UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington D.C. 20549

 FORM 10-K

 (Mark One)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024
 or

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from to
 Commission File Number: 001-40297

 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Delaware

 85-4069861

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 30 Corporate Drive

 Suite 400

 Burlington,
 Massachusetts
 01803

 (address of principal executive offices)

 Registrant's telephone number, including area code: ( 781) 328-6490

 Securities registered pursuant to section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of Each Class
 Trading Symbol
 Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered

 Common stock, $0.001 par value
 NABL
 New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive o cers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No
 As of June 30, 2024, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the registrant's aggregate market value of its shares held by non-affiliates was approximately $ 1.1 billion.
 On February 28, 2025, 188,950,626 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, were outstanding.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K incorporates certain information by reference from the definitive proxy statement for the registrant's 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed within 120 days of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 (the "Proxy Statement"). Except with respect to information specifically incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Proxy Statement is not deemed to be filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Page

 Item 1.
 Business

 Item 1A.
 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.
 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.
 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.
 Properties

 Item 3.
 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.
 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.
 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 7.
 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.
 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.
 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.
 Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.
 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.
 Other Information

 Item 10.
 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.
 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.
 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.
 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.
 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15.
 Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.
 Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 Safe Harbor Cautionary Statement
 This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements may be signified by terms such as "aim," "anticipate," "believe," "continue," "expect," "feel," "intend," "estimate," "seek," "plan," "may," "can," "could," "should," "will," "would" or similar expressions and the negatives of those terms. In this report, forward-looking statements include statements regarding our financial projections, future financial performance and plans and objectives for future operations including, without limitation, the following:
 • expectations regarding our financial condition and results of operations, including revenue, revenue growth, revenue mix, cost of revenue, operating expenses, operating income, non-GAAP operating income, non-GAAP operating margin, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin, ARR, cash flows and effective income tax rate;
 • expectations regarding the impact of foreign exchange rates and macroeconomic conditions on our business;
 • expectations regarding investment in product development and our expectations about the results of those efforts;
 • expectations concerning acquisitions and opportunities resulting from our acquisitions, including our acquisition of Adlumin in November 2024;
 • expectations regarding hiring additional personnel globally in the areas of sales and marketing and research and development;
 • intentions regarding our international earnings;
 • expectations regarding our capital expenditures;
 • our beliefs regarding the sufficiency of our cash and cash equivalents, cash flows from operating activities and borrowing capacity; and
 • expectations regarding our spin-off from SolarWinds Corporation ("SolarWinds") into a newly created and separately traded public company.
 Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially and adversely different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, the following:
 • the impact of adverse economic conditions;
 • our ability to sell subscriptions to new customers, to sell additional solutions to our existing customers and to increase the usage of our solutions by our existing customers, as well as our ability to generate and maintain customer loyalty;
 • any decline in our renewal or net retention rates;
 • the possibility that general economic, political, legal and regulatory conditions and uncertainty may cause information technology spending to be reduced or purchasing decisions to be delayed, including as a result of inflation, actions taken by central banks to counter inflation, rising interest rates, war and political unrest, military conflict (including between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East), terrorism, sanctions, trade or other issues in the U.S. and internationally, including increased tariffs or trade wars, or other geopolitical events globally, or that such factors may otherwise harm our business, financial condition or results of operations;
 • any inability to generate significant volumes of high-quality sales leads from our digital marketing initiatives and convert such leads into new business at acceptable conversion rates;
 • any inability to successfully identify, complete and integrate acquisitions and manage our growth effectively;
 • any inability to resell third-party software or integrate third-party software into our solutions, or find suitable replacements for such third-party software;
 • risks associated with our international operations;
 • foreign exchange gains and losses related to expenses and sales denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of an associated entity;
 • risks that cyberattacks, including the cyberattack on SolarWinds' Orion Software Platform and internal systems announced by SolarWinds in December 2020 (the "Cyber Incident"), and other security incidents may result in compromises or breaches of our, our customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers' systems, the insertion of malicious code, malware, ransomware or other vulnerabilities into our, our customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers' environments, the exploitation of vulnerabilities in our, our customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers' security, the theft or misappropriation of our, our customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers' proprietary and confidential information, and interference with our, our customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers' operations, exposure to legal and other liabilities, higher customer and employee attrition and the loss of key personnel, negative impacts to our

 sales, renewals and upgrades and reputational harm and other serious negative consequences, any or all of which could materially harm our business;
 • our status as a controlled company;
 • our ability to attract and retain qualified employees and key personnel;
 • the timing and success of new product introductions and product upgrades by us or our competitors;
 • our ability to maintain or grow our brands, including the Adlumin brand;
 • our ability to protect and defend our intellectual property and not infringe upon others' intellectual property;
 • the possibility that our operating income could fluctuate and may decline as percentage of revenue as we make further expenditures to expand our operations in order to support growth in our business;
 • our indebtedness, including increased borrowing costs resulting from rising interest rates, potential restrictions on our operations and the impact of events of default;
 • our ability to operate our business internationally and increase sales of our solutions to our customers located outside of the United States;
 • risks related to our spin-off from SolarWinds into a newly created and separately-traded public company, including that the spin-off may not achieve some or all of any anticipated benefits with respect to our business; that the distribution, together with certain related transactions, may not qualify as a transaction that is generally tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which could result in N-able incurring significant tax liabilities, and, in certain circumstances, requiring us to indemnify SolarWinds for material taxes and other related amounts pursuant to indemnification obligations under the tax matters agreement; and
 • such other risks and uncertainties described more fully in documents filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the risk factors discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 Given these risks and uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Also, forward-looking statements represent our management's beliefs and assumptions only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.
 In this report "N-able," "Company," "we," "us" and "our" refer to N-able, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, and references to "SolarWinds" and "Parent" refer to SolarWinds Corporation.

 ITEM 1. BUSINESS

 Business Overview
 We are a leading global provider of cloud-based security, data protection, and unified endpoint management software solutions for IT services providers, including managed service providers ("MSPs"). Our powerful technology enables them to support digital transformation and growth for small and medium-sized businesses ("SMBs") and mid-market companies, which we define as those businesses having fewer than 2,500 employees. With a flexible technology platform and powerful integrations, N-able makes it easy for our customers to monitor, manage, and protect systems, data, and networks. Our growing portfolio of management, security, automation, and data protection solutions is built for IT services management professionals. In addition, we provide extensive, proactive support—through enriching partner programs, hands-on training, and growth resources—to help our customers deliver exceptional value and achieve success at scale. Through our multi-dimensional land and expand model and global presence, we have been able to drive strong recurring revenue growth and profitability.
 Organizations of all sizes are deploying technology to transform their businesses and compete effectively. As SMBs go through digital transformation, their reliance on technology as a competitive differentiator increases. IT environments are becoming increasingly complex, with the number of applications and endpoints proliferating while also becoming more interconnected, causing the sophistication and overhead required to deploy, manage and secure these assets to grow.
 Many SMBs and mid-market companies lack the resources or internal expertise to effectively manage their IT assets and adapt to the changing environment. This lack of resources and expertise coupled with the desire to better leverage technology in their businesses has created a growing need for them to rely on IT services providers for their IT deployment, management, security, and data protection. IT services providers become vital partners as more companies seek to implement technology solutions that help drive strategic business outcomes.
 To effectively manage the operability and security of distributed and heterogeneous IT environments, IT services providers require visibility and control over a variety of architectures, applications and connected endpoints. IT services providers must also keep pace with rapid technological innovation or risk obsolescence. These challenges are made more difficult when the solutions upon which IT services providers rely lack integration capabilities or otherwise fail to meet the technological and business needs of the IT services providers and their customers.
 We enable IT services providers of all types by providing a platform they can leverage to help SMBs and mid-market companies access powerful and seamless technology to power their businesses. Our software platform is designed to be an integrated, enterprise-grade solution that serves as an operating system for our customers and scales as their businesses grow. Built on a multi-tier, multi-tenant architecture, our platform allows our customers to adapt and improve service delivery by offering centralized visibility and role-based access control in both public and private cloud, on-premises and hybrid cloud environments.
 Our platform consists of three core solution categories: unified endpoint management (which we sometimes refer to as remote monitoring and management), security solutions, and data protection as-a-service. Our broad unified endpoint management capabilities include real-time availability and performance of networks and devices, as well as automation of policies and workflows. We provide a layered security approach that spans network and systems infrastructure, applications, and end user devices through our data protection, patch management, endpoint security, managed detection and response, extended detection and response, web protection, e-mail security and archiving and vulnerability assessment solutions. Our fully cloud-based data protection as-a-service capabilities include storage efficient backup, high-speed restoration and disaster recovery for servers, virtual machines, workstations, files, data and key cloud-based applications. In addition to our core solution categories, we provide business management solutions to help improve the technical and service delivery efficiencies of our customers, including professional services automation and password and documentation management.
 Our multi-dimensional land and expand model and global presence allows us to capture opportunities efficiently within the worldwide IT services provider, SMB and mid-market markets. When we add an IT services provider, we generally also add their SMB and mid-market customers and we grow as the partner adds new customers, delivers new services based on our solutions and when the partner's customers add devices and services. We support our customers by offering partner success strategies designed to help them better manage their own businesses, deliver service offerings powered by our platform and grow their customer bases. These partner success strategies help drive both retention and expansion as the resources we provide are designed to help our customers better assess and pursue growth opportunities.
 Our business model allows us to grow with our customers. Our customers with annualized recurring revenue, or ARR, over $50,000 on our platform grew from 2,196 as of December 31, 2023 to 2,349 as of December 31, 2024, representing an increase of 7.0%. Over the same period, these customers grew from approximately 56% of our total ARR as of December 31, 2023 to approximately 57% of our total ARR as of December 31, 2024.

 Our business is global, with 51.8%, 51.2% and 51.3% of our revenue generated outside of the United States for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We generated revenue of $466.1 million, $421.9 million and $371.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, representing increases of 13.5% from the year ended December 31, 2022 to the year ended December 31, 2023 and 10.5% from the year ended December 31, 2023 to the year ended December 31, 2024. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 our net income was $31.0 million, $23.4 million and $16.7 million, respectively, and our adjusted EBITDA was $169.4 million, $143.4 million and $114.7 million, respectively. Adjusted EBITDA is not a financial measure calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. For more information regarding our use of non-GAAP measures, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations —Non-GAAP Financial Measures."

 Industry Background
 Companies of all sizes across sectors and geographies continue to invest in modern cloud and digital technology to transform their organizations and compete effectively. Technology is becoming increasingly mission critical as SMBs and mid-market companies use digital means to improve productivity, work remotely, manage and monitor their businesses, run operations and engage with customers and other key stakeholders. As evidence of the importance of technology to SMBs and mid-market companies, we believe IT spending by businesses with fewer than 2,500 employees is expected to increase from $1.9 trillion in 2024 to $2.6 trillion by 2028.
 Digital transformation creates challenges and complexities
 As SMBs and mid-market companies increase their investment in and reliance on these technologies, the importance of IT availability and functionality to their businesses grows. Selecting, purchasing and implementing new technology infrastructures and deploying new applications and devices can be complex and create financial, personnel and other challenges. Many lack the financial resources, headcount and expertise needed to independently manage the complexity associated with digital transformation and therefore rely on IT services providers that specialize in providing SMBs and mid-market companies with reliable and scalable services to deploy, manage and secure their IT environments. Challenges associated with digital transformation for SMBs and mid-market companies include:
 1)IT management and security are not core competencies for most companies.
 Deploying, managing and securing complex and constantly evolving IT systems are often not core competencies and can divert focus, capital and other critical resources away from fundamental business objectives. Modern infrastructures, applications and devices require teams with expertise across a variety of technical disciplines such as security, database administration, IT, development operations and network administration. Despite being increasingly dependent on technology solutions, many businesses lack the requisite time, resources and expertise.
 2)Companies face growing cyber-threats.
 Protecting networks, applications, devices, data and users from cybercrime, such as ransomware, phishing and other costly attacks is paramount. Security issues can create significant legal complications, be financially crippling and damage business's brand and reputation.
 3)IT and other compliance costs and burdens are increasing.
 SMBs and mid-market companies are not exempt from compliance obligations and can be disproportionately burdened due to limited resources and expertise. Laws, regulations, rules and standards governing IT, privacy, security, personnel and industries are complex, constantly changing and varied across geographies and sectors, with many obligations carrying criminal penalties for non-compliance.
 4)Proliferation of connected endpoints is driving increased complexity.
 Due to the growing number of networked, highly distributed and diverse endpoints, the burden to manage, provision and secure these endpoints across cloud, on-premises and hybrid cloud infrastructures is becoming increasingly complex.
 5)Expectations for always-on, always-available IT environments compound pressures.
 Customers, employees and other stakeholders increasingly expect always-on, always-available access to digital resources. Establishing and maintaining connectivity and availability is critical to the success of many businesses, who must ensure that their employees and distributed workforces have access to required systems, applications and devices and that their customers can obtain information and conduct business online at any time.

 Rise of the Managed IT Services Model
 As SMBs and mid-market companies invest in technology and their needs for continuous availability, performance and security grow, they are increasingly relying on IT services providers, such as MSPs, to manage these aspects of their businesses. MSPs support these businesses by helping them procure and deploy key technologies and by providing oversight, management and security of their IT systems and devices. Rather than charging their customers by the task, MSPs typically have recurring annual or monthly contracts to deliver these on-going services. MSPs also may work in collaboration with companies' internal IT departments in a co-managed model to deliver specific expertise and share responsibilities.
 We see a growing number of IT services providers, such as value-added resellers, systems integrators, IT consultants and data center operators, adopting a managed services model as demand for these services increases. These IT service providers can benefit from a software platform that supports the managed services model and meets the wide-ranging needs of their SMB and mid-market customers. For example, companies with less complex IT requirements might need unified endpoint management, endpoint protection and backup and disaster recovery. Other companies may have more complex IT requirements and look to their MSP to provide help desk capabilities, network operations management, or security operations.
 Market Opportunity
 Our cloud-based software solutions enable IT services providers to support their customers' growth and digital transformation. These customers rely on our platform to deploy, manage and secure the IT environments of over 500,000 businesses around the world. Technology is becoming increasingly mission critical for companies as a means to improve productivity, work remotely, manage, and monitor their businesses, run operations and engage with customers and other key stakeholders. We believe that IT spending by companies with fewer than 2,500 employees is expected to increase from $1.9 trillion in 2024 to $2.6 trillion by 2028.
 We believe the global market opportunity for our solutions to be an estimated $44 billion in 2025, growing at approximately 14% to approximately $65 billion by 2028, and that this size and projected growth of the global market for our solutions represents a significant opportunity for our business.
 Limitations of Existing Approaches Used by Our Customers
 Our customers, particularly MSPs, are better able to serve their customers and manage disparate, heterogeneous IT environments with technologies that are centralized, effective, easy to deploy, scalable and able to integrate with other solutions.
 Many existing approaches utilized by MSPs face limitations, such as:
 1)Not purpose-built for MSPs. Many tools are not designed to power a managed services model, as they fail to enable MSPs to deliver services in a scalable and efficient manner. These tools can lead to issues around deployment, configurability or scalability. Additionally, some tools may require upfront hardware purchases or lack native or hybrid cloud management and data protection capabilities. These tools can also make it more difficult to manage disparate or heterogeneous environments through a single control panel.
 2)Narrow point solutions and tools with limited flexibility and integrations. Many MSP-oriented offerings fail to provide a comprehensive set of solutions on a common platform. Without a unified platform, MSPs are required to utilize disparate solutions and tools which can limit their ability to manage their own and their customers' IT environments in a centralized, coordinated manner. Many of these solutions and tools have narrow functionality and are not designed to integrate with other technologies. This can lead to a lack of interoperability that prevents MSPs from having a unified view of their customers' IT environments.
 3)Lacking enterprise-grade features and functionality. Many approaches targeting the MSP, SMB, and mid-market offer limited functionality or lack the features and capabilities needed by businesses of all sizes to be competitive in the digital world. As companies shift towards always-on, always-available digital environments across more aspects of their businesses, these approaches can lack the depth of functionality required to adequately serve their needs. In addition, providers of these tools may lack the ability to adapt and innovate rapidly to respond to changing technology needs.
 4)Not partner success oriented. Providers of alternative approaches can lack MSP-oriented domain expertise and partner success functions designed to help MSPs grow their businesses. This can make it more difficult for MSPs to use and deploy tools to their full potential and effectively serve their customers.
 5)Pricing and deployment limitations. Many tools lack flexible pricing models and deployment options that are aligned with the way MSPs sell and deliver their services. This can lead to business challenges and inefficiencies for MSPs, which can give rise to inflexible service offerings to their customers.

 6)Manual and inefficient. Alternative approaches can lack automation, requiring MSPs to manually address issues that they or their customers face. This need for manual intervention can drive higher headcount costs and cause slower resolution times. Alternative tools may also lack reporting and analytics that help MSPs proactively identify and remediate issues before they arise.

 Our Solution
 We provide cloud-based unified endpoint management, security and data protection as-a-service solutions that are integrated within our technology platform. Our technology platform is purpose-built to give IT services providers visibility and control over distributed and heterogeneous IT environments through a centralized control panel. Built on a multi-tier, multi-tenant architecture, a unified agent management system and microservices, our platform is designed to securely deliver integrated solutions that fit the specific needs of each IT services provider customer. Our modular and highly scalable platform helps our customers deploy, manage and secure IT assets in an efficient and organized manner.
 Through our platform, we aim to deliver value and flexibility to our customers. We offer our customers multiple deployment options and price the solutions on our platform on a subscription basis. Our open ecosystem framework enables and simplifies integrations with numerous third-party solutions from leading enterprise technology vendors. By working across cloud, on-premises and hybrid cloud infrastructures, our platform enables a delivery model that accommodates the IT environment preferences and needs of our IT services provider customers.
 Key Strengths of our Platform
 The key strengths of our platform and related offerings include:
 1)Deep unified endpoint management capabilities. Our leading unified endpoint management capabilities provide our customers with visibility and insights into the availability and performance of a wide range of systems and network infrastructure and devices, all through a centralized dashboard. Our out-of-the-box network topology and network path analysis enable IT services providers to visualize and identify issues across the entire landscape of infrastructure and devices within heterogeneous IT environments. Our UEM platform, which we also refer to as our RMM, or "remote monitoring and management" platform, gathers and correlates real-time network and device issues, data that customers leverage to help maintain uptime and peak performance. Through our role-based access and support, technicians can easily troubleshoot specific IT systems, devices and applications, as well as easily load new service offerings powered by our platform.
 2)Layered security approach to cyber-threats and compliance risks. Our customers use our integrated solutions to improve the security framework of IT environments while helping meet regulatory and industry-specific compliance standards. Our security and data protection solutions are designed to defend against cyber-threats targeted at the network, infrastructure, application, and endpoint layers and the sensitive data that resides in and travels through each of these layers. Our security solutions offer both preventative and remediation capabilities while our data protection solutions enable continuous backup and high-speed restoration, jointly driving a robust line of defense for SMBs and mid-market companies.
 3)Designed for hybrid IT environments. The solutions on our platform are designed to meet the needs of our IT services provider customers across cloud, on-premises and hybrid-cloud IT infrastructures. Our unified endpoint management capabilities span both on-premises and cloud-native systems and workloads, while our fully cloud-based data protection capabilities similarly enable continuous backup and high-speed data restoration regardless of where the data resides.
 4)Out-of-the-box automation for higher service efficacy and capacity. Our platform, which includes professional services automation and easily configurable automation capabilities, enables our customers to more efficiently deliver services to their SMB and mid-market customers, manage their businesses and increase capacity for growth. With over 100 out-of-the-box automated tasks and a no-code drag-and-drop editor to easily build additional automation policies, our customers have eliminated common, repetitive tasks and freed up technicians to take on higher-value activities. In addition, the ability to automate resolutions to customer-specific problems and easily track configuration changes without requiring customized scripts increases the stickiness of our platform.
 5)Robust reporting and analytics. Our reporting and analytics dashboard provides our customers with a consolidated view of data and analytic outputs of IT environments and a unified view of key metrics and trends. Our reporting and analytics capabilities are designed to be business-friendly for a wide range of users and can generate proof-of-compliance reports to meet regulatory requirements across many industries.
 Why We Win
 Our platform, partner success strategies and business model are rooted in our experience and understanding of the needs of our IT services provider customers and are designed to help our customers succeed and grow. Our customers power their

 service offerings with our platform, making us an integral part of their ability to land, expand and retain their customers. Some of the key factors that differentiate us from our competitors include:
 1)Purpose-built platform designed for IT services provider success. Our platform allows our customers to build and grow their businesses around our customizable solutions. Ongoing expansion of native functionalities and integrations, powerful and easy-to-create automation policies and always-available training and enablement resources are all designed to facilitate our customers' success. In addition, our platform serves the needs of customers of all sizes, making it easy for them to standardize and operate on our platform.
 2)Comprehensive and extensible platform designed for integrations. Our platform features out-of-the-box integrations with third-party technologies and solutions from leading enterprise technology vendors. Our open ecosystem framework enables us to rapidly develop and deploy extensive integrations through our strategic technology partnerships.
 3)Enterprise-grade technology for SMBs and mid-market businesses through our MSP customers. Through our platform and strategic technology partnerships, we make it possible for our MSP customers to deploy, manage and secure enterprise-grade technologies for their customers. Our development and innovation roadmap incorporates real-time feedback from our active user community, which helps shape improvements to existing offerings and the development of new offerings that address the needs of our customers.
 4)Best-in-class partner success. We provide various partner success strategies aimed at helping our customers expand their customer bases and service offerings through our platform and to grow and operate their businesses more effectively. Our dedicated partner success teams assist with onboarding, post-sales engineering and partner management. Additionally, through our MSP Institute, MSP customers gain access to business, sales, marketing and technical training from industry experts and leaders. This is supplemented by our Head Nerds program, which delivers expert training and consultation on how our customers can optimize their businesses for their most important growth areas such as security, backup, automation and operations. We also offer community-based resources such as forums, peer councils, expert series, and industry expert blogs.
 5)Flexible subscription pricing and billing model. We sell the solutions on our platform on a subscription basis that meets the specific needs of our customers and expands as they add new customers, deliver new services based on our solutions and when the IT services provider customers add devices and services. We offer our customers the flexibility to purchase solutions with pricing based on committed volumes or on a "pay-as-you-go" model ranging from monthly to multi-year terms, where our partners pay based on the volume of our solutions they and their customers are committed to or consume on a monthly basis. Additionally, we offer flexible deployment models across cloud, on-premises and hybrid cloud infrastructures that accommodate the IT environment preferences and needs of our customers.
 6)Efficient deployment and scale. Our platform is designed to be quickly configured and deployed by our IT services provider customers and enable efficient delivery of services to their customers. Our customers are able to easily define business roles and processes and then leverage our automation capabilities to deploy those policies across their customers' IT environments to manage and maintain consistent standards of service. The automation in our platform is also designed to help our customers scale their customer base with fewer technical support personnel.
 Our Differentiated Go-to-Market Approach
 Our go-to-market approach is grounded in a differentiated, multi-dimensional land and expand model. Our business model and alignment with our customers gives us the leverage and sales reach to efficiently and effectively serve SMBs and mid-market businesses. We grow with our customers as they expand their customer bases, deliver new services powered by our solutions and when their customers add devices and services. Our partner success strategies further enhance our model's efficiency by empowering our customers to grow their businesses and expand their customer bases and consumption of solutions on our platform.
 To add new customers, we employ an efficient low-touch, high-velocity "selling from the inside" motion. Our sales motion is rooted in selling online or over the phone to customers of all sizes across any location through a prescriptive approach that adheres to standardized pricing and agreements. We power this sales motion with a marketing model that is highly flexible, analytics-driven and designed to efficiently drive digital traffic and high-quality opportunities. We drive website traffic and capture opportunities through events such as roadshows, partner events, and trade shows, as well as through various digital marketing initiatives, including search engine optimization ("SEO"), targeted email campaigns, localized websites, social media, e-book distribution, video content, blogging and webinars. Our low-friction sales motion and marketing model also allow prospective customers to trial fully functional versions of the solutions on our platform, which is frequently a step to broader adoption. Internationally, we augment our go-to-market approach in certain regions with a targeted and localized distributor model.

 We believe our differentiated go-to-market approach benefits our business for a number of reasons, including:
 1)Sales reach extension. Our customers effectively extend our sales reach into the worldwide SMB and mid-market company markets. When we acquire a new IT services provider customer, we also add its customers and continue to benefit as the IT services provider expands its customer base.
 2)Sales expansion through natural adoption. IT services providers expand usage of our offerings over time when they add new customers and when their customers add new devices and services. As digital transformation trends continue to impact SMBs and mid-market businesses, our platform facilitates the delivery of new and enhanced services by our IT services provider customers to their customers.
 3)Capital efficient scaling. We gain significant operating leverage through our IT services providers customer acquisition efforts and the support and overhead they provide to service their customers.
 4)Loyalty and retention. Our best-in-class partner success strategies drive loyalty and retention by providing our IT services provider customers with resources designed to help them better understand and pursue growth opportunities using our platform.
 5)Strong international presence. Our extensive international distributor network and localized go-to-market approach has enabled and enhanced our robust global presence.

 Growth Strategy
 We believe there are significant growth opportunities in our market, and we intend to focus our investments to capitalize on these opportunities and accelerate revenue growth. We believe that our growth will come from the following vectors:
 1)Expand our IT services providers footprint. Our partner acquisition model is driven by us adding new customers that develop and deliver services powered by our platform. We focus on adding customers that have the opportunity to grow their businesses alongside us and increase consumption of solutions on our platform.
 2)Facilitate MSP-enabled growth. When we add an MSP customer, we expand our relationship with the customer through two routes. We grow when our MSP customers expand their SMB and mid-market customer base. We also grow when our MSP customers deliver new or enhanced services to their customers based on our solutions and when their customers add devices and services. As digital transformation initiatives at SMBs and the mid-market are pushing them to modernize their IT systems, we are seeing tailwinds in the adoption and usage of our solutions by SMB and mid-market customers through our MSP customers. We utilize numerous partner success strategies to help our MSP customers expand their customer bases by educating them on how to introduce deeper and broader sets of service offerings. In this manner, our MSP customers serve as an extension of our sales footprint while requiring minimal incremental sales efforts by us. Our ability to expand within our customer base is demonstrated by our dollar-based net revenue retention rate, which was 103%, 110% and 103% for each of the trailing twelve-month periods ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 3)Widen our surface area. We also grow by expanding the aperture of networks, devices, services and users that we manage and secure on our platform. This surface area expansion is driven by internal development, strategic technology partnerships with large enterprise technology vendors and integrations with other MSP technology providers.
 4)Drive innovation. We intend to continue introducing new enterprise-grade solutions on our platform. These new solutions may come from internal innovation, strategic technology partnerships or targeted acquisitions. In particular, we aim to further broaden our security service offerings, technical controls, automation and reporting and analytics capabilities. To keep pace with technological developments and ever-changing IT complexity, we also continually invest in our platform and its existing solutions.
 5)Broaden our co-managed IT footprint. In addition to providing services for SMBs and the mid-market, some of our IT services provider customers service larger businesses through a co-managed IT model, sharing responsibility for IT management and services with an internal IT team. We believe that increased adoption of co-managed IT models will continue to be a meaningful driver of market expansion.
 6)Deliver globally. We are a global software company, generating 51.8%, 51.2% and 51.3% of our total revenue from outside of the United States in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We intend to target markets around the world where we have an established presence and distribution channels and further expand to new markets through channel and personnel growth and market-specific solutions.

 Our Platform
 We deliver a platform of integrated solutions that enables our IT services provider customers, including MSPs, to manage and secure the IT environments and assets for their SMB and mid-market end customers, as well as more efficiently manage their own businesses. Purpose-built to address a wide range of IT services provider needs, our subscription-based platform is scalable, extensible, and easy to deploy.
 Our platform consists of three core solution categories: unified endpoint management, data protection as-a-service and security. In addition to our core solution categories, we offer business management solutions that help improve the technical and service delivery efficiencies of our customers.
 Unified endpoint management
 Our unified endpoint management ("UEM"") solutions provide our customers with visibility and insights into the availability and performance of their customers' networks, infrastructure, devices and applications, all through a centralized dashboard. Our UEM solutions are designed to support the needs of customers of all sizes and accommodate complex and heterogeneous SMB and mid-market customer environments. In addition, our UEM technology serves as the foundation for the managed services model, allowing our customers to remotely monitor and access their customers' IT environments. Through our UEM solutions, we can address the unified endpoint management needs of IT services providers of all sizes across cloud, on-premises and hybrid cloud environments. We leverage a wide variety of service checks such as SNMP, WMI, ICMP, UDP/TCP, API and scripts to gather and correlate data that our customers use to maximize uptime and productivity for their customers.
 Our UEM solutions include a fulsome set of remote monitoring capabilities across devices, endpoints and infrastructures designed to allow our IT services provider customers to:
 • support thousands of device types across major device categories, including Windows, macOS and Linux endpoints as well as network infrastructure components such as switches, routers, firewalls and wireless access points;
 • utilize a robust set of out-of-the-box features including network topology mapping and network path analysis;
 • enable remote access and support for IT systems and devices to quickly identify and resolve issues;
 • automate policies and tasks, power active device discovery and utilize automated alerts and customizable performance checks;
 • enable technical support personnel to perform maintenance and troubleshoot a wide array of issues, whether attended or unattended by end users;
 • manage their business through dashboards and reports that track the activities of their technical support personnel, demonstrate value to their customers and identify opportunities for operational improvement; and
 • monitor, manage, secure, standardize and automate Microsoft 365 users, Azure resources, and Intune devices.
 Data Protection as a Service
 Our data protection capabilities are fully cloud-based and include backup and disaster recovery for servers, virtual machines, workstations, files, data, and key cloud-based applications. Our multi-tenant platform and secure remote delivery architecture is designed to provide our customers with the flexibility to choose and deploy the best solution based on their respective risk postures.
 Backup, Recovery and Disaster Recovery. Our backup, recovery and disaster recovery solutions are designed to help our customers:
 • provide their customers with efficient and granular data protection and recovery across multiple types of data and systems, including servers, virtual machines, workstations, critical databases and business documents;
 • protect and restore critical SaaS application, such as M365;
 • understand the integrity of their protection copies based on mechanisms like automated recovery testing;
 • optimize data transfers to and from the cloud with the option to designate a preferred storage location in one of our available data centers in 18 countries and allow for protection of data across workstations, servers and networks from a single platform; and
 • deliver these services to their customers without the need for them to purchase, maintain, and patch hardware.

 Security
 Our security solutions are designed to help our customers secure their own IT environments and data and those of their customers. We provide a layered protection approach that spans network and systems infrastructure, applications, and end user devices through our patch management, endpoint security, managed detection and response, extended detection and response, web protection, e-mail security and archiving and vulnerability assessment solutions.
 Endpoint Protection. We have two approaches to endpoint security: a traditional antivirus-based approach, which includes full disk encryption, and a next-generation endpoint detection and response offering, which enables attack prevention and simple rollback. Our endpoint detection and response solution helps our customers to prevent, detect and respond to ever-changing cyber-threats, as well as recover quickly when ransomware or other attacks occur. This solution is designed to enable our customers to:
 • protect against the latest threats without waiting for recurring scans or updates to signature definitions;
 • reverse the effects of an attack through remediation and rollback to restore endpoints to their pre-attack state and minimize customer downtime;
 • enhance network visibility, identify endpoints, and reduce and control customer attack surfaces;
 • proactively hunt for threats and offload the operational burden of endpoint management to security specialists; and
 • view summaries or detailed information about threats from the centralized dashboard of our platform.
 Extended Detection and Response. We offer a powerful cloud-native extended detection and response ("XDR") platform that leverages machine learning to identify cyber-threats, automate remediation rules and system updates, and provide continuous compliance reporting. This solution is designed to enable our customers to:
 • consolidate security information and event management (SIEM) and security orchestration, automation and response (SOAR) for threat detection, investigation, and response through centralized XDR;
 • help identify, detect, analyze, and prioritize anomalous behavior in real-time using UEBA data science; and
 • use artificial intelligence to detect known and unknown threats—specifically when determining an insider threat, account takeover, and privilege abuse or misuse.
 Managed Detection and Response. We offer around-the-clock threat hunting and remediation of clients' systems for cyber-threats, abnormal activities, and dark web monitoring. This solution is designed to enable our customers to:
 • employ a multi-layered detection approach utilizing advanced threat assessment techniques and a 24x7 Security Operations Center to detect and resolve emerging attacks across diverse client infrastructures;
 • demonstrate full visibility into actions taken to confirm and respond to security events, including detection and investigations custom reports and situational reporting on current cybersecurity posture; and
 • receive comprehensive compliance insights across hybrid infrastructures with visibility into at-risk systems and compliance readiness.
 Patch Management. We offer a flexible cloud-based patch management solution, which is designed to enable our customers to:
 • easily update systems, applications and devices to help ensure connected endpoints are in compliance with up-to-date security protocols; and
 • provide flexible options for automated, scheduled or manual deployment of patches based on a number of criteria, including severity of vulnerability and customer service level.
 Web Protection and Content Filtering. Our web protection and content filtering solution allows our customers to set content-filtering policies, website access controls and time and content-based browsing policies to help keep workforces secure and productive. This solution is designed to allow our customers to:
 • block device users from visiting suspected and confirmed unsafe sites;
 • establish allow and block lists to override category-based filters; and
 • filter internet activity by day, category and URL to reveal trends, spikes and irregularities.

 Mail Protection and Archiving. Our e-mail security solutions leverage external threat feeds and internal data based on the millions of emails we process daily in order to help our solution identify attacks and secure our IT services provider customers and their customers' email systems. Our solutions are designed to secure emails by providing customers with:
 • a web-based dashboard to enable customers to continue sending and receiving email if their primary email service has an outage;
 • an email archive to store and retrieve email; and
 • additional protection against spam, malware, ransomware and other email-borne threats based on data collected from our customers and their customers around the world.
 Business Management.
 Our business management solutions include professional services automation, automation and scripting management, password management policies, and reporting and analytics. Our MSP customers use our business management solutions to manage their own IT and business environments and to service their customers. Our solutions integrate with third-party professional services automation tools, IT services management products and other key technologies utilized by MSPs.
 Professional Services Automation and Ticketing. Our professional services automation and ticketing system can be used by our MSP customers to manage their businesses in the following ways:
 • organize their workforces by routing tickets and scheduling technical support personnel;
 • share knowledge throughout their organizations by archiving customer contact and password information, process and task knowledge and ticket history;
 • increase visibility and transparency with customer, ticket and technical support dashboards; and
 • streamline the billing process with flexible billing based on their customers' needs.
 Password and Documentation Management. Our password and documentation management offering provides a simple, yet secure, solution tailored to the operations of our MSP customers. This solution helps our MSP customers:
 • access their customer environments with granular role-based permissions and a full audit trail leveraging our centralized and secure password repository;
 • standardize service delivery and expedite issues by making essential documentation easily accessible through a fully integrated tool; and
 • conduct mobile password resets, which enables end-users to reset their own passwords at any time, without MSP support.
 Desktop Management. Our desktop management solution enables MSPs to remotely:
 • work on issues and communicate with their customers while a customer's device is in use; and
 • troubleshoot and proactively address customer endpoint and network issues without disruption to the customer's operations.
 Technology
 Key features of our platform include:
 Extensibility. Our flexible platform allows users to easily extend the built-in functionality with deep integrations to create custom monitoring capabilities in conjunction with a broad range of third-party tools. We built our platform to be extensible through an open ecosystem framework to enable rapid integration with a broad universe of third-party technologies. We leverage this framework across our Technology Alliance Program and integrated solution partnerships described below, allowing us to create integrations that deliver embedded user interface experiences. Our open ecosystem framework enhances our ability to deliver a single point of management across the myriad of solutions, tools and other technologies that MSPs use to manage their customers' environments. This enables our MSP customers to have deep visibility into their SMB and mid-market customers' environments and access to enterprise-grade technology while also allowing us to quickly add integrations to efficiently deliver new monitoring capabilities to our MSP customers.
 Multi-tier, multi-tenancy. Our multi-tier, multi-tenant platform allows our MSP customers to efficiently manage multiple customers and sites across cloud, on-premises and hybrid cloud environments from a single pane of glass. Our multi-tenancy extends beyond our MSP customers and is able to power seamless integration with key distributors. Our multi-tier, multi-tenant

 architecture also enables our global distributors to effectively deliver our solutions to a broad set of customers from a single instance of our platform.
 Automation. Our platform features over 100 out-of-the-box policies to automate common tasks and for resolution of frequently occurring issues, enabling our MSP customers to focus on higher value activities. Our no code visual workflow builder and over 600 design elements make it possible for technical and non-technical personnel at our customers to create and customize powerful automated processes for both proactive and reactive workflows. Our customers can easily manage automation policies and track change configurations via detailed reporting within our platform.
 Unified agent management. MSPs utilize software agents to collect data and facilitate connections to their customers' endpoints. It can be time-consuming and burdensome to deploy and update these agents, particularly in a distributed or mobile workforce. We have a unified agent management system that helps our MSP customers deploy agent capabilities and update new features across multiple customer environments. Our approach to agent management is designed to make deploying new software and services fast and easy for our MSP customers.
 Security. We have invested heavily to build solutions in a secure manner. Our Secure Software Development Lifecycle guides the manner in which we develop our solutions and reflects our efforts to continuously improve our processes. We regularly conduct penetration tests on our solutions with third parties and work with customers who conduct them as part of their evaluation cycles. As a part of our rigorous security procedures, we continuously evaluate our solutions with static analysis tools and develop approaches to address material identified vulnerability issues. All of this is augmented by a formal Incident Response procedure designed to appropriately triage, escalate and remediate or mitigate incoming incidents. Certain of our solutions or data centers meet one or more of the following security compliance standards, which vary by product or location: HIPAA, ISO/IEC 27001:2013 or ISO/IEC 27001:2022, ISO 9001, NIST 800-53, PCI DSS, SOC 1 Type II and SOC 2 Type II.
 Common user interface and user experience model. Our platform has been purpose-built to provide a consistent, intuitive and easy to use experience for our customers. We are constantly improving the ease with which our customers can engage with our platform to allow them to efficiently deploy our solutions and accomplish their business goals.
 Global footprint. We operate a global, multi-cloud architecture in order to deliver the best customer experience across both speed and customer choice regarding data sovereignty. We operate our workloads out of a mix of private data centers, AWS and Azure. This global reach enables us to deliver extensive choice to partners who have various data storage requirements.
 Strategic Technology Partnerships
 We designed our platform and solutions to be highly extensible which has allowed us to develop a vast technology partner ecosystem. We have three ways to deliver solutions from our strategic technology partners to our customers:
 Technology Alliance Program. Through our Technology Alliance Program, we enable third-party technology or software vendors to integrate with our platform to streamline workflows and share data. When a vendor joins the program, the relationship is formalized through a marketing agreement that sets expectations for joint marketing efforts such as webinars for our customers. Once accepted to the program, these strategic partners have access to integration resources such as API documentation, as well as support and guidance from our product management team.
 Integrated solution partnerships. These strategic partnerships allow us to embed best-of-breed third-party offerings directly into our platform and enable our IT services provider customers to sell these solutions to their customers. Through our integrated solution partnerships, we manage joint roadmap integration, full go-to-market launch, and commercialization, thereby providing a greater breadth of offerings to address the various needs of our customers.
 Large enterprise technology vendors. We have partnerships with large enterprise technology vendors, which we believe validates our strategic differentiation in the IT services provider market. Through these strategic partnerships and our multi-tier, multi-tenant architecture, we are able to offer our customers a unified platform that includes offerings from these vendors such as integration with Microsoft Intune, deep support for Mac, and robust monitoring for cloud services such as Meraki. These strategic partnerships expand the surface area of the devices that our customers can manage and secure.

 Our Customers
 Our customers purchase our solutions on a subscription basis to power managed services sold to their customers or for their own internal business management.
 Our customers range in scale from IT firms with one or two technicians to large IT services providers with thousands of employees. They also range in geographical distribution, including some focused on local or regional customers and others with multi-national presences. Some of our customers deploy multiple solutions on our platform across their entire customer base

 while others use our platform to service only a portion of their customers. The end customers serviced by our IT services providers customers generally have fewer than 2,500 employees and span a wide range of industry verticals, including financial services, healthcare, professional services, education and manufacturing.
 As of December 31, 2024, we had 2,349 customers with ARR over $50,000 on our platform, up from 2,196 as of December 31, 2023, representing an increase of 7.0%. Over the same period, these customers grew from approximately 56% of our total ARR as of December 31, 2023 to approximately 57% of our total ARR as of December 31, 2024. We calculate ARR by annualizing the recurring revenue and related usage revenue inclusive of discounts, excluding the impacts of credits and reserves, recognized during the last day of the reporting period from both long-term and month-to-month subscriptions. We use ARR, and in particular ARR attributable to customers with over $50,000 of ARR, to enhance the understanding of our business performance and the growth of our relationships with our customers.

 Marketing, Sales, Partner Success and Support
 Our marketing, sales and partner success organizations serve as the engine that powers our multi-dimensional land and expand go-to-market strategy. Through a combination of leading targeted marketing content, events, free trials and business development efforts, we cultivate a high volume of qualified opportunities that are passed on to dedicated insides sales teams to convert into partners. Additionally, our inside sales team leverages our marketing content to generate their own qualified opportunities to increase product penetration into our existing base.
 We segment our sales and marketing strategies by the needs of prospective customers and existing customers based on the stage of their respective business lifecycle. After we add an MSP customer, our partner success program is designed to help them better manage their own businesses, offer services enabled by our platform and expand their customer bases and usage of our solutions.
 Marketing
 Our marketing efforts are grounded in deep industry expertise and are designed to generate high quality opportunities for our sales organization. We deploy a highly flexible and analytics-driven direct marketing approach through broad use of digital marketing techniques including search engine optimization, paid search, social media marketing, events, targeted email campaigns, localized websites, free resources and content marketing, display advertising, affinity groups and webinars.
 We target our marketing efforts through a segment specific approach. For potential customers that have less complex IT needs, we typically deploy a low-cost, low-touch strategy. For potential customers that have more complex IT needs, we leverage a cost-efficient, account-based marketing model to target and educate them. Internationally, we partner in specific regions with our global network of distributors to drive a localized marketing strategy.
 In addition, we engage existing and prospective customers through ongoing partner success and community-based initiatives. As part of our partner success strategies, our marketing efforts are designed to educate MSPs about the features of both the service offerings that they currently use and service offerings that they do not use, as well as how our solutions can help them grow their businesses. Leveraging our deep industry expertise, we provide a range of community-based resources for our customers, including peer-to-peer webinars, online and in-person events, and content resources that are designed to help them better realize the value of our platform.
 Sales
 We deploy a highly effective and disciplined approach to sales that has foundations in the "selling from the inside" culture. This approach is rooted in having our sales organization selling online or over the phone, using a structured approach to managing opportunities, and adhering to standardized pricing and contract terms. Our sales team handles customer accounts of all sizes and across geographies through our selling from the inside approach.
 Our sales organization is organized by our key solution categories as well as by geographic region. Our dedicated sales teams receive high-quality opportunities from our marketing and business development motions to engage with prospects, supporting our multi-dimensional customer acquisition motion. This is further powered by our low-friction, free-trial approach that allows prospective MSP customers to trial a fully functional version of our platform. When these prospective customers realize the value of our platform, they can then purchase solutions on our platform at the size and level of functionality appropriate for their and their customers' IT environments.
 Furthermore, our combined efforts across marketing, partner success and sales motions drive high-quality opportunities from our existing customer base that advances our expand go-to-market strategy. This approach allows us to cross-sell and expand product penetration within our existing MSP customer base. We adhere to a disciplined, data-driven approach to converting opportunities quickly and efficiently based on our understanding of the prospect or existing partner's specific product demands and the inflection points in the selling process.

 We also sell our software through distributors and resellers to supplement our direct sales force, as well as to initiate and fulfill sales orders from MSPs and SMBs that prefer to make purchases through a specific distributor or reseller. Our localized channel strategy in international markets allows us to offer in-market solutions, sales, marketing and support in the local language. Our base of channel distributors proactively create demand for our solutions and bring new opportunities and customers to us. We are also able to flexibly deploy a hybrid approach in which our sales specialists work alongside our distributors and resellers when targeting and landing higher value transactions within these local markets.
 Partner Success
 We provide numerous partner success strategies that help MSPs and SMBs leverage our platform to expand their customer bases and service offerings and become more efficient business operators. Our partner success teams are categorized into onboarding, post-sales engineering, and partner success management. These cross-functional teams collectively educate our MSP and SMB customers on how to properly configure and use our platform and solutions for their individualized use cases and how to build successful businesses on our platform.
 Through our customer success center, N-ableMe, our customers have access to a range of educational resources such as the MSP Institute, Head Nerds, and community-based knowledge. Our MSP Institute provides training, tips, and playbooks across business, sales, marketing, and technical tracks from experts and industry leaders. Our Head Nerds program delivers training, resources, and consultative sessions to help our customers understand and optimize their businesses for the most important growth areas including security, backup, automation, and operations.
 We utilize our deep partner community as a valuable source of information exchange. Through moderated forums, peer councils, expert series and industry expert blogs, our customers learn best practices about how to create and sell services, protect their customers and stay ahead in the rapidly evolving managed services space.
 Support
 Our experienced and in-region support teams provide our customers with 24x7x365 technical support for our platform and solutions.
 Our research and development organization is primarily responsible for the architecture, design, development, testing and deployment of new solutions and improvements to existing solutions, with a focus on ensuring that our platform is fully integrated and extensible.
 We have designed our software development process to be responsive to the needs of our customers, cost-efficient, and agile. We work closely with our customers throughout the development process to build solutions that address the problems our customers face. We regularly have a subset of our customers participate in processes to validate that our solutions and features are what they are looking for to improve their operations and address their most pressing demands.
 We have built a development organization that allows us to add new features and enhance our platform quickly and efficiently. Our global development model allows us to source from a large talent pool by participating in multiple labor markets. We utilize small scrum teams that follow standard practices to build and test their code and foster continuous improvement. We share our development values across our offices and aim to assign meaningful design and development work to our international locations.

 Competition
 We compete in a large and fragmented industry with several vendors that provide technologies used to service SMBs and mid-market companies. We compete with vendors in the following categories:
 • MSP pure-play: Vendors focused on the MSP market which provide broad, integrated solutions that include monitoring and management, data protection, business management tools and security offerings. Examples of such vendors are ConnectWise, Kaseya, and NinjaOne.
 • Niche or domain-specific: Small to large enterprise vendors that provide solutions focused on a particular service that may be sold by IT services providers or purchased directly by an SMB or mid-market company, such as network monitoring, systems management, email security, remote access and support and data protection. Examples of such vendors are Acronis, ArcticWolf, ManageEngine, Proofpoint, Sophos and Veeam.
 We believe the principal competitive factors in our market include:
 • breadth and extensibility of features and functionality;
 • focus on and alignment with IT services providers, SMB, and mid-market success;

 • scalability, performance and reliability of our platform and solutions;
 • ability to solve the technical and business problems of customers of all sizes and complexities;
 • flexibility of deployment models, whether public or private cloud, on-premises or in a hybrid environment;
 • continued innovation to keep pace with evolving technology requirements and the changing needs of the SMB and mid-market;
 • ease of use and deployment;
 • brand awareness and reputation among IT services providers, MSPs, their technicians and other IT professionals;
 • total cost of ownership and alignment of cost with business objectives and needs of IT services providers, MSPs, SMBs, and mid-market businesses; and
 • effectiveness of sales and marketing efforts.
 We believe that we compete favorably on these factors.

 Our People
 We are a global software company. As of December 31, 2024, we had 1,773 employees fully dedicated to our business, of which 447 were employed in the United States and 1,326 were employed outside of the United States. Of these employees, 1,765 were employed full time. Of our 1,773 employees as of December 31, 2024, 131 employees joined N-able in connection with the November 20, 2024 acquisition of Adlumin, Inc. ("Adlumin"), all of whom are employed full time in the United States. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations —Fourth Quarter Financial Highlights" and Note 3. Acquisitions in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further details regarding the acquisition of Adlumin. We strive to keep our people at the center of everything we do and foster a positive relationship with our employees, based on our values and culture of belonging which we continue to nurture and develop. We are not party to any collective bargaining agreements.
 Our success is the result of our talented, experienced and high performing employees across our organization, including functions such as research and development, sales and marketing, partner success and general and administrative.
 Our Values
 Our values serve as our guiding principles to help drive our decisions and behaviors with each other and our partners. We hire based on our values, recognize each other based on our values, and strive to uphold our values in all of our interactions - every day.
 • N-rich Lives: We use our talents to find meaning and purpose in all that we do.
 • N-spire Others: We unlock potential and help bring out the best in others.
 • N-joy the Journey: We are passionate about what we do and have fun along the way.
 Employee Engagement
 We survey employees a minimum of two times a year to ensure that all employees' voices are heard, and so we can better understand the key areas where we can improve the employee experience. These key areas include N-able's values; our employees' impression of the executive team; employees' experience in their individual roles, of their direct teams and with their direct managers; and employees' sense of belonging at work. Survey results are reviewed by our senior leadership team, reported to the whole company and used to inform action plans at all levels of the organization.
 As a part of our employee engagement strategy, we focus on the following key pillars that have been important to offering an extraordinary employee experience: Diversity, Equality and Belonging ("DEB"), N-ablite Giving, Wellness, and Fun. We want our employees to feel supported to do their best work and N-joy the Journey along the way.
 Diversity, Equality and Belonging
 As a global company, we have the distinct advantage of employing talented individuals across many different ethnicities, genders, races, religions, sexual orientations and generations, all supported through a focus on innovation and inclusion. Communities of Interest ("COIs") are a core part of our DEB strategy and are employee-driven, company-sponsored interest groups that are open to all N-able employees globally, intended to foster inclusivity and belonging. We currently have the following global COIs: PRISM, supporting our LGBTQIA+ community; WONDER, supporting women in our workplace; and Shades, supporting our employees of color. Our President and CEO signed the CEO Action for Diversity and Inclusion Pledge (this was the second year of our pledge), reinforcing the Company's support and commitment towards building a culture of

 belonging at N-able. We also launched an internal site with resources and information to allow employees to celebrate what makes us unique and invite others to join us on our journey. Our aim is to create a positive and uplifting work environment that leads to more trust, engagement, and excellence. We believe that our culture of belonging enables us to deliver strong financial performance and build lasting relationships with our communities around the globe.
 Giving: Community Involvement
 We encourage and support our employees to give to the communities in which they live and work. Employees receive two fully paid VoluNteer Days annually and we encourage them to leverage this time to support causes that are meaningful to them. During our annual Season of Giving, employees join company coordinated volunteer events to make an even bigger impact. In 2024, employees across the globe used their VoluNteer Days to donate more than 3,200 hours to non-profit organizations in their local communities. In addition, employees have a fundraising forum to provide visibility to giving opportunities they are a part of and for which they want monetary donations.
 Wellness
 Supporting our employees' abilities to prioritize and maintain their overall health and well-being is an important focus area to drive engagement and create an exceptional experience. We provide resources ranging from comprehensive benefits to specialized wellness programming to a global Employee Assistance Program (EAP) with local language support at no cost to employees and their family members. Our internal site provides access to resources and new ways to stay healthy - whether it's physical, mental, financial or social. We also offer wellness-focused programs virtually and at our hubs, such as Global Wellness Fairs at our Collaboration Hubs, employee-led meditation sessions, healthy meal education, and financial wellness workshops.
 Learning and Development
 We are committed to providing our employees with a holistic growth and learning journey to help them make the most of their careers. Our learning and development program includes uniquely designed group training for new hires during their onboarding process, as well as various development programs and courses to support career growth and help employees achieve their full potential. Whether it is through taking courses through N-ablite Learning, supporting internal mobility, or raising awareness of the importance of continuous learning during our special Adult Learner's Week program, we aim to provide the guidance and support N-ablites need to grow their career.
 Notable Recognition
 N-able's achievements as an employer of choice earned us several notable awards throughout 2024. We achieved Great Place to Work certification, a globally recognized authority on company culture. Additionally, notable awards include three Stevie Awards, including for Chief People Officer, Kathleen Pai, Woman of the Year – Business Services, Achievement in Diversity & Inclusion, and for Achievement in Employee Engagement. N-able was also recognized by Comparably among the companies with the Best HR Team, Best Company Outlook (Two-time winner), Best Company Leadership, Best Company Career Growth (Three-time winner), Best Company Work-Life Balance (Two-time winner), Best Company Perks & Benefits (Two-time winner), Best Company Happiness (Three-time winner), Best Company Compensation (Four-time winner), Best CEO (Three-time winner), and Best Company Culture (Two-time winner). We were also recognized as Top 50 Human Resources Team 2024 OnCon Awards, and HR Team of the Year (EMEA) by HRO Today Association. In addition, we received the Advancing Diversity in Technology Leadership Award by CompTIA North America, and Great Tech Place to Work by NC Tech.
 We believe the combination of our relationship with our employees, the strength of our software platform and our alignment with our customers and business model differentiates us in the market as an employer of choice. Our ability to achieve our goals has always been, and continues to be, a result of the strong values and tremendous passion of our people. We continue to invest in attracting top talent, training and development initiatives and motivating, engaging and retaining high potential employees.

 Intellectual Property
 We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark, trade dress and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions, to establish and protect our proprietary rights. These laws, procedures and restrictions provide only limited protection. As of December 31, 2024, we owned nine issued U.S. patents and one issued foreign patent, with expiration dates ranging from February 22, 2033 to July 7, 2041. N able may consider filing patent applications in the future, and we cannot guarantee that patents will be issued with respect to the current patent applications in a manner that gives us the protection that we seek or at all. Our patents and any future patents issued to us may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented and may not provide sufficiently broad protection or may not prove to be enforceable in actions against alleged infringers.

 We endeavor to enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and contractors and with parties with which we do business in order to limit access to and disclosure of, and safeguard our ownership of, our proprietary information. We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use or reverse engineering of our technology. Moreover, others may independently develop technologies that are competitive with ours or that infringe our intellectual property rights, and policing unauthorized use of our technology and intellectual property rights can be difficult. The enforcement of our intellectual property rights also depends on any legal actions against these infringers being successful, but these actions may not be successful, even when our rights have been infringed.
 Furthermore, effective patent, trademark, trade dress, copyright and trade secret protection may not be available in every country in which our solutions are available or where we have operations. In addition, the legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability and scope of protection of intellectual property rights are uncertain and still evolving.

 Governmental Regulations
 Our business is subject to various federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations, including those related to financial and other disclosures, accounting standards, corporate governance, intellectual property, tax, trade, including import, export and customs, antitrust, environment, health and safety, employment, immigration and travel, cybersecurity, privacy, data protection and localization and anti-corruption. These laws and regulations may differ among jurisdictions, and compliance with them may have a materially adverse impact on our business and results of operations. For more information about potential impacts of government regulations, see the section titled "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Governmental Regulation."

 Additional Information
 Our website address is www.n-able.com. Our website and the contents therein or connected thereto are not intended to be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Through a link on the Investor Relations section of our website, we make available the following filings as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC: our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. All such filings are available free of charge. In addition, the SEC maintains an Internet site ( that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
 Summary of Risk Factors
 Below is a summary of the principal factors that make an investment in our common stock speculative or risky. This summary does not address all of the risks that we face. Additional discussion of the risks summarized in this risk factor summary, and other risks that we face, can be found below under the heading "Risk Factors" and should be carefully considered, together with other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC, before making an investment decision regarding our common stock.
 Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
 • Our quarterly revenue and operating results may fluctuate in the future because of a number of factors, which makes our future results difficult to predict or could cause our operating results or the guidance we provide to fall below expectations.
 • If we are unable to sell subscriptions to IT services provider customers, to sell additional solutions to our existing customers or to increase the usage of our solutions by our existing customers, our revenue growth and operating results could be adversely effected.
 • Our business depends on customers renewing their subscription agreements. If our subscription-based business model fails to yield the benefits that we expect, our results of operations could be negatively impacted.
 • We operate in highly competitive markets, which could make it difficult for us to acquire and retain customers at our historic rates.
 • Our success depends on our ability to adapt to the rapidly changing needs of IT services providers, MSPs, and their SMB mid-market customers.
 • If we fail to integrate our solutions with a variety of operating systems, software applications, platforms and hardware that are developed by others or ourselves, our solutions may become less competitive or obsolete and our results of operations would be harmed.
 • Acquisitions present many risks that could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
 • We may not be able to achieve or sustain the same level of cash flows in the future.
 • Because our long-term success depends on our ability to operate our business internationally and increase sales of our solutions to our customers located outside of the United States, our business is susceptible to risks associated with international operations.
 • We resell third-party software and integrate third-party software into our solutions that may be difficult to replace or that could cause errors or failures of our solutions and lead to a loss of customers or harm to our reputation and our operating results.
 • Material defects, errors or vulnerabilities in our solutions, the failure of our solutions to block malware or prevent a security breach, misuse of our solutions, or risks of product liability claims could harm our reputation, result in significant costs to us and impair our ability to sell our solutions.
 Risks Related to Our Indebtedness
 • Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our financial health and our ability to obtain financing in the future, react to changes in our business and meet our obligations with respect to our indebtedness.
 • We may be able to incur substantially more indebtedness, which could further exacerbate the risks associated with our substantial indebtedness.
 Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
 • The success of our business depends on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights.
 • Our solutions use third-party software that may be difficult to replace or cause errors or failures of our solutions that could lead to a loss of customers or harm to our reputation and our operating results.
 Risks Related to Cybersecurity and the Cyber Incident
 • Cyberattacks, including the Cyber Incident, and other security incidents have resulted, and in the future may result, in compromises or breaches of our, our customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers' systems, the insertion of malicious code, malware, ransomware or other vulnerabilities into our, our customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers' systems, the exploitation of vulnerabilities in our, our customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers'

 environments, the theft or misappropriation of our, our customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers' proprietary and confidential information, and interference with our, our customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers' operations, exposure to legal and other liabilities, higher customer and employee attrition and the loss of key personnel, negative impacts to our sales, renewals and upgrades and reputational harm and other serious negative consequences, any or all of which could materially harm our business.
 • The Cyber Incident has had and may continue to have an adverse effect on our business, reputation, customer and employee relations, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
 Risks Related to Government Regulation
 • We are subject to various global data privacy and security regulations, which could result in additional costs and liabilities to us.
 • We are subject to governmental export controls and economic sanctions laws that could impair our ability to compete in international markets and subject us to liability.
 Risks Related to Accounting and Taxation
 • We are subject to fluctuations in foreign exchange and interest rates.
 • Failure to maintain proper and effective internal controls could have a material adverse effect on our business.
 • We are subject to potential changes in tax laws or regulations
 Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock and Our Organizational Structure
 • The Sponsors have a controlling influence over matters requiring stockholder approval.
 • The Sponsors and their affiliated funds may pursue corporate opportunities independent of us that could present conflicts with our and our stockholders' interests.
 • Our charter and bylaws contain anti-takeover provisions that could delay or discourage takeover attempts.
 Risk Factors
 Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
 Our quarterly revenue and operating results may fluctuate in the future because of a number of factors, which makes our future results difficult to predict or could cause our operating results or the guidance we provide to fall below expectations.
 Our quarterly revenue and operating results may vary significantly in the future. As a result, you should not rely on the results of any one quarter as an indication of future performance and period-to-period comparisons of our revenue and operating results may not be meaningful.
 Our quarterly results of operations may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, those listed below, many of which are outside of our control:
 • our ability to maintain and increase sales to existing customers and to attract new customers, including selling additional subscriptions to our existing customers to deliver services to their SMB and mid-market customers or for their internal use;
 • changes in SMB and mid-market demand for services provided by our IT services provider customers, including those related to the number of customers serviced by our IT services provider customers and the reduced amount of services provided by our IT services provider customers to their SMB and mid-market customers;
 • declines in subscription renewals and changes in net customer retention;
 • lack of visibility into our financial position and results of operations in connection with our consumption-based revenue;
 • our ability to capture a significant volume of qualified sales opportunities;
 • our ability to convert qualified sales opportunities into new business sales at acceptable conversion rates;
 • the amount and timing of operating expenses and capital expenditures related to the expansion of our operations and infrastructure and customer acquisition;
 • our failure to achieve the growth rate that was anticipated by us in setting our operating and capital expense budgets;
 • potential foreign exchange gains and losses related to expenses and sales denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of an associated entity;

 • fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates that may negatively impact our reported results of operations;
 • the timing of revenue and expenses related to the development or acquisition of technologies, solutions or businesses, or strategic partnerships and their integration;
 • potential goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges and amortization associated with acquired businesses;
 • the timing and success of new offerings, enhancements or functionalities introduced by us or our competitors, including potential deferral of orders from our customers in anticipation of new offerings or enhancements announced by us or our competitors;
 • any other change in the competitive landscape of our industry, including consolidation among our competitors, customers, SMBs, or mid-market companies, and strategic partnerships entered into by us and our competitors;
 • our ability to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights;
 • changes in our subscription pricing or those of our competitors;
 • the impact of new accounting pronouncements;
 • general economic, industry and market conditions that impact expenditures for IT management technology for SMBs and mid-market companies in the United States and other countries where we sell our solutions;
 • significant security breaches, such as the Cyber Incident, technical difficulties or interruptions to our solutions or infrastructure;
 • changes in tax rates, laws or regulations in jurisdictions in which we operate; and
 • the impact of a recession, pandemic, or any other adverse global economic or political conditions on our business.
 Fluctuations in our quarterly operating results might lead analysts to change their models for valuing our common stock. As a result, our stock price could decline rapidly, and we could face costly securities class action suits or other unanticipated issues.
 Because we recognize revenue from our longer-term subscriptions and term licenses over the subscription or license term, downturns or upturns in new sales and renewals may not be immediately reflected in our operating results and may be difficult to discern.
 Certain of our customers purchase licenses for one year or longer for our products, and we expect the amount of customers with such arrangements to increase. In such cases, we generally recognize revenue as we satisfy our performance obligations over the term of their subscription. Revenue from such contracts reported in a given quarter will often be derived from the recognition of revenue relating to contracts entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed customer contracts in any single quarter may have a smaller impact on our revenue for that quarter. However, such a decline will negatively affect our revenue in future quarters. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in sales and market acceptance of our solutions, and potential changes in our rate of renewals, may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. In addition, a significant majority of our costs are expensed as incurred, while revenue is recognized over the life of such agreements with our customer. As a result, increased growth in the number of our customers could continue to result in our recognition of more costs than revenue in the earlier periods of the terms of our agreements.
 We report certain market opportunity estimates, forecasts of market growth, and other metrics, which could prove to be inaccurate, and any real or perceived inaccuracies may negatively affect our reputation and our business.
 Certain estimates and information concerning our industry and market are based on third-party sources, and our estimates of our market opportunity are based on such information. Although we believe the information from such third-party sources is reliable, we have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the data contained in such third-party sources or the methodologies for collecting such data, and such information may prove to be inaccurate. Even if the markets in which we compete meet the size estimates and growth forecasted that we have reported, we may not successfully access these markets and our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.
 Additionally, certain of our operational metrics, such as annual recurring revenue (ARR), are calculated using internal systems and tools that are not validated by an independent third-party, and may differ from estimates or similar metrics published or used by third-parties due to differences in methodologies and assumptions. Our internal systems, tools, and processes have a number of limitations, and our data collection methodologies may have errors or could change over time, which could result in unexpected changes to our metrics, including the metrics we publicly disclose. If our operating metrics are not accurate, or if investors do not perceive them to be accurate, investors may lose confidence in our operating metrics and business, we could be subject to legal claims, and our business, reputation, financial condition, and results of operations could

 be adversely affected. In addition, limitations or errors with respect to how we measure data or with respect to the data that we measure may affect our understanding of certain details of our business, which could affect our long-term strategies.
 If we are unable to sell subscriptions to new customers, to sell additional solutions to our existing customers or to increase the usage of our solutions by our existing customers, our revenue growth and operating results may be adversely effected.
 We provide our solutions primarily under monthly or annual subscriptions to our customers. A subscription generally entitles a customer to, among other things, support, as well as security updates, fixes, functionality enhancements and upgrades to the technologies, each, if and when available. To increase our revenue, we must regularly add new customers and expand our relationships with our existing customers. We also rely, to a significant degree, on our customers establishing and maintaining relationships with their SMB and mid-market customers, for our IT services provider customers to add new SMB and mid-market customers, for those customers to add new devices and to drive adoption of new services that we offer. When our customers move from month-to-month contracts to longer-term contracts, or renew their longer-term contracts, they may reevaluate their needs and decrease their usage. In addition, economic weakness and uncertainty, tightened credit markets and constrained IT spending from time to time contribute to slowdowns in the technology industry, as well as in the industries of SMBs and the geographic regions in which we, our customers and their SMB and mid-market customers operate; this may result in reduced demand and increased price competition for our offerings. Uncertainty about future economic conditions may, among other things, negatively impact the current and prospective SMB and mid-market customers of our IT services provider customers and result in delays or reductions in technology purchases. Even if we capture a significant volume of opportunities from our digital marketing activities, we must be able to convert those opportunities into sales of our subscriptions in order to achieve revenue growth.
 We primarily rely on our direct sales force to sell our solutions to new and existing customers and convert qualified opportunities into sales using our low-touch, high-velocity sales model. Accordingly, our ability to achieve significant growth in revenue in the future will depend on our ability to recruit, train and retain sufficient numbers of sales personnel, and on the productivity of those personnel. Our recent and planned personnel additions may not become as productive as we would like or in a timely manner, and we may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals in the future in the markets where we do or plan to do business.
 If we do not effectively hire, integrate, train, manage, and retain additional sales personnel, and expand our sales and marketing capabilities, we may be unable to increase our customer base and increase sales to our existing customers.
 Our ability to increase our customer base and achieve broader market adoption of our platform will depend to a significant extent on our ability to continue to expand our sales and marketing operations. We have and plan to continue to dedicate significant resources to sales and marketing programs and to expand our sales and marketing capabilities to target additional potential customers, but there is no guarantee that we will be successful in attracting and maintaining additional customers. If we are unable to find efficient ways to deploy our sales and marketing investments or if our sales and marketing programs are not effective, our business and operating results will be adversely affected.
 Furthermore, we plan to continue expanding our sales force and there is significant competition for sales personnel with the skills and technical knowledge that we require. Our ability to achieve revenue growth will depend, in part, on our success in hiring, integrating, training, managing, and retaining sufficient numbers of sales personnel to support our growth, particularly in international markets. New hires require significant training and may take extended time before they are productive. Our recent hires and planned hires may not become productive as quickly as we expect, or at all, and we may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals in the markets where we do business or plan to do business. Moreover, our international expansion may be slow or unsuccessful if we are unable to retain qualified personnel with international experience, language skills and cultural competencies in the geographic markets in which we target.
 If we are unable to hire, integrate, train, manage, and retain a sufficient number of effective sales personnel, or the sales personnel we hire are not successful in obtaining new customers or increasing sales to our existing customer base, our business, operating results and financial condition will be adversely affected.
 Our business depends on customers renewing their subscription agreements. If our subscription-based business model fails to yield the benefits that we expect, our results of operations could be negatively impacted.
 The significant majority of our revenue consists of subscription revenue. Our subscriptions generally have recurring monthly, annual, or multi-year subscription periods. Our customers have no obligation to renew their subscription agreements after the expiration of their subscription.
 It is difficult to accurately predict long-term customer retention. Our customers' subscription net revenue retention rates may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including their level of satisfaction with our offerings, the prices of our solutions, the prices of tools and services offered by our competitors or reductions in our customers' spending levels. If our

 customers do not renew their subscription arrangements or if they renew them on less favorable terms, our revenue may decline and our business will suffer.
 We may not have visibility into a portion of our revenue that is consumption-based, which may result in our financial position and results of operations falling below internal or external expectations, which could negatively impact the price of our common stock.
 A portion of our revenue is recognized based on consumption as customers use certain aspects of our platform, whether such usage is beyond their paid subscriptions or on an individual basis. This usage is particularly applicable to our unified endpoint management ("UEM") solutions and our Cove backup, recovery and disaster recovery solutions. Unlike our subscription revenue, which is recognized ratably over the term of the subscription, we generally recognize consumption revenue as the services are delivered. Because our customers have flexibility in the timing of their consumption, we do not have the visibility into the timing of revenue recognition that we have with our subscription revenue. There is a risk that our customers will not use portions of our platform that provide consumption-based revenue at all or more slowly than we expect, and our actual results may differ from our forecasts. Further, investors and securities analysts may not understand how the consumption-based portion of our business differs from the subscription-based portion of our business, and our business model may be compared to purely subscription-based business models or purely consumption-based business models. If our quarterly or annual results of operations fall below the expectations of investors and securities analysts who follow our stock, the price of our common stock could decline substantially, and we could face costly lawsuits, including securities class actions.
 We operate in highly competitive markets, which could make it difficult for us to acquire and retain customers at our historic rates.
 We operate in a highly competitive and dynamic industry driven by the technology needs of IT services providers, MSPs, SMBs and mid-market companies. Our industry is large and fragmented with several vendors that provide technologies used by MSPs and other IT services providers to service SMBs and mid-market companies. Competition in our market is based primarily on solution capabilities, including: breadth and extensibility of features and functionality; focus on and alignment on customers' success; scalability, performance and reliability of our platform and solutions; ability to solve the technical and business problems of customers of all sizes and complexities; flexibility of deployment models, whether public or private cloud, on-premises or in a hybrid environment; continued innovation to keep pace with evolving technology requirements and the changing needs of the SMB and mid-market companies; ease of use and deployment; brand awareness and reputation among IT services providers, their technicians and other IT professionals; total cost of ownership and alignment of cost with business objectives and needs of IT services providers, MSPs, SMBs and mid-market companies; and effectiveness of sales and marketing efforts. Our customers have limited barriers to switching to a competitor's solution from our platform if we fail to provide solutions and services that meet their needs. In addition, many of our current and potential competitors enjoy substantial competitive advantages over us, such as greater brand awareness and longer operating history, broader distribution and established relationships with IT services providers, larger sales and marketing budgets and resources, greater customer support resources, greater resources to make strategic acquisitions or enter into strategic partnerships, lower labor and development costs, larger and more mature intellectual property portfolios and substantially greater financial, technical and other resources. Given their larger size, greater resources and existing customer relationships, our competitors may be able to compete and respond more effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or customer requirements.
 We face competition from IT vendors focused on the MSP market which provide broad, integrated solutions that include monitoring and management, data protection, business management tools and security offerings. Examples of such vendors are Kaseya, ConnectWise and NinjaOne. In addition, we compete with small to large enterprise vendors that provide solutions focused on a particular service that may be sold by IT services providers and MSPs, such as managed detection and response, extended detection and response, network monitoring, systems management, email security, remote support and data protection. Examples of such vendors are Acronis, ArcticWolf, eSentire, ManageEngine, Proofpoint, Sophos and Veeam.
 New start-up companies that innovate and large competitors, or potential competitors, that make significant investments in research and development may invent similar or superior solutions and technologies that compete with our subscriptions. In addition, some of our larger competitors, or potential competitors, have substantially broader and more diverse solutions and services offerings. This may make them less susceptible to downturns in a particular market and allow them to leverage their relationships based on other solutions or incorporate functionality into existing solutions to grow their business in a manner that discourages users from purchasing our solutions and subscriptions, including through selling at zero or negative margins, offering concessions, solutions bundling or closed technology platforms. In addition, customers that use legacy tools and services of our competitors may believe that these tools and services are sufficient to meet their IT needs or that our platform only serves the needs of a portion of the SMB and mid-market IT market. Accordingly, these organizations may continue allocating their IT budgets for such legacy tools and services and may not adopt our offerings. Further, many organizations have invested substantial personnel and financial resources to design and operate their networks and have established deep

 relationships with other competitive providers. As a result, these organizations may prefer to purchase from their existing suppliers rather than to add or switch to a new supplier using our solutions and services, regardless of solution performance, features or greater services offerings.
 As the IT services providers industry evolves, the competitive pressure for us to innovate encompasses a wider range of services, including new offerings that require different expertise than our current offerings. Some of our competitors have made acquisitions or entered into strategic relationships with one another to offer more competitive, bundled or integrated solution offerings and to adapt more quickly to new technologies and customer needs. We expect this trend to continue as companies attempt to strengthen or maintain their market positions in an evolving industry and as companies enter into partnerships or are acquired. Companies and alliances resulting from these possible consolidations and partnerships may create more compelling solution offerings and be able to offer more attractive pricing, making it more difficult for us to compete effectively.
 These competitive pressures in our market or our failure to compete effectively may result in price reductions, decreases in net customer retention rates, reduced revenue and gross margins and loss of market share. Any failure to meet and address these factors could seriously harm our business and operating results.
 Our success depends on our ability to adapt to the rapidly changing needs of IT services providers and their SMB and mid-market customers.
 The SMB and mid-market IT companies IT market has grown quickly and is expected to continue to evolve rapidly. Moreover, many of our IT services providers customers and their customers operate in markets characterized by rapidly changing technologies and business plans, which require them to adopt increasingly complex networks, incorporating a variety of hardware, software applications, operating systems and networking protocols. Our long-term growth depends on our ability to continually enhance and improve our existing offerings and develop or acquire new solutions that address the common problems encountered by technology professionals on a day-to-day basis in an evolving IT management market, including adapting to rapidly changing technologies and user preferences, adapting our offerings to evolving industry standards, predicting user preferences and industry changes in order to continue to provide value to our customers and to improve the performance and reliability of our offerings. The success of any enhancement or new solution depends on a number of factors, including its relevance to customers, changes to the form factors in technologies powering the businesses of SMBs, timely completion and introduction and market acceptance. New solutions and enhancements that we develop or acquire may not sufficiently address the evolving needs of our existing and potential customers, may not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner and may not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate the amount of revenue necessary to realize returns on our investments in developing or acquiring such solutions or enhancements. If our new offerings are not successful for any reason, certain offerings in our portfolio may become obsolete, less marketable and less competitive, and our business will be harmed.
 If we fail to integrate our solutions with a variety of operating systems, software applications, platforms and hardware that are developed by others or ourselves, our solutions may become less competitive or obsolete and our results of operations would be harmed.
 In order to meet the needs of our customers, our solutions must integrate with a variety of network, hardware and software platforms, and we need to continuously modify and enhance our solutions to adapt to changes in hardware, software, networking, browser and database technologies. We believe a significant component of our value proposition to customers is the ability to optimize and configure our solutions to integrate with our systems and those of third parties. If we are not able to integrate our solutions in a meaningful and efficient manner, whether through our inability to continue to adapt or because third parties restrict our ability to integrate with their networks, hardware or software, demand for our solutions could decrease, and our business and results of operations would be harmed.
 In addition, we have a large number of solutions, and maintaining and integrating them effectively requires extensive resources. Our continuing efforts to make our solutions more interoperative may not be successful. Failure of our solutions to operate effectively with future infrastructure platforms and technologies could reduce the demand for our solutions, resulting in customer dissatisfaction and harm to our business. If we are unable to respond to changes in a cost-effective manner, our solutions may become less marketable, less competitive or obsolete and our business and results of operations may be harmed.
 We have experienced substantial growth in recent years, which may not be indicative of future growth, and if we fail to manage our growth effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of customer satisfaction or adequately address competitive challenges, and our financial performance may be adversely affected.
 Our business has rapidly grown, which has resulted in large increases in our number of employees, expansion of our infrastructure, new internal systems and other significant changes and additional complexities. We generated revenue of $466.1 million, $421.9 million and $371.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. While we intend to further expand our overall business, customer base and number of employees, our historical growth rate is not

 necessarily indicative of the growth that we may achieve in the future. The growth in our business and our management of a growing workforce and customer base that is geographically dispersed across the U.S. and internationally will require substantial management effort, infrastructure and operational capabilities. To support our growth, we must effectively transition and continue to improve our management resources and our operational and financial controls and systems, and these improvements may increase our expenses more than anticipated and result in a more complex business. We will also have to transition and anticipate the necessary expansion of our relationship management, implementation, customer support and other personnel to support our growth and achieve high levels of customer service and satisfaction. Our success will depend on our ability to complete this transition, plan for and manage this growth effectively. If we fail to complete this transition, anticipate and manage our growth, or are unable to provide high levels of customer service, our reputation, as well as our business, results of operations and financial condition, could be harmed.
 Acquisitions present many risks that could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
 In order to expand our business and functionality of our platform, we have previously made several acquisitions and may continue making similar acquisitions and possibly larger acquisitions as part of our growth strategy, including the acquisition of Adlumin, Inc. in November 2024. The success of our future growth strategy will depend on our ability to identify, negotiate, complete and integrate acquisitions and, if necessary, to obtain satisfactory debt or equity financing to fund those acquisitions. Acquisitions are inherently risky and any acquisitions we complete may not be successful. Our past acquisitions and any mergers and acquisitions that we may undertake in the future involve numerous risks, including, but not limited to, the following:
 • difficulties in integrating and managing the operations, personnel, systems, technologies and solutions of the companies we acquire;
 • diversion of our management's attention from normal daily operations of our business;
 • our inability to maintain the key business relationships and the reputations of the businesses we acquire;
 • uncertainty of entry into markets in which we have limited or no prior experience and in which competitors have stronger market positions;
 • our dependence on unfamiliar affiliates, resellers, distributors and partners of the companies we acquire;
 • our inability to increase revenue from an acquisition for a number of reasons, including our failure to drive demand in our existing partner base for acquired solutions and our failure to obtain sales from customers of the acquired businesses;
 • increased costs related to acquired operations and continuing support and development of acquired solutions;
 • liabilities or adverse operating issues, or both, including potential product errors or defects or security issues or vulnerabilities, of the businesses we acquire that we fail to discover or mitigate through due diligence or the extent of which we underestimate prior to the acquisition;
 • potential goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges and amortization associated with acquired businesses;
 • adverse tax consequences associated with acquisitions;
 • changes in how we are required to account for our acquisitions under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, including arrangements that we assume from an acquisition;
 • potential negative perceptions of our acquisitions by customers, financial markets or investors;
 • failure to obtain required approvals from governmental authorities under competition and antitrust laws on a timely basis, if at all, which could, among other things, delay or prevent us from completing a transaction, or otherwise restrict our ability to realize the expected financial or strategic goals of an acquisition;
 • potential increases in our interest expense, leverage and debt service requirements if we incur additional debt to pay for an acquisition;
 • our inability to apply and maintain our internal standards, controls, procedures and policies to acquired businesses; and
 • potential loss of key employees of the companies we acquire.
 Additionally, acquisitions or asset purchases made entirely or partially for cash may reduce our cash reserves or require us to incur additional debt under our credit facility or otherwise. We may seek to obtain additional cash to fund an acquisition by selling equity or debt securities. We may be unable to secure the equity or debt funding necessary to finance future acquisitions on terms that are acceptable to us. If we finance acquisitions by issuing equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders will experience ownership dilution.

 The occurrence of any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows, particularly in the case of a larger acquisition or substantially concurrent acquisitions.
 We may expand our business in part through future acquisitions, but we may not be able to identify or complete suitable acquisitions, which could harm our financial performance.
 We have previously made several acquisitions and may continue making similar acquisitions and possibly larger acquisitions as part of our growth strategy. However, we may be unable to implement this growth strategy if we cannot identify suitable acquisition candidates, reach agreement with acquisition targets on acceptable terms or arrange required financing for acquisitions on acceptable terms. In addition, the time and effort involved in attempting to identify acquisition candidates and consummate acquisitions may divert the attention and efforts of members of our management from the operations of our company, which could also harm our business and results of operations.
 We may not be able to achieve or sustain the same level of cash flows in the future.
 Our operating expenses have increased over the last several years, and we expect they may continue to increase as we hire additional personnel, expand our operations and infrastructure, both domestically and internationally, pursue acquisitions and continue to develop our platform's functionalities. If our revenue does not increase to offset these increases in our operating expenses, we will not be able to achieve or maintain our historical levels of profitability in future periods. While historically our revenue has grown, in future periods, our revenue growth could slow or our revenue could decline for a number of reasons, including slowing demand for our solutions, increasing competition, a failure to gain or retain customers, a decrease in the growth of our overall market, our technology or services becoming obsolete due to technical advancements in the SMB and mid-market IT market or our failure, for any reason, to continue to capitalize on growth opportunities. As a result, our past financial performance should not be considered indicative of our future performance. Any failure by us to achieve or sustain cash flows on a consistent basis could cause us to halt our expansion, not pursue strategic business combinations, default on payments due on existing contracts, fail to continue developing our platform, solutions and services or experience other negative changes in our business.
 Our operating income could fluctuate as we make future expenditures to expand our operations in order to support growth in our business, or if we fail to see the expected benefits of prior expenditures.
 We have made significant investments in our operations to support growth, such as hiring substantial numbers of new personnel, investing in new facilities, acquiring other companies or their assets and establishing and broadening our international operations in order to expand our business. We have made substantial investments in recent years to increase our sales and marketing operations in international regions and expect to continue to invest to grow our international sales and global brand awareness. We also expect to continue to invest to grow our research and development organization, particularly internationally, such as with our new presence in India. We have made multiple acquisitions in recent years and expect these acquisitions will continue to increase our operating expenses in future periods. These investments may not yield increased revenue, and even if they do, the increased revenue may not offset the amount of the investments. We may also continue to pursue acquisitions in order to expand our presence in current markets or new markets, which may increase our operating costs more than our revenue. As a result of any of these factors, our operating income could fluctuate and may decline as a percentage of revenue relative to our prior annual periods.
 Because our long-term success depends on our ability to operate our business internationally and increase sales of our solutions to our customers located outside of the United States, our business is susceptible to risks associated with international operations.
 We have international operations in Australia, Austria, Belarus, Canada, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania and the United Kingdom. Revenue from customers outside of the United States represented 51.8% of our total revenue for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, and as of December 31, 2024, approximately 75% of our employees were located outside of the United States. The continued international expansion of our operations requires significant management attention and financial resources and results in increased administrative and compliance costs. Our limited experience in operating our business in certain regions outside the United States increases the risk that our expansion efforts into those regions may not be successful. In particular, our business model may not be successful in particular countries or regions outside the United States for reasons that we currently are unable to anticipate. We are subject to risks associated with international sales and operations including, but not limited to:
 • fluctuations in currency exchange rates in the markets where we do business, including the recently strengthened U.S. dollar, and as well as controls, regulations, and orders that might restrict our ability to repatriate cash;
 • volatility, uncertainties, and recessionary pressures in the global economy or in the economies of the countries in which we operate;

 • the complexity of, or changes in, foreign regulatory requirements, including more stringent regulations relating to privacy and data security and the unauthorized use of, or access to, commercial and personal data, particularly in Europe;
 • localization by our channel partners, including translation of our materials;
 • difficulties in managing the staffing of international operations, including compliance with local labor and employment laws and regulations;
 • difficulties hiring local staff, differing employer/employee relationships, and the potential need for country-specific benefits, programs, and systems;
 • potentially adverse tax consequences, including the complexities of foreign value added tax systems, overlapping tax regimes, restrictions on the repatriation of earnings and changes in tax rates;
 • the burdens of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws and different legal standards;
 • increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities;
 • longer payment cycles and difficulties in collecting accounts receivable;
 • longer sales cycles;
 • social, economic and political instability;
 • epidemics and pandemics, terrorist attacks, wars, geopolitical conflicts, disputes and security concerns in general;
 • reduced or varied protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;
 • the risk of increased exposure to potential cyber attacks, theft or compromise of our systems, security, data, proprietary or confidential information or intellectual property as a result of our international operations, whether by state-sponsored malfeasance or other foreign entities or individuals;
 • laws and policies of the U.S. and other jurisdictions affecting international trade (including import and export control laws, tariffs and trade barriers), such as tariff schemes recently imposed or proposed by the U.S.;
 • the risk of U.S. regulation of foreign operations; and
 • other factors beyond our control such as natural disasters.
 The occurrence of any one of these risks could negatively affect our international business and, consequently, our operating results. We cannot be certain that the investment and additional resources required to establish, acquire or integrate operations in other countries will produce desired levels of revenue or profitability. If we are unable to effectively manage our expansion into additional geographic markets, our financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.
 In particular, we operate much of our research and development activities internationally and outsource a portion of the coding and testing of our solutions and solutions enhancements to contract development vendors. We believe that performing research and development in our international facilities and supplementing these activities with our contract development vendors enhances the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of our solution development. For example, although our presence in Belarus has been substantially reduced since 2022, we have research and development facilities located in Belarus, which has experienced numerous public protest activities and civil unrest since the presidential election in early August 2020, with active government and police-force intervention. We also engage third party contractors that have a limited number of employees that reside in the Ukraine. In addition, we generated a de minimis amount of revenue from customers located in Ukraine during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and Russia and Ukraine during the year ended December 31, 2022. The extent and duration of the instability in the region, and any related risk to our operations, remains uncertain, and may be further exacerbated by the ongoing presence of Russian forces in Belarus and the participation of Belarus in the Russia-Ukraine conflict. To date, intermittent communications and mobile internet outages have occasionally occurred in Belarus, and the United States, the European Union and various other nations have imposed economic and trade sanctions and export control restrictions against multiple Belarusian officials and entities. The ongoing impact of these measures, as well as any further retaliatory actions, is uncertain and may pose security risks to our people, our facilities, our technology systems and our operations, as well as to the local infrastructure, such as utilities and network services, upon which our local teams rely and adversely affect our ability to continue to do business in the region. While we have risk mitigation efforts in place, the realization of any of these risks could adversely affect our product development, operations, business and/or financial results and may require us to shift our research and development activities to other jurisdictions, which may result in delays in our development cycle and the incurrence of additional costs. The disruption in the region also could adversely affect our suppliers, partners and customers, which could result in negative impacts to our business and results of operations. Whether in these countries or in others in which we operate, civil unrest, political instability or uncertainty, military activities, or broad-based sanctions, should they continue for the long term or escalate, could expose us to the risks noted above, as well as numerous

 other risks, and require us to re-balance our geographic concentrations, any or all of which could have an adverse effect on our operations, business and financial condition.
 If one or more of these risks occurs, it could require us to dedicate significant resources to remedy, and if we are unsuccessful in finding a solution, our financial results could suffer.
 We have faced, and may continue to face, exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.
 We have transacted in foreign currencies and expect to transact in foreign currencies in the future. In addition, we maintain assets and liabilities that are denominated in currencies other than the functional operating currencies of our global entities. Accordingly, changes in the value of foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar will affect our revenue and operating results due to transactional and translational remeasurement that is reflected in our earnings. As a result of such foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, which have been prevalent over recent periods, it could be more difficult to detect underlying trends in our business and results of operations. In addition, to the extent that fluctuations in currency exchange rates cause our results of operations to differ from our expectations or the expectations of our investors, the trading price of our common stock could be adversely affected. We do not currently maintain a program to hedge transactional exposures in foreign currencies. However, in the future, we may use derivative instruments, such as foreign currency forward and option contracts, to hedge certain exposures to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
 We resell third-party software and integrate third-party software into our solutions that may be difficult to replace or that could cause errors or failures of our solutions and lead to a loss of customers or harm to our reputation and our operating results.
 In order to provide our IT services provider customers with additional functionality on our platform, we often partner with best-of-breed technology developers through license arrangements to use their software in our offerings. We also resell certain third-party products as part of our full product offering. In the future, this software may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Any loss of the right to use any of the software could result in decreased sales or decreased functionality of our solutions until equivalent technology is either developed by us or, if available from another provider, is identified, obtained and integrated, which could harm our business. In addition, any errors or defects in or failures of the third-party software could result in errors or defects in our solutions, cause our solutions to fail or increase our exposure to cyberattacks, any or all of which could harm our business and be costly to correct. Many of these providers attempt to impose limitations on their liability for such errors, defects or failures, and if enforceable, we may have additional liability to our customers or third-party providers that could harm our reputation and increase our operating costs. If we are required to replace such third-party software with new third-party software, such change may require significant work and require substantial investment of our time and resources. If we are unable to maintain licenses to software necessary to operate our business, or if third-party software that we use contains errors or defects, our costs may increase, or the services we provide may be harmed, which would adversely affect our business.
 Interruptions or performance problems associated with our internal infrastructure and its reliance on third-party technologies may adversely affect our ability to manage our business and meet reporting obligations.
 Currently, we use NetSuite to manage our order management and financial processes, salesforce.com to track our sales and marketing efforts and other third-party vendors to manage online marketing and web services. We also use third-party vendors to manage our equity compensation plans and certain aspects of our financial reporting processes. We believe the availability of these services is essential to the management of our high-volume, transaction-oriented business model. As we expand our operations, we expect to utilize additional systems and service providers that may also be essential to managing our business. Although the systems and services that we require are typically available from a number of providers, it is time-consuming and costly to qualify and implement these relationships. Therefore, if one or more of our providers suffer an interruption in their business, or experience delays, disruptions or quality-control problems in their operations, or we have to change or add additional systems and services, our ability to manage our business and produce timely and accurate financial statements would suffer.
 Interruptions or performance problems associated with third-party cloud-based systems that we depend on for development or distribution of our solutions may adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
 We currently host certain of our solutions, and expect to increasingly host our solutions, on cloud infrastructure hyperscaler providers, such as AWS and Azure. In these cases, our solutions reside on hardware operated by these providers. Our operations depend on protecting the virtual cloud infrastructure hosted by a hyperscaler by maintaining its configuration, architecture, features, and interconnection specifications, as well as the information stored in these virtual data centers and which third-party internet service providers transmit. Although we have disaster recovery plans, including the use of multiple hyperscaler locations, any incident affecting a hyperscaler's infrastructure that may be caused by fire, flood, severe storm, earthquake, or other natural disasters, actual or threatened public health emergencies, cyber-attacks, terrorist or other attacks, and other similar events beyond our control could negatively affect our platform and our ability to deliver our solutions to our customers. Any prolonged hyperscaler service disruption affecting our SaaS platform would negatively impact our ability to

 serve our customers and could damage our reputation with current and potential customers, expose us to liability, cause us to lose customers, or otherwise harm our business. We may also incur significant costs for using alternative equipment or taking other actions in preparation for, or in reaction to, events that damage the hyperscaler services we use.

 Hyperscalers have the right to terminate our agreements with them upon material uncured breach following prior written notice. If any of our hyperscaler service agreements are terminated, or there is a lapse of service, we would experience interruptions in access to our platform as well as significant delays and additional expense in arranging new facilities and services and/or re-architecting our solutions for deployment on a different cloud infrastructure, which would adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
 Interruptions or performance problems associated with our solutions, including disruptions at any third-party data centers upon which we rely, may impair our ability to support our IT services provider customers.
 Our continued operations depend substantially on the ability of our existing and potential customers to access our websites, software or cloud-based solutions within an acceptable amount of time. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, service disruptions, outages and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors, capacity constraints due to an overwhelming number of users accessing our website simultaneously and denial of service or fraud or security attacks. In some instances, we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these website performance problems within an acceptable period of time. It may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve our website performance, especially during peak usage times and as our user traffic increases. If our websites are unavailable or if our customers are unable to access our software or cloud-based solutions within a reasonable amount of time or at all, our business would be negatively affected. Additionally, our data centers and networks and third-party data centers and networks may experience technical failures and downtime, may fail to distribute appropriate updates, or may fail to meet the increased requirements of a growing customer base.
 We provide certain of our solutions through third-party data center hosting facilities located in the United States and other countries. While we control and have access to our servers and all of the components of our network that are located in such third-party data centers, we do not control the operation of these facilities. Following expiration of the current agreement terms, the owners of the data center facilities have no obligation to renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unable to renew these agreements on commercially reasonable terms, or if one of our data center operators is acquired, we may be required to transfer our servers and other infrastructure to new data center facilities, and we may incur significant costs and possible service interruptions in connection with doing so.
 Material defects, errors or vulnerabilities in our solutions, the failure of our solutions to block malware or prevent a security breach, misuse of our solutions, or risks of product liability claims could harm our reputation, result in significant costs to us and impair our ability to sell our solutions.
 Our solutions, including those we resell, are multi-faceted and may be deployed with material defects, software "bugs" or errors that are not detected until after their commercial release and deployment to our customers. From time to time, certain of our customers have reported defects in our solutions related to performance, scalability, and compatibility. Our solutions also provide our customers with the ability to customize a multitude of settings, and it is possible that a customer could misconfigure our solutions or otherwise fail to configure our products in an optimal manner. Such defects and misconfigurations of our solutions could cause our platform to operate at suboptimal efficacy, cause it to fail to secure customers' computing environments and detect and block threats, or temporarily interrupt the functionality of our customers' endpoints. We also make frequent updates to our solutions, which may fail, resulting in temporary vulnerability that increases the likelihood of a material defect.

 In addition, because the techniques used by computer hackers to access or sabotage target computing environments change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, there is a risk that an advanced attack could emerge that our solutions are unable to detect or prevent. Furthermore, as a well-known provider of solutions for IT services providers, including cloud-based technology, who in turn service a large number of SMBs, we and our customers could be targeted by attacks specifically designed to disrupt our business and harm our reputation or the business and reputation of our customers and their SMB and mid-market customers. In addition, defects or errors in our solutions could result in a failure to effectively update customers' cloud-based products. Our data centers and networks may experience technical failures and downtime, may fail to distribute appropriate updates, or may fail to meet the increased requirements of a growing customer base, any of which could temporarily or permanently expose our customers' computing environments, leaving their computing environments unprotected against cyber threats. Any of these situations could result in negative publicity to us, damage our reputation and

 increase expenses and customer relations issues, and expose us to investigations, liabilities and other costs and negative consequences, all of which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

 Advances in computer capabilities, discoveries of new weaknesses and other developments with software generally used by the IT services provider community may increase the risk we will suffer a security breach. Furthermore, our platform may fail to detect or prevent malware, ransomware, viruses, worms or similar threats for any number of reasons, including our failure to enhance and expand our solutions to reflect industry trends, new technologies and new operating environments, the complexity of the environment of our customers and the sophistication of malware, viruses and other threats. Our solutions may fail to detect or prevent threats in any particular test for a number of reasons. We or our service providers may also suffer security breaches or unauthorized access to personal information, financial account information, and other confidential information due to customer error, rogue customer employee activity, unauthorized access by third parties acting with malicious intent or who commit an inadvertent mistake or social engineering. If we experience, or our service providers experience, any breaches of security measures or sabotage or otherwise suffer unauthorized use or disclosure of, or access to, personal information, financial account information or other confidential information, we might be required to expend significant capital and resources to address these problems. We may not be able to remedy any problems caused by hackers or other similar actors in a timely manner, or at all. When faced with defects or errors, we will need to provide high-quality support to our customers during remediation efforts. If our customers are dissatisfied with our support or we otherwise fail to handle complaints effectively, our brand and reputation may suffer. To the extent potential customers, industry analysts or testing firms believe that the failure to detect or prevent any particular threat is a flaw or indicates that our solutions not provide significant value, our reputation and business would be harmed.

 Any real or perceived defects, errors or vulnerabilities in our solutions could result in:
 • lost or delayed market acceptance and sales of our solutions;
 • a reduction in subscription or maintenance renewals;
 • diversion of development resources;
 • increased likelihood of a cyberattack;
 • legal claims; and
 • injury to our reputation and our brand.
 Any inability to maintain a high-quality customer support organization could lead to a lack of customer satisfaction, which could hurt our customer relationships and adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.
 We support our customers by offering partner success strategies designed to help them better manage their own businesses, deliver service offerings powered by our platform and grow their customer bases. If we do not effectively and successfully execute our partner success strategies, our ability to sell additional solutions to existing customers would be adversely affected and our reputation with potential customers could be damaged.

 In addition, our sales process is highly dependent on our product and business reputation and on positive recommendations, referrals, and peer promotions from our existing customers. Any failure to maintain high-quality partner support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality support, could adversely affect our reputation, our ability to sell our solutions to existing and prospective customers, and our business, operating results and financial condition.
 If we fail to maintain or grow our brands, our financial condition and operating results might suffer.
 We believe that developing, maintaining and growing awareness and integrity of our brand in a cost-effective manner are important to achieving widespread acceptance of our existing and future offerings and are important elements in attracting new customers. In addition, during 2021, we changed our brand from "SolarWinds MSP" to "N-able," which may have resulted in the loss of customer recognition and may have adversely affected our business and profitability. We believe that the importance of brand recognition will increase as we enter new markets and as competition in our existing markets further intensifies. Successful promotion of our brands will depend on the effectiveness of our marketing efforts and on our ability providing reliable and useful solutions at competitive prices. We intend to increase our expenditures on brand promotion. Brand promotion activities may not yield increased revenue, and even if they do, the increased revenue may not offset the expenses we incur in building our brands. We also rely on our customer base and their SMB and mid-market customers in a variety of ways, including giving us feedback on our offerings and to provide user-based support to our other customers through our Head Nerds program. If poor advice or misinformation regarding our solutions is spread among users of our Head Nerds program, it could adversely affect our reputation, our financial results and our ability to promote and maintain our brands. If we fail to promote and maintain our brands successfully, fail to maintain loyalty among our customers and their SMB and mid-market customers,

 or incur substantial expenses in an unsuccessful attempt to introduce, promote and maintain our brands, we may be unable to attract new customers, retain our existing customers and our financial condition and results of operations could be harmed. Additionally, if our customers do not use or ineffectively use our solutions to serve their end customers, our reputation and ability to grow our business may be harmed.
 In November 2024, we acquired Adlumin, Inc. Prior to the acquisition we marketed Adlumin's managed detection and response ("MDR") solution as "N-able MDR." As we integrate Adlumin into our business, we may utilize the Adlumin brand name for our XDR or MDR solutions, sell such solutions under the N-able brand or some combination of the two. The transition to or from the Adlumin brand name may cause confusion or lack of brand recognition for these solutions, which could negatively impact our business and profitability. If we fail to integrate the Adlumin brand successfully, fail to maintain loyalty among legacy Adlumin customers, or incur substantial expenses in an unsuccessful attempt to introduce, promote and maintain the Adlumin brand, we may be unable to attract new customers for our XDR or MDR solutions or retain existing customers of these solutions, and our financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.
 If we are unable to capture significant volumes of high quality sales opportunities from our digital marketing initiatives, it could adversely affect our revenue growth and operating results.
 Our digital marketing program is designed to efficiently and cost-effectively drive a high volume of website traffic and deliver high quality opportunities, which are often trials of our solutions, to our sales teams. We drive website traffic and capture opportunities through events such as roadshows, partner events, and trade shows, as well as through various digital marketing initiatives, including SEO, targeted email campaigns, localized websites, social media, e-book distribution, video content, blogging and webinars. If we fail to drive a sufficient amount of website traffic or capture a sufficient volume of high quality sales opportunities from these activities, our revenue may not grow as expected or could decrease. In addition, if either our customer success efforts or the efforts of our distributors fail to generate sufficient sales leads, our revenue may not grow as expected. If these activities are unsuccessful, we may be required to increase our sales and marketing expenses, which may not be offset by additional revenue and could adversely affect our operating results.
 Our digital marketing initiatives may be unsuccessful in driving high volumes of website traffic and generating trials of our solutions, resulting in fewer high quality sales opportunities, for a number of reasons. For example, technology professionals often find our solutions when they are online searching for a solution to address a specific need. Search engines typically provide two types of search results, algorithmic and purchased listings, and we rely on both. The display, including rankings, of unpaid search results can be affected by a number of factors, many of which are not in our direct control, and may change frequently. Our SEO techniques have been developed to work with existing search algorithms used by the major search engines. However, major search engines frequently modify their search algorithms and such modifications could cause our websites to receive less favorable placements, which could reduce the number of technology professionals who visit our websites. In addition, websites must comply with search engine guidelines and policies that are complex and may change at any time. If we fail to follow such guidelines and policies properly, search engines may rank our content lower in search results or could remove our content altogether from their indexes. If our websites are displayed less prominently, or fail to appear in search result listings in response to search inquiries regarding observability, IT monitoring and management, backup, data recovery, or security problems through Internet search engines for any reason, our website traffic could significantly decline, requiring us to incur increased marketing expenses to replace this traffic. Any failure to replace this traffic could reduce our revenue.
 In addition, the success of our digital marketing initiatives depends in part on our ability to collect customer data and communicate with existing and potential customers online and through phone calls. As part of the solution evaluation trial process and during our sales process, most of our customers agree to receive emails and other communications from us. We also use tracking technologies, including cookies and related technologies, to help us track the activities of the visitors to our websites. However, as discussed in greater detail below, we are subject to a wide variety of data privacy and security laws and regulations in the United States and internationally that affect our ability to collect and use customer data and communicate with customers through email and phone calls. Many jurisdictions have proposed or adopted laws that restrict or prohibit unsolicited email or "spam" or regulate the use of cookies, including the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation. These laws and regulations may impose significant monetary penalties for violations and complex and often burdensome requirements in connection with sending commercial email or other data-driven marketing practices. As a result, we may be required to modify or discontinue our existing marketing practices, which could increase our marketing costs.
 We may need to reduce or change our pricing model to remain competitive.
 We generally price our subscriptions on a per-device or per-user basis with pricing based on volume tiers. We may increasingly rely on a bundled pricing model. We have changed our pricing model from time to time, and may have to do so in the future. We believe that our price increase in 2023 may have adversely affected our business, and future increases may also adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. At the same time, as new or existing competitors introduce tools that compete with ours or reduce their prices, we may be unable to attract new customers or retain existing customers. We also must determine the appropriate price to enable us to compete effectively internationally. As a result, we

 may be required or choose to reduce our prices or otherwise further change our pricing model, which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.
 We have benefited from growth in the market for SMB and mid-market IT spending, and lack of continued growth or contraction in this market could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
 As SMBs and mid-market companies invest in technology and their needs for continuous availability, performance and security grow, they have been increasingly relying on MSPs to manage these aspects of their businesses. In addition to MSPs, other IT services providers, such as value-added resellers, systems integrators, IT consultants and data center operators, have also adopted a managed services model. While we have benefited from the growth in SMB and mid-market spending on IT and the rise of the managed IT services model, the market is dynamic and evolving. Our future financial performance will depend in large part on continued growth in both spending by SMBs and demand from SMBs for MSPs and IT services providers to provide oversight, management and security of their IT systems and devices. If this market fails to grow or grows more slowly than we currently anticipate, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
 The ability to recruit, retain and develop key employees and management personnel is critical to our success and growth, and our inability to attract and retain qualified personnel could harm our business.
 Our business requires certain expertise and intellectual capital, particularly within our management team. We rely on our management team in the areas of operations, security, marketing, sales, research and development, support and general and administrative functions. The loss of one or more of our members of the management team could have a material adverse effect on our business.
 For us to compete successfully and grow, we must retain, recruit and develop key personnel who can provide the needed expertise for our industry and solutions. As we move into new geographic areas, we will need to attract, recruit and retain qualified personnel in those locations. In addition, although acquisitions are part of our growth strategy, we could lose key personnel of the acquired businesses. The market for qualified personnel is competitive, and we may not succeed in retaining or recruiting key personnel or may fail to effectively replace current key personnel who depart with qualified or effective successors. We believe that replacing our key personnel with qualified successors is particularly challenging as we feel that our evolving business model and approach to marketing and selling our solutions are unique. Any successors that we hire from outside of the company would likely be unfamiliar with our business model and may therefore require significant time to understand and appreciate the important aspects of our business or fail to do so altogether, or we may lose new employees to our competitors or other technology companies before we realize the benefit of our investment in recruiting and training them. Our effort to retain and develop personnel may also result in significant additional expenses, including stock-based compensation expenses, which could adversely affect our profitability. New regulations and volatility or lack of performance in our stock price could also affect the value of our equity awards, which could affect our ability to attract and retain our key employees. Further, if efforts around diversity, equality and belonging are perceived as insufficient or overdone, we may not be able to attract and retain talent, we may be subject to investigations, litigation and other proceedings and our brand and reputation and stock price may be harmed.
 We have made changes, and may make additional changes in the future, to our senior management team and other key personnel. Leadership transitions can be inherently difficult to manage, and an inadequate transition may cause disruption to our business. In addition, we cannot provide assurances that key personnel, including our executive officers, will continue to be employed by us or that we will be able to attract and retain qualified personnel in the future. Failure to retain or attract key personnel could have an adverse effect on our business.
 Our results of operations can be adversely affected by labor shortages, turnover and labor cost increases.
 Labor is a primary component of operating our business. A number of factors may adversely affect the labor force available to us or increase labor costs from time to time, including high employment levels, federal unemployment subsidies, and other government regulations. Although we have not experienced any material disruptions due to labor shortages to date, we have observed an overall tightening and increasingly competitive labor market. A sustained labor shortage or increased turnover rates within our employee base, whether as a result of general macroeconomic or other factors, could lead to increased costs, such as increased wage rates to attract and retain employees, and could negatively affect our ability to efficiently operate our business. If we are unable to hire and retain employees capable of performing at a high level, or if mitigation measures we may take to respond to a decrease in labor availability, such as third-party outsourcing, have unintended negative effects, our business could be adversely affected. An overall labor shortage, lack of skilled labor, increased turnover or labor inflation could have a material adverse impact on our operations, results of operations, liquidity or cash flows.
 If we cannot maintain our corporate culture as we grow, our business may be harmed.
 We believe that our corporate culture has been, and will continue to be, a critical component to our success and that our culture creates an environment that drives our employees and perpetuates our overall business strategy. We have invested

 substantial time and resources in building our team and we expect to continue to hire aggressively as we expand, including with respect to our international operations. As we grow and mature as a public company and grow further internationally, we may find it difficult to maintain the parts of our corporate culture that have led to our success. Any failure to preserve our culture could negatively affect our future success, including our ability to recruit and retain personnel and effectively focus on and pursue our business strategy.
 Adverse economic conditions may negatively affect our business.
 Our business depends on the overall demand for information technology and on the economic health of our current and prospective customers. Any significant weakening of the economy in the United States, Europe, Asia, Australia and of the global economy, more limited availability of credit, a reduction in business confidence and activity, decreased government spending, economic uncertainty and other difficulties may affect one or more of the sectors or countries in which we sell our solutions. Global economic and political uncertainty may cause some of our IT services provider customers or potential customers, or their SMB and mid-market customers, to curtail spending generally or IT management spending specifically, and may ultimately result in new regulatory and cost challenges to our international operations. In addition, a strong dollar could reduce demand for our solutions in countries with relatively weaker currencies. Inflation recently increased at the highest rate in four decades in the United States amid a slowing economy and there are numerous indicators suggesting a potential economic recession in the United States and other regions of the world. Any such conditions could result in reductions in subscriptions, reduction of consumption of our services, longer sales cycles, slower adoption of new technologies and increased price competition. Any of these events could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial position.
 Climate change may have a long-term negative impact on our business.
 Risks related to climate change may have an increasingly adverse impact on our business and those of our customers, their end users and our suppliers in the longer term. Our business operations are subject to interruption by natural disasters, floods, fire, power shortages, pandemics, terrorism, political unrest, cyberattacks, infrastructure disruptions, geopolitical instability, war, the effects of climate change and other events beyond our control. Climate-related events, including the increasing frequency of extreme weather events and their impact on regional short-term systemic failures in the U.S. and elsewhere, have the potential to disrupt our business, our third-party vendors, and/or the business of our customers and their customers, and may cause us to experience higher attrition, losses and additional costs to maintain and resume operations. If new laws are enacted, or current laws are modified in countries in which we or our suppliers operate, we could face increased costs to comply with these laws. These costs may be incurred across various levels of our supply chain to comply with new environmental regulations, taxes and penalties, which could cause us to incur increased costs to satisfy service obligations to customers. In addition, we may be subject to increased regulations, reporting requirements and standards, or expectations regarding the environmental impacts of our business, which may result in increased compliance costs, and any untimely or inaccurate disclosure could adversely affect our reputation, business or financial performance.
 Exposure related to any future litigation could adversely affect our results of operations, profitability and cash flows.
 From time to time, we have been and may be involved in various legal proceedings and claims arising in our ordinary course of business. At this time, neither we nor any of our subsidiaries is a party to, and none of our respective property is the subject of, any material legal proceeding. However, the outcomes of legal proceedings and claims brought against us are subject to significant uncertainty. Future litigation may result in a diversion of management's attention and resources, significant costs, including monetary damages and legal fees, and injunctive relief, and may contribute to current and future stock price volatility. No assurance can be made that future litigation will not result in material financial exposure or reputational harm, which could have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations, profitability or cash flows.
 In particular, the software and technology industries are characterized by the existence of a large number of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets and by frequent litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. We have received, and from time to time may receive, letters claiming that our solutions infringe or may infringe the patents or other intellectual property rights of others. As we face increasing competition and as our brand awareness increases, the possibility of additional intellectual property rights claims against us grows. Our technologies may not be able to withstand any third-party claims or rights against their use. Additionally, we have licensed from other parties proprietary technology covered by patents and other intellectual property rights, and these patents or other intellectual property rights may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. These types of claims could harm our relationships with our customers, might deter future customers from acquiring our solutions or could expose us to litigation with respect to these claims. Even if we are not a party to any litigation between a customer and a third party, an adverse outcome in that litigation could make it more difficult for us to defend our intellectual property in any subsequent litigation in which we are named as a party. Any of these results would have a negative effect on our business and operating results.
 Any intellectual property rights claim against us or our customers, with or without merit, could be time-consuming and expensive to litigate or settle and could divert management resources and attention. As a result of any successful intellectual

 property rights claim against us or our customers, we might have to pay damages or stop using technology found to be in violation of a third party's rights, which could prevent us from offering our solutions to our customers. We could also have to seek a license for the technology, which might not be available on reasonable terms, might significantly increase our cost of revenue or might require us to restrict our business activities in one or more respects. The technology also might not be available for license to us at all. As a result, we could also be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology or cease to offer a particular solutions, which could require significant effort and expense and/or hurt our revenue and financial results of operations.
 Our exposure to risks associated with the use of intellectual property may be increased as a result of our past and any future acquisitions as we have a lower level of visibility into the development process with respect to acquired technology or the care taken to safeguard against infringement risks. Third parties may make infringement and similar or related claims after we have acquired technology that had not been asserted prior to our acquisition.
 Our actual operating results may differ significantly from information we may provide regarding our financial outlook.
 From time to time, we provide information regarding our financial outlook in our quarterly earnings releases, quarterly earnings conference calls, or otherwise, that represents our management's estimates or expectations at that time. Information we provide regarding our financial outlook is based on projections prepared by our management that are dependent upon a number of assumptions and estimates that, while presented with numerical specificity, are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control, and may be based upon specific assumptions with respect to future business decisions, which may change. We typically state possible outcomes as high and low ranges, which are intended to provide a sensitivity analysis as variables are changed, but are not intended to represent that actual results could not fall outside of the suggested ranges. We provide such information as a basis for our management to discuss our business outlook with analysts and investors. We do not accept any responsibility for any projections or reports published by analysts, if any.
 Information regarding our financial outlook is necessarily speculative in nature, and it can be expected that some or all of the assumptions underlying such information furnished by us will not materialize or will vary significantly from actual results. Accordingly, information that we provide regarding our financial outlook is only an estimate of what management believes is realizable at that time. Actual results may vary from our financial outlook, and the variations may be material and adverse. In light of the foregoing, investors are urged to consider these factors, not to rely exclusively upon information we provide regarding our financial outlook in making an investment decision regarding our common stock, and to take such information into consideration only in conjunction with other information included in our filings filed with or furnished to the SEC, including the "Risk Factors" sections in such filings.
 Any failure to implement our operating strategy successfully or the occurrence of any of the events or circumstances set forth under Item 1A. Risk Factors in this Annual Report on Form 10-K could result in our actual operating results being different from information we provide regarding our financial outlook, and those differences might be adverse and material.
 A pandemic, epidemic or outbreak of an infectious disease, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, may materially affect how we and our customers are operating our businesses and our financial results.
 We are subject to risks related to public health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic and policies and regulations implemented by governments in response to the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact, both directly and indirectly, on global businesses and commerce and indirect effects such as worker shortages and supply chain constraints. Future global health concerns could also result in social, economic, and labor instability in the countries in which we or the third parties with whom we engage operate.
 The impact to our business from any future pandemics or health epidemics depends on multiple factors that cannot be accurately predicted, such as their duration and scope, the extent and effectiveness of containment actions, the disruption caused by such actions, and the efficacy and rates of vaccines. Future pandemics or health epidemics could have severe impacts on our business and our customers' and prospective customers' businesses. For instance, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we experienced a deceleration in our year-over-year subscription revenue growth rate in the second quarter of 2020 as compared to our growth rates in prior periods. We attributed this deceleration primarily to increased churn and downgrades from existing customers and slower customer adds. Future pandemics or health epidemics may also adversely affect our productivity, employee morale, future sales, operating results, and overall financial performance. Pandemics, health epidemics, or outbreaks of infectious diseases may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this "Risk Factors" section.
 Risks Related to Our Indebtedness
 We have substantial indebtedness, which could adversely affect our financial health and our ability to obtain financing in the future, react to changes in our business and meet our obligations with respect to our indebtedness.

 As of December 31, 2024, our total indebtedness outstanding under our credit agreement, net of debt issuance costs, was $333.1 million and we had $60 million of additional unused borrowing capacity under our revolving credit facility. If we cannot generate sufficient cash flow from operations to service our debt, we may need to refinance our debt, dispose of assets, or issue equity to obtain necessary funds; we do not know whether we will be able to take any of such actions on a timely basis or on terms satisfactory to us or at all.
 Our substantial indebtedness incurred under the credit agreement, combined with our other financial obligations and contractual commitments could have important consequences, including:
 • requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations to payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the funds available for operations, working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, product development and other purposes;
 • increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions, which could place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have relatively less indebtedness;
 • limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industries in which we operate;
 • restricting us from making investments or strategic acquisitions or causing us to make non-strategic divestitures;
 • requiring us under certain circumstances to repatriate earnings from our international operations in order to make payments on our indebtedness, which could subject us to local country income and withholding taxes and/or state income taxes that are not currently accrued in our financial statements;
 • requiring us to liquidate short-term or long-term investments in order to make payments on our indebtedness, which could generate losses;
 • exposing us to the risk of increased interest rates as borrowings under the credit agreement are subject to variable rates of interest; and
 • limiting our ability to borrow additional funds, or to dispose of assets to raise funds, if needed, for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, product development and other corporate purposes.
 Despite our current indebtedness level, we and our restricted subsidiaries may be able to incur substantially more indebtedness, which could further exacerbate the risks associated with our substantial indebtedness.
 Although the terms of the credit agreement governing our outstanding indebtedness contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, such restrictions are subject to a number of important exceptions and indebtedness incurred in compliance with such restrictions could be substantial. If we and our restricted subsidiaries incur significant additional indebtedness, the related risks that we face could increase. If new debt is added to our or our subsidiaries' current debt levels, the related risks that we now face would increase, and we may not be able to meet all our debt obligations. See Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources.
 The credit agreement governing our indebtedness contains restrictions and limitations that may restrict our business and financing activities and expose us to risks that could adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition.
 The credit agreement governing our credit facility contains various covenants that are operative so long as our credit facility remains outstanding. The covenants, among other things, limit our and certain of our subsidiaries' abilities to:
 • incur additional indebtedness;
 • create or incur liens;
 • engage in mergers, consolidations, amalgamations, liquidations, dissolutions or dispositions;
 • make investments, acquisitions, loans (including guarantees), advances or capital contributions;
 • sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets, including capital stock of subsidiaries;
 • conduct, transact or otherwise engage in certain business or operations;
 • create negative pledges or restrictions on the payment of dividends or payment of other amounts owed from subsidiaries;
 • make prepayments or repurchases of debt that is subordinated with respect to right of payment;
 • modify certain documents governing debt that is subordinated with respect to right of payment;
 • pay dividends and distributions on, or redeem, repurchase or retire our capital stock; and

 • engage in certain transactions with affiliates.
 Our credit agreement also contains a financial covenant which requires that, at the end of each fiscal quarter, for so long as the aggregate principal amount of borrowings under our revolving credit facility exceeds 35% of the aggregate commitments under the revolving credit facility, our first lien net leverage ratio cannot exceed 7.50 to 1.00. A breach of this financial covenant will not result in a default or event of default under the term loan facility under our credit agreement unless and until the lenders under our revolving credit facility have terminated the commitments under the revolving credit facility and declared the borrowings under the revolving credit facility due and payable.
 Our credit agreement also contains numerous affirmative covenants that will remain in effect as long as our credit facility remains outstanding. We are also required to make mandatory prepayments of the obligations under our credit facility in certain circumstances, including upon certain asset sales or receipt of certain insurance proceeds or condemnation awards, upon certain issuances of debt, and, annually, with a portion of our excess cash flow.
 Our ability to comply with the covenants and restrictions contained in the credit agreement governing our credit facility may be affected by economic, financial and industry conditions beyond our control. The restrictions in the credit agreement governing our credit facility may prevent us from taking actions that we believe would be in the best interests of our business and may make it difficult for us to execute our business strategy successfully or effectively compete with companies that are not similarly restricted. Even if our credit agreement is terminated, any additional debt that we incur in the future could subject us to similar or additional covenants.
 The credit agreement includes customary events of default, including, among others, failure to pay principal, interest or other amounts; material inaccuracy of representations and warranties; violation of covenants; specified cross-default and cross-acceleration to other material indebtedness; certain bankruptcy and insolvency events; certain ERISA events; certain undischarged judgments; material invalidity of guarantees or grant of security interest; and change of control. Any default that is not cured or waived could result in the termination of our credit agreement or an acceleration of the obligations under the credit agreement. Any such default would permit the applicable lenders to declare all amounts outstanding thereunder to be due and payable, together with accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, such a default or acceleration may result in the acceleration of any other debt to which a cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies. If we are unable to repay our indebtedness, the lenders under our credit facility could proceed against the collateral securing the indebtedness. In any such case, we may be unable to borrow under our credit facility and may not be able to repay the amounts due under our credit facility. This could have serious consequences to our financial condition and results of operations and could cause us to become bankrupt or insolvent.
 Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
 The success of our business depends on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights.
 Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect proprietary methods and technologies that we develop or license so that we can prevent others from using our inventions and proprietary information. If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights adequately, our competitors might gain access to our technology and our business might be adversely affected. However, protecting and enforcing our intellectual property rights might entail significant expenses. Any of our intellectual property rights may be challenged by others, weakened or invalidated through administrative process or litigation. We rely primarily on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark, trade dress, unfair competition and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions, to establish and protect our proprietary rights. These laws, procedures and restrictions provide only limited protection.
 As of December 31, 2024, we had ten issued patents. The process of obtaining patent protection is expensive and time-consuming and we may not be able to prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. Even if issued, there can be no assurance that these patents, or our existing patents, will adequately protect our intellectual property, as the legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability and scope of protection of patent and other intellectual property rights are uncertain. Our patents and any future patents issued to us may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, and may not provide sufficiently broad protection or may not prove to be enforceable in actions against alleged infringers. Any patents that are issued may subsequently be invalidated or otherwise limited, allowing other companies to develop offerings that compete with ours, which could adversely affect our competitive business position, business prospects and financial condition. In addition, issuance of a patent does not guarantee that we have a right to practice the patented invention. Patent applications in the United States are typically not published until 18 months after filing or, in some cases, not at all, and publications of discoveries in industry-related literature lag behind actual discoveries. We cannot be certain that third parties do not have blocking patents that could be used to prevent us from marketing or practicing our patented software or technology.

 We endeavor to enter into agreements with our employees and contractors and with parties with which we do business in order to limit access to and disclosure of our trade secrets and other proprietary information. We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use, misappropriation or reverse engineering of our technology. Moreover, others may independently develop technologies that are competitive to ours and may infringe our intellectual property. The enforcement of our intellectual property rights also depends on our legal actions against these infringers being successful, but these actions may not be successful, even when our rights have been infringed. Further, any litigation, whether or not resolved in our favor, could be costly and time-consuming.
 Our exposure to risks related to the protection of intellectual property may be increased in the context of acquired technologies as we have a lower level of visibility into the development process and the actions taken to establish and protect proprietary rights in the acquired technology. In connection with past acquisitions, we have found that some associated intellectual property rights, such as domain names and trademarks in certain jurisdictions, are owned by resellers, distributors or other third parties. In the past, we have experienced difficulties in obtaining assignments of these associated intellectual property rights from third parties.
 Furthermore, effective patent, trademark, trade dress, copyright and trade secret protection may not be available in every country in which our solutions are available. The laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States (in particular, some foreign jurisdictions do not permit patent protection for software), and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be inadequate. In addition, the legal standards, both in the United States and in foreign countries, relating to the validity, enforceability and scope of protection of intellectual property rights are uncertain and still evolving. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property.
 We might be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect our intellectual property rights. We may initiate claims or litigation against third parties for infringement of our proprietary rights or to establish the validity of our proprietary rights. Litigation also puts our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing. Additionally, we may provoke third parties to assert counterclaims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially viable. Any litigation, whether or not resolved in our favor, could result in significant expense to us and divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
 Our use of open source software could negatively affect our ability to sell our offerings and subject us to possible litigation.
 Some of our offerings incorporate open source software, and we intend to continue to use open source software in the future. Some terms of certain open source licenses to which we are subject have not been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts, and there is a risk that open source software licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to monetize our offerings. Additionally, we may from time to time face claims from third parties claiming ownership of, or demanding release of, the open source software or derivative works that we developed using such software, which could include our proprietary source code, or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open source software license. These claims could result in litigation and could require us to make our software source code freely available, purchase a costly license to continue offering the software or cease offering the implicated services unless and until we can re-engineer them to avoid infringement or violation. This re-engineering process could require significant additional research and development resources, and we may not be willing to entertain the cost associated with updating the software or be able to complete it successfully. In addition to risks related to license requirements, use of certain open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of software and, thus, may contain security vulnerabilities or infringing or broken code. Additionally, if we utilize open source licenses that require us to contribute to open source projects, this software code is publicly available; and our ability to protect our intellectual property rights with respect to such software source code may be limited or lost entirely. We may be unable to prevent our competitors or others from using such contributed software source code. Any of these risks could be difficult to eliminate or manage, and if not addressed, could have a negative effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

 Risks Related to Cybersecurity
 Cyberattacks, including the Cyber Incident, and other security incidents have resulted, and in the future may result, in compromises or breaches of our, our IT services provider customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers' systems, the insertion of malicious code, malware, ransomware or other vulnerabilities into our, our IT services provider customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers' systems, the exploitation of vulnerabilities in our, our T services provider customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers' environments, the theft or misappropriation of our, our IT services provider customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers' proprietary and confidential information, and interference with our, our IT services provider customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers' operations, exposure to legal and other liabilities, higher customer and employee attrition and the loss of key personnel, negative impacts to our sales, renewals and upgrades and reputational harm and other serious negative consequences, any or all of which could materially harm our business.
 We are heavily dependent on our technology infrastructure to operate our business, and our customers rely on our solutions to help manage and secure their IT infrastructure and environments, and that of their SMB and mid-market customers, including the protection of confidential information. Despite our implementation of security measures and controls, our systems, the systems of our third-party service providers upon which we rely, the systems of our customers and the virtualized systems of our customers, as well as the information that those systems store and process are vulnerable to attack from numerous threat actors, including sophisticated nation-state and nation-state-supported actors (including advanced persistent threat intrusions). Threat actors have been, and may in the future be, able to compromise our security measures or otherwise exploit vulnerabilities in our systems, including vulnerabilities that may have been introduced through the actions of our employees or contractors or defects in design or manufacture of our products and systems or the products and systems that we procure from third parties. In doing so, they have been, and may in the future be, able to breach or compromise our IT systems, including those which we use to design, develop, deploy and support our products, and access and misappropriate our, our current and former employees' and our customers' proprietary and confidential information, including our software source code, introduce malware, ransomware or vulnerabilities into our products and systems and create system disruptions or shutdowns. By virtue of the role our products play in helping to manage and secure the environments and systems of our customers and their end customers, attacks on our systems and products can result in similar impacts on our customers' and their customers' systems and data.
 Cybersecurity has become increasingly important to our customers as their end customers experience increased security threats while more of their workforce works remotely. Larger volumes of remote devices are connecting to SMBs' networks driving increased vulnerability and incidences of ransomware and phishing attacks are growing, making security a high priority for SMBs. The potential impact of cybersecurity breaches or incidents affecting customers' remote monitoring of multiple SMB or mid-market customers' networks and devices is significant.
 Moreover, the number and scale of cyberattacks have continued to increase and the methods and techniques used by threat actors, including sophisticated "supply-chain" attacks such as the Cyber Incident, continue to evolve at a rapid pace. As a result, we may be unable to identify current attacks, anticipate these attacks or implement adequate security measures. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, security breaches that may remain undetected for an extended period and, therefore, have a greater impact on our solutions, our proprietary data or the data of our IT services provider customers or their SMB and mid-market customers, and ultimately on our business. In addition, our ability to defend against and mitigate cyberattacks depends in part on prioritization decisions that we and third parties upon whom we rely make to address vulnerabilities and security defects. While we endeavor to address all identified vulnerabilities in our products, we must make determinations as to how we prioritize developing and deploying the respective fixes and we may be unable to do so prior to an attack. Likewise, even once a vulnerability has been addressed, for certain of our products, the fix will only be effective once a customer has updated the impacted product with the latest release, and customers that do not install and run the remediated versions of our products, and their SMB and mid-market customers, may remain vulnerable to attack.
 Cyberattacks, including the Cyber Incident, and other security incidents have resulted, and in the future may result, in numerous risks and adverse consequences to our business, including that (a) our prevention, mitigation and remediation efforts may not be successful or sufficient, (b) our confidential and proprietary information, including our source code, as well as personal information related to current or former employees and customers, may be accessed, exfiltrated, misappropriated, compromised or corrupted, (c) we incur significant financial, legal, reputational and other harms to our business, including, loss of business, decreased sales, severe reputational damage adversely affecting current and prospective customer, employee or vendor relations and investor confidence, U.S. or foreign regulatory investigations and enforcement actions, litigation, indemnity obligations, damages for contractual breach, penalties for violation of applicable laws or regulations, including laws and regulations in the United States and other jurisdictions relating to the collection, use and security of user and other personally identifiable information and data, significant costs for remediation, impairment of our ability to protect our intellectual property, stock price volatility and other significant liabilities, (d) our insurance coverage, including coverage relating to certain security and privacy damages and claim expenses, may not be available or sufficient to compensate for all

 liabilities we incur related to these matters or that we may face increased costs to obtain and maintain insurance in the future, and (e) our steps to secure our internal environment, adapt and enhance our software development and build environments and ensure the security and integrity of the solutions that we deliver to our customers may not be successful or sufficient to protect against future threat actors or cyberattacks. We have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant expenses related to our cybersecurity initiatives.
 The Cyber Incident has had and may continue to have an adverse effect on our business, reputation, customer and employee relations, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
 On December 14, 2020, SolarWinds announced that it had been the victim of a cyberattack (the "Cyber Incident") on its Orion Software Platform and internal systems. SolarWinds' investigation revealed that as part of this attack, malicious code ("Sunburst") was injected into builds of SolarWinds' Orion Software Platform that it released between March 2020 and June 2020. If present and activated in a customer's IT environment, Sunburst could potentially allow an attacker to compromise the server on which the Orion Software Platform was installed. The Cyber Incident has been widely reported by SolarWinds and other third parties and appears to be one of the most complex and sophisticated cyberattacks in history.
 SolarWinds' investigations have revealed that the threat actor employed novel and sophisticated techniques indicative of a nation state actor and consistent with the goal of cyber espionage via a supply-chain attack. Through the use of the novel SUNSPOT code injector that SolarWinds discovered in its investigation, the threat actor surreptitiously injected the Sunburst malicious code solely into builds of the Orion Software Platform. The threat actor undertook a test run of its ability to inject code into builds of the Orion Software Platform in October 2019, months prior to initiating the actual Sunburst injection into builds of the Orion Software Platform that SolarWinds released between March and June 2020. SolarWinds has not identified Sunburst in any of its more than 70 non-Orion products and tools, including, as previously disclosed, any of our N-able solutions.
 As a result of the Cyber Incident, we are faced with significant risks. As a part of SolarWinds and our prior branding as "SolarWinds MSP," the Cyber Incident has harmed, and may continue to harm, our reputation, our customer and employee relations and our operations and business as a result of both the impact it has had on our relationships with existing and prospective customers and the significant time and resources that our personnel have had and may have to devote to investigating and responding to the Cyber Incident. Customers have and may in the future defer purchasing or choose to cancel or not renew their agreements or subscriptions with us as a result of the Cyber Incident. We have expended significant costs and expenses related to the Cyber Incident including in connection with investigations, our remediation efforts, our compliance with applicable laws and regulations in connection with the threat actor's access to and exfiltration of information related to our current or former employees and customers, and our measures to address the damage to our reputation and customers and employee relations. We are also expending additional costs in connection with our ongoing cybersecurity-related initiatives. If we are unable to maintain the trust of our current and prospective customers and their SMB and mid-market customers, negative publicity continues and/or our personnel continue to have to devote significant time to the Cyber Incident, our business, market share, results of operations and financial condition will be negatively affected.
 SolarWinds has confirmed to us that it has concluded its internal investigations relating to the Cyber Incident. While SolarWinds does not know precisely when or how the threat actor first gained access to its environment, its investigations uncovered evidence that the threat actor compromised credentials and conducted research and surveillance in furtherance of its objectives through persistent access to its software development environment and internal systems, including its Office 365 environment, for at least nine months prior to initiating the test run in October 2019. During this entire period, we were a part of the SolarWinds' shared environment and the threat actor had persistent access to our systems and Office 365 environment. SolarWinds also has found evidence that causes us to believe that the threat actor exfiltrated certain information as part of its research and surveillance. The threat actor created and moved files that we believe contained source code for our products, although we are unable to determine the actual contents of those files. The threat actor also created and moved additional files, including files that may have contained data about our customers partners and files that may have contained data relating to trial and product activation of our N-central On Demand solution. We do not believe that any information of the SMB and mid-market customers of our customers would have been included in the files that were created by the threat actor. Although we are unable to determine the actual contents of these files, with respect to the files that may have contained data about our customers, we believe the information included in such files would not have contained highly sensitive personal information, such as credit card, social security, passport or bank account numbers, but could have contained other information such as customer IDs, business email addresses and encrypted customer portal login credentials. With respect to the files that may have contained data relating to trial and product activation of our N-central On Demand solutions, although we are unable to determine the actual content of such files, the information included in such files could have contained customer usernames and N-central On Demand initial passwords generated by N-able. The threat actor also moved files to a jump server, which SolarWinds believes was intended to facilitate exfiltration of the files out of the shared environment. Investigations to date have also revealed that the threat actor accessed the email accounts of certain of our personnel, some of which contained information related to current

 or former employees and customers. SolarWinds has notified us that it has identified all personal information contained in the emails of these accounts, and has informed us that it has provided notices to any impacted individuals and other parties as required.
 In October 2023, the SEC filed a complaint against SolarWinds and its chief information officer alleging violations of the Exchange Act and Securities Act relating to SolarWinds' cybersecurity disclosures and public statements, as well as its internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. On July 18, 2024, the District Court for the Southern District of New York entered an order granting in large part the SolarWinds' motion to dismiss. Only one claim remains pending before the court which concerns the accuracy of their online Security Statement. The October 2023 complaint brought, and any future developments may bring, renewed attention to the Cyber Incident and questions from some of our customers.
 The discovery of new or different information regarding the Cyber Incident, including with respect to its scope, the activities of the threat actor within the shared SolarWinds environment and the related impact on any of our systems, solutions, current or former employees and customers, could increase our costs and liabilities related to the Cyber Incident and expose us to claims, investigations by U.S. federal and state and foreign governmental officials and agencies, civil and criminal litigation, including securities class action and other lawsuits, and other liability, resulting in material remedial and other expenses which may not be covered by insurance, including fines and further damage to our business, reputation, intellectual property, results of operations and financial condition. Although, subject to the terms of the Separation and Distribution Agreement, SolarWinds would indemnify us for costs we may incur, any such claims, investigations or lawsuits may result in the incurrence of significant external and internal legal and advisory costs and expenses and reputational damage to our business, as well as the diversion of management's attention from the operation of our business and a negative impact on our employee morale. We also may not have sufficient insurance coverage for any claims or expenses to the extent that certain costs are not covered under SolarWinds' insurance coverage or the terms of the Separation and Distribution Agreement indemnification.
 The Cyber Incident also may embolden other threat actors to target our systems, which could result in additional harm to our business, reputation, intellectual property, results of operations and financial conditions. Although we have and expect to continue to deploy significant resources as part of our security infrastructure, we cannot ensure that our steps to secure our internal environment, improve our software development and build environments and protect the security and integrity of the solutions that we deliver will be successful or sufficient to protect against future threat actors or cyberattacks or perceived by existing and prospective customers partners as sufficient to address the harm caused by the Cyber Incident.
 Risks Related to Accounting and Taxation
 Failure to maintain proper and effective internal controls could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and stock price.
 As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Act and are required to prepare our financial statements according to the rules and regulations required by the SEC. In addition, the Exchange Act requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports. Any failure to prepare and disclose this information in a timely manner or to otherwise comply with applicable law could subject us to penalties under federal securities laws, expose us to lawsuits and restrict our ability to access financing. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we establish and maintain effective internal controls and procedures for financial reporting and disclosure purposes. We are also required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. Our testing, or the subsequent testing by our independent registered public accounting firm, may reveal deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses. If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or if we or our accounting firm identify deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, the market price of our stock would likely decline and we could be subject to lawsuits, sanctions, or investigations by regulatory authorities, including SEC enforcement actions, and we could be required to restate our financial results, any of which would require additional financial and management resources. Internal control over financial reporting is complex and may be revised over time to adapt to changes in our business, or changes in applicable accounting rules. As we increased the number of contracts that have terms of one or more years, we developed controls around the accounting for these contracts. While we believe these controls are effective, they rely substantially on manual processes. We cannot assure that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective in the future or that a material weakness will not be discovered with respect to a prior period for which we had previously believed that internal controls were effective. If material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting are discovered or occur in the future, our consolidated financial statements may contain material misstatements and we could be required to restate our financial results, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition, restrict our ability to access the capital markets, require us to expend significant resources to correct the material weakness, subject us to fines, penalties or judgments, harm our reputation, or otherwise cause a decline in investor confidence.

 Changes in financial accounting standards or practices may cause adverse, unexpected financial reporting fluctuations and affect our reported results of operations.
 A change in accounting standards or practices can have a significant effect on our reported results and may even affect our reporting of transactions completed before the change is effective. New accounting pronouncements and varying interpretations of accounting pronouncements have occurred and may occur in the future. Changes to existing rules or the questioning of current practices may adversely affect our reported financial results or the way in which we conduct our business.
 Our revenue recognition policy and other factors may distort our financial results in any given period and make them difficult to predict.
 Under accounting standards update No. 2014-09 (Topic 606), Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"), we recognize revenue when our customer obtains control of goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Our subscription revenue consists of (i) SaaS agreements, (ii) term-based licenses bundled with coterminous support and (iii) maintenance and support agreements. For SaaS and maintenance and support agreements, we recognize revenue ratably over the contract period as the Company satisfies its performance obligation, beginning on the date the Company makes its service available to the customer. For term-based licenses bundled with coterminous support, we recognize revenue when the distinct license is made available to the customer, and support revenue is recognized ratably over the contract period. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we began increasing the proportion of our subscriptions that are long-term committed contracts, as compared to month-to-month contracts. In connection with this, we saw an increase in point-in-time subscription revenue, offset by estate optimization impacting our net revenue retention during the year as customers optimized their estates in the process of entering long-term committed contracts. A significant increase or decline in our subscription contracts in any one quarter may not be fully reflected in the results for that quarter but will affect our revenue in future quarters.
 Furthermore, the presentation of our financial results requires us to make estimates and assumptions that may affect revenue recognition. In some instances, we could reasonably use different estimates and assumptions, and changes in estimates are likely to occur from period to period. See the section titled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates-Revenue Recognition" included in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report.
 Given the foregoing factors, our actual results could differ significantly from our estimates, comparing our revenue and operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful, and our past results may not be indicative of our future performance.
 Our business and financial performance could be negatively impacted by changes in tax laws or regulations.
 New income, sales, use or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be enacted at any time. Further, existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us. Any changes to these existing tax laws could adversely affect our domestic and international business operations and our business and financial performance, including provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. Additionally, these events could require us or our customers to pay additional tax amounts on a prospective or retroactive basis, as well as require us or our customers to pay fines and/or penalties and interest for past amounts deemed to be due. If we raise our subscription prices to offset the costs of these changes, existing customers may cancel their subscriptions and potential customers may elect not to purchase our subscriptions. Additionally, new, changed, modified or newly interpreted or applied tax laws could increase our customers' and our compliance, operating and other costs, as well as the costs of our solutions. Further, these events could decrease the capital we have available to operate our business. Any or all of these events could adversely impact our business and financial performance.
 Additionally, the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the "Tax Act"), which was enacted on December 22, 2017, requires complex computations to be performed, significant judgments to be made in the interpretation of the provisions of the Tax Act, significant estimates in calculations and the preparation and analysis of information not previously relevant or regularly produced. The U.S. Treasury Department continues to interpret or issue guidance on how provisions of the Tax Act will be applied or otherwise administered. As additional guidance is issued, we may make adjustments to amounts that we have previously recorded that may materially impact our financial statements in the period in which the adjustments are made.
 Additional liabilities related to taxes or potential tax adjustments could adversely impact our business and financial performance.
 We are subject to tax and related obligations in various federal, state, local and foreign jurisdictions in which we operate or do business. The taxing rules of the various jurisdictions in which we operate or do business are often complex and subject to differing interpretations. Tax authorities could challenge our tax positions we historically have taken, or intend to take in the future, or may audit the tax filings we have made and assess additional taxes. Tax authorities may also assess taxes in

 jurisdictions where we have not made tax filings. Any assessments incurred could be material, and may also involve the imposition of substantial penalties and interest. Significant judgment is required in evaluating our tax positions and in establishing appropriate reserves, and the resolutions of our tax positions are unpredictable. The payment of additional taxes, penalties or interest resulting from any assessments could adversely impact our business and financial performance.
 Our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements are subject to the tax laws of various jurisdictions, and we could be obligated to pay additional taxes, which would harm our operating results.
 Based on our current corporate structure, we are subject to taxation in several jurisdictions around the world with increasingly complex tax laws, the application of which can be uncertain. The amount of taxes we pay in these jurisdictions could increase substantially as a result of changes in the applicable tax rules, including increased tax rates, new tax laws or revised interpretations of existing tax laws and precedents. In addition, the authorities in these jurisdictions could challenge our methodologies for valuing developed technology or intercompany arrangements, including our transfer pricing. The relevant taxing authorities may determine that the manner in which we operate our business does not achieve the intended tax consequences. If such a disagreement were to occur, and our position were not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties. Such authorities could claim that various withholding requirements apply to us or our subsidiaries or assert that benefits of tax treaties are not available to us or our subsidiaries. Any increase in the amount of taxes we pay or that are imposed on us could increase our worldwide effective tax rate and adversely affect our business and operating results.
 Our operating results may be negatively impacted by the loss of certain tax benefits provided to companies in our industry predominately by the governments of countries in which we have research and development personnel.
 Many of the governments of countries in which we have research and development personnel provide us with certain tax benefits related to the employment of such personnel and the activities that they perform. In Belarus, for example, our local subsidiary along with other member technology companies of High-Technologies Park have a full exemption from Belarus income tax and value added tax until 2049 and are taxed at reduced rates on a variety of other taxes. We have similar arrangements with our subsidiaries in the United Kingdom and Romania. If these tax benefits are changed, terminated, not extended or comparable new tax incentives are not introduced, we expect that our effective income tax rate and/or our operating expenses could increase significantly, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
 Risks Related to Governmental Regulation
 We are subject to various global data privacy and security regulations, which could result in additional costs and liabilities to us.
 Our business is subject to a wide variety of local, state, national and international laws, directives and regulations that apply to the collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal data. Moreover, because many of the features of our offerings use, store and report on SMB data, which may contain personal data, any inability to adequately address privacy concerns, to honor a data subject request, to delete stored data at the relevant times, or to comply with applicable privacy laws, regulations and policies could, even if unfounded, result in liability to us and, damage to our reputation, loss of sales and harm to our business. These data protection and privacy-related laws and regulations continue to evolve and are expected to result in ever-increasing regulatory and public scrutiny and escalating levels of enforcement and sanctions and increased costs of compliance. In the United States, these include rules and regulations promulgated under the authority of the Federal Trade Commission, and state privacy and breach notification laws. In connection with the Cyber Incident, SolarWinds' investigations revealed that the threat actor accessed the email accounts of certain of our personnel, some of which contained information related to current or former employees and customers. SolarWinds has informed us that it notified the applicable regulators in the European Union and the United States, as well as the impacted individuals where required, with respect to the personal information contained in the email accounts of certain current and former employees and customers to which the threat actor gained access. In addition, if we experience another security incident with personal data, we may be required to inform the representative state attorney general or federal or country regulator, media and credit reporting agencies, and any party whose information was compromised, which could further harm our reputation and business. States and countries have enacted different requirements for protecting personal data collected and maintained electronically. We expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy, data protection and information security in the United States, the European Union and other jurisdictions, and we cannot yet determine the impact such future laws, regulations and standards will have on our business or the businesses of our customers, including, but not limited to the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation, the UK's General Data Protection Regulation and U.S. state privacy laws, which created a range of new compliance obligations, and significantly increased financial penalties for noncompliance. We continue to assess the impact of these emerging laws on the ability to lawfully transfer personal data from the European Union to the United States, monitor relevant guidance, and refine our processes accordingly. It is possible that the decision will restrict the ability to transfer personal data from the European Union to the United States, and we may, in addition to other impacts, experience additional costs associated with increased compliance burdens, and we, our customers, and their

 SMB and mid-market customers face the potential for regulators in the EEA to apply different standards to the transfer of personal data from the EEA to the United States, and to block, or require ad hoc verification of measures taken with respect to, certain data flows from the EEA to the United States.
 In addition, global privacy and data protection legislation, enforcement and policy activity are rapidly expanding and evolving, and may be inconsistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. We may, in addition to other impacts, experience additional costs associated with increased compliance burdens relative to transfers of personal data from the European Union to the United States, and we, our customers and their SMB and mid-market customers face the potential for regulators in the European Economic Area (the "EEA") to apply different standards to the transfer of personal data from the EEA to the United States, and to block, or require ad hoc verification of measures taken with respect to, certain data flows from the EEA to the United States.
 Failure to comply with laws concerning privacy, data protection and information security could result in enforcement action against us, including fines, imprisonment of company officials and public censure, claims for damages by our customers, their SMB and mid-market customers, and other affected individuals, damage to our reputation and loss of goodwill (both in relation to existing IT services provider customers and their SMB and mid-market customers and prospective IT services provider customers and their SMB and mid-market customers), any of which could have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial performance and business. In addition, we could suffer adverse publicity and loss of customer confidence were it alleged or found that we did not take adequate measures to assure the confidentiality of the personal data that our customers had given to us. This could result in a loss of customers and revenue that could jeopardize our success. We may not be successful in avoiding potential liability or disruption of business resulting from the failure to comply with these laws and, even if we comply with laws, may be subject to liability because of a security incident. If we were required to pay any significant amount of money in satisfaction of claims under these laws, or any similar laws enacted by other jurisdictions, or if we were forced to cease our business operations for any length of time as a result of our inability to comply fully with any of these laws, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected. Further, complying with the applicable notice requirements in the event of a security breach could result in significant costs.
 Additionally, our business efficiencies and economies of scale depend on generally uniform solutions offerings and uniform treatment of customers across all jurisdictions in which we operate. Compliance requirements that vary significantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction impose added costs on our business and can increase liability for compliance deficiencies.
 We are subject to governmental export controls and economic sanctions laws that could impair our ability to compete in international markets and subject us to liability if we are not in full compliance with applicable laws.
 Certain of our solutions are subject to U.S. export controls, including the U.S. Department of Commerce's Export Administration Regulations and economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control. These regulations may limit the export of our solutions and provision of our services outside of the United States, or may require export authorizations, including by license, a license exception or other appropriate government authorizations, including annual or semi-annual reporting and the filing of an encryption registration. Export control and economic sanctions laws may also include prohibitions on the sale or supply of certain of our solutions to embargoed or sanctioned countries, regions, governments, persons and entities. In addition, various countries regulate the importation of certain solutions, through import permitting and licensing requirements, and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to distribute our solutions. The exportation, re-exportation and importation of our solutions and the provision of services, including by our partners, must comply with these laws or else we may be adversely affected, through reputational harm, government investigations, penalties, and a curtailment or denial of our ability to export our solutions or provide services. Complying with export control and sanctions laws may be time consuming and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities. If we are found to be in violation of U.S. sanctions or export control laws, it could result in substantial fines and penalties for us and for the individuals working for us. Changes in export or import laws or corresponding sanctions may delay the introduction and sale of our solutions in international markets, or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our solutions to certain countries, regions, governments, persons or entities altogether, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We are also subject to various domestic and international anti-corruption laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act, as well as other similar anti-bribery and anti-kickback laws and regulations. These laws and regulations generally prohibit companies and their employees and intermediaries from authorizing, offering or providing improper payments or benefits to officials and other recipients for improper purposes. Although we take precautions to prevent violations of these laws, our exposure for violating these laws increases as our international presence expands and as we increase sales and operations in foreign jurisdictions.

 Government regulation of the Internet and e-commerce is evolving, and unfavorable changes or our failure to comply with regulations could harm our operating results.
 As Internet commerce continues to evolve, increasing regulation by federal, state or foreign agencies becomes more likely. In addition to data privacy and security laws and regulations, taxation of solutions and services provided over the Internet or other charges imposed by government agencies or by private organizations for accessing the Internet may also be imposed. Any regulation imposing greater fees for Internet use or restricting information exchange over the Internet could result in a decline in the use of the Internet and the viability of Internet-based services and solutions offerings, which could harm our business and operating results.
 Risks Related to the Separation and Distribution
 The Separation and Distribution may not achieve some or all of the anticipated benefits, which may disrupt or adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 We may not fully realize the intended benefits of being a stand-alone public company if any of the risks identified in this "Risk Factors" section, or other events, were to occur. If we do not realize these intended benefits for any reason, our business may be negatively affected. We may be unable to achieve some or all of the benefits that we expect to achieve as an independent company in the time we expect, if at all, for a variety of reasons, including: (i) as an independent, publicly traded company, we may be more susceptible to market fluctuations and other adverse events than if we were still a part of SolarWinds; and (ii) as an independent, publicly traded company, our business is less diversified than SolarWinds' businesses prior to the Separation and Distribution. We also may experience increased difficulties in attracting, retaining, and motivating employees or maintaining or initiating relationships with partners, customers and other parties with which we currently do business, or may do business in the future, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we fail to achieve some or all of the benefits that we expect to achieve as an independent company, or do not achieve them in the time we expect, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
 We could incur significant liability if the Separation and Distribution is determined to be a taxable transaction, and, in certain circumstances, we could be required to indemnify SolarWinds for material taxes and other related amounts pursuant to indemnification obligations under the tax matters agreement.
 SolarWinds has received opinions of tax counsel and tax advisors regarding qualification of the Separation and Distribution, together with certain related transactions, as transactions that are generally tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Sections 368(a)(1)(D) and/or 355 of the Code. The opinions of tax counsel and tax advisors are based upon and rely on, among other things, certain facts and assumptions, as well as certain representations, statements and undertakings of SolarWinds and us, including those relating to the past and future conduct of SolarWinds and us. If any of these representations, statements or undertakings are, or become, incomplete or inaccurate, or if we or SolarWinds breach any of the respective covenants in any of the Separation and Distribution-related agreements, the opinions of tax counsel and tax advisors could be invalid and the conclusions reached therein could be jeopardized.
 Notwithstanding any opinion of tax counsel and tax advisors, the Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS") could determine that the Separation and Distribution should be treated as a taxable transaction if it were to determine that any of the facts, assumptions, representations, statements or undertakings upon which any opinion of tax counsel and tax advisors was based were false or had been violated, or if it were to disagree with the conclusions in any opinion of tax counsel and tax advisors. Any opinion of tax counsel and tax advisors would not be binding on the IRS or the courts, and we cannot assure that the IRS or a court would not assert a contrary position. SolarWinds has not requested, and does not intend to request, a ruling from the IRS with respect to the treatment of the distribution or certain related transactions for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
 If the Separation and Distribution were to fail to qualify as a transaction that is generally tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Sections 355 and 368(a)(1)(D) of the Code, in general, SolarWinds would recognize taxable gain as if it had sold our common stock in a taxable sale for its fair market value, and SolarWinds stockholders who receive shares of our common stock in the distribution would be subject to tax as if they had received a taxable distribution equal to the fair market value of such shares.
 We agreed in the tax matters agreement to indemnify SolarWinds for any taxes (and any related costs and other damages) resulting from the Separation and Distribution, and certain other related transactions, to the extent such amounts were to result from (i) an acquisition after the distribution of all or a portion of our equity securities, whether by merger or otherwise (and regardless of whether we participated in or otherwise facilitated the acquisition), (ii) other actions or failures to act by us or (iii) any of the representations or undertakings contained in any of the Separation and Distribution-related agreements or in the documents relating to the opinion of tax counsel and tax advisors being incorrect or violated. Any such indemnity obligations could be material and could materially affect our business and financial statements.

 We may not be able to engage in desirable strategic or capital-raising transactions following the Distribution.
 Under current law, a distribution that would otherwise qualify as a tax-free transaction, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, under Section 355 of the Code can be rendered taxable to the parent corporation and its stockholders as a result of certain post-distribution acquisitions of shares or assets of the distributed corporation. For example, such a distribution could result in taxable gain to the parent corporation under Section 355(e) of the Code if the distribution were later deemed to be part of a plan (or series of related transactions) pursuant to which one or more persons acquired, directly or indirectly, shares representing a 50% or greater interest (by vote or value) in the distributed corporation.
 To preserve the tax-free treatment of the Separation and Distribution, and in addition to our expected indemnity obligation described above, we have agreed in the tax matters agreement to restrictions that address compliance with Section 355 of the Code (including Section 355(e) of the Code). These restrictions could limit our ability to pursue certain strategic transactions, equity issuances or repurchases or other transactions that we believe may be in the best interests of our stockholders or that might increase the value of our business.
 SolarWinds has agreed to indemnify us, and we have agreed to indemnify SolarWinds, for certain liabilities. Claims for indemnification by SolarWinds, or a failure by SolarWinds to provide sufficient indemnification to us, could negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial position.
 Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement and certain other agreements with SolarWinds, SolarWinds has agreed to indemnify us, and we have agreed to indemnify SolarWinds, for certain liabilities. Claims for indemnification by SolarWinds could have negative consequences for our financial position. In addition, third parties could also seek to hold us responsible for any of the liabilities that SolarWinds has agreed to retain, and we cannot assure that an indemnity from SolarWinds will be sufficient to protect us against the full amount of such liabilities, or that SolarWinds will be able to fully satisfy its indemnification obligations in the future. Even if we ultimately succeed in recovering from SolarWinds any amounts for which we are held liable, we may be temporarily required to bear these losses. Each of these risks could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 Some of our directors and executive officers own SolarWinds common stock, restricted shares of SolarWinds common stock or options to acquire SolarWinds common stock and hold positions with SolarWinds, which could cause conflicts of interest, or the appearance of conflicts of interest, that result in our not acting on opportunities we otherwise may have.
 Some of our directors and executive officers own SolarWinds common stock, restricted shares of SolarWinds stock or options to purchase SolarWinds common stock. Ownership of SolarWinds common stock, restricted shares of SolarWinds common stock and options to purchase SolarWinds common stock by our directors and executive officers after the Separation and Distribution and the presence of executive officers or directors of SolarWinds on our board of directors could create, or appear to create, conflicts of interest with respect to matters involving both us and SolarWinds that could have different implications for SolarWinds than they do for us. For example, potential conflicts of interest could arise in connection with the resolution of any dispute between SolarWinds and us regarding terms of the agreements governing the Separation and Distribution and the relationship between SolarWinds and us thereafter, including the Separation and Distribution Agreement, the employee matters agreement, the tax matters agreement or the transition services agreement. Potential conflicts of interest could also arise if we enter into commercial arrangements with SolarWinds in the future. As a result of these actual or apparent conflicts of interest, we may be precluded from pursuing certain growth initiatives.
 The allocation of intellectual property rights and data between SolarWinds and us as part of the Separation and Distribution, the shared use of certain intellectual property rights and data following the Separation and Distribution and restrictions on the use of intellectual property rights, could adversely impact our reputation, our ability to enforce certain intellectual property rights and our competitive position.
 In connection with the Separation and Distribution, we entered into agreements with SolarWinds governing the allocation of intellectual property rights and data related to our business. These agreements include restrictions on our use of SolarWinds' intellectual property rights and data licensed to us, including limitations on the field of use in which we can exercise our license rights. Moreover, the licenses granted to us under SolarWinds' intellectual property rights and data are non-exclusive, so SolarWinds may be able to license the rights and data to third parties that may compete with us. These agreements could adversely affect our position and options relating to intellectual property enforcement, licensing negotiations and monetization and access to data used in our business. We also may not have sufficient rights to grant sublicenses of intellectual property or data used in our business, and we may be subject to third party rights pertaining to the underlying intellectual property or data. These circumstances could adversely affect our ability to protect our competitive position in the industry and otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock and Our Organizational Structure
 The requirements of being a public company, including compliance with the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the requirements of the NYSE, may strain our resources, increase our costs and distract management, and we may be unable to comply with these requirements in a timely or cost-effective manner.
 As a public company, we are required to comply with new laws, regulations and requirements, certain corporate governance provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, related regulations of the SEC and the requirements of the NYSE, with which we were not required to comply as a business unit of SolarWinds. Complying with these statutes, regulations and requirements will occupy a significant amount of time of our board of directors and management and will significantly increase our costs and expenses. We have had to, and will need to continue to:
 • institute and maintain a more comprehensive compliance function;
 • comply with rules promulgated by the NYSE;
 • prepare and distribute periodic public reports in compliance with our obligations under the federal securities laws;
 • establish new internal policies, such as those relating to insider trading; and
 • involve and retain to a greater degree outside counsel and accountants in the above activities.
 Furthermore, because we ceased to be an emerging growth company as of December 31, 2023, we are required to have our independent registered public accounting firm attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls. In the future, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed. Compliance with these requirements may strain our resources, increase our costs and distract management, and we may be unable to comply with these requirements in a timely or cost-effective manner.
 Ensuring that we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place so that we can produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis is a costly and time-consuming effort that needs to be re-evaluated frequently, including if we acquire additional businesses and integrate their operations. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP. We continue to evaluate opportunities to further strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of our internal controls and procedures for compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. If we make additional acquisitions, we will need to similarly assess and ensure the adequacy of the internal financial and accounting controls and procedures of such acquisitions. If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, including with respect to acquired businesses, our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements could be impaired, which could harm our operating results, harm our ability to operate our business and reduce the trading price of our common stock.
 In addition, being a public company subject to these rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.
 The trading price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile, which could cause the value of your investment to decline.
 Technology stocks have historically experienced high levels of volatility. The trading price of our common stock has fluctuated, and may continue to fluctuate, substantially. The market price of our common stock may be higher or lower than the price you pay for our common stock, depending on many factors, some of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our common stock. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our common stock include the following:
 • announcements of new solutions or technologies, commercial relationships, acquisitions or other events by us or our competitors;
 • changes in how customers perceive the benefits of our offerings;
 • changes in subscription revenue from quarter to quarter;
 • departures of key personnel;
 • price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;
 • fluctuations in the trading volume of our shares or the size of our public float;

 • sales of large blocks of our common stock, including sales by our Sponsors;
 • actual or anticipated changes or fluctuations in our operating results;
 • whether our operating results meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors;
 • changes in actual or future expectations of investors or securities analysts;
 • litigation involving us, our industry or both;
 • cybersecurity incidents;
 • regulatory developments in the United States, foreign countries or both;
 • general macroeconomic conditions and trends, including market impacts related to the wars in Ukraine and the Middle East, geopolitical tensions in China, inflation, and changes in interest rates;
 • major catastrophic events in our domestic and foreign markets; and
 •"flash crashes," "freeze flashes" or other glitches that disrupt trading on the securities exchange on which we are listed.
 In addition, if the market for technology stocks or the stock market in general experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, operating results or financial condition. The trading price of our common stock might also decline in reaction to events that affect other companies in our industry even if these events do not directly affect us. In the past, following periods of volatility in the trading price of a company's securities, securities class-action litigation has often been brought against that company. If our stock price is volatile, we may become the target of securities litigation. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management's attention and resources from our business. This could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.
 If securities or industry analysts were to downgrade our stock, publish misleading or unfavorable research about our business or fail to publish reports on our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
 The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If the coverage of our common stock decreases, the trading price for shares of our common stock may be negatively impacted. If one or more of the analysts downgrades our stock or publishes misleading or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of the analysts ceases coverage of our common stock or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which could cause our common stock price or trading volume to decline.
 Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, could reduce the market price of our common stock.
 Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and may make it more difficult for you to sell your common stock at a time and price that you deem appropriate. As of December 31, 2024, the Sponsors collectively owned in the aggregate approximately 111,564,512 shares of our common stock. We granted registration rights to the Sponsors with respect to shares of our common stock. Any shares registered pursuant to the registration rights agreement will be freely tradable in the public market, subject to compliance with applicable restrictions. In addition, in connection with the private placement completed just prior to the Separation and Distribution, we granted registration rights to certain investors with respect to the 20,623,282 aggregate shares of our common stock purchased by them in the Private Placement, of which 4,837,521 remain unsold by the selling stockholders as of December 31, 2024. In connection with the acquisition of Adlumin in November 2024, we issued 1,433,729 shares of our common stock to the sellers and granted "piggyback" registration rights with respect to 1,293,674 of such shares that require us to register such shares in certain future registration statements of offerings of our common stock. Such shares are freely tradable in the public market to the extent sold pursuant to the registration statement filed by us pursuant to our obligations. Such shares are freely tradable in the public market to the extent sold pursuant to the registration statement filed by us pursuant to our obligations.
 Our issuance of additional capital stock in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments, our stock incentive plans or otherwise will dilute all other stockholders.
 We may issue additional capital stock in the future that will result in dilution to all other stockholders. We may also raise capital through equity financings in the future. As part of our business strategy, we may acquire or make investments in complementary companies, solutions or technologies and issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition or investment. Any such issuances of additional capital stock may cause stockholders to experience significant dilution of their ownership interests and the per-share value of our common stock to decline.

 We currently do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock, and consequently, stockholders' ability to achieve a return on their investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock.
 We currently do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock. We intend to retain any earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, receiving a return on investment in our common stock is solely dependent on the increase in the market price of our common stock.
 Our restated charter and restated bylaws contain anti-takeover provisions that could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.
 Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, or our restated charter, and our amended and restated bylaws, or our restated bylaws, contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change in control of our company. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to elect directors who are not nominated by the current members of our board of directors or take other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. These provisions include:
 • a classified board of directors with three-year staggered terms, which could delay the ability of stockholders to change the membership of a majority of our board of directors;
 • after the Sponsors no longer continue to beneficially own, in the aggregate, at least 30% of the outstanding shares of our common stock, removal of directors only for cause;
 • the ability of our board of directors to issue shares of preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquirer;
 • subject to the rights of the Sponsors under the stockholders' agreement, allowing only our board of directors to fill vacancies on our board of directors, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors;
 • after the Sponsors no longer continue to beneficially own, in the aggregate, at least 40% of the outstanding shares of our common stock, a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders. As a result, a holder controlling a majority of our capital stock would not be able to amend our bylaws or remove directors without holding a meeting of our stockholders called in accordance with our bylaws;
 • after the Sponsors no longer continue to beneficially own, in the aggregate, at least 40% of the outstanding shares of our common stock, to amend the provisions of our restated charter relating to the management of our business (including our classified board structure) or certain provisions of our bylaws, the requirement for the affirmative vote of holders of at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of all of the then-outstanding shares of the voting stock, voting together as a single class, is required, which may inhibit the ability of an acquirer to effect such amendments to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt;
 • the ability of our board of directors to amend the bylaws, which may allow our board of directors to take additional actions to prevent an unsolicited takeover and inhibit the ability of an acquirer to amend the bylaws to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt;
 • advance notice procedures with which stockholders must comply to nominate candidates to our board of directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders' meeting, which may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer's own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us; and
 • a prohibition of cumulative voting in the election of our board of directors, which would otherwise allow less than a majority of stockholders to elect director candidates.
 Our restated charter also contains a provision that provides us with protections similar to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the "DGCL"), and prevents us from engaging in a business combination, such as a merger, with an interested stockholder (i.e., a person or group that acquires at least 15% of our voting stock) for a period of three years from the date such person became an interested stockholder, unless (with certain exceptions) the business combination or the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder is approved in a prescribed manner. However, our restated charter also provides that the Sponsors, including the Silver Lake Funds and the Thoma Bravo Funds and any persons to whom any Silver Lake Fund or Thoma Bravo Fund or any of their respective affiliates sells its common stock, will not constitute "interested stockholders" for purposes of this provision.

 The Sponsors have a controlling influence over matters requiring stockholder approval.
 As of December 31, 2024, Silver Lake and Thoma Bravo, together with their respective funds and, as applicable, their co-investors (collectively, the "Sponsors") collectively owned in the aggregate approximately 111,564,512 shares of our common stock, representing approximately 59.5% of the voting power of our common stock as of such time. The Sponsors have entered into a stockholders' agreement whereby they each agreed, among other things, to vote the shares each beneficially owns in favor of the director nominees designated by Silver Lake and Thoma Bravo, respectively. Notwithstanding the decision of the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, discussed in Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements wherein the Court invalidated certain provisions of the stockholders' agreement, Silver Lake and Thoma Bravo could exert significant influence over our operations and business strategy and would together have sufficient voting power to effectively control the outcome of matters requiring stockholder approval. These matters may include:
 • the composition of our board of directors, which has the authority to direct our business and to appoint and remove our officers;
 • approving or rejecting a merger, consolidation or other business combination;
 • raising future capital; and
 • amending our restated charter and restated bylaws, which govern the rights attached to our common stock.
 This concentration of ownership of our common stock could delay or prevent proxy contests, mergers, tender offers, open-market purchase programs or other purchases of our common stock that might otherwise give you the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price of our common stock. This concentration of ownership may also adversely affect our share price.
 Certain of our directors have relationships with the Sponsors, which may cause conflicts of interest with respect to our business.
 Two of our seven directors are affiliated with Silver Lake. These directors have fiduciary duties to us and, in addition, have duties to the respective Sponsor and their affiliated funds, respectively. As a result, these directors may face real or apparent conflicts of interest with respect to matters affecting both us and the Sponsors, whose interests may be adverse to ours in some circumstances.
 Although directors affiliated with the Sponsors currently only represent two of our seven directors, so long as the Sponsors beneficially own shares of our outstanding common stock representing at least a majority of the votes entitled to be cast by the holders of our outstanding voting stock, they can effectively control and direct our board of directors.
 The Sponsors and their affiliated funds may pursue corporate opportunities independent of us that could present conflicts with our and our stockholders' interests.
 The Sponsors and their affiliated funds are in the business of making or advising on investments in companies and hold (and may from time to time in the future acquire) interests in or provide advice to businesses that directly or indirectly compete with certain portions of our business or are suppliers or customers of ours. The Sponsors and their affiliated funds may also pursue acquisitions that may be complementary to our business and, as a result, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to us.
 Our restated charter provides that no officer or director of the Company who is also an officer, director, employee, partner, managing director, principal, independent contractor or other affiliate of either of the Sponsors will be liable to us or our stockholders for breach of any fiduciary duty by reason of the fact that any such individual pursues or acquires a corporate opportunity for its own account or the account of an affiliate, as applicable, instead of us, directs a corporate opportunity to any other person instead of us or does not communicate information regarding a corporate opportunity to us.
 We may issue preferred stock whose terms could adversely affect the voting power or value of our common stock.
 Our restated charter authorizes us to issue, without the approval of our stockholders, one or more classes or series of preferred stock having such designations, preferences, limitations and relative rights, including preferences over our common stock respecting dividends and distributions, as our board of directors may determine. The terms of one or more classes or series of preferred stock could adversely impact the voting power or value of our common stock. For example, we might grant holders of preferred stock the right to elect some number of our directors in all events or on the happening of specified events or the right to veto specified transactions. Similarly, the repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences we might assign to holders of preferred stock could affect the residual value of our common stock.

 Our restated charter designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or agents.
 Our restated charter provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, employees or agents to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, our restated charter or restated bylaws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each such case subject to such Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein. Our restated charter further provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for the resolutions of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. The exclusive forum clauses described above shall not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act, or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock will be deemed to have notice of, and consented to, the provisions of our restated charter described in the preceding sentence. The enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies' certificates of incorporation has been challenged in legal proceedings and there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such provisions. In addition, investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.
 This choice-of-forum provision may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or agents, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and such persons. Alternatively, if a court were to find these provisions of our restated charter inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or operating results.
 We are a controlled company within the meaning of the NYSE rules and, as a result, qualify for and may rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Sponsors beneficially owned a majority of the combined voting power of all classes of our outstanding voting stock. As a result, we are a controlled company within the meaning of the NYSE corporate governance standards. Under the NYSE rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by another person or group of persons acting together is a controlled company and may elect not to comply with certain NYSE corporate governance requirements, including the requirements that:
 • a majority of the board of directors consist of independent directors as defined under the rules of the NYSE; and
 • the nominating and governance committee and compensation committee be composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee's purpose and responsibilities.
 These requirements will not apply to us as long as we remain a controlled company. Although we do not currently take advantage of these exemptions, we may do so in the future. Accordingly, you may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the NYSE.

 ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
 None.

 ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY
 Risk Management and Strategy
 The Company has adopted policies, processes, procedures and standards and implemented certain controls and procedures that allow its management to assess, identify and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats and for its Board of Directors, through its Cybersecurity Committee, to actively oversee the strategic direction, objectives, and effectiveness of the Company's cybersecurity risk management framework.
 The Company's processes are integrated into its overall enterprise risk management program, which includes financial risk, compliance risk and other strategic and operational risks that affect the Company. The processes compliment the Company's enterprise-wide risk assessment architecture, as implemented by the Company's management and as overseen by the Company's Board of Directors through its Cybersecurity Committee. In designing these processes, the Company takes into account industry frameworks such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Committee of Sponsoring

 Organizations (COSO), and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 27001, and other industry standards. To further improve the effectiveness of its cybersecurity risk management framework, the Company has in the past, and may continue to do so in the future, engage third party consultants, to assist in testing and evaluating our security program.
 The Company seeks to address cybersecurity risks through a cross-functional approach that is focused on preserving the confidentiality, security, and availability of the information that the Company collects and stores by identifying, preventing, and mitigating cybersecurity threats and effectively responding to cybersecurity incidents when they occur.
 To identify and assess material risks from cybersecurity threats, we engage in regular network and endpoint monitoring, vulnerability assessments, penetration testing, and tabletop exercises. The Company engages a third-party to perform 24/7 monitoring for threats and unauthorized access to our information security network.
 We have a formalized incident response plan (IRP) and associated procedures based on cybersecurity best practices which are refined using the information gained through testing and to further improve our cybersecurity preparedness and response infrastructure. These plans and procedures set forth the actions to be taken in responding to and recovering from cybersecurity incidents, which include triage, assessing the severity of incidents, escalation protocols, containment of incidents, investigation of incidents, and remediation. We also regularly perform phishing tests of our employees and provide annual privacy and security training for all employees. Our security training incorporates awareness of cyber threats (including but not limited to malware, ransomware, and social engineering attacks), password hygiene and incident reporting processes.
 We review our cybersecurity risk framework and related policies annually with our senior management to help identify areas for continued focus and improvement. We also engage third parties to review and assess our processes annually. Our information security management system has been independently certified as being in conformity with ISO/IEC 27001:2013.
 The Company has also implemented processes to identify, monitor and address material risks from cybersecurity threats associated with our use of third-party service providers, including those in our supply chain or who have access to our systems, data or facilities that house such systems or data. The Company works with such providers to recommend securities measures to be improved where possible, and generally requires those third parties that could introduce significant cybersecurity risk to us to manage their cybersecurity risks in specified ways, and to agree to be subject to cybersecurity audits, which we conduct as appropriate.
 Although we have not experienced any material cybersecurity incidents since becoming a stand-alone public company in July 2021, we may experience such incidents in the future and the scope and impact of any such future incidents cannot be predicted. We have described whether and how risks from identified cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, including the Cyber Incident, have affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition in the risk factors titled "Cyberattacks, including the Cyber Incident, and other security incidents have resulted, and in the future may result, in compromises or breaches of our, our IT services provider customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers' systems, the insertion of malicious code, malware, ransomware or other vulnerabilities into our, our IT services provider customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers' systems, the exploitation of vulnerabilities in our, our IT services provider customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers' environments, the theft or misappropriation of our, our IT services provider customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers' proprietary and confidential information, and interference with our, our IT services provider customers', or their SMB and mid-market customers' operations, exposure to legal and other liabilities, higher customer and employee attrition and the loss of key personnel, negative impacts to our sales, renewals and upgrades and reputational harm and other serious negative consequences, any or all of which could materially harm our business" and "The Cyber Incident has had and may continue to have an adverse effect on our business, reputation, customer and employee relations, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows" in "Item 1A. Risk Factors" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 Governance
 Role of the Board of Directors and the Cybersecurity Committee
 As part of the Board of Directors' role in overseeing the Company's enterprise risk management program, which includes our cybersecurity risk management program, the Board is responsible for exercising oversight of management's identification and management of, and planning for, material cybersecurity risks that may reasonably be expected to impact the Company. While the full Board has overall responsibility for risk oversight, the Board has delegated oversight responsibility related to risks from cybersecurity threats to the Cybersecurity Committee of the Board, or the Cybersecurity Committee. The Cybersecurity Committee is responsible for overseeing our information technology systems and cybersecurity risks, including plans and programs relating to cyber and data security and legal and regulatory risks associated with our products and business operations. The Cybersecurity Committee is informed of the Company's cybersecurity risk management and receives an overview of its cybersecurity program from management at least quarterly, which covers topics including, among others, recent cybersecurity risk landscape and trends, data security posture, results from third-party assessments, training and vulnerability

 testing, our cybersecurity and compliance program, critical cybersecurity risks, as well as the steps management has taken to respond to such risks, emerging cybersecurity regulations, technologies and best practices. Material cybersecurity risks are also discussed during separate Board meetings as part of the Board's risk oversight generally.
 Role of Management,
 Our Security Risk Committee ("SRC"), comprised of our Chief Security Officer ("CSO"), our Chief Legal Officer and representatives from the technology and product, people, IT and legal teams, is responsible for management's oversight of cybersecurity governance, decision-making, risk management, awareness, and compliance across the Company. Our CSO works with the SRC to employ a cybersecurity program designed to protect the Company's information systems from cybersecurity threats and to respond to incidents in accordance with the Company's incident response plan and other policies and procedures.
 The CSO manages a team that is responsible for day-to-day tracking, assessing and management of threats. The N-able security team has a dedicated incident response team, with trained resources that are responsible for the various stages of our incident management strategy, including preparation, detection and analysis, containment, eradication, and recovery. Through ongoing communications with the team, the CSO and the SRC are informed about and monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity incidents and progress on cybersecurity infrastructure initiatives. In the event of a material cybersecurity incident or investigation, management will, in accordance with the Company's IRP and other policies in place, promptly report to the Cybersecurity Committee and the Board, as appropriate. This escalation is in addition to the regular reports by the CSO to the Cybersecurity Committee on at least an annual basis.
 Our CSO has served as such since 2021, and has over 20 years of experience in various roles in information security, including serving as an IT security leader at AT&T/Warner Media, where he implemented an extensive security program managing complex incident response events. He holds a degree in Information Technology.

 ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
 We lease our offices and do not own any real estate. Our corporate headquarters is located in Burlington, Massachusetts. We lease office space domestically and internationally in various locations for our operations, including facilities located in Austin, Texas; Bucharest, Romania; Dundee, United Kingdom; Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Emmeloord, Netherlands; Lisbon, Portugal; Manila, Philippines; Minsk, Belarus; Morrisville, North Carolina; Ottawa, Canada; Sydney, Australia; Utrecht, Netherlands; Warsaw, Poland; Washington, D.C.; Uster, Switzerland; and Vienna, Austria. Our leases are all classified as operating and have remaining terms of less than one year to 7.4 years.
 We believe the facilities that we are leasing are adequate for the foreseeable future. If we require additional or substitute space, we believe that we will be able to obtain such space on acceptable, commercially reasonable terms.

 ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
 From time to time, we have been and may be involved in various legal proceedings and claims arising in our ordinary course of business. At this time, neither we nor any of our subsidiaries is a party to, and none of our respective property is the subject of, any legal proceeding that, if determined adversely to us, we believe would have a material adverse effect on us.

 ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
 Not applicable.

 ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDERS MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
 Market Information
 Our common stock has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE, under the symbol "NABL" since July 20, 2021.
 On February 28, 2025, the last reported sales price of our common stock on the NYSE was $10.03 per share and, as of February 28, 2025, there were 80 holders of record of our common stock. Because many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of our stockholders, this number is not representative of the total number of stockholders represented by these stockholders of record.
 Dividend Policy
 We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. Neither Delaware law nor our restated charter requires our board of directors to declare dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation of our business and do not expect to pay any dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare cash dividends on our common stock will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, our credit facilities place restrictions on our ability to pay cash dividends.
 Performance Graph
 The graph set forth below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock for the period between July 20, 2021 (our first day as a publicly traded company) and December 31, 2024, with the cumulative total return of (i) the S&P 500 Index and (ii) the S&P 500 Software & Services Index. This graph assumes the investment of $100.00 in our common stock (at the closing price of our common stock on July 20, 2021), the S&P 500 Index and the S&P 500 Software & Services Index on June 30, 2021, and assumes dividends, if any, are reinvested. Note that historic stock price performance is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.
 The information contained in the Stock Performance Graph shall not be deemed to be soliciting material or to be filed with the SEC nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Exchange Act, except to the extent we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing.

 Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
 As previously reported in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 20, 2024, in connection with our acquisition of Adlumin, Inc. and in reliance on the exemption from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, on November 20, 2024, we agreed to issue up to an aggregate of 1,570,762 shares of our common stock as consideration in the acquisition, of which 1,433,729 were issued as of December 31, 2024.

 ITEM 6. RESERVED
 Not applicable.

 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this report. In addition to historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements. Please see the sections entitled "Safe Harbor Cautionary Statement" and "Risk Factors" above for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements. The following discussion and analysis also includes a discussion of certain non-GAAP financial measures. For a description and reconciliation of the non-GAAP measures discussed in this section, see "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below.

 Overview
 N-able, Inc., a Delaware corporation, together with its subsidiaries, is a leading global provider of cloud-based security, data protection, and unified endpoint management software solutions for IT services providers, including managed service providers ("MSPs"). Our powerful technology enables them to support digital transformation and growth for small and medium-sized businesses ("SMBs") and mid-market businesses, which we define as those businesses having fewer than 2,500 employees. With a flexible technology platform and powerful integrations, N-able makes it easy for our customers to monitor, manage, and protect systems, data, and networks. Our growing portfolio of management, security, automation, and data protection solutions is built for IT services management professionals. In addition, we provide extensive, proactive support—through enriching partner programs, hands-on training, and growth resources—to help our customers deliver exceptional value and achieve success at scale. Through our multi-dimensional land and expand model and global presence, we have been able to drive strong recurring revenue growth and profitability.
 On August 6, 2020, SolarWinds Corporation ("SolarWinds" or "Parent") announced that its board of directors had authorized management to explore a potential spin-off of its MSP business into our company, a newly created and separately traded public company, and separate into two distinct, publicly traded companies (the "Separation"). On July 19, 2021, SolarWinds completed the Separation through a pro-rata distribution (the "Distribution") of all the outstanding shares of our common stock it held to the stockholders of record of SolarWinds as of the close of business on July 12, 2021. As a result of the Distribution, we became an independent public company and our common stock is listed under the symbol "NABL" on the New York Stock Exchange.
 SolarWinds Cyber Incident
 As previously disclosed, in 2020, SolarWinds was the victim of a cyberattack on its Orion Software Platform and internal systems, or the Cyber Incident. SolarWinds concluded its internal investigations related to the Cyber Incident and did not identify SUNBURST in any of its more than 70 non-Orion products and tools, including, as previously disclosed, any of our N-able solutions.
 In response to the Cyber Incident and in connection with the Separation and Distribution, we continue to work to further enhance security, monitoring and authentication of our solutions. Specifically, we have implemented in-product security enhancements to the N-able portfolio of products, including, multi-factor authentication, unified single sign-on services and secure secret vaults. We have also introduced new identity and access controls, scanning and remediation technologies and standards and monitoring tooling across our businesses IT and production environments. We expect to incur additional expenses in future periods related to continued enhancements to our security measures across our solutions.
 Of the expenses SolarWinds recorded related to the Cyber Incident through the Separation and Distribution date of July 19, 2021, none were allocated to the N-able business and, as a result of the indemnification provisions under the Separation and Distribution Agreement entered into in connection with the Separation and Distribution (the "Separation and Distribution Agreement"), we have not recorded any contingent liabilities with respect to the Cyber Incident as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In addition, as a result of the Cyber Incident, SolarWinds has been subject to numerous lawsuits and governmental investigations or inquiries. To date, we have not been separately named in such lawsuits and investigations, but in the future we may become subject to lawsuits, investigations or inquiries related to the Cyber Incident. In such event, subject to the terms of the Separation and Distribution Agreement, SolarWinds would indemnify us for costs we may incur.
 We believe the Cyber Incident caused reputational harm to SolarWinds and also had an adverse impact on our reputation, new subscription sales and net retention rates. In general, our sales cycles and time from contract to revenue recognition are primarily short in nature, and we believe that the adverse impacts of the Cyber Incident on our financial results have diminished. Nevertheless, there is risk that the Cyber Incident may continue to have an adverse impact on our business in future periods, and to the extent such impact continues, including as a result of new discoveries or events, it could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial position.

 Fourth Quarter Financial Highlights
 Our total revenue was $116.5 million and $108.4 million for the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 During the year ended December 31, 2024, we began increasing the proportion of our subscriptions that are long-term committed contracts, as compared to month-to-month contracts (the "Long-Term Contract Initiative"). Under Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("Topic 606")," we recognize revenue for long-term subscriptions when the distinct license is made available to the customer, and support revenue is recognized ratably over the contract term. Revenue from the license performance obligation of our self-managed solutions is recognized at a point in time upon delivery of the access to the licenses and revenue from the performance obligation related to the technical support and unspecified software upgrades of our subscription-based license arrangements is recognized ratably over the agreement period. Point in time subscription revenue decreased from $14.7 million during the three months ended December 31, 2023 to $10.8 million during the three months ended December 31, 2024, and increased from $56.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 to $62.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in point in time subscription revenue during the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily due to the impact of revenue recognition for long-term committed contracts under Topic 606, net of any volume and pricing rationalization when committing to long-term subscriptions and any fluctuations in month-to-month contracts. See Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further details regarding revenue recognized from subscription and other services at a point in time and over time.
 On November 20, 2024, we acquired Adlumin, Inc. ("Adlumin"), a Washington, D.C. based enterprise-grade security operations platform provider. The acquisition was structured as a merger transaction pursuant to which Adlumin became our indirect wholly owned subsidiary. The aggregate consideration payable at closing of the transaction included $98.7 million in cash, subject to customary adjustments and funded with cash on hand, and the issuance of up to 1,570,762 shares of our common stock. Additionally, the former Adlumin shareholders have the right to receive $120.0 million in cash in installments of $52.5 million and $67.5 million on the first and second anniversaries of the closing date, respectively, and up to an aggregate of $30.0 million in potential cash earn-out payments payable in 2025 and 2026 based upon the achievement of certain performance metrics against defined targets for the 2024 and 2025 fiscal years.
 The acquisition is intended to build upon our prior partnership with Adlumin providing extended detection and response ("XDR") capabilities and managed detection and response ("MDR") services, and allow us to incorporate Adlumin's innovative technology with our industry-leading platform that combines security, unified endpoint management, and data protection solutions. We incurred net transaction related costs of $2.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, which are included in general and administrative expense. Goodwill and acquired identifiable intangible assets for this acquisition are not deductible for tax purposes.
 The results of operations related to Adlumin since the acquisition date are included in our Consolidated Financial Statements for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2024. As noted above, total consideration includes up to $30.0 million in potential cash earn-out payments payable in 2025 and 2026 based upon the achievement of certain performance metrics against defined targets for the 2024 and 2025 fiscal years. The contingent consideration liabilities will be re-evaluated periodically, but at least quarterly, with the resulting gains and losses recognized within general and administrative expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. At the date of acquisition, the fair value of this contingent consideration was $16.6 million. As of December 31, 2024, the fair value of this contingent consideration is $14.1 million, resulting in the recognition of a gain of $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The current portion of the contingent consideration of $5.5 million is included in "accrued liabilities and other" and the non-current portion of $8.6 million is included in "other long-term liabilities" in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024. See Note 3. Acquisitions, Note 7. Fair Value Measurements, Note 8. Accrued Liabilities and Other and Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Adlumin acquisition and contingent consideration liabilities.
 Annual Recurring Revenue
 Total annual recurring revenue ("ARR") as of December 31, 2024 was $482.5 million, compared to $444.3 million as of December 31, 2023, representing an increase of 8.6%. This increase was primarily due to steady demand for our solutions, including the impact of the November 20, 2024 acquisition of Adlumin.

 As of December 31, 2024, we had 2,349 customers with ARR over $50,000 on our platform, up from 2,196 as of December 31, 2023, representing an increase of approximately 7%. Over the same period, customers with over $50,000 of ARR on our platform grew from approximately 56% of our total ARR as of December 31, 2023 to approximately 57% of our total ARR as of December 31, 2024.
 We calculate ARR by annualizing the recurring revenue and related usage revenue inclusive of discounts, excluding the impacts of credits and reserves, recognized during the last day of the reporting period from both long-term and month-to-month subscriptions. We use ARR, and in particular ARR attributable to customers with over $50,000 of ARR, to enhance the understanding of our business performance and the growth of our relationships with our customers.
 Profitability
 Our net income for the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $3.3 million and $9.4 million, respectively. The decrease in net income for the three months ended December 31, 2024 was due to increases in research and development expense, other expense, net, cost of revenue, amortization of acquired technologies, sales and marketing expense, amortization of acquired intangibles, and general and administrative expense, partially offset by an increase in revenue and a decrease in income tax expense. Our Adjusted EBITDA, calculated as net income of $3.3 million and $9.4 million for the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, excluding amortization of acquired intangible assets and developed technology of $3.9 million and $1.6 million, respectively, depreciation expense of $4.0 million and $3.9 million, respectively, income tax expense of $3.7 million and $7.4 million, respectively, interest expense, net of $7.3 million and $7.7 million, respectively, unrealized foreign currency losses (gains) of $2.0 million and $(1.8) million, respectively, transaction related costs of $2.4 million and $(0.5) million, respectively, spin-off costs of $0.0 million and $0.1 million, respectively, stock-based compensation expense and related employer-paid payroll taxes of $10.8 million and $10.9 million, respectively, and restructuring costs and other of $0.7 million and $0.5 million, respectively, was $38.1 million and $39.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 Cash Flow
 We have built our business to generate strong cash flow over the long term. For the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, cash flows from operations were $26.0 million and $31.2 million, respectively. Our cash flows from operations were reduced by cash payments for interest of $6.9 million and $7.3 million for the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and cash payments for income taxes of $4.6 million and $3.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Components of Our Results of Operations
 Our revenue consists of the following:
 • Subscription Revenue. We primarily derive subscription revenue from the sale of subscriptions to the SaaS solutions that we host and manage on our platform. Our subscriptions provide access to the latest versions of our software platform, technical support and unspecified software upgrades and updates. Subscription revenue for our SaaS solutions is generally recognized ratably over the subscription term once the service is made available to the customer or when we have the right to invoice for services performed. In addition, our subscription revenue includes sales of our self-managed solutions, which are hosted and managed by our customers. Subscriptions of our self-managed solutions include term licenses, technical support and unspecified software upgrades. Revenue from the license performance obligation of our self-managed solutions is recognized at a point in time upon delivery of the access to the licenses and revenue from the performance obligation related to the technical support and unspecified software upgrades of our subscription-based license arrangements is recognized ratably over the agreement period. We generally invoice

 subscription agreements monthly based on usage or in advance over the subscription period on either a monthly or annual basis.
 • Other Revenue. Other revenue consists primarily of revenue from the sale of our maintenance services associated with the historical sales of perpetual licenses and revenue from professional services. MSP customers with maintenance agreements are entitled to receive technical support and unspecified upgrades or enhancements to new versions of their solutions on a when-and-if-available basis for the specified agreement period.
 Cost of Revenue
 • Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue consists of public cloud infrastructure and hosting fees, an allocation of overhead costs for our subscription revenue and maintenance services, royalty fees, and personnel costs for technical support and our security operations center. We allocate facilities, depreciation, IT and benefits costs based on headcount.
 • Amortization of Acquired Technologies. We amortize to cost of revenue capitalized costs of technologies acquired in connection with the take private transaction of SolarWinds in early 2016 and subsequent business combinations, including the July 1, 2022 acquisition of Spinpanel B.V. ("Spinpanel") and November 20, 2024 acquisition of Adlumin. Amortization related to the take private transaction of SolarWinds concluded during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
 Operating Expenses
 Operating expenses consist of sales and marketing, research and development and general and administrative expenses as well as amortization of acquired intangibles. Generally, personnel costs are the most significant component of operating expenses and include salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation and related employer-paid payroll taxes, as well as an allocation of our facilities, depreciation, IT and benefits costs. We had total employees of 1,773 and 1,584 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Our stock-based compensation expense increased during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the prior fiscal year primarily due to the impact of new equity awards that were granted to employees through December 31, 2024, and we expect stock-based compensation expense to continue to increase during the year ended December 31, 2025.
 • Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses primarily consist of related personnel costs, including our sales, marketing, partner success and product management teams, net of capitalized commissions related to long-term committed contracts, as well as an allocation of our facilities, depreciation, IT and benefits costs. Sales and marketing expenses also include the cost of digital marketing programs such as paid search, search engine optimization and management and website maintenance and design, marketing development funds, as well as the cost of events for existing and prospective customers. We expect to continue to grow our sales and marketing organization over time to drive new customer adds, retain and expand with existing customers and pursue initiatives designed to help our customers succeed and grow.
 • Research and Development. Research and development expenses primarily consist of related personnel costs, including our engineering, development operations, user experience and security operations teams, as well as an allocation of our facilities, depreciation, IT and benefits costs. We expect to continue to grow our research and development organization over time and also to incur additional expenses associated with bringing new product offerings to market and our enhancements of security, monitoring and authentication of our solutions.
 • General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses primarily consist of personnel costs for executives, finance, legal, human resources, business applications and other administrative personnel, general restructuring charges and other transaction related costs, professional fees and other general corporate expenses, as well as an allocation of our facilities, depreciation, IT and benefits costs. We expect to continue to grow our general and administrative organization over time to support continued growth of our business.
 • Amortization of Acquired Intangibles. We amortize to operating expenses capitalized costs of intangible assets primarily acquired in connection with the take private transaction of SolarWinds in early 2016 and subsequent business combinations, including the July 1, 2022 acquisition of Spinpanel and the November 20, 2024 acquisition of Adlumin. Amortization related to the take private transaction of SolarWinds concluded during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
 Other Expense, Net
 Other expense, net primarily consists of interest expense related to the Credit Agreement and losses resulting from changes in exchange rates on foreign currency denominated accounts, partially offset by gains resulting from changes in exchange rates on foreign currency denominated accounts and dividend income from our money market fund financial assets. See Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk for additional information on how interest rates impact our financial results.

 Foreign Currency
 As a global company, we face exposure to adverse movements in foreign currency exchange rates. Fluctuations in foreign currencies impact the amount of total assets, liabilities, revenue, operating expenses and cash flows that we report for our foreign subsidiaries upon the translation of these amounts into U.S. dollars. See Item 1A. Risk Factors and Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk for additional information on how foreign currency impacts our financial results.
 Income Tax Expense
 Income tax expense consists of domestic and foreign corporate income taxes related to the sale of subscriptions. Our effective tax rate will be affected by many factors including changes in tax laws, regulations or rates, new interpretations of existing laws or regulations, valuation allowance, uncertain tax positions, stock-based compensation, permanent nondeductible book and tax differences, shifts in the allocation of income earned throughout the world and changes in overall levels of income before tax.

 Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

 2024

 2023

 Subscription revenue
 $
 458,961
 98.5
 %
 $
 412,072
 97.7
 %
 $
 46,889

 Other revenue
 7,186
 1.5
 9,808
 2.3
 (2,622)

 Total subscription and other revenue
 $
 100.0
 %
 $
 100.0
 %
 $
 44,267

 Total revenue increased $44.3 million or 10.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. We base revenue by geography on the billing address of each customer. Based on customer location, revenue from the United States was approximately 48.2% and 48.8% of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Revenue from the United Kingdom was approximately 10.5% and 10.2% of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Other than the United States and the United Kingdom, no single country accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue during these periods.
 Subscription Revenue. Subscription revenue increased $46.9 million, or 11.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in subscription revenue was primarily driven by growth in sales of our data protection, security and unified endpoint management solutions, inclusive of the net positive impact from long-term committed contracts. See Fourth Quarter Financial Highlights for further details regarding the impact of long-term committed contracts during the year ended December 31, 2024. Subscription revenue increased slightly as a percentage of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.
 Our annual dollar-based net revenue retention rate for our subscription products was approximately 103% and 110% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The 103% dollar-based net revenue retention rate reflects the pressure from our pricing and packaging changes, coupled with rationalization related to our Long-Term Contract Initiative, which began materially impacting net revenue retention during the three months ended June 30, 2024. Our calculation includes any expansion revenue and is net of any contraction or cancellation, but excludes credits and revenue attributable to any customer who was not a customer with a paid subscription in the prior period. To calculate our annual dollar-based net revenue retention rate, we first identify the customers with active paid subscriptions in the last month of the prior-year period, or the base customers. We then divide the subscription revenue in the last month of the current-year period attributable to the base customers by the revenue attributable to those base customers in the last month of the prior-year period. Our dollar-based net revenue retention rate for a particular period is then obtained by averaging the rates from that particular period with the results from each of the prior eleven months.
 Other Revenue. Other revenue decreased $2.6 million, or 26.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to a decrease in maintenance and professional services revenue. Other revenue decreased slightly as a percentage of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Cost of Revenue

 2024

 2023

 Cost of revenue
 $
 77,159
 16.6
 %
 $
 66,369
 15.7
 %
 $
 10,790

 Amortization of acquired technologies
 3,520
 0.8
 1,839
 0.4
 1,681

 Total cost of revenue
 $
 80,679
 17.4
 %
 $
 68,208
 16.1
 %
 $
 12,471

 Total cost of revenue increased $12.5 million, or 18.3%, in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to an increase in public cloud infrastructure and hosting fees and royalties related to our subscription products of $7.0 million, an increase in depreciation of servers and amortization of capitalized internal-use software costs of $3.0 million, an increase in amortization of intangible assets acquired in connection with business combinations of $1.7 million, an increase in personnel costs driven by headcount and salary increases of $0.4 million, which includes an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $0.2 million, an increase in contract services costs of $0.3 million, and an increase in allocated facilities and IT costs of $0.1 million.
 Operating Expenses

 2024

 2023

 Sales and marketing
 $
 135,592
 29.1
 %
 $
 134,691
 31.9
 %
 $

 90,714
 19.5
 78,180
 18.5
 12,534

 General and administrative
 76,514
 16.4
 69,885
 16.6
 6,629

 Amortization of acquired intangibles
 0.1
 0.1
 (319)

 Total operating expenses
 $
 303,098
 65.1
 %
 $
 283,353
 67.1
 %
 $
 19,745

 Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses increased $0.9 million, or 0.7%, primarily due to an increase in personnel costs driven by headcount and salary increases of $7.4 million, which includes an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $0.3 million, an increase in travel and event-related costs of $1.7 million, an increase in allocated facilities and IT costs of $0.3 million, an increase in restructuring and other costs of $0.3 million, and an increase in transaction related costs of $0.2 million, partially offset by an increase in commissions related to long-term committed contracts that were capitalized from sales and marketing expenses to the Consolidated Balance Sheets of $7.4 million, which is net of the recognition of $0.4 million of amortization expense for capitalized commissions, and a decrease in advertising expense of $1.6 million.
 Research and Development. Research and development expenses increased $12.5 million, or 16.0%, primarily due to an increase in personnel costs driven by headcount and salary increases of $6.5 million, which includes an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $1.6 million, an increase in subscription costs of $2.1 million, an increase in allocated facilities and IT costs of $1.9 million, a decrease in capitalized internal-use software costs of $1.4 million, an increase in contract services costs of $0.2 million, and an increase in amortization expense of $0.2 million.
 General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses increased $6.6 million, or 9.5%, primarily due to an increase in transaction related costs of $4.7 million, which includes gains on contingent consideration related to the July 1, 2022 acquisition of Spinpanel of $3.7 million and the November 20, 2024 acquisition of Adlumin of $2.6 million, respectively, and an increase in expense of $1.8 million related to the Adlumin deferred consideration liability, an increase in rent expense of $2.4 million, an increase in restructuring and other costs of $2.0 million, and an increase in professional fees of $1.2 million, partially offset by a decrease in allocated facilities and IT costs of $2.2 million, a decrease in costs associated with our separation from SolarWinds of $0.7 million, and a decrease in director and officer liability insurance costs of $0.6 million. See Note 3. Acquisitions, Note 7. Fair Value Measurements, and Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the acquisitions of Spinpanel and Adlumin.
 Amortization of Acquired Intangibles. Amortization of acquired intangibles decreased $0.3 million, or 53.4%, primarily due a decrease in expense of $0.6 million related to the conclusion of amortization of intangible assets acquired in connection

 with the take private transaction of SolarWinds in early 2016 during the three months ended March 31, 2023, partially offset by an increase in expense of $0.2 million related to the November 20, 2024 acquisition of Adlumin.
 Interest Expense, Net

 2024

 2023

 Interest expense, net
 $
 (30,031)
 (6.4)
 %
 $
 (30,252)
 (7.2)
 %
 $

 Interest expense, net decreased by $0.2 million, or 0.7%, in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to the impact of decreased interest rates and lower outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement. Outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest at variable rates, and therefore changes in interest rates will have an impact on our financial results and cash flows. See Note 9. Debt in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Credit Agreement.
 Other Income, Net

 2024

 2023

 Other income, net
 $
 1,931
 0.4
 %
 $
 4,259
 1.0
 %
 $
 (2,328)

 Other income, net decreased by $2.3 million, or 54.7%, in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to a decrease in the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates of $3.8 million related to various accounts for the period, partially offset by an increase in dividend income from our money market fund financial assets of $1.9 million.
 Income Tax Expense

 2024

 2023

 Income before income taxes
 $
 54,270
 11.6
 %
 $
 44,326
 10.5
 %
 $
 9,944

 5.0
 5.0
 2,398

 Effective tax rate
 43.0
 %
 47.2
 %
 (4.2)
 %

 Our income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $2.4 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The effective tax rate decreased to 43.0% for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to a decrease in income taxes on income outside of the United States, partially offset by an increase in the amount of the unbenefited loss in the United States. For additional discussion about our income taxes, see Note 14. Income Taxes in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

 2023

 2022

 Subscription Revenue
 $
 412,072
 97.7
 %
 $
 362,609
 97.5
 %
 $
 49,463

 Other revenue
 9,808
 2.3
 9,160
 2.5

 Total subscription and other revenue
 $
 100.0
 %
 $
 100.0
 %
 $
 50,111

 Total revenue increased $50.1 million, or 13.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. We base revenue by geography on the billing address of each customer. Based on customer location, revenue from the United States was approximately 48.8% and 48.7% of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Revenue from the United Kingdom was approximately 10.2% and 10.3% of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Other than the United States and the United Kingdom, no single country accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue during these periods.
 Subscription Revenue. Subscription revenue increased $49.5 million, or 13.6%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in subscription revenue was primarily driven by growth in sales of our data protection, security, and unified endpoint management solutions. Our subscription revenue increased slightly as a percentage of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.
 Our annual dollar-based net revenue retention rate for our subscription products was approximately 110% and 103% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and was driven primarily by strong customer retention and expansion in our MSP products, in addition to favorable movements in foreign currency exchange rates.
 Other Revenue. Other revenue increased $0.6 million, or 7.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase in professional services revenue.
 Cost of Revenue

 2023

 2022

 Cost of revenue
 $
 66,369
 15.7
 %
 $
 56,133
 15.1
 %
 $
 10,236

 Amortization of acquired technologies
 1,839
 0.4
 2,477
 0.7
 (638)

 Total cost of revenue
 $
 68,208
 16.1
 %
 $
 58,610
 15.8
 %
 $
 9,598

 Total cost of revenue increased $9.6 million, or 16.4%, in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase in public cloud infrastructure and hosting fees and royalties related to our subscription products of $6.5 million, an increase in personnel costs driven by headcount and salary increases of $0.9 million, which includes an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $0.2 million, and an increase in depreciation of servers and amortization of capitalized internal-use software costs of $3.1 million, partially offset by a decrease in amortization of intangible assets acquired in connection with the take private transaction of SolarWinds in early 2016 and subsequent business combinations of $0.7 million and a decrease in allocated facilities and IT costs of $0.3 million. Amortization related to the take private transaction of SolarWinds concluded during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

 Operating Expenses

 2023

 2022

 Sales and marketing
 $
 134,691
 31.9
 %
 $
 125,301
 33.7
 %
 $
 9,390

 78,180
 18.5
 63,484
 17.1
 14,696

 General and administrative
 69,885
 16.6
 71,125
 19.1
 (1,240)

 Amortization of acquired intangibles
 0.1
 5,853
 1.6
 (5,256)

 Total operating expenses
 $
 283,353
 67.1
 %
 $
 265,763
 71.5
 %
 $
 17,590

 Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses increased $9.4 million, or 7.5%, primarily due to an increase in personnel costs driven by headcount and salary increases of $8.0 million, which includes an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $2.0 million, an increase in marketing program costs of $1.4 million, and an increase in subscription costs of $0.8 million, partially offset by a decrease in contract services costs of $0.3 million, a decrease in restructuring costs of $0.2 million, and a decrease in allocated facilities and IT costs of $0.1 million. We expect to continue to grow our sales and marketing organization over time to drive new customer adds, retain and expand with existing customers and pursue initiatives designed to help our customers succeed and grow.
 Research and Development. Research and development expenses increased $14.7 million, or 23.1%, primarily due to an increase in personnel costs driven by headcount and salary increases of $14.6 million, which includes an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $1.8 million, an increase in contract services costs of $1.1 million, an increase in subscription costs of $0.8 million, and an increase in allocated facilities and IT costs of $0.4 million, partially offset by an increase in capitalized internal-use software costs of $2.3 million and a decrease in restructuring costs of $0.1 million. We expect to continue to grow our research and development organization over time and also to incur additional expenses associated with bringing new product offerings to market and our enhancements of security, monitoring and authentication of our solutions.
 General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses decreased $1.2 million, or 1.7%, primarily due a decrease in contract services costs of $1.5 million, gains on contingent consideration related to the July 1, 2022 acquisition of Spinpanel of $1.4 million, a decrease in costs associated with our separation from SolarWinds of $1.0 million, a decrease in director and officer liability insurance costs of $0.9 million, and a decrease in rent expense of $0.5 million, partially offset by an increase in personnel costs driven by headcount and salary increases of $3.3 million, which includes an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $1.8 million, and an increase in bad debt expense of $0.8 million. See Note 3. Acquisitions, Note 7. Fair Value Measurements, and Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the acquisition of Spinpanel.
 Amortization of Acquired Intangibles. Amortization of acquired intangibles decreased $5.3 million, or 89.8%, primarily due to the conclusion of amortization of intangible assets acquired in connection with the take private transaction of SolarWinds in early 2016 during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
 Interest Expense, Net

 2023

 2022

 Interest expense, net
 $
 (30,252)
 (7.2)
 %
 $
 (18,852)
 (5.1)
 %
 $
 (11,400)

 Interest expense, net decreased by $(11.4) million, or 60.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to the impact of increased interest rates on borrowings under the Credit Agreement. Changes in interest rates have had and could continue to have an adverse impact on our financial results and cash flows since outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest at variable rates. See Note 13. Relationship with Parent and Related Entities and Note 9. Debt in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our related party debt and Credit Agreement, respectively.
 Other Income, Net

 2023

 2022

 Other income, net
 $
 4,259
 1.0
 %
 $
 1,881
 0.5
 %
 $
 2,378

 Other income, net increased by $2.4 million, or 126.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase in dividend income from our money market fund financial assets of $3.1 million, partially offset by an increase in the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates of $0.7 million related to various accounts for the period.
 Income Tax Expense

 2023

 2022

 Income before income taxes
 $
 44,326
 10.5
 %
 $
 30,425
 8.2
 %
 $
 13,901

 5.0
 3.7
 7,196

 Effective tax rate
 47.2
 %
 45.1
 %
 2.1
 %

 Our income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $7.2 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The effective tax rate increased to 47.2% for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to changes in the UK statutory tax rate, changes in income before income taxes by jurisdiction, the valuation allowance recognized on the deferred tax assets in the U.S. and non-deductible stock-based compensation. For additional discussion about our income taxes, see Note 14. Income Taxes in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Non-GAAP Financial Measures
 In addition to financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP, we use certain non-GAAP financial measures to clarify and enhance our understanding, and aid in the period-to-period comparison, of our performance. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures provide supplemental information that is meaningful when assessing our operating performance because they exclude the impact of certain amounts that our management and Board of Directors do not consider part of core operating results when assessing our operational performance, allocating resources, preparing annual budgets and determining compensation. Accordingly, these non-GAAP financial measures may provide insight to investors into the motivation and decision-making of management in operating the business. Investors are encouraged to review the reconciliation of each of these non-GAAP financial measures to its most comparable GAAP financial measure included below.
 While we believe that these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful supplemental information, non-GAAP financial measures have limitations and should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, their most comparable GAAP measures. These non-GAAP financial measures are not prepared in accordance with GAAP, do not reflect a comprehensive system of accounting and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies due to potential differences in their financing and accounting methods, the book value of their assets, their capital structures, the method by which their assets were acquired and the manner in which they define non-GAAP measures. Items such as the amortization of intangible assets, stock-based compensation expense and related employer-paid payroll taxes, transaction related adjustments, spin-off costs related to the Separation and Distribution, as well as the related tax impacts of these items can have a material impact on our GAAP financial results.
 Non-GAAP Operating Income and Non-GAAP Operating Margin
 We provide non-GAAP operating income and related non-GAAP operating margins excluding such items as stock-based compensation expense and related employer-paid payroll taxes, amortization of acquired intangible assets, transaction related

 costs, spin-off costs and restructuring costs and other. We define non-GAAP operating margin as non-GAAP operating income divided by total revenue. Management believes these measures are useful for the following reasons:
 • Stock-Based Compensation Expense and Related Employer-Paid Payroll Taxes. We provide non-GAAP information that excludes expenses related to stock-based compensation and related employer-paid payroll taxes associated with our employees' participation in N-able's stock-based incentive compensation plans. We believe that the exclusion of stock-based compensation expense provides for a better comparison of our operating results to prior periods and to our peer companies as the calculations of stock-based compensation vary from period to period and company to company due to different valuation methodologies, subjective assumptions and the variety of award types. Employer-paid payroll taxes on stock-based compensation is dependent on our stock price and the timing of the taxable events related to the equity awards, over which our management has little control, and does not necessarily correlate to the core operation of our business. Because of these unique characteristics of stock-based compensation and related employer-paid payroll taxes, management excludes these expenses when analyzing the organization's business performance.
 • Amortization of Acquired Technologies and Intangible Assets. We provide non-GAAP information that excludes expenses related to purchased technologies and intangible assets associated with our acquisitions. We believe that eliminating this expense from our non-GAAP measures is useful to investors because the amortization of acquired technologies and intangible assets can be inconsistent in amount and frequency and is significantly impacted by the timing and magnitude of our acquisition transactions, which also vary in frequency from period to period. Accordingly, we analyze the performance of our operations in each period without regard to such expenses.
 • Transaction Related Costs. We exclude certain expense items resulting from proposed and completed acquisitions, dispositions and similar transactions, such as legal, accounting and advisory fees, changes in fair value of contingent consideration, costs related to integrating the acquired businesses, deferred compensation, severance and retention expense. We consider these adjustments, to some extent, to be unpredictable and dependent on a significant number of factors that are outside of our control. Furthermore, such proposed and completed transactions result in operating expenses that would not otherwise have been incurred by us in the normal course of our organic business operations. We believe that providing non-GAAP measures that exclude transaction related costs allows investors to better review and understand the historical and current results of our continuing operations and also facilitates comparisons to our historical results and results of peer companies with different transaction related activities, both with and without such adjustments.
 • Spin-off Costs. We exclude certain expense items resulting from the spin-off into a newly created and separately traded public company. These costs include legal, accounting and advisory fees, system implementation costs and other incremental costs incurred by us related to the Separation and Distribution. The spin-off transaction results in operating expenses that would not otherwise have been incurred by us in the normal course of our organic business operations. We believe that providing non-GAAP measures that exclude these costs facilitates a more meaningful evaluation of our operating performance and comparisons to our past operating performance.
 • Restructuring Costs and Other. We provide non-GAAP information that excludes restructuring costs such as severance, certain employee relocation costs and the estimated costs of exiting and terminating facility lease commitments, as they relate to our corporate restructuring and exit activities. These costs are inconsistent in amount and are significantly impacted by the timing and nature of these events. Therefore, although we may incur these types of expenses in the future, we believe that eliminating these costs for purposes of calculating the non-GAAP financial measures facilitates a more meaningful evaluation of our operating performance and comparisons to our past operating performance.

 2024

 2023

 2022

 (in thousands, except margin data)

 GAAP operating income
 $
 82,370
 $
 70,319
 $
 47,396

 Stock-based compensation expense and related employer-paid payroll taxes
 47,741
 45,093
 37,658

 Amortization of acquired technologies
 3,520
 1,839
 2,477

 Amortization of acquired intangibles
 5,854

 Transaction related costs
 4,146
 (1,096)

 Spin-off costs
 1,616

 Restructuring costs and other
 4,761
 2,113
 2,662

 Non-GAAP operating income
 $
 142,867
 $
 119,600
 $
 97,952

 GAAP operating margin
 17.7
 %
 16.7
 %
 12.7
 %

 Non-GAAP operating margin
 30.6
 %
 28.3
 %
 26.3
 %

 Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin
 We regularly monitor adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin, as they are measures we use to assess our operating performance. We define adjusted EBITDA as net income or loss, excluding amortization of acquired intangible assets and developed technology, depreciation expense, income tax expense (benefit), interest expense, net, unrealized foreign currency losses (gains), transaction related costs, spin-off costs, stock-based compensation expense and related employer-paid payroll taxes and restructuring and other costs. We define adjusted EBITDA margin as adjusted EBITDA divided by total revenue. Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations include:
 • although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future, and adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditure requirements;
 • adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;
 • adjusted EBITDA does not reflect tax payments that may represent a reduction in cash available to us; and
 • other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate adjusted EBITDA differently, which reduces its usefulness as a comparative measure.
 Because of these limitations, you should consider adjusted EBITDA alongside other financial performance measures, including operating income and net income and our other GAAP results. In evaluating adjusted EBITDA, you should be aware that in the future we may incur expenses that are the same as, or similar to, some of the adjustments in this presentation. Our presentation of adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as an implication that our future results will be unaffected by the types of items excluded from the calculation of adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is not a presentation made in accordance with GAAP and the use of the term varies from others in our industry.

 2024

 2023

 2022

 (in thousands, except margin data)

 $
 $
 $

 Amortization
 9,769
 6,396
 11,191

 Depreciation
 15,956
 15,227
 13,249

 Interest expense, net
 30,031
 30,252
 18,852

 Unrealized foreign currency losses (gains)
 2,702
 (1,246)

 Transaction related costs
 4,146
 (1,096)

 Spin-off costs
 1,616

 Stock-based compensation expense and related employer-paid payroll taxes
 47,741
 45,093
 37,658

 Restructuring costs and other
 4,761
 2,113
 2,662

 Adjusted EBITDA
 $
 169,427
 $
 143,404
 $
 114,696

 Adjusted EBITDA margin
 36.3
 %
 34.0
 %
 30.9
 %

 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 Cash and cash equivalents were $85.2 million as of December 31, 2024. As our sales and operating cash flows are primarily generated by international entities in the United Kingdom and Canada, our international subsidiaries held approximately $79.3 million of cash and cash equivalents, of which 69.6%, 19.1% and 3.3% were held in United States Dollars, Euros, and British Pound Sterling, respectively. We intend either to invest our foreign earnings permanently into foreign operations or to remit these earnings to our United States entities in a tax-efficient manner. The U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 imposed a mandatory transition tax on accumulated foreign earnings and eliminates United States federal income taxes on foreign subsidiary distributions. As a result, our earnings in foreign jurisdictions are generally available for distribution to the United States without significant U.S. tax consequences.
 Our primary source of cash for funding operations and growth has been through cash provided by operating activities. Given the uncertainty of rapidly changing market and economic conditions, we continue to evaluate the nature and extent of the impact to our business and financial position. However, despite this uncertainty, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and our cash flows from operating activities will be sufficient to fund our operations and meet our commitments for capital expenditures for at least the next twelve months.
 In connection with the Separation and Distribution, on July 19, 2021, certain subsidiaries of the Company entered into a credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with JPMorgan Chase, Bank, N.A. as administrative agent and collateral agent and the lenders from time to time party thereto. The Credit Agreement provides for $410.0 million of first lien secured credit facilities (the "Credit Facilities"), consisting of a $60.0 million revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Facility"), and a $350.0 million term loan facility (the "Term Loan"). On July 19, 2021, prior to the completion of the Distribution, the Company distributed approximately $16.5 million, representing the proceeds from the Term Loan, net of the repayment of related party debt due to SolarWinds Holdings, Inc., payment of intercompany trade payables, and fees and other transaction-related expenses, to SolarWinds. The Revolving Facility is primarily available for general corporate purposes. We had total borrowings of $333.1 million and $335.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, net of debt issuance costs of $5.5 million and $7.1 million, respectively. In addition to our total borrowings, we are also committed to cash interest payments of approximately $90.1 million over the term of the Credit Agreement, based upon an interest rate as of December 31, 2024 of 7.53%. See Note 9. Debt in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further details regarding the Credit Agreement.
 In addition to committed payments related to the Credit Agreement, we are also committed to purchase obligations of $119.1 million through the fiscal year ended December 31, 2028 and remaining operating lease liabilities of $36.1 million through the fiscal year ended December 31, 2032. Purchase obligations represent outstanding purchase orders for items including public cloud infrastructure and hosting fees, royalty fees, marketing activities, software license and support fees, and accounting and legal fees. On October 4, 2023, we entered into a non-cancellable royalty agreement for third-party cloud-based platform and hosting services, with an effective date of September 1, 2023. Our total commitment under this agreement is $39.0 million, with royalty fees of $24.4 million payable over the next 1.7 years as of December 31, 2024. See Note 6. Leases in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further details regarding our operating leases.
 Although we are not currently a party to any material definitive agreement regarding potential investments in, or acquisitions of, complementary businesses, applications or technologies, we may enter into these types of arrangements, which

 could reduce our cash and cash equivalents, require us to seek additional equity or debt financing or repatriate cash generated by our international operations. Additional funds from financing arrangements may not be available on terms favorable to us or at all.
 During the year ended December 31, 2024, we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated organizations or financial partnerships, such as structured finance or special purpose entities that would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.
 Due to and from Affiliates
 There were no amounts due to or from SolarWinds as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, due to the termination of the Transition Services Agreement during the year ended December 31, 2022. See Note 13. Relationship with Parent and Related Entities in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further details regarding amounts due to or from affiliates.
 Summary of Cash Flows
 Summarized cash flow information is as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 $
 79,437
 $
 90,089

 Net cash used in investing activities
 (122,421)
 (22,336)

 Net cash used in financing activities
 (22,595)
 (15,173)

 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
 (2,273)
 1,621

 Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents
 $
 (67,852)
 $
 54,201

 Operating Activities
 Our primary source of cash from operating activities is cash collections from our customers. We expect cash inflows from operating activities to be affected by the timing of our sales and the consumption of our solutions by our customers. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are for personnel-related expenditures, and other general operating expenses, as well as payments related to taxes, interest and facilities.
 For the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, the decrease in cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to a decrease in accrued liabilities and other, an increase in recoverable taxes, an increase in current contract assets, an increase in other long-term assets, and a decrease in accounts payable, partially offset by a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets, a decrease in accounts receivable, a decrease in income taxes receivable, a decrease in operating lease right-of-use assets, net, an increase in income taxes payable, an increase in deferred revenue, and an increase in other long-term liabilities. The net cash outflow of $21.5 million and net cash inflow of $2.1 million resulting from the changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, excluding the changes noted above, was primarily due to the timing of sales, cash payments and receipts.
 Investing Activities
 Investing cash flows consist of cash used for acquisitions, net of cash acquired, capital expenditures and intangible assets. Our capital expenditures principally relate to purchases of servers for cloud infrastructure primarily to support our data protection solutions, as well as leasehold improvements, computers and equipment to support our domestic and international office locations. Purchases of intangible assets consist of capitalized research and development costs.
 Net cash used in investing activities increased for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to an increase in acquisitions, net of cash acquired and an increase in capital expenditures, partially offset by a decrease in capitalized research and development costs.
 Financing Activities
 Financing cash flows consist of payments of tax withholding obligations related to restricted stock, the exercise of stock options, proceeds from the issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan, deferred acquisition payments, and repayments of borrowings from the Credit Agreement
 Net cash used in financing activities increased for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to an increase in payments of tax withholding obligations related to restricted stock and a

 decrease in proceeds from exercises of stock options, partially offset by an increase in proceeds from the issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan and a decrease in deferred acquisition payments.

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 Our Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in conformity with GAAP and require our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates, and such estimates may change if the underlying conditions or assumptions change. To the extent that there are differences between our estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be affected, perhaps materially.
 In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is specifically dictated by GAAP and does not require management's judgment in its application, while in other cases, management's judgment is required in selecting among available alternative accounting standards that allow different accounting treatment for similar transactions. We believe that these accounting policies requiring significant management judgment and estimates are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas of our financial results. These critical accounting policies are:
 • the valuation of goodwill, intangibles, long-lived assets and contingent consideration;
 • revenue recognition; and
 • income taxes.
 We allocate the purchase prices of our acquired businesses to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values, with the excess recorded as goodwill. If applicable, we estimate the fair value of contingent consideration payments in determining the purchase price. The fair value of identifiable intangible assets is based on significant judgments made by management. We typically engage third-party valuation appraisal firms to assist us in determining the fair values and useful lives of the assets acquired. The valuation estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience and information obtained from management, and also include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows earned from the intangible asset and discount rates applied in determining the present value of those cash flows. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that could affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results.
 Our goodwill was derived from the take private transaction of SolarWinds in February 2016 and subsequent business combinations, where the purchase price exceeded the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired. The N-able legal entities were managed as a single reporting unit of the Parent prior to the Separation and Distribution and N-able continues to be managed as a single reporting unit following the Separation and Distribution. Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually during the fourth quarter or sooner when circumstances indicate an impairment may exist. An impairment of goodwill is recognized when the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. For purposes of the annual impairment test, we assess qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that goodwill might be impaired and whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative impairment test which considers the fair value of the reporting unit compared with the carrying value on the date of the test. Qualitative factors include industry and market considerations, overall financial performance, changes in management or key personnel, changes in strategy, changes in customers and other relevant events and circumstances affecting the reporting unit.
 On October 1, 2024, we performed the annual qualitative assessment for our reporting unit. For the annual impairment analysis, we assessed several events and circumstances that could affect the significant inputs used to determine the fair value of our reporting unit, including the significance of the amount of excess fair value over carrying value, consistency of operating margins and cash flows, budgeted-to-actual performance from prior year, overall change in economic climate, changes in the industry and competitive environment, key management turnover, and earnings quality and sustainability. As of October 1, 2024, there were no unanticipated changes or negative indicators in the above qualitative factors that would impact the fair value of our reporting unit as of the annual impairment analysis date. As such, we determined there were no indicators of impairment and that it was more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit was greater than its carrying value and therefore performing the next step of the impairment test was unnecessary.
 Fair value determination of our reporting unit requires considerable judgment and is sensitive to changes in underlying assumptions and factors. As a result, there can be no assurance that the estimates and assumptions made for purposes of the qualitative goodwill impairment test will prove to be an accurate prediction of future results. If an event occurs that would cause

 us to revise our estimates and assumptions used in analyzing the value of our goodwill, the revision could result in a non-cash impairment charge that could have a material impact on our financial results.
 Identifiable Intangible Assets
 We evaluate long-lived assets, including finite-lived intangible assets and other assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset group may not be recoverable. Events or changes in circumstances that could result in an impairment review include, but are not limited to, significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of use of the acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business, and significant negative industry or economic trends. If an event occurs that would cause us to revise our estimates and assumptions used in analyzing the value of our property and equipment or our finite-lived intangibles and other assets, that revision could result in a non-cash impairment charge that could have a material impact on our financial results.
 Revenue Recognition
 We primarily generate revenue from the sale of subscriptions to our SaaS solutions and subscription-based term licenses and, to a lesser extent, from the sale of maintenance services associated with our perpetual licenses. We recognize revenue when we transfer promised goods or services in amounts that reflect the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This is determined by following a five-step process which includes (1) identifying the agreement with a customer, (2) identifying the performance obligations in the agreement, (3) determining the transaction price, (4) allocating the transaction price, and (5) recognizing revenue when or as we satisfy a performance obligation, as described below.
 We identify performance obligations in an agreement based on the goods and services that will be transferred to the customer that are separately identifiable from other promises in the agreement, or distinct. If not considered distinct, the promised goods or services are combined with other goods or services and accounted for as a combined performance obligation. Determining the distinct performance obligations in an agreement requires judgment. Our performance obligations primarily relate to our SaaS solutions, subscription-based term licenses and maintenance support including unspecified upgrades or enhancements to new versions of our solutions.
 We allocate the transaction price of the agreement to each distinct performance obligation based on a relative stand-alone selling price basis. Determining stand-alone selling prices for our performance obligations requires judgment and are based on multiple factors primarily including historical selling prices and discounting practices for our solutions and services. We review the stand-alone selling price for our performance obligations periodically and update, if needed, to ensure that the methodology utilized reflects our current pricing practices.
 Income Taxes
 We use the liability method of accounting for income taxes as set forth in the authoritative guidance for accounting for income taxes. Under this method, we recognize deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the respective carrying amounts and tax basis of our assets and liabilities. For the period beginning July 20, 2021, the income tax provision was computed on a post-Separation and Distribution basis following the authoritative guidance reflected in ASC 740.
 In calculating our effective tax rate, we make judgments regarding certain tax positions, including the timing and amount of deductions and allocations of income among various tax jurisdictions.
 The guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes requires us to identify, evaluate and measure all uncertain tax positions taken or to be taken on tax returns and to record liabilities for the amount of these positions that may not be sustained, or may only partially be sustained, upon examination by the relevant taxing authorities. Although we believe that our estimates and judgments are reasonable, actual results may differ from these estimates. Some or all of these judgments are subject to review by the taxing authorities. To the extent that the actual results of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect our effective tax rate. We recognize interest expense and penalties on uncertain tax positions as a component of our income tax expense. ASC 740 defines the threshold for recognizing the benefits of tax return positions in the financial statements as "more-likely-than-not" to be sustained by the tax authority based solely on its technical merits as of the reporting date. If a tax position is not considered more-likely-than-not to be sustained solely on its technical merits, no benefits of the position are to be recognized in the financial statements. If a tax position meets the more-likely-than-not threshold, it should be measured based on the largest benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized.
 We establish valuation allowances when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. On a quarterly basis, we evaluate the need for, and the adequacy of, valuation allowances based on the expected realization of our deferred tax assets. The factors used to assess the likelihood of realization include our latest forecast of future taxable income, available tax planning strategies that could be implemented, reversal of taxable temporary differences and carryback potential to

 realize the net deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2024, we recorded a valuation allowance of $7.4 million in the U.S. and $0.4 million outside the U.S., respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we recorded a valuation allowance of $4.9 million in the U.S. If, based upon the weight of all available evidence, it is more likely than not (a likelihood of greater than 50%) that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance must be recorded to reduce the deferred tax assets.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 See Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements, which is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
 Interest Rate Risk
 We had cash and cash equivalents of $85.2 million and $153.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Our cash and cash equivalents consist of bank demand deposits and money market funds and do not have material exposure to market risk. We hold cash and cash equivalents for working capital purposes. Our investments are made for capital preservation purposes, and we do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.
 We had total borrowings under the Credit Agreement, net of debt issuance costs, of $333.1 million and $335.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Under the Credit Agreement, borrowings denominated in U.S. dollars under the Revolving Facility bore interest at a floating rate of an Adjusted LIBOR rate (subject to a "floor" of 0.0%) for a specified interest period plus an applicable margin of 3.00%, until the LIBOR-based rate was replaced pursuant to an amendment to the Credit Agreement, effective August 31, 2023. Under the Credit Agreement, borrowings denominated in Euros under the Revolving Facility bear interest at a floating rate of an Adjusted Euro Interbank Offered Rate ("EURIBOR") rate (subject to a "floor" of 0.0%) for a specified interest period plus an applicable margin of 3.00%. Under the Credit Agreement, borrowings under the Term Loan bore interest at a floating rate of an Adjusted LIBOR rate (subject to a "floor" of 0.5%) for a specified interest period plus an applicable margin of 3.00%, until the LIBOR-based rate was replaced pursuant to the amendment. Each margin is subject to reductions to 2.75% and 1.75%, respectively, based on our first lien net leverage ratio.
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the annual weighted-average interest rate on borrowings was 7.53% and 8.40%, respectively. If there was a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates, the annual impact to interest expense would be approximately $3.4 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. This hypothetical change in interest expense has been calculated based on the variable rate borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and a 100 basis point per annum change in interest rate applied over a one-year period. Changes in interest rates have had and could continue to have an adverse impact on our financial results and cash flows since outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest at variable rates.
 We do not have material exposure to market risk with respect to our cash and cash equivalents, as these consist primarily of highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 See Note 13. Relationship with Parent and Related Entities in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our related party debt.
 See Note 9. Debt of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further details regarding the Credit Agreement and Interest Expense, Net of Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Comparison for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 for further details on the current and expected continued impact of interest rates on borrowings under the Credit Agreement.
 Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
 As a global company, we face exposure to adverse movements in foreign currency exchange rates. We primarily conduct business in the following locations: the United States, United Kingdom, European Union and Canada. This exposure is the result of selling in multiple currencies, growth in our international investments, additional headcount in foreign countries and operating in countries where the functional currency is the local currency. Specifically, our results of operations and cash flows are primarily subject to fluctuations in the following currencies: the Euro, British Pound Sterling and Canadian Dollar against the U.S. dollar. These exposures may change over time as business practices evolve and economic conditions change, including as a result of the impact on the global economy of, or governmental actions taken in response to, the Russia-Ukraine conflict or

 escalating conflicts in the Middle East. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates have had and could continue to have an adverse impact on our financial results and cash flows.
 Our Consolidated Statements of Operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates in each applicable period. Our international revenue, operating expenses and significant balance sheet accounts denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar primarily flow through our United Kingdom and European subsidiaries, which have historically had British Pound Sterling and Euro functional currencies, respectively, resulting in a two-step currency exchange process wherein the currencies other than the British Pound Sterling and Euro are first converted into those functional currencies and then translated into U.S. dollars for our Consolidated Financial Statements. In connection with the Separation and Distribution, our United Kingdom legal entity changed its functional currency from the British Pound Sterling to the US dollar.
 Our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Balance Sheets accounts are also impacted by the re-measurement of non-functional currency transactions such as cash accounts held by our overseas subsidiaries, accounts receivable denominated in foreign currencies, deferred revenue and accounts payable denominated in foreign currencies.
 Foreign Currency Transaction Risk
 Our foreign currency exposures typically arise from selling monthly, annual, and multi-year subscriptions in multiple currencies, accounts receivable, and other intercompany transactions.
 Foreign Currency Translation Risk
 Fluctuations in foreign currencies impact the amount of total assets, liabilities, revenue, operating expenses and cash flows that we report for our foreign subsidiaries upon the translation of these amounts into U.S. dollars. If there is a change in foreign currency exchange rates, the amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, operating expenses and cash flows that we report in U.S. dollars for foreign subsidiaries that transact in international currencies may be higher or lower to what we would have reported if using a constant currency rate. To the extent the U.S. dollar strengthens against foreign currencies, the translation of these foreign currency denominated transactions results in reduced assets, liabilities, revenue, operating expenses and cash flows for our international operations. Similarly, our assets, liabilities, revenue, operating expenses and cash flows will increase for our international operations if the U.S. dollar weakens against foreign currencies. The conversion of the foreign subsidiaries' financial statements into U.S. dollars will also lead to remeasurement gains and losses recorded in income, or translation gains or losses that are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
 The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Consolidated Financial Statements set forth on pages F-1 through F-43 hereof.

 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
 There were no changes in or disagreements with our accountants on accounting and financial disclosure matters.

 ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 We maintain "disclosure controls and procedures" (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms.
 Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2024, the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024.

 Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:
 • Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
 • Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and
 • Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that our degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K based on the framework in "Internal Control— Integrated Framework" issued in 2013 by the Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024, the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 We acquired Adlumin on November 20, 2024. Adlumin constitutes less than 1.0% of total assets and total revenue, respectively, in our Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024. Pursuant to the SEC staff's guidance that an assessment of a recently acquired business may be omitted from the scope of the assessment of internal control over financial reporting in the year of acquisition, the scope of our assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 did not include Adlumin.
 Our independent registered public accounting firm, which has audited our consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K, has also audited the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, as stated in their report, which is included in Part II, Item 8 of this report.
 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 Other than the acquisition of Adlumin on November 20, 2024 noted above, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 Inherent Limitation on the Effectiveness of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our Company have been detected.

 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
 During the three months ended December 31, 2024, none of the Company's directors or officers adopted or terminated any purported Rule 10b5-1 plans and/or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements," as defined under applicable law.

 ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE RELATED TO FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
 None.

 Certain information required by Part III is omitted from this report. We intend to include such information in our definitive proxy statement ("Proxy Statement") related to our 2025 annual meeting of stockholders pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act, which we intend to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report.

 ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
 Except as set forth below, the information required by this Item will be included in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
 Code of Business Ethics and Conduct
 Our board of directors has adopted a code of business conduct and ethics for all employees, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, and other executive and senior financial officers. The code of business ethics and conduct is available on the investor relations portion of our website at www.n-able.com. To the extent and in the manner required by applicable rules of the SEC and NYSE, we intend to disclose any amendments to our code of business conduct and ethics, or waivers of its requirements, on our website or in filings under the Exchange Act. Our website and the contents therein or connected thereto are not intended to be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
 The information required by this Item will be included in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
 The information required by this Item will be included in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
 The information required by this Item will be included in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
 The information required by this Item will be included in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
 (a) The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
 1.Financial Statements.

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238)

 F- 2

 Consolidated Balance Sheets
 F- 5

 Consolidated Statements of Operations
 F- 6

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 F- 7

 Consolidated Statements Stockholders' Equity
 F- 8

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
 F- 9

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
 F- 11

 2.Financial Statement Schedules.
 The following financial statement schedule should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements of N-able, Inc. filed as part of this Report:

 •
 Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

 Schedules other than that listed above have been omitted since they are either not required or not applicable or because the information required is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere herein or the notes thereto.
 3.Exhibits.
 EXHIBIT INDEX

 Exhibit Number
 Exhibit Title

 2.1#
 Separation and Distribution Agreement, dated as of July 16, 2021, by and between SolarWinds Corporation and N-able, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 20, 2021).

 3.1
 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of N-able, Inc., dated as of July 16, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 20, 2021).

 3.2
 Amended and Restated Bylaws of N-able, Inc., dated as of July 16, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 20, 2021).

 4.1
 Stockholders' Agreement, dated as of July 19, 2021, by and among N-able, Inc. and the stockholders' named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 20, 2021).

 4.2
 First Amendment to Stockholders' Agreement among the Company and the stockholders named therein, dated December 13, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on December 15, 2021).

 4.3
 Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of July 19, 2021, by and among N-able, Inc. and the stockholders' named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 20, 2021).

 4.4
 Form Registration Rights Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on November 20, 2024).

 4.5
 Description of the Registrant's Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company's Amended Annual Report on Form 10-K/A filed with the Commission on August 9, 2022).

 10.1
 Tax Matters Agreement, dated as of July 16, 2021, by and between SolarWinds Corporation and N-able, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 20, 2021).

 10.2
 Employee Matters Agreement, dated as of July 16, 2021, by and between SolarWinds Corporation and N-able, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 20, 2021).

 Exhibit Number
 Exhibit Title

 10.3#
 Intellectual Property Matters Agreement, dated as of July 16, 2021, by and between SolarWinds Corporation and N-able, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 20, 2021).

 10.4#
 Trademark License Agreement, dated as of July 16, 2021, by and between SolarWinds Corporation and N-able, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 20, 2021).

 10.5#
 Software Cross-License Agreement, dated as of July 16, 2021, by and between SolarWinds Corporation and N-able, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 20, 2021).

 10.6#
 Credit Agreement, dated as of July 19, 2021, among N-able International Holdings I, LLC, N-able International Holdings II, LLC, the lenders from time to time party thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, collateral agent and an issuing bank (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 20, 2021).

 10.7
 Amendment No. 1, dated as of June 26, 2023, to the Credit Agreement among N-able International Holdings I, LLC, N-able International Holdings II, LLC, the lenders from time to time party thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, collateral agent and an issuing bank (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 10, 2024).

 10.7^
 Employment Agreement, dated as of July 19, 2021, by and between N-able Technologies, Inc. and John Pagliuca (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 20, 2021).

 10.8^
 Employment Agreement, dated as of July 19, 2021, by and between N-able Technologies, Inc. and Tim O'Brien (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 8, 2022).

 10.9^
 Employment Agreement, dated as of February 9, 2021, by and between N-able Technologies, Inc. and Michael Adler (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 8, 2022).

 10.10^
 Employment Agreement, dated as of July 19, 2021, by and between N-able Solutions ULC and Frank Colletti (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 20, 2021).

 10.11^
 Employment Agreement, dated as of July 19, 2021, by and between N-able Technologies, Inc. and Kathleen Pai (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 20, 2021).

 10.12
 Form of Indemnification Agreement of N-able, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 20, 2021).

 10.13^#
 N-able, Inc. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan and form of agreements thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Commission on July 17, 2021).

 10.14^#
 N-able, Inc. 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Commission on July 17, 2021).

 10.14^
 N-able, Inc. Bonus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 20, 2021).

 10.15
 Purchase Agreement, dated July 11, 2021, by and among N-able, Inc., N-able International Holdings II, LLC and the Investors named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on July 12, 2021).

 10.16
 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated November 20, 2024, by and among N-able, Inc., N-able International Holdings II, LLC, N-able Technologies, Inc, Adlumin, Inc. and Shareholder Representative Services LLC. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on November 20, 2024).

 19*
 Insider Trading Policy

 21.1*
 Subsidiaries of N-able, Inc.

 23.1*
 Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent registered public accounting firm

 31.1*
 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 31.2*
 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 32.1**
 Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 Exhibit Number
 Exhibit Title

 N-able, Inc. Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Incentive Compensation Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on February 29, 2024).

 101*

 101.INS

 101.SCH

 101.CAL

 101.DEF

 101.LAB

 101.PRE

 104*

 *
 Filed herewith

 **
 The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 accompanying this Annual Report on Form 10-K, are deemed furnished and not filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing

 #
 Schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Registrant undertakes to furnish supplemental copies of any of the omitted schedules upon request by the SEC.

 ^
 Identifies a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement in which an executive officer or director of N-able participates.

 ITEM 16. FORM 10–K SUMMARY
 None.

 SIGNATURES
 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

 Dated:
 By:
 /s/ Tim O'Brien

 Tim O'Brien

 Chief Financial Officer

 (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1934, as amended, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signature
 Title
 Date

 /s/ John Pagliuca
 Chief Executive Officer and Director
(Principal Executive Officer)

 John Pagliuca

 /s/ Tim O'Brien
 Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

 Tim O'Brien

 /s/ William Bock
 Chairperson and Director

 William Bock

 /s/ Michael Bingle

 Michael Bingle

 /s/ Ann Johnson

 Ann Johnson

 /s/ Darryl Lewis

 Darryl Lewis

 /s/ Cam McMartin

 Cam McMartin

 /s/ Michael Widmann

 Michael Widmann

 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Page

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238)

 F- 2

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 F- 5

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 F- 6

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 F- 7

 Consolidated Statements Stockholders' Equity

 F- 8

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 F- 9

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 F- 11

 1. Organization and Nature of Operations

 F- 11

 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 F- 11

 3. Acquisitions

 F- 22

 4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

 F- 25

 5. Property and Equipment

 F- 26

 6. Leases

 F- 26

 7. Fair Value Measurements

 F- 27

 8. Accrued Liabilities and Other

 F- 28

 9. Debt

 F- 28

 10. Stock-Based Compensation

 F- 29

 11. Earnings Per Share

 F- 33

 12. Employee Benefit Plans

 F- 34

 13. Relationship with Parent and Related Entities

 F- 34

 14. Income Taxes

 F- 37

 15. Commitments and Contingencies

 F- 39

 16. Operating Segments and Geographic Information

 F- 41

 Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

 F- 43

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of N-able, Inc.
 Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of N-able, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

 In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

 Basis for Opinions

 The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company's consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB and in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

 Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

 As described in Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management has excluded Adlumin from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 because it was acquired by the Company in a purchase business combination during 2024. We have also excluded Adlumin from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. Adlumin is a wholly-owned subsidiary whose total assets and total revenues excluded from management's assessment and our audit of internal control over financial reporting each represent less than 1% of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the

 company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Critical Audit Matters
 The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

 Revenue Recognition – Subscription Revenue

 As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company's subscription revenue was $459 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company primarily derives subscription revenue from the sale of subscriptions to their SaaS solutions and sales of their self-managed solutions, including term licenses, technical support and unspecified software upgrades. Subscription revenue for SaaS solutions is generally recognized ratably over the subscription term once the service is made available to the customer or when the Company has the right to invoice for services performed. Revenue from the license performance obligation of self-managed solutions is recognized at a point in time upon delivery of the access to the licenses, and revenue from the performance obligation related to the technical support and unspecified software upgrades of subscription-based license arrangements is recognized ratably over the agreement period. The Company generally invoices subscription agreements monthly based on usage or in advance over the subscription period on either a monthly or annual basis.

 The principal consideration for our determination that performing procedures relating to revenue recognition – subscription revenue is a critical audit matter is a high degree of auditor effort in performing procedures related to the Company's revenue recognition.

 Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the revenue recognition process for subscription revenue. These procedures also included, among others, testing revenue recognized for a sample of subscription revenue transactions by obtaining and inspecting source documents, such as executed contracts, purchase orders, sales quotes, invoices, delivery documents, usage details and cash receipts.

 Acquisition of Adlumin, Inc. – Valuation of Developed Technology

 As described in Notes 2 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements, on November 20, 2024, the Company acquired Adlumin for net consideration of $227.2 million. Of the acquired intangible assets recorded, $74.8 million related to a developed technology intangible asset. The fair value of identifiable intangible assets is based on significant judgments made by management. Management uses the excess earnings methodology to calculate the fair values under the income approach. The valuation estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience and information obtained by management, and include forecasted revenue growth rate and cost of revenue.

 The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of developed technology acquired in the acquisition of Adlumin is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value estimate of the developed technology acquired and (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management's significant assumptions related to forecasted revenue growth rate and cost of revenue.

 Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the acquisition accounting, including controls over management's valuation of the developed technology. These procedures also included, among others, (i) reading the purchase agreement, (ii) testing management's process for developing the fair value estimate of the developed technology acquired, (iii) evaluating the appropriateness of the excess earnings method used by management, (iv) testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in the excess earnings method, and (v) evaluating the reasonableness of significant assumptions used by management related to forecasted revenue growth rate and cost of revenue. Evaluating management's assumptions related to forecasted revenue growth rate and cost of revenue involved

 considering (i) the current and past performance of the Adlumin business and (ii) whether the assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit.

 /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
 Austin, Texas
 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2020.

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 2024
 2023

 Assets

 Current assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 85,196
 $
 153,048

 Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $ 886 and $ 1,171 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 44,909
 40,013

 Income tax receivable
 3,563
 8,001

 Recoverable taxes
 24,157
 12,116

 Current contract assets
 12,786
 1,124

 Prepaid and other current assets
 13,312
 10,489

 Total current assets
 183,923
 224,791

 Property and equipment, net
 36,162
 36,838

 Operating lease right-of-use assets
 27,998
 32,067

 Deferred taxes
 2,026
 1,087

 977,013
 838,497

 Intangible assets, net
 83,150
 6,717

 Other assets, net
 28,575
 22,794

 Total assets
 $
 1,338,847
 $
 1,162,791

 Liabilities and stockholders' equity

 Current liabilities:

 Accounts payable
 $
 6,290
 $
 5,239

 Accrued liabilities and other
 56,557
 49,366

 Current deferred consideration
 44,023
 —

 Current operating lease liabilities
 6,018
 6,443

 Income taxes payable
 9,733
 4,523

 Current portion of deferred revenue
 23,977
 12,646

 Current debt obligation
 3,500
 3,500

 Total current liabilities
 150,098
 81,717

 Long-term liabilities:

 Deferred revenue, net of current portion
 2,996

 Non-current deferred taxes
 3,448
 1,820

 Non-current operating lease liabilities
 30,069
 33,064

 Long-term debt, net of current portion
 329,606
 331,509

 Non-current deferred consideration
 54,089
 —

 Other long-term liabilities
 9,253
 3,154

 Total liabilities
 579,559
 451,431

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)

 Stockholders' equity:

 Common stock, $ 0.001 par value: 550,000,000 shares authorized and 187,528,505 and 183,220,689 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 Preferred stock, $ 0.001 par value: 50,000,000 shares authorized and no shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 —
 —

 Additional paid-in capital
 708,992
 666,522

 Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income
 ( 21,095)
 4,409

 Retained earnings
 71,204
 40,246

 Total stockholders' equity
 759,288
 711,360

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
 $
 1,338,847
 $
 1,162,791

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Operations
 (In thousands, except per share information)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Revenue:

 Subscription and other revenue
 $
 $
 $

 Cost of revenue:

 Cost of revenue
 77,159
 66,369
 56,133

 Amortization of acquired technologies
 3,520
 1,839
 2,477

 Total cost of revenue
 80,679
 68,208
 58,610

 Gross profit
 385,468
 353,672
 313,159

 Operating expenses:

 Sales and marketing
 135,592
 134,691
 125,301

 90,714
 78,180
 63,484

 General and administrative
 76,514
 69,885
 71,125

 Amortization of acquired intangibles
 5,853

 Total operating expenses
 303,098
 283,353
 265,763

 Operating income
 82,370
 70,319
 47,396

 Other expense:

 Interest expense, net
 ( 30,031)
 ( 30,252)
 ( 18,852)

 Other income, net
 1,931
 4,259
 1,881

 Total other expense, net
 ( 28,100)
 ( 25,993)
 ( 16,971)

 Income before income taxes
 54,270
 44,326
 30,425

 $
 $
 $

 Net income per share:

 Basic earnings per share
 $
 0.17
 $
 0.13
 $
 0.09

 Diluted earnings per share
 $
 0.16
 $
 0.13
 $
 0.09

 Weighted-average shares used to compute net income per share:

 Shares used in computation of basic earnings per share
 185,277
 182,371
 180,136

 Shares used in computation of diluted earnings per share
 188,426
 185,980
 181,297

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Other comprehensive (loss) income:

 Foreign currency translation adjustment
 ( 22,868)

 Other comprehensive (loss) income
 ( 22,868)

 Comprehensive income (loss)
 $
 5,454
 $
 35,636
 $
 ( 6,161)

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

 Common Stock
 Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 Retained Earnings
 Total

 Shares

 Balance as of December 31, 2021
 179,049
 $
 $
 602,996
 $
 15,053
 $
 $
 618,355

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Foreign currency translation adjustment
 —
 —
 —
 ( 22,868)
 —
 ( 22,868)

 Exercise of stock options
 —
 —
 —

 Restricted stock units issued, net of shares withheld for taxes
 1,556
 ( 8,325)
 —
 —
 ( 8,323)

 Issuance of stock
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of stock under employee stock purchase plan
 —
 1,315
 —
 —
 1,315

 —
 —
 36,777
 —
 —
 36,777

 180,850
 $
 $
 632,871
 $
 ( 7,815)
 $
 16,834
 $
 642,071

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Foreign currency translation adjustment
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Exercise of stock options
 —
 —
 —

 Restricted stock units issued, net of shares withheld for taxes
 2,124
 ( 11,976)
 —
 —
 ( 11,974)

 Issuance of stock
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of stock under employee stock purchase plan
 —
 1,681
 —
 —
 1,681

 —
 —
 43,874
 —
 —
 43,874

 183,221
 $
 $
 666,522
 $
 4,409
 $
 40,246
 $
 711,360

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Foreign currency translation adjustment
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Exercise of stock options
 —
 —
 —

 Restricted stock units issued, net of shares withheld for taxes
 2,632
 ( 20,489)
 —
 —
 ( 20,486)

 Issuance of stock in business combinations
 1,434
 14,677
 —
 —
 14,678

 Issuance of stock under employee stock purchase plan
 —
 2,382
 —
 —
 2,382

 —
 —
 45,888
 —
 —
 45,888

 187,529
 $
 $
 708,992
 $
 ( 21,095)
 $
 71,204
 $
 759,288

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash flows from operating activities

 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Depreciation and amortization
 25,725
 21,623
 24,440

 Benefit from doubtful accounts
 ( 285)
 ( 159)
 ( 323)

 Stock-based compensation expense
 45,351
 43,570
 36,527

 Amortization of debt issuance costs
 1,598
 1,601
 1,623

 Deferred taxes
 ( 1,952)
 ( 1,423)

 Loss (gain) on foreign currency exchange rates
 2,702
 ( 1,246)

 Gain on contingent consideration
 ( 6,281)
 ( 1,443)
 ( 83)

 Deferred consideration expense
 1,843
 —
 —

 Loss on lease modification
 1,063
 —
 —

 Other non-cash expenses
 ( 263)

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations:

 Accounts receivable
 ( 2,131)
 ( 7,060)
 ( 3,432)

 Income taxes receivable
 4,685
 ( 174)
 ( 567)

 Recoverable taxes
 ( 12,965)
 ( 11,392)

 Current contract assets
 ( 11,430)
 ( 894)
 ( 230)

 Operating lease right-of-use assets, net
 ( 1,550)
 ( 1,168)

 Prepaid expenses and other assets
 ( 1,253)
 1,463

 Accounts payable
 ( 461)
 1,833
 ( 1,624)

 Due to and from affiliates
 —
 —
 ( 402)

 Accrued liabilities and other
 16,065
 3,003

 Income taxes payable
 4,881
 2,966
 ( 3,188)

 Deferred revenue
 2,261
 1,358

 Other long-term assets
 ( 5,721)
 ( 1,274)

 Other long-term liabilities
 ( 90)
 —

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 79,437
 90,089
 71,413

 Cash flows from investing activities

 Purchases of property and equipment
 ( 17,570)
 ( 13,780)
 ( 12,834)

 Purchases of intangible assets
 ( 6,157)
 ( 8,556)
 ( 8,176)

 Acquisitions, net of cash acquired
 ( 98,694)
 —
 ( 9,199)

 Net cash used in investing activities
 ( 122,421)
 ( 22,336)
 ( 30,209)

 Cash flows from financing activities

 Payments of tax withholding obligations related to restricted stock units
 ( 20,489)
 ( 11,976)
 ( 8,325)

 Exercise of stock options

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan
 2,382
 1,681
 1,315

 Deferred acquisition payments
 ( 1,000)
 ( 1,450)
 —

 Repayments of borrowings from Credit Agreement

 Net cash used in financing activities
 ( 22,595)
 ( 15,173)
 ( 10,402)

 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
 ( 2,273)
 1,621
 1,309

 Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents
 ( 67,852)
 54,201
 32,111

 Cash and cash equivalents

 Beginning of period
 153,048
 98,847
 66,736

 End of period
 $
 85,196
 $
 153,048
 $
 98,847

 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information

 Cash paid for interest
 $
 28,690
 $
 28,437
 $
 15,570

 Cash paid for income taxes
 $
 12,772
 $
 14,934
 $
 16,303

 Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities:

 Change in purchases of property, equipment and leasehold improvements included in accounts payable and accrued expenses
 $
 $
 ( 378)
 $
 ( 728)

 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities
 $
 2,628
 $
 5,123
 $

 Non-cash consideration exchanged in business combinations
 $
 14,678
 $
 —
 $
 —

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 1. Organization and Nature of Operations
 Description of Business
 N-able, Inc., a Delaware corporation, together with its subsidiaries, is a leading global provider of cloud-based security, data protection, and unified endpoint management software solutions for IT services providers, including managed service providers ("MSPs"). Our powerful technology enables them to support digital transformation and growth for small and medium-sized businesses ("SMBs") and mid-market businesses, which we define as those businesses having fewer than 2,500 employees. With a flexible technology platform and powerful integrations, N-able makes it easy for our customers to monitor, manage, and protect systems, data, and networks. Our growing portfolio of management, security, automation, and data protection solutions is built for IT services management professionals. In addition, we provide extensive, proactive support—through enriching partner programs, hands-on training, and growth resources—to help our customers deliver exceptional value and achieve success at scale. Through our multi-dimensional land and expand model and global presence, we have been able to drive strong recurring revenue growth and profitability.

 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 Basis of Presentation
 The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of N-able, Inc. and the accounts of its wholly owned subsidiaries. We have eliminated all intercompany balances and transactions.
 Reclassifications
 Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.
 Segment Information
 Operating segments are components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available and is evaluated regularly by the company's chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. N-able currently operates in one reportable business segment.
 Use of Estimates
 The preparation of Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and the disclosure of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. The actual results that we experience may differ materially from our estimates. The accounting estimates that require our most significant, difficult and subjective judgments include:
 • the valuation of goodwill, intangibles, and long-lived assets;
 • the valuation of contingent consideration;
 • revenue recognition; and
 • income taxes.
 Foreign Currency Translation
 The functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries is determined in accordance with authoritative guidance issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB"). We translate assets and liabilities for these subsidiaries at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. We translate income and expense accounts for these subsidiaries at the average monthly exchange rates for the periods. We record resulting translation adjustments as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders' equity. We record gains and losses from currency transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency as other income (expense), net in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Local currency transactions of international subsidiaries that have the U.S. dollar as the functional currency are remeasured into U.S. dollars using current rates of exchange for monetary assets and liabilities and historical rates of exchange for non-monetary assets and liabilities. The foreign currency transactional and re-measurement exchange (losses) and gains were $( 2.6) million, $ 0.9 million, and $ 2.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents
 All cash and cash equivalents included in the Consolidated Financial Statements are legally owned by N-able legal entities. We consider highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we have money market fund financial assets of $ 44.0 million and $ 98.6 million, respectively, which are included in "cash and cash equivalents" in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. See "Fair Value Measurements" below and Note 7. Fair Value Measurements for further details regarding the fair value measurements of our money market fund financial assets.
 The purchase price of our acquired businesses is allocated to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values, with the excess recorded as goodwill in the reporting unit expected to benefit from the business combination. If applicable, we estimate the fair value of contingent consideration payments in determining the purchase price. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to the fair value of the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including the deferred tax asset valuation allowances and acquired income tax uncertainties, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. We include the operating results of acquisitions in our Consolidated Financial Statements from the acquisition date. Acquisition related costs are expensed separately from the acquisition as incurred and are primarily included in general and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 The fair value of identifiable intangible assets is based on significant judgments made by management. We typically engage third party valuation appraisal firms to assist us in determining the fair values, useful lives of the assets acquired, and the excess earnings methodology used to calculate the fair values under the income approach. The valuation estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience and information obtained by management, and include forecasted revenue growth rate and cost of revenue earned from the developed technology. Other estimates include forecasted operating cash flows and discount rates applied in determining the present value of those cash flows. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that could affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results. Acquired identifiable intangible assets are amortized on the straight-line method over their estimated economic lives, which are generally two to seven years for trademarks, customer relationships and developed product technologies. We include amortization of acquired developed product technologies in cost of revenue and amortization of other acquired intangible assets in operating expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 Impairment of Goodwill, Intangible Assets and Long-lived Assets
 Goodwill represents the amount of the purchase price in excess of the estimated fair value of net assets of businesses acquired in a business combination. Our goodwill was primarily derived from the take private transaction of SolarWinds in February 2016 and subsequent business combinations, where the purchase price exceeded the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired. We test goodwill at least annually during the fourth quarter or sooner when circumstances indicate an impairment may exist. An impairment of goodwill is recognized when the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. For purposes of the annual impairment test, we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of our single reporting unit is less than its carrying value, a "Step 0" analysis. If, based on a review of qualitative factors, it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value we perform "Step 1" of the goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying value of goodwill in that reporting unit.
 In October 2024, we performed a qualitative, "Step 0," assessment for our single reporting unit. For "Step 0," we assessed several events and circumstances that could affect the significant inputs used to determine the fair value of the reporting unit, including the significance of the amount of excess fair value over carrying value, consistency of operating margins and cash flows, budgeted-to-actual performance from prior year, overall change in economic climate, changes in the industry and competitive environment, key management turnover, and earnings quality and sustainability. As of October 1, 2024, there were no unanticipated changes or negative indicators in the above qualitative factors that would impact the fair value of the Business as of the annual impairment date. As such, we determined there were no indicators of impairment and that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying value and therefore performing the next step of impairment test was unnecessary. Subsequent to the October 2024 annual impairment assessment, the November 20, 2024 acquisition of Adlumin, Inc. ("Adlumin") resulted in the recognition of $ 160.4 million of goodwill. As of November 20, 2024 and December 31, 2024, we again determined there were no indicators of goodwill impairment and that it is more likely than

 not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying value and therefore performing the next step of impairment test was unnecessary. See Note 3. Acquisitions for additional information regarding the Adlumin acquisition.
 Fair value determination of our reporting unit requires considerable judgment and is sensitive to changes in underlying assumptions and factors. As a result, there can be no assurance that the estimates and assumptions made for purposes of the quantitative goodwill impairment test will prove to be an accurate prediction of future results. If an event occurs that would cause us to revise our estimates and assumptions used in analyzing the value of our goodwill, the revision could result in a non-cash impairment charge that could have a material impact on our financial results.
 Long-Lived Assets
 We evaluate the recoverability of our long-lived assets, including finite-lived intangible assets and other assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Our finite-lived intangible assets are primarily related to assets acquired at the take private transaction of SolarWinds and subsequent business combinations. Events or changes in circumstances that could result in an impairment review include, but are not limited to, significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of use of the acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business, and significant negative industry or economic trends. In the event that the net book value of our long-lived assets exceeds the future undiscounted net cash flows attributable to such assets, an impairment charge would be required. Impairment, if any, is recognized in the period of identification to the extent the carrying amount of an asset or asset group exceeds the fair value of such asset or asset group. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, there were no indicators that our long-lived assets were impaired.
 Fair Value Measurements
 We apply the authoritative guidance on fair value measurements for financial assets and liabilities, such as our money market fund financial assets and contingent consideration liabilities, that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and non-financial assets and liabilities, such as goodwill, intangible assets and property, plant and equipment that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis.
 The guidance establishes a three-tiered fair value hierarchy that prioritizes inputs to valuation techniques used in fair value calculations. The three levels of inputs are defined as follows:
 Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets accessible by us.
 Level 2: Inputs that are observable in the marketplace other than those inputs classified as Level 1.
 Level 3: Inputs that are unobservable in the marketplace and significant to the valuation.
 The carrying amounts reported in our Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and other accrued expenses approximate fair value due to relatively short periods to maturity. See Note 7. Fair Value Measurements for a summary of our financial instruments accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the carrying value of our outstanding debt approximates its estimated fair value as the interest rate on the debt is adjusted for changes in market rates. See Note 9. Debt for additional information regarding our debt.
 Accounts Receivable
 Accounts receivable represent trade receivables from customers when we have sold subscriptions for software-as-a-service ("SaaS") offerings as well as subscription-based term licenses and from the sale of maintenance services associated with our perpetual license products and have not yet received payment. We present accounts receivable net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of customers to make required payments. In doing so, we consider the current financial condition of the customer, the specific details of the customer account, the age of the outstanding balance and the current economic environment. Any change in the assumptions used in analyzing a specific account receivable might result in an additional allowance for doubtful accounts being recognized in the period in which the change occurs. Our allowance for doubtful accounts was $ 0.9 million, $ 1.2 million and $ 1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Property and Equipment
 We record property and equipment at cost and depreciate them using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives as follows:

 Useful Life

 Equipment, servers and computers
 3 - 5

 Furniture and fixtures
 5 - 7

 Software
 3 - 5

 Leasehold improvements
 Lesser of lease term or useful life

 Upon retirement or sale of property and equipment, we remove the cost of assets disposed of and any related accumulated depreciation from our accounts and credit or charge any resulting gain or loss to operating expense. We expense repairs and maintenance as they are incurred.
 Research and Development Costs
 Research and development expenses primarily consist of personnel costs and contractor fees related to the development of new software products and enhancements to existing software products. Personnel costs include salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation and related employer-paid payroll taxes, as well as an allocation of our facilities, depreciation, benefits and IT costs. Research and development costs are charged to operations as incurred.
 Internal-Use Software Costs
 We capitalize costs related to developing new functionality for our suite of products that are hosted and accessed by our customers on a subscription basis. We also capitalize costs related to specific upgrades and enhancements when it is probable the expenditures will result in additional functionality. Costs incurred in the preliminary stages of development are expensed as incurred. Once an application has reached the development stage, internal and external costs, if direct and incremental, are capitalized until the software is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. Capitalized costs are recorded as part of other assets, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Maintenance and training costs are expensed as incurred. Internal-use software costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life, generally three years, and included in cost of revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. There were no impairments to internal-use software costs during the periods presented.
 On December 14, 2022, we completed the acquisition of certain assets, primarily in the form of intellectual property, from a third party for a total consideration of up to $ 6.5 million, including $ 3.1 million of cash paid on the acquisition date, $ 1.0 million of product delivery fees, and up to $ 2.5 million payable upon the achievement of certain software engineering and knowledge transfer milestones as of September 1, 2023 and December 1, 2023. We funded the transaction with cash on hand. We incurred less than $ 0.1 million in transaction related costs during the three months ended December 31, 2022, which are included in general and administrative expense. Prior to the acquisition, N-able had an existing Original Equipment Manufacturing Agreement ("OEM Agreement") with the third party, whereby $ 1.0 million had previously been recorded as a prepaid royalty. The OEM Agreement was terminated as of the acquisition date, and the $ 1.0 million previously recorded as a prepaid royalty is now classified as product delivery fees. The total consideration of $ 6.5 million was capitalized as costs to obtain internal-use computer software from third parties and is being amortized over an estimated useful life of three years, beginning when the related technology is deemed ready for its intended use, in accordance with our policy for the capitalization of internal-use software costs.
 The $ 3.1 million of cash paid on the acquisition date and $ 1.0 million of product delivery fees was deemed to be the total value of technology ready for its intended use as of the acquisition date and is being amortized over an estimated useful life of three years, beginning on the acquisition date. The $ 2.5 million of contingent consideration was deemed to be the total value of technology not ready for its intended use as of the acquisition date. During the year ended December 31, 2023, $ 1.5 million of cash was paid due to the achievement of two of the software engineering and knowledge transfer milestones, with the related technology deemed ready for its intended use. During the year ended December 31, 2024, $ 1.0 million of cash was paid due to the achievement of the final software engineering and knowledge transfer milestones, with the related technology deemed ready for its intended use. There is no remaining contingent consideration related to this acquisition as of December 31, 2024, and no gains or losses on the contingent consideration were recognized during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See Note 8. Accrued Liabilities and Other and Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies for additional information regarding the contingent consideration liabilities.

 We had $ 18.8 million and $ 18.3 million of net internal-use software costs capitalized as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Amortization expense of internal-use software costs was $ 5.3 million, $ 3.4 million, and $ 2.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 Debt Issuance Costs
 Debt issuance costs for our secured credit facilities are presented as a deduction from the corresponding debt liability on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and amortized on an effective interest rate method over the term of the associated debt as interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Amortization of debt issuance costs included in interest expense was $ 1.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See Note 9. Debt for discussion of our secured credit facilities.
 Contingencies
 We account for claims and contingencies in accordance with authoritative guidance that requires we record an estimated loss from a claim or loss contingency when information available prior to issuance of our Consolidated Financial Statements indicates a liability has been incurred at the date of our Consolidated Financial Statements and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. If we determine that it is reasonably possible but not probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred, we disclose the amount or range of estimated loss if material or that the loss cannot be reasonably estimated. Accounting for claims and contingencies requires us to use our judgment. We consult with legal counsel on those issues related to litigation and seek input from other experts and advisors with respect to matters in the ordinary course of business. See Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies for a discussion of contingencies.
 Revenue Recognition
 We generate revenue from fees received for our SaaS solutions as well as subscriptions for our subscription-based term licenses and from the sale of maintenance services associated with our perpetual licenses. We recognize revenue related to contracts from customers when we transfer promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This is determined by following a five-step process which includes (1) identifying the contract with a customer, (2) identifying the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determining the transaction price, (4) allocating the transaction price and (5) recognizing revenue when or as we satisfy a performance obligation, as described below.
 • Identify the contract with a customer. We generally use an electronic or manually signed order form, purchase order, an authorized credit card, or the receipt of a cash payment as evidence of a contract provided that collection is considered probable. We sell our products through our direct inside sales force and through our distributors and resellers. Sales through resellers and distributors are typically evidenced by a reseller or distributor agreement, together with purchase orders or authorized credit cards on a transaction-by-transaction basis. Our distributors and resellers do not carry inventory of our software and we generally require them to specify the end user of the software at the time of the order. Our distributors and resellers have no rights of return or exchange for software that they purchase from us and payment for these purchases is due to us without regard to whether the distributors or resellers collect payment from their customers.
 • Identify the performance obligations in the contract. Performance obligations promised in a contract are identified based on the goods or services that will be transferred to the customer that are separately identifiable from other promises in the contract, or distinct. If not considered distinct, the promised goods or services are combined with other goods or services and accounted for as a combined performance obligation. Determining the distinct performance obligations in a contract requires judgment. Our performance obligations primarily include SaaS solutions, subscription-based term licenses and maintenance support including unspecified upgrades or enhancements to new versions of our software solutions. See additional discussion of our performance obligations below.
 • Determine the transaction price. We determine the transaction price based on the contractual consideration and the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to the customer. We account for sales incentives to IT services providers, resellers or distributors as a reduction of revenue at the time we recognize the revenue from the related product sale. We report revenue net of any sales tax collected. Our return policy generally does not allow our customers to return software products or services.
 • Allocate the transaction price. For contracts that contain multiple performance obligations, we allocate the transaction price of the contract to each distinct performance obligation based on a relative stand-alone selling price basis. Determining stand-alone selling prices for our performance obligations requires judgment and are based on multiple factors primarily including historical selling prices and discounting practices for products and services. We review the stand-alone selling

 price for our performance obligations periodically and update, if needed, to ensure that the methodology utilized reflects our current pricing practices.
 • Recognize revenue when or as we satisfy a performance obligation. Revenue is recognized when or as performance obligations are satisfied either over time or at a point in time by transferring a promised good or service. We consider this transfer to have occurred when risk of loss transfers to the IT services provider, reseller or distributor or the customer has access to their subscription which is generally upon electronic activation of the licenses purchased or access being granted which provides immediate availability of the product to the purchaser. See further discussion below regarding the timing of revenue recognition for each of our performance obligations.
 The following summarizes our performance obligations from which we generate revenue:

 Performance obligation
 When performance obligation is typically satisfied

 SaaS solutions
 Over the subscription term, once the service is made available to the customer (over time)

 Subscription-based term and perpetual licenses
 Upon the delivery of the license key or password that provides immediate availability of the product (point in time)

 Technical support and unspecified software upgrades
 Ratably over the contract period (over time)

 Our revenue consists of the following:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Subscription revenue
 $
 458,961
 $
 412,072
 $
 362,609

 Other revenue
 7,186
 9,808
 9,160

 Total subscription and other revenue
 $
 $
 $

 • Subscription Revenue. We primarily derive subscription revenue from the sale of subscriptions to the SaaS solutions that we host and manage on our platform. Our subscriptions provide access to the latest versions of our software platform, technical support and unspecified software upgrades and updates. Subscription revenue for our SaaS solutions is generally recognized ratably over the subscription term once the service is made available to the customer or when we have the right to invoice for services performed. In addition, our subscription revenue includes sales of our self-managed solutions, which are hosted and managed by our customers. Subscriptions of our self-managed solutions include term licenses, technical support and unspecified software upgrades. Revenue from the license performance obligation of our self-managed solutions is recognized at a point in time upon delivery of the access to the licenses and revenue from the performance obligation related to the technical support and unspecified software upgrades of our subscription-based license arrangements is recognized ratably over the agreement period. We generally invoice subscription agreements monthly based on usage or in advance over the subscription period on either a monthly or annual basis.
 • Other Revenue. Other revenue consists primarily of revenue from the sale of our maintenance services associated with the historical sales of perpetual licenses and revenue from professional services. Customers with maintenance agreements are entitled to receive technical support and unspecified upgrades or enhancements to new versions of their solutions on a when-and-if-available basis for the specified agreement period. We believe that our technical support and unspecified upgrades or enhancements performance obligations each have the same pattern of transfer to the customer and are therefore accounted for as a single distinct performance obligation. We recognize maintenance revenue ratably on a daily basis over the contract period.
 During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, we recognized the following revenue from subscription and other services at a point in time and over time:

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Revenue recognized at a point in time
 $
 62,318
 $
 56,359
 $
 59,970

 Revenue recognized over time
 403,829
 365,521
 311,799

 Total revenue recognized
 $
 $
 $

 Deferred Revenue
 Deferred revenue primarily consists of transaction prices allocated to remaining performance obligations from annually billed subscription agreements and maintenance services associated with our historical sales of perpetual license products which are delivered over time. Certain of our maintenance agreements are billed annually in advance for services to be performed over a 12-month period. We initially record the amounts allocated to maintenance performance obligations as deferred revenue and recognize these amounts ratably on a daily basis over the term of the maintenance agreement.
 Deferred revenue activity for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

 Total Deferred Revenue

 $
 12,127

 Deferred revenue recognized
 ( 21,438)

 Additional amounts deferred
 22,124

 $
 12,813

 Deferred revenue recognized
 ( 20,977)

 Additional amounts deferred
 35,137

 $
 26,973

 Contract Assets
 Timing may differ between the satisfaction of performance obligations and the invoicing and collection of amounts related to our contracts with customers. Contract assets primarily relate to unbilled amounts for contracts with customers for which the amount of revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer. Contract assets are transferred to accounts receivable when the right to invoice becomes unconditional. Contract assets are recorded as current if the invoice will be delivered to the customer within the succeeding 12-month period, with the remaining recorded as long-term. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we began increasing the proportion of our subscriptions that are long-term committed contracts, as compared to month-to-month contracts (the "Long-Term Contract Initiative"). The Long-Term Contract Initiative resulted in an increase in point in time subscription revenue during the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to the impact of revenue recognition for long-term committed contracts under Topic 606, net of any volume and pricing rationalization when committing to long-term subscriptions and any fluctuations in month-to-month contracts. In connection with the Long-Term Contract Initiative, there was a corresponding increase in contract assets during the year ended December 31, 2024. Current contract assets were $ 12.8 million and $ 1.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Non-current contract assets were $ 3.7 million and $ 1.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and are included in other non-current assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 Capitalized Commissions
 We recognize as an asset the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if we expect to recover those costs, and amortize the asset in accordance with the pattern of transfer of goods and services to which the asset relates. ASC 606 defines the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as the costs that an entity incurs in its efforts to obtain a contract that would not have been incurred if the contract had not been obtained.
 We recognize the incremental costs of obtaining contracts as expense when incurred if the amortization period of the assets that we otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. For long-term committed contracts under the Long-Term Contract Initiative, we expect that commission fees paid to sales representatives as a result of obtaining these contracts are recoverable and are therefore capitalized. Current capitalized commissions were $ 1.7 million as of December 31, 2024, and are included in "prepaid and other current assets" in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Non-current capitalized commissions were $ 2.0 million

 as of December 31, 2024, and are included in "other non-current assets" in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. As the costs were not material, we had no capitalized commissions as of December 31, 2023. Capitalized commissions are amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of three years, and are included in "sales and marketing" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. We recognized amortization of capitalized commissions of $ 0.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2024.
 Remaining Performance Obligations
 We expect to recognize revenue related to the following remaining performance obligations as of December 31, 2024:

 Revenue Recognition Expected by Period

 Total
 Less than 1
year
 1-3 years
 More than
3 years

 Expected recognition of remaining performance obligations
 $
 198,066
 $
 130,160
 $
 67,906
 $
 —

 Cost of Revenue
 Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue consists of public cloud infrastructure and hosting fees, an allocation of overhead costs for our subscription revenue and maintenance services, royalty fees and personnel costs for technical support and our security operations center. We allocate facilities, depreciation, IT and benefits costs based on headcount.
 Amortization of Acquired Technologies. Amortization of acquired technologies included in cost of revenue was $ 3.5 million, $ 1.8 million and $ 2.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We amortize to cost of revenue capitalized costs of technologies acquired in connection with the take private transaction of SolarWinds in early 2016 and subsequent business combinations, including the July 1, 2022 acquisition of Spinpanel B.V. ("Spinpanel") and the November 20, 2024 acquisition of Adlumin. Amortization related to the take private transaction of SolarWinds concluded during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
 Advertising
 We expense advertising costs as incurred. Advertising expense is included in sales and marketing expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 Advertising expense was as follows for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Advertising expense
 $
 15,031
 $
 17,311
 $
 19,560

 Leases
 We lease facilities worldwide and certain equipment under non-cancellable lease agreements. During 2019, we adopted the new lease accounting guidance, FASB Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02 "Leases," or ASC 842. Under ASC 842, we evaluate if a contract is or contains a lease at inception of the contract. If we determine that a contract is or contains a lease, we determine the appropriate lease classification and recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability at the commencement date of the lease based on the present value of fixed lease payments over the lease term reduced by lease incentives. To determine the present value of lease payments, we use an estimated incremental borrowing rate based on the interest rate a similar borrowing on a collateralized basis would incur based on information available on the lease commencement date as none of our leases provide an implicit rate. We generally base this discount rate on the interest rate incurred on our secured credit facilities and, prior to the Separation and Distribution, by our Parent's senior secured debt, adjusted for considerations for the value, term and currency of the lease. Lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise those options.
 We recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for leasing arrangements with terms greater than one year. Certain lease contracts include obligations to pay for other services, such as operations and maintenance. We account for lease and non-lease components in a contract as a single lease component for all classes of underlying assets except certain classes of equipment. Right-of-use assets are tested for impairment in the same manner as long-lived assets.

 The terms of some of our lease agreements provide for rental payments on a graduated basis. Operating lease costs are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and recorded in the appropriate income statement line item based on the asset or a headcount allocation for office leases. Certain of our office leases require the payment of our proportionate share of common area maintenance or service charges. As we have elected to account for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for our real estate leases, these costs are included in variable lease costs. In addition, certain of our leases may include variable payments based on measures that include changes in price indices or market interest rates which are included in variable lease costs and expensed as incurred. We had no finance leases as of and for the periods ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. See Note 6. Leases for additional information regarding our lease arrangements.
 Income Taxes
 We use the liability method of accounting for income taxes as set forth in the authoritative guidance for accounting for income taxes. Under this method, we recognize deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the respective carrying amounts and tax basis of our assets and liabilities.
 On December 22, 2017, the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") was enacted. As a result, income tax attributable to previously undistributed earnings of N-able international subsidiaries was recognized in 2017 and 2018. This liability, which SolarWinds elected to pay over time, remains with SolarWinds and is not reflected in the financial statements of N-able.
 In 2024, the Company decided that it would no longer permanently reinvest the majority of its undistributed earnings in non-US subsidiaries. Since these undistributed earnings had been previously taxed under the Tax Act, the impact of changing our assertion related to the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries did not have a material impact to our financial statements.
 In the ordinary course of business, there is inherent uncertainty in quantifying our income tax positions. We assess our income tax positions and record tax benefits for all years subject to examination based upon management's evaluation of the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date. For those tax positions where it is more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will be sustained, we have recorded the largest amount of tax benefit with a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is not more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit has been recognized in the financial statements. Where applicable, the associated interest expense and penalties has been recognized as a component of income tax expense.
 We establish valuation allowances when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. On a quarterly basis, we evaluate the need for, and the adequacy of, valuation allowances based on the expected realization of our deferred tax assets. The factors used to assess the likelihood of realization include our latest forecast of future taxable income, available tax planning strategies that could be implemented, reversal of taxable temporary differences and carryback potential to realize the net deferred tax assets. See Note 14. Income Taxes for additional information regarding our income taxes.
 Concentrations of Risks
 Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. Our cash and cash equivalents consisted of cash deposited with banks in demand deposit accounts which may exceed the amount of insurance provided on these deposits. Generally, we may withdraw our cash deposits and redeem our invested cash equivalents upon demand. We strive to maintain our cash deposits with multiple financial institutions of reputable credit and therefore bear minimal credit risk.
 We provide credit to distributors, resellers and direct customers in the normal course of business. We generally extend credit to new customers based upon industry reputation and existing customers based upon prior payment history. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, no distributor, reseller or direct customer represented a significant concentration of our revenue.
 At December 31, 2024 and 2023, no distributor, reseller or direct customer represented a significant concentration of our outstanding accounts receivable balance. We do not believe that our business is substantially dependent on any distributor or that the loss of a distributor relationship would have a material adverse effect on our business.

 Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
 Changes in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income by component are summarized below:

 Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments
 Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income

 $
 ( 7,815)
 $
 ( 7,815)

 Other comprehensive income before reclassification

 Net current period other comprehensive income

 4,409
 4,409

 Other comprehensive loss before reclassification

 Net current period other comprehensive loss

 $
 ( 21,095)
 $
 ( 21,095)

 Stock-Based Compensation
 We have granted our employees, directors and certain contractors stock-based incentive awards. These awards are in the form of stock options, restricted common stock, restricted stock units and performance stock units. We measure stock-based compensation expense for all share-based awards granted to employees and directors based on the estimated fair value of those awards on the date of grant. The fair value of stock option awards is estimated using a Black-Scholes valuation model. The fair value of restricted common stock, restricted stock units and performance stock units is determined using the fair market value of the underlying common stock on the date of grant less any amount paid at the time of the grant, or intrinsic value. Our stock awards vest on service-based or performance-based vesting conditions. For our service-based awards, we recognize stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the service period of the award. For our performance-based awards, we recognize stock-based compensation expense on a graded-vesting basis over the service period of each separately vesting tranche of the award, if it is probable that the performance target will be achieved.
 In connection with the Separation and Distribution, all of the outstanding and unvested SolarWinds equity awards held by our employees were converted to N-able awards (the "Conversion"). As a result of the Conversion, 224,638 stock options, 91,477 shares of restricted common stock, and 2,207,824 shares of restricted stock units were granted during the year ended December 31, 2021. No stock option awards were granted during the year ended December 31, 2024. See Note 10. Stock-Based Compensation and Note 13. Relationship with Parent and Related Entities for information on the incremental compensation expense recognized during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 as a result of the Conversion.
 We estimated the fair value for stock options at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. We have not paid and do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock; therefore, we assume the expected dividend yield to be zero. We estimate the expected volatility using the historical volatility of comparable public companies from a representative peer group. We base the risk-free rate of return on the average U.S. treasury yield curve for the most appropriate terms for the respective periods. As allowed under current guidance, we have elected to apply the "simplified method" in developing our estimate of expected life for "plain vanilla" stock options by using the midpoint between the vesting date and contractual termination date since we do not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate expected term. For all awards, we grant employees stock awards at exercise prices equal to the fair value of the underlying common stock on the date the award was approved. Performance-based awards are not considered granted under the applicable accounting guidance until the performance attainment targets for each applicable tranche have been defined. We recognize the impact of forfeitures in stock-based compensation expense when they occur. See Note 10. Stock-Based Compensation for additional information.
 Net Income Per Share
 We calculate basic and diluted net income per share attributable to common stockholders in conformity with the two-class method required for companies with participating securities. We compute basic net income per share available to common stockholders by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. We compute diluted net income per share similarly to basic net income per share except that it reflects the potential dilution that could occur if dilutive securities or other obligations to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock using the treasury stock method. Refer to Note 11. Earnings Per Share for additional information regarding the computation of net income per share.

 Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
 In October 2021, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2021-08, "Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers," which requires an entity to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with ASC 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers," instead of at fair value on the acquisition date as previously required by ASC 805, "Business Combinations." The amendments improve comparability after the business combination by providing consistent recognition and measurement guidance for acquired revenue contracts and revenue contracts not acquired in a business combination. The updated guidance is effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and early adoption is permitted. The updated guidance will be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring during or after the fiscal year of adoption. We adopted this standard as of January 1, 2023. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting," which provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the existing guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens related to reference rate reform. The standard became effective upon issuance and may be applied to any new or amended contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") through December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-06, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848," extending the sunset date of the relief provided under ASU No. 2020-04 to December 31, 2024. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the effective interest rate on outstanding debt under our credit agreement with JPMorgan Chase, Bank, N.A. (the "Credit Agreement") transitioned from a LIBOR-based rate to a Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR")-based rate. The transition did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements, and no remaining contracts, hedging relationships, or other transactions reference LIBOR as of December 31, 2024. See Note 9. Debt for further details regarding the Credit Agreement.
 In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures," which requires disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis. The amendments also require companies with a single reportable segment to provide all disclosures required by this amendment and all existing segment disclosures in ASC 280, "Segment Reporting." The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. We adopted this standard as of December 31, 2024. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and only impacted our disclosures. See Note 16. Operating Segments and Geographic Information for disclosures related to the adoption of this standard.
 Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures," to expand the disclosure requirements for income taxes, specifically related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The updated guidance is effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. We do not believe this standard will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses," which requires public companies to disclose, in interim and annual reporting periods, additional information about certain expenses in the financial statements. The updated guidance is effective for public companies for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. We do not believe this standard will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements

 3. Acquisitions
 Adlumin, Inc.
 On November 20, 2024, we acquired Adlumin, a Washington, D.C. based enterprise-grade security operations platform provider. The acquisition was structured as a merger transaction pursuant to which Adlumin became our indirect wholly owned subsidiary. The aggregate consideration payable at closing of the transaction included $ 98.7 million in cash, subject to customary adjustments and funded with cash on hand, and the issuance of up to 1,570,762 shares of our common stock. Additionally, the former Adlumin shareholders have the right to receive $ 120.0 million in cash in installments of $ 52.5 million and $ 67.5 million on the first and second anniversaries of the closing date, respectively, and up to an aggregate of $ 30.0 million in potential cash earn-out payments payable in 2025 and 2026 based upon the achievement of certain performance metrics against defined targets for the 2024 and 2025 fiscal years.
 The acquisition is intended to build upon our prior partnership with Adlumin providing extended detection and response ("XDR") capabilities and managed detection and response ("MDR") services, and allow us to incorporate Adlumin's innovative technology with our industry-leading platform that combines security, unified endpoint management, and data protection solutions. We incurred net transaction related costs of $ 2.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, which are included in general and administrative expense. Goodwill and acquired identifiable intangible assets for this acquisition are not deductible for tax purposes.
 The following table summarizes the amounts recognized for the assets acquired and liabilities assumed:

 Current liabilities, net, including cash acquired of $ 52

 $
 ( 9,071)

 Property and equipment, net

 Non-current liabilities, net
 ( 4,754)

 Identifiable intangible assets

 Developed technology
 74,800

 5,400

 Trademarks

 160,362

 Total assets acquired, net
 $
 227,219

 The following table summarizes the total consideration for the assets acquired and liabilities assumed:

 Cash paid
 $
 98,746

 Settlement of pre-existing relationships
 ( 312)

 Deferred consideration
 96,269

 Equity consideration
 14,678

 Consideration payable in cash or equity
 1,218

 Contingent consideration
 16,620

 Total consideration, net
 $
 227,219

 The following table summarizes the fair value of the acquired identifiable intangible assets and weighted-average useful life by category:

 Fair Value
 Weighted-Average Useful Life

 Developed technology
 $
 74,800

 5,400

 Trademarks
 $

 Total identifiable intangible assets
 $
 80,500

 The fair value of the acquired developed technology intangible assets was determined using the multi-period excess earnings method under the income approach. The fair value of the acquired customer relationships intangible assets was

 determined using the distributor method under the income approach. The fair value of the acquired trademarks intangible assets was determined using the relief-from-royalty method under the income approach.
 The results of operations related to Adlumin since the acquisition date are included in our Consolidated Financial Statements during the year ended December 31, 2024. As noted above, total consideration includes the right to receive $ 120.0 million in cash in installments of $ 52.5 million and $ 67.5 million on the first and second anniversaries of the closing date, respectively, and up to an aggregate of $ 30.0 million in potential cash earn-out payments payable in 2025 and 2026 based upon the achievement of certain performance metrics against defined targets for the 2024 and 2025 fiscal years. Of the $ 120.0 million of deferred consideration, $ 7.0 million and $ 7.8 million are contingent upon certain employees' continued employment on the first and second anniversaries of the closing date, respectively. These amounts are accounted for as compensation expense for post-combination services. The deferred and contingent consideration liabilities will be reevaluated periodically, but at least quarterly, to assess the impact of the passage of time, continued employment, and achievement of certain performance metrics against defined targets, as applicable, with the resulting gains or additional expense recognized within general and administrative expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. At the date of acquisition, the fair value of the deferred consideration was $ 96.3 million. As of December 31, 2024, the fair value of the deferred consideration is $ 98.1 million, resulting in the recognition of expense of $ 1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The current portion of the deferred consideration of $ 44.5 million, of which $ 0.8 million is contingent upon continued employment, is included in "current deferred consideration" and the non-current portion of $ 53.7 million, of which $ 0.4 million is contingent upon continued employment, is included in "non-current deferred consideration" in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024. At the date of acquisition, the fair value of the contingent consideration was $ 16.6 million. As of December 31, 2024, the fair value of the contingent consideration is $ 14.1 million, resulting in the recognition of a gain of $ 2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The current portion of the contingent consideration of $ 5.5 million is included in "accrued liabilities and other" and the non-current portion of $ 8.6 million is included in "other long-term liabilities" in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024. See Note 7. Fair Value Measurements, Note 8. Accrued Liabilities and Other and Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies for additional information regarding the deferred and contingent consideration liabilities.
 We recognize revenue on the acquired products in accordance with our revenue recognition policy as described in Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.
 Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information
 The following unaudited pro forma financial information shows the results of our operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, as if the acquisition of Adlumin had occurred on January 1, 2023. The unaudited pro forma financial information is presented for information purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of what would have occurred if the acquisition had occurred as of that date. The unaudited pro forma information is also not intended to be a projection of future results due to the integration of the acquired operations of Adlumin. The unaudited pro forma information reflects the effects of applying our accounting policies and a pro forma adjustment to the combined historical financial information of N-able and Adlumin, which includes transaction related costs, incremental amortization expense associated with the fair value of the acquired identifiable intangible assets, and the estimated income tax effect.

 Year Ended December 31, 2024
 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Actual
 Pro Forma
 Actual
 Pro Forma

 $
 $
 482,668
 $
 $
 432,734

 Net income (loss)
 $
 $
 ( 3,103)
 $
 $
 ( 25,976)

 Spinpanel B.V.
 On July 1, 2022, we completed the acquisition of all the outstanding equity of Spinpanel for a total consideration of up to approximately $ 20.0 million, including up to $ 10.0 million payable upon the achievement of certain revenue metrics through July 1, 2025. We funded the transaction with cash on hand. Based in the Netherlands, Spinpanel is a multi-tenant Microsoft 365 management and automation platform built for Microsoft Cloud Solution Providers to automate the provisioning, security, and management of all Microsoft tenants, users, and licenses in a single consolidated hub. The acquisition of Spinpanel is intended to help our partners optimize the value of their Microsoft Cloud products and, in turn, give Spinpanel customers access to a wider array of IT management and security solutions. We incurred net transaction related costs of $ 0.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, which are included in general and administrative expense. Goodwill and acquired identifiable intangible assets for this acquisition are not deductible for tax purposes.
 During the three months ended March 31, 2023, a measurement period adjustment of $ 1.6 million was recorded to non-current deferred tax liabilities and goodwill. See Note 4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets for further details regarding changes in goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2023. The measurement period concluded as of June 30, 2023.

 The following table summarizes the amounts recognized for the assets acquired and liabilities assumed:

 Current assets, including cash acquired of $ 6

 $

 Property and equipment, net

 Current liabilities
 ( 1,199)

 Non-current deferred tax liabilities
 ( 764)

 Identifiable intangible assets

 Developed technology
 8,890

 7,176

 Total assets acquired, net
 $
 14,359

 The following table summarizes the total consideration for the assets acquired and liabilities assumed:

 Cash paid, net of cash acquired of $ 6

 $
 9,199

 Contingent consideration
 5,160

 Total consideration, net
 $
 14,359

 The following table summarizes the fair value of the acquired identifiable intangible assets and weighted-average useful life by category:

 Fair Value
 Weighted-Average Useful Life

 Developed technology
 $
 8,890

 Total identifiable intangible assets
 $
 8,970

 The results of operations related to Spinpanel since the acquisition date are included in our Consolidated Financial Statements during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. As noted above, total consideration includes up to $ 10.0 million payable upon the achievement of certain revenue metrics through July 1, 2025. The contingent consideration liability is reevaluated at least quarterly, with the resulting gains and losses recognized within general and administrative expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair value of this contingent consideration was $ 5.2 million at the date of acquisition, $ 5.1 million as of December 31, 2022, and $ 3.7 million as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, there is no remaining contingent consideration liability. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we recognized a gain of $ 3.7 million, $ 1.4 million and $ 0.1 million, respectively, on the contingent consideration liability. The contingent consideration liability of $ 3.7 million as of December 31, 2023 is included in "other long-term liabilities" in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 7. Fair Value Measurements, Note 8. Accrued Liabilities and Other and Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies for additional information regarding the contingent consideration liabilities.

 Pro forma information for the acquisition has not been provided because the impact of the historical financials on our revenue, net income and net income per share is not material. We recognize revenue on the acquired products in accordance with our revenue recognition policy as described in Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

 4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
 The following table reflects the changes in goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 $
 828,795

 ( 1,550)

 Foreign currency translation and other adjustments
 11,252

 838,497

 160,362

 Foreign currency translation and other adjustments
 ( 21,846)

 $
 977,013

 Intangible Assets
 Intangible assets consisted of the following as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 December 31, 2024
 December 31, 2023

 Gross
Carrying
 Accumulated
Amortization
 Net
 Gross
Carrying
 Accumulated
Amortization
 Net

 Developed product technologies
 $
 107,165
 $
 ( 29,509)
 $
 77,656
 $
 30,441
 $
 ( 23,766)
 $
 6,675

 97,529
 ( 92,318)
 5,211
 92,134
 ( 92,092)

 Trademarks
 1,013
 ( 730)
 ( 713)
 —

 Total intangible assets
 $
 205,707
 $
 ( 122,557)
 $
 83,150
 $
 123,288
 $
 ( 116,571)
 $
 6,717

 Intangible asset amortization expense was as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Intangible asset amortization expense
 $
 3,798
 $
 2,436
 $
 8,330

 As of December 31, 2024, we estimate aggregate intangible asset amortization expense to be as follows:

 Estimated Amortization

 2025
 $
 18,725

 2026
 18,695

 2027
 17,473

 2028
 14,976

 2029
 13,281

 Total amortization expense
 $
 83,150

 The expected amortization expense is an estimate. Actual amounts of amortization expense may differ from estimated amounts due to additional intangible asset acquisitions, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, impairment of intangible assets, future changes to expected asset lives of intangible assets and other events.

 5. Property and Equipment
 Property and equipment, net, including software, consisted of the following:

 2024
 2023

 Servers, equipment and computers
 $
 61,090
 $
 52,774

 Furniture and fixtures
 5,919
 6,658

 Software
 1,065

 Leasehold improvements
 23,613
 22,948

 $
 91,687
 $
 83,265

 Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization
 ( 55,525)
 ( 46,427)

 Property and equipment, net
 $
 36,162
 $
 36,838

 Depreciation and amortization expense on property and equipment was as follows for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Depreciation and amortization
 $
 15,956
 $
 15,228
 $
 13,249

 6. Leases
 We lease our offices and do not own any real estate. Our corporate headquarters is located in Burlington, Massachusetts. We lease office space domestically and internationally in various locations for our operations, including facilities located in Austin, Texas; Bucharest, Romania; Dundee, United Kingdom; Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Emmeloord, Netherlands; Lisbon, Portugal; Manila, Philippines; Minsk, Belarus; Morrisville, North Carolina; Ottawa, Canada; Sydney, Australia; Utrecht, Netherlands; Warsaw, Poland; Washington, D.C.; Uster, Switzerland; and Vienna, Austria. Our leases are all classified as operating and have remaining terms of less than one year to 7.4 years.
 The components of operating lease costs for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Operating lease costs
 $
 7,942
 $
 6,804

 Variable lease costs(1)

 1,154
 1,120

 Short-term lease costs

 Sublease income received
 ( 690)
 ( 488)

 Total lease costs
 $
 8,669
 $
 7,657

 ____________
 (1) Primarily includes common area maintenance and other service charges for leases in which we pay a proportionate share of those costs as we have elected to not separate lease and non-lease components for our office leases.

 Maturities of our operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 were as follows:

 December 31, 2024

 2025
 $
 7,153

 2026
 7,205

 2027
 6,160

 2028
 5,860

 2029
 4,849

 Thereafter
 9,708

 Total minimum lease payments
 40,935

 Less: imputed interest
 ( 4,848)

 Present value of operating lease liabilities
 $
 36,087

 As of December 31, 2024, the weighted-average remaining lease term of our operating leases was 6.3 years and the weighted-average discount rate used in the calculation of our lease liabilities was 5.0 %.

 7. Fair Value Measurements
 The following table summarizes the fair value of our money market fund financial assets and contingent consideration financial liabilities that were measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. See Note 3. Acquisitions, Note 8. Accrued Liabilities and Other and Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies for additional information regarding our contingent consideration liabilities. There have been no transfers between fair value measurement levels during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Fair Value Measurements at
 December 31, 2024 Using

 Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
 Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 Total

 Assets:

 Money market funds
 $
 43,976
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 43,976

 Liabilities:

 Contingent consideration
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 14,050
 $
 14,050

 Fair Value Measurements at
 December 31, 2023 Using

 Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
 Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 Total

 Assets:

 Money market funds
 $
 98,560
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 98,560

 Liabilities:

 Contingent consideration
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 3,650
 $
 3,650

 The following table presents a summary of the changes in the fair value of our contingent consideration liabilities measured using Level 3 inputs:

 $
 5,090

 Net gains recognized
 ( 1,440)

 3,650

 16,620

 Net gains recognized
 ( 6,220)

 $
 14,050

 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the carrying value of our outstanding debt approximates its estimated fair value as the interest rate on the debt is adjusted for changes in market rates. See Note 9. Debt for additional information regarding our debt.

 8. Accrued Liabilities and Other
 Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities were as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Payroll-related accruals
 $
 24,541
 $
 26,788

 Value-added and other tax
 9,314
 8,976

 Purchasing accruals
 3,669
 3,330

 Accrued professional fees
 1,959
 1,150

 Accrued royalties
 3,809
 2,550

 Accrued contingent consideration liability
 5,500
 1,800

 Consideration payable in cash or equity
 1,218
 —

 Accrued other liabilities
 6,547
 4,772

 Total accrued liabilities and other
 $
 56,557
 $
 49,366

 9. Debt
 In connection with the Separation and Distribution, on July 19, 2021, certain subsidiaries of the Company, including N-able International Holdings I, Inc. (as guarantor) and N-able International Holdings II, Inc. (as borrower), entered into a credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with JPMorgan Chase, Bank, N.A. as administrative agent and collateral agent and the lenders from time to time party thereto. N-able International Holdings I, Inc. is a holding company with no other operations, cash flows, material assets or liabilities other than the equity interests in N-able International Holdings II, Inc. The Credit Agreement provides for $ 410.0 million of first lien secured credit facilities (the "Credit Facilities"), consisting of a $ 60.0 million revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Facility"), and a $ 350.0 million term loan facility (the "Term Loan"). On July 19, 2021, prior to the completion of the Distribution, the Company distributed approximately $ 16.5 million, representing the proceeds from the Term Loan, net of the repayment of related party debt due to SolarWinds Holdings, Inc., payment of intercompany trade payables, and fees and other transaction-related expenses, to SolarWinds. The Revolving Facility will primarily be available for general corporate purposes.
 The following table summarizes information relating to our outstanding debt as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 As of December 31, 2024
 As of December 31, 2023

 Amount Outstanding
 Effective Rate
 Amount Outstanding
 Effective Rate

 (in thousands, except interest rates)

 Term loan facility
 $
 338,625
 7.53
 %
 $
 342,125
 8.40
 %

 Revolving credit facility
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %

 Total principal amount
 338,625
 342,125

 Unamortized discount and debt issuance costs
 ( 5,519)
 ( 7,116)

 Total debt, net
 333,106
 335,009

 Less: Current debt obligation

 Long-term debt, net of current portion
 $
 329,606
 $
 331,509

 Under the Credit Agreement, borrowings denominated in U.S. dollars under the Revolving Facility bore interest at a floating rate of an Adjusted LIBOR rate (subject to a "floor" of 0.0 %) for a specified interest period plus an applicable margin of 3.00 %, until the LIBOR-based rate was replaced, as described below. Under the Credit Agreement, borrowings denominated in Euros under the Revolving Facility bear interest at a floating rate of an Adjusted Euro Interbank Offered Rate ("EURIBOR") rate (subject to a "floor" of 0.0 %) for a specified interest period plus an applicable margin of 3.00 %. Under the Credit Agreement, borrowings under the Term Loan bore interest at a floating rate of an Adjusted LIBOR rate (subject to a "floor" of 0.5 %) for a specified interest period plus an applicable margin of 3.00 %, until the LIBOR-based rate was replaced, as described below. Each margin is subject to reductions to 2.75 % and 1.75 %, respectively, based on our first lien net leverage ratio.
 On June 26, 2023, the parties entered into Amendment No. 1 ("Amendment No. 1") to the Credit Agreement. Amendment No. 1 amended the Credit Agreement to, among other things, replace the LIBOR-based rate included in the Credit Agreement with a SOFR-based rate, as an interest rate benchmark. Other than the foregoing, the material terms of the Credit Agreement described herein remain unchanged. The effective interest rate on our outstanding debt remained as a LIBOR-based rate until August 31, 2023, at which point it transitioned to a SOFR-based rate.
 In addition to paying interest on loans outstanding under the Revolving Facility, we are required to pay a commitment fee of 0.375 % per annum in respect of unused commitments thereunder, subject to a reduction to 0.25 % per annum based on our first lien net leverage ratio.
 The Term Loan requires quarterly repayments equal to 0.25 % of the original principal amount, commencing in December 2021 through June 2028. The final maturity dates of the Revolving Facility and Term Loan are July 18, 2026 and July 18, 2028, respectively.
 The Credit Agreement contains a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, our ability to: incur additional indebtedness; create liens; engage in mergers or consolidations; sell or transfer assets; pay dividends and distributions or repurchase our capital stock; make investments, loans, or advances; prepay certain junior indebtedness; engage in certain transactions with affiliates; and enter into negative pledge agreements. In addition, the Revolving Facility is subject to a financial covenant requiring compliance with a maximum first lien net leverage ratio of 7.50 to 1.00 at the end of each fiscal quarter, which will trigger when loans outstanding under the Revolving Facility exceed 35 % of the aggregate commitments under the Revolving Facility. The Credit Agreement contains certain customary events of default, including, among others, failure to pay principal, interest or other amounts; inaccuracy of representations and warranties; violation of covenants; cross events of default; certain bankruptcy and insolvency events; certain ERISA events; certain undischarged judgments; and change of control.
 As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all covenants of the Credit Agreement.
 The following table summarizes the future minimum principal payments under Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2024:

 2025
 $
 3,500

 2026
 3,500

 2027
 3,500

 2028
 328,125

 Total minimum principal payments
 $
 338,625

 10. Stock-Based Compensation
 Common Stock and Preferred Stock
 As set by our certificate of incorporation, the Company has authorized 550,000,000 shares of common stock, par value of $ 0.001 per share, and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value of $ 0.001 per share. Each share of common stock entitles the holder thereof to one vote on each matter submitted to a vote at any meeting of stockholders.
 Equity Incentive Awards
 2021 Equity Incentive Plan

 In August 2021, our board of directors adopted and our stockholders approved our 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2021 Plan"). It is intended to make available incentives that will assist us to attract, retain and motivate employees, including officers, consultants and directors. We may provide these incentives through the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares and units and other cash-based or stock-based awards. As of December 31, 2024, 16,791,673 shares were reserved for future grants under the 2021 Plan.
 Awards may be granted under the 2021 Plan to our employees, including officers, directors or consultants or those of any present or future parent or subsidiary corporation or other affiliated entity. All awards must be evidenced by a written agreement between us and the holder of the award and may include stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), performance shares and performance stock units ("PSUs"), and cash-based awards and other stock-based awards. In the event of a change in control as described in the 2021 Plan, the acquiring or successor entity may assume or continue all or any awards outstanding under the 2021 Plan or substitute substantially equivalent awards. Any awards that are not assumed or continued in connection with a change in control or are not exercised or settled prior to the change in control will terminate effective as of the time of the change in control. Our compensation committee may provide for the acceleration of vesting of any or all outstanding awards upon such terms and to such extent as it determines, except that the vesting of all awards held by members of the board of directors who are not employees will automatically be accelerated in full. The 2021 Plan also authorizes our compensation committee, in its discretion and without the consent of any participant, to cancel each or any outstanding award denominated in shares upon a change in control in exchange for a payment to the participant with respect to each share subject to the canceled award of an amount equal to the excess of the consideration to be paid per share of common stock in the change in control transaction over the exercise price per share, if any, under the award.
 The 2021 Plan will continue in effect until it is terminated by the compensation committee; provided, however, that all awards must be granted, if at all, within ten years of its effective date. The compensation committee may amend, suspend or terminate the 2021 Plan at any time; provided that without stockholder approval, the plan cannot be amended to increase the number of shares authorized, change the class of persons eligible to receive incentive stock options, or effect any other change that would require stockholder approval under any applicable law, regulation or listing rule.
 RSUs generally vest over the requisite service period of four years, subject to continued employment through each applicable vesting date. PSUs generally vest over a three-year period based on the achievement of specified performance targets for the fiscal year and subject to continued service through the applicable vesting dates. Based on the extent to which the performance targets are achieved, PSUs vest at a specified range of the target award amount.
 We have granted employees restricted stock and options at exercise prices equal to the fair value of the underlying common stock at the time of grant, as determined by our board of directors on a contemporaneous basis. As of December 31, 2024, common stock-based incentive awards of 8,306,328 shares were outstanding under the 2021 Plan, consisting of 47,903 stock options, 6,646,030 shares of RSUs, and 1,612,395 shares of PSUs.
 Conversion of SolarWinds Equity Stock Awards
 In connection with the Separation and Distribution, all of the outstanding and unvested SolarWinds equity awards held by our employees were converted to N-able awards through the Conversion. As a result of the Conversion, 224,638 stock options, 91,477 shares of restricted common stock, and 2,207,824 shares of RSUs were granted during the year ended December 31, 2021. See Note 13. Relationship with Parent and Related Entities for information on the incremental compensation expense recognized during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 as a result of the Conversion.
 Stock-Based Compensation Expense
 Stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $ 45.4 million, $ 43.6 million and $ 36.5 million, respectively, as summarized below:

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Cost of revenue
 $
 1,576
 $
 1,348
 $
 1,146

 Sales and marketing
 14,938
 14,706
 12,043

 10,156
 8,560
 6,118

 General and administrative
 18,681
 18,956
 17,220

 Total stock-based compensation expense
 $
 45,351
 $
 43,570
 $
 36,527

 The impact to our income before income taxes due to stock-based compensation expense and the related income tax benefits were as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Impact to income before income taxes due to stock-based compensation
 $
 45,351
 $
 43,570
 $
 36,527

 Income tax benefit related to stock-based compensation
 1,528
 1,334

 Stock Option Awards
 Stock option grant activity under the 2021 Plan was as follows during the year ended December 31, 2024:

 Number of
Shares
Outstanding
 Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price
 Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
 Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term

 Outstanding balances as of December 31, 2023

 75,835
 $
 0.53

 Options exercised
 ( 27,932)
 0.41

 Options forfeited
 —
 —

 Options expired
 —
 —

 Outstanding balances as of December 31, 2024

 47,903
 $
 0.60

 Options exercisable as of December 31, 2024

 47,903
 $
 0.60
 $
 2.2

 Options vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2024

 47,903
 $
 0.60
 $
 2.2

 No stock option awards were granted during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. For stock option awards granted during the year ended December 31, 2021, we estimated the fair value at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:

 2021

 Expected dividend yield
 —
 %

 Volatility
 45.5
 %

 Risk-free rate of return
 0.5
 %

 Expected life
 3.47 years

 See Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for additional information on determining the fair value of our stock-based incentive awards.
 There is no unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options and subject to recognition in future periods as of December 31, 2024.
 Restricted Stock Units
 The following table summarizes information about RSU activity under the 2021 Plan during the year ended December 31, 2024:

 Number of
Units
Outstanding
 Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
 Aggregate Intrinsic Value
 Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term

 Unvested balances as of December 31, 2023

 6,929,321
 $
 11.12
 $
 91,814
 1.2

 Restricted stock units granted
 3,496,532
 13.42

 Restricted stock units vested
 ( 3,240,841)
 11.33

 Restricted stock units forfeited
 ( 538,982)
 11.64

 Unvested balances as of December 31, 2024

 6,646,030
 $
 12.19
 $
 62,074
 1.2

 The total fair value of RSUs vested during the year ended December 31, 2024 was $ 41.4 million. The total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs and subject to recognition in future periods is $ 66.4 million as of December 31, 2024 and we expect to recognize this expense over a weighted-average period of 2.4 years.
 Performance Stock Units
 The following table summarizes information about PSU activity under the 2021 Plan during the year ended December 31, 2024:

 Number of
Units
Outstanding
 Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
 Aggregate Intrinsic Value
 Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term

 Unvested balances as of December 31, 2023

 1,704,236
 $
 11.08
 $
 22,581
 0.8

 Performance stock units granted
 972,261
 12.56

 Performance stock units vested
 ( 966,713)
 11.35

 Performance stock units forfeited
 ( 97,389)
 10.63

 Unvested balances as of December 31, 2024

 1,612,395
 $
 11.84
 $
 15,060
 0.8

 The total fair value of PSUs vested during the year ended December 31, 2024 was $ 13.0 million. Of the 972,261 PSUs granted during the year ended December 31, 2024, 293,000 shares represent adjustments resulting from the actual achievement of performance-based awards based on predefined performance targets. During the three months ended December 31, 2024, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors authorized revisions to the performance metrics for the PSUs granted during the year ended December 31, 2024. We evaluated the change in performance metrics as a modification under ASC 718,

 "Share Based Payments." Compensation expense related to modified stock-based awards is based on the fair value for those awards as of the modification date, with any remaining incremental stock-based compensation expense recognized ratably over the remaining requisite service period. Of the total stock-based compensation expense of $ 45.4 million recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024, $ 3.2 million was related to PSUs granted during the year ended December 31, 2024. The total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested PSUs and subject to recognition in future periods is $ 4.6 million as of December 31, 2024 and we expect to recognize this expense over a weighted-average period of 0.8 years.
 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
 In August 2021, our board of directors adopted and our stockholders approved our 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP"). We reserved a total of 2,500,000 shares of our common stock available for sale under our ESPP, and 1,950,661 shares remained available for future issuance as of December 31, 2024.
 Our ESPP permits eligible participants to purchase common stock through payroll deductions of up to 20 % of their eligible compensation during the offering period. The ESPP will typically be implemented through consecutive six-month offering periods. Amounts deducted and accumulated from participant compensation, or otherwise funded in any participating non-U.S. jurisdiction in which payroll deductions are not permitted, are used to purchase shares of our common stock at the end of each offering period. The purchase price of the shares will be 85 % of the lesser of the fair market value of our common stock on the first day of the offering period and the fair market value on the last day of the offering period. No participant may purchase more than $ 25,000 worth of common stock per calendar year.
 Stock-based compensation expense related to our ESPP plan was $ 0.7 million, $ 0.6 million, and $ 0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 11. Earnings Per Share
 A reconciliation of the number of shares in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Basic earnings per share:

 Numerator:

 $
 $
 $

 Denominator:

 Weighted-average common shares outstanding used in computing basic earnings per share
 185,277
 182,371
 180,136

 Basic earnings per share
 $
 0.17
 $
 0.13
 $
 0.09

 Diluted earnings per share:

 Numerator:

 $
 $
 $

 Denominator:

 Weighted-average shares used in computing basic earnings per share
 185,277
 182,371
 180,136

 Add dilutive impact of employee equity plans
 3,149
 3,609
 1,161

 Weighted-average shares used in computing diluted earnings per share
 188,426
 185,980
 181,297

 Diluted earnings per share
 $
 0.16
 $
 0.13
 $
 0.09

 The following weighted-average outstanding shares of common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of the diluted net income per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods presented because their effect would have been anti-dilutive or for which the performance condition had not been met at the end of the period:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Restricted stock units
 2,957

 Total anti-dilutive shares
 2,957

 The calculation of diluted earnings per share requires us to make certain assumptions related to the use of proceeds that would be received upon the assumed exercise of stock options, purchase of restricted stock or proceeds from the employee stock purchase plan.

 12. Employee Benefit Plans
 401(k) Plan
 Our eligible employees in the United States participate in a 401(k) matching program. We, as sponsor of the plan, use an independent third party to provide administrative services to the plan. We have the right to terminate the plan at any time. Employees are fully vested in all contributions to the plan. Our expense related to the 401(k) plan was as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 401(k) plan expense

 $
 1,886
 $
 1,855
 $
 1,495

 Pension Plans
 Our eligible employees outside the United States participate in defined contribution and defined benefit pension plans, as applicable. These plans are administered in accordance with the applicable local laws and regulations. Our expense related to the pension plans was as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Defined contribution plan expense
 $
 4,843
 $
 3,963
 $
 3,377

 Defined benefit plan expense

 Total pension plan expense
 $
 5,487
 $
 4,110
 $
 3,434

 13. Relationship with Parent and Related Entities
 On August 6, 2020, SolarWinds Corporation ("SolarWinds" or "Parent") announced that its board of directors had authorized management to explore a potential spin-off of its MSP business into our company, a newly created and separately traded public company, and separate into two distinct, publicly traded companies (the "Separation"). On July 19, 2021, SolarWinds completed the Separation through a pro-rata distribution (the "Distribution") of all the outstanding shares of our common stock it held to the stockholders of record of SolarWinds as of the close of business on July 12, 2021. As a result of the Distribution, we became an independent public company and our common stock is listed under the symbol "NABL" on the New York Stock Exchange.
 Equity-Based Incentive Plans
 Prior to the Separation and Distribution, certain of our employees participated in Parent's equity-based incentive plans. Under the SolarWinds Corporation 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2016 Plan"), our employees, consultants, directors,

 managers and advisors were awarded stock-based incentive awards in a number of forms, including non-qualified stock options. The ability to grant any future equity awards under the 2016 Plan terminated in October 2018. Under the SolarWinds Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, our employees were eligible to be awarded stock-based incentive awards, including non-statutory stock options or incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units and other cash-based or share-based awards. Awards granted to our employees under the Parent incentive plans generally vested over periods ranging from one to five years. We measure stock-based compensation for all stock-based incentive awards at fair value on the grant date. Stock-based compensation expense is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards.
 In connection with the Separation and Distribution, all of the vested and outstanding and unvested SolarWinds equity awards held by our employees were converted to N-able awards (the "Conversion"). The modification of these equity awards resulted in incremental compensation expense to the extent the estimated fair value of the awards immediately following the modification exceeded the estimated fair value of the awards immediately prior to the modification. This expense is to be recognized upfront for all vested and outstanding awards and over the remaining vesting term for all unvested awards. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we recognized $ 0.2 million, $ 1.0 million, and $ 2.2 million, respectively, of incremental expense in connection with the Conversion. We include stock-based compensation expense in operating expense (general and administrative, sales and marketing and research and development) and cost of revenue on our Consolidated Statements of Operations, depending on the nature of the employee's role in our operations.
 Agreements with SolarWinds
 In connection with the completion of the Separation and Distribution on July 19, 2021, we entered into several agreements with SolarWinds that, among other things, provide a framework for our relationship with SolarWinds after the Separation and Distribution. The following summarizes some of the most significant agreements and relationships with SolarWinds.
 Separation and Distribution Agreement
 The Separation and Distribution Agreement sets forth our agreements with SolarWinds regarding the principal actions taken in connection with the Separation and Distribution. It also sets forth other agreements that govern aspects of our relationship with SolarWinds following the Separation and Distribution, including (i) the manner in which legal matters and claims are allocated and certain liabilities are shared between N-able and SolarWinds; (ii) other matters including transfers of assets and liabilities, treatment or termination of intercompany arrangements and the settlement or extinguishment of certain liabilities and other obligations between N-able and SolarWinds; and (iii) mutual indemnification clauses. The Separation and Distribution Agreement also provides that SolarWinds will be liable and obligated to indemnify us for all liabilities based upon, arising out of, or relating to the Cyber Incident other than certain specified expenses for which we will be responsible. The term of the Separation and Distribution Agreement is indefinite and it may only be terminated with the prior written consent of both N-able and SolarWinds.
 Transition Services Agreement
 We entered into a Transition Services Agreement pursuant to which N-able and SolarWinds provided various services to each other. Under this agreement, SolarWinds continued to provide us with certain corporate and shared services, such as engineering, marketing, internal audit and travel support in exchange for the fees specified in the agreement. The Transition Services Agreement terminated during the year ended December 31, 2022, on the expiration of the term of the last service provided under it. We incurred $ 0.1 million of costs under the Transition Services Agreement during the year ended December 31, 2022.
 Tax Matters Agreement
 We entered into a Tax Matters Agreement with SolarWinds that governs the parties' respective rights, responsibilities and obligations with respect to tax liabilities and benefits, tax attributes, the preparation and filing of tax returns, the control of audits and other tax proceedings and other matters regarding taxes. No costs were incurred under the Tax Matters Agreement during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
 Software OEM Agreements
 We entered into Software OEM Agreements with SolarWinds pursuant to which SolarWinds granted to N-able, and N-able granted to SolarWinds, a non-exclusive and royalty-bearing license to market, advertise, distribute and sublicense certain SolarWinds and N-able software products, respectively, to customers on a worldwide basis. Each agreement had a two year initial term, and each agreement was renewed for an additional two year term during the year ended December 31, 2023. We earned $ 1.8 million, $ 1.7 million, and $ 1.5 million of revenue and incurred $ 0.2 million, $ 0.2 million, and $ 0.3 million of costs under the Software OEM Agreements during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
 Employee Matters Agreement

 We entered into an Employee Matters Agreement with SolarWinds that governs N-able's and SolarWinds' compensation and employee benefit obligations with respect to the employees and other service providers of each company, and generally allocated liabilities and responsibilities relating to employment matters and employee compensation and benefit plans and programs. No costs were incurred under the Employee Matters Agreement during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
 Intellectual Property Matters Agreement
 We entered into an Intellectual Property Matters Agreement with SolarWinds pursuant to which each party granted to the other party a generally irrevocable, non-exclusive, worldwide, and royalty-free license to use certain intellectual property rights retained by the other party. Under the Intellectual Property Matters Agreement, the term for the licensed or sublicensed know-how is perpetual and the term for each licensed or sublicensed patent is until expiration of the last valid claim of such patent. The Intellectual Property Matters Agreement will terminate only if N-able and SolarWinds agree in writing to terminate it. No costs were incurred under the Intellectual Property Matters Agreement during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
 Trademark License Agreement
 We entered into a Trademark License Agreement with SolarWinds pursuant to which SolarWinds granted to N-able a generally limited, worldwide, non-exclusive and royalty-free license to use certain trademarks retained by SolarWinds that were used by SolarWinds in the conduct of its business prior to the Separation and Distribution. The Trademark License Agreement will terminate once we cease to use all of the licensed trademarks. No costs were incurred under the Trademark License Agreement during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
 Software Cross License Agreement
 We entered into a Software Cross License Agreement with SolarWinds pursuant to which each party granted to the other party a generally perpetual, irrevocable, non-exclusive, worldwide and, subject to certain exceptions, royalty-free license to certain software libraries and internal tools for limited uses. The term of the Software Cross License Agreement will be perpetual unless N-able and SolarWinds agree in writing to terminate the agreement. We earned less than $ 0.1 million, $ 0.2 million, and $ 0.1 million of revenue and incurred $ 0.1 million, $ 0.2 million, and $ 0.5 million of costs under the Software Cross License Agreement during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
 Sublease Agreement
 We entered into a Sublease Agreement with SolarWinds for our office space in Austin, Texas. We incurred operating lease costs of $ 0.6 million, $ 0.7 million, and $ 0.6 million under the Sublease Agreement during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
 Due to and from Affiliates
 There were no amounts due to or from SolarWinds as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, due to the termination of the Transition Services Agreement during the year ended December 31, 2022.

 14. Income Taxes
 U.S. and international components of income before income taxes were as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 U.S.
 $
 ( 37,160)
 $
 ( 26,289)
 $
 ( 22,574)

 International
 91,430
 70,615
 52,999

 Income before income taxes
 $
 54,270
 $
 44,326
 $
 30,425

 Income tax expense was composed of the following:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Current:

 Federal
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 State

 International
 24,958
 21,152
 15,661

 25,890
 21,402
 15,671

 Deferred:

 Federal
 ( 1,561)
 —
 —

 State
 —
 —
 —

 International
 ( 1,017)
 ( 488)
 ( 1,953)

 ( 2,578)
 ( 488)
 ( 1,953)

 $
 $
 $

 The difference between the income tax expense (benefit) derived by applying the federal statutory income tax rate to our income before income taxes and the amount recognized in our Consolidated Financial Statements is as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Expense derived by applying the federal statutory income tax rate to income before income taxes
 $
 11,396
 $
 9,308
 $
 6,389

 State taxes, net of federal benefit

 Research and experimentation tax credits
 ( 550)
 —
 ( 170)

 Global intangible low-taxed income
 —
 ( 49)
 3,128

 Withholding tax
 —
 —

 Transaction costs
 1,024

 Non-taxable change in contingent consideration liability
 ( 1,480)
 —
 —

 Non-deductible executive compensation
 3,155
 2,099
 1,246

 Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets
 3,737
 2,867
 ( 827)

 1,301
 2,569
 2,856

 Meals and entertainment

 Effect of foreign operations
 4,317
 2,328

 Other
 ( 166)
 ( 47)

 $
 $
 $

 The components of the net deferred tax amounts recognized in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets were:

 2024
 2023

 Deferred tax assets:

 Allowance for doubtful accounts
 $
 $

 Accrued expenses

 Net operating loss
 14,763
 1,939

 3,876
 5,220

 Interest expense
 4,292
 1,770

 Deferred revenue

 Capitalized research and development expense
 2,599
 —

 Leases

 Other credits

 Total deferred tax assets
 27,378
 10,196

 Valuation allowance
 ( 7,764)
 ( 4,913)

 Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance
 19,614
 5,283

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Property and equipment
 1,578
 2,427

 Prepaid expenses

 Leases
 1,271
 1,064

 Unrealized exchange loss
 —

 Intangibles
 17,168
 1,607

 Total deferred tax liabilities
 21,036
 6,016

 Net deferred tax asset (liability)
 $
 ( 1,422)
 $
 ( 733)

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had net operating loss carry forwards for certain state income tax purposes of approximately $ 3.9 million. Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution that occurred on July 19, 2021, all pre-Separation and Distribution combined state net operating losses remain with SolarWinds. These state net operating losses are available to offset future state taxable income and begin to expire in 2029.

 As of December 31, 2024, we have federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $ 60.0 million, which begin to expire in 2033, and foreign net operating loss carry forwards of approximately $ 6.3 million, which can be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2023, we had foreign net operating loss carry forwards of approximately $ 6.3 million, which can be carried forward indefinitely.
 We establish valuation allowances when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to amounts expected to be realized. As of December 31, 2024, we recorded a valuation allowance of $ 7.4 million in the U.S. and $ 0.4 million outside the U.S., respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we recorded a valuation allowance of $ 4.9 million in the U.S. The factors used to assess the likelihood of realization include our latest forecast of future taxable income, available tax planning strategies that could be implemented, reversal of taxable temporary differences and carryback potential to realize the net deferred tax assets.
 The Tax Act imposes a mandatory transition tax on accumulated foreign earnings as of December 31, 2017. Effective January 1, 2018, the Tax Act creates a new territorial tax system in which we will recognize the tax impact of including certain foreign earnings in U.S. taxable income as a period cost. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we did not incur a global intangible low-taxed income, or GILTI, liability; however, to the extent that we incur expense under the GILTI provisions, we will treat it as a component of income tax expense in the period incurred. As a result of the Tax Act, our accumulated foreign earnings as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 have been subjected to U.S. tax. Moreover, all future foreign earnings will be subject to a new territorial tax system and dividends received deduction regime in the U.S. In 2024, the Company decided that it would no longer permanently reinvest the majority of its undistributed earnings in non-US subsidiaries. Since these undistributed earnings had been previously taxed under the Tax Act, the impact of changing our assertion related to the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries did not have a material impact to our financial statements. As of December 31, 2024, we continued our permanent reinvestment assertion in only three foreign jurisdictions. The undistributed earnings of these three foreign subsidiaries of approximately $ 14.8 million are permanently reinvested outside the U.S. Accordingly, no provision for foreign withholding tax, foreign exchange gain/loss, or state income taxes associated with a distribution of these earnings has been made. Determination of the amount of the unrecognized deferred tax liability on these unremitted earnings is not material to our financial statements.
 As of December 31, 2024, we do not have any accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits.
 We had no gross unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and there were no changes in the balances of our gross unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. We do not believe that it is reasonably possible that our unrecognized tax benefits will significantly change in the next twelve months.
 In 2021, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") released model rules for a global minimum tax known as Pillar Two. Under such rules, a minimum effective tax rate of 15% would apply to multinational companies with consolidated revenues above 750.0 million. Although we operate in one or more jurisdictions that have substantively enacted Pillar Two legislation, we have not exceeded the revenue threshold of 750.0 million, and as such, we do not expect to be subject to the Pillar Two rules in 2024.
 We file U.S., state and foreign income tax returns in jurisdictions with varying statutes of limitations. The 2021 through 2024 tax years generally remain open and subject to examination by federal, state and foreign tax authorities. We are currently under examination by the IRS for the tax years 2013 through the period ending February 2016. A Form 870-AD was signed with the Internal Revenue Service on January 22, 2025 related to tax years 2013 through the period ending February 2016. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we finalized a settlement agreement with the IRS for the tax years 2011 to 2012. We are currently under audit by the Massachusetts Department of Revenue for the 2015 through February 2016 tax years, and the Texas Comptroller for the 2015 through 2018 tax years. We are currently under audit by the Canada Revenue Agency ("CRA") for the tax years 2021 and 2022.

 15. Commitments and Contingencies
 Legal Proceedings
 From time to time, we have been and may be involved in various legal proceedings arising in our ordinary course of business.
 We are party to a stockholders' agreement dated as of July 19, 2021, by and among N-able, Inc. and the stockholders named therein, as amended December 13, 2021 (the "Stockholders' Agreement"). On March 16, 2023, a stockholder who is not party to the agreement filed a Complaint for Declaratory Relief in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against us seeking, among other relief, class action certification and a declaratory judgment that certain provisions in the Stockholders'

 Agreement are unenforceable. On July 25, 2024, the court issued an opinion (i) granting the stockholder plaintiff's motion for summary judgment and declaring certain provisions of the Stockholders' Agreement facially invalid and unenforceable as a matter of Delaware law, including, among others, provisions relating to the election and removal of directors, the composition of committees, and, so long as ownership thresholds were met, approval rights of the stockholders party to the Stockholders' Agreement over entering into or effecting a change of control of the Company, acquisitions in excess of $ 150 million, sales and dispositions of assets or securities in excess of $ 300 million, the incurrence of indebtedness in excess of $ 300 million, and the hiring or firing of the CEO and (ii) granting our motion for summary judgment as to the facial validity of provisions related to the nomination of directors and our use of reasonable best efforts to secure the election of certain nominees. On December 2, 2024, the court awarded the plaintiff attorneys a fee of $ 2.3 million and on December 13, 2024, the court entered an order implementing an agreement between the Company and the plaintiff for a discounted fee award of $ 1.75 million in exchange for the Company's agreement to waive its right to appeal any of the rulings of the court in this action. The discounted fee award is reflected as a restructuring and other cost within general and administrative expenses during the year ended December 31, 2024.
 In the opinion of management, the resolution of any pending claims (either individually or in the aggregate) is not expected to have a material adverse impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements, cash flows or financial position. However, the outcome of disputes is inherently uncertain. Therefore, although management considers the likelihood of such an outcome to be remote, an unfavorable resolution of one or more matters could materially affect our future results of operations or cash flows, or both, in a particular period.
 Commitments as a Result of Acquisitions
 As part of the consideration payable for our November 20, 2024 acquisition of Adlumin, the former shareholders of Adlumin have the right to receive $ 120.0 million in cash in installments of $ 52.5 million and $ 67.5 million on the first and second anniversaries of the closing date, respectively, and up to an aggregate of $ 30.0 million in potential cash earn-out payments payable in 2025 and 2026 based upon the achievement of certain performance metrics against defined targets for the 2024 and 2025 fiscal years. The deferred and contingent consideration liabilities will be re-evaluated periodically, but at least quarterly, with the resulting gains or additional expense recognized within general and administrative expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. At the date of acquisition, the fair value of the deferred consideration was $ 96.3 million. As of December 31, 2024, the fair value of the deferred consideration is $ 98.1 million, resulting in the recognition of expense of $ 1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The current portion of the deferred consideration of $ 44.5 million is included in "current deferred consideration" and the non-current portion of $ 53.7 million is included in "non-current deferred consideration" in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024. At the date of acquisition, the fair value of the contingent consideration was $ 16.6 million. As of December 31, 2024, the fair value of the contingent consideration is $ 14.1 million, resulting in the recognition of a gain of $ 2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The current portion of the contingent consideration of $ 5.5 million is included in "accrued liabilities and other" and the non-current portion of $ 8.6 million is included in "other long-term liabilities" in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024.
 On July 1, 2022, we completed the acquisition of all the outstanding equity of Spinpanel B.V. ("Spinpanel") for a total consideration of up to approximately $ 20.0 million, including up to $ 10.0 million payable upon the achievement of certain revenue metrics through July 1, 2025. The contingent consideration liability is re-evaluated at least quarterly, with the resulting gains and losses recognized within general and administrative expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair value of this contingent consideration was $ 5.2 million at the date of acquisition, $ 5.1 million as of December 31, 2022, and $ 3.7 million as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, there is no remaining contingent consideration liability. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we recognized a gain of $ 3.7 million, $ 1.4 million and $ 0.1 million, respectively, on the contingent consideration liability. The contingent consideration liability of $ 3.7 million as of December 31, 2023 is included in "other long-term liabilities" in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 3. Acquisitions, Note 7. Fair Value Measurements, and Note 8. Accrued Liabilities and Other for additional information regarding the contingent consideration liabilities for Adlumin and Spinpanel.

 On December 14, 2022, we completed the acquisition of certain assets, primarily in the form of intellectual property, from a third party for a total consideration of up to $ 6.5 million, including $ 3.1 million of cash paid on the acquisition date, $ 1.0 million of product delivery fees, and up to $ 2.5 million payable upon the achievement of certain software engineering and knowledge transfer milestones as of September 1, 2023, and December 1, 2023. The total consideration of $ 6.5 million has been capitalized as costs to obtain internal-use computer software from third parties and will be amortized over an estimated useful life of three years, beginning when the related technology is deemed ready for its intended use, in accordance with our policy for the capitalization of internal-use software costs. The $ 2.5 million of contingent consideration is deemed to be the total value of technology not ready for its intended use as of the acquisition date. During the year ended December 31, 2023, $ 1.5 million of cash was paid due to the achievement of two of the software engineering and knowledge transfer milestones, with the related technology deemed ready for its intended use. During the year ended December 31, 2024, $ 1.0 million of cash was paid due to the achievement of the final software engineering and knowledge transfer milestones, with the related technology deemed ready for its intended use. There is no remaining contingent consideration related to this acquisition as of December 31, 2024, and no gains or losses on the contingent consideration were recognized during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 8. Accrued Liabilities and Other for additional information regarding the contingent consideration liabilities.

 16. Operating Segments and Geographic Information
 Operating Segments
 Our chief operating decision-maker ("CODM") is our Chief Executive Officer. As our CODM, our Chief Executive Officer manages the business as a multi-product business that utilizes its model to deliver software products to customers regardless of their geography or IT environment. Operating results, including discrete financial information and profitability metrics, are reviewed at the consolidated entity level for purposes of making resource allocation decisions and for evaluating financial performance. Accordingly, we consider ourselves to be in a single operating and reportable segment structure.
 As we operate in a single operating and reportable segment structure, our CODM assesses performance for the segment and decides how to allocate resources based on consolidated net income, as presented in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, among other metrics. Segment asset information is not reported to the CODM. Our CODM uses consolidated net income to assess performance for the segment by reviewing actual performance against internal forecasts and historical performance. Since we operate as one operating segment, financial segment information, including profit or loss, can be found in our Consolidated Financial Statements. While not presented separately within our Consolidated Financial Statements, our consolidated net income includes depreciation expense of $ 16.0 million, $ 15.2 million, and $ 13.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, and amortization expense of $ 9.8 million, $ 6.4 million, and $ 11.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
 Geographic Information
 We base revenue by geography on the shipping address of each customer. Other than the United States and the United Kingdom, no single country accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The following tables set forth revenue by geographic area:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 United States, country of domicile
 $
 224,514
 $
 205,836
 $
 181,033

 United Kingdom
 48,730
 43,196
 38,414

 All other international
 192,903
 172,848
 152,322

 Total revenue
 $
 $
 $

 Other than the United States and Switzerland, no single country accounted for 10% or more of our total net long-lived assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The following tables set forth net long-lived assets by geographic area:

 2024
 2023

 Long-lived assets, net

 United States, country of domicile
 $
 11,032
 $
 14,269

 Switzerland
 14,998
 13,705

 All other international
 10,132
 8,864

 Total long-lived assets, net
 $
 36,162
 $
 36,838

 N-ABLE, INC.
 FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE
 SCHEDULE II - VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

 Additions

 Beginning Balance
 Charge to Expense
 Charge to Other Accounts
 Deductions
(Write-Offs, Net of Recoveries)
 Ending Balance

 Allowance for doubtful accounts, customers and other:

 Year ended December 31, 2022

 $
 1,653
 $
 3,265
 $
 —
 $
 ( 3,588)
 $
 1,330

 Year ended December 31, 2023

 1,330
 4,323
 —
 ( 4,482)
 1,171

 Year ended December 31, 2024

 1,171
 3,880
 —
 ( 4,165)

 Tax valuation allowances:

 Year ended December 31, 2022

 $
 2,873
 $
 —
 $
 1,591
 $
 ( 827)
 $
 3,637

 Year ended December 31, 2023

 3,637
 2,867
 —
 ( 1,591)
 4,913

 Year ended December 31, 2024

 4,913
 4,412
 —
 ( 1,561)
 7,764