UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 ____________________________

 FORM 10-K
 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024
 or
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from _____ to _____
 Commission File Number: 001-38202
 ____________________________
 Virgin Galactic Holdings, Inc.
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 __________________________
 Delaware
 (State or other jurisdiction of
 incorporation or organization)

 85-3608069
 (I.R.S. Employer
 Identification Number)

 1700 Flight Way
 Tustin, California
 (Address of principal executive offices)

 92782
 (Zip Code)

 ( 949) 774-7640
 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

 __________________________

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common stock, $ 0.0001 par value per share

 SPCE
 New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 __________________________
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No

 As of June 30, 2024, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the voting common stock held by non-affiliates, computed by reference to the closing sales price of $8.43 reported on The New York Stock Exchange, was approximately $ 188.7 million.

 As of February 14, 2025, there were 35,528,350 shares of the registrant's common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, issued and outstanding.

 ____________________________
 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 Portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement relating to its annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2025 (the "2025 Annual Meeting"), to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates, are incorporated herein by reference where indicated. Except with respect to information specifically incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, such proxy statement is not deemed to be filed as part hereof.

 Page No.

 Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

 Risk Factor Summary

 Item 1. Business

 Item 1A. Risk Factors

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity

 Item 2. Properties

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B. Other Information

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11. Executive Compensation

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
 This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements (including within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) concerning us and other matters. These statements may discuss goals, intentions and expectations as to future plans, trends, events, results of operations or financial condition, or otherwise, based on current beliefs of management, as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to management.
 Forward-looking statements may be accompanied by words such as "achieve," "anticipate," "believe," "can," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "future," "grow," "increase," "intend," "may," "opportunity," "plan," "possible," "potential," "predict," "project," "should," "strategy," "target," "will," "would," or similar words, phrases, or expressions. These forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside our control. Therefore, you should not place undue reliance on such statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:
 • any delay in future commercial flights of our spaceflight fleet;
 • our ability to successfully develop and test our next-generation vehicles, and the time and costs associated with doing so;
 • the safety of our spaceflight systems;
 • the development of the markets for commercial spaceflight and commercial research and development payloads;
 • our ability to effectively market and sell spaceflights;
 • our ability to convert our backlog or inbound inquiries into revenue;
 • our anticipated full passenger capacity;
 • our ability to achieve or maintain profitability;
 • delay in development or the manufacture of spaceflight systems;
 • our ability to supply our technology to additional market opportunities;
 • our expected capital requirements and the availability of additional financing;
 • our ability to attract or retain highly qualified personnel;
 • the effect of terrorist activity, armed conflict (including any escalation of hostility arising out of the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine, Israel and Hamas, or other geopolitical conflicts), natural disasters or pandemic diseases on the economy generally, on our future financial or operational results, or our access to additional financing;
 • consumer preferences and discretionary purchasing activity, which can be significantly adversely affected by unfavorable economic or market conditions;
 • extensive and evolving government regulation that impact the way we operate;
 • risks associated with international expansion;
 • our ability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure and procedures; and
 • our ability to continue to use, maintain, enforce, protect and defend our owned and licensed intellectual property, including the Virgin brand.
 Additional factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those set forth in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" and Part II, Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" below and for the reasons described elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, our information may be incomplete or

 limited, and we cannot guarantee future results. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available in the future.
 Each of the terms the "Company," "Virgin Galactic," "we," "our," "us" and similar terms used herein refer collectively to Virgin Galactic Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless otherwise stated.

 Risk Factor Summary
 Your investment in our common stock will involve certain risks. Set forth below is only a summary of the principal risks associated with an investment in our common stock. You should consider carefully the following discussion of risks, as well as the discussion of risks included in this annual report, before you decide that an investment in our common stock is appropriate for you.
 • We have incurred significant losses since inception, we expect to incur losses in the future and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability.
 • The success of our business will be highly dependent on our ability to effectively market and sell spaceflights.
 • The market for commercial spaceflight has not been established with precision. It is still emerging and may not achieve the growth potential we expect or may grow more slowly than expected.
 • We paused flights in mid-2024 with our initial spaceship, VSS Unity, and mothership carrier aircraft, VMS Eve, which together comprised our initial commercial spaceflight system, as we develop our next-generation spaceflight system, which includes our Delta Class spaceships and additional motherships. Any delays in the development of our Delta Class spaceships, including successful completion of the flight test program, would adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 • Any inability to operate our next-generation spaceflight system at our anticipated flight rate could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 • Our ability to grow our business depends on the successful development of our next-generation spaceflight system and related technology, which is subject to many uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control.
 • Unsatisfactory safety performance of our next-generation spaceflight system or security incidents at our facilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 • Any delays in the development and manufacture of additional next-generation spaceflight systems and related technology may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 • We may require substantial additional funding to finance our operations, but adequate additional financing may not be available when we need it, on acceptable terms or at all.
 • Failure of third-party contractors could adversely affect our business.
 • Our investments in developing new offerings and technologies and exploring the application of our existing proprietary technologies for other uses and those offerings, technologies or opportunities may never materialize.
 • The "Virgin" brand is not under our control, and negative publicity related to the Virgin brand name could materially adversely affect our business.
 • If we fail to adequately protect our proprietary intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be impaired and we may lose valuable assets, generate reduced revenue and incur costly litigation to protect our rights.
 • Our business is subject to a wide variety of extensive and evolving government laws and regulations. Failure to comply with such laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business.
 • Virgin Investments Limited has significant ability to control the direction of our business, which may prevent you and other stockholders from influencing significant decisions.
 • Changes to United States tariff and import/export regulations may have a negative effect on us.

 Item 1. Business.

 Overview
 Virgin Galactic is an aerospace and space travel company, pioneering human-first spaceflight for private individuals, researchers, and government agencies with its advanced and highly re-useable spaceships and high-altitude carrier aircraft. Built on the foundation of 20 years of experience, we are making human spaceflight repeatable and, therefore, more accessible for individuals. We are at the vanguard of a new industry dedicated to advancing human progress, innovation, understanding and collaboration through the transformative power of space travel. This industry is growing dramatically due to new products, new sources of private and government funding, and new technologies. Demand is emerging from new sectors and demographics, which we believe is broadening the total addressable market. We have embarked on this journey with a mission to put humans and research experiments into space and return them safely to Earth at an unprecedented frequency, with an industry-leading cost structure, and with the goal of driving scale and profitability with our next-generation vehicles.
 We offer access to space for private individuals, researchers and government agencies. Our missions include flying passengers to space, as well as flying scientific payloads and researchers to space in order to conduct experiments for scientific and educational purposes. Our operations include the design and development, manufacturing, ground and flight testing, spaceflight operation, and post-flight maintenance of our spaceflight system. Our spaceflight system was developed using our proprietary technology and processes and is focused on providing space travel experiences for private astronauts, researcher flights and professional astronaut training. We have also leveraged our knowledge and expertise in manufacturing spaceships to occasionally perform engineering services for third parties.
 We offer our customers a unique, human-first, spaceflight journey designed around each individual to maximize the transformative power of space travel, which includes a multi-day experience culminating in a spaceflight with several minutes of weightlessness and views of Earth from space. Our elegant and distinctive spaceflight system – which takes off and lands on a runway – has been designed for a superior astronaut experience, optimal safety and comfort. As part of our commercial operations, we have exclusive access to the Gateway to Space facility at Spaceport America located in New Mexico. Spaceport America is the world's first purpose-built commercial spaceflight launch site and training facility and is the base of our commercial spaceline operations. We believe the site provides us with a competitive advantage as it has a desert climate with relatively predictable weather conditions preferable to support our spaceflights, and it also has airspace that is restricted for surrounding general commercial air traffic.
 In December 2018, we made history by flying our spaceship, VSS Unity, to space from Mojave, California. This represented the first flight of our spaceflight system, which was built for commercial service to take humans into space routinely and safely, and designed with superior astronaut experience in mind. After relocating our operations to Spaceport America, we conducted the first flight to space from the state of New Mexico in May 2021. This flight also completed the data submission to the Federal Aviation Administration ("FAA"), resulting in the approval for the expansion of our commercial space transportation operator license to allow for the carriage of spaceflight participants. This marked the first time the FAA licensed a spaceline to fly customers and was further validation of the inherent safety of our system.
 In July 2021 we completed the Unity-22 mission, the first spaceflight with a full crew of four mission specialists in the cabin, including our Founder, Sir Richard Branson.
 In June 2023, 'Galactic 01,' marked the start of commercial service. This flight was a dedicated research mission sponsored by the Italian government, which tested 13 experiments and demonstrated our ability to use suborbital spaceflights to train astronauts for future orbital missions. 'Galactic 05' and 'Galactic 07' were also commercial research missions. These flights, along with the research experiments that were conducted on our previous test flights to space, demonstrated the capability of our spaceflight system to provide a ground-breaking platform to researchers.
 In January 2024, 'Galactic 06' marked the completion of our sixth commercial spaceflight in six months – a launch rate to space of a single vehicle that is both unprecedented and record-breaking. In June 2024, we completed our seventh commercial spaceflight, 'Galactic 07.' This marked the final commercial flight for our initial spaceship, VSS Unity.
 We are currently developing our next-generation spaceflight vehicles, which include our Delta Class spaceships and our next-generation motherships, both of which we expect will allow us to increase our annual flight rate. We expect to commence flying with test flights of our new Delta Class spaceships in advance of restarting commercial service, which is expected to begin in 2026.

 We believe the market for commercial human spaceflight is significant and untapped. As of December 31, 2024, we have reservations for approximately 700 future astronauts, which represent approximately $190 million in expected future spaceflight revenue upon completion of the spaceflights. Each ticket purchased delivers a unique, human-first spaceflight journey designed around each individual to maximize the transformative power of space travel. This includes a multi-day experience consisting of a comprehensive spaceflight training preparation program that culminates in a spaceflight that includes several minutes of weightlessness and views of Earth from space. Each ticket purchased also provides access to our astronaut community, which offers opportunities to attend global events and experiences.
 We have developed an extensive portfolio of proprietary technologies embodied in the highly specialized assets that we have developed or leased to enable commercial spaceflight and address these industry trends. These assets include:
 • Our carrier aircraft, the mothership. The mothership is a twin-fuselage, custom-built aircraft designed to carry our spaceships up to an altitude of approximately 45,000 feet, where the spaceship is released for its flight into space. Using the mothership's air launch capacity, rather than a standard ground-launch, reduces the energy requirements of our spaceflight system as the spaceship does not have to ascend through the higher density atmosphere closest to the Earth's surface. Our carrier aircraft is designed to launch hundreds of spaceship flights over its lifetime. This reusable launch platform design provides a flight experience and economics similar to commercial airplanes and offers an economic advantage over other potential launch alternatives. Additionally, our carrier aircraft is designed to have a rapid turnaround time to enable it to provide frequent spaceflight launch services for multiple spaceships. During the third quarter of 2024, we began deploying some of our engineers from our spaceship program to work on the design of our next-generation mothership.
 • Our spaceships. The spaceship is a vehicle with the capacity to carry pilots and private astronauts, research experiments and researchers that travel with their experiments for human-tended research flights, into space and return them safely to Earth. The spaceship is a rocket-powered winged vehicle designed to achieve a maximum speed of over Mach 3 and has a flight duration, measured from passenger boarding to the disembarkation, of approximately 90 minutes. The spaceship cabin has been designed to deliver a superior astronaut experience, maximizing astronaut safety and comfort. Twelve windows line the sides and ceiling of the spaceship, offering customers the ability to observe the stunning views of Earth from space as well as the vast blackness of space. Pilot-designed and pilot-flown missions aid safety and customer confidence, enhancing the unique Virgin Galactic spaceflight experience. With the exception of the rocket motor, which must be replaced after each flight, the spaceship is designed as a wholly reusable vehicle.
 Our next-generation of spaceships – "Delta" – are in development and anticipated to enter commercial service in 2026. These ships are "production model" vehicles which build on the system and technology we have proven with our initial vehicles, but designed and manufactured to allow for greater predictability, faster turnaround time and easier maintenance. Importantly, they feature six passenger seats (50% more than VSS Unity) and are expected to fly twice per week in steady-state operations, which we expect will make them the highest-capacity and lowest-cost human-rated space vehicles ever created. In 2023, we completed preliminary design review and tooling began for our contractors to prepare for parts and materials fabrication. Following the 'Galactic 07' flight in June 2024, we paused Unity spaceflights in order to focus our resources on the acceleration of the Delta program. The Delta spaceships will be assembled in Arizona at our new facility, which was completed in July 2024. We are expected to commence flying with test flights of our Delta Class spaceships in advance of commercial service, which is expected to begin in 2026.
 • Our hybrid rocket motor. Our spaceships are powered by a hybrid rocket propulsion system that propels them on a trajectory into space. The term "hybrid" rocket refers to the fact that the rocket uses a solid fuel grain cartridge and a liquid oxidizer. The fuel cartridge is consumed over the course of a flight and replaced in between flights. Our rocket motor has been designed to provide performance capabilities necessary for suborbital spaceflight with a focus on safety, reliability and economy. Its design incorporates comprehensive critical safety features, including the ability to be safely shut down at any time, and its limited number of moving parts increases reliability and robustness for human spaceflight. Furthermore, the fuel is made from a benign substance that needs no special or hazardous storage.
 • Gateway to Space at Spaceport America. Our operational headquarters is where we operate our spaceflights and astronaut training. Spaceport America is located in New Mexico on more than 25 square miles of desert landscape, with access to 6,000 square miles of restricted airspace running from the ground to space. The restricted airspace will facilitate flight scheduling by preventing general commercial air traffic from entering the area. Additionally, the desert climate and its relatively predictable weather provide favorable launch conditions year-round. Our license from the FAA includes Spaceport America as a location from which we can launch and land our spaceflight system on a routine basis.

 Our goal is to offer our customers an unmatched and safe journey to space without the need for any previous experience or significant prior training and preparation. We have worked diligently for over a decade to plan every aspect of the journey to become an astronaut, drawing on a world-class team with extensive experience with human spaceflight, high-end customer experiences, and reliable transportation system operations and safety. Upon completion of their spaceflight, astronauts will disembark and join family and friends to celebrate their achievements and receive their Virgin Galactic astronaut wings.
 Our operations also include spaceflight opportunities for research and technology development. Researchers have historically utilized parabolic aircraft and drop towers to create moments of microgravity and conduct significant research activities utilizing the space-like environment. In most cases, these solutions offer only seconds of continuous microgravity time and do not offer access to the upper atmosphere or space itself. Researchers can also conduct experiments on sounding rockets, satellites or orbital platforms. These opportunities are high cost, infrequent and may impose highly limiting operational constraints. Our spaceflight system is intended to provide the scientific research community low cost, repeatable access to space and the microgravity environment. Our suborbital platform is an end-to-end offering, which includes not only our vehicles, but also the hardware such as payload lockers that we provide to researchers that request them, along with the processes and facilities needed for a successful campaign. The platform offers a routine, reliable and responsive launch service allowing for experiments to be conducted rapidly and frequently and with the opportunity to be tended in-flight by one or more researchers. This capability will enable scientific experiments as well as educational and research programs to be carried out by a broader range of individuals, organizations and institutions than ever before. Our commitment to advancing research and science has been present in many of our spaceflights to date.
 Our first four spaceflights during the flight test program carried payloads into space for research purposes through NASA's Flight Opportunities Program. 'Galactic 01' – our first commercial spaceflight – was a government-funded flight that supported over a dozen research experiments and carried three mission specialists from the Italian Air Force and the National Research Council of Italy, who conducted human-tended research experiments. VSS Unity's cabin served as a suborbital science lab to provide the environment for rack-mounted payloads and for the crew to interact with wearable payloads. The research focused on the fields of thermo-fluid dynamics, materials science and biomedicine. On 'Galactic 05,' two private researchers, one sponsored by the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), and another sponsored by the International Institute for Astronautical Sciences (IIAS), conducted a total of five human-tended research experiments. On 'Galactic 07,' Purdue University and UC Berkeley, supported by NASA's Flight Opportunities Program, had autonomous payloads onboard designed to study propellant slosh in fuel tanks of maneuvering spacecraft and test a new type of 3D printing. 'Galactic 07,' also had an Axiom Space affiliated researcher astronaut who conducted human-tended research experiments.
 We have also leveraged our knowledge and expertise in manufacturing spaceships to occasionally perform engineering services, such as research, design, development, manufacturing and integration of advanced technology systems.
 Commercial Space Industry
 The commercial exploration of space represents one of the most exciting and important technological initiatives of our time. For the last six decades, crewed spaceflight missions commanded by the national space agencies of the United States, Russia and China have captured and sustained the attention of the world, inspiring countless entrepreneurs, scientists, inventors, ordinary citizens and new industries. Despite the importance of these missions and their cultural, scientific, economic and geopolitical influence, as of December 31, 2024, only approximately 700 humans have ever traveled above the Earth's atmosphere into space. Overwhelmingly, these men and women have been government employees handpicked by government space agencies such as NASA, and trained over many years at significant expense. While these highly capable government astronauts have inspired millions, individuals in the private sector have had extremely limited opportunity to fly into space, regardless of their wealth or ambitions.
 Over the past decade, several trends have converged to invigorate the commercial space industry. Rapidly advancing technologies, decreasing costs, open innovation models with improved access to technology and greater availability of capital have driven explosive growth in the commercial space market. The growth in private investment in the commercial space industry has led to a wave of new companies reinventing parts of the traditional space industry, including human spaceflight, satellites, payload delivery and methods of launch, in addition to unlocking entirely new potential market segments. Government agencies have taken note of the massive potential and growing import of space and are increasingly relying on the commercial space industry to spur innovation and advance national space objectives. In the United States, this has been evidenced by notable policy initiatives and by commercial contractors' growing share of space activity.
 As a result of these trends, we believe the exploration of space and the cultivation and monetization of space-related capabilities offers immense potential to create economic value and future growth. Further, we believe we are at the center of these industry trends and well-positioned to capitalize on them by bringing human spaceflight to a broader global population that dreams of

 traveling to space. We are initially focused on human spaceflight for personal exploration and research, but we believe our differentiated technology and unique capabilities can be leveraged to address numerous commercial and government opportunities in the commercial space industry.
 We have developed an extensive set of integrated aerospace development capabilities for developing, manufacturing and testing aircraft, spacecraft, and related propulsion systems. These capabilities encompass preliminary systems and vehicle design and analysis, detail design, manufacturing, ground testing, flight testing and post-delivery support and maintenance. We believe our unique approach and rapid prototyping capabilities enable innovative ideas to be designed quickly, built and tested with process and rigor. In addition, we have expertise in configuration management and developing documentation needed to transition our technologies and systems to commercial applications. Further, we have developed a significant amount of know-how, expertise and capability that we believe we can leverage to capture growing demand for innovative, agile and low-cost development projects for third parties, including contractors, government agencies and commercial service providers.
 Commercial Spaceflight
 The market for commercial spaceflight for private individuals is new and virtually untapped. To date, private commercial space travel has been limited to a select group of individuals who were able to reach space only at great personal expense and risk. In 2001, Dennis Tito was the first private individual to purchase a ticket for space travel, paying an estimated $20 million for a ride to the International Space Station (the "ISS") on a Russian Soyuz rocket. Since then, only a limited number of individuals have purchased tickets and flown successful orbital and suborbital missions. Current prices for NASA spaceflights to the ISS are estimated to be in excess of $50 million per seat. Orbital missions offered by other private companies are estimated to be in excess of $30 million.
 Historically, the privatization of human spaceflight has been limited primarily by cost and availability to private individuals. In the past, the technologies necessary to journey to space have been owned and controlled strictly by government space agencies. Government agencies have recently demonstrated interest in opening up access to the private sector for spaceflight. Because of the high cost of development, historically, there has been limited innovation to foster the commercial viability of spaceflight. For example, most spacecraft were developed as single-use vehicles; and while the Space Shuttle was built as a reusable vehicle, it required significant recovery and refurbishment between flights.
 The interconnected dynamics of national security concerns, government funding, a lack of competing technologies and economies of scale, as well as the infrequency of flights, have all contributed to sustained high costs of spaceflight. In addition to the cost, privatization has also been limited by concerns surrounding the ability to safely transport untrained general members of the public into space. These obstacles have significantly limited the adoption of human space travel, until now.
 Our Strategy
 Using our proprietary and reusable flight system and supported by a distinctive, Virgin-branded customer experience, we seek to build a scaled and profitable business providing safe, reliable and regular transportation to space. To accomplish this, we intend to:
 • Expand our spaceflight operations with more vehicles and significantly higher flight frequency per vehicle. In 2023, we commenced commercial operations with our spaceship, VSS Unity, and our mothership carrier aircraft, VMS Eve, which together comprise our initial spaceflight system. We are currently designing and manufacturing our next-generation vehicles, including our Delta Class spaceships which will feature six passenger seats and are expected to fly twice per week in steady-state operations. These ships are designed to support Virgin Galactic's scale and profitability objectives, while helping to increase our reach and fuel further demand as even more people experience the wonder and awe of space travel. With these next-generation vehicles, we intend to increase our spaceflight operations at Spaceport America to hundreds of flights per year. Beyond that, we plan to identify opportunities to expand to additional spaceports. We expect our Delta Class spaceship test flights to begin in advance of commercial service, which is expected to begin in 2026.
 • Lower operating costs. We are focused on developing and implementing operational and manufacturing efficiencies in an effort to decrease the cost per spaceship, mothership and propulsion system, as well as our overall operating costs. We expect that our next-generation vehicles and scaled operating model will enable a dramatic reduction in operating cost per flight. Additionally, we expect that our staff will become more efficient in various aspects of operations and maintenance to reduce associated operating costs over time.

 • Leverage our proprietary technology and deep manufacturing experience to augment our product and service offerings and expand into adjacent and international markets. We have developed an extensive set of integrated aerospace development capabilities and technologies. While our primary focus for the foreseeable future will be on developing the Delta Class spaceship fleet, we intend to explore the application of our proprietary technologies and our capabilities in areas such as design, engineering, composites manufacturing, high-speed propulsion and production for other commercial and government uses. By leveraging our technology and operations, we believe we will also have an opportunity in the future to pursue growth opportunities abroad, including by potentially opening additional spaceports or entering into other arrangements with different international government agencies. For example, in December 2024, we entered into an Agreement of Cooperation with Ente Nazionale per l'Aviazione Civile, the civil aviation authority of Italy, to jointly study the feasibility of conducting spaceflight operations from Grottaglie Spaceport in the Puglia region of Southern Italy. We also expect to continue and expand our government and research payload business, in addition to developing additional commercial partnerships.
 Our Competitive Strengths
 We are a pioneer in commercial human spaceflight with a mission to transform access to space for the benefit of humankind; to reveal the wonder of space to more people than ever before. We believe that our collective expertise, coupled with the following strengths, will allow us to build our business and expand our market opportunity and addressable markets:
 • Differentiated technology and capabilities. Since the Company was formed in 2004, we have developed our initial spaceflight system consisting of reusable vehicles and capabilities that allow us to conduct efficient and frequent operations for spaceflight and which were the basis for the FAA granting us our commercial space launch license in 2016. Our spaceflight system and our hybrid rocket motor together enable the following key differentiators:
 Horizontal take-off and landing using winged vehicles and traditional airplane runway infrastructure that enable a familiar airplane-like experience;
 Use of our carrier aircraft for the first stage of flight and then to air launch our spaceship, which is intended to maximize the safety and efficiency of our spaceflight system;
 Pilot-designed and pilot-flown missions to aid safety and customer confidence;
 Carbon composite construction that is light, strong and durable;
 Robust, controllable spaceship hybrid rocket motor propulsion system that can be safely shut down at any time during the flight;
 Large cabin with multiple windows, allowing for an experience of weightlessness and easy access to views of Earth for all of our astronauts;
 Unique "wing-feathering" system, designed to enable a safe, aerodynamically controlled re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere on a repeated basis;
 Versatile cabin provides the adaptability to operate research-focused flights with payload racks and researchers onboard as well as private astronaut flights with a full cabin of commercial passengers; and
 Highly re-useable spaceflight system, with the exception of the rocket motor, which must be replaced after each flight.
 • Significant backlog and pent-up customer demand. We believe a significant market opportunity exists for a company that can provide high net worth individuals with the opportunity to enjoy a spaceflight experience in comfort and safety. We have received significant interest from future astronauts and research organizations. As of December 31, 2024, we have flown 23 paying astronauts, and have reservations from approximately 700 future astronauts, which represent approximately $190 million in expected future spaceflight revenue upon completion of the spaceflights. Additionally, as of December 31, 2024, we have flown dozens of payloads for space research missions and intend to pursue similar arrangements for additional research missions.

 • Iconic brand associated with unique customer experiences. The Virgin brand carries an exceptional reputation worldwide for innovation, customer experience, adventure and luxury. We have been planning our customer journey for many years and have refined our plans with the help of our astronauts, many of whom are highly regarded enthusiasts who are committed to optimizing their experience and our success. The end-to-end customer journey starts at the point of sale and extends far beyond the spaceflight experience – with access to our astronaut community and opportunities to attend experiences, events, trips and activities around the world, all curated and delivered by our uniquely experienced team. The multi-day spaceflight experience in New Mexico includes several days of personalized training at the world's first purpose-built commercial spaceport. It culminates in an epic flight to space, with a customer media package of videos and photographic records of the journey to keep for a lifetime. Our astronauts are also granted access to a unique and long-established global community of Virgin Galactic astronauts and alumni astronauts.
 • Limited competition with natural barriers to entry. Entry into the commercial spaceflight market requires a significant financial investment as well as many years of high-risk development. We were formed in 2004 after the architecture of our spaceflight system had been proven in prototype form, which in itself had taken several years. In total, the development of our platform and capabilities has required significant investment to date. We are aware of only one competitor with a similar investment of time and money in suborbital commercial human spaceflight, which is taking a different approach to its launch architecture.
 • Highly specialized and extensive integrated design and manufacturing capabilities. We possess highly specialized and extensive integrated capabilities that enable us to manage and control almost all elements of design and manufacturing of our current generation of spaceships and carrier aircraft. These capabilities include a unique approach to rapid prototyping that enables us to design, build and test innovative ideas quickly; a deep composite manufacturing experience with broad applications in the aerospace industry; and a dedicated team and facilities that support the full development of our high-performance vehicles. We have partnered with third parties to manufacture key subassemblies for our next-generation Delta Class spaceships, which will be assembled in Arizona at our new facility. Our campus in Mojave, California, houses hangar and office space and is the site where we perform ground and test operations and production of our rocket motors. Our engineering, design and corporate headquarters in Tustin, California, serves as our primary hub for research, design and engineering of our new Delta Class spaceships and next-generation motherships.
 • Rocket systems and support facilities. Our hybrid rocket motor is core to the success of our spaceflight systems and we have established outstanding technology and infrastructure to maximize our opportunities to ensure our propulsion system is fully integrated into the Delta program while advancing our efforts to deliver cost-effective rocket motors at scale. This includes facilities to conduct full-scale "hot fire" tests – a comprehensive assessment of a rocket motor for performance qualification. Our Rocket Systems team will also work to identify new business opportunities that leverage and expand the intellectual property and commercial potential of technology developed at Virgin Galactic.
 • First purpose-built commercial spaceport. We operate our flights at Gateway to Space at Spaceport America, which was designed to be both functional and beautiful and sets the stage for our astronaut experiences. Spaceport America is located in New Mexico on more than 25 square miles of desert landscape, with access to 6,000 square miles of restricted airspace running from the ground to space. The restricted airspace will facilitate flight scheduling and the desert climate and its relatively predictable weather provide favorable launch conditions year-round. Although leased, the facilities were built with our operational requirements and our astronauts in mind, with comprehensive consideration of its practical function, while also providing the basis for the Virgin Galactic experience.
 • Experienced management team and an industry-leading flight team. Our Chief Executive Officer spent more than 30 years working at The Walt Disney Company, most recently as its President and Managing Director, Disney Parks International. We also have a senior management team with extensive experience in the aerospace industry, including NASA's former space shuttle launch integration manager. Our team of pilots is similarly experienced, with decades of flight and flight test experience, and includes former test pilots for the Royal Air Force, the Royal Canadian Air Force, the U.S. Air Force, and the Italian Air Force, as well as a former NASA astronaut and test pilot for the U.S. Marine Corps. Our commercial team is managed and supported by individuals with significant experience and success in building and growing a commercial spaceflight brand, selling spaceflight reservations and managing the astronaut community.

 Our Assets
 We have developed an extensive portfolio of proprietary technologies that are embodied in the highly specialized vehicles that we have created to enable commercial spaceflight. These technologies underpin our carrier aircraft, the mothership; our spaceships; our hybrid rocket motor; and our safety systems. Our astronauts will interact with these technologies at Spaceport America, the first purpose-built commercial spaceport, and our terminal hangar building, officially designated the "Virgin Galactic Gateway to Space."

 Our Carrier Aircraft—The Mothership
 The mothership is a twin-fuselage, custom-built aircraft designed to carry spaceships up to an altitude of approximately 45,000 feet, where the spaceship is released for its flight into space. Using the mothership rather than a standard ground-launch rocket reduces the energy requirements for suborbital launch because our spaceships are not required to propel their way through the higher density atmosphere nearer to the Earth's surface. Air-launch systems have a well-established flight heritage, having first been used in 1947 for the Bell X-1, which was the first aircraft to break the speed of sound, and later on, the X-15 suborbital spaceplane, in Northrop Grumman's Pegasus rocket system and in earlier versions of our spaceflight system.
 The mothership's differentiating design features include its twin-boom configuration, its single-piece composite main wing spars, its reusability as the first stage in our space launch system, and its versatility as a flight training vehicle for our pilots and spaceships. The twin-boom configuration allows for a spacious central area between the two fuselages to accommodate a center wing launch pylon to which the spaceship can be attached. Both cabins of the mothership are constructed using the same tooling and are identical in shape and size to the spaceship cabin. The commonality of cabin construction provides cost savings in production, as well as operational, maintenance and crew training advantages. The mothership's all-composite material construction substantially reduces weight as compared to an all-metal design. The mothership is powered by four Pratt and Whitney Canada commercial turbo-fan engines. Spare parts and maintenance support are readily available for these engines, which have reliably been in service on the mothership since December 2008.
 The mothership's 140 foot main wing houses large air brakes that allow the mothership to mimic the spaceship's aerodynamic characteristics in the gliding portions of the spaceship's flight. This provides our pilots with a safe, cost-effective and repeatable way to train for the spaceship's final approach and landing.

 Our carrier aircraft is designed to launch hundreds of spaceship flights over its lifetime. As such, our spaceflight launch platform system offers a considerable economic advantage over other potential launch architectures. Additionally, our carrier aircraft has a rapid turnaround time, enabling it to provide frequent spaceflight launch services for multiple spaceships.
 The mothership was designed with a view towards supporting our international expansion and has a range of up to 2,800 nautical miles. As a result, the mothership can transport our spaceships virtually anywhere in the world to establish launch capabilities.
 The mothership has completed an extensive, multi-year test program that included a combination of ground and flight tests. As of December 31, 2024, it had completed approximately 350 flights, with more than 50 of those being dual tests with our spaceships. Following the completion of upgrades incorporated into the mothership, our initial spaceflight system commenced commercial services in June 2023.

 Our Spaceships
 Virgin Galactic spaceships are reusable with the capacity to carry pilots and private astronauts, research experiments and researchers that travel with their experiments for human-tended research flights, into space and return them safely to Earth. The spaceship is a rocket-powered winged vehicle designed to achieve a maximum speed of over Mach 3 and has a flight duration, measured from passenger boarding to the disembarkation, of approximately 90 minutes.
 The spaceship begins each mission by being carried to an altitude of approximately 45,000 feet by the mothership before being released. Upon release, the pilot ignites the hybrid rocket motor, which propels the spaceship on a near vertical trajectory into space. Once in space, astronauts enjoy amazing views and a weightlessness experience, and the pilots use the spaceship's unique "wing-feathering" feature in order to prepare the vehicle for re-entry. The feathering system works like a badminton shuttlecock, naturally orienting the spaceship into the desired re-entry position with minimal pilot input. This re-entry position uses the entire bottom of the spaceship to create substantial drag, thereby slowing the vehicle to a safe re-entry speed and reducing both heat and structural loads. Once the spaceship has descended back to an altitude of approximately 55,000 feet above sea level, the wings de-feather back to their normal position, and the spaceship glides back to the base for a runway landing, similar to NASA's Space Shuttle or any other glider. The spaceship's feathering system was originally developed and tested on SpaceShipTwo's smaller predecessor, SpaceShipOne.

 Our spaceship's cabin has been designed to maximize customer safety and comfort. Twelve windows in the cabin line the sides and ceiling of the spaceship, offering astronauts the ability to view the black of space as well as stunning views of the Earth below.
 With the exception of the rocket motor, which must be replaced after each flight, our spaceships are designed to be reusable. Like the mothership, our spaceship is constructed with all-composite material construction, providing beneficial weight and durability characteristics.
 SpaceShipTwo, VSS Unity, has completed an extensive flight test program that began in March 2010 with the original SpaceShipTwo, VSS Enterprise, which was built by a third-party contractor. The final flight test was conducted in May 2023 with the Unity-25 spaceflight, culminating in more than 50 test flights of the SpaceShipTwo configuration throughout the program. VSS Unity commenced commercial service in June 2023 and successfully completed seven commercial spaceflights. We paused Unity spaceflights in mid-2024 and expect to commence flying with test flights of our Delta Class spaceships in advance of commercial service, which is expected to begin in 2026.
 Hybrid Rocket Motor
 Our spaceship is powered by a hybrid rocket propulsion system that propels it on a trajectory into space. The term "hybrid" rocket refers to the fact that the rocket uses a solid fuel grain and a liquid oxidizer. The fuel cartridge is consumed over the course of a flight, meaning that each spaceship flight will require the installation of a new hybrid rocket motor. The assembly of this fuel cartridge with the hybrid rocket motor is designed to be efficient and to support high rates of commercial spaceflight. In 2018, our rocket motor set a Guinness world record as the most powerful hybrid rocket to be used in crewed flight. In February 2019, it was accepted into the permanent collection of the National Air and Space Museum.
 Our rocket motor has been designed to provide the required mission performance capability with a focus on safety, reliability and economy. Its design benefits from critical safety features, including its ability to be shut down safely at any time during flight and its limited number of moving parts, which increases reliability and robustness for human spaceflight. Furthermore, the motor is made from a benign substance that needs no special or hazardous storage.
 Our in-house propulsion team is in the process of upgrading our rocket motor production plant to increase the production rate and to reduce the unit production cost to accommodate planned growth in the spaceship fleet and drive increasingly attractive per-flight economics.
 Safety Systems
 We have designed our spaceflight system with a fundamental focus on safety. Important elements of our safety design include:
 • Horizontal takeoff and landing. We believe that launching our spaceship from the mothership offers several critical safety advantages. Among other advantages, horizontal launch generally requires less fuel, oxidizer and pressurant on board than would otherwise be required. Moreover, the horizontal launch method allows increased time for pilots and crew to respond to any potential problems that may arise with the spaceship or its propulsion system. As such, if the pilots observe a problem while the spaceship is still mated to the mothership, they can quickly and safely return to the ground without releasing our spaceship. Furthermore, if potential concerns emerge after release from the mothership, spaceship can simply glide back to the runway.
 • The mothership's engine reliability. Highly reliable and rigorously tested jet engines made by Pratt and Whitney Canada power the first 45,000 feet of the journey to space.
 • Two pilots per vehicle. Two pilots will fly in each mothership and each spaceship. Having a second pilot in the vehicles spreads the workload and provides critical redundancies.
 • Design of our rocket motors. Our rocket motor is a simple and robust, human-rated spaceflight rocket motor with no turbo-pumps or complicated machinery. This rocket offers simple shut-off control at any point in the trajectory, unlike a traditional solid rocket motor.
 • Feathering system. Our unique wing feathering technology provides self-correcting capability that requires limited pilot input for our spaceship to align properly for re-entry.

 • Astronaut preparation. Each of our astronauts will go through a customized medical screening and flight preparation process, including training for the use of communication systems, flight protocols, emergency procedures and G-force training. In addition, initial customer questionnaires and health assessments have been completed and are maintained in a comprehensive and secure medical database.
 • Full mission abort capability. Due to our air-launch configuration and flight profile, mission abort capability exists at all points along the flight path and consists of aborts that mimic the normal mission profile. For example, if pre-launch release criteria are not met, the spaceship is designed to remain attached to the carrier aircraft and make a smooth, mated landing. In the event of an abort in a short-burn duration, the spaceship pilot may choose to fly a parabolic, gliding recovery. For longer duration burns, pilots will continue to climb to configure a feathered re-entry and establish a gliding recovery at nominal altitudes.
 • Safety Management System. We have an aviation Safety Management System (SMS) that is aligned with industry and regulatory standards contained in FAA SMS Advisory Circular 120-92B and 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 5, which advocates for a formal, top-down, and business-like approach to managing safety. Our SMS provides a framework designed to minimize the consequences of hazards in our business life cycle through a continuing process of hazard identification and risk management that decreases the likelihood of incident, accident, injury, or illness. Our SMS has four subparts: Safety Policy, Safety Risk Management, Safety Assurance and Safety Promotion.
 Spaceport America
 Our astronauts' flight preparation and experience will take place at The Gateway To Space at Spaceport America, the first purpose-built commercial spaceport in the world. Spaceport America is located in New Mexico on more than 25 square miles of desert landscape and includes a space terminal, hangar facilities and a 12,000 foot runway. The facility has access to 6,000 square miles of restricted airspace running from the ground to space. The restricted airspace will facilitate frequent and consistent flight scheduling, and the desert climate and its relatively predictable weather provide favorable launch conditions year-round. The development costs of Spaceport America were largely funded by the State of New Mexico. Our license from the FAA includes Spaceport America as a location from which we can launch and land our spaceflight system.
 The terminal hangar building, officially designated the "Virgin Galactic Gateway to Space," was designed to be functional and beautiful, matching our astronauts' high expectations of a Virgin-branded facility and delivering an aesthetic consistent with the Virgin Galactic experience. The form of the building in the landscape and its interior spaces capture the drama and mystery of spaceflight, reflecting the thrill of space travel for our astronauts. The LEED-Gold certified building has ample capacity to accommodate our staff and our current fleet of vehicles.
 The Astronaut Journey
 Our goal is to offer our astronauts an unmatched but affordable opportunity to experience spaceflight safely and without the need for any prior experience or training. We have worked diligently for over a decade to plan every aspect of the customer's journey to become an astronaut, drawing on a world-class team with extensive experience with human spaceflight, high-end customer experiences and reliable transportation system operations and safety. We have had the considerable advantage of building and managing our initial community of future astronauts, comprised of individuals from over 60 countries who have made reservations to fly on our spaceships. This community is actively engaged, allowing us to understand the style of customer service and experience expected before, during and after each flight. We have used customer input to ensure that each customer's journey with us, from end to end, will represent a pinnacle life experience and achievement.
 The Virgin Galactic astronaut reservation process, honed and proven over many years, is personalized and consultative, but underpinned by a digital customer relationship management journey. It is designed to deliver a high-touch but efficient and scalable user experience. Once the reservation transaction is completed, the customer receives immediate access to our astronaut community and opportunities to attend events and experiences, visits to Virgin Galactic's facilities in New Mexico and California, as well as space readiness activities such as zero-gravity aircraft flights and high-g centrifuge training. Each customer is welcomed and on-boarded into the astronaut community via a call with our 'Astronaut Office.' Future astronauts are kept apprised of community activity and company news through an app-accessed customer portal, which has undergone an extensive upgrade and is now the principal tool by which we provide and receive necessary information from our future astronauts in preparation for their spaceflights.
 Prior to traveling to Spaceport America to begin their journey, each astronaut will be required to complete a medical history questionnaire. In addition to completing this questionnaire, each astronaut will also undergo a medical assessment with an aerospace medical specialist, typically within six months of flight. Some astronauts may be asked for additional testing as

 indicated by their health status. Based on our observations in tests involving a large group of our future astronauts, we believe that the vast majority of people who want to travel to space in our program will not be prevented from doing so by health or fitness considerations.
 Pre-Flight Training
 Our astronauts participate in several days of pre-flight training. The spaceflight is expected to occur following the completion of training.
 Pre-flight training includes briefings, mock-up training and time spent with the mission's fellow astronauts and crew. The purpose of this training is to ensure that the astronauts get the maximum enjoyment of their spaceflight experience while ensuring that they do so safely.
 We have worked with training experts, behavioral health experts, experienced flight technicians, and experienced government astronauts in order to customize training for our suborbital missions. This program includes training for emergency egress, flight communication systems, flight protocols, seat ingress and egress and meets all training requirements prescribed by applicable regulation.
 The training program has been built on the philosophy that familiarization with the systems, procedures, equipment and personnel that will be involved in the actual flight will make the astronaut more comfortable and allow the customer to focus their attention on having the best possible experience. As a result, most training involves hands-on activities with real flight hardware or with high fidelity mock-ups.
 Although broadly similar for each flight, the training program and the flight schedule may vary slightly depending on the backgrounds, personalities, physical health of the astronauts and weather and other conditions. Additionally, we expect to continue to review, assess and modify the program regularly as we gain additional commercial experience.
 The Spaceflight Experience
 On the morning of their flight to space, the astronauts will head out to the spaceport for their final flight briefings and preparation. The astronauts will then meet up with their fellow astronauts and board our spaceship, which will already be mated to the mothership.
 The spaceship cabin has been designed, like the spaceport interior, to deliver an aesthetic consistent with our brand values and optimize the flight experience. User experience features are expected to include strategically positioned high-definition video cameras and phase-sequenced cabin lighting. Virgin companies are renowned for their interior design, particularly in the aviation industry. That experience and reputation have been brought to bear on both spaceship and spaceport interiors to optimize the customer journey.
 Once all astronauts are safely onboard and the pilots have coordinated with the appropriate regulatory and operational groups, the mothership will take-off and climb to an altitude of approximately 45,000 feet. Once at altitude, the pilots will perform all necessary vehicle and safety checks and then will release the spaceship from the mothership. Within seconds, the rocket motor will be ignited, producing acceleration forces of up to 4Gs as the spaceship undertakes a near vertical climb and achieves speeds of approximately Mach 3.
 The rocket motor will fire for approximately 60 seconds, burning all of its propellant, and the spaceship will coast up to apogee. Our astronauts will be able to exit their seats and experience weightlessness, floating about the cabin and positioning themselves at one of the twelve windows around the cabin sides and top. The vehicle's two pilots will maneuver the spaceship to give the astronauts spectacular views of the Earth and an opportunity to look out into the blackness of space. While the astronauts are enjoying their time in space, our spaceship's pilots will have reconfigured the spaceship into its feathered re-entry configuration.
 After enjoying several minutes of weightlessness, our astronauts will maneuver back to their seats to prepare for re-entry. We have conducted seat egress and ingress testing in weightlessness to verify that our astronauts will be able to return to their seats quickly and safely. Our personalized seats, custom-designed to support each astronaut safely during each phase of flight, will cushion the astronauts as the spaceship rapidly decelerates upon re-entry. Our astronauts will enjoy the journey back into the Earth's atmosphere, at which time the vehicle's wings will be returned to their normal configuration, and the spaceship will glide back to the original runway from which the combined mothership and spaceship pair had taken off less than two hours prior. Upon landing, astronauts will disembark and join family and friends to celebrate their achievements and receive their Virgin Galactic astronaut wings.

 Sales and Marketing
 In August 2021, following Sir Richard Branson's successful test flight, we reopened ticket sales to a select group and increased the pricing of our consumer offerings to a base price of $450,000 per seat. In 2023, we increased the pricing of our consumer offerings to a base price of $600,000. As of December 31, 2024, we have reservations from approximately 700 future astronauts, which represent approximately $190 million in expected future spaceflight revenue upon completion of the spaceflights. We plan to ramp up the marketing and selling of new spaceflight reservations in line with the development of our Delta Class spaceship fleet.
 Given that sales of spaceflights are consultative and generally require a one-on-one sales approach, we are focused on developing different sales journeys to engage and educate interested individuals and to drive sales conversion in a scalable way. In addition, we intend to utilize third-party partnerships to reach and cultivate our target audiences. This includes, for example, luxury travel agencies.
 Research and Education Applications
 In addition to the potential market for human space travel, we believe our existing technology has potential application in additional markets, including scientific research and professional astronaut training. Historically, the ability to perform microgravity research has been limited by the same challenges facing human spaceflight, including the significant cost associated with traveling to space and the limited physical capacity available for passengers or other payloads. Additionally, the long launch lead times and the low launch rate for these journeys make it difficult to run an experiment quickly or to fly repeated experiments, and there has traditionally been a significant delay in a researcher's ability to obtain the data from the experiment once the journey was complete. As a result, researchers have used parabolic aircrafts and drop towers to create moments of microgravity and conduct significant research activities. While these solutions help address cost concerns, they offer only seconds of continuous microgravity per flight. They do not offer access to the upper atmosphere or space, rapid re-flight or, in the case of drop towers and sounding rockets, the opportunity for the principal investigator to fly with the scientific payload. We believe our spaceflight systems addresses many of these issues by providing:
 • Researchers the ability to accompany and tend to their experiments in space;
 • The ability to fly payloads repeatedly, which can enable lower cost and iterative campaigns;
 • Prompt access to experiments following landing;
 • Access to a large payload capacity; and
 • In the case of sounding rockets, gentler G-loading.
 We believe the demand for access to suborbital research is likely to come from educational and commercial research institutions across a broad range of technical disciplines. Multiple government agencies and research institutions have expressed interest in contracting with us to launch research payloads to space and to conduct suborbital experiments. We have flown dozens of experiments for research-related missions and we expect research missions to form an important part of our launch manifest in the future. Three of our commercial spaceflights were dedicated research missions: 'Galactic 01' was a government-funded flight that supported over a dozen research experiments and carried three mission specialists conducting human-tended research, 'Galactic 05' carried two privately-funded researchers who conducted human-tended research experiments, and 'Galactic 07' carried government-funded autonomous research payloads and one U.S. based commercial space company funded researcher who conducted human-tended research experiments. This demonstrates the broad implications and desirability of our offering.
 Design, Development and Manufacturing
 Our development and manufacturing team consists of talented and dedicated engineers, technicians and professionals with decades of combined design, engineering, manufacturing and flight test experience from a wide variety of the world's leading research, commercial and military aerospace organizations.
 We have developed extensive aerospace development capabilities for developing, manufacturing and testing aircraft, spacecraft and related propulsion systems. These capabilities encompass preliminary systems and vehicle design and analysis, detail design, manufacturing, ground testing, flight testing and post-delivery support and maintenance. We believe our unique approach that blends the speed of prototyping with the design stability required for production enables innovative ideas to be quickly designed, built, tested with process rigor, and transitioned into service. In addition, we have expertise in configuration

 management and developing documentation needed to transition our technologies and systems to commercial applications. We believe our breadth of capabilities, experienced and cohesive team, and culture would be difficult to re-create and can be easily leveraged on the future design, build and test of transformational aerospace vehicles.
 The first vehicle we manufactured was VSS Unity, the second SpaceShipTwo. Leveraging the extensive design engineering invested in VSS Unity, we are currently designing and producing a new fleet of spaceships, our Delta Class, based on that design, at a substantially lower cost. In addition, we are manufacturing rocket motors to support the growth of our commercial operations over time.
 Additionally, we have developed a significant amount of know-how, expertise and capabilities that we believe we can leverage to capture growing demand for innovative, agile and low-cost development projects for third parties, including contractors, government agencies and commercial service providers. We are exploring strategic relationships to develop new applications for our technologies and to develop new aerospace technologies for commercial and transportation applications that we believe will accelerate progress within relevant industries and enhance our growth.
 We plan to assemble our next-generation spaceships in Arizona at our new manufacturing and operating facility, which consists of approximately 150,000 square feet. Our rocket motor plant and hot-fire test facility are located in Mojave, California, where we also perform ground and test operations. This location provides us with year-round access to airspace for various flight test programs. Our Design and Engineering center is located in Tustin, California and encompasses approximately 100,000 square feet of office space and also functions as our corporate headquarters.
 Additional Potential Applications of our Technology and Expertise
 We believe we can leverage our robust platform of advanced technologies, significant design, engineering and manufacturing experience, and thousands of hours of flight training to develop additional aerospace applications.
 While our primary focus for the foreseeable future is on managing our commercial human spaceflight operations, we intend to expand our commitment to exploring and evaluating the application of our technologies and expertise into these and other ancillary applications.
 Competition
 The commercial spaceflight industry is still developing and evolving, but we expect it to be competitive. Currently, our primary competitor in establishing a commercial suborbital human spaceflight offering is Blue Origin, a privately-funded company that has developed a vertically-launched, suborbital capsule.
 We believe our ability to compete successfully as a commercial provider of human spaceflight does and will depend on several factors, including the price of our offerings, consumer confidence in the safety of our offerings, consumer satisfaction for the experiences we offer, and the frequency and availability of our offerings. We believe that we compete favorably on the basis of these factors.
 Intellectual Property
 Our success depends in part upon our ability to protect our core technology and intellectual property. We attempt to protect our intellectual property rights, both in the United States and abroad, by using a combination of patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret laws, as well as nondisclosure and invention assignment agreements with our consultants and employees, and we seek to control access to and distribution of, our proprietary information through non-disclosure agreements with our vendors and business partners. Our engineers' ongoing research and development make important contributions to our business. We periodically evaluate these contributions and we pursue patent protection when we believe it is possible and consistent with our overall strategy for safeguarding intellectual property.
 Virgin Trademark License Agreement
 We possess certain exclusive and non-exclusive rights to use the name and brand "Virgin Galactic" and the Virgin signature logo pursuant to an amended and restated trademark license agreement (the "Amended TMLA"). Our rights under the Amended TMLA are subject to certain reserved rights and pre-existing licenses granted by Virgin Enterprises Limited ("VEL") to third parties. In addition, for the term of the Amended TMLA, to the extent Virgin Investments Limited ("VIL") does not otherwise have a right to place a director on our board of directors, we agreed to provide VEL with the right to appoint one director to our board of directors, provided the designee is qualified to serve on the board under all applicable corporate governance policies and applicable regulatory and listing requirements.

 Unless terminated earlier, the Amended TMLA will have an initial term of 25 years expiring October 2044, subject to up to two additional 10-year renewals by mutual agreement of the parties. The Amended TMLA may be terminated by VEL upon the occurrence of several specified events, including if:
 • we commit a material breach of our obligations under the Amended TMLA (subject to a cure period, if applicable);
 • we materially damage the Virgin brand;
 • we use the brand name "Virgin Galactic" outside of the scope of the activities licensed under the Amended TMLA (subject to a cure period);
 • we become insolvent;
 • we undergo a change of control to an unsuitable buyer, including to a competitor of VEL;
 • we fail to make use of the "Virgin Galactic" brand to conduct our business;
 • we challenge the validity or entitlement of VEL to own the "Virgin" brand; or
 • the commercial launch of our services does not occur by a fixed date or thereafter if we are unable to undertake any commercial flights for paying passengers for a specified period (other than in connection with addressing a significant safety issue).
 Upon any termination or expiration of the Amended TMLA, unless otherwise agreed with VEL, we will have 90 days to exhaust, return or destroy any products or other materials bearing the licensed trademarks, and to change our corporate name to a name that does not include any of the licensed trademarks, including the Virgin name.
 Pursuant to the terms of the Amended TMLA, we are obligated to pay VEL quarterly royalties equal to the greater of: (a) a low single-digit percentage of our gross sales; and, (b) (i) prior to the first spaceflight for paying future astronauts, a mid-five figure amount in dollars; and, (ii) from our first spaceflight for paying future astronauts, a low-six figure amount in dollars, which increases to a low-seven figure amount in dollars over a four-year ramp up and thereafter increases in correlation with the consumer price index. In relation to certain sponsorship opportunities, a higher, mid-double-digit percentage royalty on related gross sales applies.
 The Amended TMLA also contains, among other things, customary mutual indemnification provisions, representations and warranties, information rights of VEL and restrictions on our and our affiliates' ability to apply for or obtain registration for any confusingly similar intellectual property to that licensed to us pursuant to the Amended TMLA. Furthermore, VEL is generally responsible for the protection, maintenance, enforcement and protection of the licensed intellectual property, including the Virgin brand, subject to our step-in rights in certain circumstances.
 All Virgin and Virgin-related trademarks are owned by VEL and our use of such trademarks is subject to the terms of the Amended TMLA, including our adherence to VEL's quality control guidelines and granting VEL customary audit rights over our use of the licensed intellectual property.
 Spacecraft Technology License Agreement
 We are party to a Spacecraft Technology License Agreement, as amended (STLA"), with Mojave Aerospace Ventures, LLC ("MAV") pursuant to which we possess a non-exclusive, worldwide license under certain patents and patent applications, including improvements that have been reduced to practice within a specified period. Unless terminated earlier, the term of the STLA will expire when the last patent right granted under the STLA expires. The STLA and the associated licenses granted thereunder may be terminated if we commit a material breach of our obligations under the STLA that is uncured for more than 30 days or if we become insolvent.
 Under the terms of the STLA, we were obligated to pay MAV royalties through a fixed date (the "Royalty Period") of (a) a low-single-digit percentage of our commercial spaceflight operating revenue, subject to an annual cap that is adjusted annually for changes in the consumer price index, (b) a low-single-digit percentage of our gross operating revenue on the operation of spacecraft, and (c) a mid-single-digit percentage of our gross sales of spacecraft sold to third parties. Under the STLA, the Royalty Period expired on July 26, 2024.

 Regulatory
 Federal Aviation Administration
 Regulations, policies, and guidance issued by the FAA apply to the use and operation of our spaceflight system. When we operate our spaceflight system as "launch vehicles," meaning a vehicle built to operate in, or place a payload or human beings in, outer space, the FAA's Commercial Space Transportation requirements apply. Operators of launch vehicles are required to have proper licenses, permits and authorizations from the FAA and comply with the FAA's financial responsibility requirements for third-party liability. Congress has enacted a "learning period" limiting the FAA until January 1, 2028 from regulating human occupants on launch vehicles such as our spaceships. During this period, the FAA retains limited authority to regulate the design or operation of a vehicle to protect the health and safety of crew, government astronauts and spaceflight participants under certain conditions. It is uncertain whether the learning period will be extended further, but we may face increased and more expensive regulation from the FAA relating to our spaceflight activities when it expires. The FAA has also separately issued a revision to its regulations governing requirements for obtaining and maintaining a license for commercial spaceflight. Our operations are covered under the pre-existing regulatory framework until 2026, and we are in the process of transitioning to the FAA's revised regulations under 14 CFR part 450 for the launch of our Delta Class vehicles. In 2025, we plan to file an application with the FAA to obtain a vehicle operator license under 14 CFR part 450, which will include, among other things, how we meet FAA safety requirements.
 When not operating as launch vehicles, our spaceflight system vehicles are regulated as experimental aircraft by the FAA. The FAA is responsible for the regulation and oversight of matters relating to experimental aircraft, the control of navigable air space, the qualification of flight personnel, flight training practices, compliance with FAA aircraft certification and maintenance, and other matters affecting air safety and operations. We work closely with the FAA to report any matters that arise during flight.
 We have a current FAA Reusable Launch Vehicle Operator License that allows test and payload revenue flights from both Mojave, California and Spaceport America, New Mexico.
 Failure to comply with the FAA's aviation or space transportation regulations may result in civil penalties or private lawsuits, or the suspension or revocation of licenses or permits, which would prevent us from operating our spaceflight system.
 Informed Consent and Waiver
 Our commercial human spaceflight operations and any third-party claims that arise from our operation of spaceflights are subject to federal and state laws governing informed consents and waivers of claims, including under the Commercial Space Launch Act ("CSLA"), the Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act of 2004 ("CSLAA") and the New Mexico Space Flight Informed Consent Act ("SFICA").
 Under U.S. federal law and the CSLAA, operators of spaceflights are required to obtain informed consent from both participants and members of the crew for any commercial human spaceflight. In addition, the CSLAA requires that an operator must obtain any spaceflight participant's informed consent before receiving compensation or making an agreement to fly. While compensation is not defined in regulation or statute, the FAA does not consider refundable deposits for future spaceflight to be compensation. Moreover, the CSLA established a three-tiered indemnification system for a portion of claims by third parties for death, bodily injury, damage or loss and by the U.S. government for damage or loss to U.S. government property that result from licensed commercial spaceflight activity. Under the first tier, all operators with an FAA license for launch activities are required to demonstrate financial responsibility with either an insurance policy or other demonstration of financial responsibility in amounts up to the maximum probable loss ("MPL") level likely to occur in the event of an accident. The MPL is determined by the FAA for each licensed launch activity. The second tier occurs in the instance of third party claims liability for funds in excess of the MPL amount for which the CSLA provides that the FAA will draft a compensation plan and, subject to successful congressional appropriations, the federal government will pay up to a maximum prescribed amount ($1.5 billion adjusted for inflation since January 1, 1989) to indemnify covered claims above the MPL amount. Under the third tier, any excess liability beyond the first and second tiers would revert to the operator.
 Additionally, the SFICA offers spaceflight companies protection in New Mexico, where we conduct our commercial operations, from lawsuits from passengers on space vehicles where spaceflight participants provide informed consent and a waiver of claims. This law generally provides coverage to operators, manufacturers and suppliers, and requires operators to maintain at least $1.0 million in insurance for all spaceflight activities.

 At this time, we are not aware that any claim regarding liability to third parties or informed consent provisions have been brought in New Mexico or in federal courts. We are unable to determine whether the indemnity provided by the CSLA, CSLAA, or the SFICA or other applicable laws or regulations would be upheld by the U.S. or foreign courts. The various federal and state regulations regarding informed consent for suborbital commercial spaceflight are evolving and we continue to monitor these developments. However, we cannot predict the timing, scope or terms of any other state, federal or foreign regulations relating to informed consent and waivers of claims relating to commercial human spaceflight.
 International Traffic in Arms Regulations and Export Controls

 Our spaceflight business is subject to, and we must comply with, stringent U.S. import and export control laws, including the International Traffic in Arms Regulations ("ITAR") and the U.S. Export Administration Regulations ("EAR"). The ITAR generally restricts the export of hardware, software, technical data, and services that have defense or strategic applications. The EAR similarly regulates the export of hardware, software, and technology that has commercial or "dual-use" applications (i.e., for both military and commercial applications) or that have less sensitive military or space-related applications that are not subject to the ITAR. The regulations exist to advance the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States.

 The U.S. government agencies responsible for administering the ITAR and the EAR have significant discretion in the interpretation and enforcement of these regulations. The agencies also have significant discretion in approving, denying, or conditioning authorizations to engage in controlled activities. Such decisions are influenced by the U.S. government's commitments to multilateral export control regimes, particularly the Missile Technology Control Regime with respect to the spaceflight business.

 Many different types of internal controls and safeguards are required to maintain compliance with such export control rules. In particular, we are required to maintain a registration under the ITAR; determine the proper licensing jurisdiction and classification of products, software and technology; and obtain licenses or other forms of U.S. government authorizations to engage in certain activities, including the performance of services for foreign persons, related to and that support our spaceflight business. The authorization requirements include the need to obtain permission to release controlled technology to foreign persons, including foreign person employees under the EAR's License Exception Strategic Trade Authorization for certain exports, re-exports and transfers in-country. The inability to secure and maintain necessary licenses and other authorizations could negatively affect our ability to compete successfully or to operate our spaceflight business as planned. Any changes in the export control regulations or U.S. government licensing policy, such as that necessary to implement U.S. government commitments to multilateral control regimes, may restrict our operations.

 Failure by us to comply with applicable export control laws and regulations could result in reputational harm as well as significant civil or criminal penalties, fines, more onerous compliance requirements, loss of export privileges, debarment from government contracts, or limitations on our ability to enter into contracts with the U.S. government. Further, even investigations of suspected or alleged violations can be expensive and disruptive. Thus, violations (or allegations of violations) of applicable export control laws and regulations could materially adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Human Capital
 As of December 31, 2024, we had 744 employees across the globe. We believe our future prospects will depend, in part, on our ability to continue to attract, motivate, develop and retain a sufficient number of highly skilled personnel. Virgin Galactic strives to offer competitive compensation, benefits and services that meet the needs of its employees, including short-term and long-term incentive programs, defined contribution plans, healthcare benefits, and wellness and employee assistance programs. Management monitors market compensation and benefits to attract, retain and promote high-performing employees and reduce turnover and associated costs. In addition, Virgin Galactic's incentive programs are designed to reward the achievement of short- and long-term business results and aligned with the interests of our stockholders.
 Available Information
 We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available to the public over the internet at the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Our SEC filings are also available free of charge on the Investor Information page of our website at virgingalactic.com as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with or furnished to the SEC. Our website and the information contained on or through that site are not incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors
 Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described below. Investors should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, in addition to the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business. If any of the following risks or others not specified below materialize, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline.
 Risks Related to Our Business
 We have incurred significant losses since inception, we expect to incur losses in the future and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability.
 We have incurred significant losses since inception. We incurred net losses of $346.7 million and $502.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We have generated limited revenue from our commercial spaceflight operations, which commenced in June 2023, and were subsequently paused in mid-2024, flying payloads into space, scientific research services, and access fees related to our astronaut community and related events. It is difficult for us to predict our future operating results as we develop our Delta Class spaceships. As a result, our losses may be larger than anticipated, and we may not achieve profitability when expected, or at all, and even if we do, we may not be able to maintain or increase profitability.
 We expect our operating expenses to increase over the next several years as we scale our spaceflight operations, continue to attempt to streamline our manufacturing process, develop our next-generation spaceflight vehicles, which include our Delta Class spaceships and our next-generation motherships, ultimately increase our flight cadence, hire more employees and continue research and development efforts relating to new products and technologies. These efforts may be more costly than we expect and may not result in increased revenue or growth in our business. Any failure to increase our revenue sufficiently to keep pace with our investments and other expenses could prevent us from achieving or maintaining profitability or positive cash flow. Furthermore, if our future growth and operating performance fail to meet investor or analyst expectations, or if we have future negative cash flow or losses resulting from our investment in acquiring future astronauts or expanding our operations, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 The success of our business will be highly dependent on our ability to effectively market and sell spaceflights.
 We have generated only limited revenue from spaceflight, and we expect that our success will be highly dependent, especially in the foreseeable future, on our ability to effectively market and sell spaceflight experiences. We have limited experience in marketing and selling spaceflights, which we refer to as our astronaut experience. If we are unable to utilize our current sales organization effectively, or to expand our sales organization as needed, to adequately target and engage our potential astronauts, our business may be adversely affected. To date, we have primarily sold the reservations for our astronaut experience through direct sales and have sold a limited number of seats each year. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to attract new astronauts in a cost-effective manner. While we had a backlog of approximately 700 future astronauts as of December 31, 2024, we are making, and we expect that we will need to continue to make, significant investments in order to attract new astronauts. Our sales growth depends on our ability to implement strategic initiatives and these initiatives may not be effective in generating sales growth. In addition, marketing campaigns, which we have not historically utilized, can be expensive and may not result in the acquisition of new astronauts in a cost-effective manner, if at all. Further, as our brand becomes more widely known, future marketing campaigns or brand content may not attract new astronauts at the same rate as past campaigns or brand content. If we are unable to attract new astronauts, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be harmed.
 The market for commercial spaceflight is still emerging and may not achieve the growth potential we expect or may grow more slowly than expected.
 The market for commercial spaceflight has not been established with precision and is still emerging. Our estimates for the total addressable market for commercial spaceflight are based on a number of internal and third-party estimates, including our current backlog, the number of consumers who have expressed interest in our astronaut experience, assumed prices at which we can offer our astronaut experience, assumed flight cadence, our ability to leverage our current manufacturing and operational processes and general market conditions. While we believe our assumptions and the data underlying our estimates are reasonable, these assumptions and estimates may not be correct. The conditions supporting our assumptions or estimates may change at any time, thereby reducing the predictive accuracy of these underlying factors. As a result, our estimates of the annual

 total addressable market for our astronaut experience, as well as the expected growth rate for the total addressable market for that experience, may prove to be incorrect.
 Delays in the development of our Delta Class spaceships would adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We are currently developing our next-generation spaceflight system, which include our Delta Class spaceships and our next-generation motherships, which we expect will allow us to increase our annual flight rate. Although we commenced commercial operations with our Unity spaceflight system in June 2023, we paused Unity spaceflights in mid-2024 and expect to commence flying with test flights of our Delta Class spaceships in advance of commercial service, which is expected to begin in 2026.
 If we do not complete the development of our next-generation spaceflight system in our anticipated timeframes or at all, our ability to grow our business will be adversely affected. The successful development of our spaceflight systems and related technology involves many uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control, including:
 • timing in finalizing spaceflight systems design and specifications;
 • successful completion of flight test programs, including flight safety tests;
 • our ability to obtain additional applicable approvals, licenses or certifications from regulatory agencies, if required, and maintaining current approvals, licenses or certifications;
 • performance of our manufacturing facilities despite risks that disrupt productions, such as natural disasters and hazardous materials;
 • performance of a limited number of suppliers for certain raw materials and supplied components;
 • performance of our third-party contractors that support our research and development activities;
 • performance of our third-party contractors to design and manufacture our next-generation carrier aircraft as well as manufacture key subassemblies for our next-generation spaceships;
 • our ability to maintain rights from third parties for intellectual properties critical to our research and development activities;
 • our ability to continue funding and maintain our current research and development activities; and
 • the impact of an outbreak of a highly infectious or contagious disease or other health concern, on us, our customers, suppliers and distributors, and the global economy.
 Any inability to operate our spaceflight systems at our anticipated flight rate could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We have been dependent on a single spaceflight system consisting of a spaceship, VSS Unity, and mothership carrier aircraft, VMS Eve. We are currently developing our next-generation spaceflight vehicles, which include our Delta Class spaceships and our next-generation motherships, which we expect will allow us to increase our annual flight rate. However, in light of such development, we paused Unity spaceflights in mid-2024 and expect to commence flying with test flights of our Delta Class spaceships in advance of commercial service, which is expected to begin in 2026.
 To be successful once we begin flying again with our Delta Class spaceships, we will need to maintain a sufficient flight rate, which will be negatively impacted if we are not able to operate our spaceflight systems for any reason. In addition to the pause on Unity spaceflights, we may be unable to operate our spaceflight systems at our anticipated flight rate for a number of other reasons outside of our control, including, but not limited to, unexpected weather patterns, maintenance issues, pilot error, design and engineering flaws, natural disasters, epidemics or pandemics, changes in governmental regulations or in the status of our regulatory approvals or applications or other events that force us to cancel or reschedule flights. Our spaceflight systems are highly sophisticated and depend on complex technology, and we require them to meet rigorous performance goals that may from time to time necessitate that we replace critical components or hardware. Our ability to operate in airspace may also be superseded by the U.S. Department of Defense priority missions. In the event we need to replace any components or hardware of our spaceflight system, there are limited numbers of replacement parts available, some of which have significant lead time

 associated with procurement or manufacture, so any failure of our systems or their components or hardware could result in reduced numbers of flights and significant delays to our planned growth.
 Unsatisfactory safety performance of our spaceflight systems or security incidents at our facilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.
 We manufacture and operate highly sophisticated spaceflight systems and offer a specialized astronaut experience that depends on complex technology. While we have built operational processes to ensure that the design, manufacture, performance and servicing of our spaceflight systems meet rigorous performance goals, there can be no assurance that we will not experience operational or process failures and other problems, including through manufacturing or design defects, pilot error, natural disasters, cyber-attacks, or other intentional acts, that could result in potential safety risks.
 In addition, we may experience threats to the security of our facilities and employees or threats from terrorist or other acts. We work cooperatively with our suppliers, subcontractors, venture partners and other parties, such as our lessors, to address and prepare for these risks, but in some instances, we must rely on safeguards put in place by these third parties, some of which we may not control. There can be no assurance that our preparations, or those of third parties, will be able to prevent any such incidents.
 Any actual or perceived safety issues may result in significant reputational harm to our businesses, in addition to tort liability, maintenance, increased safety infrastructure and other costs that may arise. Such issues with our spaceflight systems, facilities, or customer safety could result in delaying or cancelling planned flights, increased regulation or other systemic consequences. Our inability to meet our safety standards or adverse publicity affecting our reputation as a result of accidents, mechanical failures, damages to customer property or medical complications could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.
 We may not be able to convert our orders in backlog or inbound inquiries about flight reservations into revenue.
 As of December 31, 2024, our backlog represents orders from approximately 700 future astronauts for which we have not yet recognized spaceflight revenue. While many of these orders were accompanied by a significant deposit, the deposits are largely refundable and the reservations may be cancelled under certain circumstances without penalty. As a result, we may not receive revenue from these orders and deposits, and any order backlog or other deposits we report may not be indicative of our future revenue.
 In addition to our pause of Unity spaceflights in mid-2024, many other events may cause a delay in our ability to fulfill reservations or cause planned spaceflights to not be completed at all, some of which may be out of our control, including unexpected weather patterns, maintenance issues, natural disasters, epidemics or pandemics, changes in governmental regulations or in the status of our regulatory approvals or applications or other events that may force us to cancel or reschedule flights. If we further delay spaceflights or if future astronauts reconsider their astronaut experience, those individuals may seek to cancel their planned spaceflight, and may obtain a full or partial refund.
 We have not yet tested flights at our anticipated full passenger capacity of our Delta Class spaceships.
 While we have successfully completed seven commercial flights with our Unity spaceflight system, we are continuing to develop our Delta Class spaceships, with which we anticipate commencing commercial service in 2026. We have not yet tested flights of our Delta Class spaceships at their full passenger capacity of six persons. The success of our spaceflight operations will depend on our achieving and maintaining a sufficient level of passenger capacity on our spaceflights. We have not yet tested flights with this full cabin, and it is possible that the number of passengers per flight may not meet our expectations for a number of factors, including maximization of the passenger experience and satisfaction. Any decrease from our assumptions in the number of passengers per flight could adversely impact our ability to generate revenue at the rate we anticipate.
 Any delays in the development and manufacture of additional spaceflight systems, including our Delta Class spaceships and next-generation motherships, may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We have previously experienced, and may experience in the future, delays or other complications in the design, manufacture, launch, production, delivery and servicing ramp of new spaceflight systems and related technology, including due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as other factors. If delays like this arise or recur, in particular in connection with the development of our Delta Class spaceships and next-generation motherships, if our remediation measures and process changes do not continue to be successful or if we experience issues with planned manufacturing improvements or design and safety, we could experience issues in sustaining the ramp of our spaceflight system, delays in increasing production further or commencing commercial service on our expected timeframes or at all.

 If we encounter difficulties in scaling our delivery or servicing capabilities, if we fail to develop and successfully commercialize spaceflight technologies, if we fail to develop such technologies before our competitors, or if such technologies fail to perform as expected, are inferior to those of our competitors or are perceived as less safe than those of our competitors, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted.
 If we are unable to adapt to and satisfy customer demands in a timely and cost-effective manner, our ability to grow our business may suffer.
 The success of our business depends in part on manufacturing more spaceflight systems, operating a sufficient number of spaceflights to meet customer demand and providing an astronaut experience that meets or exceeds expectations. If for any reason we are unable to manufacture new spaceflight systems or are unable to schedule spaceflights as planned, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If our future spaceflight systems do not meet expected performance or quality standards, including with respect to customer safety, this could cause delays. Further, flight operations within restricted airspace require advance scheduling and coordination with government range owners and other users, and any high priority national defense assets will have priority in the use of these resources, which may impact our cadence of spaceflight operations or could result in cancellations or rescheduling. Any operational or manufacturing delays or other unplanned changes to our ability to operate spaceflights could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We may be unable to manage our future growth effectively.
 If our operations grow as planned, of which there can be no assurance, we will need to expand our sales and marketing, research and development, customer and commercial strategy, products and services, supply, and manufacturing and distribution functions. We will also need to leverage our manufacturing and operational systems and processes, and there is no guarantee that we will be able to scale the business and the manufacture of spacecraft as currently planned or within the planned timeframe. The expansion of our business may also require additional manufacturing and operational facilities, as well as space for administrative support, and there is no guarantee that we will be able to find suitable locations or partners for the manufacture and operation of our spaceflight systems. For example, in July 2024, we announced the opening of a new spaceship manufacturing facility in Arizona and the related anticipated scaling of our team to produce Delta Class spaceships. However, in November 2023, we announced a workforce reduction of approximately 185 employees, constituting approximately 18% of our workforce, in order to decrease costs and strategically realign our resources.
 Our growth could increase the strain on our resources, and we could experience operating difficulties, including difficulties in hiring, training and managing an increasing number of pilots and employees, finding manufacturing capacity to produce our spaceflight systems and related equipment, and delays in production and spaceflights. These difficulties may result in the erosion of our brand image, divert the attention of management and key employees and impact financial and operational results. In addition, in order to continue to expand our fleet of spacecraft and increase our presence around the globe, we expect to incur substantial expenses as we continue to attempt to streamline our manufacturing process, increase our flight cadence, hire more employees, and continue research and development efforts relating to new products and technologies and expand internationally. If we are unable to drive commensurate growth, these costs, which include lease commitments, headcount and capital assets, could result in decreased margins, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our prospects and operations may be adversely affected by changes in consumer preferences and economic conditions that affect demand for our spaceflights.
 Because our business is currently concentrated on a single, discretionary product category, commercial spaceflight, we are vulnerable to changes in consumer preferences or other market changes. The global economy has in the past, and will in the future, experience recessionary periods and periods of economic instability. During such periods, our potential astronauts may choose not to make discretionary purchases or may reduce overall spending on discretionary purchases, which may include not scheduling spaceflight experiences or cancelling existing reservations for spaceflight experiences. There could be a number of other effects from adverse general business and economic conditions on our business, including insolvency of any of our third-party suppliers or contractors, decreased consumer confidence, decreased discretionary spending and reduced consumer demand for spaceflight experiences. Moreover, future shifts in consumer spending away from our spaceflight experience for any reason, including decreased consumer confidence, adverse economic conditions or heightened competition, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If such business and economic conditions are experienced in future periods, this could reduce our sales and adversely affect our profitability, as demand for discretionary purchases may diminish during economic downturns, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Adverse publicity stemming from any incident involving us or our competitors, or an incident involving a commercial airline or other air travel provider, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We are at risk of adverse publicity stemming from any public incident involving our company, our people or our brand. If our personnel or one of our spaceflight systems, the personnel or spacecraft of one of our competitors or the personnel, aircraft or other vehicle of a commercial airline, governmental agency or other specialty adventure company, were to be involved in a public incident, accident or catastrophe, this could create an adverse public perception of spaceflight and result in decreased customer demand for spaceflight experiences, which could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions and results of operations. Incidents and any corresponding media coverage that showcases the risks associated with space travel, could negatively impact consumer preferences, thereby giving rise to potential material adverse effects on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Further, if our personnel or our spaceflight systems were to be involved in a public incident, accident or catastrophe, we could be exposed to significant reputational harm or potential legal liability. Any reputational harm to our business could cause future astronauts with existing reservations to cancel their spaceflights and could significantly impact our ability to make future sales. The insurance we carry may be inapplicable or inadequate to cover any such incident, accident or catastrophe. In the event that our insurance is inapplicable or not adequate, we may be forced to bear substantial losses from an incident or accident.
 Due to the inherent risks associated with commercial spaceflight, there is the possibility that any accident or catastrophe could lead to the loss of human life or a medical emergency.
 Spaceflight is an inherently risky activity that can lead to accidents or catastrophes impacting human life. For example, on October 31, 2014, VSS Enterprise, an earlier model of SpaceShipTwo manufactured and operated by a third-party contractor, had an accident during a rocket-powered test flight. The pilot was seriously injured, the co-pilot was fatally injured and the vehicle was destroyed. As part of its 2015 accident investigation report, the National Transportation Safety Board (the "NTSB") determined that the probable cause of the accident related to the failure by a third-party contractor to consider and protect against the possibility that a single human error could result in a catastrophic hazard to the vehicle. After the accident, we assumed responsibility for the completion of the flight test program and submitted a report to the NTSB that listed the actions we were taking to reduce the likelihood and effect of human error. This included modification of the feather lock control mechanism to add automatic inhibits that would prevent inadvertent operation during safety critical periods of flight. We have implemented and repeatedly demonstrated the efficacy of these actions, including implementing more rigorous protocols and procedures for safety-critical aircrew actions, requiring additional training for pilots that focuses on response protocols for safety critical actions, and eliminating certain single-point human performance actions that could potentially lead to similar accidents. We believe the steps we have taken are sufficient to address the issues noted in the NTSB's report; however, it is impossible to completely eliminate the potential for human error, and there is a possibility that other accidents may occur in the future as a result of human error or for a variety of other reasons, some of which may be out of our control. Any such accident could result in substantial losses to us, including reputational harm and legal liability, and, as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We may require substantial additional funding to finance our operations, but adequate additional financing may not be available when we need it, on acceptable terms or at all.
 In the future, we could be required to raise capital through public or private financing or other arrangements. Such financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all, and our failure to raise capital when needed could harm our business. For example, unfavorable economic conditions, whether related to inflation, interest rates, the COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise have resulted in, and may continue to result in, significant disruption and volatility of global financial markets that could adversely impact our ability to access capital. We may sell equity securities (including through our "at-the-market offering" program) or debt securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner as we may determine from time to time. If we sell any such securities, our current investors may be materially diluted. Any debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants and could reduce our operational flexibility or profitability. If we cannot raise funds on acceptable terms, we may not be able to grow our business or respond to competitive pressures.
 Certain future operational facilities may require significant expenditures, and the ongoing need to maintain existing operational facilities requires us to expend capital.
 As part of our growth strategy, we may utilize additional spaceports outside the United States. Construction of a spaceport or other facilities in which we conduct our operations may require significant capital expenditures to develop, and in the future we may be required to make similar expenditures to expand, improve or construct adequate facilities for our spaceflight operations. While Spaceport America was funded by the State of New Mexico and we intend to pursue similar arrangements in the future, we cannot assure that such arrangements will be available to us on terms similar to those we have with the State of New Mexico

 or at all. If we cannot secure such an arrangement, we would need to use cash flows from operations or raise additional capital in order to construct additional spaceports or facilities. In addition, as Spaceport America and any other facilities we may utilize mature, our business will require capital expenditures for the maintenance, renovation and improvement of such existing locations to remain competitive and maintain the value of our brand standard. This creates an ongoing need for capital, and, to the extent we cannot fund capital expenditures from cash flows from operations, we will need to borrow or otherwise obtain funds. If we cannot access the capital we need, we may not be able to execute on our growth strategy, take advantage of future opportunities or respond to competitive pressures. If the costs of funding new locations or renovations or enhancements at existing locations exceed budgeted amounts or the time for building or renovation is longer than anticipated, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
 We rely on a limited number of suppliers for certain raw materials and supplied components. We may not be able to obtain sufficient raw materials or supplied components to meet our needs, or obtain such materials on favorable terms, which could impair our ability to fulfill our orders in a timely manner or increase our costs of production.
 Our ability to produce our current and future spaceflight systems and other components of operation is dependent upon sufficient availability of raw materials and supplied components, such as nitrous oxide, valves, tanks, special alloys, helium and carbon fiber, which we secure from a limited number of suppliers. These suppliers may be affected by various factors that could impede their ability to meet our demand, including, but not limited to, global supply shortages, labor disputes, and political destabilization in supply regions. Our reliance on suppliers to secure these raw materials and supplied components exposes us to volatility in the prices and availability of these materials. We may not be able to obtain sufficient supply of raw materials or supplied components, on favorable terms or at all, which could result in delays in manufacture of our spacecraft or increased costs. For example, there are only a few nitrous oxide plants around the world and if one or more of these plants were to experience a slowdown in operations or to shutdown entirely, we may need to qualify new suppliers or pay higher prices to maintain the supply of nitrous oxide needed for our operations.
 In addition, we have in the past and may in the future experience delays in manufacture or operation as we go through the requalification process with any replacement third-party supplier, as well as the limitations imposed by ITAR and other restrictions on transfer of sensitive technologies. Additionally, the imposition of tariffs on such raw materials or supplied components could have a material adverse effect on our operations. Prolonged disruptions in the supply of any of our key raw materials or components, difficulty qualifying new sources of supply, implementing use of replacement materials or new sources of supply or any volatility in prices could have a material adverse effect on our ability to operate in a cost-efficient, timely manner and could cause us to experience cancellations or delays of scheduled spaceflights, customer cancellations or reductions in our prices and margins, any of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our spaceflight systems and related equipment may have shorter useful lives than we anticipate.
 Our growth strategy depends in part on the successful and timely manufacture of our Delta Class spaceships. Each spaceflight system has a limited useful life, which is driven by the number of cycles that the system undertakes. While the vehicle is designed for a certain number of cycles, known as the design life, there can be no assurance as to the actual operational life of a spaceflight system or that the operational life of individual components will be consistent with its design life. A number of factors impact the useful lives of the spaceflight systems, including, among other things, the quality of their design and construction, the durability of their component parts and availability of any replacement components, the actual combined environment experienced compared to the assumed combined environment for which the spaceflight systems were designed and tested and the occurrence of any anomaly or series of anomalies or other risks affecting the spaceflight systems during launch, flight and reentry. In addition, we are continually learning, and as our engineering and manufacturing expertise and efficiency increases, we aim to leverage this learning to be able to manufacture our spaceflight systems and related equipment using less of our currently installed equipment, which could render our existing material obsolete. Any continued improvements in spaceflight technology may make obsolete our existing spaceflight systems or any component of our spacecraft prior to the end of its life. If the spaceflight systems and related equipment have shorter useful lives than we currently anticipate, this may lead to greater maintenance costs than previously anticipated such that the cost to maintain the spacecraft and related equipment may exceed their value, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Failure of third-party contractors and suppliers could adversely affect our business.
 We are dependent on various third-party contractors and suppliers to develop and provide critical technology, systems and components required for our spaceflight system. For example, each spaceflight currently requires replenishment of certain components of our rocket motor propulsion system that we obtain from third-party contractors and suppliers. Should we

 experience complications with any of these components, which are critical to the operation of our spacecraft, we may need to delay or cancel scheduled spaceflights. We face the risk that any of our contractors and suppliers may not fulfill their contracts and deliver their products or services on a timely basis, or at all. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, operational complications with our contractors and suppliers. The ability of our contractors and suppliers to effectively satisfy our requirements could also be impacted by their financial difficulty or damage to their operations caused by fire, terrorist attack, military conflict, natural disaster, pandemic, or other events. The failure of any contractors and suppliers to perform to our expectations could result in shortages of certain manufacturing or operational components for our spacecraft or delays in spaceflights and harm our business. In addition, the failure of third-party providers to design and manufacture our next-generation carrier aircraft as well as manufacture key subassemblies for our next-generation spaceships in accordance with our expectations could result in delays to our next-generation vehicles service dates and adversely impact our future flight rate. Our reliance on contractors and suppliers and inability to fully control any operational difficulties with our third-party contractors and suppliers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We expect to face competition in the commercial spaceflight industry and other industries in which we may develop products.
 The commercial spaceflight industry is still developing and evolving, but we expect it to be competitive. Currently, our primary competitor in establishing a commercial suborbital spaceflight offering is Blue Origin, a privately funded company founded in 2000. In addition, we are aware of several large, well-funded, public and private entities actively engaged in developing products within the aerospace industry. While these companies are currently focused on providing fundamentally different products than ours, such as orbital spaceflights at a substantially higher cost than our offerings, we cannot provide assurance that one or more of these companies will not shift their focus to include suborbital spaceflight and directly compete with us in the future. Additionally, if one or more of these companies significantly reduce prices for their current products, they may indirectly compete for our customer base.
 Many of our current and potential competitors are larger and have substantially greater resources than we have and expect to have in the future. They may also be able to devote greater resources to the development of their current and future technologies or the promotion and sale of their offerings, or offer lower prices. Our current and potential competitors may also establish cooperative or strategic relationships amongst themselves or with third parties that may further enhance their resources and offerings. Further, it is possible that domestic or foreign companies or governments, some with greater experience in the aerospace industry or greater financial resources than we possess, will seek to provide products or services that compete directly or indirectly with ours in the future. Any such foreign competitor, for example, could benefit from subsidies from, or other protective measures by, its home country.
 We believe our ability to compete successfully as a commercial provider of spaceflight does and will depend on a number of factors, which may change in the future due to increased competition, including the price of our offerings, consumer confidence in the safety of our offerings, consumer satisfaction for the experiences we offer, and the frequency and availability of our offerings. If we are unable to compete successfully, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
 Our investments in developing new offerings and technologies and exploring the application of our existing proprietary technologies for other uses and those offerings, technologies or opportunities may never materialize.
 We have invested certain of our resources in developing new technologies, services, products and offerings and expect that we may invest a more significant amount of resources to those purposes in the future. However, we may not realize the expected benefits of these investments. These anticipated technologies, services, products and offerings are unproven and subject to significant continued design and development efforts, may take longer than anticipated to materialize, if at all, and may never be commercialized in a way that would allow us to generate revenue from the sale of these technologies, services, products and offerings. Relatedly, if such technologies become viable offerings in the future, we may be subject to competition, some of which may have substantially greater monetary and knowledge resources than we have and expect to have in the future to devote to the development of these technologies. We may also seek to expand the application of our existing proprietary technology in new and unproven offerings. Further, under the terms of an amended and restated trademark license agreement (the "Amended TMLA"), our ability to operationalize some of the technologies may be dependent upon the consent of Virgin Enterprises Limited ("VEL"). Such competition or any limitations on our ability to take advantage of such technologies could impact our market share, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Such research and development initiatives may also have a high degree of risk and involve unproven business strategies and technologies with which we have limited operating or development experience. They may involve claims and liabilities

 (including, but not limited to, personal injury claims), expenses, regulatory challenges and other risks that we may not be able to anticipate. There can be no assurance that consumer demand for such initiatives will exist or be sustained at the levels that we anticipate, or that any of these initiatives will gain sufficient traction or market acceptance to generate sufficient revenue to offset any new expenses or liabilities associated with these new investments. Further, any such research and development efforts could distract management from current operations and would divert capital and other resources from our more established offerings and technologies. Even if we were to be successful in developing new products, services, offerings or technologies, regulatory authorities may subject us to new rules or restrictions in response to our innovations that may increase our expenses or prevent us from successfully commercializing new products, services, offerings or technologies.
 The "Virgin" brand is not under our control, and negative publicity related to the Virgin brand name could materially adversely affect our business.
 We possess certain exclusive and non-exclusive rights to use the name and brand "Virgin Galactic" and the Virgin signature logo pursuant to the Amended TMLA. We believe the "Virgin" brand, is integral to our corporate identity and represents quality, innovation, creativity, fun, a sense of competitive challenge and employee-friendliness. We expect to rely on the general goodwill of consumers and our pilots and employees towards the Virgin brand as part of our internal corporate culture and external marketing strategy. The Virgin brand is also licensed to and used by a number of other companies unrelated to us and in a variety of industries, and the integrity and strength of the Virgin brand will depend in large part on the efforts of the licensor and any other licensees of the Virgin brand and how the brand is used, promoted and protected by them, which will be outside of our control. Consequently, any adverse publicity in relation to the Virgin brand name or its principals, or in relation to another Virgin-branded company over which we have no control or influence, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 If we fail to adequately protect our proprietary intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be impaired and we may lose valuable assets, generate reduced revenue and incur costly litigation to protect our rights.
 Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect our proprietary intellectual property rights, including certain methodologies, practices, tools, technologies and technical expertise we utilize in designing, developing, implementing and maintaining applications and processes used in our spaceflight systems and related technologies. To date, we have relied primarily on trade secrets and other intellectual property laws, non-disclosure agreements with our employees, consultants and other relevant persons and other measures to protect our intellectual property, and intend to continue to rely on these and other means, including patent protection, in the future. However, the steps we take to protect our intellectual property may be inadequate, and we may choose not to pursue or maintain protection for our intellectual property in the United States or foreign jurisdictions. We will not be able to protect our intellectual property if we are unable to enforce our rights or if we do not detect unauthorized use of our intellectual property. Despite our precautions, it may be possible for unauthorized third parties to copy our technology and use information that we regard as proprietary to create technology that competes with ours.
 Further, the laws of some countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights in some foreign countries may be inadequate. To the extent we expand our international activities, our exposure to unauthorized copying and use of our technologies and proprietary information may increase. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from infringing upon, misappropriating or otherwise violating our technology and intellectual property.
 We rely in part on trade secrets, proprietary know-how and other confidential information to maintain our competitive position. Although we enter into non-disclosure and invention assignment agreements with our employees, enter into non-disclosure agreements with our astronauts, consultants and other parties with whom we have strategic relationships and business alliances and enter into intellectual property assignment agreements with our consultants and vendors, no assurance can be given that these agreements will be effective in controlling access to and distribution of our technology and proprietary information. Further, these agreements do not prevent our competitors from independently developing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to our products.
 We rely on licenses from third parties for intellectual property that is critical to our business, and we would lose the rights to use such intellectual property if those agreements were terminated or not renewed.
 We rely on licenses from third parties for certain intellectual property that is critical to our branding and corporate identity, as well as the technology used in our spacecraft. Termination of our current or future license agreements could cause us to have to negotiate new or restated agreements with less favorable terms or cause us to lose our rights under the original agreements.

 In the case of our branding, we do not own the Virgin brand or any other Virgin-related assets, as we license the right to use the Virgin brand pursuant to the Amended TMLA. Virgin controls the Virgin brand, and the integrity and strength of the Virgin brand will depend in large part on the efforts and businesses of Virgin and the other licensees of the Virgin brand and how the brand is used, promoted and protected by them, which will be outside of our control. For example, negative publicity or events affecting or occurring at Virgin or other entities who use the Virgin brand, including transportation companies and/or other entities unrelated to us that presently or in the future may license the Virgin brand, may negatively impact the public's perception of us, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, contracts, financial condition, operating results, liquidity and prospects.
 In addition, there are certain circumstances under which the Amended TMLA may be terminated in its entirety, including our material breach of the Amended TMLA (subject to a cure period, if applicable), our insolvency, our improper use of the Virgin brand, our failure to commercially launch a spaceflight for paying passengers by a specified date, if we are unable to undertake any commercial flights for paying passengers for a specified period (other than in connection with addressing a significant safety issue), and our undergoing of a change of control to an unsuitable buyer, including a competitor of VEL's group. Termination of the Amended TMLA would eliminate our rights to use the Virgin brand and may result in our having to negotiate a new or reinstated agreement with less favorable terms or cause us to lose our rights under the Amended TMLA, including our right to use the Virgin brand, which would require us to change our corporate name and undergo other significant rebranding efforts. These rebranding efforts may require significant resources and expenses and may affect our ability to attract and retain future astronauts, all of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, contracts, financial condition, operating results, liquidity and prospects.
 In the case of a loss of technology used in our spaceflight systems, we may not be able to continue to manufacture certain components for our spacecraft or for our operations or may experience disruption to our manufacturing processes as we test and requalify any potential replacement technology. Even if we retain the licenses, the licenses may not be exclusive with respect to such component design or technologies, which could aid our competitors and have a negative impact on our business.
 Protecting and defending against intellectual property claims may have a material adverse effect on our business.
 Our success depends in part upon successful prosecution, maintenance, enforcement and protection of our owned and licensed intellectual property, including the Virgin brand and other intellectual property that we license from Virgin under the Amended TMLA. Under the terms of the Amended TMLA, Virgin has the primary right to take actions to obtain, maintain, enforce and protect the Virgin brand. If, following our written request, Virgin elects to not take an action to maintain, enforce or protect the Virgin brand, we may do so, at our expense, subject to various conditions including that so long as doing so would not have a material adverse effect on Virgin, any of Virgin's other licensees or the Virgin brand and we reasonably believe failing to do so would materially adversely affect our business. Should Virgin determine not to maintain, enforce or protect the Virgin brand, we and/or the Virgin brand could be materially harmed and we could incur substantial cost if we elect to take any such action.
 To protect our intellectual property rights, we may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect these rights. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights and to protect our trade secrets. Such litigation could be costly, time consuming and distracting to management and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our inability to protect our proprietary technology, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management's attention and resources, could disrupt our business, as well as have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The results of intellectual property litigation are difficult to predict and may require us to stop using certain technologies or offering certain services or may result in significant damage awards or settlement costs. There is no guarantee that any action to defend, maintain or enforce our owned or licensed intellectual property rights will be successful, and an adverse result in any such proceeding could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects.
 In addition, we may from time to time face allegations that we are infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of third parties, including the intellectual property rights of our competitors. We may be unaware of the intellectual property rights that others may claim cover some or all of our technology or services. Irrespective of the validity of any such claims, we could incur significant costs and diversion of resources in defending against them, and there is no guarantee any such defense would be successful, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, contracts, financial condition, operating results, liquidity and prospects.
 Even if these matters do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor or without significant cash settlements, these matters, and the time and resources necessary to litigate or resolve them, could divert the time and resources of our management team and harm our business, our operating results and our reputation.

 We have government customers, which subjects us to risks including early termination, audits, investigations, sanctions and penalties.
 We derive limited revenue from contracts with NASA and may enter into further contracts with the U.S. or foreign governments in the future, and this subjects us to statutes and regulations applicable to companies doing business with the government, including the Federal Acquisition Regulation. These government contracts customarily contain provisions that give the government substantial rights and remedies, many of which are not typically found in commercial contracts and which are unfavorable to contractors. For instance, most U.S. government agencies include provisions that allow the government to unilaterally terminate or modify contracts for convenience, and in that event, the counterparty to the contract may generally recover only its incurred or committed costs and settlement expenses and profit on work completed prior to the termination. If the government terminates a contract for default, the defaulting party may be liable for any extra costs incurred by the government in procuring undelivered items from another source.
 Some of our federal government contracts are subject to the approval of appropriations being made by the U.S. Congress to fund the expenditures under these contracts. In addition, government contracts normally contain additional requirements that may increase our costs of doing business, reduce our profits, and expose us to liability for failure to comply with these terms and conditions. These requirements include, for example:
 • specialized disclosure and accounting requirements unique to government contracts;
 • financial and compliance audits that may result in potential liability for price adjustments, recoupment of government funds after such funds have been spent, civil and criminal penalties, or administrative sanctions such as suspension or debarment from doing business with the U.S. government;
 • public disclosures of certain contract and company information; and
 • mandatory socioeconomic compliance requirements, including labor requirements, non-discrimination and affirmative action programs and environmental compliance requirements.
 Government contracts are also generally subject to greater scrutiny by the government, which can initiate reviews, audits and investigations regarding our compliance with government contract requirements. In addition, if we fail to comply with government contract laws, regulations and contract requirements, our contracts may be subject to termination, and we may be subject to financial and/or other liability under our contracts, the Federal Civil False Claims Act (including treble damages and other penalties), or criminal law. In particular, the False Claims Act's "whistleblower" provisions also allow private individuals, including present and former employees, to sue on behalf of the U.S. government. Any penalties, damages, fines, suspension, or damages could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results.
 We plan to commercialize spaceflights outside the United States, and such expansion will expose us to a variety of risks associated with international operations that could materially and adversely affect our business.
 As part of our growth strategy, we expect to leverage our initial U.S. operations to expand internationally. In the event that we expand internationally, we expect that we would be subject to additional risks related to entering into international business relationships, including:
 • restructuring our operations to comply with local regulatory regimes;
 • identifying, hiring and training highly skilled personnel;
 • unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory requirements;
 • economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in foreign economies and markets;
 • compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;
 • foreign taxes, including withholding of payroll taxes;
 • the need for U.S. government approval to operate our spaceflight systems outside the United States;
 • the need for local government approval to operate our spaceflight systems;
 • foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenue;

 • government appropriation of assets;
 • workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States; and
 • disadvantages of competing against companies from countries that are not subject to U.S. laws and regulations, including anti-corruption laws and anti-money laundering regulations, as well as exposure of our foreign operations to liability under these regulatory regimes.
 We could suffer increased costs, exposure to significant liability, reputational harm, material financial penalties, and other serious negative consequences if we or our third-party service providers fail to protect confidential information and/or sustain cyberattacks or other cybersecurity incidents that adversely affect our business, operations, or financial condition.
 We manage and store confidential information (including proprietary, sensitive and personal information) relating to our operations on our systems. We own our systems but also rely on third parties for a range of information technology systems and related products and services, including but not limited to cloud computing services. We and certain of our third-party service providers have been, and will continue to be, subject to cyberattacks and other incidents that threaten the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our and our third-party service providers' systems and confidential information. While to date no such incidents have had a material impact on our operations or financial condition, if we and our third-party service providers are unable to protect these systems or information stored therein, or if we fail or allegedly fail to comply with evolving federal, state and foreign information security, data protection or privacy laws, regulations, and other requirements, our customers or governmental authorities could question the adequacy of our threat mitigation and detection processes and procedures
 Diverse threat actors such as experienced computer programmers, state-sponsored organizations, hacktivists, and hackers may be able to penetrate the systems and networks that we rely upon and misappropriate or compromise our or our third-party service providers' information systems or confidential information, create system disruptions, or cause shutdowns. Threat actors also may be able to deploy viruses, worms, malware (including ransomware) and other malicious software programs that attack our systems or otherwise exploit any security vulnerabilities of our systems or products. We face additional cybersecurity risks from social engineering/phishing, malfeasance from insiders, human or technological error. In addition, hardware and operating system software and applications that we or third parties that we rely upon produce or procure and integrate into our or our third-party service providers' systems, products or services may contain defects in design or manufacture, including "bugs", malicious code, misconfigurations, and other problems or vulnerabilities that could unexpectedly interfere with the operation of our information systems. Additionally, any integration of artificial intelligence in our or any service providers' operations, products or services is expected to pose new or unknown cybersecurity risks and challenges. Cybersecurity threats are expected to accelerate on a global basis in frequency and magnitude. They vary in technique and sources, are persistent, frequently change and are becoming increasingly more sophisticated (including through artificial intelligence), targeted and difficult to detect and prevent against.
 Given the rapidly evolving nature and proliferation of cybersecurity threats, there can be no assurance that any cybersecurity risk management program (including employee training, operational and other technical security measures or other controls) implemented by us or our third-party service providers will be able to detect, prevent, remediate, or enable recovery from cybersecurity incidents or data breaches in a timely manner or otherwise prevent unauthorized access to, material damage to, or interruption of our systems, confidential information, and operations. We and our third-party service providers are likely to face attempted cybersecurity incidents in the future. Accordingly, we may be vulnerable to losses and costs associated with the improper functioning, breach or unavailability of our information systems as well as any systems used in acquired operations.
 In addition, breaches of our or our third-party service providers' security measures, the unapproved use or disclosure of proprietary information or sensitive or confidential information about us or our suppliers, customers or other third parties and any other adverse impact to the availability, integrity or confidentiality of our information systems and information could expose us or any such affected third party to a risk of loss or misuse of this information, result in litigation (including class actions), regulatory investigations, potential liability, damage our brand and reputation, cause significant incident response, system restoration or remediation and future compliance costs, or other harm to our business, even if we were not responsible for the breach. Furthermore, we are exposed to additional risks because we rely in certain capacities on third-party services that support our internal and customer-facing operations, like data management and cloud service providers with possible security problems and security vulnerabilities beyond our control. Media or other reports of perceived security vulnerabilities to our systems or those of our third-party suppliers, even if no breach has been attempted or occurred, could adversely impact our brand and reputation. Any or all of the foregoing could have a materially adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 Given increasing cybersecurity threats, there can be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our and our third-party service providers' systems and confidential information. There can also be no assurance that we or our third-party service providers will not experience business interruptions, data loss, ransom, misappropriation or corruption or theft or misuse of proprietary information or related litigation and investigation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations and harm our business reputation. Remote and hybrid working arrangements at our company (and at many third-party providers) also increase cybersecurity risks due to the challenges associated with managing remote computing assets and security vulnerabilities that are present in many non-corporate and home networks.
 The costs related to cyberattacks or other cybersecurity incidents or disruptions may not be fully insured by our existing insurance policies or indemnified by other means, and we cannot guarantee that applicable insurance will be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms or at all. Our disclosure controls and procedures address cybersecurity and include elements intended to ensure that there is an analysis of potential disclosure obligations arising from cybersecurity breaches.
 Failure to comply with a wide variety of extensive and evolving government laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business.
 We are subject to a wide variety of laws and regulations relating to various aspects of our business, including with respect to our spaceflight system operations, employment and labor, health care, tax, privacy and data security, health and safety, and environmental issues. Laws and regulations at the foreign, federal, state and local levels frequently change, especially in relation to new and emerging industries, and we cannot always reasonably predict the impact from, or the ultimate cost of compliance with, current or future regulatory or administrative changes. We monitor these developments and devote a significant amount of management's time and external resources towards compliance with these laws, regulations and guidelines, and such compliance places a significant burden on management's time and other resources, and it may limit our ability to expand into certain jurisdictions. Moreover, changes in law, the imposition of new or additional regulations or the enactment of any new or more stringent legislation that impacts our business could require us to change the way we operate and could have a material adverse effect on our sales, profitability, cash flows and financial condition.
 Failure to comply with these laws, such as with respect to obtaining and maintaining licenses, certificates, authorizations and permits critical for the operation of our business, may result in civil penalties or private lawsuits, or the suspension or revocation of licenses, certificates, authorizations or permits, which would prevent us from operating our business. For example, commercial space launches, reentry of our spacecraft and the operation of our spaceflight system in the United States require licenses and permits from certain agencies of the Department of Transportation, including the FAA, and review by other agencies of the U.S. Government, including the Department of Defense, Department of State, and Federal Communications Commission. License approval includes an interagency review of safety, operational, spectrum coordination, national security, and foreign policy and international obligations implications, as well as a review of foreign ownership.
 Additionally, the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation enforces informed consent, cross-waiver, and training requirements for spaceflight participants and crew, and also fitness requirements for crew. Certain related federal laws provide for indemnification in excess of the financial responsibility requirements our business demonstrates to the FAA for each spaceflight in the event of certain third-party claims for bodily injury or property damage. However, this indemnification is subject to limits, and money to be used for indemnification under federal laws is still subject to the FAA's preparation of an acceptable compensation plan, and the congressional appropriation of funds. Furthermore, to our awareness, no such claim has resulted in the FAA preparing a compensation plan for congressional review, and we are unable to determine whether the protections provided by applicable laws or regulations would be upheld by U.S. or foreign courts.
 Moreover, regulation of our industry is still evolving, and new or different laws or regulations could affect our operations, increase direct compliance costs for us or cause any third-party suppliers or contractors to raise the prices they charge us because of increased compliance costs. For example, the FAA has recently released new licensing rules relating to commercial space launches, and our ability to achieve compliance with these rules by the 2026 deadline and maintain compliance thereafter could affect us and our operations. Application of these laws to our business may negatively impact our performance in various ways, limiting the collaborations we may pursue, further regulating the export and re-export of our products, services, and technology from the United States and abroad, and increasing our costs and the time necessary to obtain required authorization. The potential for differing policies globally about the altitude above the earth's surface where "space" begins and defining the status of, and obligations toward, spaceflight participants could introduce an additional level of legal and commercial complexity. The adoption of a multi-layered regulatory approach to any one of the laws or regulations to which we are or may become subject, particularly where the layers are in conflict, could require alteration of our manufacturing processes or

 operational parameters which may adversely impact our business. Even when we believe we are in complete compliance with requirements, a regulatory agency may determine that we are not.
 Non-compliance with U.S. export and import control laws and regulations and U.S. government licensing policies could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.
 Our business is subject to stringent U.S. import and export control laws and regulations as well as economic sanctions laws and regulations. We are required to import and export our products, software, technology and services, as well as run our operations in the United States, in full compliance with such laws and regulations, which include the EAR, the ITAR, and economic sanctions administered by the Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control. Similar laws that impact our business exist in other jurisdictions. These foreign trade controls prohibit, restrict, or regulate our ability to, directly or indirectly, export, deemed export, re-export, deemed re-export or transfer certain hardware, technical data, technology, software, or services to certain countries and territories, entities, and individuals, and for end uses. If we are found to be in violation of these laws and regulations, it could result in civil and criminal liabilities, monetary and non-monetary penalties, the loss of export or import privileges, debarment and reputational harm. In addition, as we plan to expand our operations internationally, the costs associated with complying with additional complex regulatory requirements in multiple jurisdictions could increase significantly, potentially impacting our financial condition and operational efficiency.
 Pursuant to these foreign trade control laws and regulations, we are required, among other things, to (i) maintain a registration under the ITAR, (ii) determine the proper licensing jurisdiction and export classification of products, software, and technology, and (iii) obtain licenses or other forms of U.S. government authorization to engage in the conduct of our spaceflight business. The authorization requirements include the need to get permission to release controlled technology to foreign person employees and other foreign persons. Changes in U.S. foreign trade control laws and regulations, or reclassifications of our products or technologies, may restrict our operations. The inability to secure and maintain necessary licenses and other authorizations could negatively impact our ability to compete successfully or to operate our spaceflight business as planned. Any changes in the export control regulations or U.S. government licensing policy, such as those necessary to implement U.S. government commitments to multilateral control regimes, may restrict our operations. Given the great discretion the government has in issuing or denying such authorizations to advance U.S. national security and foreign policy interests, there can be no assurance we will be successful in our future efforts to secure and maintain necessary licenses, registrations, or other U.S. government regulatory approvals.
 Compliance with U.S. federal, state and foreign laws, regulations and other requirements relating to privacy, the processing of personal information and consumer protection involves significant expenditure and resources, and any actual or perceived failure by us or third parties we rely upon to comply could adversely affect our business, results of operations and our financial condition.
 We collect, store, use, disclose and otherwise process personal information and other customer information, including sensitive information (such as health and biometric information), of customers, employees and other individuals, and we rely in part on third parties that are not directly under our control to manage certain of our operations and to collect, store, use, disclose and otherwise process payment information. Due to the volume and sensitivity of the personal information and data we and these third parties process and expect to process in the future, as well as the nature of our customer base, the security features of our information systems are critical. We and third parties we rely on are subject to a variety of federal, state and foreign laws, regulations, standards and other requirements regarding privacy, the processing of personal information (including information security). We are also subject to laws, regulations, standards and other requirements covering marketing and advertising activities conducted by telephone, email, mobile devices and the Internet. These requirements, and their application and interpretation, are continuously evolving and subject to potentially differing interpretations. Additionally, as these requirements may be inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another or conflict with other rules or our practices, our practices may not have complied or may not comply in the future with all such laws, regulations, requirements and obligations.
 For example, certain U.S. states have adopted new or modified privacy and security laws and regulations that may apply to our business. The California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA") went into effect in 2020 and imposes a range of obligations on covered businesses that process personal information of California residents. The enactment of the CCPA prompted a wave of similar legislative developments in other states in the U.S., which creates a patchwork of overlapping but different state laws. Since the CCPA went into to effect, comprehensive privacy statutes that share similarities with the CCPA are now in effect and enforceable in over ten other states, will soon be enforceable in several other states and are being proposed in other U.S. states and at the federal level as well. The CCPA and similar state privacy laws impose severe statutory damages and could lead to injunctive relief or agreed settlements providing for ongoing audit and reporting requirements, as well as a private right of action for certain data breaches. Further, in order to comply with the varying state laws around data breaches, we must maintain adequate cybersecurity measures, which require significant investments in resources and ongoing attention.

 As we have expanded and expect to further expand our international presence, we are also subject to additional privacy requirements, such as the European Union General Data Protection Regulation ("EU GDPR"), the United Kingdom General Data Protection Regulation and United Kingdom Data Protection Act 2018 (collectively, the "UK GDPR") (the EU GDPR and UK GDPR together, the "GDPR") and national laws supplementing the EU GDPR. The GDPR imposes stringent requirements on companies that process personal information and are subject to its provisions. These requirements include comprehensive data privacy compliance obligations in relation to our collection, sharing, disclosure, transfer, use and other processing of personal information, including having a lawful basis for our processing, providing certain rights to individuals and demonstrating compliance through policies, procedures, training and audit. The GDPR includes significant penalties for non-compliance, which may result in monetary penalties of up to the higher of 20.0 million/GBP 17.5 million or 4% of a group's worldwide annual turnover. In addition to fines, a breach of the GDPR or other applicable laws relating to the processing of personal information (including in the U.S.) may result in regulatory investigations, reputational damage, orders to cease/change our data processing activities, enforcement notices, assessment notices (for a compulsory audit) and/or civil claims (including class actions).
 The GDPR and other laws regulate cross-border transfers of personal information. For transfers of personal information outside of the European Economic Area (the "EEA") and the UK, entities may rely on standard contractual clauses (a standard form of contractual terms approved by the European Commission or the UK authorities, as applicable) as an adequate personal data transfer mechanism. We rely on the EU standard contractual clauses, UK Addendum to the EU standard contractual clauses and the UK International Data Transfer Agreement, as relevant, with respect to both intragroup and third-party transfers. However, the Court of Justice of the European Union ("CJEU") has noted that reliance on the standard contractual clauses alone may not necessarily be sufficient in all circumstances and that transfers must be assessed on a case-by-case basis. In October 2022, President Biden signed an Executive Order on 'Enhancing Safeguards for United States Intelligence Activities' which addressed concerns raised by the CJEU in relation to data transfers from the EEA to the United States and which formed the basis of the new EU-US Data Privacy Framework ("DPF"), as released on December 13, 2022. The DPF, and the UK Extension to the DPF, became effective as transfer mechanisms to U.S. entities self-certified on July 2023 and October 2023, respectively.
 We expect the existing legal complexity and uncertainty regarding international personal data transfers to continue. In particular, we expect the DPF to be challenged and international transfers to the U.S. and to other jurisdictions more generally to continue to be subject to enhanced scrutiny by regulators. As the enforcement landscape further develops, and supervisory authorities issue further guidance on international data transfers, we could suffer additional costs, complaints and/or regulatory investigations or fines; we may have to stop using certain tools and vendors and make other operational changes; we have had to and will have to implement revised standard contractual clauses for existing intragroup, customer and vendor arrangements; and/or it could otherwise affect the manner in which we provide our services, the geographic location or segregation of our systems and operations, and could adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition.
 We and our third-party providers are also subject to evolving U.S., EEA and UK online services and digital privacy and data laws as well as laws on cookies, pixels, tracking technologies and e-marketing. Recent European court and regulator decisions are driving increased attention to cookies and tracking technologies. In the EEA and the UK, informed consent is required for the placement of non-essential cookies, pixels and similar technologies that store information, or access information stored on, a user's device, and for direct e-marketing. If the trend of increasing enforcement by regulators of the strict approach to opt-in consent for all but essential use cases, as seen in recent guidance and decisions continues, this could lead to substantial costs, require significant systems changes, limit the effectiveness of our marketing activities, divert the attention of our technology personnel, adversely affect our margins, and subject us to additional liabilities. In addition, there has been a noticeable increase in class actions in the U.S. where plaintiffs have utilized a variety of laws, including state wiretapping laws, in relation to the use of cookies and other tracking technologies. In light of the complex and evolving nature of online services and digital privacy and data laws as well as laws on cookies, pixels, tracking technologies and e-marketing, there can be no assurances that we will be successful in our efforts to comply with such laws. Actual or potential violations of such laws could result in regulatory investigations, fines, orders to cease/change our use of such technologies and processing of personal data, as well as civil claims including class actions, reputational damage and ongoing compliance costs, any of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with any U.S. federal, state or foreign privacy, processing of personal information, consumer protection or e-marketing related laws, regulations, standards or other requirements to which we may be subject or other legal obligations relating to these matters, or any significant data breach or security incident, could adversely affect our reputation, brand and business, result in claims, investigations, proceedings or actions against us by individuals, consumer rights groups, governmental entities or others or other penalties or liabilities, or require us to change our operations and/or cease using certain data sets. We could incur significant costs in investigating and defending such claims and, if found liable, pay significant damages or fines or be required to make changes to our business. Further, these proceedings and any

 subsequent adverse outcomes may subject us to significant negative publicity and an erosion of trust. If any of these events were to occur, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
 Failures in our or our third-party providers' information systems and technology infrastructure could damage our business, reputation and brand and substantially harm our business and results of operations.
 If our main data center or third-party cloud provider facilities were to fail, or if we were to suffer an interruption or degradation of services at our main data center, we could lose confidential information, including important manufacturing and technical data, which could harm our business. Our facilities are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, terrorist attacks, power losses, telecommunications failures, cybersecurity incidents (discussed above) and similar events. In the event that our or any third-party provider's systems or service abilities are hindered by any of the events discussed above, our ability to operate may be impaired. A decision to close the facilities without adequate notice, or other unanticipated problems, could adversely impact our operations. Any of the aforementioned risks may be augmented if our or any third-party provider's business continuity and disaster recovery plans prove to be inadequate. Our data center, third-party cloud, and managed service provider infrastructure also could be subject to break-ins, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism, other misconduct, or other unforeseeable events impacting the confidentiality, integrity or availability of our information systems and infrastructure technology services. Significant unavailability of our services could cause users to cease using our services and materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
 We use software in our technology infrastructure, which we seek to continually update and improve. Replacing such systems is often time-consuming and expensive, and can also be intrusive to daily business operations. Further, we may not always be successful in executing these upgrades and improvements, which may occasionally result in a failure of our systems. We may experience periodic system interruptions from time to time. Any slowdown or failure of our underlying technology infrastructure could harm our business, reputation and ability to acquire and serve our future astronauts, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations. Our disaster recovery plan or those of our third-party providers may be inadequate, and our business interruption insurance may not be sufficient to compensate us for the losses that could occur. In addition, applicable insurance may not be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms or at all.
 We are highly dependent on our senior management team and other highly skilled personnel, and if we are not successful in attracting or retaining highly qualified personnel, we may not be able to successfully implement our business strategy.
 Our success depends, in significant part, on the continued services of our senior management team and on our ability to attract, motivate, develop and retain a sufficient number of other highly skilled personnel, including pilots, manufacturing and quality assurance, engineering, design, finance, marketing, sales and support personnel. Our senior management team has extensive experience in the aerospace industry, and we believe that their depth of experience is instrumental to our continued success. The loss of any one or more members of our senior management team, for any reason, including resignation or retirement, could impair our ability to execute our business strategy and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Competition for qualified highly skilled personnel can be strong, and we can provide no assurance that we will be successful in attracting or retaining such personnel now or in the future. We have paused commercial spaceflight operations, and our estimates of the required team size to support our future estimated flight rates may require increases in staffing levels that may require significant capital expenditure. Further, any inability to recruit, develop and retain qualified employees may result in high employee turnover and may force us to pay significantly higher wages, which may harm our profitability. Additionally, we do not carry key man insurance for any of our management executives, and the loss of any key employee or our inability to recruit, develop and retain these individuals as needed, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We are subject to many hazards and operational risks that can disrupt our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our operations are subject to many hazards and operational risks inherent to our business, including general business risks, product liability and damage to third parties, our infrastructure or properties that may be caused by fires, floods and other natural disasters, power losses, telecommunications failures, terrorist attacks, human errors and similar events. Additionally, our manufacturing operations are hazardous at times and may expose us to safety risks, including environmental risks and health and safety hazards to our employees or third parties.
 Any significant interruption due to any of the above hazards and operational to the manufacturing or operation of our spaceflight systems at one of our primary facilities, including from weather conditions, growth constraints, performance by

 third-party providers (such as electric, utility or telecommunications providers), failure to properly handle and use hazardous materials, failure of computer systems, power supplies, fuel supplies, infrastructure damage, disagreements with the owners of the land on which our facilities are located, or damage sustained to our runway could result in manufacturing delays or the delay or cancellation of our spaceflights and, as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 In addition, Spaceport America is run by a state agency, the New Mexico Spaceport Authority, and there may be delays or impacts to operations due to considerations unique to doing business with a government agency. For example, governmental agencies often have an extended approval process for service contracts, which may result in delays or limit the timely operation of our Spaceport America facilities.
 Moreover, our insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover our liabilities related to such hazards or operational risks. In addition, passenger insurance may not be accepted or may be prohibitive to procure. Moreover, we may not be able to maintain adequate insurance in the future at rates we consider reasonable and commercially justifiable, and insurance may not continue to be available on terms as favorable as our current arrangements. The occurrence of a significant uninsured claim, or a claim in excess of the insurance coverage limits maintained by us, could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We may become involved in litigation that may materially adversely affect us.
 From time to time, we may become involved in various legal proceedings relating to matters incidental to the ordinary course of our business, including intellectual property, commercial, product liability, employment, class action, whistleblower and other litigation and claims, and governmental and other regulatory investigations and proceedings. A class action complaint alleging violations of federal securities laws has also been filed against us in the Eastern District of New York alleging, among other things, that we and certain of our current and former officers and directors made false and misleading statements and failed to disclose certain information regarding the safety of our ships and success of our commercial flight program. Five derivative suits have also been filed in the Eastern District of New York, as well as one derivative suit in the District of Delaware, one derivative suit in the Central District of California, and one derivative suit in the Delaware Court of Chancery, alleging, in some combination and among other claims, violations of federal securities laws and fiduciary duty breaches, including substantially similar allegations as those in the class action lawsuit. Attending to such matters can be time-consuming, divert management's attention and resources, cause us to incur significant expenses or liability or require us to change our business practices. Because of the potential risks, expenses and uncertainties of litigation, we may, from time to time, settle disputes, even where we believe that we have meritorious claims or defenses. Because litigation is inherently unpredictable, we cannot assure you that the results of any of these actions will not have a material adverse effect on our business.
 Natural disasters, unusual weather conditions, epidemic outbreaks, terrorist acts, military conflicts, macroeconomic conditions and political events could disrupt our business and flight schedule.
 The occurrence of one or more natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, fires, floods and earthquakes, unusual weather conditions, epidemic or pandemic outbreaks (including COVID-19), terrorist attacks, military conflicts or disruptive political events in certain regions where our facilities are located, or where our third-party contractors' and suppliers' facilities are located, could adversely affect our business. Natural disasters including tornados, hurricanes, floods and earthquakes may damage our facilities or those of our suppliers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Severe weather, such as rainfall, snowfall or extreme temperatures, may impact the ability for spaceflight to occur as planned, resulting in additional expense to reschedule the operation and customer travel plans, thereby reducing our sales and profitability.
 Terrorist attacks, actual or threatened acts of war or the escalation of current hostilities, such as the ongoing conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and Israel and Hamas, or any other military or trade disruptions impacting our domestic or foreign suppliers of components of our products, may impact our operations by, among other things, causing supply chain disruptions and increases in commodity prices, which could adversely affect our raw materials or transportation costs. In addition, other potential supply chain disruptions, such as product recalls, labor supply or stoppages, reduced freight availability and increased costs, port disruption, manufacturing facility closures, the financial or operational instability of key suppliers and carriers, changes in diplomatic or trade relationships (including any sanctions, restrictions, and other responses such as those related to current geopolitical events), or other reasons, could impair our ability to develop our next-generation vehicles. To the extent we are unable to mitigate the likelihood or potential impact of such events, there could be a material adverse effect on our operating and financial results.
 These events also could cause or act to prolong an economic recession or depression in the United States or abroad, such as the business disruption and related financial impact that resulted from the global COVID-19 pandemic. To the extent these events

 also impact one or more of our suppliers or contractors or result in the closure of any of their facilities or our facilities, we may be unable to maintain spaceflight schedules, provide other support functions to our astronaut experience or fulfill our other contracts. In addition, the disaster recovery and business continuity plans we have in place currently are limited and are unlikely to prove adequate in the event of a serious disaster or similar event. We may incur substantial expenses as a result of the limited nature of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans and, more generally, any of these events could cause consumer confidence and spending to decrease, which could adversely impact our commercial spaceflight operations.
 Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes our future operating results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations or any guidance we may provide.
 Our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes it difficult for us to predict our future operating results. These fluctuations may occur due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including:
 • the number of flights we schedule for a period, the number of seats we are able to sell in any given spaceflight and the price at which we sell them;
 • unexpected weather patterns, maintenance issues, natural disasters or other events that force us to cancel or reschedule flights;
 • the cost of raw materials or supplied components critical for the manufacture and operation of our spaceflight system;
 • any delays that we may experience in connection with the manufacture of our Delta Class spaceships and next-generation motherships;
 • the timing and cost of, and level of investment in, research and development relating to our technologies and our current or future facilities;
 • developments involving our competitors;
 • changes in governmental regulations or in the status of our regulatory approvals or applications;
 • future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies;
 • the impact of epidemics or pandemics; and
 • general market conditions and other factors, including factors unrelated to our operating performance or the operating performance of our competitors.
 The individual or cumulative effects of the factors discussed above could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly and annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful.
 This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any guidance we may provide, or if the guidance we provide is below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Such a stock price decline could occur even when we have met any previously publicly stated guidance we may provide.
 We are subject to environmental regulation and may incur substantial costs.
 We are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws, regulations and ordinances relating to the protection of the environment, including those relating to emissions to the air, discharges to surface and subsurface waters, safe drinking water, greenhouse gases and the management of hazardous substances, oils and waste materials. Federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment may require a current or previous owner or operator of real estate to investigate and remediate hazardous or toxic substances or petroleum product releases at or from the property. Under federal law, generators of waste materials, and current and former owners or operators of facilities, can be subject to liability for investigation and remediation costs at locations that have been identified as requiring response actions. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations can require significant expenditures. In addition, we could incur costs to comply with such current or future laws and regulations, the violation of which could lead to substantial fines and penalties.

 We may have to pay governmental entities or third parties for property damage and for investigation and remediation costs that they incurred in connection with any contamination at our current and former properties without regard to whether we knew of or caused the presence of the contaminants. Liability under these laws may be strict, joint and several, meaning that we could be liable for the costs of cleaning up environmental contamination regardless of fault or the amount of waste directly attributable to us. Even if more than one person may have been responsible for the contamination, each person covered by these environmental laws may be held responsible for all of the clean-up costs incurred. Environmental liabilities could arise and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and performance. We do not believe, however, that pending environmental regulatory developments in this area will have a material effect on our capital expenditures or otherwise materially adversely affect our operations, operating costs, or competitive position.
 We may be adversely affected by global climate change or by legal, regulatory or market responses to such change.
 Increasing stakeholder environmental, social and governance ("ESG") expectations, physical and transition risks associated with climate change, and emerging ESG regulation and policy requirements may pose risk to our market outlook, brand and reputation, financial outlook, cost of capital, global supply chain and production continuity, which may impact our ability to achieve long-term business objectives. Changes in environmental and climate change laws or regulations could lead to additional operational restrictions and compliance requirements upon us or our products, require new or additional investment in product designs, result in carbon offset investments or otherwise could negatively impact our business and/or competitive position. Increasing aircraft performance standards and requirements on manufacturing and product air pollutant emissions, especially greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions, may result in increased costs or reputational risks and could limit our ability to manufacture and/or market certain of our products at acceptable costs, or at all. Physical impacts of climate change, increasing global chemical restrictions and bans, and water and waste requirements may drive increased costs to us and our suppliers. Additionally, if we fail to achieve or improperly report on any stated environmental goals and commitments, the resulting negative publicity could adversely affect our reputation and/or our access to capital.
 Failure to keep up with evolving trends and shareholder expectations relating to environmental, social and governance practices could adversely impact our reputation, share price and access to and cost of capital.
 Certain institutional investors, investor advocacy groups, investment funds, creditors and other influential financial market participants have become increasingly focused on companies' ESG practices in evaluating their investments and business relationships, including the impact of business on the environment. Certain organizations also provide ESG ratings, scores and benchmarking studies that assess companies' ESG practices. Although there are no universal standards for such ratings, scores or benchmarking studies, they are used by some investors to inform their investment and voting decisions. It is possible that our future stockholders or organizations that report on, rate or score ESG practices will not be satisfied with our ESG strategy or performance. Unfavorable press about or ratings or assessments of our ESG strategies or practices, regardless of whether or not we comply with applicable legal requirements, may lead to negative investor sentiment toward us, which could have a negative impact on our share price and our access to and cost of capital.
 We are exposed to changes to the global macroeconomic environment beyond our control, including inflation fluctuations.
 We are exposed to fluctuations in inflation, which could negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operation. The United States has recently experienced historically high levels of inflation. If the inflation rate increases, it will likely affect our expenses, including, but not limited to, employee compensation expenses and increased costs for supplies. Moreover, to the extent inflation results in rising interest rates, reduces discretionary spending, and has other adverse effects on the market, it may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Changes to United States tariff and import/export regulations may have a negative effect on us.
 The United States has recently enacted and proposed to enact significant new tariffs. Additionally, the President of the United States has directed various federal agencies to further evaluate key aspects of U.S. trade policy and there has been ongoing discussion and commentary regarding potential significant changes to U.S. trade policies, treaties and tariffs. There continues to exist significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the U.S. and other countries with respect to such trade policies, treaties and tariffs. These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, may have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and may significantly reduce global trade and, in particular, trade between the impacted nations and the U.S. While most of our suppliers and operations are located in the U.S., we cannot give assurance that we will not be negatively impacted by any of these factors that could depress economic activity and restrict our access to suppliers or customers in the future.

 Risks Related to Our Ownership Structure
 Virgin Investments Limited has significant ability to control the direction of our business, which may prevent potential investors and other stockholders from influencing significant decisions.
 Pursuant to the terms of the stockholders' agreement (the "Stockholders' Agreement") entered in connection with the consummation of the Virgin Galactic business combination in October 2019 (the "Virgin Galactic Business Combination"), VIL has a contractual right to be able to influence the outcome of corporate actions so long as it owns a significant portion of our total outstanding shares of common stock. Specifically, under the terms of the Stockholders' Agreement, for so long as VIL continues to beneficially own, in the aggregate, at least 25% of the shares of our common stock that an affiliate of VIL beneficially owned upon completion of the Virgin Galactic Business Combination, whether or not VIL acquires any additional shares of our common stock, VIL's consent is required for, among other things:
 • any non-ordinary course sales of our assets having a fair market value of at least $10.0 million;
 • any acquisition of an entity, or the business or assets of any other entity, having a fair market value of at least $10.0 million;
 • certain non-ordinary course investments having a fair market value of at least $10.0 million;
 • any increase or decrease in the size of our board of directors;
 • any payment by us of dividends or distributions to our stockholders or repurchases of stock by us, subject to certain limited exceptions; or
 • incurrence of certain indebtedness.
 Furthermore, VIL's consent is also required for the following, among other things, for so long as VIL continues to beneficially own, in the aggregate, at least 10% of the shares of our common stock that an affiliate of VIL beneficially owned upon completion of the Virgin Galactic Business Combination whether or not VIL acquires any additional shares of our common stock:
 • any sale, merger, business combination or similar transaction to which we are a party;
 • any amendment, modification or waiver of any provision of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws;
 • any liquidation, dissolution, winding-up or causing any voluntary bankruptcy or related actions with respect to us; or
 • any issuance or sale of any shares of our capital stock or securities convertible into or exercisable for any shares of our capital stock in excess of 5% of our then-issued and outstanding shares, other than issuances of shares of capital stock upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our capital stock.
 Because the interests of VIL may differ from our interests or the interests of our other stockholders, actions that VIL may take with respect to us may not be favorable to us or our other stockholders.
 Delaware law and our organizational documents contain certain provisions, including anti-takeover provisions, that limit the ability of stockholders to take certain actions and could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.
 Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock and therefore depress the trading price of our common stock. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to take certain actions, including electing directors who are not nominated by the current members of our board of directors or taking other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. Among other things, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provisions regarding:
 • the ability of our board of directors to issue shares of preferred stock, including "blank check" preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquirer;

 • subject to the terms of the Stockholders' Agreement, our board of directors has the exclusive right to expand the size of the board of directors and to elect directors to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the board of directors or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which will prevent stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on the board of directors;
 • the prohibition of cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;
 • the limitation of the liability of, and the indemnification of, our directors and officers;
 • the ability of our board of directors to amend the bylaws, which may allow our board of directors to take additional actions to prevent an unsolicited takeover and inhibit the ability of an acquirer to amend the bylaws to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt; and
 • advance notice procedures with which stockholders must comply to nominate candidates to our board of directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders' meeting, which could preclude stockholders from bringing matters before annual or special meetings of stockholders and delay changes in our board of directors and also may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer's own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company.
 These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our board of directors or management.
 The provisions of our certificate of incorporation requiring exclusive forum in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware for certain types of lawsuits may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.
 Our certificate of incorporation provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, and unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, employees or agents to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors, officers, stockholders, employees or agents arising out of or related to any provision of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware or our certificate of incorporation or bylaws or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors, officers, stockholders, employees or agents governed by the internal affairs doctrine; provided, however, that, in the event that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware lacks subject matter jurisdiction over any such action or proceeding, the sole and exclusive forum for such action or proceeding will be another state or federal court located within the State of Delaware, in each such case, unless the Court of Chancery (or such other state or federal court located within the State of Delaware, as applicable) has dismissed a prior action by the same plaintiff asserting the same claims because such court lacked personal jurisdiction over an indispensable party named as a defendant therein. Notwithstanding the foregoing, our certificate of incorporation provides that the exclusive forum provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.
 These provisions may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers. The enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies' certificates of incorporation has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that, in connection with any applicable action brought against us, a court could find the choice of forum provisions contained in the certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in such action.
 Our certificate of incorporation expressly limits the liability of certain parties to us for breach of fiduciary duty and could also prevent us from benefiting from corporate opportunities that might otherwise have been available to us.
 Our certificate of incorporation provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, and other than corporate opportunities that are expressly presented to one of our directors in his or her capacity as such, VIL and its respective affiliates (but in each case, other than us and our officers and employees):
 • will not have any fiduciary duty to refrain from engaging in the same or similar business activities or lines of business as us, even if the opportunity is one that we might reasonably be deemed to have pursued or had the ability or desire to pursue if granted the opportunity to do so;
 • will have no duty to communicate or offer such business opportunity to us; and

 • will not be liable to us for breach of any fiduciary or other duty, as a director or officer or otherwise, by reason of the fact that such exempted person pursues or acquires such business opportunity, directs such business opportunity to another person or fails to present such business opportunity, or information regarding such business opportunity, to us.
 Risks Related to Our Securities and Indebtedness
 Our indebtedness could expose us to risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 In 2022, we sold $425 million aggregate principal amount of 2.50% convertible senior notes due 2027 (the "2027 Notes"). We may also incur additional indebtedness to meet future needs. Our indebtedness could have significant negative consequences for our security holders, business, results of operations and financial condition by, among other things:
 • increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions;
 • limiting our ability to obtain additional financing;
 • in the event interest accrues on the 2027 Notes or additional indebtedness, requiring the dedication of a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to service our indebtedness, which will reduce the amount of cash available for other purposes;
 • limiting our flexibility to plan for, or react to, changes in our business;
 • diluting the interests of our existing stockholders if we issue shares of our common stock upon conversion of the 2027 Notes or additional indebtedness; and
 • placing us at a possible competitive disadvantage with competitors that are less leveraged than us or have better access to capital.
 Our business may not generate sufficient funds, and we may otherwise be unable to maintain sufficient cash reserves, to pay amounts due under the 2027 Notes or any additional indebtedness that we may incur. In addition, any future indebtedness that we may incur may contain financial and other restrictive covenants that will limit our ability to operate our business, raise capital or make payments under our indebtedness. If we fail to comply with such covenants or to make payments under any of our indebtedness when due, then we would be in default under that indebtedness, which could, in turn, result in that indebtedness becoming immediately payable in full and cross-default or cross-acceleration under our other indebtedness and other liabilities.
 The conditional conversion feature of the 2027 Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and any conversion of the 2027 Notes will dilute the ownership interest of existing stockholder, and may otherwise depress the price of our common stock.
 In the event the conditional conversion feature of the 2027 Notes is triggered, holders of the 2027 Notes will be entitled to convert their 2027 Notes upon the occurrence of certain events. If one or more holders of the 2027 Notes elect to convert their 2027 Notes, we will satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering only shares of our common stock, unless we elect a different settlement method for conversions of the 2027 Notes, in which case we would be required to settle all or a portion of our conversion obligation through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our financial condition. In the event the conditional conversion feature of the 2027 Notes is triggered, the conversion of some or all of the 2027 Notes will dilute the ownership interests of our existing stockholders to the extent we deliver shares of our common stock upon such conversion. Prior to November 1, 2026, noteholders will have the right to convert their notes only upon the occurrence of certain events. On and after November 1, 2026, noteholders will have the right to convert their notes at any time at their election until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date. Any sales in the public market of shares of our common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect the price of our common stock. In addition, the existence of the 2027 Notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the 2027 Notes could be used to satisfy short positions, and even anticipated conversion of the 2027 Notes into shares of our common stock could depress the price of our common stock.
 The convertible note hedge may affect the value of the 2027 Notes and our common stock.
 In connection with the sale of the 2027 Notes, we entered into convertible note hedge transactions in the form of capped call transactions ("the 2027 Note Hedge"), with certain financial institutions, or option counterparties. The 2027 Note Hedge

 transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution upon any conversion of the 2027 Notes and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted 2027 Notes, subject to a cap.
 The option counterparties and/or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivatives with respect to our common stock and/or purchasing or selling our common stock in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the 2027 Notes (and are likely to do so (x) during any observation period related to a conversion of the Notes and (y) following any repurchase of the 2027 Notes by us on any fundamental change repurchase date (as provided in the indenture governing the 2027 Notes) or otherwise, in each case, to the extent we exercise the relevant election under the 2027 Note Hedge transactions to unwind them early, (z) during the observation period for conversions of the Notes at maturity). This activity could also cause or avoid an increase or a decrease in the market price of our common stock or the 2027 Notes, which could affect note holders' ability to convert the 2027 Notes and, to the extent the activity occurs during any observation period related to a conversion of the 2027 Notes, it could affect the amount and value of the consideration that note holders will receive upon conversion of the 2027 Notes.
 The potential effect, if any, of these transactions and activities on the market price of our common stock or the 2027 Notes will depend in part on market conditions and cannot be ascertained at this time. Any of these activities could adversely affect the value of our common stock and the value of the 2027 Notes (and, as a result, the value of the consideration, the amount of cash and/or the number of shares, if any, that note holders would receive upon the conversion of the 2027 Notes) and, under certain circumstances, the ability of the note holders to convert the 2027 Notes.
 We do not make any representation or prediction as to the direction or magnitude of any potential effect that the 2027 Note Hedge transactions described above may have on the price of the 2027 Notes or our common stock. In addition, we do not make any representation that the option counterparties will engage in these transactions or that these transactions, once commenced, will not be discontinued without notice.
 We are subject to counterparty risk with respect to the 2027 Note Hedge transactions.
 The option counterparties are financial institutions, and we will be subject to the risk that any or all of them may default under the 2027 Note Hedge transactions. Our exposure to the credit risk of the option counterparties will not be secured by any collateral. If an option counterparty becomes subject to insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor in those proceedings, with a claim equal to our exposure at that time under our transactions with that option counterparty. Our exposure will depend on many factors but, generally, an increase in our exposure will be correlated to an increase in the market price and in the volatility of our common stock. In addition, upon a default by an option counterparty, we may suffer adverse tax consequences and more dilution than we currently anticipate with respect to our common stock. We can provide no assurances as to the financial stability or viability of the option counterparties.
 We do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future.
 We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of our business and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in the Stockholders' Agreement and future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant.
 General Risk Factors
 The trading price of our common stock may be volatile, and you may be unable to sell your shares above your purchase price.
 The trading price of our common stock may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, including:
 • changes in the industries in which we operate;
 • the number of flights we schedule for a period, the number of seats we are able to sell in any given spaceflight and the price at which we sell them;
 • delays in development of additional spaceships and motherships, including our Delta Class spaceships, or in the completion of our ground and flight testing programs;
 • delays in future commercial flights of our Delta Class spaceships;

 • developments involving our competitors;
 • unexpected weather patterns, maintenance issues, natural disasters or other events that force us to cancel or reschedule flights;
 • variations in our operating performance and the performance of our competitors in general;
 • actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results;
 • publication of research reports by securities analysts about us, our competitors or our industry;
 • the public's reaction to our press releases, public announcements and filings with the SEC;
 • additions and departures of key employees and personnel;
 • competition for talent and skill-sets required;
 • changes in laws and regulations affecting our business;
 • commencement of, or involvement in, litigation involving us;
 • changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities or the incurrence of debt;
 • investors mistaking developments involving other companies, including Virgin-branded companies, as involving us and our business;
 • the volume of shares of our common stock available for public sale;
 • sales of common stock by our directors, officers or significant stockholders, or the perception that such sales may occur;
 • short sales of our common stock; and
 • general economic and political conditions such as pandemics or epidemics, recessions, inflation, interest rates, fuel prices, international currency fluctuations, corruption, political instability and acts of war or terrorism.
 These market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our common stock regardless of our operating performance.
 In addition, in the past, class action litigation has often been instituted against companies whose securities have experienced periods of volatility in market price. Securities litigation brought against us following volatility in our stock price, regardless of the merit or ultimate results of such litigation, could result in substantial costs, which would hurt our financial condition and operating results and divert management's attention and resources from our business.
 Any acquisitions, partnerships or joint ventures that we enter into could disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 From time to time, we may evaluate potential strategic acquisitions of businesses, including partnerships or joint ventures with third parties. We may not be successful in identifying acquisition, partnership and joint venture candidates. In addition, we may not be able to continue the operational success of such businesses or successfully finance or integrate any businesses that we acquire or with which we form a partnership or joint venture. We may have potential write-offs of acquired assets and/or an impairment of any goodwill recorded as a result of acquisitions. Furthermore, the integration of any acquisition may divert management's time and resources from our core business and disrupt our operations or may result in conflicts with our business. Any acquisition, partnership or joint venture may not be successful, may reduce our cash reserves, may negatively affect our earnings and financial performance and, to the extent financed with the proceeds of debt, may increase our indebtedness. We cannot ensure that any acquisition, partnership or joint venture we make will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Changes in tax laws or regulations may increase tax uncertainty and adversely affect results of our operations and our effective tax rate.
 We will be subject to taxes in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions. Due to economic and political conditions, tax rates in various jurisdictions, including the United States, may be subject to change. Our future effective tax rates could be affected by changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and changes in tax laws or their interpretation. In addition, we may be subject to income tax audits by various tax jurisdictions. Although we believe our income tax liabilities are reasonably estimated and accounted for in accordance with applicable laws and principles, an adverse resolution by one or more taxing authorities could have a material impact on the results of our operations.
 Our ability to use our U.S. federal and state operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.
 Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, the Company's ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards or other tax attributes such as research tax credits, in any taxable year, may be limited if the Company experiences an "ownership change." A Section 382 "ownership change" generally occurs if one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders, who own at least 5% of the Company's stock, increase their ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage within a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. The Company may in the future experience one or more Section 382 "ownership changes." As a result, we may be unable to use a material portion of our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes, which could adversely affect our future cash flows.
 The obligations associated with being a public company involve significant expenses, resources and management attention, which divert from our business operations.
 As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Exchange Act requires the filing of annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to a public company's business and financial condition. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that a public company establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting. As a result, we are incurring, and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. Our management team and many of our other employees will need to devote substantial time to compliance, which may divert management's attention and resources from our business.
 An active trading market for our common stock may not be maintained.
 We can provide no assurance that we will be able to maintain an active trading market for our common stock on the NYSE or any other exchange in the future. If an active market for our common stock is not maintained, or if we fail to satisfy the continued listing standards of the NYSE for any reason and our securities are delisted, it may be difficult for our security holders to sell their securities without depressing the market price for the securities or at all. An inactive trading market may also impair our ability to both raise capital by selling shares of common stock and acquire other complementary products, technologies or businesses by using our shares of common stock as consideration.
 We completed a 1-for-20 reverse stock split of our shares of common stock, which may have adverse effects on the trading of our common stock.
 On May 29, 2024, we received a notice from the NYSE that we were no longer in compliance with Section 802.01C of the NYSE Listed Company Manual ("Section 802.01C"), which requires listed companies to maintain an average closing price per share of at least $1.00 over a 30 consecutive trading-day period. On June 12, 2024, at the Company's 2024 annual meeting of stockholders, our stockholders approved, and on June 14, 2024 we effected, a 1-for-20 reverse stock split (the "Reverse Stock Split"), and our common stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis on June 17, 2024. On July 1, 2024, we received a letter from the NYSE stating that we regained compliance with Section 802.01C. However, the effect that the Reverse Stock Split will have on the market price of our common stock cannot be predicted with certainty, and if our common stock again does not maintain an average closing price per share of at least $1.00 over a 30 consecutive trading-day period, we would receive another notice of non-compliance from the NYSE and would be provided a period of six months from the date of such notice to regain compliance with Section 802.01C. There can be no assurance that the per share price of our common stock will continue to meet the price criteria or other requirements for continued listing of our common stock on the NYSE.
 Securities analysts may not publish favorable research or reports about our business or may publish no information at all, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.
 The trading market for our common stock is influenced to some extent by the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us and our business. We do not control these analysts, and the analysts who publish information about

 our common stock may have had relatively little experience with us or our industry, which could affect their ability to accurately forecast our results and could make it more likely that we fail to meet their estimates. In the event we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage, if any of the analysts who cover us provide inaccurate or unfavorable research or issue an adverse opinion regarding our stock price, our stock price could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports covering us regularly, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity
 We utilize a risk-based approach to cybersecurity and data privacy that is intended to identify, assess, and manage information and cybersecurity risks applicable to our business, and protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information.
 We have developed and implemented an Information Security Governance Program which is structured for alignment with business objectives and visibility of material risks by senior leadership. This Program includes our cybersecurity incident response plan and supporting policies that provide guidance on detecting, assessing, reporting, and responding to cybersecurity incidents. The cybersecurity response plan is designed to ensure that senior leadership is informed about security incidents as they happen, and security incidents are managed through to closure. We have not identified any risks or incidents from known cybersecurity threats, including any residual impacts resulting from any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.
 Our defensive strategy is carefully managed to prevent threats that could materially impact our business operations, financial position or business strategy. We integrate several tools, policies, and services to support this strategy. These are oriented around and informed by industry standard control frameworks including the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework (NIST CSF), specifically NIST 800-171, as well as ISO 27001/27002.
 Our Senior Director of Information Technology is principally responsible for executing our cybersecurity risk management program and has more than 15 years of global experience in managing technical and cybersecurity organizations. He is supported by our Information Security Department, which includes relevant expertise and leadership, and by external cybersecurity consultants as needed. The Information Security Department is focused on assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats and the prevention, detection, and minimization of the effects of cybersecurity incidents. This includes routine in-house and third-party testing, auditing, patch and vulnerability management, identity and access management, data loss prevention, threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public, or private sources, and comprehensive alerting and reporting from operational tools and services.
 We extend our cybersecurity and data privacy standards to our third-party service providers, where appropriate, as part of our Information Security Governance Program. Where applicable, we seek vendor compliance with industry standards such as ISO 27001 and SOC 2.
 Our Board of Directors considers cybersecurity risk as part of its risk oversight function and has delegated oversight of enterprise risk management to the Audit Committee, including management's implementation of our cybersecurity risk management program. The Audit Committee reports to the full Board regarding its activities, including those related to cybersecurity. Our Information Security Department presents the status of the Information Security Program to the Audit Committee quarterly and includes security control performance, technical capability enhancements, threat intelligence, information about certain cybersecurity incidents (if any) and resource performance to demonstrate the risk posture and cyber risk management practices of the organization. The Audit Committee's risk-based decisions related to cybersecurity are primarily reflective of the information presented.

 Item 2. Properties
 We currently operate primarily at our locations in California, New Mexico and Arizona. All of our current operating facilities are located on land that is leased from third parties. We believe that such facilities meet our current and future anticipated needs.

 We maintain more than 200,000 square feet of manufacturing and operations facilities at the Mojave Air and Space Port in Mojave, California. This campus includes four main operational buildings and several storage buildings under separate lease agreements that collectively house office, test and rocket motor production. These facilities are leased pursuant to separate agreements, which generally have renewal options. Several leases are either operating in renewal periods or on a month-to-month basis.
 We conduct our commercial operations at Spaceport America in Sierra County, New Mexico. Located on more than 25 square miles of desert landscape and with access to more than 6,000 square miles of protected airspace. Spaceport America is the world's first purpose-built commercial spaceport and is home to the Virgin Galactic Gateway to Space terminal. State and local governments in New Mexico have invested more than $200 million in Spaceport America, with Virgin Galactic serving as the facility's anchor tenant under a 20-year lease scheduled to expire in 2028, subject to our right to extend the term for an additional five years.
 Our design and engineering center located in Tustin, California encompasses approximately 100,000 square feet of office space and also functions as our corporate headquarters. This facility houses our management, research, design, development, marketing, finance and other administrative functions.
 In July 2024, we completed our final assembly facility in Arizona, which consists of two hangars with an aggregate of approximately 150,000 square feet. This facility, which is located in the Phoenix-Mesa area, will be used to assemble our next-generation Delta Class spaceships and motherships.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings
 We are from time to time subject to various claims, lawsuits and other legal and administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. Some of these claims, lawsuits and other proceedings may involve highly complex issues that are subject to substantial uncertainties, and could result in damages, fines, penalties, non-monetary sanctions or relief. However, we do not consider any such claims, lawsuits or proceedings that are currently pending, including the matters described in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, individually or in the aggregate, to be material to our business or likely to result in a material adverse effect on our future operating results, financial condition or cash flows.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 Market Information
 Our common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol "SPCE."
 Holders
 As of February 14, 2025, there were 63 holders of record of our shares of common stock. The actual number of stockholders of our common stock is greater than this number of record holders and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares of common stock are held in street name by banks, brokers and other nominees.
 Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities
 None.
 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 None.

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this section to the "Company," "Virgin Galactic," "we," "us," or "our" refer to Virgin Galactic Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries.
 You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, such as those set forth under the "Risk Factors" and "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" sections and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.
 The following is a discussion and analysis of, and a comparison between, our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 Overview
 We are an aerospace and space travel company offering access to space for private individuals, researchers and government agencies. Our missions include flying passengers to space, as well as flying scientific payloads and researchers to space in order to conduct experiments for scientific and educational purposes. Our operations include the design and development, manufacturing, ground and flight testing, spaceflight operation, and post-flight maintenance of our spaceflight system. Our spaceflight system was developed using our proprietary technology and processes and is focused on providing space travel experiences for private astronauts, researcher flights and professional astronaut training. We have also leveraged our knowledge and expertise in manufacturing spaceships to occasionally perform engineering services for third parties.
 Recent Developments
 In January 2024, we completed our sixth commercial spaceflight, 'Galactic 06,' marking the first time all four seats aboard VSS Unity were occupied by private astronauts.
 In June 2024, we completed our second spaceflight of 2024 and seventh commercial spaceflight to date, 'Galactic 07,' carrying one researcher and three private astronauts. Following the 'Galactic 07' flight, we paused Unity spaceflights and expect to commence flying with test flights of our new Delta Class spaceships in advance of restarting commercial service, which is expected to begin in 2026.
 On June 12, 2024, at the Company's 2024 annual meeting of stockholders, our stockholders approved, and on June 14, 2024, we effected, a 1-for-20 reverse stock split (the "Reverse Stock Split"), and our common stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis on June 17, 2024. Prior to the Reverse Stock Split, on May 29, 2024, we received a notice from the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE") that we were no longer in compliance with Section 802.01C of the NYSE Listed Company Manual ("Section 802.01C"), which requires listed companies to maintain an average closing price per share of at least $1.00 over a 30 consecutive trading-day period. Following the Reverse Stock Split, on July 1, 2024, we received a letter from the NYSE stating that we regained compliance with Section 802.01C.
 All shares of our common stock, per-share data and related information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been retroactively adjusted as though the Reverse Stock Split had been effected prior to all periods presented.
 In July 2024, we completed our new manufacturing facility in Arizona, where final assembly of our next-generation Delta Class spaceships is scheduled to begin in 2025. After the initial development of our first Delta Class spaceship, we estimate the recurring cost to make each additional spaceship to be between $50 and $60 million.
 In October 2024, we settled the lawsuit and all claims between us and The Boeing Company and Aurora Flight Sciences Corporation, a Boeing Company. See Note 15 in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

 In December 2024, we entered into an Agreement of Cooperation with Ente Nazionale per l'Aviazione Civile, the civil aviation authority of Italy, to jointly study the feasibility of conducting spaceflight operations from Grottaglie Spaceport in the Puglia region of Southern Italy.

 Factors Affecting Our Performance
 We believe that our performance and future success depend on a number of factors that present significant opportunities for us but also pose risks and challenges, including those discussed below and in the section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled "Risk Factors."
 Customer Demand
 We have already received significant interest from potential astronauts. Going forward, we expect the size of our backlog and the number of astronauts that have flown to space on our spaceflight system to be an important indicator of our future performance. As of December 31, 2024, we have reservations for spaceflights for approximately 700 future astronauts, which represent approximately $190 million in expected future spaceflight revenue upon completion of the spaceflights.
 Available Capacity and Annual Flight Rate
 In 2023, we commenced our commercial operations with VSS Unity and VMS Eve, which together comprised our initial commercial spaceflight system. Our annual flight rate is constrained by the availability and capacity of this commercial spaceflight system. To expand capacity, we are currently developing our next-generation spaceflight vehicles. These next-generation spaceflight vehicles, which include our Delta Class spaceships and additional motherships, are expected to dramatically increase our annual flight rate.
 Safety Performance of Our Spaceflight Systems
 Our spaceflight systems are highly specialized with sophisticated and complex technology. We have built operational processes to ensure that the design, manufacture, performance and servicing of our spaceflight systems meet rigorous quality standards. However, our spaceflight systems are still subject to operational and process risks, such as manufacturing and design issues, human errors, or cyber-attacks. Any actual or perceived safety issues may result in significant reputational harm to our business and our ability to generate spaceflight revenue.

 Results of Operations
 The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented. The period-to-period comparisons of financial results are not necessarily indicative of future results.

 2024
 2023

 Revenue
 $
 7,036
 $
 6,800

 Operating expenses:

 90,024
 50,538

 152,678
 295,140

 125,496
 174,864

 Depreciation and amortization
 15,467
 13,369

 Special charges
 —
 4,398

 Total operating expenses
 383,665
 538,309

 Operating loss
 (376,629)
 (531,509)

 Interest income
 42,352
 42,234

 Interest expense
 (12,927)
 (12,872)

 Other income, net

 Loss before income taxes
 (346,666)
 (501,884)

 Income tax expense

 $
 (346,740)
 $
 (502,337)

 Comparison of Results of Operations for Year Ended December 31, 2024 to Year Ended December 31, 2023
 Revenue

 $
 %

 2024
 2023

 Revenue
 $
 7,036
 $
 6,800
 $
 %

 Revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were primarily attributable to revenue generated from our commercial spaceflights and access fees related to our astronaut community.
 Spaceline Operations
 $
 %

 2024
 2023

 $
 90,024
 $
 50,538
 $
 39,486
 %

 Spaceline operations expense includes costs to maintain and operate our spaceflight system; non-capitalizable costs to build our new vehicles and manufacture items required to support the making of our vehicles, such as rocket motors and spare parts; the consumption of rocket motors, fuel and other consumables; costs to maintain and support our astronaut community; and costs to provide payload cargo and engineering services.
 Following the launch of commercial service and achievement of technological feasibility in July 2023, we began presenting the operating expenses supporting our commercial spaceline activities as spaceline operations expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Prior to achievement of technological feasibility, spaceline operations expense included costs to support our astronaut community and costs related to payload cargo and engineering services.
 Spaceline operations expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, following achievement of technological feasibility in July 2023, were primarily attributable to costs to maintain and operate our spaceflight system; non-capitalizable costs to build our new vehicles and manufacture items required to support the making of our vehicles; and costs to maintain and support our astronaut community.
 Research and Development

 $
 %

 2024
 2023

 $
 152,678
 $
 295,140
 $
 (142,462)
 (48)
 %

 Research and development expenses represent costs incurred to support activities that advance our future fleet towards commercialization, including basic research, applied research, concept formulation studies, design, development, and related testing activities. Research and development costs consist primarily of equipment, material, and labor costs (including from third-party contractors) for designing the spaceflight system's structure, spaceflight propulsion system, and flight profiles for our next-generation spaceships and motherships, as well as allocated facilities and other supporting overhead costs.
 Research and development expenses decreased from $295.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 to $152.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily driven by a $65.8 million decrease in cash compensation and other employee benefit costs primarily due to the completion of the VSS Unity and VMS Eve modifications, a reduction in headcount and labor allocated to capitalizable Delta projects; a $49.3 million decrease in materials, consulting, and other costs primarily due to the completion of the VSS Unity and VMS Eve modifications; the settlement of certain disputed vendor invoices, resulting in a reversal of $18.6 million of accrued costs; an $8.3 million decrease in other operational costs primarily due to a technology license fee expensed in 2023; and a $5.2 million decrease in consulting and other professional fees. These decreases were partially offset by a $7.8 million increase in sub-contractor and contract labor costs associated with the development of our next-generation spaceflight vehicles.
 Selling, General and Administrative

 $
 %

 2024
 2023

 $
 125,496
 $
 174,864
 $
 (49,368)
 (28)
 %

 Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and other employee benefit costs for employees involved in general corporate functions, including executive management and administration, accounting, finance, legal, information technology, sales and marketing, and human resources. Non-compensation components of selling, general and administrative expenses include accounting, legal and other professional fees, facilities expenses, and other corporate expenses.
 Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased from $174.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 to $125.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily driven by a $33.7 million decrease in cash compensation and other employee benefit costs primarily due to a reduction in headcount, a $8.9 million decrease in consulting

 and other professional fees, a $4.2 million decrease in marketing and promotion expense, and a $1.7 million decrease in facility costs.
 Depreciation and Amortization

 $
 %

 2024
 2023

 Depreciation and amortization
 $
 15,467
 $
 13,369
 $
 2,098
 %

 Depreciation and amortization expense increased from $13.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 to $15.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to the acquisition of property, plant and equipment.
 Special Charges
 In November 2023, we commenced a restructuring plan designed to decrease costs and strategically realign our resources. In connection with this plan, we announced a workforce reduction of approximately 185 employees, constituting approximately 18% of our workforce. As a result, we recorded $4.4 million in severance and related benefit costs for the involuntarily terminated employees as special charges during the year ended December 31, 2023.
 In January 2024, we fully paid the $1.4 million liability balance associated with these costs that was accrued at December 31, 2023.
 Interest Income
 Interest income increased from $42.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 to $42.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Interest income was driven by investment returns on our marketable securities and deposits in interest-bearing accounts.
 Interest Expense
 Interest expense was $12.9 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Interest expense primarily consisted of interest expense and amortization of debt issuance costs related to our convertible senior notes.
 Income Tax Expense
 Income tax expense was immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. We have accumulated net operating losses at the U.S. federal and state levels. We maintain a full valuation allowance against our net U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets. The income tax expense was primarily related to corporate income taxes for our operations in the United Kingdom, which operates on a cost-plus arrangement.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 As of December 31, 2024, we had total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $210.9 million and total marketable securities of $445.9 million. Our principal sources of liquidity have come from sales of our common stock and offering of convertible senior notes ("2027 Notes").

 Historical Cash Flows

 2024
 2023

 Net cash provided by (used in):

 Operating activities
 $
 (352,703)
 $
 (448,193)

 Investing activities
 175,656
 (116,273)

 Financing activities
 134,340
 475,431

 Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 $
 (42,707)
 $
 (89,035)

 Operating Activities
 Net cash used in operating activities was $352.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, and consisted primarily of $346.7 million of net losses, adjusted for non-cash items, which primarily included stock-based compensation expense of $29.8 million and depreciation and amortization expense of $15.5 million, partially offset by $16.6 million of accretion of marketable securities purchased at a discount and $38.2 million of net changes in operating assets and liabilities, which were driven primarily by the reversal of $18.6 million of accrued costs in connection with the settlement of certain disputed vendor invoices.
 Net cash used in operating activities was $448.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and consisted primarily of $502.3 million of net losses, adjusted for non-cash items, which primarily included stock-based compensation expense of $44.3 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $13.4 million, and $7.9 million of net changes in operating assets and liabilities, partially offset by $15.1 million of accretion of marketable securities purchased at a discount.
 Investing Activities
 Net cash provided by investing activities was $175.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, and consisted primarily of $543.4 million in purchases of marketable securities and $121.9 million in capital expenditures, partially offset by $840.3 million in proceeds from maturities and calls of marketable securities. The capital expenditures were primarily driven by costs associated with our next-generation Delta spaceships and our new facility in Arizona, which will be used to assemble the spaceships.
 Net cash used in investing activities was $116.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and consisted of $1.0 billion in purchases of marketable securities and $44.3 million in capital expenditures, partially offset by $937.9 million in proceeds from maturities and calls of marketable securities.
 Financing Activities
 Net cash provided by financing activities was $134.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, and consisted primarily of net cash proceeds from the sale and issuance of common stock pursuant to our at-the-market offering programs of $135.7 million, partially offset by tax withholdings paid for net settled stock-based awards of $1.2 million.
 Net cash provided by financing activities was $475.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and consisted primarily of net cash proceeds from the sale and issuance of common stock pursuant to our at-the-market offering programs of $478.9 million, partially offset by tax withholdings paid for net settled stock-based awards of $3.2 million.

 Contractual Obligations
 We lease certain facilities and assets under non-cancellable operating lease arrangements that expire at various dates through 2065. As of December 31, 2024, future minimum payments under non-cancellable operating leases were $120.6 million. For additional information regarding our lease obligations, see Note 15 in our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report in Form 10-K.
 Funding Requirements
 We expect our expenditures to fluctuate in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue to advance the development of our next-generation spaceflight system and leverage investments in capital expenditures.
 As our fleet of spaceships expands, we expect our expenditures to increase as we scale our commercial operations. Specifically, our long-term expenditures will increase as we:
 • scale up our manufacturing processes and capabilities to support expanding our fleet with additional spaceships, carrier aircraft and rocket motors in connection with commercialization;
 • hire additional personnel in manufacturing operations, testing programs, maintenance operations and guest services as we increase the volume of our spaceflights; and
 • scale up required operational facilities, such as hangars and warehouses;
 We expect our arrangements with third-party providers to manufacture key subassemblies for our next-generation spaceships and for the design and manufacture of our next-generation carrier aircraft will require significant capital expenditures. Certain estimated amounts in connection with third-party arrangements are subject to future negotiations and cannot be estimated with reasonable certainty.
 We believe that our current capital is adequate to sustain our operations for at least the next twelve months. Changing circumstances may cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and we may need to spend more money than currently expected because of circumstances beyond our control. While we have completed our initial commercial launch with a single spaceship, we are currently developing our next-generation spaceflight vehicles. We anticipate the costs to manufacture additional vehicles will begin to decrease as we continue to scale up our manufacturing processes and capabilities.
 Issuances of Common Stock
 In August 2022, we entered into a distribution agency agreement with Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC (each, an "Agent" and collectively, the "Agents") providing for the offer and sale of up to $300 million of shares of our common stock from time to time through the Agents, acting as sales agents, or directly to one or more of the Agents, acting as principal(s), through an "at-the-market offering" program (the "2022 ATM Program").
 We completed the 2022 ATM Program in June 2023, selling a total of 3.0 million shares of common stock and generating $300 million in gross proceeds, before deducting $3.0 million in underwriting discounts, commissions and other expenses.
 In June 2023, we entered into a distribution agency agreement with the Agents providing for the offer and sale of up to $400 million of shares of our common stock from time to time through the Agents, acting as sales agents, or directly to one or more of the Agents, acting as principal(s), through an "at-the-market offering" program (the "2023 ATM Program").
 In November 2024, we terminated the 2023 ATM Program, having sold a total of 12.8 million shares of common stock and generating $396.2 million in gross proceeds, before deducting $3.9 million in underwriting discounts, commissions and other expenses.

 In November 2024, we entered into an open market sale agreement with Jefferies LLC ("Jefferies") providing for the offer and sale of up to $300 million of shares of our common stock from time to time through Jefferies, acting as sales agent, or directly to Jefferies, acting as principal, through an "at-the-market offering" program (the "2024 ATM Program").
 As of December 31, 2024, we sold a total of 4.1 million shares of common stock under the 2024 ATM Program, generating $29.1 million in gross proceeds since its inception, before deducting $0.9 million in underwriting discounts, commissions and other expenses.
 Liquidity Outlook
 For at least the next twelve months, we expect our principal demand for funds will be for our ongoing activities described above. We expect to meet our short-term liquidity requirements primarily through our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities on hand. We believe we will have sufficient liquidity available to fund our business needs, commitments and contractual obligations for the next twelve months.
 Beyond the next twelve months, our principal demand for funds will be to sustain our operations, operate our spaceline at Spaceport America in New Mexico, and expand our fleet of spaceships, motherships, and supporting facilities. We expect to generate revenue from our spaceflight program, which is expected to restart in 2026. To the extent this source of capital as well as sources of capital described above are insufficient to meet our needs, we may need to seek additional debt or equity financing.
 The commercial launch of our spaceflight program and the anticipated expansion of our fleet have unpredictable costs and are subject to significant risks, uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control, that may affect the timing and magnitude of these anticipated expenditures. Some of these risk and uncertainties are described in more detail in this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the heading Item 1A. "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business."

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses and related disclosures. We believe that the estimates, assumptions and judgments involved in the accounting policies referred to below have the greatest potential impact on our consolidated financial statements and, therefore, we consider these to be our critical accounting policies. Accordingly, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions. Please refer to Note 2 in our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information about these critical accounting policies, as well as a description of our other significant accounting policies.
 Long-Lived Assets
 Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset to be tested for possible impairment, we first compare undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset group to its carrying amount. The estimate of cash flows includes management's assumptions of cash inflows and outflows directly resulting from the use of those assets in operations. We assess impairment for asset groups, which represent a combination of assets that produce distinguishable cash flows. If the carrying amount of the asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds its fair value.
 Income Taxes
 We record income tax expense for the anticipated tax consequences of the reported results of operations using the asset and liability method. Under this method, we recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities, as well as for operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the tax rates that are expected to apply to taxable income for the years in which those tax assets and liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. We record valuation allowances to reduce our deferred tax assets to the net amount that we believe is more likely than not to be realized. Our assessment considers the recognition of deferred tax assets on a jurisdictional basis. Accordingly, in assessing our future taxable income on a jurisdictional basis, we consider the effect of our transfer pricing policies on that income.

 We recognize tax benefits from uncertain tax positions only if we believe that it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. As we grow, we will face increased complexity in determining the appropriate tax jurisdictions for revenue and expense items. We adjust these reserves when facts and circumstances change, such as the closing of a tax audit or refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the income tax expense in the period in which such determination is made and could have a material impact on our financial condition and operating results. The income tax expense includes the effects of any accruals that we believe are appropriate, as well as the related net interest and penalties.
 We are accumulating net operating losses at the federal and state levels. Income taxes included in the consolidated financial statements are primarily related to corporate income taxes for our operations in the United Kingdom, which operates on a cost-plus arrangement.
 Stock-Based Compensation
 We have granted stock-based awards consisting of restricted stock units ("RSUs"), performance-based stock units ("PSUs"), performance-based stock options ("PSOs"), and service-based stock options. Our outstanding RSUs and stock options contain a service-based vesting condition. The service-based vesting condition for the majority of these awards is satisfied over four years. Our outstanding PSUs contain a service-based vesting condition, as well as a market-based vesting condition that is satisfied based on the Company's common stock performance following the end of the three-year performance measurement period based on the highest closing price over twenty consecutive trading days during the performance measurement period. Our outstanding PSOs contain a market-based vesting condition that is satisfied based on the attainment of certain stock price goals.
 We recognize all stock-based awards to employees and directors as stock-based compensation expense based upon their fair values on the date of grant. Compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service periods. We account for forfeitures when they occur.
 We have estimated the fair value for each service-based stock option award as of the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Black-Scholes option pricing model considers, among other factors, the expected life of the award and the expected volatility of our stock price. We have estimated the fair value for each PSO and PSU award with market-based conditions as of the grant date using the Monte-Carlo simulation method. The Monte-Carlo simulation method considers, among other factors, the discount rate and future market conditions.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
 Not applicable for smaller reporting companies.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
 The financial statements required by this Item are included in Item 15 of this report and are presented beginning on page F-1 and are incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
 Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures
 In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
 Management's Report on Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting
 Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based upon criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.
 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended December 31, 2024, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B. Other Information
 During the three months ended December 31, 2024, none of our officers or directors adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any "non Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement."

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Not applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
 The information required by this item will be included in an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K or incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders, under the captions "Proposal No. 1: Election of Directors," "Corporate Governance," "Executive Officers," and "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports," to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2024.
 We have adopted an Insider Trading Compliance Policy applicable to our directors, officers, employees, and other covered persons, and have implemented processes for the Company, that we believe are reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and the New York Stock Exchange listing standards. Our Insider Trading Compliance Policy is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation
 The information required by this item will be included in an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K or incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders, under the captions "Corporate Governance," "Director Compensation," "Executive Officers," and "Executive Compensation" and "Board of Directors and Corporate Governance," to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2024.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
 The information required by this item will be included in an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K or incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders, under the captions "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" and "Equity Compensation Plan Information" to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2024.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
 The information required by this item will be included in an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K or incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders, under the captions "Certain Transactions with Related Persons" and "Corporate Governance" to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2024.

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
 Our independent registered public accounting firm is Ernst & Young LLP, Wichita, Kansas, Auditor Firm ID: 42.
 The information required by this item will be included in an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K or incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2024.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 The following documents are filed as part of this report:

 (1) Financial Statements. Reference is made to the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements beginning on Page F-1
 hereof.

 (2) Financial Statement Schedules. None.

 (3) Exhibits. The following exhibits are filed, furnished or incorporated by reference as part of this Annual Report on
 Form 10-K.

 Incorporated by Reference

 Exhibit No.
 Exhibit Description
 Form
 File No.
 Exhibit
 Filing Date
 Filed/Furnished Herewith

 3.1
 Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant

 3.1

 3.1(a)

 Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant

 3.1
 06/14/2024

 3.2
 Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Registrant

 3.1
 03/14/2024

 4.1
 Specimen Common Stock Certificate of the Registrant

 4.2

 4.2
 Description of the Registrant's Securities Registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act

 *

 4.3
 Indenture, dated as of January 19, 2022 between the Registrant and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee

 4.1
 01/20/2022

 4.4
 Form of certificate representing the 2.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2027 (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.3)

 4.2
 01/20/2022

 10.1
 Form of Indemnification Agreement

 S-4/A
 10.46
 10/03/2019

 10.2(1)

 Second Amended and Restated 2019 Incentive Award Plan

 10.1
 06/14/2024

 10.2(a)(1)

 Form of Director Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement

 S-4
 10.26

 10.2(b)(1)

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2019 Incentive Award Plan

 10.2(b)

 10.2(c)(1)

 Form of Stock Option Agreement under the 2019 Incentive Award Plan

 10.2(c)

 10.2(d)(1)

 Form of Director Restricted Stock Unit Award (Annual Award)

 S-8

 333-280144

 99.4
 06/12/2024

 10.2(e)(1)

 Form of Executive Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Cash or Share Settlement)

 S-8

 333-271905

 99.5
 05/12/2023

 10.3(1)

 2023 Employment Inducement Incentive Award Plan

 S-8

 333-272529

 99.1
 06/08/2023

 10.3(a)(1)

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2023 Employment Inducement Incentive Award Plan

 S-8

 333-272529

 99.2
 06/08/2023

 10.3(b)(1)

 Form of Performance-Vesting Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2023 Employment Inducement Incentive Award Plan

 S-8

 333-272529

 99.3
 06/08/2023

 10.4(1)

 Second Amended and Restated Non-Employee Director Compensation Program

 10.1
 05/07/2024

 10.5(1)(3)

 Employment Agreement, dated July 10, 2020, by and between the Registrant, Virgin Galactic, LLC and Michael Colglazier, Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement with Michael Colglazier and Form of Stock Option Award Agreement with Michael Colglazier

 10.1
 07/15/2020

 10.6(1)(3)

 Employment Agreement, dated February 22, 2021, by and among the Registrant, Galactic Co., LLC and Doug Ahrens

 10.11
 03/01/2021

 Incorporated by Reference

 Exhibit No.
 Exhibit Description
 Form
 File No.
 Exhibit
 Filing Date
 Filed/Furnished Herewith

 10.7(1)(3)

 Employment Agreement, dated October 24, 2022, by and among the Registrant, Galactic Co., LLC and Sarah Kim

 10.10
 02/28/2023

 10.8(1)(3)

 Employment Agreement, dated September 11, 2021, by and among the Registrant, Galactic Co., LLC and Aparna Chitale

 10.12
 02/28/2023

 10.9

 Stockholders' Agreement, dated October 25, 2019, by and among the Registrant, SCH Sponsor Corp., Chamath Palihapitiya and Vieco USA, Inc.

 10.9

 10.9(a)

 Joinder to Stockholders' Agreement, dated March 16, 2020, by and between Vieco 10 Limited and the Registrant

 S-1
 333-237961
 10.9(a)
 05/01/2020

 10.9(b)

 Joinder to Stockholders' Agreement, dated July 30, 2020, by and among Virgin Investments Limited, Aabar Space, Inc. and the Registrant

 99.1
 07/31/2020

 10.10

 Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated October 25, 2019, by and among the Registrant, Vieco USA, Inc., SCH Sponsor Corp. and Chamath Palihapitiya.

 10.10

 10.10(a)

 Joinder to Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated March 16, 2020, by and between Vieco 10 Limited and the Registrant

 S-1
 333-237961
 10.10(a)
 05/01/2020

 10.10(b)

 Joinder to Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated July 30, 2020, by and among Virgin Investments Limited, Aabar Space, Inc. and the Registrant

 99.2
 07/31/2020

 10.11(2)

 Deed of Novation, Amendment and Restatement, dated July 9, 2019, by and among the Registrant, Virgin Enterprises Limited and Virgin Galactic, LLC

 S-4
 10.20

 10.11(a)(2)

 Deed of Amendment, dated October 2, 2019, by and among the Registrant, Virgin Enterprises Limited and Virgin Galactic, LLC

 S-4
 10.21(a)
 10/03/2019

 10.12(2)

 Spacecraft Technology License Agreement, dated September 24, 2004, by and between Mojave Aerospace Ventures, LLC and Virgin Galactic, LLC

 S-4
 10.27

 10.12(a)(2)

 Amendment No. 1 to the Spacecraft Technology License Agreement, dated July 27, 2009, by and between Mojave Aerospace Ventures, LLC and Virgin Galactic, LLC

 S-4
 10.28

 10.13

 Facilities Lease, dated December 31, 2008, by and between Virgin Galactic, LLC and New Mexico Spaceport Authority

 S-4
 10.29

 10.13(a)

 First Amendment to the Facilities Lease, dated 2009, by and between Virgin Galactic, LLC and New Mexico Spaceport Authority

 S-4
 10.30

 10.13(b)

 Letter Agreement to Amend Facilities Lease, dated December 21, 2018, by and between Virgin Galactic, LLC and New Mexico Spaceport Authority

 10.5
 05/11/2021

 10.14

 Building 79A Lease Agreement, dated January 1, 2018, by and between Mojave Air and Space Port and TSC, LLC

 S-4
 10.32

 10.15

 Land Lease Agreement, dated October 1, 2010, by and between East Kern Airport District and TSC, LLC

 S-4
 10.33

 10.15(a)

 Amendment No. 1 to the Land Lease Agreement, dated October 1, 2013, by and between Mojave Air and Space Sport and TSC, LLC

 S-4
 10.34

 10.16

 Site 14 Lease Agreement, dated February 18, 2015, by and between Mojave Air and Space Sport and TSC, LLC

 S-4
 10.35

 Incorporated by Reference

 Exhibit No.
 Exhibit Description
 Form
 File No.
 Exhibit
 Filing Date
 Filed/Furnished Herewith

 10.16(a)

 First Amendment to the Site 14 Lease Agreement, dated July 1, 2017, by and between Mojave Air and Space Sport and TSC, LLC

 S-4
 10.36

 10.17

 Building 79B Lease Agreement, dated March 1, 2013, by and between Mojave Air and Space Port and TSC, LLC

 S-4
 10.37
 10/03/2019

 10.17(a)

 First Amendment to Building 79B Lease, dated June 2, 2014, by and between Mojave Air and Space Port and TSC, LLC

 S-4
 10.38
 10/03/2019

 10.18

 Form of Confirmation of a Capped Call Transaction

 10.1
 01/20/2022

 10.19(2)(3)

 Standard Industrial/Commercial Multi-Tenant Sublease - Net, dated July 14, 2022, by and between the Registrant and Gateway Executive Airpark, LLC

 10.2
 11/03/2022

 10.19(a)(2)(3)

 First Amended and Restated Standard Industrial/Commercial Multi-Tenant Sublease - Net, dated July 14, 2022, by and between the Registrant and Gateway Executive Airpark, LLC

 10.3
 11/03/2022

 10.20(2)

 Master Agreement, dated October 28, 2022, by and between Virgin Galactic, LLC and Qarbon Aerospace (Foundation), LLC

 10.27
 02/28/2023

 10.20(a)(2)(3)

 Amendment Number 1 to Master Agreement, dated as of June 13, 2023, by and between Virgin Galactic, LLC and Qarbon Aerospace (Foundation), LLC

 10.2
 05/07/2024

 10.20(b)(2)(3)

 Amendment Number 2 to Master Agreement, dated as of July 11, 2023, by and between Virgin Galactic, LLC and Qarbon Aerospace (Foundation), LLC

 10.3
 05/07/2024

 10.20(c)(2)(3)

 Amendment Number 3 to Master Agreement, dated as of September 3, 2024, by and between Virgin Galactic, LLC and Qarbon Aerospace (Foundation), LLC

 10.1
 11/06/2024

 10.21(2)

 Master Agreement, dated November 1, 2022, by and between Virgin Galactic, LLC and Bell Textron Inc.

 10.28
 02/28/2023

 10.21(a)(2)(3)

 Amendment Number 1 to the Master Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2023, by and between Virgin Galactic, LLC and Bell Textron Inc. (1)

 10.4
 05/07/2024

 10.22

 Open Market Sale Agreement, dated November 6, 2024, by and among Virgin Galactic Holdings, Inc. and Jefferies LLC

 1.1
 11/07/2024

 19.1

 Insider Trading Compliance Policy

 *

 21.1
 List of Subsidiaries

 *

 23.1

 Consent of Ernst & Young LLP

 *

 24.1
 Powers of Attorney (incorporated by reference to the signature page hereto)
 *

 31.1
 Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15(d)-14(a), as adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 *

 31.2
 Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15(d)-14(a), as adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 *

 32.1
 Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 **

 32.2
 Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 **

 Incorporated by Reference

 Exhibit No.
 Exhibit Description
 Form
 File No.
 Exhibit
 Filing Date
 Filed/Furnished Herewith

 Policy Relating to Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation

 02/27/2024

 101.INS
 *

 101.SCH
 *

 101.CAL
 *

 101.DEF
 *

 101.LAB
 *

 101.PRE
 *

 *

 * Filed herewith.
 ** Furnished herewith.
 (1) Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.
 (2) Certain portions of this exhibit (indicated by "[***]") have been omitted pursuant to Regulation S-K, Item (601)(b)(10).
 (3) Schedules and exhibits have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Registrant agrees to furnish
 supplementally a copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit to the SEC upon request.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

 None.

 Signatures
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 Virgin Galactic Holdings, Inc.

 Date: February 26, 2025

 By: /s/ Michael Colglazier

 Name:

 Michael Colglazier

 Title:

 Chief Executive Officer and President
(Principal Executive Officer)

 Date: February 26, 2025

 By: /s/ Douglas Ahrens

 Name:

 Douglas Ahrens

 Title:

 Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
 (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

 Power of Attorney

 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Michael Colglazier and Douglas Ahrens, or either of them, as his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to file and sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his substitutes or substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signature
 Title
 Date

 /s/ Michael Colglazier
 Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Director

 Michael Colglazier

 /s/ Douglas Ahrens
 Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

 Douglas Ahrens

 /s/ Raymond Mabus, Jr.

 Raymond Mabus, Jr.

 /s/ Henio Arcangeli, Jr.

 Henio Arcangeli, Jr.

 /s/ Luigi Brambilla

 Luigi Brambilla

 /s/ Tina Jonas

 Tina Jonas

 /s/ Craig Kreeger

 Craig Kreeger

 /s/ Wanda Sigur

 Wanda Sigur

 /s/ Diana Strandberg

 Diana Strandberg

 /s/ W. Gilbert West

 W. Gilbert West

 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Page No.

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 F- 2

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 (1) Organization

 (2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 (3) Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

 (4) Property, Plant and Equipment

 (5) Leases

 (6) Other Current Liabilities

 (7) Convertible Senior Notes

 (8) Stockholders' Equity

 (9) Stock-Based Compensation

 (10) Special Charges

 (11) Employee Benefit Plan

 (12) Income Taxes

 (13) Earnings Per Share

 (14) Fair Value Measurements

 (15) Commitments and Contingencies

 (16) Related Party Transactions

 (17) Supplemental Cash Flow Information

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Virgin Galactic Holdings, Inc.

 Opinion on the Financial Statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Virgin Galactic Holdings, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
 Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 Critical Audit Matter
 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Indicators of Impairment for Long Lived Assets

 Description of the Matter
 As more fully described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company periodically evaluates long lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, no material asset impairments were recorded.

 Auditing the Company's evaluation for indicators of impairment was complex due to a high degree of auditor judgment and subjectivity involved in the identification of events or changes in circumstances that may indicate an impairment of long lived assets. Differences or changes in these judgments could have a material impact on the Company's analysis.

 How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit

 Our procedures with regards to the Company's evaluation for indicators of impairment included, among others, assessing management's analysis of impairment for completeness and accuracy and evaluating management's judgments determining whether indicators of impairment were present. For example, we performed inquires of management, considered historical operating results and current market conditions, performed an independent assessment using both internally and externally available information, and read the minutes of the meetings of the Board of Directors.

 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2023.

 Wichita, Kansas

 Consolidated Balance Sheets
 (In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

 2024
 2023

 Assets

 Current assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 178,605
 $
 216,799

 Restricted cash
 32,280
 36,793

 Marketable securities, short-term
 384,621
 657,238

 Other current assets

 32,430
 39,999

 Total current assets
 627,936
 950,829

 Marketable securities, long-term
 61,280
 71,596

 Property, plant and equipment, net
 209,114
 93,806

 Other non-current assets
 62,895
 63,286

 Total assets
 $
 961,225
 $
 1,179,517

 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

 Current liabilities:

 Accounts payable
 $
 3,696
 $
 32,415

 Customer deposits
 84,493
 97,841

 Other current liabilities
 61,821
 55,404

 Total current liabilities
 150,010
 185,660

 Non-current liabilities:

 Convertible senior notes, net
 420,120
 417,886

 Other long-term liabilities
 68,815
 70,495

 Total liabilities
 638,945
 674,041

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)

 Stockholders' Equity

 Preferred stock, $ 0.0001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding

 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.0001 par value; 700,000,000 shares authorized; 32,995,822 and 19,995,449 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 Additional paid-in capital
 2,794,871
 2,631,235

 Accumulated deficit
 ( 2,472,872)
 ( 2,126,132)

 Accumulated other comprehensive income

 Total stockholders' equity
 322,280
 505,476

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
 $
 961,225
 $
 1,179,517

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
 (In thousands, except per share amounts)

 2024
 2023

 Revenue
 $
 7,036
 $
 6,800

 Operating expenses:

 90,024
 50,538

 152,678
 295,140

 125,496
 174,864

 Depreciation and amortization
 15,467
 13,369

 Special charges

 —
 4,398

 Total operating expenses
 383,665
 538,309

 Operating loss
 ( 376,629)
 ( 531,509)

 Interest income
 42,352
 42,234

 Interest expense
 ( 12,927)
 ( 12,872)

 Other income, net

 Loss before income taxes
 ( 346,666)
 ( 501,884)

 Income tax expense

 Other comprehensive income (loss):

 Foreign currency translation adjustment
 —

 Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities

 ( 93)
 7,616

 Total comprehensive loss
 $
 ( 346,833)
 $
 ( 494,640)

 Net loss per share:

 Basic and diluted
 $
 ( 13.89)
 $
 ( 29.79)

 Weighted-average shares outstanding:

 Basic and diluted
 24,955
 16,863

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity
 (In thousands, except share amounts)

 Common Stock
 Additional Paid-in Capital
 Accumulated Deficit
 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 Total

 Shares
 Amount

 Balance at December 31, 2022
 13,769,861
 $
 $
 2,111,343
 $
 ( 1,623,795)
 $
 ( 7,326)
 $
 480,223

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive income
 —
 —
 —
 —
 7,697
 7,697

 Stock-based compensation for equity-classified awards
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of common stock pursuant to stock-based awards, net of withholding taxes
 85,272
 —
 ( 3,240)
 —
 —
 ( 3,240)

 Issuance of common stock pursuant to at-the-market offering

 6,140,316
 484,144
 —
 —
 484,145

 Transaction costs
 —
 —
 ( 5,270)
 —
 —
 ( 5,270)

 Balance at December 31, 2023
 19,995,449
 2,631,235
 ( 2,126,132)
 505,476

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive loss

 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 93)
 ( 93)

 Stock-based compensation for equity-classified awards
 —
 —
 29,109
 —
 —
 29,109

 Issuance of common stock pursuant to stock-based awards, net of withholding taxes
 102,858
 —
 ( 1,207)
 —
 —
 ( 1,207)

 Issuance of common stock pursuant to at-the-market offering
 12,897,652
 137,795
 —
 —
 137,796

 Transaction costs
 —
 —
 ( 2,059)
 —
 —
 ( 2,059)

 Fractional share adjustment due to reverse stock split

 ( 137)
 —
 ( 2)
 —
 —
 ( 2)

 Balance at December 31, 2024

 32,995,822
 $
 $
 2,794,871
 $
 ( 2,472,872)
 $
 $
 322,280

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 2024
 2023

 Cash flows from operating activities:

 $
 $

 Stock-based compensation
 29,752

 Depreciation and amortization
 15,467
 13,369

 Amortization of debt issuance costs
 2,234
 2,166

 Accretion of marketable securities purchased at a discount

 ( 16,635)
 ( 15,085)

 Other non-cash items
 1,457
 1,509

 Change in operating assets and liabilities:

 Other current and non-current assets
 10,566
 16,555

 Accounts payable

 ( 29,203)
 8,625

 Customer deposits
 ( 13,348)
 ( 4,806)

 Other current and non-current liabilities

 ( 6,253)
 ( 12,447)

 Net cash used in operating activities
 ( 352,703)
 ( 448,193)

 Cash flows from investing activities:

 Capital expenditures
 ( 121,855)
 ( 44,309)

 Purchases of marketable securities
 ( 543,434)
 ( 1,009,836)

 Proceeds from maturities and calls of marketable securities
 840,335
 937,872

 Other investing activities

 —

 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

 175,656
 ( 116,273)

 Cash flows from financing activities:

 Payments of finance lease obligations
 ( 193)
 ( 235)

 Proceeds from issuance of common stock
 137,796
 484,145

 Withholding taxes paid on behalf of employees on net settled stock-based awards
 ( 1,207)
 ( 3,240)

 Transaction costs related to issuance of common stock
 ( 2,054)
 ( 5,239)

 Other financing activities

 ( 2)
 —

 Net cash provided by financing activities
 134,340
 475,431

 Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

 ( 42,707)
 ( 89,035)

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year
 253,592
 342,627

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year
 $
 210,885
 $
 253,592

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 178,605
 $
 216,799

 Restricted cash
 32,280
 36,793

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 $
 210,885
 $
 253,592

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 (1) Organization
 Virgin Galactic Holdings, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries ("Virgin Galactic" or the "Company"), is an aerospace and space travel company focused on the development, manufacture and operation of spaceships and related technologies. The Company provides access to space for private individuals, researchers and government agencies. The Company's missions include flying passengers to space, as well as flying scientific payloads and researchers to space in order to conduct experiments for scientific and educational purposes.

 (2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 Basis of Presentation
 These consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). All intercompany transactions and balances between the various legal entities comprising the Company have been eliminated in consolidation.
 Statement of Operations Presentation
 In July 2023, the Company concluded that technological feasibility had been achieved for its initial spaceship, VSS Unity, and mothership carrier aircraft, VMS Eve, which together comprised the Company's initial commercial spaceflight system. As a result, future costs associated with this spaceflight system, including the manufacture of related rocket motors, will no longer qualify as research and development activities.
 Following the launch of commercial service and achievement of technological feasibility, the Company began presenting the operating expenses supporting the Company's commercial spaceline activities as spaceline operations expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Expenses incurred prior to the achievement of technological feasibility were classified as research and development and selling, general and administrative expenses. Spaceline operations expense includes costs associated with commercial spaceflight services and production costs that are not eligible for capitalization. Spaceline operations expense also includes costs to support the astronaut community and costs related to payload cargo and engineering services.
 Reverse Stock Split
 On June 14, 2024, the Company effected a 1-for-20 reverse stock split of the Company's common stock (the "Reverse Stock Split"). As a result of the Reverse Stock Split, every 20 shares of the Company's common stock issued or outstanding were automatically reclassified into one new share of common stock. Proportionate adjustments were also made to the exercise prices and the number of shares underlying the Company's outstanding equity awards, as applicable, as well as to the number of shares issuable under the Company's equity incentive plans and certain existing agreements. The Reverse Stock Split did not decrease the number of authorized shares of common stock or otherwise affect the par value of the common stock. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the Reverse Stock Split. Stockholders who were otherwise entitled to receive fractional shares as a result of the Reverse Stock Split were paid cash in lieu thereof. All shares of the Company's common stock, per-share data and related information included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements have been retroactively adjusted as though the Reverse Stock Split had been effected prior to all periods presented.

 Use of Estimates
 The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that management believes are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates. Significant estimates and judgements affecting the consolidated financial statements are those related income taxes, stock-based compensation and long-lived assets.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents
 The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less on their acquisition date to be cash equivalents.

 Restricted Cash
 Restricted cash consists of cash deposits received from future astronauts that are contractually restricted for operational use until the condition of carriage is signed or the deposits are refunded.

 Marketable Securities
 The Company's marketable securities consist primarily of debt securities that are accounted for as "available-for-sale." Management determines the appropriate classification of investments at the time of purchase and reevaluates the classification at each balance sheet date. Marketable securities are classified as short-term and long-term based on the instrument's underlying contractual maturity date. The Company's marketable securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of income taxes, reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in the consolidated balance sheets, with the exception of unrealized losses believed to be other-than-temporary, which are reported in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the period in which such determination is made.

 Concentration of Credit Risk
 Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and marketable securities. Cash and cash equivalents are maintained with several financial institutions. Deposits held with banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits.
 The Company invests primarily in debt securities, the majority of which are high investment grade. In accordance with the Company's investment policy, exposure to credit risk is limited by the diversification and investment in highly rated securities.

 Property, Plant and Equipment
 Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or estimated useful life.
 The estimated useful lives are as follows:

 Asset
 Useful Life

 Buildings
 39 years

 Flight vehicles and rotables
 2 to 20 years

 Machinery and equipment
 2 to 7 years

 Information technology software and equipment
 3 to 6 years

 Leasehold improvements
 Shorter of the estimated useful life or lease term

 Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

 Leases
 The Company determines whether an arrangement contains a lease at inception. For identified leases, the Company determines whether it should be classified as an operating or finance lease. Operating leases are recorded in the balance sheet as a right-of-use asset ("ROU asset") and operating lease obligation. ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date of the lease and measured based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The Company's lease arrangements generally do not provide an implicit interest rate. As a result, in such situations, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, which was determined based on market yields. The Company includes

 options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise that option in the measurement of its ROU assets and liabilities. Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has some lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for as a single lease component. Variable lease payments primarily consist of lease payments resulting from changes in the consumer price index. Variable lease payments are excluded from the ROU assets and lease liabilities and are recognized in the period in which the change occurs. Variable payments for common area maintenance costs and taxes are not included in determining lease payments and are expensed as incurred. The Company does not recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for leases with terms at inception of twelve months or less.

 Long-Lived Assets
 Long-lived assets primarily consist of property, plant and equipment and are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset to be tested for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset group to its carrying amount. The Company assesses impairment for asset groups, which represent a combination of assets that produce distinguishable cash flows. If the carrying amount of the asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values, and third-party independent appraisals, as considered necessary. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, no material asset impairments were recorded.

 Convertible Senior Notes
 Convertible debt instruments are separated into multiple components if they are issued at a substantial premium or if embedded derivatives requiring bifurcation are identified. The Company's convertible senior notes (the "2027 Notes") were not issued at a substantial premium, and the Company analyzed the provisions of the notes and did not identify any material embedded features which would require bifurcation from the host debt. As such, the notes are accounted for entirely as a liability, net of unamortized issuance costs. At the end of each reporting period, the Company evaluates whether conditions are present that would require bifurcation. The carrying amount of the liability is classified as long-term as the instrument does not mature within one year of the balance sheet date and the holder is not permitted to demand repayment of the principal within one year of the balance sheet date. However, if conditions to convertibility are met as described further in Note 7, the Company may be required to reclassify the carrying amount of the liability to current. The embedded conversion features are not remeasured as long as they do not meet the separation requirement of a derivative. Issuance costs are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest rate method. T he impact of convertible instruments on diluted earnings per share is calculated using the if-converted method.

 Capped Call Transactions
 In connection with the pricing of the 2027 Notes, the Company entered into capped call transactions with respect to its common stock (the "2027 Capped Calls"). The 2027 Capped Calls are purchased call options that give the Company the option to purchase shares of the Company's common stock, subject to anti-dilution adjustments substantially identical to those in the 2027 Notes. The Company's capped call transactions are accounted for as separate transactions from the 2027 Notes and are classified as equity instruments as a reduction to additional paid-in capital in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The instruments are initially recorded at fair value and not subsequently remeasured so long as they continue to qualify for equity classification based on the Company's intent and ability for the 2027 Capped Calls to be settled in shares of the Company's common stock. At the end of each reporting period, the Company evaluates whether the instruments continue to qualify for equity classification. The capped call transactions have the effect of reducing the number of shares outstanding if exercised, hence reduces the potential dilution. Therefore, the capped call transactions are anti-dilutive and not included in the calculation of diluted shares outstanding. See Note 7 for additional information on the 2027 Capped Calls.

 Fair Value Measurements
 Assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements are required to be disclosed within a fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy ranks the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair value. Accordingly,

 assets and liabilities carried at fair value are classified within the fair value hierarchy in one of the following categories:
 • Level 1 inputs — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
 • Level 2 inputs — Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
 • Level 3 inputs — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the asset or liability.

 Segments
 Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which separate financial information is available and that is regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") in deciding how to allocate resources to an individual segment and in assessing performance. The Company's CODM is its Chief Executive Officer.
 The Company has determined that it operates in one operating segment and one reportable segment, as the CODM reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of making operating decisions, allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. The CODM assesses performance for the segment and decides how to allocate resources based on net loss that is reported on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The CODM uses net loss to assess financial performance and allocate resources to align with company-wide goals. Further, the measure of segment assets is reported on the consolidated balance sheets as total assets.

 Revenue Recognition
 The Company recognizes revenue when control of the promised service is transferred to its customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive based on the contracted amount for those services. For contracts which include a combination of services, the Company assesses and accounts for individual services separately if they are distinct performance obligations, which often requires judgment based upon knowledge of the services and structure of the sales contract. The Company allocates the contract price to each performance obligation based on the estimated standalone selling price using observable pricing from our contracts with single performance obligations.
 Human spaceflight services are those services provided to the majority of the Company's customers. Spaceflight service revenue is recognized at a point in time upon successful completion of a spaceflight. The Company recognizes revenue for membership fees, engineering services and sponsorships over the term of the respective arrangement.
 Contract balances
 Contract assets are comprised of billed accounts receivable and unbilled receivables, which is the result of timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections. The Company records accounts receivable when it has an unconditional right to consideration.
 Contract liabilities relate to spaceflight operations and other revenue contracts and are recorded when cash payments are received or due in advance of performance. Cash payments for spaceflight services are classified as customer deposits until enforceable rights and obligations exist, when such deposits also become nonrefundable. Customer deposits become nonrefundable and are recorded as deferred revenue following the Company's delivery of the conditions of carriage to the customer and execution of an informed consent.

 Spaceline Operations
 Spaceline operations expense includes costs to maintain and operate the Company's spaceflight systems; non-capitalizable costs to build new vehicles and manufacture items required to support the making of the Company's vehicles, such as rocket motors and spare parts; the consumption of rocket motors, fuel and other consumables; costs to maintain and support the Company's astronaut community; and costs to provide payload cargo and engineering services.

 Research and Development
 Research and development expenses represent costs incurred to support activities that advance the Company's future fleet towards commercialization, including basic research, applied research, concept formulation studies, design, development and related testing activities. Research and development costs consist primarily of equipment, material, and labor costs (including from third-party contractors) for designing the spaceflight system's structure, spaceflight propulsion system, and flight profiles for next-generation spaceships and motherships, as well as allocated facilities and other supporting overhead costs.

 Income Taxes
 Income tax expense is computed using the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, applying enacted statutory tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Future income tax benefits are recognized only to the extent that the realization of such benefits is considered to be more likely than not. The Company regularly reviews its deferred tax assets for recoverability and establishes a valuation allowance, when it is more likely than not that such deferred tax assets will not be recoverable, based on historical taxable income, projected future taxable income, and the expected timing of the reversals of the existing temporary differences.

 Stock-Based Compensation
 The Company accounts for stock-based compensation under the fair value recognition and measurement provisions, in accordance with applicable accounting standards, which requires compensation expense for the grant-date fair value of stock-based awards to be recognized over the requisite service period. Forfeitures are accounted for when they occur.
 Service-Based Awards
 The Company estimates the fair value for each service-based stock option award as of the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Black-Scholes option pricing model considers, among other factors, the expected life of the award and the expected volatility of the Company's stock price. The Company recognizes the stock-based compensation expense over the requisite service period using the straight-line method for service condition only stock option awards.
 Compensation expense for restricted stock units ("RSUs") that will be equity-settled is based on the market price of the shares underlying the awards on the grant date. The Company recognizes the stock-based compensation expense for these RSUs over the requisite service period.
 RSUs that are expected to be settled in cash are accounted for as liability-classified awards. Changes in the fair value of these awards are recorded on a quarterly basis through their final vesting. Compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period of the award, with recognition of a corresponding liability recorded in other current liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Changes in fair value are recognized in stock-based compensation expense.
 Performance-Based Awards
 The Company has granted performance stock units ("PSUs") with a service-based condition and market-based condition. PSUs with both service-based and market-based conditions vest based on the performance over the requisite service period.
 The Company has granted performance-based stock options ("PSOs") with market-based conditions. The number of PSOs that vest depends on the attainment of certain performance measures. The Company recognizes compensation expense on the PSOs over the period between the grant date and the estimated vest date.
 The fair value for each PSU and PSO award with market-based conditions as of the grant date is estimated using the Monte-Carlo simulation method. The Monte-Carlo simulation method considers, among other factors, the discount rate and future market conditions.

 (3) Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities
 The amortized cost, unrealized gain and estimated fair value of the Company's cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities are as follows:

 December 31, 2024

 Amortized Cost
 Gross Unrealized Gain

 Fair Value

 Cash and cash equivalents:

 Cash and restricted cash
 $
 8,232
 $
 —
 $
 8,232

 Money market
 202,653
 —
 202,653

 Marketable securities:

 U.S. treasuries
 34,694
 34,731

 Corporate bonds
 410,998
 411,170

 $
 656,577
 $
 $
 656,786

 December 31, 2023

 Amortized Cost
 Gross Unrealized Gain

 Fair Value

 Cash and cash equivalents:

 Cash and restricted cash
 $
 17,727
 $
 —
 $
 17,727

 Money market
 235,865
 —
 235,865

 Marketable securities:

 U.S. treasuries
 198,639
 198,683

 Corporate bonds
 529,893
 530,151

 $
 982,124
 $
 $
 982,426

 Interest receivable of $ 4.2 million and $ 4.6 million is included in other current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 The Company recognizes amortization and accretion of purchase premiums and discounts on its marketable securities in interest income in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company recognized $ 16.6 million and $ 15.6 million in accretion income, net for its marketable securities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 The following table presents the contractual maturities of the Company's marketable securities as of December 31, 2024:

 December 31, 2024

 Amortized Cost
 Fair Value

 Matures within one year
 $
 384,206
 $
 384,621

 Matures between one to two years
 61,486
 61,280

 $
 445,692
 $
 445,901

 (4) Property, Plant and Equipment
 Property, plant and equipment consists of the following:

 2024
 2023

 Land
 $
 1,302
 $
 1,302

 Buildings
 10,111
 9,092

 Flight vehicles and rotables
 4,331
 4,074

 Machinery and equipment
 42,792
 39,983

 Information technology software and equipment
 45,553
 43,256

 Leasehold improvements
 77,589
 37,141

 Construction in progress
 117,810
 34,584

 299,488
 169,432

 Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization

 90,374
 75,626

 $
 209,114
 $
 93,806

 (5) Leases
 The Company leases offices and other facilities and certain manufacturing and office equipment under long-term, non-cancelable operating and finance leases.
 The components of expense related to leases are as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Operating lease cost
 $
 13,496
 $
 12,403

 Variable lease cost
 3,842
 3,755

 Short-term lease cost

 Finance lease cost:

 Amortization of assets under finance leases

 Interest on finance lease liabilities

 Total finance lease cost

 Total lease cost
 $
 17,651
 $
 16,650

 The components of supplemental cash flow information related to leases are as follows:

 2024
 2023

 (In thousands, except term and rate data)

 Cash Flow Information:

 Operating cash flows for operating leases
 $
 13,215
 $
 9,967

 Operating cash flows for finance leases
 $
 $

 Financing cash flows for finance leases

 $
 $

 Non-cash Activity:

 Assets acquired in exchange for lease obligations:

 Operating leases
 $
 5,408
 $
 14,001

 Finance leases
 $
 $

 Other Information:

 Weighted-average remaining lease term:

 Operating leases (in years)
 8.7
 9.8

 Finance leases (in years)
 2.6
 3.1

 Weighted-average discount rates:

 Operating leases
 12.2
 %
 12.1
 %

 Finance leases
 13.3
 %
 12.9
 %

 The supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Operating Leases:

 Long-term right-of-use assets
 $
 58,039
 $
 58,526

 Short-term operating lease liabilities
 $
 5,604
 $
 4,350

 Long-term operating lease liabilities
 67,394
 68,864

 Total operating lease liabilities
 $
 72,998
 $
 73,214

 ROU assets are included in other non-current assets and lease liabilities are included in other current liabilities and other long-term liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

 (6) Other Current Liabilities
 The components of other current liabilities are as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Accrued compensation
 $
 30,705
 $
 32,179

 Accrued manufacturing sub-contractor and contract labor costs
 18,827
 9,500

 Other
 12,289
 13,725

 $
 61,821
 $
 55,404

 (7) Convertible Senior Notes
 In January 2022, the Company completed an offering of $ 425 million aggregate principal amount of the 2027 Notes. The 2027 Notes are senior, unsecured obligations of the Company, and bear interest at a fixed rate of 2.50 % per year. Interest is payable in cash semi-annually in arrears on February 1 and August 1 of each year. The 2027 Notes mature on February 1, 2027 unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted.
 The terms of the 2027 Notes are governed by an Indenture by and between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (the "2027 Indenture"). Upon conversion by the noteholders, the 2027 Notes may be settled in cash, shares of the Company's common stock or a combination of cash and shares of common stock, at the Company's election, based on the conversion rate.
 The 2027 Notes are convertible at an initial conversion rate of 3.9098 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the 2027 Notes, which is equal to an initial conversion price of approximately $ 255.77 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events. Noteholders will have the right to convert their notes during any calendar quarter (and only during such calendar quarter) under the following circumstances:
 • during any calendar quarter (and only during such calendar quarter) if the last reported sale price of the Company's common stock for each of at least 20 trading days in a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on and including the last trading day of the preceding calendar quarter is more than 130 % of the then applicable conversion price for the Notes per share of common stock;
 • during the five consecutive business days immediately after any ten consecutive trading day period in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of 2027 Notes for each day of that period was less than 98 % of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company's common stock and the then applicable conversion rate;
 • the Company calls any or all of the 2027 Notes for redemption, holders may convert all or any portion of their notes at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day prior to the redemption date, even if the 2027 Notes are not otherwise convertible at such time; or
 • specified distributions to holders of the Company's common stock are made or specified corporate events occur, as described in the 2027 Indenture.
 On and after November 1, 2026, noteholders will have the right to convert their notes at any time at their election until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date. The Company will have the right to elect to settle conversions in cash, in shares of its common stock or in a combination of cash and shares of its common stock. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the conditions allowing holders of the 2027 Notes to convert were not met, and as a result, the 2027 Notes were classified as non-current liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 The 2027 Notes will be redeemable, in whole or in part (subject to certain limitations), for cash at the Company's option at any time, and from time to time, on or after February 6, 2025 and on or before the 20 th scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, but only if the last reported sale price per share of the Company's common stock exceeds 130 % of the conversion price for a specified period of time and certain liquidity conditions have been satisfied. The redemption price will be equal to the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not redeem any of the 2027 Notes.
 Holders of the 2027 Notes who convert their 2027 Notes in connection with certain corporate events that constitute a make-whole fundamental change (as defined in the 2027 Indenture) or in connection with the Company's issuance of a redemption notice are, under certain circumstances, entitled to an increase in the conversion rate. Additionally, in the event of a corporate event that constitutes a fundamental change (as defined in the 2027 Indenture), holders of the 2027 Notes may require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of their 2027 Notes at a price equal to the principal amount of the 2027 Notes being repurchased, plus any accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the applicable repurchase date.
 The net carrying value of the 2027 Notes is as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Principal
 $
 425,000
 $
 425,000

 Less: unamortized debt issuance costs
 4,880
 7,114

 Net carrying amount
 $
 420,120
 $
 417,886

 During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized $ 12.9 million and $ 12.8 million of interest expense on its 2027 Notes, respectively. Interest expense included $ 2.2 million of amortized debt issuance costs during each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 Capped Call Transactions
 In connection with the issuance of the 2027 Notes, the Company entered into capped call transactions with respect to its common stock. The 2027 Capped Calls are purchased call options that give the Company the option to purchase, subject to anti-dilution adjustments substantially identical to those in the 2027 Notes, approximately 1.7 million shares of its common stock for approximately $ 255.77 per share (subject to adjustment), corresponding to the approximate initial conversion price of the 2027 Notes, exercisable upon conversion of the 2027 Notes. The 2027 Capped Calls have initial cap prices of $ 401.20 per share (subject to adjustment), which represents a premium of 100 % over the closing price of the Company's common stock on January 13, 2022, and will expire in 2027, if not exercised earlier.
 The 2027 Capped Calls are intended to reduce potential dilution to the Company's common stock upon any conversion of the 2027 Notes and/or offset the potential cash payments that the Company could be required to make in excess of the principal amount upon any conversion of the 2027 Notes, as the case may be, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap, based on the cap price of the 2027 Capped Call transactions. The 2027 Capped Calls are separate transactions, each between the Company and the applicable option counterparty, and are not part of the terms of the 2027 Notes and will not affect any holders' rights under the 2027 Notes or the 2027 Indenture. Holders of the 2027 Notes will not have any rights with respect to the 2027 Capped Call transactions.

 (8) Stockholders' Equity
 The total number of shares of all classes of capital stock which the Company has authority to issue is 710,000,000 of which 700,000,000 are common stock, par value $ 0.0001 per share, and 10,000,000 are preferred stock, par value $ 0.0001 per share. No preferred stock was outstanding for either year presented.
 At-The-Market Offerings
 In August 2022, the Company entered into a distribution agency agreement with Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC (each, an "Agent" and collectively, the "Agents") providing for the offer and sale of up to $ 300 million of shares of the Company's common stock from time to time through the Agents, acting as sales agents, or directly to one or more of the Agents, acting as principal(s), through an "at-the-market offering" program (the "2022 ATM Program").
 The Company completed the 2022 ATM Program in June 2023, selling a total of 3.0 million shares of common stock and generating $ 300 million in gross proceeds, before deducting $ 3.0 million in underwriting discounts, commissions and other expenses.
 In June 2023, the Company entered into a distribution agency agreement with the Agents providing for the offer and sale of up to $ 400 million of shares of the Company's common stock from time to time through the Agents, acting as sales agents, or directly to one or more of the Agents, acting as principal(s), through an "at-the-market offering" program (the "2023 ATM Program").
 In November 2024, the Company terminated the 2023 ATM Program, having sold a total of 12.8 million shares of common stock and generating $ 396.2 million in gross proceeds, before deducting $ 3.9 million in underwriting discounts, commissions and other expenses.

 In November 2024, the Company entered into an open market sale agreement with Jefferies LLC ("Jefferies") providing for the offer and sale of up to $ 300 million of shares of the Company's common stock from time to time through Jefferies, acting as sales agent, or directly to Jefferies, acting as principal, through an "at-the-market offering" program (the "2024 ATM Program").
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company sold a total of 4.1 million shares of common stock under the 2024 ATM Program, generating $ 29.1 million in gross proceeds since its inception, before deducting $ 0.9 million in underwriting discounts, commissions and other expenses.
 Stockholders' Agreement
 In connection with the closing of the Virgin Galactic business combination in October 2019, the Company entered into a stockholders' agreement (the "Stockholders' Agreement") with certain of the Company's investors. Pursuant to the terms of the Stockholders' Agreement, as long as Virgin Investments Limited ("VIL") is entitled to designate two directors to the Company's board of directors, the Company must obtain VIL's prior written consent to engage in certain corporate transactions and management functions such as business combinations, disposals, acquisitions, incurring indebtedness, and engagement of professional advisors, among others.

 (9) Stock-Based Compensation
 The Company maintains two equity incentive plans -- the Second Amended and Restated Virgin Galactic Holdings, Inc. 2019 Incentive Award Plan (the "Second A&R Plan") and the Virgin Galactic Holdings, Inc. 2023 Employment Inducement Incentive Award Plan (the "Inducement Plan").
 The Second A&R Plan was adopted by the Company's board of directors and became effective in April 2024, subject to the approval of the Company's stockholders, and was approved by the Company's stockholders in June 2024. The Second A&R Plan amended and restated the Amended and Restated Virgin Galactic Holdings, Inc. 2019 Incentive Award Plan (the "A&R Plan") and made the following material changes to the A&R Plan: (i) increased the number of shares available by 0.7 million shares with an aggregate of 2.2 million shares reserved for issuance under the Second A&R Plan, (ii) increased the number of shares which may be granted as incentive stock options ("ISOs") under the Second A&R Plan, such that an aggregate of 2.2 million shares may be granted as incentive stock options under the Second A&R Plan, and (iii) extended the right to grant awards under the plan through June 12, 2034, provided that incentive stock options may not be granted under the Second A&R Plan after April 18, 2034.
 Pursuant to the Inducement Plan, the Company has the ability to grant non-qualified stock options, restricted stock awards, stock appreciation rights, RSUs and other stock or cash-based awards to certain prospective employees in connection with their commencement of employment with the Company, who (i) is being hired by the Company or (ii) is being rehired following a bona fide period of interruption of employment by the Company, as an inducement material to their commencing employment. The Company's board of directors adopted the Inducement Plan in June 2023 and reserved 140,000 shares of common stock for the issuance of awards thereunder.
 Pursuant to the Second A&R Plan and related predecessor plans, the Company has granted time-based stock options, performance-based stock options ("PSOs"), restricted stock units ("RSUs"), and performance stock units ("PSUs"). Pursuant to the Inducement Plan, the Company has granted RSUs.
 Common Stock Reserved for Future Issuance
 As of December 31, 2024, 0.8 million shares remained available for issuance under the Second A&R Plan and the Inducement Plan.
 Time-Based Stock Options
 Stock options (other than PSOs) typically vest over four years, with 25 % cliff vest at the grant date first anniversary and ratably over the next three years, subject to continued employment on the applicable vesting date. Vested options will be exercisable at any time until ten years from the grant date, subject to earlier expiration under certain terminations of service and other conditions. The stock options granted have an exercise price equal to the closing stock price of the Company's common stock on the grant date.

 A summary of activity for time-based stock options is as follows:

 Number of Shares
 Weighted- Average Exercise Price
 Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)
 Aggregate Intrinsic Value

 Outstanding at December 31, 2022
 168,247
 $
 272.60
 7.1
 $
 —

 —
 —

 Exercised
 —
 —

 ( 22,598)
 217.80

 145,649
 280.60
 6.0
 —

 —
 —

 Exercised
 —
 —

 ( 19,104)
 235.80

 126,545
 $
 287.43
 5.2
 $
 —

 Exercisable at December 31, 2024

 120,456
 $
 286.58
 5.1
 $
 —

 The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated based on the difference between the Company's closing stock price at year end and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options and represents the pre-tax amount that would have been received by the option holders, had they all exercised all their options on the fiscal year end date.
 Performance-Based Stock Options
 Compensation expense on PSOs is recognized over the period between the grant date and the estimated vest date. The number of PSOs that will vest depends on the attainment of certain stock price goals. Vested options will be exercisable at any time until ten years from the grant date, subject to earlier expiration under certain terminations of service and other conditions. The stock options granted have an exercise price equal to the closing stock price of the Company's common stock on the grant date.
 A summary of activity for PSOs is as follows:

 Number of Shares
 Weighted- Average Exercise Price
 Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)
 Aggregate Intrinsic Value

 Outstanding at December 31, 2022

 20,284
 $
 179.80
 9.2
 $
 —

 —
 —

 Exercised
 —
 —

 —
 —

 20,284
 179.80
 8.2
 —

 —
 —

 Exercised
 —
 —

 —
 —

 20,284
 $
 179.80
 7.2
 $
 —

 Exercisable at December 31, 2024

 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated based on the difference between the Company's closing stock price at year end and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options and represents the pre-tax amount that would have been received by the option holders, had they all exercised all their options on the fiscal year end date.
 Restricted Stock Units -- Equity-Classified
 RSUs typically vest over four years with 25 % cliff vest at the first year anniversary of the grant date and ratably over the next three years. The fair value of the Company's RSUs is based on the closing stock price on the date of grant.
 A summary of activity for equity-classified RSUs is as follows:

 Shares
 Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value

 Outstanding at December 31, 2022

 219,376
 $
 252.80

 324,533
 82.00

 ( 127,407)
 259.80

 ( 96,875)
 157.00

 319,627
 146.60

 578,075
 21.27

 ( 152,019)
 179.55

 ( 103,182)
 56.71

 642,501
 $
 40.96

 Restricted Stock Units -- Liability-Classified
 During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company granted RSUs that are expected to be settled in cash. The liability-classified RSUs vest annually in equal installments over two years.
 A summary of activity for liability-classified RSUs is as follows:

 Shares

 —

 272,626

 —

 —

 272,626

 Performance Stock Units
 Between 25 % and 200 % of outstanding PSUs are eligible to vest based on the achievement of certain market-based conditions by specified target dates, subject to continued service through the applicable vesting dates. PSUs with market-based conditions vest based on the Company's common stock performance following the end of the three-year performance measurement period, based on the highest closing price over twenty consecutive trading days during that period. PSUs with market-based conditions cannot vest before the end of the performance measurement period, thus the requisite service period is three years. All PSUs outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 vest based on market-based conditions following the end of the three-year performance measurement period.
 The weighted-average grant date fair value of the PSUs granted in 2023 were estimated using a Monte-Carlo simulation with the following assumptions:

 2023

 Expected volatility

 96.0
 %

 Risk free interest rate

 4.0
 %

 Dividend yield

 —
 %

 The expected volatility is a measure of the amount by which a stock price is expected to fluctuate based on historical volatility of the Company's stock price. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of grant.
 A summary of activity for PSUs is as follows:

 Shares
 Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value

 Outstanding at December 31, 2022

 15,166
 $
 269.20

 47,280
 157.20

 —
 —

 ( 13,270)
 198.80

 49,176
 208.40

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 49,176
 $
 208.40

 Stock-Based Compensation
 A summary of the components of stock-based compensation expense included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss is as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Stock option and PSO expense:

 $
 —
 $

 —
 1,412

 2,320
 4,950

 Total stock option and PSO expense
 2,320
 6,741

 RSU and PSU expense:

 4,023
 2,494

 3,817
 7,665

 19,592
 27,196

 Special charges
 —

 Total RSU and PSU expense
 27,432
 37,517

 Total stock-based compensation expense
 29,752

 Less: stock-based compensation expense for liability-classified awards

 —

 Stock-based compensation expense for equity-classified awards

 $
 29,109
 $

 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation expense of $ 1.1 million for stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.8 years. There was no

 unrecognized stock-based compensation expense for PSOs. Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense as of December 31, 2024 for RSUs and PSUs totaled $ 23.3 million and $ 2.2 million, respectively, which are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.2 years and 1.1 years, respectively.

 (10) Special Charges
 In November 2023, the Company commenced a restructuring plan designed to decrease costs and strategically realign its resources. In connection with this plan, the Company announced a workforce reduction of approximately 185 employees, constituting approximately 18 % of its workforce. As a result, the Company recorded $ 4.4 million in severance and related benefit costs for the involuntarily terminated employees as special charges during the year ended December 31, 2023.
 In January 2024, the Company fully paid the $ 1.4 million liability balance associated with these costs that was accrued at December 31, 2023.

 (11) Employee Benefit Plan
 The Company has a defined contribution plan, under which the Company makes contributions to the plan based upon a percentage of the employees' elected contributions. Obligations for Company contributions to the defined contribution plan is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, as incurred. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company incurred contribution expenses of $ 6.3 million and $ 7.3 million, respectively.

 (12) Income Taxes
 Loss before income taxes consists of the following components:

 2024
 2023

 United States
 $
 ( 346,826)
 $
 ( 502,123)

 International

 Loss before income taxes
 $
 ( 346,666)
 $
 ( 501,884)

 The components of income tax expense are as follows:

 Current
 Deferred
 Total

 Year ended December 31, 2024

 Federal
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 State
 —

 Foreign
 ( 68)

 $
 $
 ( 68)
 $

 Year ended December 31, 2023

 Federal
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 State
 —

 Foreign

 $
 $
 $

 Significant items comprising the Company's deferred taxes are as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Deferred tax assets:

 Net operating losses
 $
 447,735
 $
 368,064

 Research and development credits
 82,432
 65,406

 Capitalized research and experimental expenditures
 129,951
 107,456

 Accruals not currently deductible
 6,971
 7,327

 Lease-related liabilities
 18,971
 18,976

 Property, plant and equipment
 2,589
 1,926

 Goodwill
 189,132
 207,221

 Stock-based compensation
 4,529
 5,778

 Related party expenses
 3,452
 3,086

 Other
 3,030

 Total gross deferred tax assets
 886,738
 788,270

 Valuation allowance
 ( 870,427)
 ( 770,533)

 Net deferred tax assets
 16,311
 17,737

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Property, plant and equipment
 ( 50)
 ( 132)

 Tenant improvement allowance
 —
 ( 388)

 Marketable securities amortization/accretion

 ( 1,269)
 ( 2,306)

 Operating lease right-of-use assets

 ( 14,986)
 ( 15,026)

 Other

 ( 56)
 —

 Total gross deferred tax liabilities
 ( 16,361)
 ( 17,852)

 Net deferred tax liabilities
 $
 ( 50)
 $
 ( 115)

 Based on the Company's earnings history and available objectively verifiable positive and negative evidence, the Company determined that it is more likely than not that a substantial portion of its deferred tax assets will not be realized in the future. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded a valuation allowance of $ 870.4 million and $ 770.5 million, respectively, against its deferred tax assets that were determined to not be more likely than not realizable.
 A reconciliation of income tax expense with the amount computed by applying the federal statutory tax rate to loss before income taxes is as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Expected income tax benefit at the federal statutory rate
 $
 ( 72,800)
 $
 ( 105,395)

 State income taxes
 ( 20,389)
 ( 30,853)

 ( 13,941)
 ( 17,050)

 Change in valuation allowance
 99,885
 138,854

 Stock-based compensation
 7,120
 12,128

 Revaluation of state deferred tax asset

 —
 2,005

 Other, net

 $
 $

 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $ 1.8 billion and $ 1.6 billion of federal and state net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards, respectively. All NOLs incurred during the year ended December 31, 2019 and thereafter are carried forward indefinitely for federal tax purposes. California has not conformed to the indefinite carry forward period for NOLs. The NOLs begin expiring in the calendar year 2039 for state purposes.
 In the ordinary course of its business, the Company incurs costs that, for tax purposes, are determined to be qualified research expenditures within the meaning of Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") Section 41 and are, therefore, eligible for the increasing research activities credit under IRC Section 41. The research and development ("R&D") tax credit carryforward as of December 31, 2024 is $ 74.2 million and $ 36.5 million for federal and state purposes, respectively. The R&D tax credit carryforwards begin expiring in the calendar year 2039 for federal purposes. R&D credits generated for California purposes carry forward indefinitely.
 Under Section 382 of the IRC, the Company's ability to utilize NOL carryforwards or other tax attributes such as research tax credits, in any taxable year, may be limited if the Company experiences an "ownership change." A Section 382 "ownership change" generally occurs if one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders, who own at least 5% of the Company's stock, increase their ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage within a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. The Company may in the future experience one or more Section 382 "ownership changes." If so, the Company may not be able to utilize a material portion of its NOL carryforwards and tax credits, even if the Company achieves profitability.
 The Company recognizes tax benefits from uncertain tax positions only if it believes that it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. As the Company expands, it will face increased complexity in determining the appropriate tax jurisdictions for revenue and expense items. The Company's policy is to adjust these reserves when facts and circumstances change, such as the closing of a tax audit or refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the income tax expense in the period in which such determination is made and could have a material impact on the Company's financial condition and operating results. The income tax expense includes the effects of any accruals that the Company believes are appropriate, as well as the related net interest and penalties.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company has total uncertain tax positions of $ 20.6 million, which is net of tax. The balance is related to the R&D tax credit, which is recorded as a reduction of the deferred tax asset related credit carry-forwards. No interest or penalties have been recorded related to the uncertain tax positions. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Balance at the beginning of the year
 $
 16,351
 $
 10,120

 Additions based on tax positions related to current year
 4,256
 6,231

 Balance at the end of year
 $
 20,607
 $
 16,351

 It is not expected that there will be a significant change in uncertain tax position in the next 12 months. The Company is subject to U.S. federal income tax, as well as to income tax in multiple state jurisdictions and one foreign jurisdiction. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by tax authorities. There are no tax examinations in progress as of December 31, 2024. The U.S. federal and state income tax returns for the period from October 26, 2019 through December 31, 2019 and annual periods thereafter remain subject to examination. The statute of limitations for the Company's foreign tax jurisdiction is open for tax years after December 31, 2021.
 Effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2021, research and experimental ("R&E") expenditures as defined by IRC Section 174 must be capitalized for tax purposes. R&E expenditures are amortized ratably for tax purposes over a 5-year period (or 15-year period for R&E expenditures attributable to foreign research).

 (13) Earnings Per Share
 The following table presents net loss per share and related information:

 2024
 2023

 (In thousands, except per share amounts)

 Basic and diluted:

 $
 $

 Weighted-average common shares outstanding
 24,955
 16,863

 Basic and diluted net loss per share
 $
 ( 13.89)
 $
 ( 29.79)

 Basic and dilutive net loss per share is computed using the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The computation of diluted net loss per share excludes the effect of all potential common shares outstanding as their impact would have been anti-dilutive.
 A summary of the total number of shares excluded in the diluted net loss per share calculation is as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Stock options issued and outstanding

 Performance stock options issued and outstanding

 Unvested equity- classified restricted stock units issued and outstanding

 Unvested performance stock units issued and outstanding

 Shares related to the 2027 Notes (if-converted)
 1,662
 1,662

 2,501
 2,197

 (14) Fair Value Measurements
 The following tables present the Company's financial assets that are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis, segregated among the appropriate levels within the fair value hierarchy:

 December 31, 2024

 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Total

 Assets:

 Money market
 $
 202,653
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 202,653

 U.S. treasuries
 34,731
 —
 —
 34,731

 Corporate bonds
 —
 411,170
 —
 411,170

 Total assets at fair value
 $
 237,384
 $
 411,170
 $
 —
 $
 648,554

 December 31, 2023

 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Total

 Assets:

 Money market
 $
 235,865
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 235,865

 U.S. treasuries

 198,683
 —
 —
 198,683

 Corporate bonds
 —
 530,151
 —
 530,151

 Total assets at fair value
 $
 434,548
 $
 530,151
 $
 —
 $
 964,699

 The following tables present the Company's financial liabilities that are recorded at amortized cost, segregated among the appropriate levels within the fair value hierarchy:

 December 31, 2024

 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Total

 Liabilities:

 2027 Notes
 $
 —
 $
 186,252
 $
 —
 $
 186,252

 Total liabilities at fair value
 $
 —
 $
 186,252
 $
 —
 $
 186,252

 December 31, 2023

 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Total

 Liabilities:

 2027 Notes
 $
 —
 $
 189,937
 $
 —
 $
 189,937

 Total liabilities at fair value
 $
 —
 $
 189,937
 $
 —
 $
 189,937

 The estimated fair value of the 2027 Notes, which are classified as Level 2 financial instruments, was determined based on the estimated or actual bid prices of the 2027 Notes in an over-the-counter market on the last business day of the period.

 (15) Commitments and Contingencies
 Leases
 The Company has certain non-cancellable operating leases primarily for its premises. These leases generally contain renewal options for periods ranging from 3 to 20 years and require the Company to pay all executory costs, such as maintenance and insurance. Certain lease arrangements have rent free periods or escalating payment provisions, and the Company recognizes rent expense of such arrangements on a straight-line basis.

 Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases and future minimum finance lease payments as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:

 Operating Leases
 Finance
Leases

 Year ending December 31:

 2025
 $
 14,038
 $

 2026
 14,012

 2027
 13,951

 2028
 13,340

 2029
 12,959

 Thereafter
 52,327
 —

 Total payments
 120,627

 Less: present value discount/imputed interest
 47,629

 Present value of lease liabilities
 $
 72,998
 $

 Legal Proceedings
 From time to time, the Company is a party to various lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company applies accounting for contingencies to determine when and how much to accrue for and disclose related to legal and other contingencies. Accordingly, the Company discloses contingencies deemed to be reasonably possible and accrues loss contingencies when, in consultation with legal advisors, it is concluded that a loss is probable and reasonably estimable. Although the ultimate aggregate amount of monetary liability or financial impact with respect to these matters is subject to many uncertainties and is therefore not predictable with assurance, management believes that any monetary liability or financial impact to the Company from these matters, individually and in the aggregate, beyond that provided at December 31, 2024, would not be material to the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. However, there can be no assurance with respect to such result, and monetary liability or financial impact to the Company from legal proceedings, lawsuits and other claims could differ materially from those projected.
 The Boeing Company and Aurora Flight Sciences Corporation v. the Company
 On March 21, 2024, The Boeing Company and Aurora Flight Sciences Corporation, a Boeing Company (collectively, "Boeing"), filed suit against the Company in the Eastern District of Virginia, captioned The Boeing Company and Aurora Flight Sciences Corporation, a Boeing Company v. Virgin Galactic Holdings, Inc., Case No. 1:21-cv-03070. In its complaint, Boeing alleges that the Company breached the parties' Master Agreement. Boeing further alleges trade secret misappropriation under the Delaware Uniform Trade Secrets Act ("DUTSA"), 6 Del C. § 2001, et. seq., and the Defend Trade Secrets Act ("DTSA"), 18 U.S.C. § 1836, et. seq., and filed a motion for preliminary injunction to destroy certain disputed documents. The complaint seeks damages in excess of $ 25 million, expenses, attorneys' fees and other equitable relief. On April 12, 2024, the Company filed an answer to Boeing's complaint and a counterclaim seeking damages relating to Boeing's breach of the Master Agreement, as well as an opposition to Boeing's motion for a preliminary injunction.
 On April 4, 2024, the Company filed suit against Boeing in the Central District of California. In its complaint, the Company sought: (1) declaratory judgment of no misappropriation of trade secrets under either DUTSA or DTSA by the Company, (2) declaratory judgment of no breach of contract by the Company, and (3) damages related to Boeing's breach of contract for failure to adequately perform, including incomplete work on design phases of the project. On April 12, 2024, Boeing filed a motion for an anti-suit injunction in connection with the Company's California suit. On June 6, 2024, the Company voluntarily dismissed the California action without prejudice, electing to pursue its affirmative claims against Boeing by way of the counterclaim filed in the Virginia action, and on that same day the Company and Boeing jointly informed the Virginia court that the Company's voluntary dismissal of the California action without prejudice rendered moot Boeing's motion for an anti-suit injunction.

 A hearing on the motion for a preliminary injunction took place on May 24, 2024. On June 20, 2024, the Court denied the preliminary injunction sought by Boeing, and ordered that the Company could use the disputed documents internally, and with third parties under a non-disclosure agreement, for the purpose of developing a new mothership.

 On October 2, 2024, Boeing and the Company executed a "Material Terms of Settlement Agreement," endorsed by Magistrate Judge Lindsey R. Vaala of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, by which they agreed to resolve all disputes between them relating to the lawsuits. The parties entered into a final Settlement Agreement effective October 31, 2024, and the litigation was dismissed in its entirety on November 4, 2024. The Company has reflected a benefit associated with this settlement in research and development expense in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2024.
 Lavin v. the Company
 On May 28, 2021, a putative class action complaint was filed against the Company in the Eastern District of New York captioned Lavin v. Virgin Galactic Holdings, Inc., Case No. 1:21-cv-03070. In September 2021, the Court appointed Robert Scheele and Mark Kusnier as co-lead plaintiffs for the purported class. Co-lead plaintiffs amended the complaint in December 2021, asserting violations of Sections 10(b), 20(a) and 20A of the Exchange Act of 1934 against the Company and certain of its current and former officers and directors on behalf of a putative class of investors who purchased the Company's common stock between July 10, 2019 and October 14, 2021.
 The amended complaint alleged, among other things, that the Company and certain of its current and former officers and directors made false and misleading statements and failed to disclose certain information regarding the safety of the Company's ships and success of its commercial flight program. Co-lead plaintiffs seek damages, interest, costs, expenses, attorneys' fees, and other unspecified equitable relief. The defendants moved to dismiss the amended complaint and, on November 7, 2022, the court granted in part and denied in part the defendants' motion and gave the plaintiffs leave to file a further amended complaint.
 Plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint on December 12, 2022. The second amended complaint contains many of the same allegations as in the first amended complaint. The defendants moved to dismiss the second amended complaint and, on August 8, 2023, the court granted in part and denied in part the defendants' motion and did not give plaintiffs leave to file a further amended complaint. Plaintiffs moved for reconsideration of the court's dismissal order and, on December 19, 2023, the court denied plaintiffs' motion. On March 27, 2024, the defendants moved for judgment on the pleadings as to the remaining Section 10(b) insider trading claim alleged against Branson. On April 2, 2024, the court stayed briefing on defendants' motion for judgment on the pleadings pending resolution of plaintiffs' anticipated motion for leave to add a new representative plaintiff, which plaintiffs' subsequently filed on May 1, 2024. The court granted plaintiffs' motion on July 2, 2024. On July 8, 2024, defendants withdrew their motion for judgment on the pleadings.
 On August 21, 2024, plaintiffs filed a third amended complaint in which Xinqiang Cui, Justin Carlough, Jennifer Ortiz, Richard O'Keefe-Jones, Vipul Gupta, Maria Josephine Rosales, and Hesham Ibrahim (previously named plaintiffs), were designated by plaintiffs as lead plaintiffs (in addition to Robert Scheele and Mark Kusnier), and an additional named plaintiff, Montgomery Brantley, was added. The third amended complaint contains substantively the same allegations as in the second amended complaint. On September 11, 2024, defendants filed an answer to plaintiffs' third amended complaint.
 On October 12, 2024, plaintiffs filed a motion to certify their proposed class. The defendants filed an opposition to plaintiffs' motion on December 20, 2024, and plaintiffs filed their reply on January 24, 2025. The Company intends to continue to vigorously defend against this matter.
 Spiteri, Grenier, Laidlaw, and St. Jean derivatively on behalf of the Company vs. Certain Current and Former Officers and Directors
 On February 21, 2022, March 1, 2022, September 21, 2022, and December 13, 2022, four alleged shareholders filed separate derivative complaints purportedly on behalf of the Company against certain of the Company's current and former officers and directors in the Eastern District of New York captioned Spiteri v. Branson et al., Case No. 1:22-cv-00933 ("Spiteri Action"), Grenier v. Branson et al., Case No. 1:22-cv-01100 ("Grenier Action"), Laidlaw v. Branson et al., Case No. 1:22-cv-05634 ("Laidlaw Action"), and St. Jean v. Branson et al., Case No. 1:22-cv-7551 ("St. Jean Action"), respectively. On May 4, 2022, the Spiteri and Grenier Actions were consolidated and recaptioned In re Virgin Galactic Holdings, Inc. Derivative Litigation, Case No. 1:22-cv-00933 ("Consolidated Derivative

 Action"). On September 30, 2023, the Laidlaw Action was consolidated into the Consolidated Derivative Action. Collectively, the complaints assert violations of Sections 10(b), 14(a), and 21D of the Exchange Act of 1934 and claims of breach of fiduciary duty, aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty, abuse of control, gross mismanagement, waste of corporate assets, contribution and indemnification, and unjust enrichment arising from substantially similar allegations as those contained in the securities class action described above. The complaints seek an unspecified sum of damages, interest, restitution, expenses, attorneys' fees and other equitable relief. The cases are at a preliminary stage.
 Abughazaleh derivatively on behalf of the Company vs. Certain Current and Former Officers and Directors
 On February 13, 2023, alleged shareholder Yousef Abughazaleh filed a derivative complaint purportedly on behalf of the Company against certain of the Company's current and former officers and directors in the District of Delaware captioned Abughazaleh v. Branson et al., Case No. 23-156-MN. The complaint asserts violations of Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act of 1934 and SEC Rule 14a-9, and claims of breach of fiduciary duty, contribution and indemnification, and unjust enrichment arising from substantially similar allegations as those contained in the securities class action described above.
 The complaint seeks an unspecified sum of damages, interest, restitution, expenses, attorneys' fees and other equitable relief. The case is at a preliminary stage.
 Molnar and Tubbs derivatively on behalf of the Company vs. Certain Current and Former Officers and Directors
 On April 9, 2024, alleged shareholders Crystal Molnar and Cleveland Tubbs filed a derivative complaint purportedly on behalf of the Company against certain of the Company's current and former officers and directors in the Central District of California captioned Molnar v. Branson et al., Case No. 8:24-cv-775. The complaint asserts violations of Section 10(b) and 21D of the Exchange Act of 1934, and claims of breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment arising from substantially similar allegations as those contained in the securities class action described above.
 The complaint seeks an unspecified sum of damages, restitution, expenses, attorneys' fees, and other equitable relief. The case is at a preliminary stage.
 Gera derivatively on behalf of the Company vs. Certain Current and Former Officers and Directors
 On July 11, 2024, alleged shareholder Samhita Gera filed a derivative complaint purportedly on behalf of the Company against certain of the Company's current and former officers and directors in the Eastern District of New York captioned Gera v. Branson et al., Case No. 24-cv-04795. The complaint asserts violations of Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act of 1934 and SEC Rule 14a-9, and claims of breach of fiduciary duty, contribution and indemnification, and unjust enrichment arising from substantially similar allegations as those contained in the securities class action described above.
 The complaint seeks an unspecified sum of damages, interest, restitution, expenses, attorneys' fees and other equitable relief. The case is at a preliminary stage.
 Espinosa derivatively on behalf of the Company vs. Certain Current and Former Officers and Directors
 On September 3, 2024, alleged shareholder Kimberly Espinosa filed a derivative complaint purportedly on behalf of the Company against certain of the Company's current and former officers and directors in the Delaware Court of Chancery captioned Espinosa v. Branson et al., Case No. 2024-0895-JTL. The complaint asserts claims of breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment arising from substantially similar allegations as those contained in the securities class action described above.
 The complaint seeks an unspecified sum of damages, interest, restitution, expenses, attorneys' fees and other equitable relief. The case is at a preliminary stage.

 (16) Related Party Transactions
 The Company licenses its brand name from certain entities affiliated with Virgin Enterprises Limited ("VEL"), a company incorporated in England. VEL is an affiliate of the Company. Under the trademark license, the Company has the exclusive right to operate under the brand name "Virgin Galactic" worldwide. Royalties payable, excluding sponsorship royalties, are the greater of (a) a low single-digit percentage of gross sales and (b) (i) prior to the first spaceflight for paying astronauts, a mid-five figure amount in dollars and (ii) from the first spaceflight for paying astronauts, a low-six figure amount in dollars, which increases to a low-seven figure amount in dollars over a four-year ramp up and thereafter increases in correlation with the consumer price index. Royalties payable on sponsorships are based on a mid-double-digit percentage of the related gross sales. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company incurred royalty expenses of $ 1.5 million and $ 0.6 million, respectively.

 (17) Supplemental Cash Flow Information

 2024
 2023

 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:

 Cash payments for:

 Income taxes
 $
 $

 Interest
 10,625
 15,938

 Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:

 Unpaid purchases of property, plant and equipment
 $
 11,054
 $
 7,464

 Transfer of other assets to rotables in property, plant and equipment

 —
 2,985

 Issuance of common stock through RSUs vested
 2,346
 9,560