor facility produced 0.5 million tons of finished sand product. Our finished product is transported via truck to our transloading facility with rail access.

 We estimate an overall product yield (after mining and processing losses) of approximately 73% for the Taylor mine. John T. Boyd utilized post December 31, 2017 production data we provided, along with the John T. Boyd January 2019 Report amending the resource tons as of December 31, 2017, to reconcile the amended estimate from the December 31, 2017 estimate to December 31, 2024. The following table presents a summary of our mineral reserves for the Taylor mine as of December 31, 2024, together with a comparison to the reserves as of the end of the preceding fiscal year and an explanation of any material changes.

 Taylor Mine – Summary of Reserves(1)(2) (Thousands of Tons)

 Amount as of

 Reserves Category
 December 31, 2024
 December 31, 2023
 Change
 % Change

 Proven
 22,633
 23,191
 (558)
 (2)
 %

 1.Pricing data based on the weighted average projected sales price for sand of $19.73 per ton.
 2.John T. Boyd has determined that all reportable mineral resources for the Taylor mine are categorized as proven reserves as the area is well explored and exhibit acceptable drill hole data spacing to be classified as a measured resource.

 The decrease from 2023 to 2024 is primarily attributed to depletion by mining 0.5 million tons of sand.

 Piranha. Our Piranha operation is located approximately five miles northwest of the town of New Auburn, in Baron County, Wisconsin and encompasses a total of approximately 608 acres. The current estimated mineable area is approximately 313 acres, or 52% of the total property, after observing setbacks, right of ways, processing areas and other non-mining acreage. We own 100% of the surface and mineral rights. Our dry plant and loadout is also located in Baron County and is approximately one mile east of the mine and wet processing facility. We acquired the Piranha operation on May 26, 2017 from Chieftain Sand and Proppant LLC (Chieftain). Under Chieftain, the property commenced mining operations in August 2012. In January 2018, we purchased the Conoboy tract, which is adjacent to a tract of land previously mined by Chieftain. The total net book value of the Piranha operation's real property and fixed assets as of December 31, 2024 was $12.3 million.

 The site contains 36.7 million tons of proven recoverable proppant sand reserves as of December 31, 2024, based on estimates prepared by John T. Boyd. Our Piranha wet plant, which is adjacent to the mine, can process up to 4.7 million tons of wet sand per year and is located two miles from our Piranha dry plant, to which we have year-round trucking access. As of December 31, 2024, the dry plant facility had a rated production capacity of 2.6 million tons per year. Our current air permit allows us to produce up to 3.5 million tons per year of finished product. Our Piranha facility includes a 150 ton per hour natural

 gas fired fluid bed dryer and a 200 ton per hour natural gas fluid bed dryer as well as seven high-capacity screeners capable of producing 2.6 million tons of frac sand per year. During the year ended December 31, 2024, our Piranha facility produced 0.1 million tons of sand. Our finished product is loaded directly into railcars. Our Piranha facility is capable of storing up to 400 railcars.

 We estimate an overall product yield (after mining and processing losses) of approximately 79% for the Piranha mine. John T. Boyd utilized post March 31, 2017 production data we provided, in conjunction with other data, to reconcile the estimate from the March 31, 2017 volumetric estimate to December 31, 2024. The following table presents a summary of our mineral reserves for the Piranha mine as of December 31, 2024, together with a comparison to the reserves as of the end of the preceding fiscal year and an explanation of any material changes.

 Piranha Mine – Summary of Reserves(1)(2) (Thousands of Tons)

 Amount as of

 Reserves Category
 December 31, 2024
 December 31, 2023
 Change
 % Change

 Proven
 36,650
 36,706
 (56)
 —
 %

 1.Pricing data based on the weighted average projected sales price for sand of $18.59 per ton.
 2.John T. Boyd has determined that all reportable mineral resources for the Piranha mine are categorized as proven reserves as the area is well explored and exhibit acceptable drill hole data spacing to be classified as a measured resource.

 The decrease from 2023 to 2024 is primarily attributed to depletion by mining 0.1 million tons of sand.

 Muskie. Our Muskie facility is located in Plum City, Wisconsin and encompass a total of approximately 40 acres. Although this plant is currently idled, our Muskie wet plant can process up to 1.3 million tons of wet sand per year. The site includes an indoor facility capable of washing sand year-round and an enclosed dry plant facility that has a rated production capacity of 2,400 tons per day. Our current air permit allows us to produce up to 0.9 million tons per year of finished product. The facility has a 100 ton per hour natural gas fired fluid bed dryer as well as six high-capacity screeners that are capable of producing 0.9 million tons per year. As a result of adverse market conditions, production at our Muskie facility has been idled since September 2018. When operating, our finished product is transported via truck to a third-party facility with rail access. The site does not contain any proppant sand reserves. Our Muskie facility commenced operations in 2012. Muskie was contributed to Mammoth in November 2014. The total net book value of the Muskie operation's real property and fixed assets as of December 31, 2024, was $4.5 million.

 Headquarters

 Our corporate headquarters are located at 14201 Caliber Drive, Suite 300, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73134. We currently own 9 properties, four located in Wisconsin, four located in Ohio and one located in Texas, which are used for field offices, yards, production plants or housing. In addition to our headquarters, we also lease 27 properties that are used for field offices, yards or transloading facilities for frac sand. We believe that our facilities are adequate for our current operations.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings

 We are a party to, or the subject of, certain investigations and legal proceedings discussed elsewhere in this annual report. For a description of such investigations and legal proceedings, see Note 20. "Commitments and Contingencies" to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

 In addition, due to the nature of our business, we are, from time to time, involved in routine litigation or subject to disputes or claims related to our business activities, including workers' compensation claims and employment related disputes.

 Except as described in Note 20. "Commitments and Contingencies" to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report, and in Item 1A. "Risk Factors", in the opinion of our management, none of the pending litigation, disputes or claims against us, if decided adversely, will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

 Our operations are subject to the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, as amended by the Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act of 2006, which imposes stringent health and safety standards on numerous aspects of mineral extraction and processing operations, including the training of personnel, operating procedures, operating equipment and other matters. Our failure to comply with such standards, or changes in such standards or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition or otherwise impose significant restrictions on our ability to conduct mineral extraction and processing operations. Following passage of The Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act of 2006, MSHA significantly increased the numbers of citations and orders charged against mining operations. The dollar penalties assessed for citations issued has also increased in recent years. Information concerning mine safety violations or other regulatory matters required by Section 1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and Item 104 of Regulation S-K (17 CFR 229.104) is included in Exhibit 95.1 to this Report.

 PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

 Market Information and Holders of Record

 Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "TUSK." As of the close of business on March 5, 2025, there were 97 holders of record of our common stock. The number of holders of record of our common stock is not representative of the number of beneficial holders because many of the shares are held by depositories, brokers or nominees.

 Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
 None.

 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 On August 10, 2023, our board of directors approved a stock repurchase program pursuant to which we would be authorized to repurchase up to the lesser of $55 million or 10 million shares of its common stock, subject to the factors discussed below. Following the completion of the refinancing transactions discussed in this report, any stock repurchases under this program may be made opportunistically from time to time in open market or privately negotiated transactions in compliance with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Act of 1934, as amended, including any 10b5-1 plan, and will be subject to market conditions, applicable legal and contractual restrictions, liquidity requirements and other factors. The repurchase program has no time limit, does not require us to repurchase any specific number of shares and may be suspended from time to time, modified or discontinued by our board of directors at any time. Any common stock repurchased as part of such stock repurchase program will be cancelled and retired. We have not repurchased any shares of our common stock under the stock repurchase program as of December 31, 2024 or to date. See also Item 1A. "Risk Factors--Our ability to repurchase stock may be limited and no assurance can be given that we will be able to effectuate our stock repurchase program in the future at indicated levels or at all."

 Dividends

 On July 16, 2018, we initiated a quarterly dividend policy and declared our first quarterly cash dividend. In July 2019, as a result of oilfield market conditions and other factors, which included the status of collections from PREPA, our board of directors suspended the quarterly cash dividend.

 Our board of directors' determination with respect to any future dividends will depend upon our profitability and financial condition, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors that the board deems relevant at the time of such determination. Based on its evaluation of these factors, the board of directors may determine not to declare a dividend, or declare dividends at rates that are less than currently anticipated.

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements reflecting our current expectations, estimates and assumptions concerning events and financial trends that may affect our future operating results or financial position. Actual results and the timing of events may differ materially from those contained in these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those discussed in Item 1A. "Risk Factors" and the section entitled "Forward-Looking Statements" appearing elsewhere in this annual report.
 Overview
 We are an integrated, growth-oriented energy services company focused on providing products and services to enable the exploration and development of North American onshore unconventional oil and natural gas reserve as well as the construction and repair of the electric grid for private utilities, public investor-owned utilities and co-operative utilities through our infrastructure services businesses. Our primary business objective is to grow our operations and create value for stockholders through organic growth opportunities and accretive acquisitions. Our suite of services includes well completion services, infrastructure services, natural sand proppant services and other services. Our well completion services division provides hydraulic fracturing, sand hauling and water transfer services. Our infrastructure services division provides engineering, design, construction, upgrade, maintenance and repair services to the electrical infrastructure industry. Our natural sand proppant services division mines, processes and sells natural sand proppant used for hydraulic fracturing. In addition to these service divisions, we also provide directional drilling services, aviation services, equipment rentals, remote accommodations and equipment manufacturing. We believe that the services we offer play a critical role in increasing the ultimate recovery and present value of production streams from unconventional resources as well as in maintaining and improving electrical infrastructure. Our complementary suite of services provides us with the opportunity to cross-sell our services and expand our customer base and geographic positioning.

 We continue to focus on growing our industrial business. We offer infrastructure engineering services focused on the transmission and distribution industry and also have equipment manufacturing operations and offer fiber optic services. Our equipment manufacturing operations provide us with the ability to repair much of our existing equipment in-house, as well as the option to manufacture certain new equipment we may need in the future. Our fiber optic services include the installation of both aerial and buried fiber. We are continuing to explore other opportunities to expand our industrial business lines.

 Our revenues, operating (loss) income and identifiable assets are primarily attributable to three reportable segments: well completion services; infrastructure services; and natural sand proppant services. Prior to 2024, we included Bison Drilling and Field Services, LLC, or Bison Drilling, and Panther Drilling Systems LLC, or Panther, in our drilling reportable segment. Based on our assessment of FASB ASC 280, Segment Reporting, guidance at December 31, 2024, we changed our presentation in 2024 to move Bison Drilling and Panther to the reconciling column titled "All Other". On December 13, 2024, Anaconda Rentals LLC, Aquahawk Energy LLC, or Aquahawk, Barracuda Logistics LLC, or Barracuda, Bison Sand Logistics LLC, or Bison Sand, IFX Transport LLC, Ivory Freight Solutions LLC, Redback Coil Tubing LLC, Redback Energy Services LLC, Redback Pumpdown Services LLC, or Redback Pumpdown, Stingray Cementing LLC and WTL Oil LLC were merged into Orca Energy Services LLC ("Orca"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Mammoth Energy Partners, LLC. Prior to 2024, Aquahawk, Bison Sand and Redback Pumpdown were included in our well completion segment and Barracuda was included in our natural sand proppant services segment. Due to the merger of these entities into Orca, the results for Aquahawk, Bison Sand, Redback Pumpdown and Barracuda are now included in the reconciling column titled "All Other". The results for the year ended December 31, 2023 have been retroactively adjusted to reflect these changes. Since the dates presented below, we have conducted our operations through the following entities:

 Well Completion Services Segment
 • Stingray Pressure Pumping LLC—March 2012
 • Silverback Energy LLC—November 2012
 • Mr. Inspections LLC—January 2015
 • Mammoth Equipment Leasing LLC—November 2016

 Infrastructure Services Segment
 • Cobra Acquisitions LLC, or Cobra—January 2017
 • Lion Power Services LLC, formerly Cobra Energy LLC—January 2017
 • Higher Power Electrical LLC—April 2017
 •5 Star Electric LLC—July 2017
 • Python Equipment LLC—December 2018

 • Aquawolf LLC—September 2019
 • Falcon Fiber Solutions LLC—May 2021

 Natural Sand Proppant Services Segment
 • Muskie Proppant LLC—September 2011
 • Piranha Proppant LLC—May 2017
 • Sturgeon Acquisitions LLC—June 2017
 • Taylor Frac, LLC—June 2017
 • Taylor Real Estate Investments, LLC—June 2017
 • South River Road, LLC—June 2017

 Other
 • Great White Sand Tiger Lodging Ltd.—October 2007
 • Bison Drilling and Field Services, LLC—November 2010
 • Panther Drilling Systems LLC—December 2012
 • Bison Trucking—August 2013
 • Mammoth Energy Services Inc.—June 2016
 • Mammoth Energy Partners, LLC—October 2016
 • Mako Acquisitions LLC—March 2017
 • Stingray Energy Services LLC, or Stingray Energy Services—June 2017
 • Tiger Shark Logistics LLC—October 2017
 • Cobra Aviation Services LLC—January 2018
 • Dire Wolf Energy Services LLC—January 2018
 • Black Mamba Energy LLC—March 2018
 • Stingray Cementing and Acidizing LLC, formerly RTS Energy Services LLC—June 2018
 • Air Rescue Systems LLC ("ARS")—December 2018 through July 13, 2023
 • Leopard Aviation LLC—April 2019
 • Predator Aviation LLC—April 2019
 • Anaconda Manufacturing LLC—September 2019
 • Orca Energy Services LLC—December 2024

 On July 13, 2023, the Company sold its equity interests in ARS. Activity for ARS through the date of sale is included in the accompanying results of operations.

 2024 Financial Overview and Highlights

 • Net loss of $207.3 million, or $4.31 per diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to net loss of $3.2 million, or $0.07 per diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2023. Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2024 includes a non-cash, pre-tax charge of approximately $170.7 million, of which $89.2 million was charged to credit loss expense and $81.5 million was charged to interest on delinquent accounts receivable in relation to the Settlement Agreement with PREPA.

 • Adjusted EBITDA of ($167.5) million for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $71.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for a reconciliation of net loss to Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2024 includes a non-cash, pre-tax charge of approximately $170.7 million, of which $89.2 million was charged to credit loss expense and $81.5 million was charged to interest on delinquent accounts receivable in relation to the Settlement Agreement with PREPA.

 • Net cash flow provided by operating activities was $180.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $31.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

 • Received the first two installment payments under the settlement agreement with PREPA, with $150 million paid to Cobra on October 1, 2024 and, subject to Cobra having provided the indemnity letter of credit to PREPA, $18.4 million paid to Cobra on October 18, 2024.

 • Paid, in full, all amounts owed under our term credit facility and terminated the facility on October 2, 2024.

 Overview of Our Industries

 Oil and Natural Gas Industry

 The oil and natural gas industry has traditionally been volatile and is influenced by a combination of long-term, short-term and cyclical trends, including the domestic and international supply and demand for oil and natural gas, current and expected future prices for oil and natural gas and the perceived stability and sustainability of those prices, production depletion rates and the resultant levels of cash flows generated and allocated by exploration and production companies to their drilling, completion and related services and products budgets. The oil and natural gas industry is also impacted by general domestic and international economic conditions, political instability in oil producing countries, government regulations (both in the United States and elsewhere), levels of customer demand, the availability of pipeline capacity, storage capacity, shortages of equipment and materials and other conditions and factors that are beyond our control.

 Demand for most of our oil and natural gas products and services depends substantially on the level of expenditures by companies in the oil and natural gas industry. The levels of capital expenditures of our customers are driven by many factors, including the prices of oil and natural gas. Throughout 2023, pricing for crude oil and natural gas declined from levels seen in 2022, which slowed down completion activities for our customers, in particular, in the Utica and Marcellus Shale natural gas plays, and, as a result, reduced demand for our well completion services. Throughout 2024, we continued to experience persistent challenges in our well completion business and other oilfield services associated with lower U.S. onshore activity and sustained weakness in the natural gas basins in which we operate. We expect 2025 completions activity to be relatively steady, with the potential for upside compared to 2024 driven by incremental demand associated with natural gas. Positive trends that may contribute to increased activity will come from LNG export capacity coming online and general electricity and power demand enhancements. We will be strategically positioned to capitalize on this anticipated demand if and when it ramps up.

 In response to market conditions and reduced demand, we idled our cementing and acidizing operations and flowback operations beginning in July 2019, our contract drilling operations beginning in December 2019, our rig hauling operations beginning in April 2020, our coil tubing, pressure control and full service transportation operations beginning in July 2020 and our crude oil hauling operations beginning in July 2021. We continue to monitor the market to determine if and when we can recommence these services.

 Natural Sand Proppant Industry
 Increased demand from oil and gas companies in 2022 resulted in higher demand and pricing for our sand compared to 2021, which continued throughout the first quarter of 2023. Demand for our natural sand proppant was adversely impacted in the second quarter of 2023 by the wildfires in Canada, which hindered our ability to transport sand. As discussed above, pricing for crude oil and natural gas declined from levels seen in 2022, which slowed down completion activities and adversely impacted demand for our sand proppant services in the second half of 2023. Activity remained suppressed throughout 2024. As discussed above, we expect 2025 activity to be relatively steady, with the potential for upside compared to 2024 driven by incremental demand associated with natural gas.

 As a result of adverse market conditions, production at our Muskie sand facility in Pierce County, Wisconsin has been idled since September 2018. Our contracted capacity has provided a baseline of business, which has kept our Taylor and Piranha plants operating and our costs competitive.

 Energy Infrastructure Industry

 Our infrastructure services business provides engineering, design, construction, upgrade, maintenance and repair services to the electrical infrastructure industry. We offer a broad range of services on electric transmission and distribution, or T&D, networks and substation facilities, which include engineering, design, construction, upgrade, maintenance and repair of high voltage transmission lines, substations and lower voltage overhead and underground distribution systems. Our commercial services include the installation, maintenance and repair of commercial wiring. We also provide storm repair and restoration services in response to storms and other disasters. We provide infrastructure services primarily in the northeastern, southwestern, midwestern and western portions of the United States. We currently have agreements in place with private utilities, public IOUs and Co-Ops.

 Our average crew count declined slightly from approximately 83 crews throughout 2023 to approximately 79 crews throughout 2024. With the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act funds being released for infrastructure projects, we remain encouraged about the potential for growth in this sector. We saw an uptick in bidding opportunities throughout 2024 related to engineering, fiber, and transmission and distribution, all of which are areas we believe we have differentiated and specialized capabilities. We continue to focus on operational execution and pursue opportunities within this sector as we strategically structure our service offerings for growth, intending to increase our infrastructure services activity and expand both our geographic footprint and depth of projects, especially in fiber maintenance and installation projects.

 We work for multiple utilities primarily across the northeastern, southwestern, midwestern and western portions of the United States. We believe that we are well-positioned to compete for new projects due to the experience of our infrastructure management team, combined with our vertically integrated service offerings. We are seeking to leverage this experience and our service offerings to grow our customer base and increase our revenues in the continental United States over the coming years.

 Settlement Agreement with PREPA

 Since we commenced operations in this line of business, a substantial portion of our infrastructure revenue has been generated from storm restoration work, primarily from the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, or PREPA, due to damage caused by Hurricane Maria. On October 19, 2017, Cobra Acquisitions LLC, or Cobra, and PREPA entered into an emergency master services agreement for repairs to PREPA's electrical grid. The one-year contract, as amended, provided for payments of up to $945 million. On May 26, 2018, Cobra and PREPA entered into a second one-year, $900 million master services agreement to provide additional repair services and begin the initial phase of reconstruction of the electrical power system in Puerto Rico. Our work under each of the contracts with PREPA ended on March 31, 2019. PREPA is currently subject to bankruptcy proceedings, which were filed in July 2017 and are currently pending in the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico (the "Title III Court"). As a result, PREPA's ability to meet its payment obligations under the above-referenced agreements was largely dependent upon funding from the Federal Emergency Management Agency ("FEMA") or other sources. Since September 30, 2019, Cobra has been pursuing litigation in the Title III Court and other dispute resolution efforts seeking recovery of the amounts owed to Cobra by PREPA for restoration services in Puerto Rico, which proceedings are discussed in more detail in the Company's prior reports filed with the SEC. PREPA was holding approximately $18.4 million in funds (the "Withheld FEMA Funds") received from FEMA and considered payable to Cobra but had been withheld due to garnishments asserted by three Puerto Rican municipalities (the "Specified Municipalities") for certain municipal tax claims discussed in Mammoth's filings with the SEC (the "Specified Municipal Tax Claims") and for which Cobra disputed any valid garnishment.

 On July 22, 2024, Cobra entered into a release and settlement agreement with PREPA and the FOMB, in its capacity as Title III representative for PREPA, to settle all outstanding matters between Cobra and PREPA (the "Settlement Agreement"). Under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, Cobra was allowed an administrative expense claim against PREPA of $170.0 million, plus the $18.4 million in the Withheld FEMA Funds. Cobra's allowed claim will be paid through three installments: (i) $150.0 million on the later of (A) ten business days following approval of the Settlement Agreement by the Title III Court and (B) August 31, 2024; (ii) $20.0 million within seven days following the effective date of PREPA's plan of adjustment; and (iii) $18.4 million (subject to providing one or more indemnity letters of credit) in the Withheld FEMA Funds within either (A) ten business days after the deadline for appealing the entry of the settlement order by the Title III Court under the applicable bankruptcy rules of procedure if no such appeal is filed, or (B) if the provisions of the settlement order allowing PREPA to release the Withheld FEMA Funds to Cobra without retaining any liability to the Specified Municipalities are appealed by the Specified Municipalities, within ten business days of the filing of the notice of such appeal.

 The Settlement Agreement was approved by the Company's Board of Directors on July 22, 2024, and was also approved by the PREPA Board and by the FOMB. On September 18, 2024, the Settlement Agreement was approved by the Title III Court overruling all objections thereto and an order was entered the same day (the "Settlement Order"). On October 1, 2024, Cobra received the first installment payment of $150.0 million from the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in connection with the Settlement Agreement with PREPA. Also on October 1, 2024, certain Puerto Rico municipalities and Foreman Electric Services Inc. that had objected to approval of the Settlement Order each filed timely notices of appeal of the Settlement Order to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit. None of the foregoing parties have sought a stay of the Settlement Order pending such appeals. Although the ultimate outcome of these appeals cannot be predicted with certainty, Cobra believes that the appeals are without merit.

 On October 18, 2024, Cobra received a payment from PREPA totaling $18.4 million under the terms of the Settlement Agreement. In connection with the receipt of the $18.4 million from PREPA, Cobra instructed Fifth Third Bank, National Association ("Fifth Third Bank") to issue a letter of credit to PREPA under the Reimbursement Agreement in the amount of

 $18.4 million and transferred a total of $19.3 million to a restricted cash account maintained by Fifth Third Bank as collateral for the letter of credit.

 As a result of the Settlement Agreement, the Company recorded a non-cash, pre-tax charge of approximately $170.7 million in the second quarter of 2024 to reduce its accounts receivable balance from PREPA of $359.1 million, representing the amount owed to Cobra by PREPA in relation to these agreements as of June 30, 2024, including the accrued but unpaid interest, prior to the Settlement Agreement, to the amount expected to be received from the Settlement Agreement. Of the $170.7 million, $89.2 million was charged to credit loss expense, which is included in "selling, general and administrative" on the consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income, and $81.5 million was charged to interest on delinquent accounts receivable, which is included in "other (expense) income, net" on the consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income. As of December 31, 2024, $20.0 million remained outstanding from PREPA. See Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Accounts Receivable" and Note 20. "Commitments and Contingencies—Litigation" to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for more information.

 Results of Operations

 The following discussion focuses on a comparison of the results of operations between the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. For a discussion of the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, please refer to Part II, Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (filed with the SEC on March 1, 2024), which is incorporated in this report by reference from such prior report on Form 10-K.

 Years Ended

 December 31, 2024
 December 31, 2023

 Revenue:

 Well completion services
 $
 34,015
 $
 127,372

 Infrastructure services
 110,383
 110,537

 Natural sand proppant services
 19,057
 39,131

 Other services
 31,449
 34,946

 (6,972)
 (2,494)

 Cost of revenue:

 Well completion services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization of $10,888 and $15,366, respectively, for 2024 and 2023)
 38,761
 105,062

 Infrastructure services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization of $2,773 and $8,382, respectively, for 2024 and 2023)
 92,132
 90,627

 Natural sand proppant services (exclusive of depreciation, depletion and accretion of $5,228 and $7,734, respectively, for 2024 and 2023)
 17,790
 25,666

 Other services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization of $6,187 and $13,608, respectively, for 2024 and 2023)
 29,040
 28,979

 (6,972)
 (2,494)

 Total cost of revenue
 170,751
 247,840

 Selling, general and administrative expenses
 124,821
 37,458

 (4,014)
 (6,041)

 —
 1,810

 Operating loss
 (128,705)
 (16,685)

 (25,204)
 (16,196)

 Other (expense) income, net
 (64,621)
 42,015

 (Loss) income before income taxes
 (218,530)
 9,134

 (Benefit) provision for income taxes
 (11,204)

 $
 (207,326)
 $
 (3,163)

 Revenue. Revenue for 2024 decreased $121.6 million, or 39%, to $187.9 million from $309.5 million for 2023. The decline in total revenue is primarily attributable to a decrease in utilization in our well completion services division as well as a decline in tons sold in our natural sand proppant services division. Revenue derived from related parties was $1.5 million for 2024 compared to $1.0 million for 2023. Revenue by division was as follows:

 Well Completion Services. Well completion services division revenue decreased $93.4 million, or 73%, to $34.0 million for 2024 from $127.4 million for 2023. Intersegment revenue, consisting primarily of revenue derived from our other services and natural sand proppant segment, totaled $0.4 million, for each of 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 The decline in our well completion services revenue was primarily driven by decreased utilization as a result of lower activity by our customers in the natural gas basins in which we operate. The number of stages completed

 declined 66% to 1,454 for 2024 from 4,220 for 2023. An average of 0.5 of our six fleets were active throughout 2024 compared to 1.8 fleets for 2023.

 Infrastructure Services. Infrastructure services division revenue decreased marginally by $0.1 million to $110.4 million for 2024 from $110.5 million for 2023 primarily due to a decline in average crew count from 83 crews during the year ended December 31, 2023 to an average of 79 crews during the year ended December 31, 2024. This was offset by an increase in storm, transmission and engineering activity of $4.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Natural Sand Proppant Services. Natural sand proppant services division revenue decreased $20.0 million, or 51%, to $19.1 million for 2024, from $39.1 million for 2023. Intersegment revenue, consisting primarily of revenue derived from our well completion segment, was a nominal amount for each of 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 The decrease in our natural sand proppant services revenue was primarily attributable to a 53% decline in tons of sand sold from approximately 1.2 million tons in 2023 to 0.6 million tons in 2024, coupled with a 22% decrease in average price per ton of sand sold from $29.86 in 2023 to $23.15 in 2024 primarily driven by lower completions activity by our customers. The decrease was partially offset by an increase in contracted shortfall revenue of $2.5 million.

 Other Services. Revenue from other services, including our directional drilling, aviation, equipment rental, remote accommodation and equipment manufacturing businesses decreased by $3.5 million, or 10%, to $31.4 million for 2024 from $34.9 million for 2023. Intersegment revenue, consisting primarily of equipment manufacturing revenue derived from our well completion segment, totaled $6.5 million and $2.0 million, for 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 The decrease in other services revenue was primarily attributable to decreased utilization for our directional drilling business from 36% for 2023 to 17% for 2024. This was coupled with a decline in utilization for our equipment rental business. These declines were primarily the result of lower activity by our customers in 2024 as compared to 2023. We rented an average of 210 pieces of equipment per month to customers during 2024, a decrease of 13% from an average of 241 pieces of equipment per month rented to customers during 2023. These declines were offset by an increase in utilization for our remote accommodations business. On average, 216 rooms were utilized per night during 2024, a 21% increase from an average of 178 rooms utilized per night in 2023.

 Cost of Revenue (exclusive of depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion expense). Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion expense, decreased $77.0 million from $247.8 million, or 80% of total revenue, for 2023 to $170.8 million, or 91% of total revenue, for 2024. Cost of revenue by operating division was as follows:

 Well Completion Services. Well completion services division cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense, decreased $66.3 million, or 63%, from $105.1 million for 2023 to $38.8 million for 2024 primarily due to a decline in utilization. As a percentage of revenue, our well completion services division cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense of $10.9 million in 2024 and $15.4 million in 2023, was 114% and 82%, for 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase as a percentage of revenue is primarily due to a decrease in utilization of our pressure pumping services, resulting in a higher ratio of fixed costs to variable costs.

 Infrastructure Services. Infrastructure services division cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense, increased $1.5 million from $90.6 million for 2023 to $92.1 million for 2024. As a percentage of revenue, cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense of $2.8 million in 2024 and $8.4 million in 2023, was 83% and 82% for 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase as a percentage of revenue is primarily due to an increase in contract labor costs as a percentage of revenue.

 Natural Sand Proppant Services. Natural sand proppant services division cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation, depletion and accretion expense, decreased $7.9 million, or 31%, from $25.7 million for 2023 to $17.8 million for 2024. As a percentage of revenue, cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation, depletion and accretion expense of $5.2 million in 2024 and $7.7 million in 2023, was 93% and 66%, for 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in cost as a percentage of revenue is primarily due to a 53% decline in tons of sand sold and a 22% decrease in average sales price.

 Other Services. Other services cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense, was $29.0 million for 2024 and 2023, respectively. As a percentage of revenue, cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation

 and amortization expense of $6.2 million in 2024 and $13.6 million in 2023, was 92% and 83%, for 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase as a percentage of revenue is primarily due to a decrease in utilization for our directional drilling and equipment rental businesses, resulting in a higher ratio of fixed costs to variable cost.

 Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses, or SG&A, represent the costs associated with managing and supporting our operations. SG&A expense increased $87.3 million, or 233%, to $124.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $37.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to an increase in the provision for expected credit losses in connection with the Settlement Agreement with PREPA. The following is a breakout of SG&A expenses for the periods indicated (in thousands):
 Years Ended

 December 31, 2024
 December 31, 2023

 Cash expenses:

 Compensation and benefits
 $
 14,448
 $
 15,563

 Professional services
 12,298
 13,448

 Other(a)

 7,146
 7,693

 Total cash SG&A expense
 33,892
 36,704

 Non-cash expenses:

 Change in provision for expected credit losses(b)

 90,054
 (591)

 1,345

 Total non-cash SG&A expense
 90,929

 Total SG&A expense
 $
 124,821
 $
 37,458

 a. Includes travel-related costs, IT expenses, rent, utilities and other general and administrative-related costs.
 b. The Company recognized an $89.2 million charge in relation to the Settlement Agreement with PREPA during the year ended December 31, 2024.

 Depreciation, Depletion, Amortization and Accretion. Depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion decreased $20.0 million, or 44%, to $25.1 million for 2024 from $45.1 million in 2023. The decrease is primarily due to a decline in property and equipment depreciation expense as a result of lower capital expenditures and existing assets being fully depreciated.

 Gains on Disposal of Assets, Net. Gains on the disposal of assets decreased $2.0 million, or 33%, to $4.0 million for 2024 from $6.0 million in 2023. Gains on the disposal of assets is primarily related to the sale of dormitories, trucks, and field equipment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and a drilling rig, trucks, and field equipment for the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Impairment of Goodwill. As a result of the sale of ARS, we performed an impairment assessment of our goodwill for the Aviation reporting unit in 2023. We determined that the carrying value of goodwill for our Aviation reporting unit exceeded the fair value, resulting in impairment expense of $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. We did not recognize any impairment of goodwill in 2024.

 Operating Loss. We reported an operating loss of $128.7 million for 2024 compared to $16.7 million for 2023. The increased operating loss was primarily due to an $89.2 million charge to selling, general and administrative expenses recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024 in relation to the Settlement Agreement with PREPA. The increased loss was coupled with reduced utilization across our well completions and natural sand proppant divisions, and partially offset by a decline in depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion expense.

 Interest Expense and financing charges, net. Interest expense and financing charges, net increased $9.0 million to $25.2 million for 2024 from $16.2 million for 2023, primarily due to a $9.9 million charge incurred in relation to our sale leaseback agreements coupled with a $5.5 million financing charge incurred in relation to the Assignment Agreement with SPCP Group. See "—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Sale Leaseback Transactions" and "—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Cobra Assignment Agreement" for additional information. The increase was partially offset by a decline in average borrowings outstanding under our revolving credit facility.

 Other (Expense) Income, net. We recognized other expense, net of $64.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to other income, net of $42.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized interest on delinquent accounts receivable totaling $20.8 million and $45.4 million,

 respectively, in relation to our outstanding receivable with PREPA. In July 2024, Cobra entered into the Settlement Agreement with PREPA resulting in a charge to interest on delinquent accounts receivable totaling $81.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 to reduce its accounts receivable balance to the amount expected to be collected in relation to interest charged to PREPA.

 Income Taxes. During 2024, we recorded income tax benefit of $11.2 million on pre-tax loss of $218.5 million compared to income tax expense of $12.3 million on pre-tax income of $9.1 million for 2023. Our effective tax rate was 5.1% for 2024 compared to 134.6% for 2023. The effective tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 differed from the statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the mix of earnings between the United States and Puerto Rico, changes in the valuation allowance and interest and penalties. Additionally, as a result of the Settlement Agreement with PREPA, during the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company reversed $19.9 million in withholding tax accruals related to undistributed earnings from Puerto Rico. See Note 14. "Income Taxes" to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for additional detail regarding our change in tax expense.

 Non-GAAP Financial Measures

 Adjusted EBITDA is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure that is used by management and external users of our financial statements, such as industry analysts, investors, lenders and rating agencies. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net loss before depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion, gains on disposal of assets, net, impairment of goodwill, stock based compensation, interest expense and financing charges, net, other expense (income), net (which is comprised of interest on trade accounts receivable and certain legal expenses) and (benefit) provision for income taxes, further adjusted to add back interest on trade accounts receivable. We exclude the items listed above from net loss in arriving at Adjusted EBITDA because these amounts can vary substantially from company to company within our industries depending upon accounting methods and book values of assets, capital structures and the method by which the assets were acquired. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to, or more meaningful than, net loss or cash flows from operating activities as determined in accordance with GAAP or as an indicator of our operating performance or liquidity. Certain items excluded from Adjusted EBITDA are significant components in understanding and assessing a company's financial performance, such as a company's cost of capital and tax structure, as well as the historic costs of depreciable assets, none of which are components of Adjusted EBITDA. Our computations of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA is a widely followed measure of operating performance and may also be used by investors to measure our ability to meet debt service requirements.

 The following tables also provide a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to the GAAP financial measure of net income or (loss) for each of our operating segments for the specified periods (in thousands).

 Consolidated

 Reconciliation of net loss to Adjusted EBITDA:
 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 (207,326)
 $
 (3,163)
 $
 (619)

 (4,014)
 (6,041)
 (3,908)

 —
 1,810
 —

 1,345

 25,204
 16,196
 11,506

 64,621
 (42,015)
 (40,912)

 (Benefit) provision for income taxes
 (11,204)

 (60,686)

 $
 (167,451)
 $
 70,979
 $
 86,144

 Well Completion Services

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 (21,886)
 $
 (2,043)
 $
 12,870

 10,889
 15,374
 20,129

 Loss (gains) on disposal of assets, net
 (2,023)
 (618)

 1,628
 4,133
 1,625

 (343)

 $
 (9,135)
 $
 15,939
 $
 34,032

 Infrastructure Services

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 (166,089)
 $
 8,237
 $
 4,933

 2,774
 8,390
 16,171

 (1,304)
 (510)
 (795)

 21,590
 9,753
 7,390

 64,535
 (39,252)
 (40,470)

 (Benefit) provision for income taxes
 (14,785)
 11,214
 13,427

 (60,686)

 $
 (153,503)
 $
 43,810
 $
 42,281

 Natural Sand Proppant Services

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 (8,496)
 $
 1,824
 $
 (886)

 5,228
 7,737
 8,714

 Loss (gains) on disposal of assets, net
 (13)
 (89)

 (18)
 (14)

 $
 (2,928)
 $
 10,033
 $
 8,418

 Other Services(a)

 Reconciliation of net loss to Adjusted EBITDA:
 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 (10,855)
 $
 (11,181)
 $
 (17,536)

 6,188
 13,609
 19,257

 (2,763)
 (3,495)
 (2,406)

 —
 1,810
 —

 1,800
 1,993
 1,916

 (2,747)
 (85)

 Provision for income taxes
 3,581
 1,083

 $
 (1,885)
 $
 1,197
 $
 1,413

 a. Includes results for our directional drilling, aviation, equipment rentals, remote accommodations and equipment manufacturing and corporate related activities. Our corporate related activities do not generate revenue.

 Adjusted Net Loss and Adjusted Loss per Share

 Adjusted net loss and adjusted basic and diluted loss per share are supplemental non-GAAP financial measures that are used by management to evaluate our operating and financial performance. Management believes these measures provide meaningful information about the Company's performance by excluding certain non-cash charges, such as impairment of goodwill, that may not be indicative of the Company's ongoing operating results, from net loss. Adjusted net loss and adjusted loss per share should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net loss and loss per share prepared in accordance with GAAP and may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies. The following tables provide a reconciliation of adjusted net loss and adjusted loss per share to the GAAP financial measures of net loss and loss per share for the periods specified.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 (in thousands, except per share amounts)

 Net loss, as reported
 $
 (207,326)
 $
 (3,163)
 $
 (619)

 —
 1,810
 —

 Adjusted net loss
 $
 (207,326)
 $
 (1,353)
 $
 (619)

 Basic loss per share, as reported
 $
 (4.31)
 $
 (0.07)
 $
 (0.01)

 —
 0.04
 —

 Adjusted basic loss per share
 $
 (4.31)
 $
 (0.03)
 $
 (0.01)

 Diluted loss per share, as reported
 $
 (4.31)
 $
 (0.07)
 $
 (0.01)

 —
 0.04
 —

 Adjusted diluted loss per share
 $
 (4.31)
 $
 (0.03)
 $
 (0.01)

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 We require capital to fund ongoing operations including maintenance expenditures on our existing fleet of equipment, organic growth initiatives, investments and acquisitions, and the litigation settlement obligations described in Note 20. "Commitments and Contingencies" to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report and under "Capital Requirements and Sources of Liquidity" below. Our primary sources of liquidity have been cash on hand, borrowings under our revolving credit facility and term credit facility and cash flows from operations, as well as the net proceeds received

 by Cobra under the assignment agreement with SPCP Group relating to the PREPA receivable. Our primary uses of capital have been for investing in property and equipment used to provide our services and to acquire complementary businesses.

 The following table summarizes our liquidity as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 60,967
 $
 16,556

 Revolving credit facility borrowing base
 25,162
 27,016

 Less current and long-term debt - related parties
 —
 (45,000)

 Less letter of credit facilities (environmental remediation)
 (4,228)
 (3,782)

 Less letter of credit facilities (insurance programs)
 (3,300)
 (2,500)

 Net working capital (less cash and current portion of long-term debt)(a)

 13,113
 297,816

 Total
 $
 91,714
 $
 290,106

 a. Net working capital (less cash) is a non-GAAP measure and, as of December 31, 2024, is calculated by subtracting total current liabilities of $114.5 million and cash and cash equivalents of $61.0 million from total current assets of $188.6 million. As of December 31, 2023, net working capital (less cash and current portion of long-term debt) is calculated by subtracting total current liabilities of $182.6 million and cash and cash equivalents of $16.6 million from total current assets of $496.9 million. Amounts include receivables due from PREPA of $20.0 million and $402.3 million and tax liabilities related to our work in Puerto Rico of $43.3 million and $60.6 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 As of March 5, 2025, we had unrestricted cash on hand of $64.8 million, no outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility and a borrowing base of $33.7 million, leaving an aggregate of $26.2 million of available borrowing capacity under this facility, after giving effect to $7.5 million of outstanding letters of credit. As of March 5, 2025, we had total liquidity of $91.0 million consisting of cash on hand and available borrowing capacity under our revolving credit facility.

 Liquidity and Cash Flows
 The following table sets forth our cash flows for the years indicated (in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 $
 180,717
 $
 31,386
 $
 15,266

 Net cash used in investing activities
 (10,432)
 (8,786)
 (2,124)

 Net cash used in financing activities
 (112,113)
 (15,586)
 (5,601)

 Effect of foreign exchange rate on cash
 (144)
 (158)

 Net change in cash
 $
 58,028
 $
 7,016
 $
 7,383

 Operating Activities

 Net cash provided by operating activities was $180.7 million, $31.4 million and $15.3 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. The change in operating cash flows from 2023 to 2024 was primarily due to increased receipts on accounts receivable, including the receipt of $232.4 million from PREPA, which was partially offset by a decline in utilization for our well completion and natural sand proppant services during 2024. The change in operating cash flows from 2022 to 2023 was primarily due to increased receipts on accounts receivable, including the receipt of $22.2 million from PREPA, which was partially offset by an increase in payments on accounts payable and other liabilities.

 Investing Activities

 Net cash used in investing activities was $10.4 million, $8.8 million and $2.1 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Cash used in investing activities is primarily comprised of purchases of property and equipment and proceeds from the disposal of property and equipment and business divestitures.

 The following table summarizes our capital expenditures by operating division for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Well completion services(a)

 $
 12,730
 $
 17,921
 $
 11,421

 Infrastructure services(b)

 2,815

 Natural sand proppant services(c)

 —

 Other(d)

 Eliminations(e)

 (153)

 Total capital expenditures
 $
 17,065
 $
 19,395
 $
 12,737

 a. Capital expenditures primarily for upgrades to our pressure pumping fleet to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and maintenance for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
 b. Capital expenditures primarily for truck, tooling and other equipment purchases for new infrastructure crews for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
 c. Capital expenditures primarily for maintenance for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
 d. Capital expenditures primarily for equipment for our remote accommodations and equipment rental businesses for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
 e. Eliminations primarily relate to upgrades to our pressure pumping fleet completed by our equipment manufacturing business.

 Financing Activities

 Net cash used in financing activities was $112.1 million, $15.6 million and $5.6 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to net repayments under our term credit facility of $50.9 million, payments on financing transactions of $46.8 million, payments on sale leaseback transactions of $12.4 million and principal payments on financing leases and equipment financing notes totaling $1.9 million. Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to net repayments under our revolving credit facility of $83.5 million, principal payments on financing leases and equipment financing notes of $12.2 million, principal payments on sale leaseback arrangements of $5.0 million, debt issuance costs of $4.0 million and share repurchases used to satisfy tax withholding obligations of $0.9 million in connection with the vesting and settlement of certain executive restricted stock unit awards, partially offset by net proceeds from financing transactions of $46.1 million and borrowings with related parties of $43.9 million in relation to our term loan. Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to net repayments under our revolving credit facility of $1.5 million and principal payments on financing leases and equipment notes of $4.3 million, partially offset by net proceeds received from sale-leaseback transactions of $0.2 million.

 Effect of Foreign Exchange Rate on Cash

 The effect of foreign exchange rate on cash was a ($0.1) million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a nominal amount for the year ended December 31, 2023, and ($0.2) million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The year-over-year effect was driven primarily by a favorable (unfavorable) shift in the weakness (strength) of the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar for the cash held in Canadian accounts.

 Working Capital

 Our working capital totaled $74.1 million and $314.4 million, respectively, at December 31, 2024 and 2023. Our unrestricted cash balances totaled $61.0 million and $16.6 million, respectively, at December 31, 2024 and 2023. Included in working capital are receivables due from PREPA totaling $20.0 million and $402.3 million and tax liabilities related to our work in Puerto Rico of $43.3 million and $60.6 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Revolving Credit Facility and Term Credit Facility

 On October 16, 2023, we entered into a revolving credit facility and a term credit facility (each as defined below), which refinanced in full our indebtedness outstanding under, and terminated, the amended and restated revolving credit facility, dated as of October 19, 2018, as amended (the "previous revolving credit facility"), with us and certain of our direct and indirect subsidiaries, as borrowers, the lenders party thereto from time to time, and PNC Bank, National Association, as a lender and as administrative agent for the lenders.

 On October 16, 2023, we, as borrower, and certain of our direct and indirect subsidiaries, as guarantors, entered into a revolving credit agreement with the lenders party thereto and Fifth Third Bank, National Association, as a lender and as

 administrative agent for the lenders ("Fifth Third Bank"), as may be subsequently amended (the "revolving credit facility"). The revolving credit facility provides for revolving commitments in an aggregate amount of up to $75 million. Borrowings under the revolving credit facility are secured by our assets, inclusive of the subsidiary companies, and are subject to a borrowing base calculation prepared monthly which includes a requirement to maintain certain reserves as specified in the revolving credit facility. The revolving credit facility also contains various affirmative and restrictive covenants. Interest under the revolving credit facility equals the Tranche Rate (as defined in the revolving credit facility) plus (i) 1.75%, if the Average Excess Availability Percentage (as defined in the revolving credit facility) is greater than 66 2/3%, (ii) 2.00% if the Average Excess Availability Percentage is greater than 33 1/3% and less than or equal to 66 2/3%, and (iii) 2.25% if the Average Excess Availability Percentage is less than or equal to 33 1/3%.

 As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the financial covenant under the revolving credit facility was the fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.0 to 1.0 which applies only during the period from the date that excess availability under the revolving credit facility is less than the greater of (i) 10% of total availability under the revolving credit facility and (ii) $5 million until the date in which the excess availability is equal to the greater of (i) 10% of excess availability and (ii) $5 million for 30 consecutive days (such period, a "Financial Covenant Period"). A Financial Covenant Period was not in effect as of each of December 31, 2024 and the filing date of this report.

 On October 16, 2024, the Company entered into (i) an amendment to the revolving credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement Amendment") and (ii) a letter of credit reimbursement agreement (the "Reimbursement Agreement"), each with Fifth Third Bank. The Credit Agreement Amendment, among other things, permits the transactions contemplated by the Reimbursement Agreement, including the issuance of one or more letters of credit to satisfy Cobra's obligations under the Settlement Agreement relating to one or more indemnity letters of credit. The aggregate amount of all such letters of credit shall not exceed $18.4 million. Under the terms of the Reimbursement Agreement, the Company agreed to hold cash funds totaling at least 105% of the stated amount of all letters of credit in an account maintained by Fifth Third Bank and to which Fifth Third Bank has a first priority security interest.

 On October 18, 2024, Cobra received a payment from PREPA totaling $18.4 million under the terms of the Settlement Agreement. In connection with the receipt of the $18.4 million from PREPA, Cobra instructed Fifth Third Bank to issue a letter of credit to PREPA under the Reimbursement Agreement in the amount of $18.4 million and transferred a total of $19.3 million to a restricted cash account maintained by Fifth Third Bank as collateral for the letter of credit.

 On October 16, 2023, we, as borrower, and certain of our direct and indirect subsidiaries, as guarantors, also entered into a loan and security agreement with the lenders party thereto and Wexford Capital LP, an affiliate of the Company (the "term credit facility"). The term credit facility was approved by the audit committee of our board of directors, consisting entirely of independent directors, as a transaction with a related party.

 The term credit facility provided for term commitments in an aggregate amount equal to $45 million. Borrowings under the term credit facility were secured by our assets, inclusive of the subsidiary companies. The term credit facility also contained various affirmative and restrictive covenants. Interest under the term credit facility equaled the SOFR Interest Rate (as defined in the term credit facility) plus 7.50%; provided that we may elect to pay all or a portion of the accrued interest due with respect to any Interest Period (as defined in the new term credit facility) ending on or before April 16, 2025, in kind by adding such accrued interest to the principal amount of the outstanding loans thereunder.

 In particular, under the term credit facility, we were required, among other things, to mandatorily remit to Wexford up to 50% of all amounts that constitute PREPA Claim Proceeds, as such term is defined in the term credit facility, which were used to reduce outstanding borrowings under the term credit facility, as required under the terms thereof. Wexford waived this requirement in connection with the Assignment Agreement and the $9.6 million received by Cobra from PREPA in February 2024.

 In connection with the receipt of the first installment amount under the Settlement Agreement on October 1, 2024, the Company paid, in full, all amounts owed under the term credit facility, including the accrued and unpaid interest, in the aggregate amount of $50.9 million, and terminated the facility on October 2, 2024. In connection with the payoff of the term credit facility, Wexford waived the 1% early termination penalty.

 If an event of default occurs under the revolving credit facility and remains uncured, it could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. The lenders, as applicable, (i) would not be required to lend any additional amounts to the Company, (ii) could elect to increase the interest rate by 200 basis points, (iii) could elect to declare all outstanding borrowings, together with accrued and unpaid interest and fees, to be due and payable, (iv) may have the ability to require the Company to apply all of its available cash to repay outstanding borrowings, and (v) may

 foreclose on substantially all of the Company's assets. The revolving credit facility is currently scheduled to mature on October 16, 2028.

 There were no financial covenants applicable under the revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

 As of March 5, 2025, our borrowing base was $33.7 million and we had no outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility, leaving an aggregate of $26.2 million of available borrowing capacity, after giving effect to $7.5 million of outstanding letters of credit and the requirement to maintain the reserves specified in the revolving credit facility out of the available borrowing capacity.

 Cobra Assignment Agreement

 On December 1, 2023, Cobra, as seller, and Mammoth, as guarantor, entered into an assignment agreement (the "Assignment Agreement") with SPCP Group, LLC ("SPCP Group"), as purchaser. Under the terms and conditions of the Assignment Agreement, Cobra transferred to SPCP Group, at the purchase rate of 88.0% and free and clear of any liens and claims, all of its rights, title and interest in the first $63.0 million (the "Transferred Amount") of the total outstanding accounts receivable that remained unpaid by PREPA as of October 6, 2023 (the "PREPA Claim"), received or to be received by Cobra on or after October 6, 2023. Between October 6, 2023 and December 1, 2023, Cobra received payments from PREPA with respect to the PREPA Claim totaling $8.6 million (the "Interim Payment Amount"), resulting in the net Transferred Amount of $54.4 million.

 In connection with the entry into the Assignment Agreement, Mammoth and Cobra obtained the required consents from lenders under the Company's revolving credit facility with Fifth Third Bank and the Company's term loan and security agreement with Wexford. Further, under the term loan and security agreement with Wexford, Mammoth was required, among other things, to mandatorily remit to Wexford up to 50% of all amounts that constitute PREPA Claim proceeds, including the proceeds received by Cobra under the Assignment Agreement, to reduce outstanding borrowings under such term loan and security agreement. In connection with the Assignment Agreement, Wexford waived this requirement.

 The net proceeds received by Cobra in connection with the Assignment Agreement were $46.1 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, PREPA paid $64.0 million with respect to the outstanding PREPA receivable. Of the $64.0 million, $54.4 million was paid to SPCP Group, as Cobra's assignee under the Assignment Agreement, which fully extinguished Cobra's and Mammoth's obligations to SPCP Group, and the Assignment Agreement was terminated. The remaining $9.6 million was paid to Cobra.

 Repurchase Program Authorization

 On August 10, 2023, our board of directors approved a stock repurchase program pursuant to which we would be authorized to repurchase up to the lesser of $55 million or 10 million shares of its common stock, subject to the factors discussed below. Following the completion of the refinancing transactions discussed in this report, any stock repurchases under this program may be made opportunistically from time to time in open market or privately negotiated transactions in compliance with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Act of 1934, as amended, including any 10b5-1 plan, and will be subject to market conditions, applicable legal and contractual restrictions, liquidity requirements and other factors. The repurchase program has no time limit, does not require us to repurchase any specific number of shares and may be suspended from time to time, modified or discontinued by our board of directors at any time. Any common stock repurchased as part of such stock repurchase program will be cancelled and retired. We have not repurchased any shares of our common stock under the stock repurchase program as of December 31, 2024 or to date. See also Item 1A. "Risk Factors--Our ability to repurchase stock may be limited and no assurance can be given that we will be able to effectuate our stock repurchase program in the future at indicated levels or at all."

 Sale-Leaseback Transactions

 On December 30, 2020, we entered into an agreement with First National Capital, LLC, or FNC, whereby we agreed to sell certain assets from our infrastructure segment to FNC for aggregate proceeds of $5.0 million. Concurrent with the sale of assets, we entered into a 36-month lease agreement whereby we lease back the assets at a monthly rental rate of $0.1 million. On December 30, 2023, this lease was extended 12 months. On June 1, 2021, we entered into another agreement with FNC whereby we sold additional assets from our infrastructure segment to FNC for aggregate proceeds of $9.5 million and entered into a 42-month lease agreement whereby we lease back the assets at a monthly rental rate of $0.2 million. On June 1, 2022, we entered into another agreement with FNC whereby we sold additional assets from our infrastructure segment to FNC for

 aggregate proceeds of $4.6 million and entered into a 42-month lease agreement whereby we lease back the assets at a monthly rental rate of $0.1 million. Under the agreements, we have the option to purchase the assets at the end of the lease term, which caused us to fail true sale treatment. As a result, we recorded a liability for the proceeds received and will continue to depreciate the assets. We imputed an interest rate so that the carrying amount of the financial liabilities will be the expected repurchase price at the end of the lease terms. During 2024, the Company changed its estimate of the purchase price at the end of the leases, resulting in charges to interest expense and financing charges, net of $9.9 million. During the fourth quarter of 2024, we purchased the assets under the June 1, 2021 and June 1, 2022 agreements for an aggregate purchase price of $10.9 million.

 Equipment Financing Note

 In December 2022, we entered into a 42-month financing arrangement with FNC for the purchase of seven new pressure pumping units for an aggregate value of $9.7 million. Under this arrangement, we agreed to make monthly principal and interest payments totaling $0.3 million over the term of the agreement. This note was secured by the seven pressure pumping units and bore interest at an imputed rate of approximately 15.0%. This equipment note was paid off on December 22, 2023.

 Capital Requirements and Sources of Liquidity

 As we pursue our business and financial strategy, we regularly consider which capital resources are available to meet our future financial obligations and liquidity requirement. We believe that our cash on hand, including the cash payments received to date under the Settlement Agreement with PREPA, operating cash flow and available borrowings under our currently undrawn credit facility will be sufficient to meet our short-term and long-term funding requirements, including funding our current operations, planned capital expenditures, debt service obligations and known contingencies.

 During the year ended December 31, 2024, our capital expenditures totaled $17.1 million, including $12.7 million in our well completion segment primarily related to upgrades to our pressure pumping fleet, $2.8 million in our infrastructure segment primarily related to truck, tooling and equipment purchases for new crews and $1.6 million for our other divisions primarily related to equipment additions for our remote accommodations and equipment rental businesses.

 During 2025, we currently estimate that our aggregate capital expenditures for our existing businesses will be approximately $12 million, depending upon industry conditions and our financial results. These capital expenditures include $5 million for our well completions segment, $1 million for our infrastructure segment, $1 million for our sand segment and $5 million for our other businesses, primarily related to our equipment rentals division. Additional growth in our infrastructure division is expected to be financed through leasing arrangements.

 Also, as noted above in this report, in response to market conditions and reduced demand, we have (i) temporarily shut down certain of our oilfield service offerings, including coil tubing, pressure control, flowback, crude oil hauling, cementing, acidizing and land drilling services, (ii) idled certain facilities, including our sand processing plant in Pierce County, Wisconsin and (iii) reduced our workforce across all of our operations. We continue to monitor market conditions to determine if and when we will recommence these services and operations and increase our workforce. Any such recommencement and expansion will further increase our liquidity requirements in advance of revenue generation.

 In addition, while we regularly evaluate acquisition opportunities, we do not have a specific acquisition budget for 2025 since the timing and size of acquisitions cannot be accurately forecasted. We intend to continue to evaluate acquisition opportunities, including those in the renewable energy sector as well as transactions involving entities controlled by Wexford. Our acquisitions may be undertaken with cash, our common stock or a combination of cash, common stock and/or other consideration. In the event we make one or more acquisitions and the amount of capital required is greater than the amount we have available for acquisitions at that time, we could be required to reduce the expected level of capital expenditures and/or seek additional capital.

 If we seek additional capital for any of the above or other reasons, we may do so through borrowings under the revolving credit facility, joint venture partnerships, sale-leaseback transactions, asset sales, including potential sales of accounts receivable or other financing transactions, offerings of debt or equity securities or other means. Although we expect that our sources of capital will be adequate to fund our short-term and long-term liquidity requirements, we cannot assure you that this additional capital will be available on acceptable terms or at all. If we are unable to obtain funds we need, our ability to conduct operations, make capital expenditures, satisfy debt services obligations, pay litigation settlement obligations, fund contingencies and/or complete acquisitions that may be favorable to us will be impaired, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 Contractual and Commercial Commitments
 The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
 Total
 Less than 1 year
 1-3 Years
 3-5 Years
 More than 5 Years

 Contractual obligations:

 Commitment fees on revolving credit facility(a)

 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 —

 Sale-leaseback arrangements(b)

 3,283
 3,283
 —
 —
 —

 Operating lease obligations(c)

 7,313
 3,846
 2,287

 Financing lease obligations(d)

 10,337
 2,729
 5,017
 1,906

 $
 21,597
 $
 10,046
 $
 7,679
 $
 2,734
 $
 1,138

 a. Assumes no outstanding borrowings on the revolving credit facility.
 b. Obligations under a sale-leaseback arrangement for a portion of our infrastructure segment assets.
 c. Operating lease obligations primarily relate to rail cars, real estate and other equipment.
 d. Financing lease obligations primarily relate to equipment for our infrastructure and natural sand proppant segments.

 Critical Accounting Estimates
 The preparation of financial statements requires the use of judgments and estimates. Our critical accounting policies are described below to provide a better understanding of how we develop our assumptions and judgments about future events and related estimates and how they can impact our financial statements. A critical accounting estimate is one that requires our most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments and assessments and is fundamental to our results of operations. We identified our most critical accounting estimates to be:
 –allowance for expected credit losses;
 –valuations of long-lived assets, including goodwill and intangible assets; and
 –litigation and contingencies.
 We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions we believe to be reasonable according to the current facts and circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We believe the following are the critical accounting policies used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements, as well as the significant estimates and judgments affecting the application of these policies. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this report.

 Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
 We regularly review receivables and provide for estimated losses through an allowance for expected credit losses. In evaluating the level of established reserves, we make judgments regarding our customers' ability to make required payments, economic events and other factors. As the financial condition of customers changes, circumstances develop, or additional information becomes available, adjustments to the allowance for expected credit losses may be required. This process involves judgment and estimation. Accordingly, our results of operations can be affected by adjustments to the allowance due to actual write-offs that differ from estimated amounts.
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our allowance for expected credit losses totaled $171.4 million and $0.2 million, respectively. During 2024 and 2023, we wrote-off accounts receivable totaling $0.3 million and $2.8 million, respectively.
 PREPA Allowance for Expected Credit Losses

 As of December 31, 2024, $20.0 million remained outstanding from PREPA. PREPA is currently subject to bankruptcy proceedings, which were filed in July 2017 and are currently pending in the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico (the "Title III Court"). As a result, PREPA's ability to meet its payment obligations under the above-referenced agreements was largely dependent upon funding from the Federal Emergency Management Agency ("FEMA") or other sources. Since September 30, 2019, Cobra has been pursuing litigation in the Title III Court and other dispute resolution efforts seeking recovery of the amounts owed to Cobra by PREPA for restoration services in Puerto Rico, which proceedings are discussed in more detail in the Company's prior reports filed with the SEC. On July 22, 2024, Cobra entered into the Settlement Agreement with PREPA and the FOMB, in its capacity as Title III representative for PREPA, to settle all outstanding matters between Cobra and PREPA.

 Under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, Cobra was allowed an administrative expense claim against PREPA of $170.0 million, plus the $18.4 million in the Withheld FEMA Funds, as defined herein. During October 2024, Cobra received the first installment payment of $150.0 million from the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the $18.4 million in the Withheld FEMA Funds. As of December 31, 2024, $20.0 million remained outstanding from PREPA. Under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, this amount is required to be paid to Cobra within seven days following the effective date of PREPA's plan of adjustment.

 As a result of the Settlement Agreement, the Company recorded a non-cash, pre-tax charge of approximately $170.7 million in the second quarter of 2024 to reduce its accounts receivable balance from PREPA of $359.1 million, representing the amount owed to Cobra by PREPA in relation to these agreements as of June 30, 2024, including the accrued but unpaid interest, prior to the Settlement Agreement, to the amount expected to be received from the Settlement Agreement. Of the $170.7 million, $89.2 million was charged to credit loss expense, which is included in "selling, general and administrative" in the accompanying consolidated statement of comprehensive loss, and $81.5 million was charged to interest on delinquent accounts receivable, which is included in "other (expense) income, net" in the accompanying consolidated

 statement of comprehensive loss. Complete performance of the Settlement Agreement is not met until PREPA satisfies the remaining $20.0 million payment. Therefore, the Company recorded the $170.7 million as an allowance for expected credit losses.

 See Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for additional detail regarding our allowance for expected credit losses.

 Valuation of Long-Lived Assets

 Long-lived assets on our balance sheet include property, plant and equipment, goodwill and intangible assets. We test goodwill for impairment annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that an impairment may exist. We conduct impairment tests on long-lived assets, other than goodwill, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable.

 Goodwill. Under generally accepted accounting principles, we have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of one or more of our reporting units is greater than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, we determine it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, there is no need to perform any further testing. However, if we conclude otherwise, then we are required to perform a quantitative impairment test by calculating the fair value of the reporting unit and comparing the fair value with the carrying amount of the reporting unit. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an impairment loss is recorded based on that difference.

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $1.8 million. We did not recognize any impairment of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2022. See Note 7. "Impairments" to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for details regarding the facts and circumstances that led to this impairment and how the fair value of each reporting unit was estimated, including significant assumptions used and other details.

 Other Long-Lived Assets. Impairment of other long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment and intangible assets is evaluated by measuring the carrying amount of the assets against the estimated undiscounted future cash flows associated with the assets. If such evaluations indicate that the future undiscounted cash flow from the assets is not sufficient to recover the carrying value of such assets, the assets are adjusted to their estimated fair values.

 We did not recognize any impairment of other long-lived assets for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 or 2022.

 The assumptions used in the impairment evaluation for goodwill and other long-lived assets are inherently uncertain and require management's judgment. A continued period of low oil and natural gas prices or continued reductions in capital expenditures by our customers would likely have an adverse impact on our utilization and the prices that we receive for our services. This could result in the recognition of future material impairment charges if future cash flow estimates, based upon information then available to management, indicate that their carrying values are not recoverable.

 Litigation and Contingencies

 As discussed in Note 20. "Commitments and Contingencies" to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report, we are involved in various litigation matters arising in the ordinary course of business. Accruals for litigation and contingencies are based on our assessment, including advice of legal counsel, of the expected outcome of litigation or other dispute resolution proceedings and/or the expected resolution of contingencies. For matters in which a liability is probable and reasonably estimable, we accrue an estimate for the resolution of the matter. For matters in which a liability is not probable and reasonably estimable, we do not accrue any amounts. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of probability of loss and the determination as to whether the amount is reasonably estimable. Accruals are based on information available at the time of the assessment due to the uncertain nature of such matters. As additional information becomes available, we reassess potential liabilities related to pending claims and litigation and may revise previous estimates, which could materially affect our results of operations in a given period.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 The demand, pricing and terms for our products and services are largely dependent upon the level of activity for the U.S. oil and natural gas industry, energy infrastructure industry and natural sand proppant industry. Industry conditions are influenced by numerous factors over which we have no control, including, but not limited to: the supply of and demand for oil and natural gas services, energy infrastructure services and natural sand proppant; demand for repair and construction of transmission lines, substations and distribution networks in the energy infrastructure industry and the level of expenditures of utility companies; the level of prices of, and expectations about future prices for, oil and natural gas and natural sand proppant, as well as energy infrastructure services; the cost of exploring for, developing, producing and delivering oil and natural gas; the expected rates of declining current production; the discovery rates of new oil and natural gas reserves and frac sand reserves meeting industry specifications and consisting of the mesh size in demand; access to pipeline, transloading and other transportation facilities and their capacity; weather conditions; domestic and worldwide economic conditions; political instability in oil-producing countries; environmental regulations; technical advances affecting energy consumption; the price and availability of alternative fuels; the ability of oil and natural gas producers and other users of our services to raise equity capital and debt financing; and merger and divestiture activity in industries in which we operate.

 Throughout 2023, pricing for crude oil and natural gas declined from levels seen in 2022, which slowed down completion activities for our customers, in particular, in the Utica and Marcellus Shale natural gas plays, and, as a result, reduced demand for our well completion services. Throughout 2024, we continued to experience persistent challenges in our well completion business and other oilfield services associated with lower U.S. onshore activity and sustained weakness in the natural gas basins in which we operate. We expect 2025 completions activity to be relatively steady, with the potential for upside compared to 2024 driven by incremental demand associated with natural gas. Positive trends that may contribute to increased activity will come from LNG export capacity coming online and general electricity and power demand enhancements.

 Although the levels of activity in the U.S. oil and natural gas exploration and production, energy infrastructure and natural sand proppant industries continue to improve, they have historically been and continue to be volatile. We are unable to predict the ultimate impact of the volatility in commodity prices, any changes in the near-term or long-term outlook for our industries or overall macroeconomic conditions on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price.

 Interest Rate Risk

 We had a cash and cash equivalents balance of $61.0 million at December 31, 2024. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.

 Interest under our revolving credit facility equals the Tranche Rate (as defined in the revolving credit facility) plus an applicable margin, which can fluctuate based on multiple facts, including rates set by the U.S. Federal Reserve, the supply and demand for credit and general economic conditions, plus an applicable margin. At December 31, 2024, we had no outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility. We do not currently hedge our interest rate exposure.

 Foreign Currency Risk

 Our remote accommodation business, which is included in our other services division, generates revenue and incurs expenses that are denominated in the Canadian dollar. These transactions could be materially affected by currency fluctuations. Changes in currency exchange rates could adversely affect our consolidated results of operations or financial position. We also maintain cash balances denominated in the Canadian dollar. At December 31, 2024, we had $4.0 million of cash in Canadian accounts. A 10% increase in the strength of the Canadian dollar versus the U.S. dollar would have resulted in an increase in pre-tax income of approximately ($0.3) million as of December 31, 2024. Conversely, a corresponding decrease in the strength of the Canadian dollar would have resulted in a comparable increase in pre-tax income. We have not hedged our exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and, as a result, could incur unanticipated translation gains and losses.

 Customer Credit Risk

 We are also subject to credit risk due to concentration of our receivables from several significant customers. We generally do not require our customers to post collateral. The inability, delay or failure of our customers to meet their obligations to us due to customer liquidity issues or their insolvency or liquidation may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. This risk may be further enhanced by the volatility in commodity prices, the reduction in demand for our services and challenging macroeconomic conditions.

 Specifically, we had receivables due from PREPA totaling $20.0 million as of December 31, 2024. PREPA is currently subject to bankruptcy proceedings pending in the U.S. District Court for the District of Puerto Rico. See Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Accounts Receivable" and "—Concentrations of Credit Risk and Significant Customers" and Note 20. "Commitments and Contingencies—Litigation" to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for additional information.

 Seasonality

 We provide infrastructure services in the northeastern, southwestern, midwestern and western portions of the United States. We provide well completion and drilling services primarily in the Utica, Permian Basin, Eagle Ford, Marcellus, Granite Wash, Cana Woodford and Cleveland sand resource plays located in the continental U.S. We provide remote accommodation services in the oil sands in Alberta, Canada. We serve these markets through our facilities and service centers that are strategically located to serve our customers in Ohio, Texas, Oklahoma, Wisconsin, Kentucky, Colorado, California, Indiana and Alberta, Canada. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we generated approximately 35%, 48% and 45%, respectively, of our revenue from our operations in Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Canada where weather conditions may be severe. As a result, our operations may be limited or disrupted, particularly during winter and spring months, in these geographic regions, which would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Our operations in Oklahoma and Texas are generally not affected by seasonal weather conditions.

 Inflation

 During the last two years, inflation in the U.S. reached some of the highest levels in over 40 years, creating inflationary pressure on the cost of services, equipment and other goods in our industries and other sectors and contributing to labor and materials shortages across the supply-chain. Although inflation has recently moderated and the Federal Reserve has begun lowering interest rates, there can be no assurance regarding the timing of any such interest rate cuts or their impact on inflation or any future price changes. If the inflationary pressures on our operating costs and capital expenditures persist, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 The information required by this item appears beginning on page F-1 following the signature pages of this report.

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Not applicable.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

 Evaluation of Disclosure Control and Procedures
 Under the direction of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we have established disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. The disclosure controls and procedures are also intended to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

 As of December 31, 2024, an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act. Based upon our

 evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that as of December 31, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

 Changes in Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting
 There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
 As of December 31, 2024, management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on its evaluation, management did not identify any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and determined that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024.
 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 Grant Thornton LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements of the Company included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued their report on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting at December 31, 2024. The report, which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting at December 31, 2024, is included in this Item under the heading "Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm".

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
 Board of Directors and Shareholders
 Mammoth Energy Services, Inc.

 Opinion on internal control over financial reporting
 We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Mammoth Energy Services, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, and our report dated March 7, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

 Basis for opinion
 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting
 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 /s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

 Item 9B. Other Information

 During the three months ended December 31, 2024, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Not applicable.

 PART III.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Information required by Item 10 of Part III is incorporated herein by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement to be filed by us pursuant to Regulation 14A of the General Rules and Regulations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days after the close of the year ended December 31, 2024.

 We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to directors and employees, including the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer, controller and persons performing similar functions. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is posted on our website at  We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirements under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K regarding an amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics by posting such information on our website at the address specified above.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation

 The information required by Item 11 of Part III is incorporated by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement to be filed by us pursuant to Regulation 14A of the General Rules and Regulations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days after the close of the year ended December 31, 2024.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 The information required by Item 12 of Part III is incorporated by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement to be filed by us pursuant to Regulation 14A of the General Rules and Regulations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days after the close of the year ended December 31, 2024.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence

 The information required by Item 13 of Part III is incorporated by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement to be filed by us pursuant to Regulation 14A of the General Rules and Regulations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days after the close of the year ended December 31, 2024.

 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 The information required by Item 14 of Part III is incorporated by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement to be filed by us pursuant to Regulation 14A of the General Rules and Regulations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days after the close of the year ended December 31, 2024.

 PART IV.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 The following documents are filed as part of this report or incorporated by reference herein:

 (1) Financial Statements

 Page

 Financial Statements

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID Number 248)

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 (2) Financial Statement Schedules
 All financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable or the required disclosure is presented in the financial statements or notes thereto.

 (3) Exhibits
 Exhibit Number

 Exhibit Description

 3.1

 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37917), filed with the SEC on November 15, 2016).

 3.2

 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37917), filed with the SEC on November 15, 2016).

 3.3

 First Amendment to Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37917), filed with the SEC on June 9, 2020).

 4.1

 Description of Securities of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-37917), filed with the SEC on March 2, 2020).

 4.2

 Specimen Certificate for shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (File No. 333-213504), filed with the SEC on October 3, 2016).

 4.3

 Registration Rights Agreement, dated October 12, 2016, by and between the Company and Mammoth Energy Holdings, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37917), filed with the SEC on November 15, 2016).

 10.1*

 N810LA Helicopter Lease Extension Agreement, dated as of January 1, 2025 by and between Cobra Aviation Services LLC and Brim Equipment Leasing LLC.

 10.2*

 N904AF Helicopter Lease Extension Agreement, dated as of January 1, 2025 by and between Leopard Aviation LLC and Brim Equipment Leasing LLC.

 10.3

 Advisory Services Agreement, dated as of October 19, 2016, by and between the Company and Wexford Capital LP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37917), filed with the SEC on November 15, 2016).

 10.4

 Mammoth Energy Securities, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37917), filed with the SEC on November 15, 2016).

 10.5

 Form of Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company's Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (File No. 333-213504), filed with the SEC on September 23, 2016).

 10.6

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Company's Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (File No. 333-213504), filed with the SEC on September 23, 2016).

 10.7

 Form of Director and Officer Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Company's Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (File No. 333-213504), filed with the SEC on October 3, 2016).

 10.8

 Emergency Master Service Agreement for PREPA's Electrical Grid Repairs-Hurricane Maria, executed on October 19, 2017, by the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) and Cobra Acquisitions LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-37917), filed with the SEC on November 14, 2017).

 10.9

 Amendment No. 1 to Emergency Master Service Agreement for PREPA's Electrical Grid Repairs-Hurricane Maria, executed on November 1, 2017, by the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) and Cobra Acquisitions LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-37917), filed with the SEC on November 14, 2017).

 10.10

 Amendment No. 2 to Emergency Master Service Agreement for PREPA's Electrical Grid Repairs-Hurricane Maria, dated as of December 8, 2017, between the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) and Cobra Acquisitions LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37917), filed with the SEC on January 31, 2018).

 10.11

 Amendment No. 3 to Emergency Master Service Agreement for PREPA's Electrical Grid Repairs-Hurricane Maria, dated December 21, 2017, between the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) and Cobra Acquisitions LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37917), filed with the SEC on January 31, 2018).

 10.12

 Amendment No. 4 to Emergency Master Service Agreement for PREPA's Electrical Grid Repairs-Hurricane Maria, dated as of January 28, 2018, between the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) and Cobra Acquisitions LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37917), filed with the SEC on January 31, 2018).

 10.13

 Amendment No. 5 to Emergency Master Service Agreement for PREPA's Electrical Grid Repairs-Hurricane Maria, dated as of February 27, 2018, between the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) and Cobra Acquisitions LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-37917), filed with the SEC on February 28, 2018).

 10.14

 Master Service Contract for PREPA's Electrical Grid Repairs Hurricane Maria, executed on May 26, 2018, by the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) and Cobra Acquisitions LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37917), filed with the SEC on May 31, 2018).

 10.15

 N810LA Helicopter Lease Agreement, dated as of January 10, 2020 and effective as of January 1, 2020, by and between Cobra Aviation LLC and Brim Equipment Leasing LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-37917), filed with the SEC on May 11, 2020).

 10.16

 N904AF Helicopter Lease Agreement, dated as of January 10, 2020 and effective as of January 1, 2020, by and between Leopard Aviation LLC and Brim Equipment Leasing LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-37917), filed with the SEC on May 11, 2020).

 10.17

 First Amendment to the Mammoth Energy Services, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed with the SEC on June 10, 2020).

 10.18

 Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of October 16, 2023, by and among Mammoth Energy Services, Inc., as borrower, certain of its direct and indirect subsidiaries, as guarantors, the lenders from time to time party thereto, and Fifth Third Bank, National Association, as agent, letters of credit issuer and swing line lender.

 10.19

 Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of October 16, 2023, by and among Mammoth Energy Services, Inc., as borrower, certain of its direct and indirect subsidiaries, as guarantors, the lenders from time to time party thereto and Wexford Capital LP, as agent for lenders.

 10.20

 Assignment Agreement, dated as of December 1, 2023, between Cobra Acquisitions LLC, as seller, Mammoth Energy Services, Inc. as guarantor, and SPCP Group, LLC, as purchaser.

 10.21

 Mammoth Energy Services, Inc. 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex B to the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on April 29, 2024).

 10.22

 Credit Agreement Amendment, dated as of October 16, 2024, by and between the Company and Fifth Third Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-37917), filed with the SEC on November 1, 2024).

 19.1*

 Mammoth Energy Services Inc. Insider Trading and Unauthorized Disclosure of Information Policy

 19.2*

 Mammoth Energy Services Inc. Supplemental Insider Trading Policy

 21.1*

 List of Significant Subsidiaries of the Company.

 23.1*

 John T. Boyd Company Consent.

 23.2*

 Consent of Grant Thornton LLP with respect to the financial statements of Mammoth Energy Services Inc.

 31.1*

 Certification of Chief Executive Officer of the Registrant pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

 31.2*

 Certification of Chief Financial Officer of the Registrant pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

 32.1**

 Certification of Chief Executive Officer of the Registrant pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code.

 32.2**

 Certification of Chief Financial Officer of the Registrant pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code.

 95.1*

 Mine Safety Disclosure Exhibit.

 96.1

 Technical Report Summary for Piranha and Taylor Mines prepared by John T. Boyd Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 96.1 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-37917) filed with the SEC on March 4, 2022).

 97.1

 Mammoth Energy Services, Inc. Clawback Policy, effective as of December 1, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97.1 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-37917), filed with the SEC on March 1, 2024).

 101.INS*

 101.SCH*

 101.CAL*

 101.DEF*

 101.LAB*

 101.PRE*

 *
 Filed herewith.

 **
 Furnished herewith, not filed.

 +
 Management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

 None.

 Signatures

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

 Date:
 By:
 /s/ Mark Layton

 Mark Layton

 Chief Financial Officer

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signature
 Title
 Date

 /s/ Phil Lancaster
 Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer)

 Phil Lancaster

 /s/ Mark Layton
 Chief Financial Officer (principal financial and accounting officer)

 Mark Layton

 /s/ Arthur Amron
 Director (Chairman of the Board)

 Arthur Amron

 /s/ James D. Palm
 Director

 James D. Palm

 /s/ Paul Jacobi
 Director

 Paul Jacobi

 /s/ Arthur Smith
 Director

 Arthur Smith

 /s/ Corey Booker
 Director

 Corey Booker

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 Board of Directors and Shareholders
 Mammoth Energy Services, Inc.

 Opinion on the financial statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Mammoth Energy Services, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"), and our report dated March 7, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion.

 Basis for opinion
 These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical audit matters
 Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

 /s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2012.

 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

 ASSETS

 2024
 2023

 CURRENT ASSETS

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 60,967
 $
 16,556

 Restricted cash
 21,359
 7,742

 Accounts receivable, net
 79,020
 447,202

 Inventories
 15,119
 12,653

 Prepaid expenses
 1,780
 1,931

 Other current assets
 10,342
 10,841

 Total current assets
 188,587
 496,925

 Property, plant and equipment, net
 115,082
 113,905

 Sand reserves, net
 57,273
 58,528

 Operating lease right-of-use assets
 6,417
 9,551

 9,214
 9,214

 Deferred income tax asset
 —
 1,844

 Other non-current assets
 7,458
 8,512

 Total assets
 $
 384,031
 $
 698,479

 LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

 CURRENT LIABILITIES

 Accounts payable
 $
 32,459
 $
 27,508

 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
 33,940
 86,713

 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities - related parties
 —
 1,241

 Current operating lease liability
 3,450
 5,771

 Income taxes payable
 44,658
 61,320

 Total current liabilities
 114,507
 182,553

 Long-term debt from related parties
 —
 42,809

 Deferred income tax liabilities
 3,021

 Long-term operating lease liability
 2,792
 3,534

 Asset retirement obligations
 4,234
 4,140

 Other long-term liabilities
 6,659
 4,715

 Total liabilities
 131,213
 238,379

 COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 20)

 EQUITY

 Equity:

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized, 48,127,369 and 47,941,652 issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023

 Additional paid in capital
 540,431
 539,558

 Accumulated deficit
 ( 283,643)
 ( 76,317)

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 4,451)
 ( 3,620)

 Total equity
 252,818
 460,100

 Total liabilities and equity
 $
 384,031
 $
 698,479

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

 2024
 2023
 2022

 REVENUE
 (in thousands, except per share amounts)

 Services revenue
 $
 167,358
 $
 269,227
 $
 311,968

 Services revenue - related parties
 1,548
 1,133

 Product revenue
 19,026
 39,285
 48,985

 362,086

 COST AND EXPENSES

 Services cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion of $ 19,848, $ 37,356 and $ 55,564, respectively, for 2024, 2023, and 2022)

 151,474
 219,876
 241,323

 Services cost of revenue - related parties (exclusive of depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion of $ 0, $ 0 and $ 0, respectively, for 2024, 2023, and 2022)

 Product cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion of $ 5,228, $ 7,734 and $ 8,707, respectively, for 2024, 2023, and 2022)

 18,911
 27,489
 36,723

 Selling, general and administrative (Note 13)

 124,821
 37,458
 39,554

 ( 4,014)
 ( 6,041)
 ( 3,908)

 —
 1,810
 —

 Total cost and expenses
 316,637
 326,177
 378,504

 Operating loss
 ( 128,705)
 ( 16,685)
 ( 16,418)

 OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE)

 ( 20,497)
 ( 14,955)
 ( 11,506)

 Interest expense and financing charges, net - related parties
 ( 4,707)
 ( 1,241)
 —

 Other (expense) income, net
 ( 64,621)
 42,015
 40,912

 Total other income (expense)
 ( 89,825)
 25,819
 29,406

 Income (loss) before income taxes
 ( 218,530)
 9,134
 12,988

 Provision (benefit) for income taxes
 ( 11,204)

 $
 $
 $

 OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

 Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax of $ 0, $ 0 and $ 0, respectively, for 2024, 2023, and 2022

 ( 831)
 ( 910)

 Comprehensive loss
 $
 ( 208,157)
 $
 ( 2,942)
 $
 ( 1,529)

 Net loss per share (basic and diluted) (Note 16)

 $
 ( 4.31)
 $
 ( 0.07)
 $
 ( 0.01)

 Weighted average number of shares outstanding, basic and diluted (Note 16)

 48,065
 47,777
 47,175

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

 Accumulated

 Additional
 Other

 Common Stock
 Retained
 Paid-In
 Comprehensive

 Shares
 Amount
 Deficit
 Capital
 Loss
 Total

 Balance at January 1, 2022
 46,684
 $
 $
 ( 72,535)
 $
 538,221
 $
 ( 2,931)
 $
 463,222

 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive loss
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 910)
 ( 910)

 Balance at December 31, 2022
 47,312
 $
 $
 ( 73,154)
 $
 539,138
 $
 ( 3,841)
 $
 462,616

 —
 1,337
 —
 1,345

 Shares repurchased
 ( 166)
 ( 2)
 ( 917)
 ( 919)

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive income
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Balance at December 31, 2023
 47,941
 $
 $
 ( 76,317)
 $
 539,558
 $
 ( 3,620)
 $
 460,100

 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive loss
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 831)
 ( 831)

 Balance at December 31, 2024
 48,127
 $
 $
 ( 283,643)
 $
 540,431
 $
 ( 4,451)
 $
 252,818

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash flows from operating activities

 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash provided by (used in) operating activities:

 1,345

 Amortization of financing origination costs
 3,131
 1,288

 Change in provision for expected credit losses
 171,517
 ( 591)
 3,389

 ( 4,014)
 ( 6,041)
 ( 3,908)

 Gains from sales of equipment damaged or lost down-hole
 ( 157)
 ( 335)
 ( 604)

 —
 1,810
 —

 Gain on sale of business
 —
 ( 2,080)
 —

 Deferred income taxes
 4,237
 ( 1,687)
 7,700

 Other
 ( 693)
 ( 117)

 Changes in assets and liabilities:

 Accounts receivable, net
 195,639
 11,275
 ( 52,527)

 Inventories
 ( 2,563)
 ( 3,770)
 ( 517)

 Prepaid expenses and other assets
 ( 710)

 Accounts payable
 2,675
 ( 18,485)
 6,680

 Accrued expenses and other liabilities
 3,277
 ( 6,949)
 ( 15,272)

 Accrued expenses and other liabilities - related parties
 4,647
 1,241
 —

 Income taxes payable
 ( 16,655)
 12,757
 5,800

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 180,717
 31,386
 15,266

 Cash flows from investing activities:

 Purchases of property and equipment
 ( 17,065)
 ( 19,395)
 ( 12,737)

 Business divestitures, net of cash transferred
 —
 3,276
 —

 Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment
 6,633
 7,333
 10,613

 Net cash used in investing activities
 ( 10,432)
 ( 8,786)
 ( 2,124)

 Cash flows from financing activities:

 Borrowings on long-term debt
 —
 201,091
 197,975

 Borrowings on long-term debt - related parties
 —
 43,874
 —

 Repayments of long-term debt
 —
 ( 284,610)
 ( 199,430)

 Repayments of long-term debt - related parties
 ( 50,888)
 —
 —

 Proceeds from financing transaction, net
 —
 46,120
 —

 Payments on financing transaction (Note 10)
 ( 46,837)
 —
 —

 Proceeds from sale-leaseback transaction
 —
 —
 4,589

 Payments on sale-leaseback transaction
 ( 12,407)
 ( 4,958)
 ( 4,429)

 Principal payments on financing leases and equipment financing notes
 ( 1,944)
 ( 12,212)
 ( 4,306)

 Debt issuance costs
 ( 37)
 ( 3,972)
 —

 Other
 —
 ( 919)
 —

 Net cash used in financing activities
 ( 112,113)
 ( 15,586)
 ( 5,601)

 Effect of foreign exchange rate on cash
 ( 144)
 ( 158)

 Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 58,028
 7,016
 7,383

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period
 24,298
 17,282
 9,899

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period
 $
 82,326
 $
 24,298
 $
 17,282

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:

 Cash paid for interest
 $
 15,526
 $
 12,017
 $
 10,164

 Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds received
 $
 1,173
 $
 $

 Supplemental disclosure of non-cash transactions:

 Interest paid in kind - related parties
 $
 5,888
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued expenses
 $
 5,650
 $
 3,339
 $
 4,736

 Right-of-use assets obtained for financing lease liabilities
 $
 6,896
 $
 1,417
 $
 3,058

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 1. Organization and Basis of Presentation
 The accompanying consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and reflect all adjustments, which in the opinion of management are necessary for the fair presentation of the results.

 Mammoth Energy Services, Inc. ("Mammoth Inc.", "Mammoth" or the "Company"), together with its subsidiaries, is an integrated, growth-oriented company serving both the oil and gas and the electric utility industries in North America and US territories. Mammoth Inc.'s infrastructure division provides engineering, design, construction, upgrade, maintenance and repair services to various public and private owned utilities. Its oilfield services division provides a diversified set of services to the exploration and production industry including well completions and natural sand proppant services. Additionally, the Company provides aviation services, equipment rentals, remote accommodation services and equipment manufacturing. The Company was incorporated in Delaware in June 2016.

 The following companies ("Operating Entities") are included in these consolidated financial statements: Bison Drilling and Field Services, LLC ("Bison Drilling"), formed November 2010; Bison Trucking LLC ("Bison Trucking"), formed August 2013; Mr. Inspections LLC ("MRI"), formed January 2015; Panther Drilling Systems LLC ("Panther"), formed December 2012; Muskie Proppant LLC ("Muskie"), formed September 2011; Stingray Pressure Pumping LLC ("Stingray Pressure Pumping"), acquired November 2014; Silverback Energy LLC ("Silverback"), formerly known as Stingray Logistics LLC, acquired November 2014; Great White Sand Tiger Lodging Ltd. ("Sand Tiger"), formed October 2007; Mammoth Energy Partners LLC, formed October 2016; Mammoth Equipment Leasing LLC, formed November 2016; Cobra Acquisitions LLC ("Cobra"), formed January 2017; Lion Power Services LLC ("Lion Power"), formerly known as Cobra Energy LLC, formed January 2017; Mako Acquisitions LLC ("Mako"), formed March 2017; Piranha Proppant LLC ("Piranha"), formed March 2017; Higher Power Electrical LLC ("Higher Power"), acquired April 2017; Stingray Energy Services LLC ("SR Energy"), acquired June 2017; Sturgeon Acquisitions LLC ("Sturgeon"), acquired June 2017; Taylor Frac, LLC ("Taylor Frac"), acquired June 2017; Taylor Real Estate Investments, LLC ("Taylor RE"), acquired June 2017; South River Road, LLC ("South River"), acquired June 2017; 5 Star Electric, LLC ("5 Star"), acquired July 2017; Tiger Shark Logistics LLC ("Tiger Shark"), formed October 2017; Cobra Aviation Services LLC ("Cobra Aviation"), formed January 2018; Dire Wolf Energy Services LLC ("Dire Wolf"), formed January 2018; Black Mamba Energy LLC ("Black Mamba"), formed March 2018; Stingray Cementing and Acidizing LLC ("Stingray Cementing and Acidizing"), formerly known as RTS Energy Services LLC ("RTS"), acquired June 2018; Orca Energy Services LLC ("Orca"), formed June 2018; Python Equipment LLC ("Python"), formed December 2018; Air Rescue Systems LLC ("ARS"), acquired December 2018 and sold July 2023; Leopard Aviation LLC ("Leopard"), formed April 2019; Predator Aviation LLC ("Predator Aviation"), formed April 2019; Anaconda Manufacturing LLC ("Anaconda"), formed July 2019; Aquawolf LLC ("Aquawolf"), formed September 2019; and Falcon Fiber Solutions LLC ("Falcon"), formed March 2021.

 On July 13, 2023, the Company sold all of its equity interests in ARS. Activity for ARS through the date of sale is included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

 On December 13, 2024, the following entities were merged into Orca: Anaconda Rentals LLC, formerly known as White Wing Tubular Services LLC; Barracuda Logistics LLC ("Barracuda"); Redback Energy Services, LLC ("Redback Energy"); Redback Coil Tubing, LLC ("Coil Tubing"); Redback Pumpdown Services LLC ("Pumpdown"); WTL Oil LLC ("WTL"), formerly known as Silverback Energy Services LLC; Stingray Cementing LLC ("Cementing"); Bison Sand Logistics LLC ("Bison Sand"); Aquahawk Energy LLC ("Aquahawk"); Ivory Freight Solutions LLC ("Ivory Freight"); and IFX Transport LLC ("IFX").

 Operations

 The Company's well completion services include equipment and personnel used in connection with the completion and early production of oil and natural gas wells. The Company's infrastructure services include engineering, design, construction, upgrade, maintenance and repair services to the electrical infrastructure industry as well as repair and restoration services in response to storms and other disasters. The Company's natural sand proppant services include the distribution and production of natural sand proppant that is used primarily for hydraulic fracturing in the oil and gas industry. The Company also provides other services, including directional drilling, aviation, equipment rentals, remote accommodations and equipment manufacturing.

 The Company's operations are concentrated in North America. The Company operates its oil and natural gas businesses in the Permian Basin, the Utica Shale, the Eagle Ford Shale, the Marcellus Shale, the Granite Wash, the SCOOP, the STACK, the Cana-Woodford Shale, the Cleveland Sand and the oil sands located in Northern Alberta, Canada. The Company's oil and natural gas business depends in large part on the conditions in the oil and natural gas industry and, specifically, on the amount of capital spending by its customers. Any prolonged increase or decrease in oil and natural gas prices affects the levels of exploration, development and production activity, as well as the entire health of the oil and natural gas industry. Decreases in the commodity prices for oil and natural gas would have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations and financial condition. During the periods presented in this report, the Company provided its infrastructure services primarily in the northeastern, southwestern, midwestern and western portions of the United States. The Company's infrastructure business depends on infrastructure spending on maintenance, upgrade, expansion and repair and restoration. Any prolonged decrease in spending by electric utility companies, delays or reductions in government appropriations or the failure of customers to pay their receivables could have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations and financial condition.

 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 Principles of Consolidation
 The accompanying consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries and the variable interest entities ("VIE") for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. All material intercompany accounts and transactions between the entities within the Company have been eliminated.

 Variable Interest Entities
 The Company consolidates a VIE when it is determined to be the primary beneficiary, which is the party that has both (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and (ii) through its interests in the VIE, the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. See Note 12 for more information on the Company's VIEs.

 Use of Estimates
 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates include, but are not limited to, the Company's sand reserves and their impact on calculating depletion expense, allowance for expected credit losses, fair values used to assess recoverability and impairment of long-lived assets, including goodwill, estimates of income taxes and the estimated effects of litigation and other contingencies.

 Reclassifications
 Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current period financial statement presentation. Previously, the Company included Bison Drilling and Panther in its drilling reportable segment. The Company now presents Bison Drilling and Panther in the "All Other" reconciling column. On December 13, 2024, Anaconda Rentals, Aquahawk, Barracuda, Bison Sand, IFX, Ivory Freight, Coil Tubing, Redback Energy, Pumpdown, Stingray Cementing and WTL were merged into Orca. Prior to 2024, Aquahawk, Bison Sand and Pumpdown were included in the Company's well completion segment and Barracuda was included in the Company's natural sand proppant services segment. Due to the merger of these entities into Orca, the results for Aquahawk, Bison Sand, Pumpdown and Barracuda are now included in the reconciling column titled "All Other". The results for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 have been retroactively adjusted to reflect these changes. There was no impact on previously reported total assets, total liabilities, net income (loss) or equity for the periods presented.

 Change in Accounting Estimate
 The Company is party to sale leaseback agreements whereby it has the option to purchase the assets at the end of the lease terms. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company changed its estimate of the purchase price at the end of the leases. The effect of this change in estimate for the year ended December 31, 2024 was a decrease to net income of $ 9.9 million, or $ 0.21 per both basic and diluted share.

 Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
 All highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less are considered cash equivalents. Restricted cash as of December 31, 2024 consisted of amounts held by the Company's lender as collateral for a letter of credit and bonds. These amounts are expected to be released upon expiration of the corresponding letter of credit and bonds. Restricted cash as of December 31, 2023 consisted of amounts held by the Company's lender as collateral for letters of credit and card program. The Company maintains its cash accounts in financial institutions that are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, with the exception of cash held by Sand Tiger in a Canadian financial institution. At December 31, 2024, the Company had $ 4.0 million, in Canadian dollars, of cash in Canadian accounts. Cash balances from time to time may exceed the insured amounts; however, the Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and does not believe it is exposed to any significant credit risks on such accounts.

 The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the statement of financial position that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the statement of cash flows.

 2024
 2023

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 60,967
 $
 16,556

 Restricted cash
 21,359
 7,742

 Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the statement of cash flows
 $
 82,326
 $
 24,298

 Accounts Receivable
 Accounts receivable include amounts due from customers for services performed or goods sold. The Company grants credit to customers in the ordinary course of business and generally does not require collateral. Prior to granting credit to customers, the Company analyzes the potential customer's risk profile by utilizing a credit report, analyzing macroeconomic factors and using its knowledge of the industry, among other factors. Most areas in the continental United States in which the Company operates provide for a mechanic's lien against the property on which the service is performed if the lien is filed within the statutorily specified time frame. Customer balances are generally considered delinquent if unpaid by the due date, which generally ranges from 30 to 60 days following the invoice date, and credit privileges may be revoked if balances remain unpaid. Interest on delinquent trade accounts receivable is recognized in "other (expense) income, net" in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss when chargeable and collectability is reasonably assured.

 During the period October 2017 through March 2019, the Company provided infrastructure services in Puerto Rico under master services agreements entered into by Cobra, one of the Company's subsidiaries, with the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority ("PREPA") to perform repairs to PREPA's electrical grid as a result of Hurricane Maria. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company charged interest on delinquent trade accounts receivable pursuant to the terms of its agreements with PREPA totaling $ 20.8 million, $ 45.4 million and $ 41.3 million, respectively. As discussed in more detail below, on July 22, 2024, Cobra entered into a release and settlement agreement with PREPA and the Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico (the "FOMB"), in its capacity as Title III representative for PREPA, to settle all outstanding matters between Cobra and PREPA (the "Settlement Agreement"). As a result of the Settlement Agreement, Cobra recognized a charge to interest on delinquent accounts receivable totaling $ 81.5 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024 to reduce its accounts receivable balance to the amount expected to be collected in relation to interest charged to PREPA. These amounts are included in "other (expense) income, net" in the accompanying consolidated statement of comprehensive loss. Included in "accounts receivable, net" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 were interest charges of $ 197.5 million. See below for a full description of the Settlement Agreement and its impact on the Company's financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024.

 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, accounts receivable included receivables from contracts with customers totaling $ 69.3 million and $ 436.3 million, respectively. Included in accounts receivable at each of December 31, 2024 and 2023, were receivables related to income taxes totaling $ 8.9 million.

 Allowance for Current Expected Credit Losses

 The Company regularly reviews receivables and provides for expected losses through an allowance for expected credit losses. In evaluating the level of established reserves, the Company makes judgments regarding its customers' ability to make required payments, economic events and other factors. As the financial condition of customers changes, circumstances develop, or additional information becomes available, adjustments to the allowance for expected credit losses may be required. In the event the Company expects that a customer may not be able to make required payments, the Company would increase the allowance through a charge to income in the period in which that determination is made. If it is determined that previously reserved amounts are collectible, the Company would decrease the allowance through a credit to income in the period in which that determination is made. Uncollectible accounts receivable are periodically charged against the allowance for expected credit losses once a final determination is made regarding their collectability.

 Following is a roll forward of the allowance for expected credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
 Balance, January 1, 2022
 $
 18,085

 Change in provision for expected credit losses
 3,550

 Recoveries of receivables previously charged to credit loss expense
 ( 161)

 Write-offs charged against the provision
 ( 17,887)

 Balance, December 31, 2022
 3,587

 Change in provision for expected credit losses

 Recoveries of receivables previously charged to credit loss expense
 ( 638)

 Write-offs charged against the provision
 ( 2,831)

 Balance, December 31, 2023

 Change in provision for expected credit losses
 171,539

 Recoveries of receivables previously charged to credit loss expense
 ( 22)

 Write-offs charged against the provision
 ( 283)

 Balance, December 31, 2024
 $
 171,399

 The Company has made specific reserves consistent with Company policy which resulted in additions to allowance for expected credit losses totaling $ 171.5 million, a nominal amount and $ 3.6 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. These additions were charged to credit loss expense based on the factors described above.

 PREPA

 On October 19, 2017, one of our subsidiaries, Cobra, and PREPA entered into an emergency master services agreement for repairs to PREPA's electrical grid as a result of Hurricane Maria. The one-year contract, as amended, provided for payments of up to $ 945 million (the "first contract"). On May 26, 2018, Cobra and PREPA entered into a second one-year, $ 900 million master services agreement to provide additional repair services and begin the initial phase of reconstruction of the electrical power system in Puerto Rico (the "second contract"). PREPA is currently subject to bankruptcy proceedings, which were filed in July 2017 and are currently pending in the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico (the "Title III Court"). As a result, PREPA's ability to meet its payment obligations under the above-referenced agreements was largely dependent upon funding from the Federal Emergency Management Agency ("FEMA") or other sources. Since September 30, 2019, Cobra has been pursuing litigation in the Title III Court and other dispute resolution efforts seeking recovery of the amounts owed to Cobra by PREPA for restoration services in Puerto Rico, which proceedings are discussed in more detail in the Company's prior reports filed with the SEC. PREPA was holding approximately $ 18.4 million in funds (the "Withheld FEMA Funds") received from FEMA and considered payable to Cobra but had been withheld due to garnishments asserted by three Puerto Rican municipalities (the "Specified Municipalities") for certain municipal tax claims discussed in Mammoth's filings with the SEC (the "Specified Municipal Tax Claims") and for which Cobra disputed any valid garnishment.

 On July 22, 2024, Cobra entered into a release and settlement agreement with PREPA and the FOMB, in its capacity as Title III representative for PREPA, to settle all outstanding matters between Cobra and PREPA.

 Under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, Cobra was allowed an administrative expense claim against PREPA of $ 170.0 million, plus the $ 18.4 million in the Withheld FEMA Funds. Cobra's allowed claim will be paid through three installments: (i) $ 150.0 million on the later of (A) ten business days following approval of the Settlement Agreement by the Title III Court and (B) August 31, 2024; (ii) $ 20.0 million within seven days following the effective date of PREPA's plan of adjustment; and (iii) $ 18.4 million (subject to providing one or more indemnity letters of credit) in the Withheld FEMA Funds within either (A) ten business days after the deadline for appealing the entry of the settlement order by the Title III Court under the applicable bankruptcy rules of procedure if no such appeal is filed, or (B) if the provisions of the settlement order allowing PREPA to release the Withheld FEMA Funds to Cobra without retaining any liability to the Specified Municipalities are appealed by the Specified Municipalities, within ten business days of the filing of the notice of such appeal.

 The Settlement Agreement was approved by the Company's Board of Directors on July 22, 2024, and was also approved
 by the PREPA Board and by the FOMB. On September 18, 2024, the Settlement Agreement was approved by the Title III Court overruling all objections thereto and an order was entered the same day (the "Settlement Order"). On October 1, 2024, Cobra received the first installment payment of $ 150.0 million from the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in connection with the Settlement Agreement with PREPA. Also on October 1, 2024, certain Puerto Rico municipalities and Foreman Electric Services Inc. that had objected to approval of the Settlement Order each filed timely notices of appeal of the Settlement Order to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit. None of the foregoing parties have sought a stay of the Settlement Order pending such appeals. Although the ultimate outcome of these appeals cannot be predicted with certainty, Cobra believes that the appeals are without merit.

 On October 18, 2024, Cobra received a payment from PREPA totaling $ 18.4 million under the terms of the Settlement Agreement. In connection with the receipt of the $ 18.4 million from PREPA, Cobra instructed Fifth Third Bank, National Association ("Fifth Third Bank") to issue a letter of credit to PREPA under the Reimbursement Agreement in the amount of $ 18.4 million and transferred a total of $ 19.3 million to a restricted cash account maintained by Fifth Third Bank as collateral for the letter of credit.

 As a result of the Settlement Agreement, the Company recorded a non-cash, pre-tax charge of approximately $ 170.7 million in the second quarter of 2024 to reduce its accounts receivable balance from PREPA of $ 359.1 million,
 representing the amount owed to Cobra by PREPA in relation to these agreements as of June 30, 2024, including the
 accrued but unpaid interest, prior to the Settlement Agreement, to the amount expected to be received from the Settlement Agreement. Of the $ 170.7 million, $ 89.2 million was charged to credit loss expense, which is included in "selling, general and administrative" in the accompanying consolidated statement of comprehensive loss, and $ 81.5 million was charged to interest on delinquent accounts receivable, which is included in "other (expense) income, net" in the accompanying consolidated statement of comprehensive loss. Complete performance of the Settlement Agreement is not met until PREPA satisfies the remaining $ 20.0 million payment. Therefore, the Company recorded the $ 170.7 million as an allowance for expected credit losses.

 Inventory
 Inventory consists of raw sand and processed sand available for sale, raw materials, chemicals and other products sold as a bi-product of completion and production operations and supplies used in performing services. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or market (net realizable value) on an average cost basis. The Company assesses the valuation of its inventories based upon specific usage, future utility, obsolescence and other factors.

 Inventory manufactured at the Company's sand production facilities includes direct excavation costs, processing costs and overhead allocation. Stockpile tonnages are calculated by measuring the number of tons added and removed from the stockpile. Costs are calculated on a per ton basis and are applied to the stockpiles based on the number of tons in the stockpile. Inventory transported for sale at the Company's terminal facility includes the cost of purchased or manufactured sand, plus transportation related charges.

 See Note 5 for additional disclosure related to inventory.

 Prepaid Expenses
 Prepaid expenses primarily consist of insurance costs and lease expense. These costs are expensed over the periods that they benefit.

 Other Current Assets
 Other current assets primarily consists of financed insurance premiums related to our insurance policies. These costs are expensed over the terms of the policies.

 Property and Equipment
 Property and equipment, including renewals and betterments, are capitalized and stated at cost, while maintenance and repairs that do not increase the capacity, improve the efficiency or safety, or improve or extend the useful life are charged to operations as incurred. Disposals are removed at cost, less accumulated depreciation, and any resulting gain or loss is recorded in operations. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful life, or the remaining lease term, as applicable. Depreciation does not begin until property and equipment is placed in service. Once placed in service, depreciation on property and equipment continues while being repaired, refurbished, or between periods of deployment.

 Sand Reserves
 Sand reserve costs include engineering, mineralogical studies and other related costs to develop the mine, the removal of overburden to initially expose the mineral and building access ways. Exploration costs are expensed as incurred and classified as product cost of revenue. Capitalization of mine development project costs begins once the deposit is classified as proven and probable reserves. Drilling and related costs are capitalized for deposits where proven and probable reserves exist and the activities are directed at obtaining additional information on the deposit or converting non-reserve minerals to proven and probable reserves and the benefit is to be realized over a period greater than one year. Mining property and development costs are amortized using the units-of-production method on estimated measured tons in in-place reserves. The impact of revisions to reserve estimates is recognized on a prospective basis.

 Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
 The Company reviews long-lived assets for recoverability in accordance with the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standard Codification ("ASC") 360, Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets, which requires that long-lived assets be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. These evaluations for impairment are significantly impacted by estimates of revenues, costs and expenses and other factors. If long-lived assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount in which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. See Note 7 for additional disclosure related to impairment of long-lived assets.

 Goodwill is tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill might be impaired. If it is determined that an impairment exists, an impairment charge is recognized for the excess of carrying value over implied fair value. The fair value is determined using a combination of the income and market approaches. See Note 7 and Note 8 for additional disclosures related to goodwill.

 Other Non-Current Assets
 Other non-current assets primarily consist of deferred financing costs on our revolving credit facility (see Note 11), our equity method investment (see Note 9) and capital contributions made to our group captive and protective cell captive insurance companies (see Note 20). Investments are accounted for under the equity method in circumstances where the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and investing policies of the investee, but does not have control. Under the equity method, the Company recognizes its share of the investee's earnings in its consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. Investments are evaluated for impairment and a charge to earnings is recognized when any identified impairment is determined to be other than temporary.

 Asset Retirement Obligations
 Mine reclamation costs, future remediation costs for inactive mines and other contractual site remediation costs are accrued based on management's best estimate at the end of each period of the costs expected to be incurred at a site. Such cost estimates include, where applicable, ongoing care, maintenance and monitoring costs. Changes in estimates are reflected in earnings in the period an estimate is revised.

 Following is a roll forward of the Company's asset retirement obligations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Balance as of beginning of period
 $
 4,140
 $
 3,981

 Additions and revisions of prior estimates
 —
 —

 Accretion expense

 Foreign currency translation adjustment
 ( 67)

 Asset retirement obligation as of end of period
 $
 4,234
 $
 4,140

 Amortizable Intangible Assets
 Intangible assets subject to amortization include trade names, which are amortized over their estimated useful lives. See Note 8 for additional disclosure related to intangible assets.

 Fair Value of Financial Instruments
 Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

 The fair value hierarchy is based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value. The Company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurements requires judgment and may affect the valuation of the assets and liabilities being measured and their placement within the fair value hierarchy. The Company uses appropriate valuation techniques based on available inputs to measure the fair values of its assets and liabilities.

 Level 1 - Observable inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets as of the reporting date.

 Level 2 - Observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data. These are inputs other than quoted prices in active markets included in Level 1, which are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date.

 Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data and may be used with internally developed methodologies that result in management's best estimate of fair value.

 The Company elected the fair value option for measuring the liability of the Assignment Agreement, as defined herein. To estimate the fair value of the liability, the Company used inputs that are not observable in the market (Level 3) based on an income approach. The Company used the contractual settlement amount, imputed interest rate and expected timing of cash flows to estimate the liability as of December 31, 2023 using the discounted cash flow model. See Notes 10 and 20.

 The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, trade receivables, trade payables and receivables and payables from related parties approximates fair value because of the short-term nature of the instruments. The fair value of debt approximates its carrying value because the cost of borrowing fluctuates based upon market conditions.

 Revenue Recognition
 The timing of revenue recognition may differ from contract billing or payment schedules, resulting in revenues that have been earned but not billed ("unbilled revenue") or amounts that have been billed, but not earned ("deferred revenue"). The Company had $ 17.4 million and $ 12.7 million, respectively, of unbilled revenue included in "accounts receivable, net" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company had $ 2.3 million and $ 0.7 million of deferred revenue included in "accrued expenses and other current liabilities" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Loss per Share
 Loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of outstanding shares. See Note 16.

 Equity-based Compensation
 The Company measures equity-based payments at fair value on the date of grant and expenses the value of these equity-based payments in compensation expense over the applicable vesting periods. See Note 17.

 Stock-based Compensation
 The Company's stock-based compensation program consists of restricted stock units granted to employees and restricted stock units granted to non-employee directors under the Mammoth Energy Services, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2016 Plan") and Mammoth Energy Services, Inc. 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2024 Plan"). The Company recognizes in its financial statements the cost of employee services received in exchange for restricted stock based on the fair value of the equity instruments as of the grant date. In general, this value is amortized over the vesting period; for grants with a non-substantive service condition, this value is recognized immediately. Amounts are recognized in cost of revenue and selling, general and administrative expenses. See Note 18.

 Income Taxes
 The Company's operations are included in a consolidated federal income tax return and other state returns. Accordingly, the Company has recognized deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases for all our subsidiaries as if each entity were a corporation, regardless of its actual characterization for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

 Under FASB ASC 740, Income Taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using statutory tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of deferred tax assets and liabilities as a result of a change in tax rate are recognized in the period that includes the statutory enactment date. A valuation allowance for deferred tax assets is recognized when it is more likely than not that the benefit of deferred tax assets will not be realized. To assess that likelihood, the Company uses estimates and judgments regarding future taxable income, as well as the jurisdiction in which such taxable income is generated, to determine whether a valuation allowance is required. Certain income from our infrastructure services segment and income from our remote accommodations business is subject to foreign income taxes, and such taxes are provided in the financial statements pursuant to FASB ASC 740.

 The Company evaluates tax positions taken or expected to be taken in preparation of its tax returns and disallows the recognition of tax positions that do not meet a "more likely than not" threshold of being sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities. The Company has recorded interest and penalty payable of $ 8.5 million and $ 5.0 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to the 2022 and 2023 tax year returns in Puerto Rico. It is the Company's policy to recognize interest and applicable penalties in income tax expense.

 Litigation and Contingencies
 Accruals for litigation and contingencies are reflected in the consolidated financial statements based on management's assessment, including advice of legal counsel, of the expected outcome of litigation or other dispute resolution proceedings and/or the expected resolution of contingencies. Liabilities for estimated losses are accrued if the potential loss from any claim or legal proceeding is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of probability of loss and the determination as to whether the amount is reasonably estimable. Accruals are based only on information available at the time of the assessment due to the uncertain nature of such matters. As additional information becomes available, management reassesses potential liabilities related to pending claims and litigation and may revise its previous estimates. See Note 20.

 Foreign Currency Translation
 For foreign operations, assets and liabilities are translated at the period-end exchange rate and income statement items are translated at the average exchange rate for the period. Resulting translation adjustments are recorded within accumulated other comprehensive loss. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, if any, are re-measured at the balance sheet date. Transaction gains or losses are included as a component of current period earnings.

 Environmental Matters
 The Company is subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment. Management has established procedures for the ongoing evaluation of the Company's operations, to identify potential environmental exposures and to comply with regulatory policies and procedures. Environmental expenditures

 that relate to current operations are expensed or capitalized as appropriate. Expenditures that relate to an existing condition caused by past operations and do not contribute to current or future revenue generation are expensed as incurred. Liabilities are recorded when environmental costs are probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated. The Company maintains insurance which may cover in whole or in part certain environmental expenditures. The Company had $ 0.6 million of probable environmental liabilities included in " accounts payable " in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company made payments totaling $ 0.2 million to resolve this matter. As of December 31, 2024, there were no probable environmental matters.

 Other Comprehensive Loss
 Comprehensive loss consists of net loss and other comprehensive loss. Other comprehensive loss included certain changes in equity that are excluded from net loss. Specifically, cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss.

 Concentrations of Credit Risk and Significant Customers
 Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents in excess of federally insured limits and trade receivables. Following is a summary of our significant customers based on accounts receivable balances at December 31, 2024 and 2023 and revenues derived for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:
 REVENUES
 ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

 At December 31,

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023

 Customer A(a)

 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Customer B(b)

 —
 %
 %
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 Customer C(c)

 —
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %
 %
 %

 a. Customer A is a third-party customer. Revenues and the related accounts receivable balances earned from Customer A were derived from the Company's well completion services segment.
 b. Customer B is a third-party customer. Revenues and the related accounts receivable balances earned from Customer B were derived from the Company's well completion services segment.
 c. Customer C is a third-party customer. Revenues and the related accounts receivable balances earned from Customer C were derived from the Company's infrastructure services segment. Accounts receivable for Customer C also includes receivables due for interest charged on delinquent accounts receivable.

 New Accounting Pronouncements
 In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280)", which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendment requires disclosure of significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") as well as other segment items, extends certain annual disclosures to interim periods, clarifies the applicability to single reportable segment entities, permits more than one measure of profit or loss to be reported under certain conditions and requires disclosure of the title and position of the CODM. The Company adopted this standard on December 31, 2024.

 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures", which requires the annual financial statements to include consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted, and should be applied on a prospective basis, with a retrospective option. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that adoption of ASU 2023-09 will have on its disclosures.

 3. Revenues from Contracts with Customers
 The Company's primary revenue streams include well completion services, infrastructure services, natural sand proppant services and other services, which includes directional drilling, aviation, equipment rentals, remote accommodations and equipment manufacturing. See Note 21 for the Company's revenue disaggregated by type.

 Certain of the Company's customer contracts include provisions entitling the Company to a termination penalty when the customer invokes its contractual right to terminate prior to the contract's nominal end date. The termination penalties in the customer contracts vary, but are generally considered substantive for accounting purposes and create enforceable rights and obligations throughout the stated duration of the contract. The Company accounts for a contract cancellation as a contract modification in the period in which the customer invokes the termination provision. The determination of the contract termination penalty is based on the terms stated in the related customer agreement. As of the modification date, the Company updates its estimate of the transaction price using the expected value method, subject to constraints, and recognizes the amount over the remaining performance period.

 Well Completion Services
 Well completion services are typically provided based upon a purchase order, contract or on a spot market basis. Services are provided on a day rate, contracted or hourly basis. Generally, the Company accounts for well completion services as a single performance obligation satisfied over time. In certain circumstances, the Company supplies proppant that is utilized for pressure pumping as part of the agreement with the customer. The Company accounts for these pressure pumping agreements as multiple performance obligations satisfied over time. Jobs for these services are typically short-term in nature and range from a few hours to multiple days. Generally, revenue is recognized over time upon the completion of each segment of work based upon a completed field ticket, which includes the charges for the services performed, mobilization of the equipment to the location and personnel.

 Additional revenue is generated through labor charges and the sale of consumable supplies that are incidental to the service being performed. Such amounts are recognized ratably over the period during which the corresponding goods and services are consumed.

 Infrastructure Services
 Infrastructure services are typically provided pursuant to master service agreements, repair and maintenance contracts or fixed price and non-fixed price installation contracts. Pricing under these contracts may be unit priced, cost-plus/hourly (or time and materials basis) or fixed price (or lump sum basis). Generally, the Company accounts for infrastructure services as a single performance obligation satisfied over time. In certain circumstances, the Company supplies materials that are utilized during the jobs as part of the agreement with the customer. The Company accounts for these infrastructure agreements as multiple performance obligations satisfied over time. Revenue is recognized over time as work progresses based on the days completed or as the contract is completed. Under certain customer contracts in our infrastructure services segment, the Company warranties equipment and labor performed for a specified period following substantial completion of the work.

 Natural Sand Proppant Services
 The Company sells natural sand proppant through sand supply agreements with its customers. Under these agreements, sand is typically sold at a flat rate per ton or a flat rate per ton with an index-based adjustment. The Company recognizes revenue at the point in time when the customer obtains legal title to the product, which may occur at the production facility, rail origin or at the destination terminal.

 Certain of the Company's sand supply agreements contain a minimum volume commitment related to sand purchases whereby the Company charges a shortfall payment if the customer fails to meet the required minimum volume commitment. These agreements may also contain make-up provisions whereby shortfall payments can be applied in future periods against purchased volumes exceeding the minimum volume commitment. If a make-up right exists, the Company has future performance obligations to deliver excess volumes of product in subsequent periods. In accordance with FASB ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, if the customer fails to meet the minimum volume commitment, the Company will assess whether it expects the customer to fulfill its unmet commitment during the contractually specified make-up period based on discussions with the customer and management's knowledge of the business. If the Company expects the customer will make-up deficient volumes in future periods, revenue related to shortfall payments will be deferred and recognized on the earlier of the date on which the customer utilizes make-up volumes or the likelihood that the customer will exercise its right to make-up deficient volumes becomes remote. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had deferred revenue totaling $ 1.6 million related to shortfall payments. The Company did not have any deferred revenue related to shortfall payments at December 31, 2023. If the Company does not expect the customer will make-up deficient volumes in future periods, the breakage model will be applied and revenue related to shortfall payments will be recognized when the model indicates the customer's inability to take delivery of excess volumes. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized revenue totaling $ 4.5 million, $ 2.0 million and $ 3.1 million, respectively, related to shortfall payments.

 In certain of the Company's sand supply agreements, the customer obtains control of the product when it is loaded into rail cars and the customer reimburses the Company for all freight charges incurred. The Company has elected to account for shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the sand. If revenue is recognized for the related product before the shipping and handling activities occur, the Company accrues the related costs of those shipping and handling activities.

 Other Services
 The Company also provides directional drilling services, aviation services, equipment rentals, crude oil hauling, remote accommodations and equipment manufacturing, which are reported under other services. The Company's other services are typically provided based upon a purchase order, contract or on a spot market basis. Services are provided on a day rate, contracted or hourly basis. Performance obligations for these services are satisfied over time and revenue is recognized as the work progresses based on the measure of output. Jobs for these services are typically short-term in nature and range from a few hours to multiple days.

 Practical Expedients
 The Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts in which variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation or to a wholly unsatisfied distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation.

 Contract Balances
 Following is a rollforward of the Company's contract liabilities (in thousands):

 Balance, January 1, 2022
 $
 3,250

 Deduction for recognition of revenue
 ( 3,207)

 Deduction for rebate credit recognized
 ( 140)

 Increase for deferral of customer prepayments
 7,647

 Balance, December 31, 2022
 7,550

 Deduction for recognition of revenue
 ( 7,042)

 Deduction for rebate credit recognized
 ( 375)

 Increase for deferral of customer prepayments

 Balance, December 31, 2023

 Deduction for recognition of revenue
 ( 58)

 Deduction for rebate credit recognized
 ( 506)

 Increase for deferral of shortfall payments
 1,595

 Increase for deferral of customer prepayments

 Balance, December 31, 2024
 $
 2,337

 The Company did not have any contract assets as of December 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

 Performance Obligations
 Revenue recognized in the current period from performance obligations satisfied in previous periods was a nominal amount for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had unsatisfied performance obligations totaling $ 5.6 million, which are expected to be recognized over the next 13 months.

 4. Divestitures

 On July 13, 2023, the Company sold all of the equity interest in its subsidiary ARS for $ 3.3 million in cash. The Company recognized a gain of $ 2.1 million on the sale, which is included in "other (expense) income, net" in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

 5. Inventories
 Inventories consist of raw sand and processed sand available for sale, chemicals and other products sold as a bi-product of completion and production operations and supplies used in performing services. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value on an average cost basis. The Company assesses the valuation of its inventories based upon specific usage, future utility, obsolescence and other factors. A summary of the Company's inventories is shown below (in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Supplies
 $
 8,593
 $
 6,757

 Raw materials
 1,297

 Work in process
 4,199
 3,955

 Finished goods
 1,030
 1,069

 Total inventory
 $
 15,119
 $
 12,653

 6. Property, Plant and Equipment
 Property, plant and equipment include the following (in thousands):

 Useful Life
 2024
 2023

 Pressure pumping equipment
 3 - 5 years

 $
 261,881
 $
 251,111

 Drilling rigs and related equipment
 3 - 15 years

 97,021
 97,207

 Machinery and equipment
 7 - 20 years

 164,540
 155,921

 Buildings(a)

 15 - 39 years

 36,296
 40,869

 Vehicles, trucks and trailers
 5 - 10 years

 84,226
 92,257

 Coil tubing equipment
 4 - 10 years

 6,954

 Land
 N/A
 12,349
 12,393

 Land improvements
 15 years or life of lease

 9,882
 10,066

 Rail improvements
 10 - 20 years

 13,445
 13,793

 Other property and equipment(a)

 3 - 12 years

 15,010
 15,171

 695,523
 695,742

 Deposits on equipment and equipment in process of assembly(b)

 8,921
 8,670

 704,444
 704,412

 Less: accumulated depreciation(c)

 589,362
 590,507

 Total property, plant and equipment, net
 $
 115,082
 $
 113,905

 a. Included in Other property and equipment are costs of $ 3.1 million at each of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to assets leased to customers under operating leases.
 b. Deposits on equipment and equipment in process of assembly represents deposits placed with vendors for equipment that is in the process of assembly and purchased equipment that is being outfitted for its intended use. The equipment is not yet placed in service.
 c. Includes accumulated depreciation of $ 2.7 million and $ 2.3 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to assets under operating leases.

 Proceeds from customers for horizontal and directional drilling services equipment damaged or lost down-hole are reflected in revenue with the carrying value of the related equipment charged to cost of service revenues and are reported as cash inflows from investing activities in the statement of cash flows. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, total cash and accrued proceeds from the sale of equipment damaged or lost down-hole were $ 0.3 million, $ 0.4 million and $ 0.8 million, respectively, and gains on sales of equipment damaged or lost down-hole were $ 0.2 million, $ 0.3 million and $ 0.6 million, respectively.

 Proceeds from assets sold or disposed of as well as the carrying value of the related equipment are reflected in "gains on disposal of assets, net" in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. For the years ended

 December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, total cash and accrued proceeds from the sale of equipment were $ 5.5 million, $ 8.2 million and $ 10.0 million, respectively, and gains from the sale or disposal of equipment were $ 4.0 million, $ 6.0 million and $ 3.9 million, respectively.

 A summary of depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion expense is shown below (in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Depreciation expense
 $
 22,959
 $
 40,891
 $
 60,545

 Accretion and depletion expense
 1,416
 3,443
 2,947

 Amortization expense

 $
 $
 $

 7. Impairments

 Impairment of Goodwill
 Under GAAP, the Company has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of one or more of its reporting units is greater than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, the Company determines it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, there is no need to perform any further testing. However, if the Company concludes otherwise, then it is required to perform a quantitative impairment test by calculating the fair value of the reporting unit and comparing the fair value with the carrying amount of the reporting unit. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an impairment loss is recorded based on that difference.

 The Company performed the qualitative assessment described above during the fourth quarter of 2024. Based on this assessment, the Company concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of each of the Company's reporting units was greater than their carrying value. Accordingly, no further testing was required and no impairment was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024.

 As a result of the ARS sale, we performed an impairment assessment of our goodwill during the third quarter of 2023. Based on the qualitative assessment described above, the Company concluded that it was more likely than not that the carrying value of the Aviation reporting unit was greater than its fair value. To determine fair value of the Aviation reporting unit at September 30, 2023, the Company used the income approach. The income approach estimates the fair value based on anticipated cash flows that are discounted using a weighted average cost of capital. As a result, the Company impaired goodwill associated with Cobra Aviation, resulting in a $ 1.8 million impairment charge during the third quarter of 2023. The Company performed an assessment of goodwill during the fourth quarter of 2023 and determined that the fair value of its goodwill was greater than its carrying value. Therefore, no additional impairment was deemed necessary at December 31, 2023.

 The Company performed the qualitative assessment described above during the fourth quarter of 2022. Based on this assessment, the Company concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of each of the Company's reporting units was greater than their carrying value. Accordingly, no further testing was required and no impairment was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022.

 8. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
 Changes in the net carrying amount of goodwill by reporting segment (see Note 21) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are presented below (in thousands):
 Well Completion
 Other
 Total

 Balance as of January 1, 2023

 $
 86,043
 $
 14,830
 $
 100,873

 Accumulated impairment losses
 ( 76,829)
 ( 12,327)
 ( 89,156)

 9,214
 2,503
 11,717

 Acquisitions
 —
 —
 —

 Impairment losses(a)

 —
 ( 1,810)
 ( 1,810)

 Dispositions
 —
 ( 693)
 ( 693)

 Balance as of December 31, 2023

 86,043
 14,137
 100,180

 Accumulated impairment losses
 ( 76,829)
 ( 14,137)
 ( 90,966)

 9,214
 —
 9,214

 Acquisitions
 —
 —
 —

 Impairment losses
 —
 —
 —

 Dispositions
 —
 —
 —

 Balance as of December 31, 2024

 86,043
 14,137
 100,180

 Accumulated impairment losses
 ( 76,829)
 ( 14,137)
 ( 90,966)

 $
 9,214
 $
 —
 $
 9,214

 a. See Note 7 for a description of impairment losses recognized.

 Intangible Assets
 The Company had the following definite lived intangible assets recorded as of the dates presented below (in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Trade names
 7,730
 7,730

 Less: accumulated amortization - trade names
 ( 7,521)
 ( 6,817)

 Intangible assets, net
 $
 $

 Amortization expense for intangible assets was $ 0.7 million, $ 0.8 million and $ 0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The original life of trade names is 10 years as of December 31, 2024 with a remaining average useful life of 2.5 years.
 Aggregated expected amortization expense for the future periods is expected to be as follows (in thousands):
 Year ended December 31:
 Amount

 2025
 $

 2026

 2027

 $

 9. Equity Method Investment
 On December 21, 2018, Cobra Aviation and Wexford Partners Investment Co. LLC ("Wexford Investment"), a related party, formed a joint venture under the name of Brim Acquisitions LLC ("Brim Acquisitions") to acquire all outstanding equity interest in Brim Equipment Leasing, Inc. ("Brim Equipment") for a total purchase price of approximately $ 2.0 million. Cobra Aviation owns a 49 % economic interest and Wexford Investment owns a 51 % economic interest in Brim Acquisitions, and each member contributed its pro rata portion of Brim Acquisitions initial capital of $ 2.0 million. Brim Acquisitions, through Brim Equipment, owns three commercial helicopters and leases two commercial helicopters for operations, which it uses to provide a variety of services, including short haul, aerial ignition, hoist operations, aerial photography, fire suppression, construction services, animal/capture/survey, search and rescue, airborne law enforcement, power line construction, precision long line operations, pipeline construction and survey, mineral and seismic exploration, and aerial seeding and fertilization.

 The Company uses the equity method of accounting to account for its investment in Brim Acquisitions, which had a carrying value of approximately $ 4.1 million and $ 4.2 million, respectively, at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The investment is included in "other non-current assets" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company recorded equity method adjustments to its investment for its share of Brim Acquisitions' income (loss) of $( 0.1) million, $ 0.7 million, and $ 0.1 million respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which is included in "other (loss) income, net" in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. No additional investments were made during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

 10. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities and Other Long-Term Liabilities
 Accrued expense and other current liabilities and Other long-term liabilities included the following (in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

 State and local taxes payable
 $
 12,776
 $
 13,111

 Financed insurance premiums(a)

 8,409
 9,807

 Sale-leaseback liability(b)

 3,203
 4,754

 Accrued compensation and benefits
 2,542
 5,558

 Deferred revenue
 2,337

 Financing leases
 2,068
 1,702

 Insurance reserves
 1,507
 1,277

 Financing arrangement, net(c)

 —
 48,943

 Other
 1,098
 2,139

 Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities
 $
 33,940
 $
 87,954

 Other Long-Term Liabilities

 Financing leases
 $
 6,521
 $
 2,138

 Sale-leaseback liability(b)

 —
 2,555

 Other

 Total other long-term liabilities
 $
 6,659
 $
 4,715

 a. Financed insurance premiums are due in monthly installments, are unsecured and mature within the twelve-month period following the close of the year. As of December 31, 2024, the applicable interest rate associated with financed insurance premiums was 6.49 %. As of December 31, 2023, the applicable interest rates associated with financed insurance premiums ranged from 6.60 % to 7.05 %.
 b. On December 30, 2020, the Company entered into an agreement with First National Capital, LLC ("FNC") whereby the Company agreed to sell certain assets from its infrastructure segment to FNC for aggregate proceeds of $ 5.0 million. Concurrent with the sale of assets, the Company entered into a 36 -month lease agreement whereby the Company agreed to lease back the assets at a monthly rental rate of $ 0.1 million. On December 30, 2023, this lease was extended 12 months. On June 1, 2021, the Company entered into another agreement with FNC whereby the

 Company sold additional assets from its infrastructure segment to FNC for aggregate proceeds of $ 9.5 million and entered into a 42 -month lease agreement whereby the Company agreed to lease back the assets at a monthly rental rate of $ 0.2 million. On June 1, 2022, the Company entered into another agreement with FNC whereby the Company sold additional assets from its infrastructure segment to FNC for aggregate proceeds of $ 4.6 million and entered into a 42 -month lease agreement whereby the Company agreed to lease back the assets at a monthly rental rate of $ 0.1 million. Under the agreements, the Company has the option to purchase the assets at the end of the lease terms, which caused it to fail true sale treatment. As a result, the Company recorded liabilities for the proceeds received and will continue to depreciate the assets. The Company has imputed an interest rate so that the carrying amount of the financial liabilities will be the expected repurchase price at the end of the lease terms. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company changed its estimate of the purchase price at the end of the leases, resulting in a charge to interest expense and financing charges, net of $ 9.9 million. During the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company purchased the assets under the June 1, 2021 and June 1, 2022 agreements for an aggregate purchase price of $ 10.9 million.
 c. On December 1, 2023, Cobra, as seller, and Mammoth, as guarantor, entered into the Assignment Agreement with SPCP Group. Under the terms and conditions of the Assignment Agreement, Cobra transferred to SPCP Group all of its rights, title and interest in $ 54.4 million of outstanding accounts receivable with PREPA. The Company elected the fair value option for measuring the liability. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the liability was approximately $ 48.9 million. See Note 20 for additional information regarding this transaction.

 11. Debt

 Debt included the following (in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Revolving credit facility
 —
 —

 Term credit facility, including interest paid-in-kind
 —
 45,000

 Unamortized debt issuance costs and discount
 —
 ( 2,191)

 Total debt
 —
 42,809

 Less: current portion
 —
 —

 Total long-term debt
 $
 —
 $
 42,809

 As of December 31, 2023, there were deferred financing costs on our revolving credit facility totaling $ 3.4 million included in "other non-current assets" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

 Revolving Credit Facility and Term Credit Facility

 On October 16, 2023, the Company entered into a revolving credit facility and a term credit facility (each as defined below), which refinanced in full the Company's indebtedness outstanding under, and terminated, the amended and restated revolving credit facility, dated as of October 19, 2018, as amended (the "previous revolving credit facility"), with us and certain of our direct and indirect subsidiaries, as borrowers, the lenders party thereto from time to time, and PNC Bank, National Association, as a lender and as administrative agent for the lenders.

 On October 16, 2023, the Company, as borrower, and certain of its direct and indirect subsidiaries, as guarantors, entered into a revolving credit agreement with the lenders party thereto and Fifth Third Bank, National Association, as a lender and as administrative agent for the lenders, as may be subsequently amended (the "revolving credit facility"). The revolving credit facility provides for revolving commitments in an aggregate amount of up to $ 75 million. Borrowings under the revolving credit facility are secured by the Company's assets, inclusive of the subsidiary companies, and are subject to a borrowing base calculation prepared monthly which includes a requirement to maintain certain reserves as specified in the revolving credit facility. The revolving credit facility also contains various affirmative and restrictive covenants. Interest under the revolving credit facility equals the Tranche Rate (as defined in the revolving credit facility) plus (i) 1.75 %, if the Average Excess Availability Percentage (as defined in the revolving credit facility) is greater than 66 2/3%, (ii) 2.00 % if the Average Excess Availability Percentage is greater than 33 1/3% and less than or equal to 66 2/3%, and (iii) 2.25 % if the Average Excess Availability Percentage is less than or equal to 33 1/3%.

 As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the financial covenant under the revolving credit facility was the fixed coverage ratio of 1.0 to 1.0 which applies only during the period from the date that excess availability under the revolving credit facility is less than the greater of (i) 10 % of total availability under the revolving credit facility and (ii) $ 5 million until the date in which the excess availability is equal to the greater of (i) 10 % of excess availability and (ii) $ 5 million for 30 consecutive days (such period, a "Financial Covenant Period"). A Financial Covenant Period was not in effect as of each of December 31, 2024, December 31, 2023 and the filing date of this report.

 At December 31, 2024, the revolving credit facility was undrawn, the borrowing base was $ 25.2 million, and there was $ 17.7 million of borrowing capacity under the facility, after giving effect to $ 7.5 million of outstanding letters of credit. At December 31, 2023, the revolving credit facility was undrawn, the borrowing base was $ 27.0 million, and there was $ 20.7 million of borrowing capacity under the facility, after giving effect to $ 6.3 million of outstanding letters of credit.

 On October 16, 2024, the Company entered into (i) an amendment to the revolving credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement Amendment") and (ii) a letter of credit reimbursement agreement (the "Reimbursement Agreement"), each with Fifth Third Bank. The Credit Agreement Amendment, among other things, permits the transactions contemplated by the Reimbursement Agreement, including the issuance of one or more letters of credit to satisfy Cobra's obligations under the Settlement Agreement relating to one or more indemnity letters of credit. The aggregate amount of all such letters of credit shall not exceed $ 18.4 million. Under the terms of the Reimbursement Agreement, the Company agreed to hold cash funds totaling at least 105 % of the stated amount of all letters of credit in an account maintained by Fifth Third Bank and to which Fifth Third Bank has a first priority security interest.

 On October 18, 2024, Cobra received a payment from PREPA totaling $ 18.4 million under the terms of the Settlement Agreement. In connection with the receipt of the $ 18.4 million from PREPA, Cobra instructed Fifth Third Bank to issue a letter of credit to PREPA under the Reimbursement Agreement in the amount of $ 18.4 million and transferred a total of $ 19.3 million to a restricted cash account maintained by Fifth Third Bank as collateral for the letter of credit.

 On October 16, 2023, the Company, as borrower, and certain of its direct and indirect subsidiaries, as guarantors, also entered into a loan and security agreement with the lenders party thereto and Wexford Capital LP, an affiliate of the Company, as administrative agent for the lenders ("Wexford"), as may be subsequently amended (the "term credit facility"). The term credit facility was approved by the audit committee of the Company's board of directors, consisting entirely of independent directors, as a transaction with a related party. The term credit facility provided for term commitments in an aggregate amount equal to $ 45 million. Borrowings under the term credit facility were secured by the Company's assets, inclusive of the subsidiary companies. The term credit facility contained various affirmative and restrictive covenants. Interest under the term credit facility equaled the SOFR Interest Rate (as defined in the new term credit facility) plus 7.50 %; provided that the Company may elect to pay all or a portion of the accrued interest due with respect to any Interest Period (as defined in the new term credit facility) ending on or before April 16, 2025, in kind by adding such accrued interest to the principal amount of the outstanding loans thereunder.

 In particular, under the term credit facility, the Company was required, among other things, to mandatorily remit to Wexford up to 50 % of all amounts that constitute PREPA Claim Proceeds, as such term is defined in the term credit facility, which was used to reduce outstanding borrowings under the term credit facility, as required under the terms thereof. Wexford waived this requirement in connection with the Assignment Agreement and the $ 9.6 million received by Cobra from PREPA in February 2024.

 At December 31, 2023, there were outstanding borrowings, including interest paid-in-kind, under the term credit facility of $ 45.0 million. In connection with the receipt of the first installment amount under the Settlement Agreement on October 1, 2024, the Company paid, in full, all amounts owed under the term credit facility, including the accrued and unpaid interest, in the aggregate amount of $ 50.9 million, and terminated the facility on October 2, 2024. In connection with the payoff of the term credit facility, Wexford waived the 1 % early termination penalty.

 If an event of default occurs under the revolving credit facility and remains uncured, it could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. The lenders, as applicable, (i) would not be required to lend any additional amounts to the Company, (ii) could elect to increase the interest rate by 200 basis points, (iii) could elect to declare all outstanding borrowings, together with accrued and unpaid interest and fees, to be due and payable, (iv) may have the ability to require the Company to apply all of its available cash to repay outstanding borrowings, and (v) may foreclose on substantially all of the Company's assets. The revolving credit facility is currently scheduled to mature on October 16, 2028.

 12. Variable Interest Entities

 Dire Wolf and Predator Aviation, wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company, are party to Voting Trust Agreements with TVPX Aircraft Solutions Inc. (the "Voting Trustee"). Under the Voting Trust Agreements, Dire Wolf transferred 100 % of its membership interest in Cobra Aviation and Predator Aviation transferred 100 % of its membership interest in Leopard to the respective Voting Trustees in exchange for Voting Trust Certificates. Dire Wolf and Predator Aviation retained the obligation to absorb all expected returns or losses of Cobra Aviation and Leopard. Prior to the transfer of the membership interest to the Voting Trustee, Cobra Aviation was a wholly owned subsidiary of Dire Wolf and Leopard was a wholly owned subsidiary of Predator Aviation. Cobra Aviation owns one helicopter and support equipment and 49 % of the equity interest in Brim Acquisitions. Leopard owns one helicopter. Dire Wolf and Predator Aviation entered into the Voting Trust Agreements in order to meet certain registration requirements.

 Dire Wolf's and Predator Aviation's voting rights are not proportional to their respective obligations to absorb expected returns or losses of Cobra Aviation and Leopard, respectively, and all of Cobra Aviation's and Leopard's activities are conducted on behalf of Dire Wolf and Predator Aviation, which have disproportionately fewer voting rights; therefore, Cobra Aviation and Leopard meet the criteria of a VIE. Cobra Aviation and Leopard's operational activities are directed by Dire Wolf's and Predator Aviation's officers and Dire Wolf and Predator Aviation have the option to terminate the Voting Trust Agreements at any time. Therefore, the Company, through Dire Wolf and Predator Aviation, is considered the primary beneficiary of the VIEs and consolidates Cobra Aviation and Leopard at December 31, 2024.

 13. Selling, General and Administrative Expense

 Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expense includes of the following (in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash expenses:

 Compensation and benefits
 $
 14,448
 $
 15,563
 $
 13,729

 Professional services
 12,298
 13,448
 13,501

 Other(a)

 7,146
 7,693
 8,012

 Total cash SG&A expense
 33,892
 36,704
 35,242

 Non-cash expenses:

 Change in provision for expected credit losses(b)

 90,054
 ( 591)
 3,389

 1,345

 Total non-cash SG&A expense
 90,929
 4,312

 Total SG&A expense
 $
 124,821
 $
 37,458
 $
 39,554

 a. Includes travel-related costs, information technology expenses, rent, utilities and other general and administrative-related costs.
 b. Included in the year ended December 31, 2024 amount is a charge of $ 89.2 million related to Cobra's Settlement Agreement with PREPA. See Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Accounts Receivable and —Concentrations of Credit Risk and Significant Customers and Note 20. Commitments and Contingencies—Litigation included elsewhere in this report for additional information.

 14. Income Taxes
 The components of income tax (benefit) provision attributable to the Company for the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, are as follows (in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 U.S. current income tax expense
 $
 $
 $

 U.S. deferred income tax expense (benefit)
 2,500
 —
 ( 207)

 Foreign current income tax (benefit) expense
 ( 15,913)
 13,269
 5,846

 Foreign deferred income tax expense (benefit)
 1,735
 ( 1,687)
 7,907

 Total
 $
 ( 11,204)
 $
 $

 A reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax amount to the recorded expense is as follows (in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 (Loss) income before income taxes
 $
 ( 218,530)
 $
 9,134
 $
 12,988

 Statutory income tax rate
 %
 %
 %

 Expected income tax (benefit) expense
 ( 45,891)
 1,918
 2,727

 Interest and penalties
 3,493
 2,269
 1,677

 Foreign income tax rate differential
 ( 28,291)
 3,416
 4,311

 Foreign (loss) earnings not in reported income
 ( 35,996)
 5,188
 1,565

 Foreign tax credits
 ( 166)
 ( 11,193)
 ( 3,646)

 Withholding taxes
 ( 19,899)
 1,340
 1,677

 Other permanent differences
 1,007
 1,011

 State tax benefit
 ( 5,983)
 ( 1,129)

 Return to provision
 ( 27)
 ( 11)
 ( 116)

 Change in valuation allowance
 120,549
 8,132
 6,219

 Total
 $
 ( 11,204)
 $
 $

 The Company's effective tax rate was 5.1 % for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to 134.6 % for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 104.8 % for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 The effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 differed from the statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the mix of earnings between the United States and Puerto Rico, changes in the valuation allowance and interest and penalties. Additionally, as a result of the Settlement Agreement with PREPA, during the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company reversed $ 19.9 million in withholding tax accruals related to undistributed earnings from Puerto Rico.

 The Company recorded interest and penalties expense of $ 3.2 million, $ 1.8 million and $ 1.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to the 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 tax year returns in Puerto Rico. Additionally, the Company recorded interest expense of $ 0.3 million and $ 0.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively related to the 2019 tax year return in the United States.

 Deferred tax liabilities attributable to the Company consisted of the following (in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Deferred tax assets:

 Section 163(j) interest limitation
 $
 5,090
 $
 —

 Lease asset
 3,660
 3,249

 Intangible assets
 1,050

 Accrued liabilities
 3,605
 3,712

 Net operating loss carryover
 114,506
 4,334

 Foreign tax credits
 76,570
 96,303

 Other
 1,442
 1,315

 Valuation allowance
 ( 187,087)
 ( 86,432)

 Deferred tax assets
 18,836
 23,478

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Property and equipment
 $
 ( 14,140)
 $
 ( 14,708)

 Lease liability
 ( 3,583)
 ( 3,160)

 Prepaid expenses
 ( 2,306)
 ( 2,586)

 Other
 ( 1,828)
 ( 1,808)

 Deferred tax liabilities
 ( 21,857)
 ( 22,262)

 Net deferred tax (liability) asset
 $
 ( 3,021)
 $
 1,216

 Reflected in accompanying balance sheet as:

 Deferred income tax asset
 $
 —
 $
 1,844

 Deferred income tax liability
 ( 3,021)
 ( 628)

 Total
 $
 ( 3,021)
 $
 1,216

 During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded changes in its valuation allowance of $ 120.5 million and $ 8.1 million, respectively, related to deferred tax assets that are not expected to be utilized. The Company has foreign tax credit carryforwards of $ 76.6 million as of December 31, 2024. These credits have a 10-year carryforward period and begin to expire in 2028. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has federal net operating loss and 163(j) interest limitation carryforwards of $ 197.8 million and $ 24.2 million, respectively, that have an indefinite life carryforward. The Company has net operating loss carryforwards in Puerto Rico of $ 170.4 million that have a 10-year carryforward period and expire in 2034.

 The Company maintains a full valuation allowance related to U.S. foreign tax credit carryforwards, as it cannot objectively assert that these deferred tax assets are more likely than not to be realized. The Company has a full valuation allowance on U.S. tax attribute carryforwards to the extent not supported by existing deferred tax liabilities. As result of the annual limitations for net operating loss carryforwards to offset only 80 percent of taxable income, the Company reflects the net deferred tax liability as of December 31, 2024. The Company recorded the full valuation allowance with respect to the Puerto Rico net operating loss carryforwards as they are not more likely than not to be realized. All available positive and negative evidence was weighed to determine whether a valuation allowance was necessary. The most significant evidential matter relates to recent cumulative loss position in the U.S. and no projected benefit related to losses generated in Puerto Rico as of December 31, 2024.

 At December 31, 2024, Mammoth has a foreign subsidiary in Canada with undistributed earnings. These earnings are considered permanently reinvested, as it is the Company's intention to reinvest these earnings in foreign operations. Although we would not be subject to income tax in the U.S. on these earnings, these amounts could be subject to withholding tax if distributed. The Company has made no provision for tax related to these undistributed earnings.

 The Company has recorded interest and penalties payable of $ 8.5 million and $ 5.0 million at December 31, 2024 and

 2023, respectively, related to the 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 tax year returns in Puerto Rico and the 2019 tax year return in the United States. It is the Company's policy to recognize interest and applicable penalties in income tax expense.

 The Company did not have any uncertain tax positions for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 The Company's U.S. federal tax returns for tax years 2019 through 2024 remain subject to examination by the tax authorities. The Company's state and local income tax returns for tax years 2018 through 2024 remain subject to examination, with few exceptions, by the respective tax authorities. Puerto Rico tax returns for tax years 2019 through 2024 and Canada tax returns for the tax years 2017 through 2024 remain open to examination by the respective tax authorities.

 15. Leases

 Lessee Accounting

 The Company recognizes a lease liability equal to the present value of the lease payments and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term for all leases with a term in excess of 12 months. For operating leases, lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, while finance leases include both an operating expense and an interest expense component. For all leases with a term of 12 months or less, the Company has elected the practical expedient to not recognize lease assets and liabilities and recognizes lease expense for these short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

 The Company's operating leases are primarily for rail cars, real estate, and equipment and its finance leases are primarily for machinery and equipment. Generally, the Company does not include renewal or termination options in its assessment of the leases unless extension or termination for certain assets is deemed to be reasonably certain. The accounting for some of the Company's leases may require significant judgment, which includes determining whether a contract contains a lease, determining the incremental borrowing rates to utilize in the net present value calculation of lease payments for lease agreements which do not provide an implicit rate and assessing the likelihood of renewal or termination options. Lease agreements that contain a lease and non-lease component are generally accounted for as a single lease component.

 The rate implicit in the Company's leases is not readily determinable. Therefore, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the commencement date of its leases in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company's incremental borrowing rate reflects the estimated rate of interest that it would pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.

 Lease expense consisted of the following for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Operating lease expense
 $
 6,576
 $
 7,510

 Short-term lease expense

 Finance lease expense:

 Amortization of right-of-use assets
 1,767
 2,059

 Interest on lease liabilities

 Total lease expense
 $
 8,915
 $
 10,275

 Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Operating leases:

 Operating lease right-of-use assets
 $
 6,417
 $
 9,551

 Current operating lease liability
 3,450
 5,771

 Long-term operating lease liability
 2,792
 3,534

 Finance leases:

 Property and equipment, net
 $
 8,731
 $
 3,966

 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
 2,068
 1,702

 Other liabilities
 6,521
 2,138

 Other supplemental information related to leases for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:

 Operating cash flows from operating leases
 $
 6,521
 $
 7,438

 Operating cash flows from finance leases

 Financing cash flows from finance leases
 1,858
 3,716

 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:

 Operating leases
 $
 2,918
 $
 5,681

 Finance leases
 6,896
 1,417

 2024
 2023

 Weighted-average remaining lease term:

 Operating leases
 3.1 years
 2.5 years

 Finance leases
 3.8 years
 2.2 years

 Weighted-average discount rate:

 Operating leases
 9.5
 %
 8.7
 %

 Finance leases
 9.0
 %
 6.3
 %

 Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):
 Operating Leases
 Finance Leases

 2025
 $
 3,846
 $
 2,729

 2026
 1,590
 3,014

 2027
 2,003

 2028

 2029

 Thereafter

 Total lease payments
 7,313
 10,337

 Less: Present value discount
 1,071
 1,748

 Present value of lease payments
 $
 6,242
 $
 8,589

 Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the Company entered into 14 additional finance leases for trucks. These agreements provide for aggregate fixed lease payments totaling $ 0.9 million with lease terms of three years.

 Lessor Accounting

 Certain of the Company's agreements with its customers for equipment rentals, aviation services and remote accommodation services contain an operating lease component under FASB ASC 842, Leases, because (i) there are identified assets, (ii) the customer obtains substantially all of the economic benefits of the identified assets throughout the period of use and (iii) the customer directs the use of the identified assets throughout the period of use. The Company has elected to apply the practical expedient provided to lessors to combine the lease and non-lease components of a contract where the revenue recognition pattern is the same and where the lease component, when accounted for separately, would be considered an operating lease. The practical expedient also allows a lessor to account for the combined lease and non-lease components under FASB ASC 606, when the non-lease component is the predominant element of the combined component.

 The Company's lease agreements are generally short-term in nature and lease revenue is recognized over time based on a monthly, daily or hourly rate basis. The Company does not provide an option for the lessee to purchase the rented assets at the end of the lease and the lessees do not provide residual value guarantees on the rented assets. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized lease revenue, which is included in " services revenue " and "services revenue - related parties" in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive loss of $ 2.0 million, $ 3.2 million, and $ 3.3 million, respectively.

 16. Loss Per Share

 2024
 2023
 2022

 (in thousands, except per share data)

 Basic loss per share:

 Allocation of earnings:

 $
 $
 $

 Weighted average common shares outstanding
 48,065
 47,777
 47,175

 Basic loss per share
 $
 ( 4.31)
 $
 ( 0.07)
 $
 ( 0.01)

 Diluted loss per share:

 Allocation of earnings:

 $
 $
 $

 Weighted average common shares, including dilutive effect (a)

 48,065
 47,777
 47,175

 Diluted loss per share
 $
 ( 4.31)
 $
 ( 0.07)
 $
 ( 0.01)

 a. No incremental shares of potentially dilutive restricted stock awards were included for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, or 2022 as their effect was antidilutive under the treasury stock method.

 17. Equity Based Compensation
 Upon formation of certain operating entities by Wexford and Gulfport, specified members of management (the "Specified Members") and certain non-employee members (the "Non-Employee Members") were granted the right to receive distributions from the operating entities after the contribution member's unreturned capital balance was recovered (referred to as "Payout" provision).

 On November 24, 2014, the awards were modified in conjunction with the contribution of the operating entities to Mammoth. These awards were not granted in limited or general partner units. The awards are for interests in the distributable earnings of the members of MEH Sub, Mammoth's majority equity holder.

 On the closing date of Mammoth Inc.'s initial public offering ("IPO"), the unreturned capital balance of Mammoth's majority equity holder was not fully recovered from its sale of common stock in the IPO. As a result, Payout did not occur and no compensation cost was recorded.

 Payout for the remaining awards is expected to occur as the contribution member's unreturned capital balance is recovered from additional sales by MEH Sub of its shares of the Company's common stock or from dividend distributions, which is not considered probable until the event occurs. For the Specified Member awards, the unrecognized amount, which represents the fair value of the award as of the modification dates or grant date, was $ 5.6 million.

 For the Company's Non-Employee Member awards, the unrecognized amount, which represents the fair value of the awards as of the date of adoption of ASU 2018-07 was $ 18.9 million.

 18. Stock-Based Compensation
 On April 29, 2024, the Board of Directors of Mammoth adopted the Mammoth Energy Services, Inc. 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2024 Plan"), subject to stockholder approval, which approval was obtained at Mammoth's 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders on June 12, 2024. The 2024 Plan authorizes the Company's Board of Directors or the compensation committee of the Company's Board of Directors to grant restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, stock options and performance awards. There are a maximum of 2.1 million shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2024 Plan, of which 1.9 million shares of common stock remain available for future grants under the 2024 Plan as of December 31, 2024. No new awards will be granted under the Company's previous equity incentive plan after June 12, 2024.

 Restricted Stock Units

 The fair value of restricted stock unit awards was determined based on the fair market value of the Company's common stock on the date of the grant. This value is amortized over the vesting period.

 A summary of the status and changes of the unvested shares of restricted stock is presented below.
 Number of Unvested Restricted Shares
 Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value

 Unvested shares as of January 1, 2022
 1,128,205
 $
 1.27

 Granted
 228,310
 2.19

 Vested
 ( 628,205)
 1.54

 Forfeited
 —
 —

 Unvested restricted stock units as of December 31, 2022
 728,310
 1.32

 Granted
 369,050
 5.17

 Vested
 ( 794,977)
 1.69

 Forfeited
 —
 —

 Unvested restricted stock units as of December 31, 2023
 302,383
 5.06

 Granted
 139,280
 3.59

 Vested
 ( 185,717)
 4.71

 Forfeited
 —
 —

 Unvested restricted stock units as of December 31, 2024
 255,946
 4.52

 As of December 31, 2024, there was $ 0.6 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the unvested restricted stock. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 10 months.

 The total fair value of shares vested was $ 0.7 million, $ 4.1 million and $ 1.1 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Included in cost of revenue and selling, general and administrative expenses is stock-based compensation expense of $ 0.9 million, $ 1.3 million and $ 0.9 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

 19. Related Party Transactions
 Transactions between the subsidiaries of the Company, including Panther, Cobra Aviation, ARS and Leopard and the following companies are included in Related Party Transactions: Wexford, El Toro Resources LLC ("El Toro"), Elk City

 Yard LLC ("Elk City Yard"), Double Barrel Downhole Technologies LLC ("DBDHT"), Caliber Investment Group LLC ("Caliber") and Brim Equipment. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, revenue from related party transactions was $ 1.5 million, $ 1.0 million and $ 1.1 million, respectively, and costs incurred from related party transactions was $ 0.4 million, $ 0.5 million and $ 0.5 million, respectively. At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, accounts receivable from related party transactions was $ 0.4 million and a nominal amount, respectively, which is included in "accounts receivable", in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. There was no accounts payable for related party transactions at December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

 On December 21, 2018, Cobra Aviation acquired all outstanding equity interest in ARS and purchased two commercial helicopters, spare parts, support equipment and aircraft documents from Brim Equipment. Following these transactions, and also on December 21, 2018, Cobra Aviation formed a joint venture with Wexford Investment named Brim Acquisitions to acquire all outstanding equity interests in Brim Equipment. Cobra Aviation owns a 49 % economic interest and Wexford Investment owns a 51 % economic interest in Brim Acquisitions, and each member contributed its pro rata portion of Brim Acquisitions' initial capital of $ 2.0 million. Wexford Investment is an entity controlled by Wexford, which owns approximately 46 % of the Company's outstanding common stock. Cobra Aviation and Leopard each lease one helicopter to Brim Equipment under the terms of aircraft lease and management agreements. ARS was subsequently sold to a third party in July 2023. See Note 4 for further discussion.

 On October 16, 2023, the Company entered into a loan and security agreement with Wexford, an affiliate of Mammoth. Under this agreement, the Company had outstanding debt, including interest paid-in kind and net of debt discount and debt issuance costs, of $ 42.8 million as of December 31, 2023. Additionally, the Company incurred interest expense under this agreement totaling $ 4.7 million and $ 1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. On October 2, 2024, the Company paid, in full, all amounts owed under the term credit facility and terminated the facility. See Note 11 for additional detail on the agreement with Wexford.

 20. Commitments and Contingencies
 Commitments
 From time to time, the Company may enter into agreements with suppliers that contain minimum purchase obligations and agreements to purchase capital equipment. The Company did not have any unconditional purchase obligations as of December 31, 2024.

 Letters of Credit
 The Company had outstanding letters of credit related to environmental remediation and insurance programs that were issued under the Company's revolving credit facility, which is collateralized by substantially all of the assets of the Company, totaling $ 7.5 million and $ 6.3 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Additionally, as of December 31, 2024, the Company had an outstanding letter of credit related to its Settlement Agreement with PREPA totaling $ 18.4 million, which is cash collateralized at Fifth Third Bank for $ 19.3 million.

 Insurance
 The Company has insurance coverage for physical partial loss to its assets, employer's liability, automobile liability, commercial general liability, workers' compensation and insurance for other specific risks. The Company has also elected in some cases to accept a greater amount of risk through increased deductibles on certain insurance policies. At each of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the workers' compensation policy required a deductible per occurrence of up to $ 0.3 million. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company's primary automobile liability policy required a deductible per occurrence of up to $ 0.5 million and $ 0.1 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the workers' compensation and auto liability policies contained an aggregate stop loss of $ 5.4 million.

 Effective November 1, 2024, the Company became party to a deductible reimbursement insurance policy from a protected cell captive insurance company that covers losses between the $ 0.5 million deductible under its primary auto liability policy and $ 0.1 million. Also effective November 1, 2024, the Company became a member of a group captive insurance company that covers one layer of its auto liability coverage.

 The Company establishes liabilities for the unpaid deductible portion of claims incurred based on estimates. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, accrued claims were $ 1.5 million and $ 1.3 million, respectively.

 The Company also has insurance coverage for directors and officers liability. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the directors and officers liability policy had a deductible per occurrence of $ 1.0 million and an aggregate deductible of $ 10.0

 million. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not have any accrued claims for directors and officers liability.

 The Company also self-insures its employee health insurance. The Company has coverage on its self-insurance program in the form of a stop loss of $ 0.2 million per participant and an aggregate stop-loss of $ 5.8 million for the calendar year ending December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, accrued claims were $ 2.3 million and $ 1.5 million, respectively. These estimates may change in the near term as actual claims continue to develop.

 Warranty Guarantees
 Pursuant to certain customer contracts in our infrastructure services segment, the Company warrants equipment and labor performed under the contracts for a specified period following substantial completion of the work. Generally, the warranty is for one year or less. No liabilities were accrued as of December 31, 2024 or 2023 and no expense was recognized during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 or 2022 related to warranty claims. However, if warranty claims occur, the Company could be required to repair or replace warrantied items, which in most cases are covered by warranties extended from the manufacturer of the equipment. In the event the manufacturer of equipment failed to perform on a warranty obligation or denied a warranty claim made by the Company, the Company could be required to pay for the cost of the repair or replacement.

 Bonds
 In the ordinary course of business, the Company is required to provide bid bonds to certain customers in the infrastructure services segment as part of the bidding process. These bonds provide a guarantee to the customer that the Company, if awarded the project, will perform under the terms of the contract. Bid bonds are typically provided for a percentage of the total contract value. Additionally, the Company may be required to provide performance and payment bonds for contractual commitments related to projects in process. These bonds provide a guarantee to the customer that the Company will perform under the terms of a contract and that the Company will pay subcontractors and vendors. If the Company fails to perform under a contract or to pay subcontractors and vendors, the customer may demand that the surety make payments or provide services under the bond. The Company must reimburse the surety for expenses or outlays it incurs. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, outstanding performance and payment bonds totaled $ 14.2 million and $ 10.0 million, respectively. The estimated cost to complete projects secured by the performance and payment bonds totaled $ 7.2 million and $ 2.5 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. There were $ 0.2 million in outstanding bid bonds as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Litigation
 Cobra and PREPA previously entered into two agreements to aid in the restoration and reconstruction of Puerto Rico's power grid in response to damage caused by Hurricane Maria in 2017. PREPA is currently subject to bankruptcy proceedings, which were filed in July 2017 and are currently pending in the Title III Court. As a result, PREPA's ability to meet its payment obligations under the above-referenced agreements was largely dependent upon funding from FEMA or other sources. Since September 30, 2019, Cobra has been pursuing litigation in the Title III Court and other dispute resolution efforts seeking recovery of the amounts owed to Cobra by PREPA for restoration services in Puerto Rico, which proceedings are discussed in more detail in the Company's prior reports filed with the SEC. PREPA was holding approximately $ 18.4 million in Withheld FEMA Funds received from FEMA and considered payable to Cobra but had been withheld due to garnishments asserted by three Puerto Rican municipalities for certain municipal tax claims discussed below and for which Cobra disputed any valid garnishment.

 On July 22, 2024, Cobra entered into a release and settlement agreement with PREPA and the FOMB, in its capacity as Title III representative for PREPA, to settle all outstanding matters between Cobra and PREPA.

 Under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, Cobra was allowed an administrative expense claim against PREPA of $ 170.0 million, plus the $ 18.4 million in the Withheld FEMA Funds. Cobra's allowed claim is payable through three installments: (i) $ 150.0 million on the later of (A) ten business days following approval of the Settlement Agreement by the Title III Court and (B) August 31, 2024; (ii) $ 20.0 million within seven days following the effective date of PREPA's plan of adjustment; and (iii) $ 18.4 million in the Withheld FEMA Funds within either (A) ten business days after the deadline for appealing the entry of the settlement order by the Title III Court under the applicable bankruptcy rules of procedure if no such appeal is filed, or (B) if the provisions of the settlement order allowing PREPA to release the Withheld FEMA Funds to Cobra without retaining any liability to the Specified Municipalities are appealed by the Specified Municipalities, within ten business days of the filing of the notice of such appeal. In exchange for the settlement payments and conditioned upon the effectiveness and full implementation of the Settlement Agreement, Cobra has agreed to release and waive any further claim against PREPA under its two agreements with PREPA. Further, if PREPA pays the

 Withheld FEMA Funds to Cobra following the notice of appeal described above, Cobra agreed to indemnify and hold PREPA harmless, as well as to provide PREPA with one or more indemnity letters of credit, solely for any payment(s) PREPA is subsequently required to make pursuant to the Specified Municipalities on account of the Specified Municipal Tax Claims if such order is entered as a result of (i) any reversal on appeal of the settlement order with respect to the FEMA Withheld Funds and/or (ii) the Puerto Rico Court of First Instance or other court of competent jurisdiction enters such order after a diligent challenge by PREPA (including through enforcement of the order approving Settlement Agreement if in effect). Any such indemnity obligation will in no event exceed the amount of the Withheld FEMA Funds paid to and received by Cobra.

 The Settlement Agreement was approved by the Company's Board of Directors on July 22, 2024, and was also approved by the PREPA Board and by the FOMB. On September 18, 2024, the Settlement Agreement was approved by the Title III Court overruling all objections thereto and an order was entered the same day (the "Settlement Order"). On October 1, 2024, Cobra received the first installment payment of $ 150.0 million from the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in connection with the Settlement Agreement with PREPA. Also on October 1, 2024, certain Puerto Rico municipalities and Foreman Electric Services Inc. that had objected to approval of the Settlement Order each filed timely notices of appeal of the Settlement Order to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit. None of the foregoing parties have sought a stay of the Settlement Order pending such appeals. Although the ultimate outcome of these appeals cannot be predicted with certainty, Cobra believes that the appeals are without merit.

 On October 18, 2024, Cobra received a payment from PREPA totaling $ 18.4 million under the terms of the Settlement Agreement. In connection with the receipt of the $ 18.4 million from PREPA, Cobra instructed Fifth Third Bank to issue a letter of credit to PREPA under the Reimbursement Agreement in the amount of $ 18.4 million and transferred a total of $ 19.3 million to a restricted cash account maintained by Fifth Third Bank as collateral for the letter of credit.

 As a result of the Settlement Agreement, the Company recorded a non-cash, pre-tax charge of approximately $ 170.7 million in the second quarter of 2024 to reduce its accounts receivable balance from PREPA of $ 359.1 million, representing the amount owed to Cobra by PREPA in relation to these agreements as of June 30, 2024, including the accrued but unpaid interest, prior to the Settlement Agreement, to the amount expected to be received from the Settlement Agreement. Of the $ 170.7 million, $ 89.2 million was charged to credit loss expense, which is included in "selling, general and administrative" in the accompanying consolidated statement of comprehensive loss, and $ 81.5 million was charged to interest on delinquent accounts receivable, which is included in "other (expense) income, net" in the accompanying consolidated statement of comprehensive loss.

 On January 21, 2020, MasTec Renewables Puerto Rico, LLC ("MasTec") filed a lawsuit against Mammoth Inc. and Cobra in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida. MasTec's complaint asserted claims against the Company and Cobra Acquisitions for violations of the federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act ("RICO"), tortious interference and violations of Puerto Rico law. MasTec alleged that it sustained injuries to its business and property in an unspecified amount because it lost the opportunity to perform work in connection with rebuilding the energy infrastructure in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria under a services contract with a maximum value of $ 500 million due to the Company's and Cobra's wrongful interference, payment of bribes, and other inducement to a FEMA official. On April 1, 2020, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint. On October 14, 2020, the Court dismissed the RICO claims, and on November 18, 2020, dismissed the claims arising under the Puerto Rico statute and the cause of action for tortious interference with MasTec's contract (but not its business relations), and dismissed Mammoth Inc. from the litigation. On August 2, 2021, in order to avoid the risks of further litigation, and with no admission of wrongdoing whatsoever, the Company reached an agreement to settle this matter. Under the terms of the agreement, Cobra paid $ 6.5 million to MasTec on August 2, 2021 and the Company guaranteed payment, by Cobra, of $ 9.25 million on both August 1, 2022 and December 1, 2022. The agreement specified interest rates between 6 % and 12 %. The settlement amount and legal expenses related to the matter of $ 25.0 million and $ 5.4 million, respectively, are reflected in "other income, net" in the accompanying consolidated statement of comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2021. Cobra made the second installment payment, including accrued interest, to MasTec on August 23, 2022, the final installment principal payment to MasTec on October 24, 2022 and the final installment interest payment to MasTec on December 1, 2022.

 On May 13, 2021, Foreman Electric Services, Inc. ("Foreman") filed a petition against Mammoth Inc. and Cobra in the Oklahoma County District Court (Oklahoma State Court). The petition asserted claims against the Company and Cobra under federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act ("RICO") statutes and certain state-law causes of action. Foreman alleged that it sustained injuries to its business and property in the amount of $ 250 million due to the Company's and Cobra's alleged wrongful interference by means of inducements to a FEMA official. On May 18, 2021,

 the Company removed this action to the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma and filed a motion to dismiss on July 8, 2021. On July 29, 2021, Foreman voluntarily dismissed the action without prejudice. On December 14, 2021, Foreman re-filed its petition against Mammoth Inc. and Cobra in the Oklahoma County District Court (Oklahoma State Court). On December 16, 2021, the Company again removed this action to the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma. Foreman filed a motion to remand this action back to Oklahoma County District Court, which was granted on May 5, 2022. On September 28, 2023, the Company moved to dismiss the petition. On November 16, 2023, rather than respond to the motion, Foreman filed an Amended Petition naming Arty Straehla, Mark Layton and Wexford as additional defendants, added claims for fraudulent transfer arising out of the refinancing of certain debt and sought receivership over Mammoth and Cobra related to allegedly fraudulently transferred assets. The defendants moved to dismiss the Amended Petition, which was denied on March 12, 2024. On February 8, 2024, Foreman filed a Motion for Appointment of Receiver. On April 29, 2024, the Court denied that motion. Additionally, on February 6, 2023, Foreman moved to amend a complaint against the former president of Cobra filed in Florida State Court arising from facts similar to those in the pending Oklahoma action to add, as defendants, Arty Straehla and Mark Layton. On September 15, 2023, Straehla and Layton moved to dismiss the complaint. On January 18, 2024, Foreman voluntarily dismissed the Florida State Court action against Straehla and Layton. In a related matter, on January 12, 2022, a Derivative Complaint on behalf of nominal defendant Machine Learning Integration, LLC ("MLI"), which alleges it would have served as a sub-contractor to Foreman in Puerto Rico, was filed against the Company and Cobra in the U.S. District Court for the District of Puerto Rico alleging essentially the same facts as Foreman's action and asserting violations of federal RICO statutes and certain non-federal claims. MLI alleges it sustained injuries to its business and property in an unspecified amount because the Company's and Cobra's wrongful interference by means of inducements to a FEMA official prevented Foreman from obtaining work, and thereby prevented MLI, as Foreman's subcontractor, from obtaining work. During 2024, the Company recognized an estimated liability related to these complaints, which is included in "accounts payable" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The amount required to resolve these matters may ultimately increase or decrease from the Company's estimated amount as the matters progress.

 The Company is routinely involved in state and local tax audits. During 2015, the State of Ohio assessed taxes on the purchase of equipment the Company believes is exempt under state law. The Company appealed the assessment and a hearing was held in 2017. As a result of the hearing, the Company received a decision from the State of Ohio, which the Company appealed. On February 25, 2022, the Company received an unfavorable decision on the appeal. The Company appealed the decision. On August 2, 2023, the Ohio Supreme court affirmed the ruling in part and reversed the ruling in part. The Company is currently awaiting the final assessment. It is not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

 Cobra has been served with 13 lawsuits from municipalities in Puerto Rico alleging failure to pay construction excise and volume of business taxes. On November 14, 2022, the Court entered judgment against Cobra in connection with one of the lawsuits ordering payment of approximately $ 9.0 million. On January 9, 2023, Cobra appealed the judgment and, on March 20, 2023, the Court confirmed the imposition of approximately $ 8.5 million related to construction excise taxes. On April 10, 2023, Cobra appealed this judgment, which was denied on May 5, 2023. Cobra filed a motion for reconsideration on May 15, 2023, which was denied. Cobra filed a second motion for reconsideration on June 22, 2023 and is currently awaiting a decision. On December 18, 2023, the Humacao Superior Court issued an order to PREPA to withhold payment of approximately $ 9.0 million to Cobra. On January 17, 2024, Cobra filed a Writ of Certiorari requesting the Court of Appeals to reverse the order from the Humacao Superior Court. On February 15, 2024, Cobra's request was granted by the Court of Appeals and the order instructing PREPA to withhold the $ 9.0 million payment from Cobra was revoked. The case was remanded to the lower Court for continuation of the proceedings in accordance with the Court of Appeals' order. Cobra believes it is exempt from the construction excise taxes. In connection with the Settlement Agreement entered into with PREPA, PREPA (including through the Puerto Rico Fiscal Agency and Financial Advisory Authority, as fiscal agent for PREPA, and the FOMB) has agreed to cooperate with Cobra and assist in resolving the construction excise and volume of business taxes assessed against Cobra. There is no guarantee, however, that the Company, including with PREPA's cooperation, will be successful in favorably resolving or mitigating these taxes. Accordingly, at this time, the Company is not able to predict the outcome of these matters or whether they will have a material impact on the Company's business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

 On April 16, 2019, Christopher Williams, a former employee of Higher Power Electrical, LLC, filed a putative class and collective action complaint titled Christopher Williams, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated v. Higher Power Electrical, LLC, Cobra Acquisitions LLC, and Cobra Energy LLC in the U.S. District Court for the District of Puerto Rico. On June 24, 2019, the complaint was amended to replace Mr. Williams with Matthew Zeisset as the named plaintiff. The plaintiff alleges the defendant failed to pay overtime wages to a class of workers in compliance with the Fair Labor Standards Act and Puerto Rico law. On August 21, 2019, upon request of the parties, the Court stayed

 proceedings in the lawsuit and administratively closed the case pending completion of individual arbitration proceedings initiated by Mr. Zeisset and opt-in plaintiffs. Other claimants have subsequently initiated additional individual arbitration proceedings asserting similar claims. During 2023, the Company agreed to settlements in principle with a portion of the claimants. Arbitrations remain pending for the remaining claimants. The Company will continue to vigorously defend the arbitrations. During 2023 and 2024, the Company recognized an estimated liability related to these complaints, which is included in "accounts payable" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The amount required to resolve these matters may ultimately increase or decrease from the Company's estimated amount as the matters progress.

 On September 10, 2019, the U.S. District Court for the District of Puerto Rico unsealed an indictment that charged the former president of Cobra Acquisitions LLC with conspiracy, wire fraud, false statements and disaster fraud. Two other individuals were also charged in the indictment. The indictment is focused on the interactions between a former FEMA official and the former president of Cobra. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries were charged in the indictment. On May 18, 2022, the former FEMA official and the former president of Cobra each pled guilty to one-count information charging gratuities related to a project that Cobra never bid upon and was never awarded or received any monies for. On December 13, 2022, the Court sentenced the former Cobra president to custody of the Bureau of Prisons for six months and one day, a term of supervised release of six months and one day and a fine of $ 25,000. The Court sentenced the FEMA official to custody of the Bureau of Prisons for six months and one day, a term of supervised release of six months and a fine of $ 15,000. The Court also dismissed the indictment against the two defendants. The Company does not expect any additional activity in the criminal proceeding. Subsequent to the indictment, Cobra received a civil investigative demand ("CID") from the United States Department of Justice ("DOJ"), which requests certain documents and answers to specific interrogatories relevant to an ongoing investigation it is conducting. The aforementioned DOJ investigation is in connection with the issues raised in the criminal matter. Cobra fully cooperated with the DOJ but is not able to predict the outcome of this investigation, or even if it still active, or if so, whether it will have a material impact on Cobra's or the Company's business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. With regard to the SEC investigation disclosed in previous filings, on July 6, 2022, the SEC sent a letter saying that it had concluded its investigation as to the Company and that based on information the SEC has as of this date, it does not intend to recommend an enforcement action against the Company.

 The Company is involved in various other legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. Although the Company cannot predict the outcome of these proceedings, legal matters are subject to inherent uncertainties and there exists the possibility that the ultimate resolution of these matters could have a material impact on the Company's business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

 Assignment Agreement
 On December 1, 2023, Cobra, as seller and Mammoth, as guarantor, entered into the Assignment Agreement with SPCP Group, as purchaser.

 Under the terms and conditions of the Assignment Agreement, Cobra transferred to SPCP Group, at the purchase rate of 88.0 % and free and clear of any liens and claims, all of its rights, title and interest in the first $ 63.0 million (the "Transferred Amount") of the total outstanding accounts receivable that remained unpaid by PREPA as of October 6, 2023 (the "PREPA Claim"), received or to be received by Cobra on or after October 6, 2023. Between October 6, 2023 and December 1, 2023, Cobra received payments from PREPA with respect to the PREPA Claim totaling $ 8.6 million (the "Interim Payment Amount"), resulting in the net Transferred Amount of $ 54.4 million.

 In connection with the entry into the Assignment Agreement, Mammoth and Cobra obtained the required consents from lenders under the Company's revolving credit facility with Fifth Third Bank and the Company's term loan and security agreement with Wexford. Further, under the term loan and security agreement with Wexford, Mammoth was required, among other things, to mandatorily remit to Wexford up to 50 % of all amounts that constitute PREPA Claim proceeds, including the proceeds received by Cobra under the Assignment Agreement, to reduce outstanding borrowings under such term loan and security agreement. In connection with the Assignment Agreement, Wexford waived this requirement.

 The net proceeds received by Cobra in connection with the Assignment Agreement were $ 46.1 million. The Company elected the fair value option for measuring the liability to simplify the accounting associated with the Assignment Agreement. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the liability was approximately $ 48.9 million, which is included in "accrued expenses and other current liabilities" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet and the aggregate unpaid principal balance related to this liability was $ 54.4 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized a financing charge totaling $ 2.8 million, which is included in "interest expense and financing charges, net" in the accompanying consolidated statement of comprehensive loss.

 During the three months ended March 31, 2024, PREPA paid $ 64.0 million with respect to the outstanding PREPA receivable. Of the $ 64.0 million, $ 54.4 million was paid to SPCP Group, as Cobra's assignee under the Assignment Agreement, which fully extinguished Cobra's and Mammoth's obligations to SPCP Group under the Assignment Agreement, and the Assignment Agreement was terminated. The Company recognized a financing charge totaling $ 5.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 related to the termination of the Assignment Agreement, which is included in "interest expense and financing charges, net" in the accompanying consolidated statement of comprehensive loss. The remaining $ 9.6 million was paid to Cobra. Wexford waived the requirement to mandatorily remit to Wexford up to 50 % of all PREPA Claim proceeds in relation to the $ 9.6 million.

 Defined contribution plan
 The Company sponsors a 401(k) defined contribution plan for the benefit of substantially all employees at their date of hire. The plan allows eligible employees to contribute up to 92 % of their annual compensation, not to exceed annual limits established by the federal government. The Company makes discretionary matching contributions of up to 3 % of an employee's compensation and may make additional discretionary contributions for eligible employees. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company paid $ 2.1 million, $ 2.0 million and $ 1.9 million, respectively, in contributions to the plan.

 21. Reporting Segments and Geographic Areas
 Reporting Segments

 The Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer comprise the Company's CODM. Segment information is prepared on the same basis that the CODM manages the segments, evaluates the segment financial statements and makes key operating and resource utilization decisions. Segment evaluation is determined on a quantitative basis based on a function of Adjusted EBITDA, as well as a qualitative basis, such as nature of the product and service offerings and types of customers. The Company defines Adjusted EBITDA as net loss before depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion, gains or losses on disposal of assets, net, impairment of goodwill, stock based compensation, interest expense and financing charges, net, other expense (income), net (which is comprised of interest on trade accounts receivable and certain legal expenses) and (benefit) provision for income taxes, further adjusted to add back interest on trade accounts receivable. The Company's significant segment expenses include cost of revenue and selling, general and administrative expense.

 The Company principally provides services in connection with on-shore drilling of oil and natural gas wells for small to large domestic independent oil and natural gas producers as well as electric infrastructure services to private utilities, public investor-owned utilities and co-operative utilities. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had three reportable segments, which includes well completion services ("Well Completion"), infrastructure services ("Infrastructure") and natural sand proppant services ("Sand"). The Well Completion segment provides hydraulic fracturing and water transfer services primarily in the Utica Shale of Eastern Ohio, Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania and the mid-continent region. The Infrastructure segment provides electric utility infrastructure services to government-funded utilities, private utilities, public investor-owned utilities and co-operative utilities in the northeastern, southwestern, midwestern and western portions of the United States. The Sand segment mines, processes and sells sand for use in hydraulic fracturing. The Sand segment primarily services the Utica Shale, Permian Basin, SCOOP, STACK and Montney Shale in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada.

 Based on its assessment of FASB ASC 280, Segment Reporting, guidance at December 31, 2024, the Company changed its presentation in 2024 to move Bison Drilling and Panther Drilling, which were previously included in the Company's drilling services reportable segment, to the reconciling column titled "All Other". On December 13, 2024, Anaconda Rentals, Aquahawk, Barracuda, Bison Sand, IFX, Ivory Freight, Coil Tubing, Redback Energy, Redback Pumpdown, Stingray Cementing and WTL were merged into Orca. Prior to 2024, Aquahawk, Bison Sand and Redback Pumpdown were included in the Well Completion segment, Barracuda was included in the Sand segment and the remainder of the entities were included in the reconciling column titled "All Other". Due to the merger of these entities into Orca, the results for Aquahawk, Bison Sand, Redback Pumpdown and Barracuda are now included in the reconciling column titled "All Other". The results for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 have been retroactively adjusted to reflect these changes.

 The Company also provides directional drilling, aviation services, equipment rental services, remote accommodation and equipment manufacturing services. The businesses that provide these services are distinct operating segments, which the

 CODM reviews independently when making key operating and resource utilization decisions. None of these operating segments meet the quantitative thresholds of a reporting segment and do not meet the aggregation criteria set forth in FASB ASC 280. Therefore, results for these operating segments are included in the column titled "All Other" in the tables below. Additionally, assets for corporate activities, which primarily include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, inter-segment accounts receivable, prepaid insurance and certain property and equipment, are included in the All Other column. Although Mammoth Energy Partners LLC, which holds these corporate assets, meets one of the quantitative thresholds of a reporting segment, it does not engage in business activities from which it may earn revenues and its results are not regularly reviewed by the Company's CODM when making key operating and resource utilization decisions. Therefore, the Company does not include it as a reportable segment.

 Sales from one segment to another are generally priced at estimated equivalent commercial selling prices. Total revenue and total cost of revenue amounts included in the Eliminations column in the following tables include inter-segment transactions conducted between segments. Receivables due for sales from one segment to another and for corporate allocations to each segment are included in the Eliminations column for total assets in the following tables. All transactions conducted between segments are eliminated in consolidation. Transactions conducted by companies within the same reporting segment are eliminated within each reporting segment. Corporate selling, general and administrative costs are allocated to each segment based on forecasted revenue, expense and asset base. Corporate interest expense is allocated to each segment based on its inter-company payable position with the Company's corporate entity. US income tax expense is not allocated to each segment. Foreign income tax expense is realized in the segment in which the foreign operations occur.

 The following tables set forth certain financial information with respect to the Company's reportable segments (in thousands):

 Year Ended December 31, 2024
 Well Completion
 Infrastructure
 Sand
 All Other
 Total

 Revenue from external customers
 $
 33,622
 $
 110,383
 $
 19,026
 $
 24,901
 $
 —
 $

 Intersegment revenues
 —
 6,548
 ( 6,972)
 —

 34,015
 110,383
 19,057
 31,449
 ( 6,972)

 Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion
 38,005
 92,081
 17,790
 22,875
 —
 170,751

 Intersegment cost of revenues
 —
 6,165
 ( 6,972)
 —

 Total cost of revenue
 38,761
 92,132
 17,790
 29,040
 ( 6,972)
 170,751

 Selling, general and administrative, exclusive of stock based compensation
 4,389
 111,068
 4,195
 4,294
 —
 123,946

 —
 ( 60,686)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 60,686)

 ( 9,135)
 ( 153,503)
 ( 2,928)
 ( 1,885)
 —
 ( 167,451)

 ( 21,886)
 ( 166,089)
 ( 8,496)
 ( 10,855)
 —

 10,889
 2,774
 5,228
 6,188
 —

 Losses (gains) on disposal of assets, net
 ( 1,304)
 ( 2,763)
 —
 ( 4,014)

 —

 1,628
 21,590
 1,800
 —
 25,204

 Other expense, net
 64,535
 —
 64,621

 (Benefit) provision for income taxes
 —
 ( 14,785)
 —
 3,581
 —
 ( 11,204)

 —
 ( 60,686)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 60,686)

 ( 9,135)
 ( 153,503)
 ( 2,928)
 ( 1,885)
 —
 ( 167,451)

 Total expenditures for property, plant and equipment
 $
 12,730
 $
 2,815
 $
 —
 $
 $
 $
 17,065

 As of December 31, 2024:

 Total assets
 $
 61,728
 $
 150,531
 $
 118,855
 $
 ( 97,525)
 $
 150,442
 $
 384,031

 Year Ended December 31, 2023
 Well Completion
 Infrastructure
 Sand
 All Other
 Total

 Revenue from external customers
 $
 126,932
 $
 110,537
 $
 39,106
 $
 32,917
 $
 —
 $

 Intersegment revenue
 —
 2,029
 ( 2,494)
 —

 127,372
 110,537
 39,131
 34,946
 ( 2,494)

 Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion
 103,880
 90,478
 25,666
 27,816
 —
 247,840

 Intersegment cost of revenues
 1,182
 —
 1,163
 ( 2,494)
 —

 Total cost of revenue
 105,062
 90,627
 25,666
 28,979
 ( 2,494)
 247,840

 Selling, general and administrative, exclusive of stock based compensation
 6,371
 21,540
 3,432
 4,770
 —
 36,113

 —
 —
 —
 —

 15,939
 43,810
 10,033
 1,197
 —
 70,979

 ( 2,043)
 8,237
 1,824
 ( 11,181)
 —

 15,374
 8,390
 7,737
 13,609
 —

 ( 2,023)
 ( 510)
 ( 13)
 ( 3,495)
 —
 ( 6,041)

 —
 —
 —
 1,810
 —
 1,810

 —
 1,345

 4,133
 9,753
 1,993
 —
 16,196

 ( 39,252)
 ( 18)
 ( 2,747)
 —
 ( 42,015)

 Provision for income taxes
 —
 11,214
 —
 1,083
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —

 15,939
 43,810
 10,033
 1,197
 —
 70,979

 Total expenditures for property, plant and equipment
 $
 17,921
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 19,395

 As of December 31, 2023:

 Total assets
 $
 49,926
 $
 462,429
 $
 121,201
 $
 ( 40,156)
 $
 105,079
 $
 698,479

 Year Ended December 31, 2022
 Well Completion
 Infrastructure
 Sand
 All Other
 Total

 Revenue from external customers
 $
 165,645
 $
 111,452
 $
 48,916
 $
 36,073
 $
 —
 $
 362,086

 Intersegment revenues
 —
 2,475
 2,057
 ( 5,128)
 —

 166,241
 111,452
 51,391
 38,130
 ( 5,128)
 362,086

 Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion
 120,562
 91,577
 35,985
 30,463
 —
 278,587

 Intersegment cost of revenues
 3,882
 —
 1,174
 ( 5,128)
 —

 Total cost of revenue
 124,444
 91,649
 35,985
 31,637
 ( 5,128)
 278,587

 Selling, general and administrative, exclusive of stock based compensation
 7,765
 18,798
 6,988
 5,080
 —
 38,631

 —
 —
 —
 —

 34,032
 42,281
 8,418
 1,413
 —
 86,144

 Reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA:

 Net income (loss)
 12,870
 4,933
 ( 886)
 ( 17,536)
 —

 20,129
 16,171
 8,714
 19,257
 —

 ( 618)
 ( 795)
 ( 89)
 ( 2,406)
 —
 ( 3,908)

 —

 1,625
 7,390
 1,916
 —
 11,506

 Other income, net
 ( 343)
 ( 40,470)
 ( 14)
 ( 85)
 —
 ( 40,912)

 Provision for income taxes
 —
 13,427
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —

 34,032
 42,281
 8,418
 1,413
 —
 86,144

 Total expenditures for property, plant and equipment
 $
 11,421
 $
 $
 $
 $
 ( 153)
 $
 12,737

 As of December 31, 2022:

 Total assets
 $
 79,022
 $
 450,841
 $
 129,566
 $
 14,813
 $
 50,436
 $
 724,678

 Geographic Areas

 The following table presents consolidated revenues by country based on sales destination of the products or services (in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 United States
 $
 165,883
 $
 287,467
 $
 343,307

 Canada
 22,033
 21,746
 18,603

 Other

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 362,086

 The following table presents long-lived assets, excluding deferred income tax assets, by country (in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 United States
 $
 187,895
 $
 189,697
 $
 217,101

 Canada
 7,549
 10,013
 10,885

 Total
 $
 195,444
 $
 199,710
 $
 227,986