UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 ________________________
 FORM 10-K
 ________________________________

 x
 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

 o
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO

 Commission File Number 001-41027
 _______________________________
 PERIMETER SOLUTIONS, INC.
 (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)
 _________________________________________

 Delaware
 33-2098357

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 8000 Maryland Avenue, Suite 350
 Clayton, Missouri 63105

 (Address of principal executive offices and zip code)

 Registrant's telephone number, including area code: ( 314) 396-7343
 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share
 PRM
 New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No o
 Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x
 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer
 x

 Accelerated filer
 o

 Non-accelerated filer
 o

 Smaller reporting company
 o

 Emerging growth company
 o

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. x
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). o
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x
 The aggregate market value of ordinary shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the closing sale price of the ordinary shares on the New York Stock Exchange as of June 30, 2024 the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $ 1,072,356,828.
 As of February 18, 2025, there were 149,664,037 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding.
 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 Portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement for its 2025 annual meeting of shareholders, which will be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2024, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Page

 Item 1.

 Business

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 Reserved

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16

 Form 10-K Summary

 CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 This annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (this "Annual Report") contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties and reflect our current views with respect to, among other things, future events and our financial performance. When used in this Annual Report, the words "believe," "may," "could," "will," "estimate," "continue," "anticipate," "intend," "expect," "indicate," "seek," "should," "would," and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, though not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, and are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry, management's beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control. Accordingly, we caution you that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, assumptions, estimates and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements about the following matters:
 • future financial performance, financial projections or estimates used, including any growth or expansion plans and opportunities;
 • our ability to expand our business;
 • our beliefs regarding certain trends and growth drivers in our fire safety business, including weather and climate trends;
 • our ongoing commitment to manufacturing high-quality products in an environmentally-conscious way;
 • our ability to grow long-term value through, among other things, the continuing performance improvement of our existing operations, execution of a disciplined capital allocation and management of our capital structure;
 • our expectations regarding future capital expenditures;
 • cash flow projections;
 • our ability to maintain a leadership position in any market as well as our ability to remain an innovation leader by enhancing our products and services and investing in expansions through acquisitions;
 • expectations concerning sources of revenue;
 • expectations about demand for fire retardant products, equipment and services, including our ability to accurately identify key market drivers and leverage our relationships with customers and stakeholders;
 • our expectations regarding the impact of significant infrequent events, such as the ongoing regional conflicts in Ukraine or the Middle East, on our business as well as our ability to mitigate inflationary pressures;
 • expectations concerning certain of our products' ability to protect life and property as population settlement locations change;
 • expectations concerning the markets in which we currently operate and intend to expand to in the coming years, overall economic conditions and disruptive weather events;
 • our expectations regarding market risk;
 • our expectations regarding the severity of future fire seasons and the extent to which fire retardant will be used to protect property in the future;
 • expectations concerning repurchases of our Common Stock (as defined below) under the Share Repurchase Plan (as defined below);
 • our expectation regarding the increase in the size and capacity of firefighting aircraft and fleets;
 • our expectations regarding our future investments in fluorine-free foam technology;
 • our expectations regarding the expiration of our patents;
 • our beliefs regarding the sufficiency of our current sources of liquidity to fund our future liquidity requirements, our expectations regarding the types of future liquidity requirements and our expectations regarding the availability of future sources of liquidity;
 • our beliefs regarding the assumptions and estimates used in assessing goodwill, including our beliefs regarding the methods and approaches a market participant would use;
 • our ability to maintain an inventory position that is substantially balanced between our purchases and sales;
 • our expectations and beliefs regarding accounting and tax matters;

 • our plans to incorporate disclosure and reporting requirements pursuant to newly issued Accounting Standard Updates issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board and their impact on our disclosures and consolidated financial statements;
 • our expectations regarding the impacts of the Redomiciliation Transaction (as defined below);
 • our ability to pursue intellectual property protection on product and equipment enhancements; and
 • the expected outcome of litigation matters and the effect of such claims on business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
 Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date of this Annual Report, actual results may prove to be materially different from the results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to those summarized below:
 • negative or uncertain worldwide economic conditions;
 • volatility, seasonality and cyclicality in the industries in which we operate;
 • our substantial dependence on sales to the U.S. Department of Agriculture ("USDA") Forest Service and the State of California and the risk of decreased sales to these customers;
 • changes in the regulation of the chemical industry, a downturn in the specialty chemicals and/or fire retardant end markets or our failure to accurately predict the frequency, duration, timing, and severity of changes in demand in such markets;
 • changes in customer relations or service levels;
 • a small number of our customers represent a significant portion of our revenue;
 • failure to continuously innovate and to provide products that gain market acceptance, which may cause us to be unable to attract new customers or retain existing customers;
 • improper conduct of, or use of our products, by employees, agents, government contractors or collaborators;
 • changes in the availability of products from our suppliers on a long-term basis;
 • production interruptions or shutdowns, which could increase our operating or capital expenditures or negatively impact the supply of our products resulting in reduced sales;
 • changes in the availability of third-party logistics suppliers for distribution, storage and transportation;
 • increases in supply and raw material costs, supply shortages, long lead times for components or supply changes;
 • adverse effects on the demand for our products or services due to the seasonal or cyclical nature of our business or severe weather events;
 • introduction of new products, which are considered preferable, which could cause demand for some of our products to be reduced or eliminated;
 • current ongoing and future litigation, including multi-district litigation and other legal proceedings;
 • heightened liability and reputational risks due to certain of our products being provided to emergency services personnel and their use to protect lives and property;
 • future products liabilities claims where indemnity and insurance coverage could be inadequate or unavailable to cover these claims due to the fact that some of the products we produce may cause adverse health consequences;
 • compliance with export control or economic sanctions laws and regulations;
 • environmental impacts and side effects of our products, which could have adverse consequences for our business;
 • compliance with environmental laws and regulations;
 • compliance with securities regulations and Accounting Standard Updates issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board;
 • our ability to protect our intellectual property rights and know-how;
 • our ability to generate the funds required to service our debt and finance our operations;
 • fluctuations in foreign currency exchange;

 • potential impairments or write-offs of certain assets;
 • the adequacy of our insurance coverage; and
 • challenges to our decisions and assumptions in assessing and complying with our tax obligations.
 For additional information regarding known material factors that could cause our actual results to differ from our projected results, please read (1) Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report; (2) our reports and registration statements filed from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"), and (3) other public announcements we make from time to time. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available in the future.

 SUMMARY OF RISK FACTORS
 Our business is subject to varying degrees of risk and uncertainty. Below is a summary of the principal risk factors that may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. This summary does not address all of the risks that we face. Investors should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties summarized below along with additional discussion of such summarized risks under the heading "Risk Factors" herein, together with other information in this Annual Report and our other filings with the SEC.
 Risks Related Our Business and Industry
 • demand for our products is impacted by a number of factors outside of our control;
 • a small number of our customers represent a significant portion of our revenue;
 • as a supplier and service provider to the U.S. government and many foreign governments, states, and municipalities, we are subject to certain heightened risks;
 • risks from changes to trade policies, tariffs and import/export regulations by the U.S. and/or other foreign governments;
 • our profitability could be negatively impacted by price and inventory risk;
 • risks from the improper conduct of, or use of our products, by employees, agents, government contractors, or collaborators could adversely affect our reputation;
 • risks related to purchasing products from our suppliers on a long-term basis and production interruptions or shutdowns;
 • reliance on third-party logistics suppliers for distribution, storage, transportation, operating supplies and products;
 • we are susceptible to supply and raw material cost increases, supply shortages, long lead times, and supply changes;
 • if we fail to continuously innovate and to provide products that gain market acceptance, we may be unable to attract new customers or retain existing customers;
 • our competitive position could be adversely affected if we fail to protect our patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property rights, if our patents expire or if we become subject to infringement claims;
 • risks inherent in our global operations;
 • we may need to recognize impairment charges related to goodwill, identified intangible assets and fixed assets;
 • our substantial indebtedness may adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to operate our business;
 • terms of our indebtedness may limit our ability to borrow additional funds or capitalize on business opportunities;
 • we may incur substantial additional indebtedness;
 • an increase in interest rates would increase the costs on our revolving credit facility and on our variable rate indebtedness;
 • our intent to pursue acquisitions, which may adversely affect our business if we cannot consummate acquisitions on satisfactory terms, or if we cannot effectively integrate acquired operations.
 Risks Related to Regulatory and Legal Matters
 • risks related to litigation by customers, suppliers and other third parties, including multi-district litigation and other legal proceedings;
 • some of the products we produce may cause adverse health consequences or environmental impacts, and we are and may be subject in the future to product liability claims, and indemnity and insurance coverage could be inadequate or unavailable to cover these claims;
 • risks related to non-compliance with export control or economic sanctions laws and regulations U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the "FCPA") and similar anticorruption, anti-bribery and anti-kickback laws, environmental laws and laws and regulations related to PFAS (as defined below);
 • our products are subject to extensive government scrutiny and regulation, including the USDA Forest Service qualification process;

 • environmental laws and regulations may subject us to significant liabilities.
 Risks Related to Operating as a Public Company and Our Corporate Structure
 • our results of operations and share price could be adversely affected if we are unable to maintain effective internal controls;
 • EverArc Founders (as defined below) may have interests that are different than the interests of our shareholders;
 • payment of fees in cash pursuant to the advisory agreement entered into by EverArc (as defined below) on December 12, 2019 ("Founder Advisory Agreement") with EverArc Founders, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ("EverArc Founder Entity") which is owned and operated by William N. Thorndike, Jr., W. Nicholas Howley, Tracy Britt Cool, Vivek Raj and Haitham Khouri (collectively, the "EverArc Founders") could reduce cash available for investment, working capital and distribution to shareholders; it being noted that the Founder Advisory Agreement has been assigned to the Company on November 9, 2021, pursuant to an assignment and assumption agreement entered into by the Company, EverArc (as defined below) and the EverArc Founder Entity;
 • shareholders will experience dilution as a consequence of the issuance of our Common Stock (as defined below) as payment for fees under the annual Founder Advisory Agreement;
 • if we terminate the Founder Advisory Agreement under certain circumstances, we have to pay a significant termination fee.
 Risks Related to Taxes and the Redomiciliation Transaction
 • anti-takeover provisions in the Company's Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws ("collectively, the "Organizational Documents") could make an acquisition of us more difficult and limit attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our current management;
 • the Company's Organizational Documents designate the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by stockholders, which could limit stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors or officers or other matters pertaining to our internal affairs;
 • the expected benefits of the Redomiciliation Transaction may not be realized;
 • changes in tax laws may materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.
 General Risks
 • we may require additional capital to fund our operations;
 • cybersecurity attack, acts of cyber-terrorism, failure of technology systems and other disruptions to our information technology systems may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations;
 • our insurance may not fully cover all of our risks;
 • inflation could adversely affect our business and results of operations;
 • we are subject to general governmental regulation and other legal obligations, including those related to privacy, data protection and information security;
 • the loss of key personnel or our inability to attract and retain new qualified personnel could hurt our business and inhibit our ability to operate and grow successfully.

 Item 1. Business.
 Overview

 We are a global solutions provider for the Fire Safety and Specialty Products industries. Our Fire Safety segment is a formulator and manufacturer of fire management products that help our customers combat various types of fires, including wildland, structural, flammable liquids and other types of fires. Our Fire Safety segment also offers specialized equipment and services, typically in conjunction with our fire management products to support firefighting operations. Our service network can meet the emergency resupply needs of over 150 air tanker bases in North America, as well as many other customer locations globally. Our Specialty Products segment includes operations that develop, produce and market products for non-fire safety markets. The Company's largest end market application for our Specialty Products segment is Phosphorus Pentasulfide ("P2S5") based lubricant additives. P2S5 is also used in pesticide and mining chemicals applications, and emerging electric battery technologies.

 We conduct our operations globally, with approximately 79% of our annual revenues derived in the United States, approximately 10% in Europe and approximately 6% in Canada with the remaining approximately 5% spread across various other countries.
 Prior to November 20, 2024, we were a public limited liability company duly incorporated and validly existing under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, having its registered office at 28, Boulevard F.W. Raiffeisen, L-2411 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, and registered with the Luxembourg Trade and Companies Register (Registre de Commerce et des Soci t s, Luxembourg) under number B 256.548 ("Perimeter Luxembourg"). On November 20, 2024, we consummated the conversion (the "Redomiciliation Transaction" or "domestication") of Perimeter Luxembourg into a corporation incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware, after which Perimeter Luxembourg continues as an entity under the name "Perimeter Solutions, Inc." ("we," "us," "our" or the "Company"). The domestication was completed in accordance with articles 100-2, 100-3 and 1300-2 of the Luxembourg law dated August 10, 1915 on commercial companies, as amended (the "Luxembourg Company Law"), the procedures of article 450-3 et seq. of the Luxembourg Company Law, and the domestication procedures of Section 388 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the "DGCL"), pursuant to which the Company continued its legal existence in Delaware as if Perimeter Luxembourg had originally been incorporated under Delaware law.

 Upon consummation of the Redomiciliation Transaction, each of Perimeter Luxembourg's issued (i) ordinary shares, with a nominal value of $1.00 per share (the "Lux Ordinary Shares") and (ii) redeemable preferred shares, with a nominal value of $10.00 each (the "Lux Preferred Shares"), automatically converted by operation of law on a one-for-one basis into (i) shares of common stock of the Company, par value $0.0001 per share (the "Common Stock"), and (ii) shares of preferred stock of the Company, par value $0.0001 per share (the "Preferred Stock"), respectively, in accordance with the terms of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (the "Certificate of Incorporation").

 Our Common Stock continues to be listed for trading under symbol "PRM" on the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE"), which is the same trading symbol as the Lux Ordinary Shares traded under prior to the Redomiciliation Transaction. As a result of the Redomiciliation Transaction, the Company became the successor issuer to Perimeter Luxembourg pursuant to Rule 12g-3(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Upon consummation of the Redomiciliation Transaction, the CUSIP number relating to the Company's Common Stock was changed to 71385M 107.
 On November 9, 2021 (the "Closing Date"), Perimeter Luxembourg consummated the transactions contemplated by the business combination (the "Business Combination") with EverArc Holdings Limited, a company limited by shares incorporated with limited liability in the British Virgin Islands and the former parent company of Perimeter Luxembourg ("EverArc"), SK Invictus Holdings, S. r.l., a limited liability company (soci t responsabilit limit e) governed by the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg ("SK Holdings"), SK Invictus Intermediate S. r.l., a limited liability company (soci t responsabilit limit e) governed by the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg ("SK Intermediate"), doing business under the name Perimeter Solutions and EverArc (BVI) Merger Sub Limited, a company limited by shares incorporated with limited liability in the British Virgin Islands and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Perimeter Luxembourg ("Merger Sub") pursuant to a business combination agreement (the "Business Combination Agreement") dated June 15, 2021.

 In connection with the Business Combination, the Merger Sub merged with and into EverArc, with EverArc surviving such merger as a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Perimeter Luxembourg (the "Merger"). The Merger was accounted for as a common control transaction, where substantially all of the net assets of Perimeter Luxembourg were those previously held by EverArc. The acquisition of SK Intermediate was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting and the financial statements reflect a new basis of accounting based on the fair value of the net assets acquired.
 Segments
 Our business is organized and managed in two reporting segments: Fire Safety and Specialty Products.
 Fire Safety Segment
 The Fire Safety segment provides fire retardants and firefighting foams, as well as specialized equipment and services typically offered in conjunction with our retardant and foam products.
 Fire Retardants
 Our fire retardants help slow, stop and prevent wildfires by chemically altering fuels (e.g., vegetation) and rendering them non-flammable. Fire retardant is typically applied ahead of an active wildland fire to stop or slow its spread, in order to allow ground-based firefighters to safely extinguish the fire. Retardants can be applied aerially via fixed or rotor wing aircraft, or by ground using standard fire engines or dedicated ground-applied retardant units. Our products are differentiated by a high level of retardant effectiveness, visibility, viscosity, adherence to vegetation, and persistence through weathering.
 Our fire retardant customers are typically government agencies with responsibility for protecting both government and private land, although we also serve commercial customers. We supply federal, state, provincial, local/municipal, and commercial customers around the world, including in the United States, Canada, France, Spain, Italy, Chile, Australia and Israel. We are a supplier of USDA Forest Service qualified fire retardant – a standard that many countries have adopted for ensuring fire retardant is effective, safe and environmentally friendly.
 While fire retardant is primarily used to stop or slow the spread of active wildland fires, our fire retardant is also increasingly utilized in a preventative capacity. We are expanding our offerings to several high hazard industries. Wildfires ignited by utilities have turned into some of the most devastating wildfires in U.S. history, many of which have occurred in recent years. Western U.S. states in particular are becoming increasingly diligent in wildfire prevention efforts and increasing their investments to prevent wildfire risk.
 We are focused on being an innovation leader in fire retardant, driving continuous improvements in product performance to offer increasing value for our customers. We have made significant enhancements in safety, environmental stewardship and effectiveness, as well as advancements in visibility and aerial drop performance. Working in partnership with the USDA Forest Service wildland fire chemicals group to characterize and develop new products, we consistently release new standard-setting products, including the Phos-Chek "Fx" family of ultra-high visibility fugitive-colored products, Phos-Chek LCE20-Fx next generation liquid concentrate, which combines high performance with improved environmental performance, and Phos-Chek Fortify durable retardant, which can offer long-term protection until a significant rainfall event.
 Firefighting Foams
 We offer a comprehensive and effective line of firefighting foam, including Class A, Class B, Class A/B, and training foams.

 Class A foam is primarily used to combat structural fires and wildfires. Class A foam is specially formulated with surfactants that significantly reduce the foam solution's surface tension making it more effective for structural fire suppression. The foam solution when mixed with air, creates a foam blanket that covers the fuels and provides a barrier between the fuels and air that reduces the time to extinguish the fire, amount of water needed to extinguish the fire, water damage, and increases firefighter safety through quicker knockdown and reduced mop-up/overhaul requirements. Our Class A foam products are used by wildland firefighters to suppress wildland fires and are typically applied from various fixed wing air tankers, helicopters equipped with fixed tanks or buckets, standard fire engines or rapid attack brush trucks, or 5-gallon backpacks. In addition to wildfire and municipal responses, Class A foam is used in prescribed burns to control a fire that is intentionally set to manage forests clearing out dead trees and undergrowth.

 Class B foam is primarily used to combat flammable and combustible liquids. Fires caused by flammable and combustible liquids require foams designed for rapid extinguishment and a secure foam blanket to prevent reignition. The foam blanket must have good burn back resistance and strong integrity to minimize the spread of the fire from areas where the blanket has been compromised, for example by falling debris or the dragging of a fire hose or other equipment through the foam blanket. Our Class B foam products are primarily used by industrial customers with significant amounts of flammable and combustible liquids on-site, including petrochemical facilities, airports and other aviation and aerospace facilities, various military and defense facilities, and other industrial and commercial facilities.
 Class A/B foam is a foam listed to fight both Class A (structural) fires and Class B (flammable liquid) fires. Our Class A/B foam products are primarily used by municipal fire departments. Training foam has similar characteristics to Class A and B foams but does not include active ingredients and has a shorter drain time so successive tests can be run without waiting for the foam to disappear. Training foam is used for training and exhibition purposes as well as in the evaluation of foam equipment.
 We believe that we are an innovation leader in foams. Our Class B foams either use only C6 fluorosurfactant or are fluorine free. We offer several ground-breaking fluorine free firefighting foam formulations to aid the industry transition to reduce or eliminate the use of firefighting foams that contain Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances ("PFAS") in favor of fluorine-free foams. We believe that our products are "ahead of the curve" on many fronts – including fire control performance, reduced viscosity, drainage time and higher stability.
 Custom Equipment and Services
 We offer a broad range of equipment and services to support live firefighting operations within our retardant and foam business lines. Our equipment and services are typically purchased and utilized in conjunction with our retardant or foam products and are often priced in a single bundle along with these products.
 Custom equipment includes specialized air base retardant storage, mixing, and delivery equipment; mobile retardant bases; retardant ground application units; and mobile foam equipment. We also have the capability to design and manufacture highly custom equipment that operates at very high throughput and reliability levels, including equipment used to support emergency air tanker base and ground crew operations, as well as custom fire suppressant systems for stationary or portable operations typically used at industrial locations or for supporting municipality firefighting capabilities.
 Custom services include design, construction, and installation of specialized air base retardant equipment, management and staffing of air base retardant operations, and management of air base supply and replenishment services. We have a broad service capability footprint, with full-service operations in over 50 United States and Canadian air bases, and equipment at over 100 bases globally.
 Specialty Products Segment

 Our Specialty Products segment includes operations that develop, produce and market products for non-fire safety markets. The Company's largest end market application for our Specialty Products segment is P2S5 based lubricant additives. P2S5 is also used in pesticide and mining chemicals applications, and emerging electric battery technologies.

 The P2S5 production process requires a high degree of technical expertise given the reactivity and need for safe transportation and handling. We are committed to being a technology and safety leader, with strong product stewardship and a strong safety track-record. We also conduct regular customer visits and provide extensive technical training to ensure customers are committed to operating safely. We are focused on being an innovation leader, with patented superior storage and handling equipment to safely and efficiently handle and transport P2S5 with lower cost and maintenance requirements.
 Key Market Drivers
 There are several key market drivers for our business in the Fire Safety and Specialty Products segments.
 Higher Acres Burned and Longer Fire Seasons
 The USDA Forest Service data of the last 40 years shows that the acreage burned in the United States has increased over time. While there is variability in the acreage burned in any given year, the ten-year trailing average of acres

 burned in the United States has increased from a ten-year trailing average of 3.3 million acres burned in 1997, to a ten-year trailing average of 7.5 million acres burned in 2024. The year 2020 was the most intense fire year recorded in U.S. history with over 10 million acres burned. The U.S. fire season is also lengthening on a consistent basis – according to a 2016 report published by Climate Central, the U.S. fire season is on average 105 days longer than it was in 1970. Climate Central also reported that the average number of large fires (larger than 1,000 acres) burning each year had tripled between the period of 1970s to 2010s, and the acres burned by such fires showed a six-fold increase in the 2010s compared to the 1970s. If acreage burned continues to increase and the fire season continues to lengthen, we expect the demand and usage of fire retardant to increase.
 Increasing Wildland Urban Interfaces
 Urban development is pushing farther out of cities and into the wilderness for both primary and secondary residences. For example, according to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ("PNAS"), the Wildland-Urban Interface ("WUI"), an area where houses and wildland vegetation meet and intermingle, grew rapidly from 1990 to 2010 in terms of both number of new houses and land area, such that it was the fastest-growing land use type in the conterminous United States, with 97% of that growth the result of new housing. As of 2018, the WUI now includes one-third of all homes in the United States although it occupies less than one-tenth of the land area in the U.S. According to PNAS, when homes are built in the WUI, we expect that there will be more wildfires due to human ignitions, and wildfires that occur will pose a greater risk to lives and homes. As the WUI expands and the number of homes at risk from wildland fires increases, we expect the use of retardant to protect property and life from threatening wildfires to increase.
 Increasing Firefighting Aircraft Capacity and Usage
 The size and capacity of the firefighting aircraft fleet is a key driver of the amount of fire retardant consumed annually because demand for retardant typically outpaces available aircraft capacity, as evidenced by data regarding the inability to fill aerial firefighting requests published by the National Interagency Fire Center. Since 2010, U.S. aircraft capacity increased significantly and is expected to further increase. Increasing air tanker capacity and modernization is a global trend, with more, larger, and more sophisticated tankers being used in various parts of the world.
 Value-Based and Dynamic Pricing Model Protects Attractive Margins
 We believe that our comprehensive and closely intertwined product, equipment, and service offerings (described above) provides tremendous value to our customers and serves as an important differentiator. Furthermore, we are able to structure tiered pricing, availability pricing and annual pricing escalators with key customers, allowing the business to cover a portion of certain fixed costs in lower-volume years and protect margins over time.
 Comprehensive Product Offering
 We are a full-service turnkey supplier to many of our key customers. In the Fire Safety segment, in addition to providing fire retardant, we also provide specialized air base equipment including storage, mixing and loading equipment, as well as the air base management and training services necessary for land and aerial wildland firefighting. Our supply chain network also provides a critical service to our customers – we are able to deliver retardant within hours to over 150 air tanker bases in North America, often in emergency situations as our customers are fighting active and threatening wildfires.
 In the Specialty Products segment, our competitive advantage is based primarily on our long-standing record of reliability and customer support, our global supply capability for critical, high quality raw materials, and our technical expertise to handle and transport hazardous products and manage complex logistics. We have the largest fleet of specialized tote bins in the world that utilize patented technology to ensure safe handling and transport of our products.
 Move Toward Fluorine-Free Firefighting Foams
 There is an accelerating transition in the fire suppression market towards products that do not contain intentionally added PFAS. We expect Fluorine-Free Foams ("FFF") to account for a growing percentage of the firefighting foam market over the next several years. We believe that we are positioned to be one of the key players in the FFF market. For example, we introduced SOLBERG AVIGARD 3B and 6B for the aviation market, SOLBERG VERSAGARD AS-100 for use wherever flammable and combustible liquids are stored, transported, or processed, SOLBERG VERSAGARD 1x3

 FFF, the first 1x3 FFF on the market for the emergency response and SOLBERG RE-HEALING SP-100 for sprinkler applications, with the latter being the latest addition to the most comprehensive FFF platform in the market. In September 2023, SOLBERG 3% MIL-SPEC SFFF became the first Qualified Product List ("QPL") approved Fluorine Free MIL-SPEC product for military installations and airport emergency response. We expect to continue to invest to advance fluorine-free foam technology, enhance our third-party certifications like Underwriters Laboratory UL162, Factory Mutual (FM5130), EN1568 and MIL-SPEC for our FFF and equipment providing innovative, sustainable solutions protecting people, property, assets and ensuring business continuity for our customers.
 We are also in a unique position to assist customers in their transitions to FFF. We provide a variety of specialized equipment to customers, including fire suppression system components used in conjunction with our fluorine free offerings. We are also experienced in transition activities, including advising on system modifications associated with transition to fluorine-free solutions, as well as performance testing to verify compliance with national and industry standards for new fluorine-free systems. For example, in the past, we have assisted Brisbane Airport (Australia), Schiphol Airport (Netherlands) and Transport Canada in their respective transitions to FFF and fluorine-free systems.
 Nighttime Retardant Operations Opportunity

 Nighttime retardant operations represent a significant expansion in the wildfire business. After several years of study and preparation, in 2021, a cooperative initiative among California counties, a helicopter company and the Company was created to provide limited retardant support for nighttime operations. The program was utilized and successfully expanded from 2022 to 2024, with 2024 being the most active year yet for the program.
 Growth in Miles Driven, Opportunities in Secondary Markets

 The Company's largest end market application for our Specialty Products segment is P2S5 based lubricant additives. The consumption of lubricant additives is driven by the social and economic trends globally of increased vehicle production and miles driven. The number of global miles driven has generally increased over time resulting in more engine wear and tear and increased demand for motor oil. Secondary markets for P2S5 include agricultural applications in the production of intermediates for pesticides and insecticides, flotation chemistry in the mining industry, and for hydraulic and cutting fluids. A significant development opportunity exists for P2S5 in the emerging technology of lithium sulfide solid state electrolytes used in batteries for the electric vehicle market.
 Manufacturing Capabilities
 Fire Retardant
 Our primary fire retardant production facility is located at Rancho Cucamonga, California. Our Rancho Cucamonga location was opened in 2013, and has over 100,000 square feet of manufacturing, storage, office and laboratory space. The facility is located close to major air bases in southern California, including San Bernardino air base, one of USDA Forest Service's highest volume air bases. The facility houses a modern laboratory, including a burn chamber, which has produced significant technical improvements to our fire retardant products, a number of which have been included in our newest product offerings.
 In addition to our Rancho Cucamonga facility, we have fire retardant production capability at two Canadian plants: one in Kamloops, British Columbia and the other in Sturgeon County, Alberta. These sites manufacture Phos-Chek products for sale to Canadian customers. Our production facility in Aix-En-Provence, France, provides fire retardant to our European Union ("EU") and Israeli customers, while our New South Wales, Australia, facility has repackaging and storing capability to serve our Australian customers.
 We also utilize third party tolling and/or manufacturing locations in Moreland, Idaho and in Pasco, Washington. These facilities are located in close proximity to major USDA Forest Service air bases in the Northwest.
 We utilize other tolling and warehouse facilities in strategic locations throughout North America to facilitate rapid shipment of products to our customers. Our retardant products are typically shipped and delivered within hours to any air base or customer location in North America.

 Firefighting Foams
 We produce firefighting foam products in Green Bay, Wisconsin and Mieres, Spain. Our Green Bay, Wisconsin facility produces Class A and Class B foams. Our Mieres, Spain, facility also produces Class A and Class B foams. Both facilities have significant research and development capabilities and live fire testing capabilities. We have firefighting foam equipment manufacturing capabilities at our Post Falls, Idaho facility as well as at our tolling facility in Port Arthur, Texas.
 We have three key Specialty Products production facilities. One is a tolling facility in Sauget, Illinois, operated by Flexsys Chemical Company, that primarily serves our P2S5 customers in North America. The second facility is located in Knapsack Chemical Park in Hurth, Germany, and serves our P2S5 customers outside North America. The third facility is located in New Hampshire and manufactures highly specialized printed circuit boards.
 Intellectual Property Portfolio
 Our intellectual property rights are valuable and important to our business, and we rely on copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, non-disclosure agreements and electronic and physical security measures to establish and protect our proprietary rights. We intend to continue to pursue additional intellectual property protection on product and equipment enhancements to the extent we believe it would be beneficial and cost-effective.
 As of December 31, 2024, our intellectual property portfolio consisted of the following:
 • for the Fire Safety business, 10 owned U.S. patents, of which we expect 1 to expire in 5 years or less and 9 to expire in more than 5 years, and 35 owned foreign counterpart patents in certain foreign jurisdictions, of which we expect 25 to expire in 5 years or less and 10 to expire in more than 5 years, and
 • for the Specialty Products business, 3 owned U.S. patents and 2 owned foreign counterpart patents, which we expect to expire in 10 or more years. All of our patents and trademarks are registered or pending approval with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and in select international offices.
 Our patent portfolio covers 18 countries, and the protection is focused on key retardant technology and advancements, including corrosion inhibitors, fugitive color systems and liquid fire retardant compositions and improvements in firefighting foam compositions.
 Sales and Marketing
 Consistent with our overall strategy, our sales and marketing effort aims to continually develop technical solutions that meet customer needs. We have structured our sales efforts in accordance with our business units, which, in-turn, align around our key product offerings and geographies. Each business unit has a business unit manager, who is responsible for achieving targeted financial and operational results, including the business unit's sales and marketing efforts.
 Customers
 The markets in which we sell our products are, to varying degrees, cyclical and have experienced upswings and downturns. The following provides insight into the types of customers utilizing our various products, including our most significant customers.
 Fire Retardant
 Fire retardant customers are typically government agencies, with responsibility for protecting both government and private land, although we also serve commercial customers. We supply federal, state, provincial, local/municipal, and commercial customers around the world. We work diligently to build relationships with our customers and stakeholders, and we develop and enhance products and solutions in a highly collaborative manner with our key customers and stakeholders. We provide our retardants in various colors, forms (i.e., liquid or powder concentrates) and for various delivery methods (i.e., fixed wing aircraft, rotor wing aircraft, ground applied, etc.). We expect the demand for our retardant products, equipment, and services to grow, and we expect to continue to foster highly responsive and collaborative relationships with existing and potential customers and stakeholders.

 Firefighting Foams
 Our Class A foam customers primarily consist of local fire departments, which utilize our products for wildland and structural firefighting. Our Class B foam customers primarily consist of industrial, aviation, and military customers which store and utilize flammable liquids on-site. Our customers in the market for Class A/B foam primarily consist of municipal fire departments. We utilize a traditional sales force in marketing these products and seek to build lasting relationships with our customers.
 Our Specialty Products segment consists of several key global customers in the lubricant additives, agricultural, mineral extraction, emerging electric battery technologies, and other various markets. Our focus is on maintaining our existing customers, expanding their utilization of our products and services, growing our business in the emerging technologies markets and growth through business acquisitions.
 Significant Customers
 For fiscal year 2024, our two largest customers, the USDA Forest Service and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management accounted for 34% and 11%, respectively, of our consolidated revenues. No other customer individually represented more than 10% of our 2024 consolidated revenues. This customer concentration makes us subject to the risk of nonpayment, nonperformance, re-negotiation of terms or non-renewal by these major customers under our commercial agreements. As a supplier and service provider to the U.S. government, we are subject to certain heightened risks, such as those associated with the government's rights to audit and conduct investigations and with its rights to terminate contracts for convenience or default. The loss of these customers would likely have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and cash flows.
 Competition
 Fire Retardant
 The fire retardant business is characterized by its highly specialized nature, its high cost-of-failure, and the integrated nature of the offering across products, specialized equipment, and services. As a result, development and testing of products, and the approval and licensing of such products, is typically a complex and lengthy process. We plan to maintain our market leadership position through continued investments in innovation and research and development focused on improving, enhancing and customizing our fire retardant products and services on behalf of our customers.
 Firefighting Foams
 The market for our firefighting foam products is highly fragmented, and subject to intense competition from various manufacturers launching their own competing products. We compete with a variety of firms that offer similar products and services, many of which are better capitalized than us and may have more resources than we do. We compete for clients based on the quality of our products, the quality and breadth of the equipment and services we offer in conjunction with our products, the quality and knowledge base of our employees, the geographic reach of our products and services, and pricing of our product. We believe that we offer our customers an attractive value proposition based on these competitive factors, which allows us to compete effectively in the marketplace.
 Our Specialty Products business is primarily focused on the North American and European markets, with a smaller focus in Asia and South America. In each of North America and Europe, we have one primary competitor for P2S5. Competitive factors include the quality of our products, our reliability and consistency as a supplier, our ability to innovate and be highly responsive to our customers' needs, and the pricing of our products.
 Seasonality
 Sales in our Fire Safety segment, of which approximately 90% are in North America, are subject to significant seasonal variation due to the length and the severity of the fire season, which in North America typically extends from

 April through September, as well as the availability of air tanker capacity. Consequently, we record a significant portion of our sales in the second and third quarters of our fiscal year.
 Environmental and Regulatory
 We are subject to extensive federal, state, local and international laws, regulations, rules and ordinances relating to safety, pollution, protection of the environment, product management and distribution, and the generation, storage, handling, transportation, treatment, disposal and remediation of hazardous substances and waste materials. In the ordinary course of business, we are subject to frequent environmental inspections and monitoring and occasional investigations by governmental enforcement authorities. In addition, our production facilities require operating permits that are subject to renewal, modification and, in certain circumstances, revocation. Actual or alleged violations of safety laws, environmental laws or permit requirements could result in restrictions or prohibitions on plant operations or product distribution, substantial civil or criminal sanctions, as well as, under some environmental laws, the assessment of strict liability and/or joint and several liability. Moreover, changes in environmental regulations could inhibit or interrupt our operations or require us to modify our facilities or operations. Accordingly, environmental or regulatory matters may cause us to incur significant unanticipated losses, costs or liabilities.
 We are committed to manufacturing high quality products while at the same time protecting and preserving the earth's natural resources and maintaining compliance with all applicable Environmental, Health and Safety Systems ("EHS") legal requirements. We have developed policies and management systems that are intended to identify the multitude of EHS legal requirements applicable to our operations, enhance compliance with applicable legal requirements, improve the safety of our employees, contractors, community neighbors and customers and minimize the production and emission of wastes and other pollutants. Although EHS legal requirements are constantly changing and are frequently difficult to comply with, these EHS management systems are designed to assist us in our compliance goals while also fostering efficiency and improvement and reducing overall risk to us.
 Human Capital Management
 Employees
 As of December 31, 2024, we had 319 full-time employees and 11 temporary, seasonal or part-time employees worldwide. Other than 24 employees in Germany, who are represented by a works council, none of our employees are represented by a labor union. We have not experienced any employment-related work stoppages, and we consider relations with our employees to be satisfactory.
 Health and Safety
 Our commitment to safety is an essential part of our operating model with a zero-incident culture. We are dedicated to building, designing, maintaining, and operating our facilities to effectively manage process safety and other hazards, and to minimize risks. By partnering with our employees, we are able to maintain a safe work environment while meeting the needs of our customers. Our focus on safety is a critical component of our operations and values.
 Talent Development
 We consider our employees to be our most valuable asset. The development, attraction and retention of employees is a critical success factor. To support the advancement of our employees, we offer training and development programs encouraging advancement from within and continue to fill our team with strong and experienced management talent.
 Benefits
 We offer attractive benefits packages that attract, retain, motivate and reward our talent, and we are committed to providing our employees and their families with programs that support their health and overall well-being. To assist employees with financial empowerment, we offer a 401(k) program. We also offer employees the ability to save money on a tax-free basis through flexible spending accounts and health savings accounts. We offer competitive compensation programs that include base pay, bonus and equity grants. Our full-time employees also receive paid time off and holidays.
 Our equity compensation plans are designed to assist in attracting, retaining, motivating and rewarding key employees and directors, and promote the creation of long-term value for our shareholders by closely aligning the interests

 of these individuals with those of our shareholders. Equity compensation, and specifically performance-based stock options, is a significant component of our equity-based compensation strategy and value-based culture.
 Non-Discrimination
 We do not tolerate discrimination and are committed to high ethical standards and equal employment opportunities in all personnel actions without regard to race, color, religion, gender, national origin, citizenship status, age, marital status, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, physical or mental disability, or veteran status.
 Available Information
 We file or furnish annual, quarterly and current reports and other documents with the SEC. The annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, including any amendments, will be made available free of charge on our website, www.perimeter-solutions.com, as soon as reasonably practicable, following the filing of the reports with the SEC. In addition, our website allows investors and other interested persons to sign up to automatically receive e-mail alerts when news releases and financial information is posted on the website. The SEC also maintains a website, www.sec.gov, that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The information on or obtainable through our website is not incorporated into this Annual Report.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors.
 Investing in our Common Stock involves significant risks, some of which are described below. In evaluating our business, investors should carefully consider the following risk factors. These risk factors contain, in addition to historical information, forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed below. The order in which the following risks are presented is not intended to reflect the magnitude of the risks described. The occurrence of any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In that case, the trading price of our Common Stock could decline, perhaps significantly, and you therefore may lose all or part of your investment.
 Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
 The demand for our products is impacted by a number of factors outside of our control.
 Our end markets experience constantly changing demand depending on a number of factors that are out of our control. In our fire retardant business, demand is dependent on the occurrence of fires, which are seasonal and dependent on environmental and other factors. Changes in the geographic location, occurrence, severity and duration of fires may change demand for our fire retardant products. Seasonality in the fire retardant end market could periodically result in higher or lower levels of revenue and revenue concentration with a single or small number of customers. If we experience a low fire season, the WUI does not continue to expand or if FFF do not continue to account for a growing percentage of the firefighting foam market in the coming years as we expect, this could materially and adversely affect our business. In our specialty products business, we supply P2S5 which is primarily used in the lubricant additives market to produce a critical compound in lubricating oils. As more electric vehicles emerge on the automobile market, use of the internal combustion engine may decline, thereby lessening demand for some of our specialty products. Our inability to offset the volatility of these end markets through diversification into other markets, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 A small number of customers represent a significant portion of our revenue, and a loss of one or more of these customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 A small number of customers represent a significant portion of our revenue. A certain number of contracts with these customers are on an on-demand, as-needed basis, and there are no guaranteed minimums included in such contracts. In other cases, manufacturing disruptions at customer sites can significantly decrease customer demand. Because of the concentrated nature of our customer base and contract terms applicable to such customers, our quarterly revenue and results of operations may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and are difficult to estimate. In addition, any cancellation of orders or any acceleration or delay in anticipated product purchases by our larger customers could materially affect our revenue and results of operations in any quarterly period. We may be unable to sustain or increase our revenue from our larger customers or offset any discontinuation or decrease of purchases by our larger customers with purchases by new or other existing customers. To the extent one or more of our larger customers experience significant financial difficulty, bankruptcy or insolvency, this could have a material adverse effect on our sales and our ability to collect on receivables, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, certain customers, including some of our larger customers, have negotiated, or may in the future negotiate, volume-based discounts or other more favorable terms from us, which can and have had a negative effect on our gross margins or revenue. We expect that such concentrated purchases will continue to contribute materially to our revenue for the foreseeable future and that our results of operations may fluctuate materially as a result of such larger customers' buying patterns.

 Increased interest and potential competition in our markets from existing and potential competitors may reduce our market share and could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Historically, we have had relatively few large competitors. Existing and potential competitors may have more resources and better access to capital markets to facilitate continued expansion. If there are new entrants into our markets, the resulting increase in competition may adversely impact our financial results. In addition, our competitors may improve the design and performance of their products and introduce new products with competitive price and performance characteristics. While we expect to do the same to maintain our current competitive position and market share, if we are unable to anticipate evolving trends in the market or the timing and scale of our competitors' activities and initiatives, the demand for our products and services could be negatively impacted.

 Select markets for some of our niche products and services may attract additional competitors. We cannot provide any assurances that we will have the financial resources to fund capital improvements to more effectively compete with such competitors or that even if financial resources are available to us, that projected operating results will justify such expenditures. Smaller companies may be more innovative, better able to bring new products to market and better able to quickly exploit and serve niche markets.
 We are dependent on sales to the USDA Forest Service and the state of California, which account for a substantial portion of our revenue related to our Fire Safety segment.
 Sales to the USDA Forest Service and the state of California represent a substantial portion of our revenues, and this concentration of our sales makes us substantially dependent on those customers. This customer concentration makes us subject to the risk of nonpayment, nonperformance, re-negotiation of terms or non-renewal by these major customers under our commercial agreements. If the USDA Forest Service and/or the state of California reduce their spend on our fire retardant products, we may experience a reduction in revenue and may not be able to sustain profitability, and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially harmed.
 As a supplier and service provider to the U.S. government, we are subject to certain heightened risks, such as those associated with the government's rights to audit and conduct investigations and with its rights to terminate contracts for convenience or default.
 As a supplier and service provider to the U.S. government, we are subject to certain heightened risks, such as those associated with the government's rights to audit and conduct investigations and with its rights to terminate contracts for convenience or default. We may in the future be the subject of U.S. government investigations relating to our U.S. government contracts. Such investigations often take years to complete and could result in administrative, civil or criminal liabilities, including repayments, fines, treble and other damages, forfeitures, restitution or penalties, or could lead to suspension or debarment of U.S. government contracting or of export privileges. For instance, if a business unit were charged with wrongdoing in connection with a U.S. government investigation (including fraud, or violation of certain environmental or export laws), the U.S. government could suspend us from bidding on or receiving awards of new U.S. government contracts or subcontracts. If convicted or found liable, the U.S. government could fine and debar us from receiving new awards for a period generally not to exceed three years and could void any contracts found to be tainted by fraud. We also could suffer reputational harm if allegations of impropriety were made against us, even if such allegations are later determined to be unsubstantiated.
 Some of our sales are to foreign buyers, which exposes us to additional risks such as foreign political, foreign exchange, economic and regulatory risks.
 We derive a substantial portion of our revenues from customers located in foreign countries. The amount of our foreign sales may increase in the future. The additional risks of foreign sales include:
 • potential adverse fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;
 • higher credit risks;
 • restrictive trade policies of the U.S. or foreign governments;
 • currency hyperinflation and weak banking institutions;
 • changing economic conditions in local markets;
 • compliance risk related to local rules and regulations;
 • political and economic instability in foreign markets;
 • changes in leadership of foreign governments; and
 • export restrictions due to local states of emergency for disease or illness.
 Some or all of these risks may negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We are subject to risks from changes to trade policies, tariffs and import/export regulations by the U.S. and/or other foreign governments.

 Changes in the import and export policies, including trade restrictions, new or increased tariffs or quotas, embargoes, sanctions and counter sanctions, safeguards or customs restrictions by the U.S. and/or other foreign governments, could require us to change the way we conduct business and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, reputation and our relationships with customers and suppliers. Changes in laws and policies governing foreign trade, manufacturing, development and investment in the countries where we currently conduct business could adversely affect our business.

 Our profitability could be negatively impacted by price and inventory risk related to our business, including commodity price exposure.
 Our realized margins depend on the differential of sales prices over our total supply costs. Our profitability is therefore sensitive to changes in product prices caused by changes in supply, transportation and storage capacity or other market conditions. Market, weather or other conditions beyond our control may disrupt our expected supply of product, and we may be required to obtain supply at increased prices that cannot be passed through to our customers.
 There can be no assurance that we will maintain our relationship with, or serve, our customers at current levels.
 There can be no assurance that we will maintain our relationship with, or serve, our customers at current levels. In addition, there is no assurance that any new agreement we enter into to supply or share services or facilities will have terms as favorable as those contained in current arrangements. Less favorable contract terms and conditions under any customer contract or contract for supply, purchase or shared services or facilities, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Risks from the improper conduct of, or use of our products by, employees, agents, government contractors, or collaborators could adversely affect our reputation as well as our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Unapproved or improper use of our products, or inadequate disclosure of risks or other information relating to the use of our products can lead to injury or other serious adverse events. These events could lead to recalls or safety alerts relating to our products (either voluntary or as required by governmental authorities), and could result, in certain cases, in the removal of a product from the market. A recall could result in significant costs and lost sales and customers, enforcement actions and/or investigations by state and federal governments or other enforcement bodies, as well as negative publicity and damage to our reputation that could reduce future demand for our products. Personal injuries relating to the use of our products can also result in significant product liability claims being brought against us. See "—Some of the products we produce may cause adverse health consequences or environmental impacts, which exposes us to product liability and other claims, and we may, from time to time, be the subject of indemnity claims. Indemnity and insurance coverage could be inadequate or unavailable to cover such product liability and other claims."

 We cannot ensure that our compliance controls, policies, and procedures will in every instance protect us from acts committed by our employees, agents, contractors, service providers or collaborators that would violate the laws or regulations of the jurisdictions in which we operate, including, without limitation, employment, foreign corrupt practices, trade restrictions and sanctions, environmental, competition, and privacy laws and regulations. Such improper actions could subject us to civil or criminal investigations, and monetary and injunctive penalties, and could adversely impact our reputation as well as our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 There is no guarantee that we will be able to continue purchasing products from our suppliers on a long-term basis.
 There is no guarantee that we will be able to continue purchasing products from our current suppliers on a long-term basis. Some supply contracts are renewable or renew automatically unless notice of termination is given, however there can be no assurance that they will be renewed or that notice of termination will not be given. We also have long-term relationships with certain suppliers, but there are no assurances that such relationships, and related supply, will continue. Finding a new supplier may take a significant amount of time and resources, and once we have identified such new supplier, we would have to ensure that they meet our standards for quality control and have the necessary technical capabilities, responsiveness, high-quality service and financial stability. If we are unable to efficiently manage our supply chain and/or ensure that our products are available to meet consumer demand, our operating costs could increase and our profit margins could decrease.

 Production interruptions or shutdowns could increase our operating or capital expenditures or negatively impact the supply of products resulting in reduced sales.
 Manufacturing of our specialty products and fire retardant products is concentrated at certain facilities. In the event of a significant manufacturing difficulty, disruption or delay, we may not be able to develop alternate or secondary manufacturing locations without incurring material additional costs and substantial delays. Furthermore, these risks could materially and adversely affect our business if our facilities are impacted by a natural disaster or other interruption at a particular location. Transferring manufacturing to another location may result in significant delays in the availability of our products. As a result, protracted regional crises, or issues with manufacturing facilities could lead to eventual shortages of necessary components. It could be difficult or impossible, costly and time consuming to obtain alternative sources for these components, or to change products to make use of alternative components. In addition, difficulties in transitioning from an existing supplier to a new supplier could create delays in component availability that would have a significant impact on our ability to fulfill orders for our products.
 The operation of manufacturing plants involves many risks, including suspension of operations and increased costs or requirements stemming from new government statutes, regulations, guidelines and policies, including evolving environmental regulations.
 The operation of manufacturing plants involves many risks, including suspension of operations and increased costs or requirements stemming from new government statutes, regulations, guidelines and policies, including evolving environmental regulations. We need environmental and operational registrations, licenses, permits, inspections and other approvals to operate. The loss or delay in receiving a significant permit or license or the inability to renew it and any loss or interruption of the operations of our facilities may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We rely on third-party logistics suppliers for the distribution, storage and transportation of raw materials, operating supplies and products.
 We rely on third-party logistics suppliers for the distribution, storage and transportation of raw materials, operating supplies and products. Delays or disruptions in the supply chain may adversely impact our ability to manufacture and distribute products thus impacting business financials. Any failure to properly store our products may similarly impact our manufacturing and distribution capabilities, impacting business financials. If we were to lose a supplier it could result in interruption of product shipments, cancellation of orders by customers and termination of relationships. This, along with the damage to our reputation, could have a material adverse effect on our revenues and, consequently, our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 In addition, actions by a third-party logistics supplier that fail to comply with contract terms or applicable laws and regulations could result in such third-party logistics supplier exposing us to claims for damages, financial penalties and reputational harm, any of which could have a material adverse effect in our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Raw materials necessary for the production of our products and with limited sources of supply are susceptible to supply cost increases which we may not be able to pass onto customers, disruptions to the supply chain, and supply changes, any of which could disrupt our supply chain and could lead to us not meeting our contractual requirements.

 All of the raw materials that go into manufacturing our fire retardant and specialty products are sourced from third-party suppliers. Some of the key raw materials used to manufacture our products come from limited or sole sources of supply. We are therefore subject to the risk of shortages and long lead times in the supply of these raw materials and the risk that our suppliers discontinue or modify raw materials used in our products. We have a global supply chain, and geopolitical conflicts may cause delays in the global supply chain, decreased shipping capacity and a reduction in overall shipping resources, resulting in longer lead times for key raw materials to be transported to our facilities. In addition, the lead times associated with certain raw materials are lengthy and preclude rapid changes in quantities and delivery schedules. We may experience raw materials shortages and price fluctuations of certain key raw materials and materials, and the predictability of the availability and pricing of these raw materials may be limited. Raw materials shortages or pricing fluctuations could be material in the future. In the event of a raw materials shortage, supply interruption or material pricing change from suppliers of these raw materials, we may not be able to develop alternate sources in a timely manner or at all in the case of sole or limited sources. Developing alternate sources of supply for these raw materials is time-consuming, difficult, and costly as they require extensive qualifications and testing, and we may not be able to source these raw materials on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all, which may undermine our ability to meet our requirements or to

 fill customer orders in a timely manner. Any interruption or delay in the supply of any of these raw materials, or the inability to obtain these raw materials from alternate sources at acceptable prices and within a reasonable amount of time, would adversely affect our ability to meet our scheduled product deliveries to our customers. This could adversely affect our relationships with our customers and could cause delays in shipment of our products and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 In addition, increased raw materials costs could result in lower gross margins. Even where we are able to pass increased raw materials costs along to our customers, there may be a lapse of time before we are able to do so such that we must absorb the increased cost. If we are unable to buy these raw materials in quantities sufficient to meet our requirements on a timely basis, we will not be able to deliver products to our customers, which may result in such customers using competitive products instead of our products.
 The industries in which we operate and which we intend to operate in the future are subject to change. If we fail to continuously innovate and to provide products that gain market acceptance, we may be unable to attract new customers or retain existing customers, and hence our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.
 The industries in which we operate and intend to operate in the future are subject to change, including shifts in customer demands and regulatory requirements and emergence of new industry standards and practices and new competitors. Thus, our success will depend, in part, on our ability to respond to these changes in a cost-effective and timely manner. We need to anticipate the emergence of new technologies and assess their market acceptance. We also need to invest significant resources in research and development in order to keep our products competitive in the market.
 However, research and development activities are inherently uncertain, and we might encounter practical difficulties in commercializing our research and development results, which could result in excessive research and development expenses or delays. If we are unable to keep up with the technological developments and anticipate market trends, or if new technologies render our products obsolete, customers may no longer be attracted to our products. As a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.
 If new products are introduced into the market that are lower in cost, have enhanced performance characteristics or are considered preferable for environmental or other reasons, demand for some of our products could be reduced or eliminated.
 New fire retardants based on different chemistry or raw materials may be introduced by competitors in the future. These products may be lower in cost or have enhanced performance characteristics compared to our existing products, and our customers may find them preferable. Replacement of one or more of our products in significant volumes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our businesses depend upon many proprietary technologies, including patents, licenses, trademarks and trade secrets. Our competitive position could be adversely affected if we fail to protect our patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property rights, if our patents expire or if we become subject to claims that we are infringing upon the rights of others.
 Our intellectual property is of particular importance for a number of the products that we manufacture and sell. The trademarks and patents that we own may be challenged, and because of such challenges, we could eventually lose our exclusive rights to use and enforce such patented technologies and trademarks, which could adversely affect our competitive position, business, financial condition and results of operations. We are licensed to use certain patents and technology owned by other companies to manufacture products complementary to our own products. We pay royalties for these licenses in amounts not considered material, in the aggregate, to our consolidated results.
 We also rely on unpatented proprietary know-how and continuing technological innovation and other trade secrets in all regions to develop and maintain our competitive position. Although it is our policy to enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees and third parties to restrict the use and disclosure of trade secrets and proprietary know-how, those confidentiality agreements may be breached. Additionally, adequate remedies may not be available in the event of an unauthorized use or disclosure of such trade secrets and know-how, and others could obtain knowledge of such trade secrets through independent development or other access by legal means. The failure of our patents, trademarks or confidentiality agreements to protect our processes, technology, trade secrets or proprietary know-how and the brands under which we market and sell our products could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Our patents may not provide full protection against competing manufacturers in the United States, or in countries outside of the United States, including members of the European Union and certain other countries, and patent terms may also be inadequate to protect our products for an adequate amount of time. Weaker protection may adversely impact our sales, business, financial condition and results of operations.
 In some of the countries in which we operate, the laws protecting patent holders are significantly weaker than in the United States, countries in the European Union and certain other countries. Weaker protection may assist competing manufacturers in becoming more competitive in markets in which they might not have otherwise been able to introduce competing products for a number of years. As a result, we tend to rely more heavily upon trade secret and know-how protection in these regions, as applicable, rather than patents and this may adversely impact our sales, business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our commercial success will depend in part on our success in obtaining and maintaining issued patents and other intellectual property rights in the United States and elsewhere. If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property, competitors may be able to use our processes and erode or negate any competitive advantage we may have, which could harm our business.
 We cannot provide any assurances that any of our patents have, or that any of our pending patent applications that mature into issued patents will include, claims with a scope sufficient to protect our products, any additional features we develop or any new products. Patents, if issued, may be challenged, deemed unenforceable, invalidated or circumvented. We also cannot provide any assurances that any of our pending patent applications will be approved and a rejection of a patent application could have a materially adverse effect on our ability to protect our intellectual property from competitors.
 Furthermore, though an issued patent is presumed valid and enforceable, its issuance is not conclusive as to its validity or its enforceability and it may not provide us with adequate proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar products. Competitors may also be able to design around our patents. Other parties may develop and obtain patent protection for more effective technologies, designs or methods. We may not be able to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our knowledge or trade secrets by consultants, suppliers, vendors, former employees and current employees. The laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and we may encounter significant problems in protecting our proprietary rights in these countries. Such claims and proceedings can also distract and divert management and key personnel from other tasks important to the success of our business. In addition, intellectual property litigation or claims could force us to do one or more of the following:
 • cease selling products that contain asserted intellectual property;
 • pay substantial damages for past use of the asserted intellectual property;
 • obtain a license from the holder of the asserted intellectual property, which may not be available on reasonable terms; and
 • redesign or rename, in the case of trademark claims, our products to avoid infringing the rights of third parties.
 Such requirements could adversely affect our revenue, increase costs, and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 There are other risks that are inherent in our global operations.
 A portion of our revenues and earnings are generated by non-U.S. operations. Risks inherent in our global operations include:
 • the potential for changes in socio-economic conditions, laws and regulations, including antitrust, import, export, labor and environmental laws, and monetary and fiscal policies;
 • unsettled or unstable political conditions;
 • government-imposed plant or other operational shutdowns;
 • corruption;
 • natural and man-made disasters,

 • hazards and losses; and
 • violence, civil and labor unrest, and possible terrorist attacks.
 There can be no assurance that any or all of these events will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We may need to recognize impairment charges related to goodwill, identified intangible assets and fixed assets.
 We are required to test goodwill, identified intangible assets and fixed assets for possible impairment and on an interim basis if there are indicators of a possible impairment.
 There is significant judgment required in the analysis of a potential impairment of goodwill, identified intangible assets and fixed assets. If, as a result of a general economic slowdown or deterioration in one or more of the industries in which we operate or in our financial performance or future outlook, or if the estimated fair value of our long-lived assets decreases, we may determine that one or more of our long-lived assets is impaired. An impairment charge would be determined based on the estimated fair value of the assets and any such impairment charge could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position.
 Our substantial indebtedness may adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to operate our business and fulfill our obligations under our indebtedness.
 Our substantial indebtedness could have significant effects on our operations. For example, it may:
 • require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, dividends, research and development efforts and other general corporate purposes;
 • increase the amount of our interest expense, because while our senior notes incur fixed interest expense, our borrowings under our revolving credit facility, if any, are at variable rates of interest, which, if interest rates increase, would result in higher interest expense;
 • cause credit rating agencies to view our debt level negatively;
 • increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;
 • limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industries in which we operate;
 • limit our ability to make strategic acquisitions, introduce new technologies or exploit business opportunities; and
 • place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less indebtedness.
 The terms of our indebtedness may limit our ability to borrow additional funds or capitalize on business opportunities, and our future debt level may limit our future financial and operating flexibility.
 Our ability to access capital markets to raise capital on favorable terms will be affected by our debt level, our operating and financial performance, the amount of our current maturities and debt maturing in the next several years, and by prevailing credit market conditions. Moreover, if lenders or any future credit rating agency downgrade our credit rating, then we could experience increases in our borrowing costs, face difficulty accessing capital markets or incurring additional indebtedness, be unable to receive open credit from our suppliers and trade counterparties, be unable to benefit from swings in market prices and shifts in market structure during periods of volatility in the commodity markets or suffer a reduction in the market price of our Common Stock. If we are unable to access the capital markets on favorable terms at the time a debt obligation becomes due in the future. The price and terms upon which we might receive such extensions or additional bank credit, if at all, could be more onerous than those contained in existing debt agreements. Any such arrangements could, in turn, increase the risk that our leverage may adversely affect our future financial and operating flexibility and thereby impact our ability to pay cash distributions at expected rates.

 We may incur substantial additional indebtedness, which could further exacerbate the risks that we may face.
 Subject to the restrictions in the agreements that govern our revolving credit facility, we may incur substantial additional indebtedness (including secured indebtedness) in the future. These restrictions are subject to waiver and a number of significant qualifications and exceptions, and indebtedness incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial.
 Any material increase in our level of indebtedness will have several important effects on our future operations, including, without limitation:
 • we would have additional cash requirements in order to support the payment of interest on our outstanding indebtedness;
 • increases in our outstanding indebtedness and leverage would increase its vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic and industry conditions, as well as to competitive pressure; and
 • depending on the levels of our outstanding indebtedness, our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes could be limited.
 An increase in interest rates would increase the interest costs on our revolving credit facility and on our variable rate indebtedness and could impact adversely our ability to refinance existing indebtedness or to sell assets.
 Interest payments for borrowings under our revolving credit facility are based on variable rates. As a result, an increase in interest rates will reduce our cash flow available for other corporate purposes.
 Rising interest rates also could limit our ability to refinance existing indebtedness when it matures and increase interest costs on any indebtedness that is refinanced. We may enter into agreements such as floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps, caps, floors and other hedging contracts in order to fully or partially hedge against the cash flow effects of changes in interest rates for floating rate debt.

 We intend to pursue acquisitions. Our business may be adversely affected if we cannot consummate acquisitions on satisfactory terms, or if we cannot effectively integrate acquired operations.

 Any future growth through acquisitions will be partially dependent upon the continued availability of suitable acquisition candidates at favorable prices and upon advantageous terms and conditions. We intend to pursue acquisitions that we believe will present opportunities consistent with our overall business strategy. However, we may not be able to find suitable acquisition candidates to purchase or may be unable to acquire desired businesses or assets on economically acceptable terms or may be unable to receive necessary regulatory approvals or support. In addition, we may not be able to raise the capital necessary to fund future acquisitions. We may encounter unforeseen expenses, complications and delays, including regulatory complications or difficulties in employing sufficient staff and maintaining operational and management oversight.

 We may engage in discussions with respect to potential acquisition and investment opportunities. If we consummate an acquisition, our capitalization and results of operations may change significantly. Future acquisitions could result in margin dilution and further likely result in additional debt and contingent liabilities and an increase in interest and amortization expenses or periodic impairment charges related to goodwill and other intangible assets as well as significant charges relating to integration costs.

 Acquisitions involve risks that the businesses acquired will not perform in accordance with expectations and that business judgments concerning the value, strengths and weaknesses of businesses acquired will prove incorrect. In addition, we may not be able to successfully integrate any business we acquire into our existing business. The successful integration of new businesses depends on our ability to manage these new businesses and cut excess costs. The successful integration of future acquisitions may also require substantial attention from our senior management and the management of the acquired business, which could decrease the time that they have to service, attract customers and develop new products and services or attend to other acquisition opportunities.

 Risks Related to Regulatory and Legal Matters
 We are the subject of litigation by customers, suppliers and other third parties and may be the subject of such litigation in the future.
 We are the subject of litigation by customers, suppliers and other third parties and may be the subject of such litigation in the future. From time to time, such lawsuits are filed against us and the outcome of any litigation, particularly class or collective action lawsuits and regulatory actions, is difficult to assess or quantify. Plaintiffs in these types of lawsuits may seek recovery of very large or indeterminate amounts, and the magnitude of the potential loss relating to such lawsuits may remain unknown for substantial periods of time. The cost to defend any such lawsuits may be significant and may negatively affect our operating results if changes to our business operations are required. There may also be negative publicity associated with litigation that could decrease customer acceptance of our products, regardless of whether the allegations are valid or whether we are ultimately found liable. A significant judgment against us, the loss and/or expiration of a significant permit, license or other approval, or a significant fine, penalty or contractual dispute could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Legal proceedings, in general, and class action and multi-district litigation, in particular, can be expensive and disruptive, and may not be insured or exceed any applicable insurance coverage. Additionally, defending against these lawsuits and proceedings may involve significant expense and diversion of management's attention and resources. Some of these suits may purport or may be determined to be class actions and/or involve parties seeking large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive or exemplary damages, and may remain unresolved for several years.

 For example, we are a defendant in a multi-district litigation pending in the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina ("MDL") relating to the manufacture, sale, and distribution of AFFF. The cases allege, among other things, groundwater contamination, drinking water contamination, damages to natural resources, and bodily injuries from exposure to PFAS chemicals in AFFF. There are over 8,000 cases currently pending in the MDL. The plaintiffs include, among others, individual firefighters, municipalities and corporate water providers, and state attorneys general. The lead defendants include 3M Company, Tyco Fire Products LP/Chemguard, and DuPont de Nemours, Inc./The Chemours Company, and approximately 10 to 15 other defendants including, among others, Amerex. Amerex has been named as a defendant in approximately half to two thirds of these AFFF lawsuits based on its prior ownership of The Solberg Company ("Solberg"), which Perimeter acquired from Amerex on January 1, 2019. Although Amerex retained certain pre-closing liabilities for Solberg, there are approximately 430 indemnity claims that Amerex noticed to Perimeter prior to the expiration of a contractual indemnity period, and some potential direct claims, that have been made against Perimeter on the basis of the Company's ownership of Solberg after January 1, 2019. Amerex is barred from making new, third-party indemnity claims against Perimeter after December 31, 2021. There are also AFFF cases pending against Perimeter in the MDL on the basis of its manufacturing, distribution, and sale of non-Solberg products, including Phos-Chek. There are currently no AFFF cases against Perimeter pending in state court.
 We cannot predict with certainty the outcomes of these legal proceedings and other contingencies, and the costs incurred in litigation can be substantial, regardless of the outcome. Proceedings that we believe are insignificant may develop into material proceedings and subject us to unforeseen outcomes or expenses. Additionally, the actions of certain participants in our industry may encourage legal proceedings against us or cause us to reconsider our litigation strategies. As a result, we could from time to time incur judgments, enter into settlements or revise our expectations regarding the outcome of certain matters, and such developments could harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Some of the products we produce may cause adverse health consequences or environmental impacts, which exposes us to product liability and other claims, and we may, from time to time, be the subject of indemnity claims. Indemnity and insurance coverage could be inadequate or unavailable to cover such product liability and other claims.
 Some of the products we produce may cause adverse health consequences or environmental impacts, which exposes us to product liability and other possible claims including indemnity claims by our distributors pursuant to the terms of our distributor arrangements. Our products contain innovative combinations of materials. While there is data available with respect to the environmental impacts of our fire retardant products that are conducted by governmental agencies, this data is limited to certain locations and periods and therefore, may not capture all the possible environmental impacts and side effects of use or repeated use of our fire retardant products. Similarly, there have been toxicological studies conducted on the impact of our products on certain fish and mammalian species, however, this is limited in scope and therefore, does not present all the potential side effects and/or the products' interaction with animal biochemistry. As a

 result, our products could have certain impact on the environment or the animal population that is currently unknown by the Company. A successful class action proceeding or one or a series of claims related to degradation of natural resources, product liability or exposure from usage of a product that exceeds our insurance or indemnity coverage could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Such litigation and indemnity claim resolution is expensive, time consuming and may divert management's attention away from the operation of the business. The outcome of litigation and disputes can never be predicted with certainty and not resolving such matters favorably could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or reputation, as they may require us to pay substantial damages or make substantial indemnification payments, among other consequences.
 We manufacture, among other things, products used to extinguish fires. The products that we manufacture are typically used in applications and situations that involve high levels of risk of personal injury. Failure to use our products for their intended purposes, failure to use our products properly or the malfunction of our products could result in serious bodily injury or death of the user. In such cases, we may be subject to product liability claims arising from the design, manufacture or sale of our products. If these claims are decided against us, and we are found to be liable, we may be required to pay substantial damages, and our insurance costs may increase significantly as a result. We cannot assure you that our indemnity and insurance coverage would be sufficient to cover the payment of any potential claim. In addition, we cannot assure you that this or any other indemnity or insurance coverage will continue to be available or, if available, that we will be able to obtain insurance at a reasonable cost. Any material uninsured loss could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 A failure to comply with export control or economic sanctions laws and regulations could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may be unable to ensure that our distributors comply with applicable sanctions and export control laws.
 We operate on a global basis, with a substantial portion of our revenues made to destinations outside the United States. We face several risks inherent in conducting business internationally, including compliance with applicable economic sanctions laws and regulations, such as laws and regulations administered by U.S. Department of Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control, the U.S. Department of State and the U.S. Department of Commerce. We must also comply with all applicable export control laws and regulations of the United States, the EU and other countries. Violations of these laws or regulations could result in significant additional sanctions including criminal or civil fines or penalties, more onerous compliance requirements, more extensive debarments from export privileges or loss of authorizations needed to conduct aspects of our international business.
 In certain countries, we may engage third party agents or intermediaries, such as customs agents, to act on our behalf and if these third-party agents or intermediaries violate applicable laws, their actions may result in criminal or civil fines or penalties, or other sanctions being assessed against us. We take certain measures designed to ensure our compliance with U.S. export and economic sanctions law and we believe that we have never sold our products to Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea or Syria through third party agents or intermediaries or made any effort to attract business from any of these countries. We also take steps to prevent our products from being sold, without the necessary legal authorization, to individuals or entities that are the subject or target of U.S. export and economic sanctions laws. However, it is possible that some of our products were sold or will be sold to distributors or other parties that, without our knowledge or consent, re-exported or will re-export such products to these countries or sanctioned persons. Although none of our non-U.S. distributors are located in, or to our knowledge, conduct business with Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea or Syria, we may not be successful in ensuring compliance with limitations or restrictions on business with these or other countries subject to economic sanctions. We may be exposed to compliance-related risks with export control or economic sanctions laws and regulations in the future.
 Any such violation could result in significant criminal or civil fines, penalties or other sanctions and repercussions, including reputational harm that could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Because of our international operations, we could be materially adversely affected by violations of the U.S. FCPA and similar anticorruption, anti-bribery and anti-kickback laws.
 Our business operations and sales in countries outside the United States are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-kickback laws and regulations, including restrictions imposed by the FCPA, as well as the United Kingdom Bribery Act of 2010 (the "UK Bribery Act"). The FCPA, UK Bribery Act, and similar anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-kickback laws in other jurisdictions generally prohibit companies, their employees, their intermediaries and their

 agents from providing anything of value to government officials or any other persons for the purpose of improperly obtaining or retaining business. We operate and sell our products in many parts of the world that have experienced governmental corruption to some degree and, in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-kickback laws may conflict with local customs and practices. We have policies in place that prohibit employees from making improper payments on our behalf. We continue to implement internal controls and procedures designed to promote compliance with anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-kickback laws, rules and regulations as well as mitigate and protect against corruption risks. We cannot provide assurance that our internal controls and procedures will protect us from reckless, criminal or other acts committed by our employees or third parties with whom we work. If we are found to be liable for violations of the FCPA or similar anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-kickback laws in international jurisdictions, either due to our own acts or omissions, or out of inadvertence, or due to the acts or inadvertence of others, we could suffer criminal or civil fines or penalties or other repercussions, including reputational harm, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our products are subject to extensive government scrutiny and regulation, including the USDA Forest Service qualification process. There can be no assurance that such regulations will not change and that our products will continue to be approved for usage.
 We are subject to regulation by federal, state, local and foreign government authorities. In some cases, for example, for our firefighting products, we need to pass the USDA Forest Service qualification process, which is a rigorous process that requires the product passing several tests and standards, including toxicity, corrosion and stability. The USDA Forest Service also requires a lengthy field evaluation, which adds to the difficulty of meeting USDA Forest Service standards. In addition to meeting the USDA Forest Service standards, the agency may be required to consult with various government agencies, for example, the Environmental Protection Agency, to meet additional requirements and regulations. We are also subject to ongoing reviews of our products, manufacturing processes and facilities by government authorities, and such agencies may at times be involved in challenges by outside groups, and as a result, the Company may be required to must also produce product data and comply with detailed regulatory requirements.

 We provide products and services, directly and indirectly, to a variety of government entities. We derive a substantial portion of our revenue from multiple contracts with agencies of the U.S. federal government. As such, we must comply with and are affected by laws and regulations relating to the award, administration and performance of U.S. government contracts. Government contract laws and regulations affect how we do business with our customers and impose certain risks and costs on our business. Risks associated with selling products and services to government entities include extended sales and collection cycles, varying governmental budgeting processes, and adherence to complex procurement regulations and other government-specific contractual requirements. We may be subject to audits and investigations relating to our government contracts and any violations could result in civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, payment of fines, and suspension or debarment from future government business, as well as harm to our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 The Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals ("REACH") legislation may affect our ability to manufacture and sell certain products in the EU: REACH requires chemical manufacturers and importers in the EU to prove the safety of their products. We were required to pre-register certain products and file comprehensive reports, including testing data, on each chemical substance, and perform chemical safety assessments. Additionally, substances of high concern are subject to an authorization process. Authorization may result in restrictions on certain uses of products or even prohibitions on the manufacture or importation of products. The full registration requirements of REACH have been phased in over several years, and we have incurred additional expense to cause the registration of our products under these regulations. REACH may affect our ability to import, manufacture and sell certain products in the EU. In addition, other countries and regions of the world already have or may adopt legislation similar to REACH that affect our business, affect our ability to import, manufacture or sell certain products in these jurisdictions, and have required or will require us to incur increased costs.
 The Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act modified the Toxic Control Substances Act ("TSCA"), by requiring the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"), to prioritize and evaluate the environmental and health risks of existing chemicals and provided the EPA with greater authority to regulate chemicals posing unreasonable risks. According to this statute, the EPA is required to make an affirmative finding that a new chemical will not pose an unreasonable risk before such chemical can go into production. As a result, TSCA now operates in a similar fashion to the REACH legislation in Europe. These laws and regulations, among others, increase the complexity and costs of transporting our products from the country in which they are manufactured to our customers. Further changes to these and similar

 regulations could restrict our ability to expand, build or acquire new facilities, require us to acquire costly control equipment, cause us to incur expenses associated with remediation of contamination, cause us to modify our manufacturing or shipping processes or otherwise increase our cost of doing business and have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the adoption of new laws, rules or regulations related to climate change poses risks that could harm our results of operations or affect the way we conduct our businesses. For example, new or modified regulations could require us to make substantial expenditures to enhance our environmental compliance efforts.
 New or stricter laws and regulations may be introduced that could result in additional compliance costs and prevent or inhibit the development, manufacture, distribution and sale of our products. For example, certain PFAS in firefighting foam may become regulated as hazardous substances, phased out or banned. The USDA Forest Service may also change its qualification process or determine that our products no longer qualify under existing requirements. Such outcomes could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Environmental laws and regulations may subject us to significant liabilities. Changes to existing EHS requirements or the adoption of new EHS requirements, changes to the enforcement of EHS requirements, and the discovery of additional or unknown conditions at facilities owned, operated or used by us or at or near which our products were, are, or will be used, to the extent not covered by indemnity, insurance or a covenant not to sue, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We operate in jurisdictions where legislative initiatives relating to greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions are being considered or adopted. Mandatory climate change reporting frameworks may materially increase the amount of time, monitoring and reporting costs related to these matters. There has been no material effect on any of our facilities to date, and we continue to follow developments closely. We may face increased capital and operating costs to comply with GHG emissions regulations and these costs could be material. The potential impact of current and proposed environmental laws and regulations is uncertain. We cannot predict the nature of these requirements and the impact on our business, but proposed regulations or failure to comply with current and proposed regulations could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations by substantially increasing capital expenditures and compliance costs, affecting our ability to meet our financial obligations. It may also lead to the modification or cancellation of operating licenses and permits, penalties and other corrective actions.
 The regulatory environment in which we operate is subject to change, and new regulations and new or existing claims, such as those related to certain PFAS substances could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations or make aspects of our business as currently conducted no longer possible. In addition, we are and, in the future may be, subject to claims related to substances such PFAS, including for degradation of natural resources from such PFAS and personal injury or product liability claims as a result of human exposure to such PFAS.
 Our operations are subject to extensive environmental regulation in each of the countries in which we maintain facilities. For example, U.S. (federal, state and local), and other countries' environmental laws applicable to the Company include statutes and regulations intended to impose certain obligations with respect to the manufacture, sale and distribution of firefighting foam that contains intentionally added PFAS chemicals. In addition, certain regulations also impose restrictions on the discharge of PFAS chemicals in wastewater, and may require allocating the cost of investigating, monitoring and remedying soil and groundwater contamination to a party operating the site, as well as to prevent future soil and groundwater contamination; imposing air ambient standards and, in some cases, emission standards, for air pollutants which present a risk to public health, welfare or the natural environment; governing the handling, management, treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous wastes and substances; regulating the chemical content of products; and regulating the discharge of pollutants into waterways.
 With regards to our specialty products business, our use of hazardous substances in our manufacturing processes and the generation of hazardous wastes not only by us, but by prior occupants of our facilities, suggest that hazardous substances may be present at or near certain of our facilities or may come to be located there in the future. Consequently, we are required to closely monitor our compliance under all the various environmental laws and regulations applicable to us. Under certain environmental laws, we may be responsible for remediation costs or other liabilities as a result of the use, release or disposal of hazardous substances at or from any property currently or formerly owned or operated or to which we sent waste for treatment or disposal. Liability under these laws may be imposed without regard to whether we were aware of, or caused, the contamination and, in some cases, liability may be joint or several.

 Our facilities are subject to increasingly more stringent federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations. Some of these laws and regulations relate to what are frequently called "emerging contaminants," such as PFAS. Some of the Company's products use fluorine as a raw material, which is considered a PFAS chemical. We and some of our competitors have been, are, and in the future may be the target of lawsuits and state enforcement actions because of the alleged discharge of PFAS into the environment, including for degradation of natural resources from such PFAS and personal injury or product liability claims as a result of human exposure to such PFAS.
 We obtain Phase I or similar environmental site assessments for most of the manufacturing facilities we own or lease at the time we either acquire or lease such facilities. These assessments typically include general inspections. These assessments may not reveal all potential environmental liabilities and current assessments are not available for all facilities. Consequently, there may be material environmental liabilities of which we are not aware. In addition, ongoing cleanup and containment operations may not be adequate for purposes of future laws and regulations. The conditions of our properties could also be affected in the future by neighboring operations or the conditions of the land in the vicinity of our properties. These developments and others, such as increasingly stringent environmental laws and regulations, increasingly strict enforcement of environmental laws and regulations, or claims for damage to property or injury to persons resulting from the environmental, health or safety impact of our operations, may cause us to incur significant costs and liabilities that could have a material adverse effect.
 Our facilities are required to maintain numerous environmental permits and governmental approvals for our operations. Some of the environmental permits and governmental approvals that have been issued to us or to our facilities contain conditions and restrictions, including restrictions or limits on emissions and discharges of pollutants and contaminants, or may have limited terms. Maintaining these permits and complying with their terms as well as environmental laws and regulations applicable to our business could require us to incur material costs.
 If we fail to satisfy these conditions or to comply with these restrictions or with applicable environmental laws and regulations, we may become subject to enforcement actions and the operation of the relevant facilities could be adversely affected. We may also be subject to fines, penalties, claims for injunctive relief or additional costs. We may not be able to renew, maintain or obtain all environmental permits and governmental approvals required for the continued operation or further development of our facilities, as a result of which the operation of our facilities may be limited or suspended.
 Because our specialty products segment manufactures and uses materials that are known to be hazardous, highly combustible and difficult to transport, we are subject to, or affected by, certain product and manufacturing regulations, for which compliance can be costly and time consuming. In addition, we may be subject to personal injury or product liability claims as a result of human exposure to such hazardous materials.
 We produce hazardous, highly combustible and difficult to transport chemicals, which subject us to regulation by many U.S. and non-U.S. national, supra-national, state and local governmental authorities. In some circumstances, these authorities must review and, in some cases approve, our products and/or manufacturing processes and facilities before we may manufacture and sell some of these chemicals. To be able to manufacture and sell certain new chemical products, we may be required, among other things, to demonstrate to the relevant authority that the product does not pose an unreasonable risk during its intended uses and/or that we are capable of manufacturing the product in compliance with current regulations. The process of seeking any necessary approvals can be costly, time consuming and subject to unanticipated and significant delays. Approvals may not be granted to us on a timely basis, or at all. Any delay in obtaining, or any failure to obtain or maintain these approvals would adversely affect our ability to introduce new products and to generate revenue from those products. New laws and regulations may be introduced in the future that could result in additional compliance costs, bans on product sales or use, seizures, confiscation, recall or monetary fines, any of which could prevent or inhibit the development, distribution or sale of our products and could increase our customers' efforts to find less hazardous substitutes for our products. We are subject to ongoing reviews of our products and manufacturing processes.
 P2S5 is transported through a combination of ground and sea. These materials are highly combustible and difficult to transport, so they must be handled carefully and in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. An incident in the transportation of our materials or our failure to comply with laws and regulations applicable to the transfer of such products could lead to human injuries or significant property damage, regulatory repercussions or could make it difficult to fulfill our obligations to our customers, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Products we have made or used could be the focus of legal claims based upon allegations of harm to human health. We cannot predict the outcome of suits and claims, and an unfavorable outcome in these litigation matters could exceed reserves or have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and cause our reputation to decline.
 Risks Related to Operating as a Public Company and Our Corporate Structure
 Our share price could be adversely affected if we are unable to maintain effective internal controls.

 The accuracy of our financial reporting is dependent on the effectiveness of our internal controls. We are required to provide a report from management to our stockholders on our internal control over financial reporting that includes an assessment of the effectiveness of these controls. Internal control over financial reporting has inherent limitations, including human error, the possibility that controls could be circumvented or become inadequate because of changed conditions, and fraud. Because of these inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting might not prevent or detect all misstatements or fraud. If we cannot maintain and execute adequate internal control over financial reporting or implement required new controls that provide reasonable assurance of the reliability of the financial reporting and preparation of our financial statements for external use, we could suffer harm to our reputation, fail to meet our public reporting requirements on a timely basis, be unable to properly report on our business and our results of operations, or be required to restate our financial statements, and our results of operations, our share price could be materially adversely affected.
 The EverArc Founders, all of whom are directors in our company, have interests that are different, or in addition to the interests of our shareholders.
 As a result of the Founder Advisory Agreement entered into by EverArc and the EverArc Founder Entity (and assumed by us upon the Merger) to provide incentives to the EverArc Founders to achieve EverArc's, and following the Merger, the Company's, objectives, the EverArc Founders have interests that are different and in addition to interests as a of our shareholders generally. Specifically, under the Founder Advisory Agreement, as consideration for services provided to the Company by the EverArc Founder Entity, including strategic and capital allocation advice, the Company will pay the EverArc Founder Entity:
 • a fixed advisory amount (the "Fixed Annual Advisory Amount") and a variable advisory amount which variable amount is earned solely based upon appreciation of the market price of our Common Stock (the "Variable Annual Advisory Amount," each an "Advisory Amount" and collectively, the "Advisory Amounts") as follows:
 • a Fixed Annual Advisory Amount equal to 1.5% of 157,137,410 shares of Common Stock outstanding on the Closing Date (in each case, payable in our Common Stock or partly in cash, at the election of the EverArc Founder Entity provided that at least 50% of such amounts are paid in our Common Stock); and
 • a Variable Annual Advisory Amount based on the appreciation of the market price of our Common Stock if such market price exceeds certain trading price minimums (in each case, payable in our Common Stock or partly in cash, at the election of the EverArc Founder Entity provided that at least 50% of such amounts are paid in our Common Stock).
 With respect to the Fixed Annual Advisory Amount, the EverArc Founder Entity will earn such advisory fee even if our shareholders earn a negative return following the consummation of the initial Business Combination with EverArc.
 Pursuant to the Founder Advisory Agreement, we may be required to pay significant fees to the EverArc Founder Entity, which could reduce cash available for investment in the business, working capital and distribution to shareholders.
 We are required to pay the EverArc Founder Entity a Fixed Annual Advisory Amount and, if earned, a Variable Annual Advisory Amount each year until the years ending December 31, 2027 and December 31, 2031, respectively, pursuant to the Founder Advisory Agreement. Under the Founder Advisory Agreement, at the election of the EverArc Founder Entity, at least 50% of the total fees will be paid in Common Stock and the remainder in cash. If the EverArc Founder Entity elects to receive a portion of the future fees in cash, we may need to use cash from operations, borrowings or other sources to make the payment, which will reduce cash available for investing activities, working capital and/or distribution to shareholders.

 Our shareholders will experience dilution as a consequence of the issuance of our Common Stock as payment for the Advisory Amounts payable to the EverArc Founder Entity.
 We will be obligated to pay the Advisory Amounts to the EverArc Founder Entity until the years ending December 31, 2027 and 2031, respectively. The portion of the Advisory Amounts payable in shares of our Common Stock will reduce the percentage shareholdings for those shareholders holding our Common Stock.
 Pursuant to the Founder Advisory Agreement, we will be required to make a termination payment if the Founder Advisory Agreement is terminated under certain circumstances.
 In the event the Founder Advisory Agreement is terminated by us upon the Company ceasing to be traded on the NYSE or by the Company upon a sale of us we will pay the EverArc Founders a termination payment in cash. This termination payment may be substantial and will be immediately due and payable on the date of termination of the Founder Advisory Agreement.
 Risks Related to Taxes and the Redomiciliation Transaction

 Anti-takeover provisions in the Company's Organizational Documents could make an acquisition of us more difficult and limit attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our current management.

 In addition to protections afforded under the DGCL, the Company's Organizational Documents contain anti-takeover provisions that could have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in control or changes in management or our Board. The Company's Organizational Documents, which were effective upon completion of the Redomiciliation Transaction, include the following anti-takeover provisions:

 • no cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;
 • the exclusive right of our Board to establish the size of the board of directors and to appoint a director to fill a vacancy, however occurring, including by expanding our Board;
 • the ability of our Board to authorize the issuance of additional series of preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including voting or other rights or preferences, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquiror;
 • advance notice procedures that stockholders must comply with in order to nominate candidates to our Board or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders' meeting, which may discourage or deter a potential acquiror from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquiror's own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us; and
 • the limitation of liability of, and provision of indemnification to, our directors and officers.

 These anti-takeover provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for shareholders to replace members of our Board, which will be responsible for appointing the members of our management, and may discourage, delay, or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of the Company that is in the best interest of our minority shareholders. Even in the absence of a takeover attempt, the existence of these provisions may adversely affect the prevailing market price of the Common Stock if shareholders view them as discouraging future takeover attempts.

 The Company's Organizational Documents designate the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by stockholders, which could limit stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors or officers or other matters pertaining to our internal affairs.

 Our Organizational Documents provide that, subject to limited exceptions and unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action, suit or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or stockholders to the Company or to its stockholders, (iii) any action, suit or proceeding arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or the Company's Organizational

 Documents (as either may be amended from time to time) or (iv) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim against the Company governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

 The forum selection provision in the Company's Organizational Documents does not apply to establish the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the forum for actions or proceedings brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

 Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all claims brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder and our Organizational Documents will provide that the federal district courts of the United States of America will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. While there can be no assurance that federal or state courts will determine that our federal forum provision should be enforced in a particular case, application of our federal forum provision means that suits brought by our stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act must be brought in federal court and cannot be brought in state court.

 Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all claims brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder and our Bylaws will provide that the federal district courts of the United States of America will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Exchange Act. Accordingly, actions by our stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder must be brought in federal court. Our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the regulations promulgated thereunder.

 Any person or entity purchasing, otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in shares of our capital stock will be deemed to have notice of, and consented to, these forum selection provisions. However, stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Additionally, our stockholders cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other matters pertaining to our internal affairs, and may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Alternatively, if a court were to find these provisions of the Company's Organizational Documents inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect its business, financial condition, or operating results.

 The expected benefits of the Redomiciliation Transaction may not be realized.

 There can be no assurance that any or all of the anticipated benefits of the Redomiciliation Transaction will be achieved. Achieving the anticipated benefits of the Redomiciliation Transaction is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including factors that we do not and cannot control. In addition, if the expected benefits of the Redomiciliation Transaction do not meet expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of the Common Stock following completion of the Redomiciliation Transaction may decline.
 Additional taxes could adversely affect our financial results.
 Our tax filings are subject to audits by tax authorities in the various jurisdictions in which we do business. These audits may result in assessments of additional taxes that are subsequently resolved with the taxing authorities or through the courts. Currently, we believe there are no outstanding assessments whose resolution would result in a material adverse financial result. However, we cannot offer assurances that unasserted or potential future assessments would not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
 Changes in tax laws may materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.
 New income, sales, use or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be enacted at any time, which could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Further, existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us.

 General Risk Factors
 Cybersecurity attack, acts of cyber-terrorism, failure of technology systems and other disruptions to our information technology systems could compromise our information, disrupt our operations, and expose us to liability, which may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 In the ordinary course of our business, we store sensitive data, including intellectual property, our proprietary business information and that of our customers, suppliers and business partners, and personally identifiable information of our employees in our information technology systems, including in our data servers and on our networks. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this data is critical to our operations. Despite our security measures, our information technology systems may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or breached or disrupted due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. Any such attack, breach or disruption could compromise our information technology systems and the information stored in them could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen and our business operations could be disrupted. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information or business disruption could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, and damage to our reputation, which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. To the extent that such disruptions occur and our business continuity plans do not effectively address these disruptions in a timely manner, they may cause delays in the manufacture or shipment of our products and the cancellation of customer orders and, as a result, our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
 Our insurance may not fully cover all of our operational risks, including, but not limited to, environmental risks, and changes in the cost of insurance or the availability of insurance could materially increase our insurance costs or result in a decrease in our insurance coverage.
 We have a significant concentration of our manufacturing facilities. Natural disasters and severe weather events (such as hurricanes, earthquakes, fires, floods, landslides and wind or hailstorms) or other extraordinary events subject us to property loss and business interruption. Illegal or unethical conduct by employees, customers, vendors and unaffiliated third parties can also impact our business. Other potential liabilities arising out of our operations may involve claims by employees, customers or third parties for personal injury, product liability or property damage and potential fines and penalties in connection with alleged violations of regulatory requirements.
 In certain instances, our insurance may not fully cover an insured loss depending on the magnitude and nature of the claim. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will not be exposed to uninsured or underinsured losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, changes in the cost of insurance or the availability of insurance in the future could substantially increase our costs to maintain our current level of coverage or could cause us to reduce our insurance coverage.
 Inflation could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
 Increases in inflation raise our costs for commodities, labor, materials and services and other costs required to grow and operate our business, and failure to secure these on reasonable terms may adversely impact our financial condition. Additionally, increases in inflation, along with geopolitical developments and global supply chain disruptions, have caused, and may in the future cause, global economic uncertainty and uncertainty about the interest rate environment, which may make it more difficult, costly or dilutive for us to secure additional financing. A failure to adequately respond to these risks could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
 We are subject to general governmental regulation and other legal obligations, including those related to privacy, data protection and information security, and our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could harm our business. Compliance with such laws could also impair our efforts to maintain and expand our customer base, and thereby decrease our revenue.
 We receive, store and process personal information and other data from and about customers in addition to our employees and services providers. Our handling of data is subject to a variety of laws and regulations, including regulation by various government agencies, such as the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (the "FTC") and various state, local and foreign agencies. Our data handling also is subject to contractual obligations and industry standards.
 The U.S. federal and various state governments have adopted or proposed limitations on the collection, distribution, use, storage and security of data relating to individuals, including the use of contact information and other data for marketing, advertising and other communications with individuals and businesses. Additionally, the FTC and many

 state attorneys general are interpreting federal and state consumer protection laws as imposing standards for the online collection, use, dissemination and security of data.
 Several foreign countries and governmental bodies, including the European Union, have laws and regulations dealing with the handling and processing of personal information obtained from their residents, which in certain cases are more restrictive than those in the United States, and we expect additional jurisdictions may enact similar regulations. Laws and regulations in these jurisdictions apply broadly to the collection, use, storage, disclosure and security of various types of data, including data that identifies or may be used to identify an individual, such as names, email addresses and in some jurisdictions, Internet Protocol addresses. Within the European Union, legislators have adopted the General Data Protection Regulation (the "GDPR") which became effective in May 2018. The GDPR includes more stringent operational requirements for processors and controllers of personal data than previous EU data protection laws and imposes significant penalties for non-compliance.
 These domestic and foreign laws and regulations relating to privacy and data security are evolving, can be subject to significant change and may result in ever-increasing regulatory and public scrutiny and escalating levels of enforcement and sanctions. Interpretation of certain requirements remains unclear and may evolve, in particular for regulations that have recently been enacted. Application of laws may be inconsistent or may conflict among jurisdictions resulting in additional complexity and increased legal risk. In addition, these regulations have increased our compliance costs and may impair our ability to grow our business or offer our service in some locations, may subject us to liability for non-compliance, may require us to modify our data processing and transferring practices and policies and may strain our technical capabilities.
 We also handle credit card and other personal information. Due to the sensitive nature of such information, we have implemented procedures in an effort to preserve and protect our data and our customers' data against loss, misuse, corruption, misappropriation caused by systems failures, unauthorized access or misuse. Notwithstanding these procedures, we could be subject to liability claims by individuals and customers whose data resides in our databases for the misuse of that information. If we fail to meet appropriate compliance levels, this could negatively impact our ability to utilize credit cards as a method of payment, and/or collect and store credit card information, which could disrupt our business.
 We may be subject to rules of the FTC, the Federal Communications Commission (the "FCC") and potentially other federal agencies and state laws related to commercial electronic mail and other messages. Compliance with these provisions may limit our ability to send certain types of messages. If we were found to have violated such rules and regulations, we may face enforcement actions by the FTC or FCC or face civil penalties, either of which could adversely affect our business.
 Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with laws, regulations, policies, legal or contractual obligations, industry standards, or regulatory guidance relating to privacy or data security, may result in governmental investigations and enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity, and could cause our customers and partners to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business. We expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards relating to privacy, data protection, marketing, consumer communications, information security and local data residency in the United States, the European Union and other jurisdictions, and we cannot determine the impact such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 The loss of key personnel or our inability to attract and retain new qualified personnel could hurt our business and inhibit our ability to operate and grow successfully.
 Our success depends on the continuing services of certain members of the current management team. Our executive team are incentivized by share-based compensation grants that align the interests of investors with the executive team and certain executives have employment agreements. The loss of key management, employees or third-party contractors could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, the success of our operations will largely depend upon our ability to successfully attract and maintain competent and qualified key management personnel. As with any company with limited resources, there can be no guarantee that we will be able to attract such individuals or that the presence of such individuals will necessarily translate into profitability for our company. If we are successful in attracting and retaining such individuals, it is likely that our payroll costs and related expenses will increase significantly and that there will be additional dilution to existing shareholders as a result of equity incentives that may need to be issued to such management personnel. Our inability to attract and retain key personnel may materially and adversely affect our business operations. Any failure by our

 management to effectively anticipate, implement, and manage personnel required to sustain our growth would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 In addition, even if we are able to attract and retain personnel, we may not have adequate personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience, and training in the accounting policies, practices or internal controls over financial reporting required of public companies in the U.S. The development and implementation of the standards and controls necessary for us to achieve the level of accounting standards required of a public company in the U.S. may require costs greater than expected. It is possible that we will be required to expand our employee base and hire additional employees to support our operations as a public company, which will increase our operating costs in future periods.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity.
 Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

 The Company proactively manages its cybersecurity and data privacy risks with organizational and technical controls including a comprehensive set of policies and procedures for assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats which have been integrated into the Company's overall risk management strategy and processes. The Company seeks to address cybersecurity risks through a comprehensive approach that is focused on implementing robust protective measures, promoting user awareness and education, continuously monitoring for potential threats, and swiftly responding to any security incidents to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive information.

 The Company's Incident Response Team, which is comprised of members of the finance, legal, information technology and operations teams conduct annual tabletop exercises in which various levels of management participate in simulated data security/privacy scenarios that the Company, its customers, vendors and/or its personnel may face in the future. The Company engages external resources to refresh the subject matter of these exercises and to continually challenge the Company's management in these exercises. Annual formal training using an online platform is required for all employees. Topics include how to identify suspicious activities and occurrences related to social engineering, phishing, viruses, and insider threats.

 In addition, we actively engage with key vendors and industry communities as part of our continuing efforts to evaluate and enhance the effectiveness of our information security policies and procedures and have processes in place to oversee and identify the risk of cybersecurity threats associated with our use of these third-party vendors. We generally require third parties to, among other things, maintain security controls to protect our confidential information and data, and notify us of material cybersecurity threats that may impact our business.

 In 2024, we did not identify any cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.

 Governance

 Our Board has oversight of our strategic and business risk management and has delegated the oversight of cybersecurity risk management to the Company's Audit Committee. The Company's Audit Committee is responsible for overseeing all matters relating to the security of and risks related to the Company's information technology systems and procedures, including its cybersecurity and other information technology risks. The Audit Committee is responsible for ensuring the Company has processes in place for assessing, identifying and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats.

 The Company's information security program is managed by the Company's Incident Response Team, which is responsible for leading our enterprise-wide cybersecurity strategy, policy, standards, architecture, and processes. Members of the Incident Response Team have extensive global experience in developing and executing information technology

 strategies. The Incident Response Team, which includes the Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), in collaboration with the Audit Committee, monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity incidents.

 The CFO provides periodic reports to our Audit Committee, as well as other members of our senior management as appropriate. These reports occur at least annually and include updates on the Company's cyber risks and threats, the status of projects to strengthen our information security systems, assessments of the information security program, and the emerging threat landscape.

 Item 2. Properties.
 The following table indicates our principal manufacturing, distribution and equipment service locations and the reportable segment that makes major use of them; our headquarters location is also included. Except as otherwise indicated, we lease these facilities.

 Rancho Cucamonga, California
 X

 McClellan Park, California
 X

 Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
 X

 Sturgeon County, Alberta, Canada
 X

 Aix-En-Provence, France
 X

 New South Wales, Australia
 X

 Green Bay, Wisconsin*
 X

 Mieres, Spain*
 X

 Post Falls, Idaho
 X

 Moreland, Idaho
 X

 Knapsack, Germany
 X

 Sauget, Illinois
 X

 Manchester, New Hampshire
 X

 Clayton, Missouri (Corporate Headquarters)

 *Owned

 Tolling facility

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
 We are involved in various claims, actions, and legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, including a number of matters related to the aqueous film forming foam litigation consolidated in the District of South Carolina multi-district litigation and other similar matters pending in other jurisdictions in the United States. Our exposure to material losses, if any, is not considered probable or reasonably estimable at this time.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
 Not Applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
 Market Information
 Our Common Stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol "PRM." As of February 18, 2025, the closing price of our Common Stock on the NYSE was $11.96, and we had 25 shareholders of record.
 Dividend Policy
 In deciding whether to recommend any future dividend on the Common Stock, the Board would take into account any legal or contractual limitation, our actual and anticipated future earnings, cash flows, debt service, and capital requirements, our business plans and such other matters as the Board believes appropriate, in its discretion. We anticipate that any available cash will be retained by us to satisfy our operational and other cash needs. Accordingly, we do not expect to pay any cash dividend on shares of Common Stock in the foreseeable future.
 Performance Graph
 The performance graph below compares the cumulative total shareholder return of a hypothetical investment in our Common Stock with the cumulative total return of a hypothetical investment in each of the Russell 2000 Index and the S&P Smallcap 600 Materials Index. An investment of $100 (with reinvestment of all dividends) is assumed to have been made in our Common Stock and in each of the indexes on November 9, 2021, and its relative performance is tracked through December 31, 2024. The share price performance of our Common Stock is not necessarily indicative of future performance.

 Base
 Cumulative Total Return

 11/9/21
 12/31/21
 12/31/22
 12/31/23
 12/31/24

 Perimeter Solutions, Inc.
 $
 100.00
 $
 115.75
 $
 76.17
 $
 38.33
 $
 106.50

 Russell 2000
 100.00
 92.69
 73.75
 86.23
 96.18

 S&P 600 Materials
 100.00
 97.22
 91.30
 109.55
 110.66

 The above information under the caption "Performance Graph" shall not be deemed to be "soliciting material" or to be "filed" with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the

 Securities Act of 1933 or the Exchange Act except to the extent we specifically request that such information be treated as "soliciting material" or specifically incorporate such information by reference into such a filing.
 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Under the share repurchase plan, we are authorized to repurchase, from time-to-time, shares of our Common Stock through open market purchases, in privately negotiated transactions or in such other manner as permitted by securities law and as determined by management at such time and in such amounts as management may decide (the "Share Repurchase Plan"). The Share Repurchase Plan does not obligate us to repurchase any specific number of shares and may be modified, suspended or discontinued at any time. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases are determined by management in its discretion and depend on a variety of factors, including legal requirements, price and economic and market conditions.

 On May 23, 2024, subject to certain limits, the shareholders of the Company approved a proposal authorizing the Board to repurchase up to 25% of the Company's outstanding shares of Common Stock as of the date of the shareholders' approval, being 36,310,028 shares at any time during the next five years. As a result of the Redomiciliation Transaction on November 20, 2024, the Company is no longer required to obtain shareholder approval for further share repurchase authorizations. The Board had re-established the limit for share repurchases at $100.0 million on February 21, 2024, which is within the repurchase limit approved by the Company's shareholders' on May 23, 2024.

 The approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be repurchased under the Share Repurchase Plan was $97.2 million as of December 31, 2024. The Company did not repurchase any shares through the Share Repurchase Plan during the three months ended December 31, 2024.

 Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements

 The Company's officers and directors are required to comply with the Company's insider trading policy at all times, including during a repurchase program. The insider trading policy, among other things, prohibits trading in the Company's securities when in possession of material non-public information and restricts the ability of directors and certain officers from transacting in the Company's securities during specific blackout periods, subject to certain limited exceptions, including transactions pursuant to a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement that complies with the conditions of Exchange Act Rule 10b5-1.

 There were no Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements adopted, materially modified, or terminated by our officers or directors during the fourth quarter of 2024.

 The Company did not adopt, materially modify, or terminate any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements during the fourth quarter of 2024.

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
 The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this Annual Report. This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, such statements are subject to the "safe harbor" created by those sections and involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements are based on our management's beliefs and assumptions and on information available to our management as of the date hereof. As a result of many factors, such as those set forth under Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.

 Overview

 Perimeter Solutions, Inc. ("we," "us," "our," or the "Company") is a global solutions provider for the Fire Safety and Specialty Products industries. Approximately 79% of our annual revenues is derived in the United States, approximately 10% in Europe and approximately 6% in Canada with the remaining approximately 5% spread across various other countries. Our business is organized and managed in two reporting segments: Fire Safety and Specialty Products.
 The Fire Safety business is a formulator and manufacturer of fire management products that help our customers combat various types of fires, including wildland, structural, flammable liquids and other types of fires. Our Fire Safety business also offers specialized equipment and services, typically in conjunction with our fire management products to support firefighting operations. Our specialized equipment includes air base retardant storage, mixing, and delivery equipment; mobile retardant bases; retardant ground application units; mobile foam equipment; and equipment that we custom design and manufacture to meet specific customer needs. Our service network can meet the emergency resupply needs of over 150 air tanker bases in North America, as well as many other customer locations globally. The segment is built on the premise of superior technology, exceptional responsiveness to our customers' needs, and a "never-fail" service network. Significant end markets include primarily government-related entities and are dependent on approvals, qualifications, and permits granted by the respective governments and commercial customers around the world.

 The Specialty Products segment includes operations that develop, produce and market products for non-fire safety markets. The Company's largest end market application for our Specialty Products segment is Phosphorus Pentasulfide ("P2S5") based lubricant additives. P2S5 is also used in pesticide and mining chemicals applications, and emerging electric battery technologies.
 We operate five business units within our two reporting segments. The business unit structure is meant to promote decentralized execution and accountability, and maintain the geography- and product-specific focus and granularity necessary to drive continued improvement in our key operational value drivers. Our key operational value drivers are profitable new business, pricing our products and services to the value they provide, and continued productivity improvements. Each business unit has a business unit manager, who is responsible for achieving targeted financial and operational results.
 Factors Affecting Comparability
 Redomiciliation
 On November 20, 2024, Perimeter Solutions, SA, a public limited liability company duly incorporated and validly existing under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, having its registered office at 28, Boulevard F.W. Raiffeisen, L-2411 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, and registered with the Registre de Commerce et des Soci t s, Luxembourg (Luxembourg Trade and Companies Register) under number B 256.548 ("Perimeter Luxembourg"), consummated the conversion (the "Redomiciliation Transaction" or "domestication") of Perimeter Luxembourg into a corporation incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware, after which Perimeter Luxembourg continues as an entity under the name "Perimeter Solutions, Inc." The domestication was completed in accordance with articles 100-2, 100-3 and 1300-2 of the Luxembourg law dated August 10, 1915 on commercial companies, as amended (the "Luxembourg Company Law"), the procedures of article 450-3 et seq. of the Luxembourg Company Law, and the domestication procedures of Section 388 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the "DGCL"), pursuant to which the

 Company continued its legal existence in Delaware as if Perimeter Luxembourg had originally been incorporated under Delaware law.

 Upon consummation of the Redomiciliation Transaction, each of Perimeter Luxembourg's issued (i) ordinary shares, with a nominal value of $1.00 per share (the "Lux Ordinary Shares") and (ii) redeemable preferred shares, with a nominal value of $10.00 each (the "Lux Preferred Shares"), automatically converted by operation of law on a one-for-one basis into (i) shares of common stock of the Company, par value $0.0001 per share (the "Common Stock"), and (ii) shares of preferred stock of the Company, par value $0.0001 per share (the "Preferred Stock"), respectively, in accordance with the terms of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (the "Certificate of Incorporation").

 The Common Stock continues to be listed for trading under symbol "PRM" on the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE"), which is the same trading symbol as the Lux Ordinary Shares traded under prior to the Redomiciliation Transaction. As a result of the Redomiciliation Transaction, the Company became the successor issuer to Perimeter Luxembourg pursuant to Rule 12g-3(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Upon consummation of the Redomiciliation Transaction, the CUSIP number relating to the Company's Common Stock was changed to 71385M 107.
 Warrant Exercise

 On November 9, 2021, Perimeter Luxembourg had 34,020,000 warrants issued and outstanding, entitling the holder thereof to purchase one-fourth of one Lux Ordinary Shares at an exercise price of of $12.00 per whole Lux Ordinary Share (the "Warrants"). The subscription period of the Warrants ended on November 11, 2024.

 During the year ended December 31, 2022, Perimeter Luxembourg received $0.5 million in connection with 176,460 Warrant exercises and issued 44,115 Lux Ordinary Shares. During the year ended December 31, 2024 Perimeter Luxembourg received $23.5 million in connection with 32,907,728 Warrant exercises and issued 2,601,455 Lux Ordinary Shares. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were zero and 33,843,440 Warrants issued and outstanding, respectively.
 Change in Presentation
 In 2024, the Company changed the presentation of freight expense on its consolidated statements of operations from selling, general and administrative expense to cost of goods sold, to better match freight expense with freight income. The change has been applied retrospectively to the consolidated financial statements for the prior periods presented in this Annual Report. The impact to the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2023 is presented in the following table (in thousands). There was no impact on previously reported balances in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet or statement of cash flows.

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 As Previously Reported
 As Adjusted
 Effect of Change

 $
 183,253
 $
 193,813
 $
 10,560

 Gross profit
 138,855
 128,295
 (10,560)

 57,073
 46,513
 (10,560)

 Total operating expenses
 44,405
 33,845
 (10,560)

 Operating income
 —

 Net income
 —

 Known Trends and Uncertainties
 Growth in Fire Safety
 We believe that our Fire Safety segment benefits from several secular growth drivers, including increasing fire severity, as measured by higher acres burned, longer fire seasons and a growing wildland urban interface resulting in a need for higher quantity of retardant use per acre and thereby necessitating an increase of the airtanker capacity. We believe that these trends are prevalent in North America, as well as globally and we expect these trends to continue and drive growth in demand for fire retardant products.

 We are also working to grow our fire prevention and protection business, which is primarily focused on expanding use of ground-applications for long-term fire retardant. This includes use of ground assets in response to active fires (protection), as well as proactive treatments around critical infrastructure and known high-risk areas (prevention). The protection business expands on our existing aerial support to enhance the ability of customers to effectively fight active fires. Fire prevention products can be used to prevent fire ignitions and protect property from potential fire danger by providing proactive retardant treatment in high-risk areas such as roadways, and critical infrastructure like electrical utilities and railroads. Treating these areas ahead of the fire season can potentially stop ignitions from equipment failures or sparks.
 We have invested and intend to continue investing in the expansion of our fire safety business through acquisitions in order to further grow our global customer base.
 Weather Conditions and Climate Trends
 Our business is highly dependent on the needs of government agencies to suppress fires. As such, our financial condition and results of operations are significantly impacted by weather as well as environmental and other factors affecting climate change, which impact the number and severity of fires in any given year. Historically, sales of our products have been higher in the summer season in the northern hemisphere of each fiscal year due to weather patterns which are generally correlated to a higher prevalence of wildfires. This is in part offset by the disbursement of our operations in both the northern and southern hemispheres, where the summer seasons alternate.
 Global Economic Environment
 In recent years, the global economy and labor markets have experienced significant inflationary pressures attributable to ongoing economic recovery and supply chain issues, in part due to the impacts of the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East. While the Company has limited exposure in regions with active conflict, it continues to monitor and take actions with its customers and suppliers to mitigate the impact of these inflationary pressures in the future. Actions to mitigate inflationary pressures with suppliers include aggregation of purchase requirements to achieve optimal volume benefits, negotiation of cost-reductions and identification of more cost competitive suppliers. While these actions are designed to offset the impact of inflationary pressures, the Company cannot provide assurance that they will be successful in fully offsetting increased costs resulting from inflationary pressure. In addition, interest payments for borrowings under the Company's revolving credit facility are based on variable rates, and any continued increase in interest rates may reduce the Company's cash flow available for other corporate purposes.

 Results of Operations
 Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2023
 The following table sets forth our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

 Change

 2024
 2023
 $
 %

 Net sales
 $
 $
 $
 238,860
 %

 243,882
 193,813
 50,069
 %

 Gross profit
 317,086
 128,295
 188,791
 %

 Operating expenses

 66,901
 46,513
 20,388
 %

 Amortization expense
 55,032
 55,065
 (33)
 —
 %

 (108,481)
 306,789
 (283
 %)

 —
 (40,738)
 %

 Other operating expense
 6020
 %

 Total operating expenses
 320,853
 33,845
 287,008
 %

 Operating (loss) income
 (3,767)
 (98,217)
 (104
 %)

 Other expense (income):

 Interest expense, net
 40,461
 41,378
 (917)
 (2
 %)

 —
 (7,273)
 7,273
 (100
 %)

 Foreign currency loss (gain)
 2,443
 (1,655)
 4,098
 (248
 %)

 Other expense, net
 (225)
 (54
 %)

 Total other expense, net
 43,096
 32,867
 10,229
 %

 (Loss) income before income taxes
 (46,863)
 (108,446)
 (176
 %)

 Income tax benefit
 40,958
 5,903
 35,055
 %

 $
 (5,905)
 $
 $
 (73,391)
 (109
 %)

 Net Sales. Net sales increased by $238.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. Net sales in the Fire Safety segment increased $210.7 million, representing higher fire retardant sales of $198.4 million, and higher fire suppressant sales of $12.3 million. Fire retardant sales increased $200.0 million in North America, offset by a $1.6 million decrease in other geographies. Fire suppressant sales increased $12.3 million primarily due to sales of fluorine-free foam concentrates. Global Fire Safety strength was driven by increasingly proactive use of air attack, and by extension of fire retardant, by our customers, as they combat the growing threat of wildfires, and by continued successful implementation of the Company's strategies on profitable new business, as well as pricing our products and services to the value they provide. Net sales in the Specialty Products segment increased $28.2 million, of which $22.1 million was in the Americas and $6.1 million was in Europe. The growth in Specialty Products sales reflects an increase in purchases by our specialty chemicals customers following inventory de-stocking during the prior period.
 Cost of Goods Sold. Cost of goods sold increased by $50.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The increase in the Fire Safety segment of $38.9 million was primarily due to a $33.3 million increase in material, manufacturing and freight costs and a $4.6 million increase in personnel related expenses, each as a result of the increase in sales. The $11.2 million increase in the Specialty Products segment was primarily due to a $13.7 million increase in material, manufacturing and freight costs and a $0.2 million increase in personnel related expenses, each as a result of the increase in sales.
 Selling, General and Administrative Expense. Selling, general and administrative expense increased by $20.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily due to a $13.5 million increase in personnel related and share-based compensation expenses. The increase in personnel related and share-based compensation expenses is primarily due to the recognition of $1.3 million in share-based compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2023 that was impacted by option modifications in the prior year, compared to $12.4 million in share-based compensation expense recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024.
 Founder advisory fees - related party. The founder advisory fees - related party represents the change in the fair value of the liability-classified Fixed Annual Advisory Amount and Variable Annual Advisory Amount (collectively, the

 "Annual Advisory Amounts"). The increase in the fair value of the Annual Advisory Amounts for the year ended December 31, 2024 of $198.3 million was primarily due to an increase in the Company's average price per share from $4.51 as of December 31, 2023 to $12.85 as of December 31, 2024. The decrease in the fair value of the Annual Advisory Amount for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $108.5 million was primarily due to a reduction in the Company's average price per share from $8.86 as of December 31, 2022 to $4.51 as of December 31, 2023.
 Intangible impairment. As there was no intangible impairment during the year ended December 31, 2024, intangible impairment decreased by $40.7 million compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease was due to the prior year impairment on the carrying value of the technology underlying the contingent earn-out eligible fire retardant product acquired by the Company during purchase of LaderaTech in May 2020.
 Foreign Currency Loss (Gain). Foreign currency loss of $2.4 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 reflects strengthening U.S. dollar, primarily against the Euro. Foreign currency gain of $1.7 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 reflects weakening U.S. dollar, primarily against the Euro.
 Income Tax Benefit. Income tax benefit increased by $35.1 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The increase is primarily due to the Redomiciliation Transaction which resulted in the recognition of a U.S. deferred tax asset for deferred compensation, the removal of deferred taxes on undistributed U.S. earnings, and the removal of various Luxembourg deferred taxes and corresponding valuation allowance.
 Business Segments
 We use segment net sales and segment adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("Segment Adjusted EBITDA"), to evaluate operating performance by segment, for business planning purposes and to allocate resources. The following tables provide information for our net sales and Segment Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):

 Year Ended December 31, 2024
 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Specialty
Products
 Total
 Specialty
Products
 Total

 Net sales
 $
 436,274
 $
 124,694
 $
 $
 225,554
 $
 96,554
 $

 $
 240,121
 $
 40,173
 $
 280,294
 $
 76,214
 $
 20,573
 $
 96,787

 Adjusted EBITDA for our Fire Safety segment for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $163.9 million to $240.1 million compared to the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher net sales driven by an increase of $198.4 million in fire retardant sales in the current period. Costs grew at a slower pace than revenues due to fixed costs leverage and strong cost control.
 Adjusted EBITDA for our Specialty Products segment for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $19.6 million to $40.2 million compared to the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher net sales. The growth in Specialty Products sales reflects an increase in purchases by our specialty chemicals customers following inventory de-stocking during the prior period. Costs grew at a slower pace than revenues due to fixed costs leverage and strong cost control.

 The following table provides a reconciliation of financial measures that are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") to Non-GAAP measures. Segment Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered an alternative to net income (loss), operating income (loss), cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities or any other measure of financial performance or liquidity presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP (in thousands).

 (Unaudited)
 Year Ended December 31, 2024
 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Specialty
Products
 Total
 Specialty
Products
 Total

 (Loss) income before income taxes
 $
 (35,277)
 $
 (11,586)
 $
 (46,863)
 $
 36,073
 $
 25,510
 $

 51,365
 14,353
 65,718
 51,178
 13,677
 64,855

 Interest and financing expense
 39,547
 40,461
 38,305
 3,073
 41,378

 169,886
 28,422
 (85,422)
 (23,059)
 (108,481)

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Non-recurring expenses (1)

 5,559
 1,819
 7,378
 2,687
 1,359
 4,046

 Share-based compensation expense
 8,545
 4,304
 1,004
 1,596

 —
 —
 —
 (7,273)
 —
 (7,273)

 Foreign currency loss (gain)
 1,947
 2,443
 (664)
 (991)
 (1,655)

 $
 240,121
 $
 40,173
 $
 280,294
 $
 76,214
 $
 20,573
 $
 96,787

 (1) For the year ended December 31, 2024, $6.6 million was related to the Redomiciliation Transaction and other non-recurring Luxembourg related costs, $0.6 million was related to acquisition costs, and $0.2 million was related to other non-recurring costs. For the year ended December 31, 2023, $4.0 million was related to restructuring and other non-recurring costs.
 Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2022
 For a detailed discussion of our consolidated results of operations for December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022, refer to Part II, Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as filed with the SEC on February 22, 2024. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the change in the presentation of freight expense on our consolidated statements of operations as described in Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements" in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 We have historically funded our operations primarily through cash flows from operations, borrowings under our revolving credit facility, and the issuance of debt and equity securities. However, future cash flows are subject to a number of variables, including the length and severity of the fire season, growth of the wildland urban interface and the availability of air tanker capacity, and higher costs from inflation, all of which could negatively impact revenues, earnings and cash flows, and potentially our liquidity if we do not moderate our expenditures accordingly.
 We have the following financing arrangements in place to, among other things, fund our operations and supplement our liquidity position.
 Revolving Credit Facility
 On November 9, 2021, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company entered into a five-year revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility"), which provides for a senior secured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $100.0 million. The Revolving Credit Facility matures on November 9, 2026. The Revolving Credit Facility includes a $20.0 million swingline sub-facility and a $25.0 million letter of credit sub-facility. All borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility are subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions, including the absence of a default and the accuracy of representations and warranties, subject to certain exceptions.
 Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to (i) an applicable margin, plus (ii) at the Company's option, either (x) Term SOFR as published by the Term SOFR Administrator, adjusted for certain additional costs or (y) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (a) the prime commercial lending rate published by the Wall Street Journal, (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, (c) the one-month Term SOFR rate plus 1.00% and (d) a minimum floor of 1.00%. The applicable margin is 3.25% in the case of Term SOFR-based loans and 2.25% in the case of base rate-based loans, with two step downs of 0.25% each based upon the achievement of certain leverage ratios.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility and was in compliance with all covenants, including the financial covenants.

 Senior Notes
 On November 9, 2021, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company assumed $675.0 million principal amount of 5.00% senior secured notes due October 30, 2029 (the "Senior Notes"), under an indenture dated as of October 22, 2021 ("Indenture"). The Senior Notes bear interest at an annual rate of 5.00%. Interest on the Senior Notes is payable in cash semi-annually in arrears on April 30 and October 30 of each year.
 The Senior Notes are general, secured, senior obligations of Perimeter Holdings, LLC; rank equally in right of payment with all existing and future senior indebtedness of Perimeter Holdings, LLC (including, without limitation, the Revolving Credit Facility); and together with the Revolving Credit Facility, are effectively senior to all existing and future indebtedness that is not secured by the collateral.
 For additional information about our long-term debt, refer to Note 6, "Long-Term Debt and Preferred Stock," in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.
 Share Repurchase Plan
 Under the Share Repurchase Plan, we are authorized to repurchase, from time-to-time, shares of our Common Stock through open market purchases, in privately negotiated transactions or in such other manner as permitted by securities law and as determined by management at such time and in such amounts as management may decide. The Share Repurchase Plan does not obligate us to repurchase any specific number of shares and may be modified, suspended or discontinued at any time. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases are determined by management in its discretion and depend on a variety of factors, including legal requirements, price and economic and market conditions.
 On May 23, 2024, subject to certain limits, the shareholders of the Company approved a proposal authorizing the Board to repurchase up to 25% of the Company's outstanding shares of Common Stock as of the date of the shareholders' approval, being 36,310,028 shares at any time during the next five years. As a result of the Redomiciliation Transaction on November 20, 2024, the Company is no longer required to obtain shareholder approval for further share repurchase authorizations. The Board had re-established the limit for share repurchases at $100.0 million on February 21, 2024, which is within the repurchase limit approved by the Company's shareholders' on May 23, 2024.
 The approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be repurchased under the Share Repurchase Plan was $97.2 million as of December 31, 2024. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company repurchased 2,988,291 and 12,178,454 shares, respectively. The repurchased shares were recorded at cost and are being held in treasury.
 For additional information about our Share Repurchase Plan, refer to Item 5, "Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities," and Note 9, "Equity," in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.
 Founder Advisory Agreement
 On December 12, 2019, EverArc and the EverArc Founder Entity entered into the Founder Advisory Agreement to provide incentives to the EverArc Founders to achieve EverArc's and the Company's, objectives. In exchange for the services provided to the Company, including strategic and capital allocation advice, the EverArc Founder Entity is entitled to receive both a Fixed Annual Advisory Amount and a Variable Annual Advisory Amount until the years ending December 31, 2027 and 2031, respectively. Under the Founder Advisory Agreement, at the election of the EverArc Founder Entity, at least 50% of the Advisory Amounts will be paid in shares of Common Stock and the remainder in cash.
 The Fixed Annual Advisory Amount is equal to 2,357,061 shares of Common Stock (1.5% of 157,137,410 shares outstanding as of November 9, 2021) for each year through December 31, 2027 and valued using the period end volume weighted average closing share price of the Company's Common Stock for ten consecutive trading days. The Variable Annual Advisory Amount for each year through December 31, 2031 is based on the appreciation of the market price of the Company's Common Stock if such market price exceeds certain trading price minimums at the end of each reporting period and is valued using a Monte Carlo simulation model. Because up to 50% of the aggregate shares could be settled through a cash payment, 50% are classified as a liability and the remaining 50% is classified within equity. For Advisory Amounts classified within equity, the Company does not subsequently remeasure the fair value. For the Advisory Amounts classified as a liability, the Company remeasures the fair value at each reporting date. As a result, the compensation

 expense recorded by the Company in the future will depend upon changes in the fair value of the liability-classified Advisory Amounts.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Advisory Amounts payable to the EverArc Founder Entity over the remaining term of the Founder Advisory Agreement was $480.1 million. The fair value of the Fixed Annual Advisory Amount was calculated to be $90.8 million based on the period end volume weighted average closing share price for ten consecutive trading days of Common Stock of $12.85 and the fair value of the Variable Annual Advisory Amount was determined to be $389.3 million using a Monte Carlo simulation model.
 For 2024, the EverArc Founder Entity is entitled to receive Fixed Annual Advisory Amount of 2,357,061 shares of Common Stock or a value of $30.3 million, based on average price of $12.85 per share (the "2024 Fixed Amount"). The EverArc Founder Entity did not qualify to receive Variable Annual Advisory Amount for 2024 as the average price of $12.85 per share for 2024 was lower than the average price of $13.63 per share established in 2021 (the "2024 Variable Amount" and together with the 2024 Fixed Amount, the "2024 Advisory Amount"). The EverArc Founder Entity elected to receive approximately 78% of the 2024 Advisory Amount in Common Stock (1,837,304 shares) and approximately 22% of the 2024 Advisory Amount in cash ($6.7 million). On February 18, 2025, the Company issued 1,837,304 shares of Common Stock and paid $6.7 million in cash in satisfaction of 2024 Advisory Amount.
 For additional information about the Founder Advisory Agreement, refer to Note 12, "Related Parties," in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.
 We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents of approximately $198.5 million, net cash flows generated from operations and availability under the Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2024 will be sufficient to meet our current capital expenditures, working capital, founders' advisory fee payments and debt service requirements for at least 12 months from the filing date of this Annual Report. Our fiscal year 2025 capital expenditure authorization is $20.0 million, which we expect will cover both our maintenance and growth capital expenditure requirements. We may also utilize borrowings available to us under various other financing sources, including the issuance of equity and/or debt securities through public offerings or private placements, to fund our acquisitions, pay the 2024 Advisory Amount and meet long-term liquidity needs. Our ability to complete future offerings of equity or debt securities and the timing of these offerings will depend upon various factors including prevailing market conditions and our financial condition.
 Cash flows
 The summary of our cash flows is as follows (in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Cash provided by (used in):

 Operating activities
 $
 188,388
 $

 Investing activities
 (42,940)
 (14,894)

 Financing activities
 8,349
 (64,453)

 Effect of foreign currency on cash and cash equivalents
 (2,617)
 (320)

 Net change in cash and cash equivalents
 $
 151,180
 $
 (79,474)

 Operating Activities

 Cash provided by operating activities was $188.4 million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the primary components of operating cash flows were net loss of $5.9 million, non-cash charges of $193.7 million and net operating asset reductions of $0.6 million. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the primary components of operating cash flows were net income of $67.5 million, non-cash benefits of $22.2 million and net operating asset investments of $45.1 million. The non-cash charges for the year ended December 31, 2024 were primarily related to Founders advisory fees, offset by deferred income taxes. The net operating asset reduction for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily related to inventories.
 Investing Activities
 Cash used in investing activities was $42.9 million and $14.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we purchased a business for $32.8 million and purchased

 property and equipment of $15.5 million offset by proceeds from short-term investments of $5.4 million upon settlement of a Euro denominated certificate of deposit. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we purchased property and equipment of $9.4 million and invested $5.5 million in a Euro denominated certificate of deposit.
 Financing Activities
 Cash provided by (used in) financing activities was $8.3 million and $(64.5) million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we repurchased shares of outstanding Ordinary Shares for $14.4 million and made $0.7 million in principal payments on finance lease obligations offset by $23.5 million in proceeds from the exercise of Warrants. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased outstanding Ordinary Shares for $64.1 million and made $0.4 million in principal payments on finance lease obligations.

 Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2022

 For a detailed discussion of our Liquidity and Capital Resources for December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022, refer to Part II, Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as filed with the SEC on February 22, 2024.
 Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies
 Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which often requires the judgment of management in the selection and application of certain accounting principles and methods. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate these estimates and judgments. We based our estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates and assumptions form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the recording of expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could, therefore, differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
 We have identified the following estimates as our most critical accounting estimates, which are those that are most important to aid in fully understanding and evaluating the Company's financial condition and results of operations, and that require management's most subjective and complex judgments. Information regarding our other significant accounting estimates and policies are described in more detail in Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements" in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report. We believe that the following accounting estimates and policies are most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements.
 Impairment of Goodwill and Long-Lived Assets
 Goodwill is deemed to have an indefinite life and is assessed for impairment annually at the reporting unit level or more frequently when events or circumstances occur that indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit or an intangible asset is less than its carrying value. The Company conducts an annual impairment test on October 1st each year. Depending on the facts and circumstances, the impairment test for goodwill can be performed using either a qualitative or quantitative approach. The qualitative approach consists of a weighting of several qualitative factors, including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions (including changes in interest rates and discount rates), industry and market considerations, the recent and projected financial performance of the reporting unit, changes in the Company's enterprise market value and other relevant factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. This assessment can require significant judgments, including the estimation of future cash flows and an assessment of market and industry dependent risks. If the assessment of all relevant qualitative factors indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, a quantitative goodwill impairment test is not necessary. If the assessment of all relevant qualitative factors indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the Company will perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. The Company has the unconditional option to bypass the qualitative assessment for any reporting unit in any period and proceed directly to performing a quantitative goodwill impairment assessment. The Company performed a qualitative analysis on October 1, 2024, the date of our annual impairment assessment, and concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of our Fire Safety and Specialty

 Products reporting units are greater than the respective carrying amounts. As a result, there was no indication of goodwill impairment for the year ended December 31, 2024.
 Long-lived assets include acquired property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization. We evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets for possible impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be fully recoverable. Such events and changes may include significant changes in performance relative to expected operating results, significant changes in asset use, significant negative industry or economic trends, and changes in our business strategy. The process of evaluating the potential impairment of long-lived assets under the accounting guidance on property, plant and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization is also highly subjective and requires significant judgment. In order to estimate the fair value of long-lived assets, we typically make various assumptions about the future prospects of our business or the part of our business to which the long-lived assets relate to estimate future cash flows to be generated by the asset group, which requires significant judgment as it is based on assumptions about market demand for our products over a number of future years. Based on these assumptions and estimates, we determine the recoverability of such assets by comparing an asset's respective carrying value to estimates of the sum of the undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from its asset group. If such review indicates that the carrying amount of long-lived assets is not recoverable, the carrying amount of such assets is reduced to fair value. Assumptions and estimates about future values and remaining useful lives are complex and often subjective. They can be affected by a variety of factors, including external factors, such as industry and economic trends, and internal factors, such as changes in our business strategy and our internal forecasts. Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we have made are reasonable and appropriate, changes in assumptions and estimates could materially impact our reported financial results. There was no indication that long-lived assets became impaired for the year ended December 31, 2024.
 Income Taxes
 We compute income taxes using the asset-and-liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities, as well as loss and tax credit carryforwards. Changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in income in the period such changes are enacted.
 On a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis, we establish a valuation allowance if, based upon available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We consider all positive and negative evidence, including historical operating results, the existence of cumulative losses, estimates of future operating income, and the reversal of existing taxable temporary differences in assessing the need for a valuation allowance.
 Our tax positions are subject to income tax audits by multiple tax jurisdictions throughout the world. We recognize the tax benefit of an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not the position will be sustainable upon examination by the taxing authority, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. This evaluation is based on all available evidence and assumes that the tax authorities have full knowledge of all relevant information concerning the tax position. The tax benefit recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit which is more likely than not (greater than 50% likely) to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the taxing authority. We record interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. We make adjustments to these reserves in accordance with the income tax guidance when facts and circumstances change, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made and could have a material impact on our financial condition and operating results.
 Share-Based Compensation
 We have granted equity-based awards consisting of performance-based non-qualified stock options ("PBNQSO") to key employees, officers and directors. The PBNQSO are subject to performance conditions such that the number of awards that ultimately vest depends on the calculation of annual operational performance per diluted share ("AOP") during the performance period compared to targets established at the award date. The probability assessments of achieving the AOP targets is determined using estimated EBITDA, net debt and diluted shares. Because the terms of the PBNQSO granted through December 31, 2022 ("Prior Option Grants") provided discretion to the compensation committee to make certain adjustments to the performance calculation, the service inception date of these awards preceded the grant date. Accordingly, the Company recognized compensation expense beginning on the service inception date and remeasured the

 fair value of the awards until a grant date was established. The fair value of the Prior Grants for which a grant date has not been established was estimated on the last date of the reporting period using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.
 On February 14, 2023 and to be effective prospectively, the compensation committee approved the elimination of "Unusual or Nonrecurring Transactions or Events" provision in the PBNQSO agreement whereby it could make certain adjustments to operational performance criteria "for unusual or nonrecurring transactions or events affecting the Company or the financial statements of the Company." This provision had precluded the establishment of a grant date on the date when PBNQSO were awarded in accordance with the technical requirements under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 718, "Compensation—Stock Compensation". Further, on May 8, 2023 ("Options Modification Date"), to better account for seasonal fluctuations of the business, and to better align stock option performance with shareholder return, the compensation committee approved modification of certain terms in PBNQSO agreement for all PBNQSO granted through May 8, 2023. One modification eliminated the "Unusual or Nonrecurring Transactions or Events" provision. As of May 8, 2023, it was determined that a mutual understanding of the key terms and conditions of the PBNQSO has been ascertained and the grant date was therefore established for the Prior Grants.
 For stock options granted from February 14, 2023 through May 7, 2023 ("Pre Modification 2023 Option Grants"), the Company recognized compensation costs related to PBNQSO granted to employees and non-employees based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. On the Options Modification Date, the Company performed a final fair value remeasurement under the original terms of Prior Option Grants and Pre Modification Option Grants using the Hull-White model and determined there was no incremental share-based compensation expense. For Prior Grants and the stock options granted on or after May 8, 2023 ("Post Modification 2023 Option Grants") the Company recognizes compensation costs related to PBNQSO granted to employees and non-employees based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant using the Hull-White model as this model considers the future movement in the price of the Company's shares of Common Stock and option holders' behavior with respect to option exercises.
 The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires us to make assumptions and judgments about the variables used in the calculation, including the risk-free interest rate, the blended volatility based on the Company's trading history of its shares of Common Stock and on the trading history from the common stock of a set of comparable publicly listed companies, the expected term and expected dividend. The Hull-White model requires us to make assumptions and judgments about the variables used in the calculation, including the sub-optimal exercise factor, drift rate, the blended volatility based on the Company's trading history of its shares of Common Stock and on the trading history from the common stock of a set of comparable publicly listed companies, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. Changes in assumptions made on the risk-free interest rate and expected volatility can materially impact the estimate of fair value and ultimately how much share-based compensation expense is recognized.
 Service-based restricted stock units are valued using the market price of our shares of Common Stock on the grant date. The grant date fair value of the restricted stock units is expensed on a straight-line basis over the applicable vesting period.
 Under the Founder Advisory Agreement, in exchange for the services provided to the Company, including strategic and capital allocation advice, the EverArc Founders Entity is entitled to receive both, a Fixed Annual Advisory Amount and a Variable Annual Advisory Amount until the years ending December 31, 2027 and 2031, respectively. At the election of the EverArc Founders Entity, at least 50% of the Advisory Amounts will be paid in shares of Common Stock and the remainder in cash. The Fixed Annual Advisory Amount will be equal to 2,357,061 shares of Common Stock (1.5% of 157,137,410 shares outstanding as of November 9, 2021) for each year through December 31, 2027 and valued using the period end volume weighted average closing price of the Company's shares of Common Stock for ten consecutive trading days. The Variable Annual Advisory Amount for each year through December 31, 2031 is based on the appreciation of the market price of the Company's shares of Common Stock if such market price exceeds certain trading price minimums at the end of each reporting period. This liability is estimated at the end of each reporting period using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the blended volatility based on the Company's trading history of its shares of Common Stock and on the trading history from the common stock of a set of comparable publicly listed companies, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. Changes in assumptions made on the risk-free interest rate and expected volatility can materially impact the estimate of fair value and ultimately how much founder advisory fee expense is recognized.

 Business Combinations
 We account for our business combinations using the acquisition accounting method, which requires us to determine and recognize assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair value, including any contingent consideration and the recognition of acquisition-related costs in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 805, Business Combinations.
 Accounting for business combinations requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions at the acquisition date, including estimates of the fair value of acquired inventory, property and equipment, identifiable intangible assets, contractual obligations assumed, preacquisition contingencies, where applicable, and equity issued. Significant assumptions relevant to the determination of the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows, discount rates, royalty rates, and other assumptions. The approach to valuing an initial contingent consideration associated with the purchase price also uses similar unobservable factors such as projected revenues and expenses over the term of the contingent earn-out period, discounted for the period over which the initial contingent consideration is measured, and relevant volatility rates. Based upon these assumptions, the initial contingent consideration is then valued using a Monte Carlo simulation. These significant assumptions are based on company specific information and projections, which are not observable in the market and, therefore, are considered Level 2 and Level 3 measurements. These significant assumptions are forward-looking and could be affected by future changes in economic and market conditions.
 We generally use third-party qualified consultants to assist management in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. This includes, when necessary, assistance with the determination of economic useful lives and valuation of property, plant and equipment and identifiable intangibles. The purchase price allocation process also entails us to refine these estimates over a measurement period not to exceed one year to reflect new information obtained surrounding facts and circumstances existing at acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill.
 New Accounting Standards
 For information about new accounting standards, see Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements" in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
 We are exposed to market risk from changes in foreign currency exchange rates, short-term interest rates and price fluctuations of certain material commodities in the ordinary course of our business. We have not engaged in hedging activities since inception and currently, do not expect to engage in any hedging activities with respect to the market risk to which we are exposed.
 Foreign Currency Risk
 Foreign currency exchange risks are attributable to sales to foreign customers and purchases from foreign suppliers not denominated in a location's functional currency, foreign plant operations, intercompany indebtedness, intercompany investments and include exposures to the Euro, Canadian dollar, Norwegian krone and Australian dollar. Prior to the Redomiciliation Transaction, we elected to use the U.S. dollar for our Luxembourg entities. Transactions that are paid in a foreign currency are remeasured into U.S. dollars and recorded in the consolidated financial statements at prevailing currency exchange rates. A reduction in the value of the U.S. dollar against currencies of other countries could result in the use of additional cash to settle operating, administrative and tax liabilities.
 Interest Rate Risk
 For variable rate debt, interest rate changes generally do not affect the fair market value of such debt, but do impact future earnings and cash flows, assuming other factors are held constant. We are subject to market risk exposure related to changes in interest rates on borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility. Interest on borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility is based on Term SOFR plus or base rate plus an applicable margin. At December 31, 2024, we had no borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility.

 In addition, on November 9, 2021, the Company issued 10 million 6.50% Redeemable Preferred Shares ("Redeemable Preferred Shares" or "Preferred Stock" subsequent to the Redomiciliation Transaction), valued at $100.0 million were issued. The holders of Preferred Stock are entitled to a preferred annual cumulative right to a dividend equal to 6.50%. The shares of Preferred Stock are mandatorily redeemable on occurrence of certain events as defined in the Business Combination Agreement, but no later than April 30, 2030. If we fail to timely redeem the shares of Preferred Stock, the dividend on the shares of Preferred Stock will permanently increase to the interest rate currently being paid (whether default or not) under the Revolving Credit Facility plus 10.00%.
 Commodity Price Risk
 Our realized margins depend on the differential of sales prices over our total supply costs. Generally, we attempt to maintain an inventory position that is substantially balanced between our purchases and sales, including our future delivery obligations. However, market, weather or other conditions beyond our control may disrupt our expected supply of product, and we may be required to obtain supply at increased prices that cannot be passed through to our customers. For example, some of our material supply contracts follow market prices, which may fluctuate through the year, while our product sales prices may be fixed on a quarterly or annual basis, and therefore, fluctuations in our material supply may not be passed through to our customers and can produce an adverse effect on our margins.
 Effects of Inflation
 We are subject to inflationary pressures with respect to raw materials, labor and transportation. Accordingly, we continue to take actions with our customers and suppliers to mitigate the impact of these inflationary pressures in the future. Actions to mitigate inflationary pressures with customers include contractual price escalation clauses and negotiated customer recoveries. Actions to mitigate inflationary pressures with suppliers include aggregation of purchase requirements to achieve optimal volume benefits, negotiation of cost-reductions and identification of more cost competitive suppliers. While these actions are designed to offset the impact of inflationary pressures, the Company cannot provide assurance that it will be successful in fully offsetting increased costs resulting from inflationary pressure.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Page

 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID # 185)

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID # 243)

 Consolidated Financial Statements:

 Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2024 and 2024 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income

 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements:

 Note 1 Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

 Note 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements

 Note 3 Balance Sheet Components

 Note 4 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

 Note 5 Leases

 Note 6 Long-Term Debt and Preferred Stock

 Note 7 Income Taxes

 Note 8 Commitments and Contingencies

 Note 9 Equity

 Note 10 Share-Based Compensation and Employee Benefits

 Note 11 Fair Value Measurements

 Note 12 Related Parties

 Note 13 Revenue Recognition

 Note 14 (Loss) Earnings Per Share

 Note 15 Segment Information

 Note 16 Parent Company Information

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors
 Perimeter Solutions, Inc.:

 Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Perimeter Solutions, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2024, the related consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive (loss) income, shareholders' equity, and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 20, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

 Basis for Opinion

 These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matters

 The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

 Assessment of the probability of achieving the vesting performance criteria of option awards

 As discussed in Notes 2 and 10 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recognizes share-based compensation expense on performance-based non-qualified stock options (PBNQSO) based on probability assessments of achieving an annual operational performance per diluted share (AOP) target during the performance period, which is determined using estimated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA), net debt and diluted shares. At each reporting period, the Company reassesses the probability of achieving the performance condition required to meet those vesting targets; therefore, unrecognized compensation expense is subject to future changes in the estimate. The Company recorded $12.8 million in share-based compensation expense for these PBNQSO awards for the year ended December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, there was approximately $17.0 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to the non-vested portion of these PBNQSO awards.

 We identified the assessment of the probability of achieving the vesting performance criteria of option awards as a critical audit matter. Evaluating certain assumptions used in the Company's determination of the probability that the performance criteria will be achieved for these PBNQSO awards involved subjective auditor judgment. Specifically, judgment was required to assess the probability of meeting the Company's future performance targets, including forecasted revenue, cost of goods sold, net debt and diluted shares. These key assumptions were especially challenging to audit as they were forward looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions.

 The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company's process to evaluate the probability of achieving the vesting performance criteria of these PBNQSO awards, including controls over the determination of the key assumptions. We assessed the reasonableness of the Company's forecasted revenue, cost of goods sold, net debt and diluted shares used to estimate the AOP target by: (1) comparing such assumptions to historical operating performance, (2) evaluating the consistency of these assumptions with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit, and (3) comparing the Company's forecasted assumptions to external market data and industry data. We compared the Company's historical revenue forecasts to actual results to assess the Company's ability to accurately forecast.

 Evaluation of the impact of the Company's redomiciliation transaction on its income tax provision

 As discussed in Notes 2 and 7 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company completed its redomiciliation transaction and became domiciled in the United States on November 20, 2024. The Company has international operations requiring the evaluation of income taxes across multiple tax jurisdictions. The Company recorded deferred tax assets of $94.3 million and deferred tax liabilities of $246.2 million as of December 31, 2024, and income tax benefit of $41.0 million for the year then ended.

 We identified the evaluation of the impact of the Company's organizational structure on its income tax provision as a critical audit matter. Complex auditor judgment, and the involvement of professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, was required to evaluate the identification, interpretation, and application of tax laws, which can be complex and subject to change.

 The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company's income tax process, including controls over the redomiciliation transaction. We inspected the Company's legal entity organization chart to identify changes in structure. We evaluated the execution of the redomiciliation transaction and the application of tax laws by inspecting the Company's correspondence with certain tax authorities, intercompany documentation, and advice and guidance the Company received from third parties. We involved income tax professionals with specialized skills and knowledge who assisted in (1) assessing the Company's identification, interpretation, and application of tax laws, including statutes, regulations, and case law and (2) evaluating the impact of the redomiciliation transaction on the tax provision.

 Fair value of customer relationship and technology intangible assets acquired in a business combination

 As discussed in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, on December 24, 2024, the Company consummated an acquisition of IMS DE Holdings, LLC for a total purchase price of $32.8 million. In connection with the business combination, the Company recorded intangible assets, which included customer relationship intangible assets and technology intangible assets with preliminary acquisition date fair values of $6.0 million and $7.1 million, respectively. The Company used an income approach, the multi-period excess earnings method, to calculate the acquisition date fair value of the customer relationship intangible assets and the relief-from-royalty method to calculate the acquisition date fair value of the technology intangible asset.

 We identified the evaluation of the preliminary acquisition date fair value of the customer relationship and technology intangible assets acquired as a critical audit matter. Subjective auditor judgment was required to evaluate the key assumptions used to determine the fair value of the customer relationship and technology intangible assets, including (1) revenue and gross profit projections, customer attrition rate and the discount rate for the customer relationship intangible asset, and (2) revenue projections, discount rate and the royalty rate for the technology intangible asset. Revenue and gross profit projections include subjective determinations of future market and economic conditions that were also sensitive to variation. In addition, specialized skills and knowledge were required in the evaluation of the customer attrition rate, discount rates and royalty rate.

 The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company's business combination process, including controls over the key assumptions above. We evaluated the revenue and gross profit projections by comparing them to historical growth rates of the acquired business, existing contract backlog and inquiring of individuals outside of the accounting function about projected revenue and gross profit of the acquired business and the process used to develop them. We performed sensitivity analyses over the Company's revenue projections used to determine the fair value of the customer relationship and the technology intangible assets acquired to assess the impact of changes in those assumptions on the Company's determination of fair value. We performed sensitivity analyses over the Company's gross profit projections used to determine the fair value of the customer relationship acquired to assess the impact of changes in those assumptions on the Company's determination of fair value. We involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge who assisted in:

 • evaluating the customer attrition rate by comparing it to historical customer attrition experienced by the acquired business
 • evaluating the discount rates by comparing the Company's discount rates to discount rates that were independently developed using publicly available market data for comparable entities and performing a weighted average return on assets reconciliation
 • assessing the royalty rate used by the Company by comparing the royalty rate to publicly available data for comparable transactions.

 /s/ KPMG LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2024.
 St. Louis, Missouri

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors
 Perimeter Solutions, Inc.:

 Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 We have audited Perimeter Solutions, Inc. and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of December 31, 2024, the related consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive (loss) income, shareholders' equity, and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 20, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

 The Company acquired IMS DE Holdings, LLC (IMS) in 2024 and management excluded from its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, IMS's internal control over financial reporting associated with total consolidated assets of less than 1.0% and total revenues of less than 1.0% included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also excluded an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of IMS.

 Basis for Opinion

 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 /s/ KPMG LLP

 St. Louis, Missouri

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 Shareholders and Board of Directors
 Perimeter Solutions, Inc.
 Clayton, Missouri
 Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Perimeter Solutions, Inc. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income, shareholders' equity, and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 Basis for Opinion

 These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

 Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 /s/ BDO USA, P.C.

 We served as the Company's auditor from 2021 to 2023.

 Houston, Texas

 February 22, 2024, except for the effects of the reclassification as discussed in Note 2 and Note 15, as to which the date is February 20, 2025.

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
 (in thousands, except share and per share data)

 ASSETS

 Current assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 198,456
 $
 47,276

 Accounts receivable, net
 56,048
 39,593

 Inventories
 116,347
 145,652

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 23,173
 18,493

 Total current assets
 394,024
 251,014

 Property, plant and equipment, net
 64,777
 59,402

 Operating lease right-of-use assets
 17,298
 16,339

 Finance lease right-of-use assets
 6,173
 6,064

 Goodwill
 1,034,543
 1,036,279

 Customer lists, net
 637,745
 674,786

 Technology and patents, net
 173,307
 180,653

 Tradenames, net
 87,365
 89,568

 Other assets, net
 1,162
 1,317

 Total assets
 $
 2,416,394
 $
 2,315,422

 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Current Liabilities:

 Accounts payable
 $
 23,519
 $
 21,639

 30,450
 30,710

 6,677
 2,702

 Deferred revenue
 1,842
 —

 Total current liabilities
 62,488
 55,051

 Long-term debt, net
 667,774
 666,494

 Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion
 15,540
 14,908

 Finance lease liabilities, net of current portion
 6,013
 5,547

 Deferred income taxes
 152,203
 253,454

 240,083
 56,917

 Preferred stock
 109,966
 105,799

 Preferred stock - related party
 2,831
 2,764

 Other non-current liabilities
 2,226
 2,193

 Total liabilities
 1,259,124
 1,163,127

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)

 Shareholders' equity:

 Common stock, $ 0.0001 par value per share, 4,000,000,000 shares authorized; 169,426,114 shares issued; 147,822,633 shares outstanding at December 31, 2024

 —

 Ordinary shares, $ 1.00 nominal value per share, 4,000,000,000 shares authorized; 165,066,195 shares issued; 146,451,005 shares outstanding at December 31, 2023

 —
 165,067

 Treasury shares, at cost; 21,603,481 and 18,615,190 shares at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 ( 127,827)
 ( 113,407)

 Additional paid-in capital
 1,911,035
 1,701,163

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 39,232)
 ( 19,710)

 Accumulated deficit
 ( 586,723)
 ( 580,818)

 Total shareholders' equity
 1,157,270
 1,152,295

 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
 $
 2,416,394
 $
 2,315,422

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
 (in thousands, except share and per share data)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Net sales
 $
 $
 $
 360,505

 243,882
 193,813
 231,852

 Gross profit
 317,086
 128,295
 128,653

 Operating expenses:

 66,901
 46,513
 60,320

 Amortization expense
 55,032
 55,065
 55,105

 —
 —

 Other operating expense

 Total operating expenses
 320,853
 33,845
 ( 1,412)

 Operating (loss) income
 ( 3,767)
 130,065

 Other expense (income):

 Interest expense, net
 40,461
 41,378
 42,585

 —
 ( 7,273)
 ( 12,706)

 Foreign currency loss (gain)
 2,443
 ( 1,655)
 3,462

 Other expense (income), net
 ( 503)

 Total other expense, net
 43,096
 32,867
 32,838

 (Loss) income before income taxes
 ( 46,863)
 97,227

 Income tax benefit (expense)
 40,958
 5,903
 ( 5,469)

 Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:

 Foreign currency translation adjustments
 ( 19,522)
 5,761
 ( 18,336)

 Total comprehensive (loss) income
 $
 ( 25,427)
 $
 73,247
 $
 73,422

 (Loss) earnings per share:

 Basic
 $
 ( 0.04)
 $
 0.44
 $
 0.57

 Diluted
 $
 ( 0.04)
 $
 0.41
 $
 0.52

 Weighted average number of shares outstanding:

 Basic
 145,713,439
 154,666,717
 160,937,575

 Diluted
 145,713,439
 166,452,022
 175,079,941

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
 (in thousands, except share data)

 Ordinary Shares/
Common Stock
 Treasury Shares
 Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss
 Accumulated
Deficit
 Total
Shareholders'
Equity

 Shares
 Amount
 Shares
 Amount

 Balance, December 31, 2021

 157,237,435
 157,237
 —
 —
 1,670,033
 ( 7,135)
 ( 738,517)
 1,081,618

 —
 —
 —
 —
 14,649
 —
 —
 14,649

 Ordinary shares issued related to founders advisory fees - related party
 5,952,992
 5,954
 —
 —
 ( 5,954)
 —
 —
 —

 Liability portion of founders advisory fees - related party reclassified to additional paid in capital
 —
 —
 —
 —
 19,568
 —
 —
 19,568

 Warrants exercised
 44,115
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 6,436,736
 ( 49,341)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 49,341)

 Cumulative effect of accounting change on adoption of ASU 2016-13
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,545)
 ( 1,545)

 Net income
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive loss
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 18,336)
 —
 ( 18,336)

 Balance, December 31, 2022

 163,234,542
 $
 163,235
 6,436,736
 $
 ( 49,341)
 $
 1,698,781
 $
 ( 25,471)
 $
 ( 648,304)
 $
 1,138,900

 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,596
 —
 —
 1,596

 Ordinary shares issued related to founders advisory fees - related party
 1,831,653
 1,832
 —
 —
 ( 1,832)
 —
 —
 —

 Liability portion of founders advisory fees - related party reclassified to additional paid in capital
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,618
 —
 —
 2,618

 —
 —
 12,178,454
 —
 —
 —

 Net income
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive income
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 5,761
 —
 5,761

 Balance, December 31, 2023

 165,066,195
 $
 165,067
 18,615,190
 $
 ( 113,407)
 $
 1,701,163
 $
 ( 19,710)
 $
 ( 580,818)
 $
 1,152,295

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Ordinary shares issued related to founders advisory fees - related party
 1,758,464
 1,758
 —
 —
 ( 1,758)
 —
 —
 —

 Liability portion of founders advisory fees - related party reclassified to additional paid in capital
 —
 —
 —
 —
 8,464
 —
 —
 8,464

 —
 —
 2,988,291
 ( 14,420)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 14,420)

 Warrants exercised
 2,601,455
 2,601
 —
 —
 20,908
 —
 —
 23,509

 Change to par value common stock
 —
 ( 169,409)
 —
 —
 169,409
 —
 —
 —

 Net loss
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive loss
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 19,522)
 —
 ( 19,522)

 Balance, December 31, 2024

 169,426,114
 $
 21,603,481
 $
 ( 127,827)
 $
 1,911,035
 $
 ( 39,232)
 $
 ( 586,723)
 $
 1,157,270

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash flows from operating activities:

 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:

 Founders advisory fees - related party (change in fair value)

 Depreciation and amortization expense
 65,718
 64,855
 65,795

 Interest and payment-in-kind on preferred shares
 7,057
 6,792
 6,537

 1,596
 14,649

 Non-cash lease expense
 5,070
 5,248
 5,390

 Deferred income taxes
 ( 99,557)
 ( 25,816)
 ( 17,000)

 —
 —

 Amortization of deferred financing costs
 1,730
 1,664
 1,602

 Amortization of acquisition related inventory step-up
 —
 —
 24,796

 —
 ( 7,273)
 ( 12,706)

 Foreign currency loss (gain)
 2,443
 ( 1,655)
 3,462

 Loss on disposal of assets

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions:

 Accounts receivable
 ( 13,293)
 ( 14,435)
 ( 6,190)

 Inventories
 29,872
 ( 2,044)
 ( 61,934)

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 ( 843)
 1,014
 1,922

 Accounts payable
 ( 754)
 ( 15,335)
 9,696

 Deferred revenue
 1,842
 —
 ( 383)

 Income taxes payable, net
 ( 13,299)
 ( 3,498)
 8,920

 4,306
 ( 1,758)
 ( 647)

 Founders advisory fees - related party (cash settled)
 ( 2,702)
 ( 4,655)
 ( 53,547)

 Operating lease liabilities
 ( 3,278)
 ( 4,182)
 ( 5,072)

 Finance lease liabilities
 ( 501)
 ( 282)
 —

 Other, net
 ( 741)

 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
 188,388
 ( 40,172)

 Cash flows from investing activities:

 Purchase of property and equipment
 ( 15,531)
 ( 9,435)
 ( 8,613)

 Proceeds from short-term investments
 5,383
 —
 —

 Purchase of short-term investments
 —
 ( 5,459)
 —

 Purchase of businesses, net of cash acquired
 ( 32,792)
 —
 ( 1,638)

 Net cash used in investing activities
 ( 42,940)
 ( 14,894)
 ( 10,251)

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash flows from financing activities:

 ( 14,420)
 ( 49,341)

 Proceeds from exercise of warrants
 23,509
 —

 Principal payments on finance lease obligations
 ( 740)
 ( 387)
 —

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
 8,349
 ( 64,453)
 ( 48,812)

 Effect of foreign currency on cash and cash equivalents
 ( 2,617)
 ( 320)

 Net change in cash and cash equivalents
 151,180
 ( 79,474)
 ( 98,804)

 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
 47,276
 126,750
 225,554

 Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
 $
 198,456
 $
 47,276
 $
 126,750

 Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:

 Cash paid for interest
 $
 37,317
 $
 37,005
 $
 35,488

 Cash paid for income taxes
 $
 74,559
 $
 25,960
 $
 13,488

 Non-cash investing and financing activities:

 Liability portion of founders advisory fees - related party reclassified to additional paid in capital
 $
 8,464
 $
 2,618
 $
 19,568

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
 Business Operations
 The Company is a global solutions provider for the Fire Safety and Specialty Products industries. Approximately 79 % of the Company's annual revenues is derived in the United States, approximately 10 % in Europe and approximately 6 % in Canada with the remaining approximately 5 % spread across various other countries. The Company's business is organized and managed in two reporting segments: Fire Safety and Specialty Products.
 The Fire Safety segment is a formulator and manufacturer of fire management products that help the Company's customers combat various types of fires, including wildland, structural, flammable liquids and other types of fires. The Company's Fire Safety segment also offers specialized equipment and services, typically in conjunction with its fire management products to support firefighting operations. The Company's specialized equipment includes air base retardant storage, mixing, and delivery equipment; mobile retardant bases; retardant ground application units; mobile foam equipment; and equipment that it custom designs and manufactures to meet specific customer needs. Significant end markets include primarily government-related entities and are dependent on approvals, qualifications, and permits granted by the respective governments and commercial customers around the world.

 The Specialty Products segment includes operations that develop, produce and market products for non-fire safety markets. The Company's largest end market application for the Specialty Products segment is Phosphorus Pentasulfide ("P2S5") based lubricant additives. P2S5 is also used in pesticide and mining chemicals applications, and emerging electric battery technologies.

 Organization and General
 On November 20, 2024, Perimeter Solutions, SA, a public limited liability company duly incorporated and validly existing under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, having its registered office at 28, Boulevard F.W. Raiffeisen, L-2411 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, and registered with the Luxembourg Trade and Companies Register (Registre de Commerce et des Soci t s, Luxembourg) under number B 256.548 ("Perimeter Luxembourg"), consummated the conversion (the "Redomiciliation Transaction" or "domestication") of Perimeter Luxembourg into a corporation incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware, after which Perimeter Luxembourg continues as an entity under the name "Perimeter Solutions, Inc." ("we," "us," "our," or the "Company"). The domestication was completed in accordance with articles 100-2, 100-3 and 1300-2 of the Luxembourg law dated August 10, 1915 on commercial companies, as amended (the "Luxembourg Company Law"), the procedures of article 450-3 et seq. of the Luxembourg Company Law, and the domestication procedures of Section 388 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the "DGCL"), pursuant to which the Company continued its legal existence in Delaware as if Perimeter Luxembourg had originally been incorporated under Delaware law.

 Upon consummation of the Redomiciliation Transaction, each of Perimeter Luxembourg's issued (i) ordinary shares, with a nominal value of $ 1.00 per share (the "Lux Ordinary Shares") and (ii) redeemable preferred shares, with a nominal value of $ 10.00 each (the "Lux Preferred Shares"), automatically converted by operation of law on a one -for-one basis into (i) shares of common stock of the Company, par value $ 0.0001 per share (the "Common Stock"), and (ii) shares of preferred stock of the Company, par value $ 0.0001 per share (the "Preferred Stock"), respectively, in accordance with the terms of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (the "Certificate of Incorporation").

 The Common Stock continues to be listed for trading under symbol "PRM" on the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE"), which is the same trading symbol as the Lux Ordinary Shares traded under prior to the Redomiciliation Transaction. As a result of the Redomiciliation Transaction, the Company became the successor issuer to Perimeter Luxembourg pursuant to Rule 12g-3(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act").
 On November 9, 2021 (the "Closing Date"), Perimeter Luxembourg consummated the transactions contemplated by the business combination (the "Business Combination") with EverArc Holdings Limited, a company limited by shares incorporated with limited liability in the British Virgin Islands and the former parent company of Perimeter Luxembourg ("EverArc"), SK Invictus Holdings, S. r.l., a limited liability company (soci t responsabilit limit e) governed by the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg ("SK Holdings"), SK Invictus Intermediate S. r.l., a limited liability company

 (soci t responsabilit limit e) governed by the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg ("SK Intermediate"), doing business under the name Perimeter Solutions and EverArc (BVI) Merger Sub Limited, a company limited by shares incorporated with limited liability in the British Virgin Islands and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Perimeter Luxembourg ("Merger Sub") pursuant to a business combination agreement (the "Business Combination Agreement") dated June 15, 2021.
 In connection with the Business Combination, the Merger Sub merged with and into EverArc, with EverArc surviving such merger as a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Perimeter Luxembourg (the "Merger"). The Merger was accounted for as a common control transaction, where substantially all of the net assets of Perimeter Luxembourg were those previously held by EverArc. The acquisition of SK Intermediate was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting and the financial statements reflect a new basis of accounting based on the fair value of the net assets acquired.

 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 Basis of Presentation
 The accompanying consolidated statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") and in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The consolidated financial statements for the prior periods include certain reclassifications that were made to conform to the current period presentation.
 Principles of Consolidation
 The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned, after elimination of intercompany transactions and balances.
 Use of Estimates
 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates made by management in connection with the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements include the fair value of purchase consideration and assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination, the useful lives of long-lived assets, the fair value of financial assets and liabilities, valuation of goodwill, indefinite life intangible assets, stock options, founder advisory fees, and realizability of deferred tax assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 Cash and Cash Equivalents

 Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash in banks. For purposes of reporting cash and cash equivalents, the Company considers all deposits with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company deposits cash with financial institutions that management believes is of high credit quality, and cash balances in bank accounts, at times, exceeds federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses from maintaining cash balances in excess of such limits.
 Short-term Investments
 Short-term investments represent investments in certificate of deposits with remaining maturities of one year or less, but greater than three months, at the time of acquisition and are stated at carrying value, which approximates estimated fair value. Interest on short-term investments is recorded and is presented as a component of interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

 Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
 Accounts receivable are stated at the amounts due from customers for products or services provided. The Company evaluates the collectability of its accounts receivable based on management's estimate for expected credit losses for outstanding accounts receivables. The Company determines expected credit losses based upon a number of factors, including historical experience, the likelihood of payment from its customers, and any other known specific factors associated with its customers. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses inherent in its accounts receivable and reassess the adequacy of the allowance each reporting period. Account balances are charged-off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the allowance for doubtful accounts was insignificant.
 Inventories
 Inventories are stated at the lower of cost using the the weighted-average cost method or net realizable value. The Company evaluates inventories periodically during each reporting period for obsolete, excess, or slow-moving products and will record any adjustment, if necessary, to report these items at an estimated net realizable value. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the reserve for inventory obsolescence was insignificant.
 Property, Plant and Equipment, Net
 Property, plant and equipment acquired in business combinations are recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition. All other property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from the consolidated balance sheets and the resulting gain or loss is reflected in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) in the period realized. Costs of maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred.
 Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:

 Years

 Buildings
 30 – 40 years

 Furniture and fixtures
 1 – 8 Years

 Machinery and equipment
 1 – 26 Years

 Vehicles
 1 – 8 Years

 Leasehold improvements
 Shorter of remaining lease term or estimated useful life

 Business Combinations
 The Company accounts for its business combinations using the acquisition accounting method, which requires it to determine the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including any contingent consideration, and record any residual purchase price as goodwill in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 805, Business Combinations. The Company records assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their respective fair value at the date of acquisition. Management uses its best estimates and assumptions to value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date. Such estimates are inherently uncertain and may be subject to refinement. If the initial accounting for the business combination has not been completed by the end of the reporting period in which the business combination occurs, provisional amounts are reported to present information about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date. During the measurement period of up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company records adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill, to the extent such information was not available to the Company at the acquisition date to determine such amounts.
 Accounting for business combinations requires the Company to make significant estimates and assumptions at the acquisition date, including estimates of the fair value of acquired inventory, property and equipment, identifiable intangible assets, contractual obligations assumed, preacquisition contingencies, where applicable, and equity issued. Significant assumptions relevant to the determination of the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows, discount rates, royalty rates, and other assumptions. The approach to valuing the initial contingent consideration associated with the purchase price also uses similar unobservable factors such as projected revenues and expenses over the term of the contingent earn-out period, discounted for the period over which the initial

 contingent consideration is measured, and relevant volatility rates. Based upon these assumptions, the initial contingent consideration is then valued using a Monte Carlo simulation.
 All acquisition-related costs, other than the costs to issue debt or equity securities, are accounted for as expenses in the period in which they are incurred. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration arrangements that are not measurement period adjustments are recognized in earnings.
 Goodwill
 Goodwill is deemed to have an indefinite life and is assessed for impairment annually at the reporting unit level or more frequently when events or circumstances occur that indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit or an intangible asset is less than its carrying value. The Company conducts an annual impairment test on October 1st each year. Depending on the facts and circumstances, the impairment test for goodwill can be performed using either a qualitative or quantitative approach. The qualitative approach consists of a weighting of several qualitative factors, including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions (including changes in interest rates and discount rates), industry and market considerations, the recent and projected financial performance of the reporting unit, changes in the Company's enterprise market value and other relevant factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. This assessment can require significant judgments, including the estimation of future cash flows and an assessment of market and industry dependent risks. If the assessment of all relevant qualitative factors indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, a quantitative goodwill impairment test is not necessary. If the assessment of all relevant qualitative factors indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the Company will perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. The Company has the unconditional option to bypass the qualitative assessment for any reporting unit in any period and proceed directly to performing a quantitative goodwill impairment assessment. The Company performed a qualitative analysis on October 1, 2024, the date of the Company's annual impairment assessment, and concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the Fire Safety and Specialty Products reporting units are greater than the respective carrying amounts. There was no impairment of goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, or 2022.
 Intangible Assets
 Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which vary depending on the type of intangible assets. Costs to maintain and extend intangible assets are expensed as incurred. In determining the estimated useful lives of definite-lived intangible assets, the Company considers the nature, competitive position, life cycle position and historical and expected future operating cash flows of each acquired assets, as well as its commitment to support these assets through continued investment and legal infringement protection.
 Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
 Long-lived assets include acquired property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization. The Company evaluates the recoverability of long-lived assets for possible impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be fully recoverable. Such events and changes may include significant changes in performance relative to expected operating results, significant changes in asset use, significant negative industry or economic trends, and changes in the Company's business strategy. The Company determines the recoverability of such assets by comparing an asset's respective carrying value to estimates of the sum of the undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from its asset group. If such review indicates that the carrying amount of long-lived assets is not recoverable, the carrying amount of such assets is reduced to fair val ue. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company determined there was an impairment in a long-lived technology asset. See Note 4, "Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets" for additional information related to the impairment of long-lived assets. There were no impairments of long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2022.
 Revenue Recognition
 The Company follows the guidance in ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which requires a company to recognize revenue when the company transfers control of promised goods and services to the customer. Revenue is recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration a company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. A company also is required to disclose sufficient quantitative and qualitative information to enable users

 of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers.
 The Company derives its revenue from contracts with customers, which comprise of following principal activities as described:
 • Full-service air base fire retardant includes sales from the supply and service of fire retardant to designated air tanker bases. The Company provides fire retardant product, the related equipment, and service personnel who operate the related equipment at the designated air tanker bases for the period specified in the contract with respect to each designated air tanker base. Product revenues are recognized at the point in time when product is shipped and control is transferred to the customer, typically when the product is consumed by the customer. The component of service revenue is recognized ratably over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the services. The Company has entered into full-service contracts with the U.S. Forest Service ("USFS") and the state of California. These contracts are between Perimeter Solutions and the USFS and/or the state of California for supply and service of long-term fire retardant to the designated air tanker bases of certain Government agencies. The revenue derived from these contracts is comprised of multiple performance obligations, namely product sales, providing operations and maintenance personnel services, leasing of specified equipment, and expedited delivery capabilities. The performance obligation for product sales is satisfied at a point in time, while for services and leases it is a "stand-ready obligation" and the revenue is recognized straight-line over the service period. Control of a product is deemed to be transferred to the customer upon shipment or delivery.
 • Fire retardant, suppressant, and related equipment includes domestic and international sales of fire retardant and fire suppressant products. Product revenues are recognized at the point in time when control of the product is transferred to the customer which is upon shipment or delivery of the product to the customer, depending on the underlying contract terms.
 • Specialty Products includes domestic and international sales of specialty chemical and other products by the Company entities in the U.S. and Germany. Product revenues are recognized at the point in time when control of the product is transferred to the customer which is upon shipment or delivery of the product to the customer, depending on the underlying contract terms.
 The Company uses the policy election to account for the shipping and handling activities as activities to fulfill the Company's promise to transfer goods to the customer, rather than as a performance obligation. Accordingly, the costs of the shipping and handling activities are accrued for at the time of shipment.
 The transaction price of a contract, or the amount the Company expects to receive upon satisfaction of all performance obligations, is determined by reference to the contract's terms and includes adjustments, if applicable, for any variable consideration, such as sales incentives, wherever these adjustments are material. For full service contracts the transaction price is variable and is based upon gallons of product consumed by the customer during the service period i.e., mobilization period, which typically lasts during May through September. The Company includes the estimated amount of variable consideration in transaction price that it expects to receive to the extent it is probable that a significant revenue reversal will not occur.
 Sales and other taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction, which are collected by the Company from a customer, are excluded from revenue.
 Payment terms vary by contract and sales to customers are deemed collectible at the time of sale based on customer history, prior credit checks, and controls around customer credit limits. The Company does provide for the right to return; however, most of the product is used at the point of purchase and returns are minimal. Therefore, there is no estimated obligation for returns. Standard terms of delivery are generally included in the Company's contracts of sale, order confirmation documents and invoices.
 Cost to Obtain Contract
 Incremental costs of obtaining a contract include only those costs that are directly related to the acquisition of contracts, including sales commissions, and that would not have been incurred if the contract had not been obtained. The Company recognizes an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if it is expected that the economic benefit and amortization period will be longer than one year. Costs to obtain contracts were not material in the periods presented.

 Deferred Revenue
 Deferred revenue represents billings under non-cancelable contracts before the related product or service is transferred to the customer. The portion of deferred revenue that is anticipated to be recognized as revenue during the succeeding twelve-month period is recorded as deferred revenue and the remaining portion is recorded as deferred revenue, non-current.
 Certain contracts entered by the Company have duration of one year or more. Any billings made to the customer during the financial year for which the related product or service is yet to be delivered on the cutoff date, i.e., December 31, is recognized as deferred revenue. Deferred revenue was $ 1.8 million and zero as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 For full-service fire-retardant contracts, the Company identifies the fire-retardant product and the services as separate units of account. Substantially all performance obligations are satisfied by the end of the annual financial reporting period and the allocation of transaction price to each performance obligation does not have an impact on the recognition and measurement of revenues for the annual reporting period. There were no contract assets, contract obligations other than deferred revenue, or material rights as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 Deferred Financing Fees
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, unamortized debt issue costs of $ 7.2 million and $ 8.5 million, respectively, for the Company's Senior Notes were carried as a contra liability and are amortized over the term of the related debt using the effective interest method. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, unamortized deferred financing costs of $ 0.8 million and $ 1.3 million, respectively, for the Company's five-year revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility") were carried as a long-term asset and were amortized on a straight-line basis into interest expense over the term of the Revolving Credit Facility. Amortization of deferred financing fees was $ 1.3 million, $ 1.2 million and $ 1.2 million for Senior Notes and $ 0.5 million, $ 0.5 million and $ 0.5 million for the Revolving Credit Facility during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and is presented as a component of interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
 Income Taxes
 Income taxes are accounted for under the asset-and-liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities, as well as loss and tax credit carryforwards and their respective tax bases measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.
 A valuation allowance is established if, based upon the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company considers all available evidence, both positive and negative, including historical levels of income, expectations and risks associated with estimates of future taxable income in assessing the need for a valuation allowance.
 Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are presented as non-current in a classified balance sheet.
 The Company's tax positions are subject to income tax audits by multiple tax jurisdictions throughout the world. The Company recognizes the tax benefit of an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not the position will be sustainable upon examination by the taxing authority, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. This evaluation is based on all available evidence and assumes that the tax authorities have full knowledge of all relevant information concerning the tax position. The tax benefit recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit which is more likely than not (greater than 50% likely) to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the taxing authority. The Company recognizes interest accrued and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense (benefit). The Company makes adjustments to these reserves in accordance with the income tax guidance when facts and circumstances change, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made and could have a material impact on the Company's financial condition and operating results.

 Leases
 The Company leases certain manufacturing facilities, real estate, vehicles, and field equipment. Such leases, some of which are noncancellable and, in many cases, include renewals, expire at various dates. Such options to renew are included in the lease term when it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised. The Company's lease agreements typically do not contain any significant residual value guarantees or restrictive covenants, and payments within certain lease agreements are adjusted periodically for changes in an index or rate. The Company does not currently sublease any of its ROU assets.
 The Company elects to apply the short-term lease exception for lease arrangements with a lease term of 12 months or less at commencement. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for as a single lease component. Lease terms used to compute the present value of lease payments do not include any option to extend, renew, or terminate the lease that the Company is not reasonably certain to exercise upon the lease inception. Accordingly, lease ROU assets and liabilities do not include leases with an initial lease term of 12 months or less.
 The Company determines if an arrangement is an operating lease or a finance lease at inception. For both types of leases ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date of the lease based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The Company's lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option.
 Operating lease expenses are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments, which cannot be determined at the lease commencement date, are not included in ROU assets or lease liabilities and are expensed as incurred. Finance lease ROU assets are amortized over the estimated useful life of the underlying asset with expenses presented in cost of goods sold in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Finance lease liabilities are subsequently remeasured by increasing the liability to reflect interest accrued during the period and decreasing the liability to reflect payments made during the period. Interest expense incurred on finance leases is included in interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
 Cash paid for operating leases and interest paid for finance leases are included in the consolidated statement of cash flows as operating activities and cash paid for finance lease principal is included in the financing activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flows.
 As most leases do not have readily determinable implicit rates, the Company estimated the incremental borrowing rates for its future lease payments based on prevailing financial market conditions at the later of date of adoption or lease commencement, credit analysis of comparable companies and management judgments to determine the present values of its lease payments. The Company also applied the portfolio approach to account for leases with similar terms.
 Contingencies
 Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, penalties, and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. When a single amount cannot be reasonably estimated but the cost can be estimated within a range, the Company accrues the minimum amount. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.
 Foreign Currencies
 Prior to the Redomiciliation Transaction, the functional and reporting currencies for all Luxembourg entities were in U.S. dollars. The functional currency for the Company's remaining non-U.S. subsidiaries is the local currency. The assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate in effect as of the balance sheet date except for non-monetary assets and liabilities, which are measured at historical exchange rates and revenues and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates for each respective reporting period. Adjustments resulting from translating local currency financial statements into U.S. dollars are reflected in accumulated other comprehensive loss in shareholders' equity. The Company does not recognize deferred taxes on translation adjustments from its investments in foreign subsidiaries that are essentially permanent in duration.

 Transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured based on the exchange rates at the time of the transaction. Foreign currency gains and losses arising primarily from changes in exchange rates on foreign currency denominated intercompany loans and other intercompany transactions and balances between foreign locations are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Realized and unrealized (losses) gains resulting from transactions conducted in foreign currencies for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were $( 2.6) million, $ 1.4 million and $( 4.0) million, respectively.
 Share-Based Compensation
 Performance stock options
 The performance-based non-qualified stock options ("PBNQSO") granted to employees and non-employees are subject to performance conditions such that the number of awards that ultimately vest depends on the calculation of annual operational performance per diluted share ("AOP") during the performance period compared to targets established at the award date. Because the terms of the PBNQSO granted through December 31, 2022 ("Prior Option Grants") provided discretion to the compensation committee to make certain adjustments to the performance calculation, the service inception date of these awards preceded the grant date. Accordingly, the Company recognized compensation expense beginning on the service inception date and remeasured the fair value of the awards until a grant date was established. The estimate of the awards' fair values will be fixed in the period in which the grant date occurs, and cumulative compensation expense will be adjusted based on the fair values calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model at the grant date. The fair value for PBNQSO for which a grant date has not been established was estimated on the last date of the reporting period using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.
 On February 14, 2023 and to be effective prospectively, the compensation committee approved the elimination of "Unusual or Nonrecurring Transactions or Events" provision in the PBNQSO agreement whereby it could make certain adjustments to operational performance criteria "for unusual or nonrecurring transactions or events affecting the Company or the financial statements of the Company." This provision had precluded the establishment of a grant date on the date when PBNQSO were awarded in accordance with the technical requirements under ASC Topic 718, "Compensation—Stock Compensation". Further, on May 8, 2023 ("Options Modification Date"), to better account for seasonal fluctuations of the business, and to better align stock option performance with shareholder return, the compensation committee approved modification of certain terms in PBNQSO agreement for all PBNQSO granted through May 8, 2023. One modification eliminated the "Unusual or Nonrecurring Transactions or Events" provision. As of May 8, 2023, it was determined that a mutual understanding of the key terms and conditions of the PBNQSO has been ascertained and the grant date was therefore established for the Prior Option Grants.
 For stock options granted from February 14, 2023 through May 7, 2023 ("Pre Modification 2023 Option Grants"), the Company recognized compensation costs related to PBNQSO granted to employees and non-employees based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. On the Options Modification Date, the Company performed a fair value remeasurement under the original terms of Prior Option Grants and Pre Modification Option Grants using the Hull-White model and determined there was no incremental share-based compensation expense. For Prior Option Grants and the stock options granted on or after May 8, 2023 ("Post Modification 2023 Option Grants") the Company recognizes compensation costs related to PBNQSO granted to employees and non-employees based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant using the Hull-White model as this model considers the future movement in the price of the Company's shares of Common Stock and option holders' behavior with respect to option exercises.

 The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model are as follows:
 • Exercise price. The Company's ordinary share's fair market value on the date of grant.
 • Fair Market Value of Ordinary Shares. Subsequent to the Business Combination, the period end fair market value was the quoted market price of the Company's Ordinary Shares. For Pre Modification 2023 Option Grants, the fair market value was the quoted market price of the Company's Ordinary Shares on the date of grant.
 • Expected term. The expected term of stock options represents the period that the stock options are expected to remain outstanding and was based on vesting terms, exercise term and contractual lives of the options. The expected term is based on the simplified method and is estimated as the average of the weighted average vesting term and the time to expiration as of the period end date. The simplified method was used due to the lack of historical exercise information.

 • Expected volatility. As the Company did not have sufficient historical stock price information to meet the expected life of the stock option grants, it used a blended volatility, based on Company's short trading history and on the trading history from the common stock of a set of comparable publicly listed companies.
 • Risk-free interest rate. The risk-free interest rate was based on the U.S. Treasury yield with a maturity equal to the expected term of the stock options in effect at the time of grant.
 • Dividend yield. The expected dividend was assumed to be zero as the Company has never paid dividends and had no plan to pay any dividends on its Ordinary Shares.
 The Hull-White model requires the Company to make assumptions and judgments about the variables used in the calculation, including the sub-optimal exercise factor, drift rate, the blended volatility based on the Company's trading history of its Common Stock and on the trading history from the common stock of a set of comparable publicly listed companies, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. The Company's sub-optimal exercise factor of 2.5 represents the expectation that the option will be exercised when the share price reaches 2.5 times the option's exercise price. The Company's drift rate represents the risk-free rate less the dividend yield. Changes in assumptions made on the risk-free interest rate and expected volatility can materially impact the estimate of fair value and ultimately how much share-based compensation expense is recognized.
 The Company records forfeitures as they are incurred. The fair value of PBNQSO is expensed proportionately for each tranche over the applicable service period in which the performance conditions are deemed probable of achievement.
 Restricted stock units
 Restricted stock units are valued using the market price of the Company's Common Stock on the grant date. The grant date fair value of the restricted stock units is expensed on a straight-line basis over the applicable vesting period.
 Founder Advisory Fees
 An advisory agreement was entered into on December 12, 2019 by EverArc ("Founder Advisory Agreement") with EverArc Founders, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ("EverArc Founder Entity"). Upon consummation of the Business Combination, the Company assumed the Founder Advisory Agreement. The EverArc Founder Entity, for the services provided to the Company, including strategic and capital allocation advice, will be entitled to receive both a fixed amount (the "Fixed Annual Advisory Amount") and a variable amount (the "Variable Annual Advisory Amount," each an "Advisory Amount" and collectively, the "Advisory Amounts") until the years ending December 31, 2027 and 2031, respectively. Under the Founder Advisory Agreement, at the election of the EverArc Founder Entity, at least 50 % of the Advisory Amounts will be paid in Common Stock and remainder in cash. The Advisory Amounts to be paid in Common Stock is recorded within shareholders' equity at grant date fair value and the Advisory Amounts to be paid in cash is recorded as a liability in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. For the Advisory Amounts classified as liabilities, the Company will remeasure the fair value at each reporting date. The Fixed Annual Advisory Amount will be equal to 2,357,061 shares of Common Stock ( 1.5 % of 157,137,410 shares outstanding as of November 9, 2021) for each year through December 31, 2027 and valued using the period end volume weighted average closing share price of the Company's Common Stock for ten consecutive trading days. The Variable Annual Advisory Amount for each year through December 31, 2031 is based on the appreciation of the market price of the Company's Common Stock if such market price exceeds certain trading price minimums at the end of each reporting period and is valued using a Monte Carlo simulation model.
 Fair Value Measurements
 The Company determines the fair value of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities using the fair value hierarchy, which establishes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements).
 Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Customers
 Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, and accounts receivable.

 At December 31, 2024, the Company had $ 198.5 million of cash and cash equivalents. The Company's cash and cash equivalents are maintained with various financial institutions and the deposits with these institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. However, the Company regularly monitors the financial stability of its financial institutions and believes that the Company is not exposed to any significant default risk.
 For accounts receivable, the Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of nonpayment by customers to the extent of the amounts recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. Two of the Company's customers represent 20 % and 16 %, respectively, of the total accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2024 and two customers represent 13 % and 12 %, respectively, of the total accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2023. No other customer accounted for 10% or greater of total accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 The Company had two customers in the Fire Safety segment that accounted for 34 % and 11 %, respectively, of total net sales during the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company had one customer in the Fire Safety segment that accounted for 22 % of total net sales during the year ended December 31, 2023. No other customer accounted for 10% or greater of total net sales during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 Earnings (Loss) Per Share
 The Company's basic earnings per share ("EPS") is computed based on the weighted average number of Common Stock outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS includes the effect of the Company's outstanding performance-based stock options, warrants and founders advisory fees for Common Stock if the inclusion of these items is dilutive. The treasury stock method is used in determining the amount of Common Stock assumed to be issued from the exercise of Common Stock equivalents.
 Reclassification

 In 2024, the Company changed the presentation of freight expense on its consolidated statements of operations from selling, general and administrative expense to cost of goods sold, to better match freight expense with freight income. The change has been applied retrospectively to the consolidated financial statements for the prior periods presented in this Annual Report. The impact to the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is presented in the following table (in thousands). There was no impact on previously reported balances in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets or statements of cash flows.

 2023
 2022

 As Previously Reported
 As Adjusted
 Effect of Change
 As Previously Reported
 As Adjusted
 Effect of Change

 $
 183,253
 $
 193,813
 $
 10,560
 $
 217,853
 $
 231,852
 $
 13,999

 Gross profit
 138,855
 128,295
 ( 10,560)
 142,652
 128,653
 ( 13,999)

 57,073
 46,513
 ( 10,560)
 74,319
 60,320
 ( 13,999)

 Total operating expenses
 44,405
 33,845
 ( 10,560)
 12,587
 ( 1,412)
 ( 13,999)

 Operating income
 —
 130,065
 130,065
 —

 Net income
 —
 —

 Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Standards

 On November 4, 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires disclosures about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented on the face of the income statement as well as disclosures about selling expenses. The new guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Although the ASU requires comparative disclosures for all periods presented, entities will be permitted to begin applying the guidance prospectively. Therefore, comparative disclosures are not required for reporting periods beginning before the effective date. Entities can elect to apply this ASU retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the

 financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this ASU will have on its disclosures.

 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires public entities, on an annual basis, to disclose disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation, using both percentages and reporting currency amounts for specific standardized categories, as well as disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company expects to adopt this ASU prospectively for the annual period beginning on January 1, 2025.

 In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This ASU requires disclosure of incremental segment information, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expense categories and amounts for each reportable segment on an annual and interim basis. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The most significant provision of this standard requires the Company to disclose information about significant segment expenses and other segment items that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision-maker ("CODM"). The Company adopted this ASU retrospectively for the annual period beginning on January 1, 2024 and for interim periods beginning on January 1, 2025.

 3. BALANCE SHEET COMPONENTS
 Details of certain balance sheet items are presented below (in thousands):

 Inventory:

 Raw materials and manufacturing supplies
 $
 65,872
 $
 77,657

 Work in process

 Finished goods
 50,189
 67,771

 Total inventory
 $
 116,347
 $
 145,652

 Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets:

 Advance to vendors
 $
 2,471
 $
 3,197

 Prepaid insurance
 3,667
 5,567

 Prepaid value-added taxes
 2,552

 Short-term investments
 —
 5,519

 Income tax receivable
 11,091
 1,714

 Other
 3,392
 1,599

 Total prepaid expenses and other current assets
 $
 23,173
 $
 18,493

 Property, Plant and Equipment:

 Buildings
 $
 3,912
 $
 3,986

 Leasehold improvements
 2,975
 2,743

 Furniture and fixtures

 Machinery and equipment
 74,406
 63,202

 Vehicles
 4,317
 4,114

 Construction in progress
 9,721
 4,695

 Total property, plant and equipment, gross
 95,915
 79,256

 Less: Accumulated depreciation
 ( 31,138)
 ( 19,854)

 Total property, plant and equipment, net
 $
 64,777
 $
 59,402

 Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities:

 Accrued bonus
 $
 6,216
 $
 3,483

 Accrued salaries
 1,514
 2,336

 Accrued employee benefits
 1,381
 1,185

 Accrued interest
 8,448
 8,342

 Accrued purchases
 2,558
 2,072

 Accrued taxes
 3,185
 7,100

 Operating lease liabilities
 2,677
 2,146

 Finance lease liabilities

 Other
 3,739
 3,446

 Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities
 $
 30,450
 $
 30,710

 Depreciation expense related to property, plant and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $ 10.7 million, $ 9.8 million and $ 10.7 million, respectively, substantially all of which was presented in cost of goods sold in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

 4. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
 The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment are as follows (in thousands):

 Total

 Balance, December 31, 2022

 $
 860,319
 $
 171,141
 $
 1,031,460

 Foreign currency translation
 3,570
 1,249
 4,819

 Balance, December 31, 2023

 $
 863,889
 $
 172,390
 $
 1,036,279

 Foreign currency translation
 ( 11,135)
 ( 2,457)
 ( 13,592)

 Business combination(1)

 —
 11,856
 11,856

 Balance, December 31, 2024

 $
 852,754
 $
 181,789
 $
 1,034,543

 (1) On December 24, 2024, the Company acquired 100 % of the shares of IMS DE Holdings, LLC ("IMS"), which is included with the Company's Specialty Products segment. The acquisition was made to expand the Company's manufacturing capabilities. Based in Manchester, New Hampshire, IMS is a manufacturer of highly specialized printed circuit boards (PCBs). Consideration paid consisted of $ 32.8 million in cash, net of cash acquired, and there is no contingent consideration. The Company used the acquisition method of accounting for the transaction and has reflected the preliminary value of the acquired assets and liabilities assumed in the consolidated balance sheet, including accounts receivable, inventories, intangible assets, goodwill, and accounts payable. The preliminary acquisition date fair value of the technology and customer relationships was $ 7.1 million and $ 6.0 million, respectively. The Company used an income approach, the multi-period excess earnings method, to calculate the acquisition date fair value of the customer relationship intangible assets and the relief-from-royalty method to calculate the acquisition date fair value of the technology intangible asset. Goodwill of $ 11.9 million was recognized as a result of expected synergies, assembled workforce, and other intangible benefits, all of which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. Assumptions made by the Company in determining the preliminary acquisition date fair value related to revenue and gross profit projections, customer attrition rates, contributory asset charges, and the discount rate for the customer relationships, and revenue projections, a technology obsolescence rate, a royalty rate, and a discount rate for the technology. Certain of these inputs are not observable in the market and represent Level 3 measurements. The accounting is provisional as the Company is pending valuation of certain intangible assets and a net working capital settlement that is subject to final adjustment as the Company evaluates information during the measurement period. Acquisition-related costs, primarily consisting of legal and advisory fees, were recognized as an operating expense in the current period and were not material.

 Intangible assets and related accumulated amortization as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

 Estimated
Useful Life
(in years)
 Gross Value
 Impairment
 Foreign
Currency
Translation
 Accumulated
Amortization
 Net Book
Value

 Definite Lived Intangible Assets:

 Customer lists
 to
 $
 767,000
 $
 —
 $
 ( 10,659)
 $
 ( 118,596)
 $
 637,745

 Technology and patents
 to
 257,100
 ( 40,738)
 ( 4,187)
 ( 38,868)
 173,307

 Tradenames
 to
 104,500
 —
 ( 1,393)
 ( 15,742)
 87,365

 Balance, December 31, 2024

 $
 1,128,600
 $
 ( 40,738)
 $
 ( 16,239)
 $
 ( 173,206)
 $
 898,417

 Estimated
Useful Life
(in years)
 Gross Value
 Impairment
 Foreign
Currency
Translation
 Accumulated
Amortization
 Net Book
Value

 Definite Lived Intangible Assets:

 Customer lists
 $
 761,000
 $
 —
 $
 ( 5,294)
 $
 ( 80,920)
 $
 674,786

 Technology and patents
 250,000
 ( 40,738)
 ( 2,096)
 ( 26,513)
 180,653

 Tradenames
 101,000
 —
 ( 691)
 ( 10,741)
 89,568

 Balance, December 31, 2023

 $
 1,112,000
 $
 ( 40,738)
 $
 ( 8,081)
 $
 ( 118,174)
 $
 945,007

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, due to a downward revision in the revenue forecast related to a contingent earn-out eligible fire retardant product acquired by the Company in May 2020 during the purchase of LaderaTech, Inc. ("LaderaTech"), the Company determined that the $ 40.7 million in carrying value of the technology underlying the contingent earn-out eligible fire retardant product is no longer recoverable. As a result, during the year ended December 31, 2023 the Company recorded an impairment of $ 40.7 million in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
 Amortization expense for definite-lived intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $ 55.0 million, $ 55.1 million and $ 55.1 million, respectively.
 Estimated annual amortization expense of intangible assets for the five years subsequent to December 31, 2024 and thereafter is as follows (in thousands):

 Years Ending December 31:

 Amount

 2025
 $

 2026

 2027

 2028

 2029

 Thereafter
 623,367

 Total
 $
 898,417

 5. LEASES
 The following table presents assets and liabilities for leases as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

 2024

 2023

 Assets

 Operating lease right-of-use assets
 $
 17,298
 $
 16,339

 Finance lease right-of-use assets
 6,173
 6,064

 Total lease assets
 $
 23,471
 $
 22,403

 Liabilities

 Operating lease liabilities:

 Current (included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities)
 $
 2,677
 $
 2,146

 Non-current
 15,540
 14,908

 Total operating lease liabilities
 18,217
 17,054

 Finance lease liabilities:

 Current (included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities)

 Non-current
 6,013
 5,547

 Total finance lease liabilities
 6,745
 6,147

 Total lease liabilities
 $
 24,962
 $
 23,201

 Lease cost for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

 2024

 2023

 Operating lease cost (1)

 $
 3,463
 $
 4,396

 Finance lease cost:

 Amortization of right-of-use assets
 1,080

 Interest on lease liabilities

 Total lease cost
 $
 5,070
 $
 5,248

 Reported in:

 $
 4,484
 $
 4,777

 Total lease cost
 $
 5,070
 $
 5,248

 (1)Operating lease cost does not include short-term leases or variable costs, all of which are immaterial.
 As of December 31, 2024 the weighted-average remaining lease term of operating and finance leases were approximately 7.8 years and 6.3 years, respectively, and the weighted-average discount rates applied were 6.8 % and 7.6 %, respectively.

 Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

 2024

 2023

 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:

 Operating cash flows for operating leases
 $
 3,278
 $
 4,182

 Operating cash flows for finance leases

 Financing cash flows for finance leases

 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations:

 Operating leases
 $
 3,479
 $
 4,492

 Finance leases
 6,381

 Net change in operating right-of-use assets due to lease modifications resulting in reclassification of leases from operating to finance
 $
 ( 34)
 $
 ( 1,514)

 As of December 31, 2024, the estimated future minimum payment obligations for non-cancelable operating leases and finance leases are as follows (in thousands):

 Years Ending December 31,

 Operating Leases
 Finance Leases

 2025
 $
 3,669
 $
 1,215

 2026
 3,320
 1,105

 2027
 3,157

 2028
 2,477
 1,632

 2029
 2,471

 Thereafter
 8,648
 3,291

 Total lease payments
 23,742
 9,174

 Less: imputed interest
 ( 5,525)
 ( 2,429)

 Present value of lease liabilities
 $
 18,217
 $
 6,745

 6. LONG-TERM DEBT AND PREFERRED STOCK
 Long-term debt consists of the following (in thousands):

 Senior Notes
 $
 675,000
 $
 675,000

 Less: unamortized debt issuance costs
 ( 7,226)
 ( 8,506)

 Long-term debt, net
 $
 667,774
 $
 666,494

 Maturities of long-term debt as of December 31, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):

 Years Ending December 31,

 Amount

 2025
 $
 —

 2026
 —

 2027
 —

 2028
 —

 2029
 675,000

 Thereafter
 —

 Total
 $
 675,000

 Revolving Credit Facility
 Perimeter Holdings, LLC's, a Delaware limited liability company ("Perimeter Holdings"), five-year Revolving Credit Facility, (the "Revolving Credit Facility") provides for a senior secured Revolving Credit Facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $ 100.0 million.
 The Revolving Credit Facility matures on November 9, 2026. The Revolving Credit Facility includes a $ 20.0 million swingline sub-facility and a $ 25.0 million letter of credit sub-facility. The Revolving Credit Facility allows the Company to increase commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility up to an aggregate amount not to exceed the greater of (i) $ 143.0 million and (ii) 100.00 % of consolidated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") for the most recent four-quarter period (minus the aggregate outstanding principal amount of certain ratio debt permitted to be incurred thereunder). All borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility are subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions, including the absence of a default and the accuracy of representations and warranties, subject to customary exceptions.

 Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to (i) an applicable margin, plus (ii) at Perimeter Holdings option, either (x) Secured Overnight Financing Rate for the applicable corresponding tenor ("Term SOFR") as published by CME Group Benchmark Administration, adjusted for certain additional costs or (y) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (a) the prime commercial lending rate published by the Wall Street Journal, (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.50 %, (c) the one-month Term SOFR rate plus 1.00 % and (d) a minimum floor of 1.00 %. The applicable margin is 3.25 % in the case of Term SOFR-based loans and 2.25 % in the case of base rate-based loans, with two step downs of 0.25 % each based upon the achievement of certain leverage ratios.
 Solely to the extent that on the last day of the applicable fiscal year, the utilization of the Revolving Credit Facility (excluding cash collateralized letters of credit and up to $ 10.0 million of undrawn letters of credit) exceeds 40 % of the aggregate commitments, the Revolving Credit Facility requires compliance on a quarterly basis with a maximum secured net leverage ratio of 7.50:1.00.
 The Revolving Credit Facility is fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Company and each of Perimeter Holdings existing and future wholly-owned material restricted subsidiaries, subject to customary exceptions, and is secured by a first priority lien, subject to certain permitted liens, on substantially all of Perimeter Holdings's and each of the guarantors' existing and future property and assets, subject to customary exceptions.

 Deferred financing costs incurred in connection with securing the Revolving Credit Facility are carried as a long-term asset and are amortized on a straight-line over the term of the Revolving Credit Facility and included in interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did no t have any outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility and was in compliance with all covenants, including the financial covenants.
 Senior Notes
 Perimeter Holdings has $ 675.0 million, principal amount of 5.00 % senior secured notes due October 30, 2029 ("Senior Notes"). The Senior Notes bear interest at an annual rate of 5.00 %. Interest on the Senior Notes is payable in cash semi-annually in arrears on April 30 and October 30 of each year.

 The Senior Notes are general, secured, senior obligations of Perimeter Holdings; rank equally in right of payment with all existing and future senior indebtedness of Perimeter Holdings (including, without limitation, the Revolving Credit Facility); and together with the Revolving Credit Facility, are effectively senior to all existing and future indebtedness of Perimeter Holdings that is not secured by the collateral. The Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior secured basis, jointly and severally, by all of Perimeter Holdings' existing or future restricted subsidiaries (other than certain excluded subsidiaries) that guarantee the Revolving Credit Facility. The Senior Notes contain certain covenants limiting the Company's ability and the ability of the restricted subsidiaries (as defined in the indenture governing the Senior Notes) to, under certain circumstances, prepay subordinated indebtedness, pay distributions, redeem stock or make certain restricted investments; incur indebtedness; create liens on Perimeter Holdings assets to secure debt; restrict dividends, distributions or other payments; enter into transactions with affiliates; designate subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries; sell or otherwise transfer or dispose of assets, including equity interests of restricted subsidiaries; effect a consolidation or merger; and change the Company's line of business. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company was in compliance with financial covenants.
 Deferred financing costs incurred in connection with securing the Senior Notes were capitalized and are amortized using the effective interest method over the term of the Senior Notes and included in interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The unamortized portion of the deferred financing costs is included as a reduction to the carrying value of the Senior Notes which have been recorded as long-term debt, net on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024, and 2023,
 Redeemable Preferred Shares/Preferred Stock

 Upon completion of the Redomiciliation Transaction on November 20, 2024 the previously issued 10 million redeemable preferred shares of Perimeter Solutions, SA (the "Lux Preferred Shares"), nominal value $ 10.00 per share, valued at $ 100.0 million, automatically converted by operation of law on a one -for-one basis into shares of preferred stock of Perimeter Solutions, Inc. par value $ 0.0001 per share (the "Preferred Stock"), stated value $ 100.0 million. The Certificate of Incorporation authorizes the issuance of 20 million shares of Preferred Stock which are entitled to a preferred annual cumulative right to a dividend equal to 6.50 % of its nominal value. The preferred dividend will be paid 40.00 % in cash and 60.00 % in kind each year within three business days following the Company's annual general meeting. Holders of the Preferred Stock have no voting rights (only protective rights).
 The Company, under its Certificate of Incorporation, is mandatorily required to redeem the Preferred Stock at any time prior to the earliest of (i) six months following the latest maturity date of the above-mentioned Senior Notes, (ii) nine years after the date of issuance of the Preferred Stock or (iii) upon the occurrence of a change of control, as defined in the Company's Certificate of Incorporation.
 Due to the fact that the shares of Preferred Stock are mandatorily redeemable, the shares of Preferred Stock are classified as a liability on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, and $ 7.1 million, $ 6.8 million and $ 6.5 million of dividends on these shares of Preferred Stock for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, are classified as interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

 The shares of Preferred Stock have an aggregate liquidation preference of $ 100.0 million, plus any accrued and unpaid dividends thereon and are senior to the Company's Common Stock with respect to dividends and with respect to dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the Company. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the redemption price was $ 112.8 million and $ 108.6 million, respectively.

 7. INCOME TAXES

 Redomiciliation Transaction

 On November 20, 2024, the Redomiciliation Transaction was consummated resulting in a change in domicile for the Company from Luxembourg to the U.S. Following the Redomiciliation Transaction, the Company is subject to U.S. corporate income tax and will file consolidated income tax returns with its U.S. subsidiaries for its U.S. federal and various state government return obligations. The Redomiciliation Transaction resulted in the recognition of a U.S. deferred tax asset for deferred compensation, the removal of deferred taxes on undistributed U.S. earnings, and the removal of various Luxembourg deferred taxes and corresponding valuation allowance.
 Income Tax Expense
 The Company's income tax benefit (expense) consisted of the following components (in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Current:

 Luxembourg
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 U.S. Federal
 ( 36,605)
 ( 7,178)
 ( 13,561)

 U.S. state and local
 ( 13,249)
 ( 1,485)
 ( 5,453)

 Other foreign jurisdictions
 ( 8,745)
 ( 11,250)
 ( 3,455)

 Total current
 ( 58,599)
 ( 19,913)
 ( 22,469)

 Deferred:

 U.S. Federal
 81,253
 20,584
 11,029

 U.S. state and local
 17,394
 4,886
 5,397

 Other foreign jurisdictions

 Total deferred
 99,557
 25,816
 17,000

 Total income tax benefit (expense)
 $
 40,958
 $
 5,903
 $
 ( 5,469)

 The Company's (loss) income before income taxes consists of the following components (in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Luxembourg
 $
 ( 244,594)
 $
 85,705
 $
 81,308

 U.S.
 170,922
 ( 61,995)
 9,063

 Other foreign jurisdictions
 26,809
 37,873
 6,856

 Total (loss) income before taxes
 $
 ( 46,863)
 $
 $
 97,227

 The total provision for income taxes can be reconciled to the tax computed at the Company's statutory tax rate in the country of domicile (United States for 2024 and Luxembourg for 2023 and 2022) as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 National statutory tax rate
 21.00
 %
 24.94
 %
 24.94
 %

 Increase/(reduction) in income tax rate:

 U.S. state and local income taxes, net
 14.39
 ( 6.35)
 ( 0.14)

 Effect of rates different from statutory
 17.60
 4.50
 0.36

 Nondeductible officer compensation
 ( 5.19)
 0.04
 1.59

 Tax on undistributed earnings
 22.53
 3.55
 3.73

 Section 250 deduction
 0.67
 ( 0.59)
 ( 0.71)

 Nontaxable gain/loss on earn-out liability
 —
 ( 2.48)
 ( 2.71)

 Founders advisory fees
 29.48
 ( 48.09)
 ( 30.09)

 Tax rate changes
 0.67
 ( 0.15)
 ( 0.94)

 Changes in prior year estimates
 0.78
 3.38
 ( 1.95)

 Write-off of deferred taxes in exited jurisdiction
 ( 57.72)
 —
 —

 Change in valuation allowance
 45.34
 11.58
 10.90

 Other, net
 ( 2.15)
 0.08
 0.64

 Effective tax rate
 87.40
 %
 ( 9.59)
 %
 5.62
 %

 Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
 Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax reporting. Significant portions of the Company's deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

 Deferred Tax Assets:

 Net operating loss carryforwards
 $
 1,684
 $
 22,185

 Inventories

 Interest
 7,263

 5,211
 3,490

 Lease liabilities
 4,141
 4,368

 Deferred compensation
 79,413
 —

 Other
 5,598
 4,538

 Valuation allowance
 ( 1,957)
 ( 23,315)

 Total deferred tax assets
 94,267
 19,016

 Deferred Tax Liabilities:

 Property, plant and equipment
 ( 10,362)
 ( 10,560)

 Goodwill and other intangibles
 ( 230,290)
 ( 245,359)

 Undistributed earnings
 ( 1,183)
 ( 11,824)

 Right-of-use assets
 ( 3,965)
 ( 4,211)

 Other
 ( 370)
 ( 516)

 Total deferred tax liabilities
 ( 246,170)
 ( 272,470)

 Net deferred tax liability
 $
 ( 151,903)
 $
 ( 253,454)

 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had no recognized net operating loss carryforwards in the U.S. and Luxembourg. The Company has other foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $ 6.7 million, of which, the majority can be carried forward indefinitely.

 In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more-likely- than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. The Company considers the scheduled reversal of existing deferred tax liabilities (including the impact of available carryback and carryforward periods), projected future taxable income, and tax-planning strategies in making this assessment. While the Company expects to realize the remaining net deferred tax assets, changes in future taxable income or in tax laws may alter this expectation and result in future changes to the valuation allowance.
 The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 primarily relates to net operating loss and interest deduction limitation carryforwards that, in the judgment of the Company, are not more-likely-than-not to be realized. The change in valuation allowance for deferred tax assets for the year ending December 31, 2024 was a net decrease of $ 21.4 million.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company has provided deferred taxes of $ 1.2 million associated with withholding taxes on accumulated undistributed earnings generated by foreign subsidiaries. Earnings of countries within the European Union would be subject to zero withholding tax on future distributions of unremitted earnings. The Company continues to assert permanent reinvestment of the remaining undistributed earnings for which deferred taxes have not been provided for as of December 31, 2024. The computation of the potential deferred tax liability associated with these undistributed earnings is not practicable. If there are policy changes, the Company would record the applicable taxes in the period of change.
 Uncertain Tax Benefits
 The Company evaluates its tax positions and recognizes only tax benefits that, more likely than not, will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than 50.0% likelihood of being realized upon settlement. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 the Company had $ 23.2 million of uncertain tax positions that, if recognized, would not affect the effective tax rate. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions and no amounts had been recognized in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
 The following table summarizes the activity related to the Company's unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 23,245
 $
 36,257

 Increase in prior years' tax positions
 —
 20,572

 Decrease in prior years' tax positions
 —
 ( 33,584)

 Balance at end of year
 $
 23,245
 $
 23,245

 The Company files income tax returns in Luxembourg, U.S. federal and state jurisdictions, and other foreign jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2024, tax years 2021 through 2023 are subject to examination by the tax authorities in the U.S.

 8. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
 Legal Proceedings
 The Company is involved in various claims, actions, and legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, including a number of matters related to the aqueous film forming foam litigation consolidated in the District of South Carolina multi-district litigation and other similar matters pending in other jurisdictions in the United States. The Company's exposure to losses, if any, is not considered probable or reasonably estimable at this time.
 Commitments
 The Company does not have any material unconditional purchase obligations a s of December 31, 2024.

 9. EQUITY
 Ordinary Shares/Common Stock

 Prior to the Redomiciliation Transaction on November 20, 2024 of Perimeter Solutions, SA ("Perimeter Luxembourg") the total share capital was $ 4,100.0 million, consisting of 4,000.0 million Ordinary Shares, with a nominal value of $ 1.00 per share and 10.0 million Redeemable Preferred Shares with a nominal value of $ 10.00 per share. Each ordinary share entitled the holder thereof to one vote.

 Upon consummation of the Redomiciliation Transaction, total share capital was unchanged. However, each of Perimeter Luxembourg's issued (i) ordinary shares, with a nominal value of $ 1.00 per share (the "Lux Ordinary Shares") and (ii) redeemable preferred shares, with a nominal value of $ 10.00 each (the "Lux Preferred Shares"), automatically converted by operation of law on a one -for-one basis into (i) shares of common stock of the Company, par value $ 0.0001 per share (the "Common Stock"), and (ii) shares of preferred stock of the Company, par value $ 0.0001 per share (the "Preferred Stock"), respectively, in accordance with the terms of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company.
 Due to the fact that the shares of Preferred Stock are mandatorily redeemable, the Preferred Stock is classified as a liability on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 6, "Long-Term Debt and Preferred Stock" for additional information about the Redeemable Preferred Shares.
 The Company's board of directors (the "Board") is authorized, up to the maximum amount of the authorized capital, to (i) increase the issued share capital in one or several tranches by way of issuance of Common Stock or Preferred Stock with such rights as freely determined by the Board at its discretion, with or without share premium, against payment in cash or in kind, by conversion of claims on the Company or in any other manner (ii) issue subscription and/or conversion rights in relation to new shares or instruments within the limits of the authorized capital under the terms and conditions of warrants (which may be separate or linked to shares), bonds, notes or similar instruments issued by the Company, (iii) determine the place and date of the issue or successive issues, the issue price, the terms and conditions of the subscription of and paying up on the new shares and instruments and (iv) remove or limit the statutory preferential subscription right of the shareholders and of the holders of instruments issued by the Company that entitle them to a preferential subscription right.
 As of December 31, 2024, there were 169,426,114 and 147,822,633 shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding, respectively.

 On May 23, 2024, subject to certain limits, the shareholders of the Company approved a proposal authorizing the Board to repurchase up to 25 % of the Company's Common Stock outstanding as of the date of the shareholders' approval, being 36,310,028 shares at any time during the next five years. As a result of the Redomiciliation Transaction on November 20, 2024, the Company is no longer required to obtain shareholder approval for further share repurchase authorizations. The Board had re-established the limit for share repurchases at $ 100.0 million on February 21, 2024, which is within the repurchase limit approved by the Company's shareholders' on May 23, 2024.
 The approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be repurchased under the Share Repurchase Plan was $ 97.2 million as of December 31, 2024. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company repurchased 2,988,291 and 12,178,454 shares, respectively, under its Share Repurchase Plan. The repurchased shares are recorded at cost and are being held in treasury.
 Warrants
 In connection with the Business Combination, 34,020,000 Warrants issued and outstanding on the Closing Date were converted into the right to purchase Ordinary Shares, entitling the holder thereof to purchase one-fourth of one Ordinary Share at an exercise price of $ 12.00 per whole Ordinary Share. The Warrant subscription period ended on November 11, 2024.

 During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company received $ 0.5 million for 176,460 Warrant exercises and issued 44,115 Ordinary Shares. During the year ended December 31, 2024 the Company received $ 23.5 million for 32,907,728 Warrant exercises and issued 2,601,455 Ordinary Shares. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were zero and 33,843,440 Warrants issued and outstanding, respectively.

 10. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION AND EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
 2021 Equity Plan
 A total of 31,900,000 shares of Common Stock are authorized and reserved for issuance under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2021 Equity Plan") which provides for the grant of stock options (either incentive or non-qualified), stock appreciation rights ("SARs"), restricted stock, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), performance shares, performance share units and other share-based awards with respect to the Common Stock. Shares associated with underlying awards that are expired, forfeited, or otherwise terminated without the delivery of shares, or are settled in cash, and any shares tendered to or withheld by the Company for the payment of an exercise price or for tax withholding will again be available for issuance under the 2021 Equity Plan.
 The Company has granted PBNQSO to its executive officers, non-employee directors and other members of senior management under the 2021 Equity Plan. The exercise prices of the outstanding PBNQSO range from $ 2.94 to $ 13.24 per share and consist of two types of vesting criteria. Of the aggregate number of PBNQSO granted, 245,004 PBNQSO were eligible to vest based on the achievement of certain performance goals for fiscal year 2021 (the "Bridge Options"), 5,639,500 PBNQSO were eligible to vest based on the achievement of certain performance goals for fiscal year 2024, and the remaining 9,249,667 PBNQSO outstanding are eligible to vest based on the achievement of AOP during the 5 year vesting period from the grant date. For unvested PBNQSO grants through December 31, 2024, the remaining vesting period ranges from fiscal year 2025 through fiscal year 2028. The PBNQSO expire ten years from the grant date.
 The Bridge Options vested and became exercisable upon (i) the Company achieving an Adjusted EBITDA target of $ 136.0 million for fiscal year 2021; and (ii) the recipient remaining in continuous service through the first anniversary of the grant date. As of December 31, 2024, all the Bridge Options are vested and available to exercise.

 2023 Options Modification
 On February 14, 2023 and to be effective prospectively, the compensation committee approved the elimination of "Unusual or Nonrecurring Transactions or Events" provision in the PBNQSO agreement whereby it could make certain adjustments to operational performance criteria "for unusual or nonrecurring transactions or events affecting the Company or the financial statements of the Company." This provision had precluded the establishment of a grant date on the date when PBNQSO were awarded in accordance with the technical requirements under Topic 718.
 On March 8, 2023, in connection with changes in the Company's leadership structure, it amended the performance terms and conditions of the outstanding 5-Year Options previously granted to its former chief executive officer (the "Executive") whereby 50 % of such outstanding options eligible to vest in each of fiscal years from 2023 through 2026 would remain subject to the existing performance terms and conditions. The remaining 50 % of such outstanding options would be eligible to vest in such fiscal years subject to the performance terms and conditions related to the Executive's position and duties as Vice Chairman. For these remaining 50 % of outstanding options, the Company's compensation committee will establish performance goals and communicate them to the Executive and assess achievement annually. For accounting purposes, the Company will recognize compensation expense related to these remaining 50 % of outstanding options when the specified performance goal for future periods have been established and communicated to the Executive.
 In March 2023, based on the Company's performance for 2022, its compensation committee verified and determined the AOP for the 2022 tranche of the 5-Year Option to be $ 8.39. As a result, it was determined that a mutual understanding of the key terms and conditions for the 2022 tranche had been ascertained and the grant date was therefore established. The cumulative compensation expense for the 2022 tranche was adjusted based on the fair value calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model at the grant date. As the AOP for the 2022 tranche was below the minimum vesting AOP target of $ 11.35 employees separated from the Company through the date of determination of the 2022 AOP relinquished 240,000 options retained by them relating the 2022 tranche and such options were cancelled by the Company.
 On the Options Modification Date, the Company modified certain terms in the PBNQSO agreements as noted below:
 • eliminated a term that provided discretion to the compensation committee to make certain adjustments on how AOP against the performance target will be measured with respect to the grants made prior to the 2023 modification event;
 • eliminated the two-year look-back and two-year look-forward for excess AOP;

 • adjusted the minimum and maximum AOP growth targets from 13.5 % and 23.5 % to 10 % and 20 %, respectively;
 • added of cumulative vesting term, under which if the maximum AOP target was achieved in an option performance year, (including in any one of the two years immediately following the fifth and final year of the option term), any number of unvested options that were eligible to vest in all prior performance years, will be eligible to vest based on AOP calculated in such option performance year;
 • added an alternative vesting provision if the market price of the Company's Common Stock is more than twice the exercise price for a sustained period of time commencing in the third fiscal year after option grant; and
 • made certain clarifying and other changes.
 The above modifications affected all of the outstanding Prior Option Grants and Pre Modification 2023 Option Grants and there was no incremental share-based compensation expense as a result of modifications.
 In the prior year, the Company had 2,175,000 Pre Modification 2023 Option Grants and 405,000 Post Modification 2023 Option Grants that vest based on the achievement of certain performance goals for fiscal years 2023-2027 to employees and non-employees. For the Pre Modification 2023 Option Grants, the Company estimated the grant date fair value, and the resulting share-based compensation expense, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. For the Post Modification 2023 Option Grants, the Company estimated the grant date fair value, and the resulting share-based compensation expense, using the Hull-White model. The Company recognized compensation costs related to the PBNQSO granted in 2023 based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant.
 The Company records forfeitures as they are incurred. The grant date fair value of the PBNQSO is expensed proportionately for each tranche over the applicable service period. The fair value of performance-based stock options is recognized as compensation expense beginning at the time in which the performance conditions are deemed probable of achievement, over the remaining applicable service period.
 The Company's chief executive officer, ("CEO") and business director, North America Retardant and Services, are required to hold a minimum level of personal investment of $ 2.2 million and $ 1.5 million, respectively, in Common Stock pursuant to stock retention guidelines attached to their respective PBNQSO agreement. The aggregate value may include the fair market value of shares associated with underlying options over the exercise price, but half of the value must be attributable to Common Stock held by each officer. Each officer will have five years after grant date to comply with these requirements.
 The table below summarizes the PBNQSO activity:

 Number of Options
 Weighted-Average
 Exercise/Conversion
 Price

 Weighted-Average
Remaining Contractual
Life (years)
 Aggregate
Intrinsic Value

 Outstanding at December 31, 2023

 11,244,171
 $
 9.30

 Granted
 4,655,000
 $
 6.43

 Exercised
 —
 $
 —

 Forfeited
 ( 525,000)
 $
 7.40

 Cancelled
 ( 240,000)
 $
 8.63

 Outstanding at December 31, 2024

 15,134,171
 $
 8.49
 7.85
 $
 66,389

 Options vested and exercisable
 5,884,504
 $
 9.28
 7.30
 $
 20,662

 The assumptions used to fair value the PBNQSO granted during the year ended December 31, 2024 using the Hull-White model were as follows:

 Year Ended December 31, 2024

 Dividend yield
 —
 %

 Risk-free interest rate
 3.72 % to 4.42 %

 Expected volatility
 39.00 % to 44.00 %

 Expected life (years)
 10.00

 Suboptimal exercise multiple
 2.5

 Drift rate
 3.72 % to 4.42 %

 Weighted average exercise price of options granted
 $
 6.43

 Weighted average fair value of options granted
 $
 3.45

 Share-based compensation expense recognized by the Company during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 and 2022 was $ 12.8 million, $ 1.6 million and $ 14.6 million, respectively. The total tax benefit recognized during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 and 2022 related to non-cash share-based compensation expense was $ 0.2 million, $ 0.8 million and $ 1.5 million, respectively. Compensation expense is recognized based upon probability assessments of achieving the AOP targets determined using estimated EBITDA, net debt and diluted shares for PBNQSO that are expected to vest in future periods. Such probability assessments are subject to revision and, therefore, unrecognized compensation expense is subject to future changes in estimate. As of December 31, 2024, there was approximately $ 17.0 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested PBNQSO expected to vest, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.
 Founder Advisory Amounts
 As discussed in Note 12, Related Parties, following the Business Combination, the Company assumed, and agreed to pay, perform, satisfy and discharge in full, all of EverArc's liabilities and obligations under the key terms and conditions of the Founder Advisory Agreement previously executed between EverArc and EverArc Founder Entity.
 The fair value of the Fixed Annual Advisory Amount is calculated based on the 10-day volume weighted average price of the Company's Common Stock. The fair value of the Variable Annual Advisory Amount is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation because of the market condition (i.e., achievement of a specified share price) associated with this award. For Advisory Amounts classified within equity, the Company does not subsequently remeasure the fair value. For the Advisory Amounts classified as a liability, the Company remeasures the fair value at each reporting date. The key inputs into the Monte Carlo simulation model for the Variable Annual Advisory Amounts were as follows at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

 December 31, 2022

 Dividend yield
 —
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 Risk-free interest rate
 4.43
 %
 3.84
 %
 3.87
 %

 Expected volatility
 49.50
 %
 48.10
 %
 43.10
 %

 Expected life (years)
 7.00
 8.00
 9.00

 10-day volume weighted average share price
 $
 12.85
 $
 4.51
 $
 8.86

 All of the Founder Advisory Amounts are vested. Compensation expense recorded by the Company in the future will depend upon changes in the fair value of the liability-classified Advisory Amounts. See Note 12, Related Parties, for additional information related to the Founders Advisory Amounts.
 Savings and Investment Plans
 The Company sponsors a savings and investment plan under which a portion of employee contributions are matched. The Company made matching contributions of $ 1.3 million in each of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

 11. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
 Fair Value Measurement
 The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of their maturities. Borrowings under the Company's Revolving Credit Facility accrue interest at a floating rate tied to a standard short-term borrowing index, selected at the Company's option, plus an applicable margin. The carrying amount of this floating rate debt approximates fair value based upon the respective interest rates adjusting with market rate adjustments. The carrying amount of the Company's Preferred Stock equals the redemption price, which approximates fair value. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the estimated fair value of the Company's Senior Notes, calculated using Level 2 inputs, based on bid prices obtained from a broker was approximately $ 629.5 million and $ 587.9 million, respectively.
 The Company uses valuation approaches that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company determines fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in one of the following levels:
 • Level 1 inputs: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date.
 • Level 2 inputs: Other than quoted prices in Level 1 inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
 • Level 3 inputs: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date.
 Liabilities by Hierarchy Level
 The following tables set forth the Company's liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis during the period, by level, within the fair value hierarchy for the periods ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

 Fair Value Measurements Using:

 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Total

 Liabilities:

 $
 52,098
 $
 —
 $
 194,662
 $
 246,760

 Liabilities:

 $
 23,972
 $
 —
 $
 35,647
 $
 59,619

 The fair value of the founders advisory fees payable is based on the market price of Common Stock if such market price exceeds certain trading price minimums at the end of each reporting period and is valued using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the fair value of the underlying Common Stock, the risk-free interest rate, the expected equity volatility, and the expected term of the Founder Advisory Agreement. See Note 10, "Share-Based Compensation" for discussion of the fair value estimation on the founders advisory fees payable.

 Changes in Level 3 Liabilities
 A roll forward of Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis is as follows (in thousands):

 Founders Advisory Fees Payable - Related Party
 LaderaTech
Contingent Earn-out

 Balance, December 31, 2021

 $
 251,513
 $
 19,979

 Settlements
 ( 40,776)
 —

 Reclassification from liability to equity
 ( 10,495)
 —

 Founders advisory fees - related party, change in fair value
 ( 81,752)
 —

 Gain on contingent earn-out, change in fair value
 —
 ( 12,706)

 Balance, December 31, 2022

 118,490
 7,273

 Founders advisory fees - related party, change in fair value
 ( 82,843)
 —

 Gain on contingent earn-out, change in fair value
 —
 ( 7,273)

 Balance, December 31, 2023

 35,647
 —

 Founders advisory fees - related party, change in fair value
 159,015
 —

 Balance, December 31, 2024

 $
 194,662
 $
 —

 12. RELATED PARTIES
 In exchange for the services provided to the Company, including strategic and capital allocation advice, the EverArc Founder Entity is entitled to receive both a Fixed Annual Advisory Amount and the Variable Annual Advisory Amount from the Company, each as described below:
 • Fixed Annual Advisory Amount. Effective November 9, 2021 through December 31, 2027, the Fixed Annual Advisory Amount will be equal to 2,357,061 shares of Common Stock ( 1.5 % of the 157,137,410 shares of Common Stock, the Founder Advisory Agreement Calculation Number).
 • Variable Annual Advisory Amount. Effective November 9, 2021 through December 31, 2031, and once the average price per share of Common Stock is at least $ 10.00, the Variable Annual Advisory Amount will be equal in value to:
 • in the first year in which the Variable Annual Advisory Amount is payable, (x) 18 % of the increase in the market value of one share of the Company's Common Stock over $ 10.00 (such increase in market value, the "Payment Price") multiplied by (y) 157,137,410 shares of Common Stock, the Founder Advisory Agreement Calculation Number; and
 • in the following years in which the Variable Annual Advisory Amount may be payable (if at all), (x) 18 % of the increase in Payment Price over the previous year Payment Price multiplied by (y) 157,137,410 shares of Common Stock, the Founder Advisory Agreement Calculation Number.
 The Founder Advisory Agreement can be terminated at any time (i) by the EverArc Founder Entity if the Company ceases to be traded on the NYSE; or (ii) by the EverArc Founder Entity or the Company if there is (A) a Sale of the Company (as defined in the Founder Advisory Agreement) or (B) a liquidation of the Company.
 The Company calculates the fair value of the Fixed Annual Advisory Amount using the average price of Common Stock and used a Monte Carlo simulation model to calculate the fair value of the Variable Annual Advisory Amount. The Advisory Amounts may be settled by paying up to 50 % in cash, recorded as a liability, with the remaining percentage settled in Common Stock. While the entire instrument is subject to the fair value calculation described above, the amount classified and recorded as equity remains consistent while the amount classified and recorded as a liability is updated each period. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized an increase/(decrease) in the compensation expense related to the founders advisory fees payable - related party due to an increase/(decrease) in fair value for liability-classified Advisory Amounts of $ 198.3 million and $( 108.5) million, respectively, primarily due to changes in share price of the Company's Common Stock.

 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the fair value of the Fixed Annual Advisory Amount for the remaining term was calculated to be $ 90.8 million and $ 42.5 million, respectively, based on the period end volume weighted average closing share price for ten consecutive trading days of Common Stock of $ 12.85 and Ordinary Shares of $ 4.51, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the fair value of the Variable Annual Advisory Amount, determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model, was $ 389.3 million and $ 71.3 million, respectively.
 For 2024, the average price was $ 12.85 per share of Common Stock. The EverArc Founder Entity is entitled to receive the Fixed Annual Advisory Amount of 2,357,061 shares of Common Stock or a value of $ 30.3 million, based on average price of $ 12.85 per share of Common Stock (the "2024 Fixed Amount"). The EverArc Founder Entity did not qualify to receive Variable Annual Advisory Amount for 2024 as the average price of $ 12.85 per Common Share for 2023 was lower than the average price of $ 13.63 per Common Share established in 2021. Per the Founder Advisory Agreement, the EverArc Founder Entity elected to receive approximately 78 % of the 2024 Fixed Amount in Common Shares ( 1,837,304 Common Shares) and approximately 22 % of the 2024 Fixed Amount in cash $ 6.7 million). On February 18, 2025, the Company issued 1,837,304 Common Shares and paid $ 6.7 million in cash in satisfaction of the 2024 Fixed Amount.
 For 2023, the average price was $ 4.51 per Ordinary Share. The EverArc Founder Entity was entitled to receive the Fixed Annual Advisory Amount of 2,357,061 Ordinary Shares or a value of $ 10.6 million, based on average price of $ 4.51 per Ordinary Share (the "2023 Fixed Amount"). The EverArc Founder Entity did not qualify to receive Variable Annual Advisory Amount for 2023 as the average price of $ 4.51 per Ordinary Share for 2023 was lower than the average price of $ 13.63 per Ordinary Share established for 2021. Per the Founder Advisory Agreement, the EverArc Founder Entity elected to receive approximately 75 % of the 2023 Fixed Amount in Ordinary Shares ( 1,758,464 Ordinary Shares) and approximately 25 % of the 2023 Fixed Amount in cash ($ 2.7 million). On February 15, 2024, the Company issued 1,758,464 Ordinary Shares and paid $ 2.7 million in cash in satisfaction of the 2023 Fixed Amount.
 Subject to certain limited exceptions, the EverArc Founder Entity's liability for losses in connection with the services provided is excluded and the Company will have agreed to indemnify the EverArc Founder Entity and its affiliates in relation to certain liabilities incurred in connection with acts or omissions by or on behalf of the Company or the EverArc Founder Entity. If the Founder Advisory Agreement is terminated under (i) or (ii)(A), the Company will pay the EverArc Founder Entity an amount in cash equal to: (a) the Fixed Annual Advisory Amount for the year in which termination occurs and for each remaining year of the term of the agreement, in each case at the Payment Price; and (b) the Variable Annual Advisory Amount that would have been payable for the year of termination and for each remaining year of the term of the agreement. In each case the Payment Price in the year of termination will be calculated on the basis of the Payment Year ending on the trading day immediately prior to the date of termination, save that in the event of a Sale of the Company, the Payment Price will be calculated on the basis of the amount paid by the relevant third party (or cash equivalent if such amount is not paid in cash). For each remaining year of the term of the agreement the Payment Price in each case will increase by 15 % each year. No account will be taken of any Payment Price in any year preceding the termination when calculating amounts due on termination. Payment will be immediately due and payable on the date of termination of the Founder Advisory Agreement.
 Notwithstanding that the Fixed and Variable Advisory Amounts will be paid out over three years and seven years, respectively, the Company has accrued the full amount of the payments because, the Company has incurred an obligation equal to the present value of the entire amount of both the Fixed and Variable Annual Advisory Amounts.

 13. REVENUE RECOGNITION
 Disaggregation of revenues
 Amounts recognized at a point in time primarily relate to products sold whereas amounts recognized over time primarily relate to services associated with the full-service retardant contracts. Revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 are as follows (in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Revenues from products
 $
 464,806
 $
 290,720
 $
 330,672

 Revenues from services
 95,903
 30,158
 26,630

 Other revenues
 1,230
 3,203

 $
 $
 $
 360,505

 14. (LOSS) EARNINGS PER SHARE
 Basic (loss) earnings per share represents income available to common or ordinary shareholders divided by the weighted average number of Common Stock or Ordinary Shares outstanding during the reported period. Diluted (loss) earnings per share is based upon the weighted-average number of Common Stock or Ordinary Shares outstanding during the period plus additional weighted-average potentially dilutive Common Stock or Ordinary Share equivalents during the period when the effect is dilutive.
 Basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding and earnings per share were as follows (in thousands, except share and per share data):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Weighted-average shares outstanding:

 Weighted average shares used in computing earnings per share, basic
 145,713,439
 154,666,717
 160,937,575

 Founders advisory fees
 —
 11,785,305
 14,142,366

 Weighted average shares used in computing earnings per share, diluted
 145,713,439
 166,452,022
 175,079,941

 Basic (loss) earnings per share
 $
 ( 0.04)
 $
 0.44
 $
 0.57

 Diluted (loss) earnings per share
 $
 ( 0.04)
 $
 0.41
 $
 0.52

 The number of anti-dilutive securities not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share were as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 PBNQSO
 3,047,072
 245,004
 245,004

 Founders advisory fees
 9,428,244
 —
 —

 Warrants
 6,395,268
 8,460,860
 8,460,860

 Total
 18,870,584
 8,705,864
 8,705,864

 15. SEGMENT INFORMATION
 The Company's products and operations are managed and reported in two operating segments: Fire Safety and Specialty Products. The Fire Safety segment provides fire retardants and firefighting foams, as well as specialized equipment and services typically offered in conjunction with the Company's retardant and foam products. The Specialty Products segment includes operations that develop, produce and market products for non-fire safety markets. The Company's largest end market application for the Specialty Products segment is Phosphorus Pentasulfide ("P2S5") based lubricant additives. P2S5 is also used in pesticide and mining chemicals applications, and emerging electric battery technologies.

 The CODM is the Company's CEO. The CODM uses Segment Adjusted EBITDA for each segment predominantly in the annual budget and the forecasting process. The CODM considers budget/forecast-to-actual variances on a quarterly basis when making decisions about the allocation of operating and capital resources to each segment.

 The Company defines Segment Adjusted EBITDA as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, as adjusted on a consistent basis for certain non-recurring or unusual items on a segment basis. These non-recurring or unusual items may include acquisition and restructuring related costs, management fees and other non-recurring items.

 Interest income, interest expense, other income (expense) and certain corporate operating expenses are not included in the measures of segment performance reviewed by the CODM. The corporate category is not considered to be a segment.

 Information related to net sales, Segment Adjusted EBITDA, depreciation and amortization, purchases of property and equipment, and segment assets of the Company's operations are summarized below (in thousands):

 Year Ended December 31, 2024

 Total

 Net sales:

 Product
 $
 340,112
 $
 124,694
 $
 464,806

 Services and others
 96,162
 —
 96,162

 436,274
 124,694

 Less:

 Adjusted cost of goods sold
 160,157
 72,705
 232,862

 Adjusted selling, general and administrative expense
 35,996
 11,816
 47,812

 $
 240,121
 $
 40,173
 $
 280,294

 Less:

 65,718

 Interest and financing expense
 40,461

 Non-recurring expenses
 7,378

 Share-based compensation expense

 Foreign currency loss
 2,443

 Loss before income taxes
 $
 ( 46,863)

 $
 51,365
 $
 14,353
 $
 65,718

 Purchases of property and equipment
 9,449
 6,082
 15,531

 Segment assets
 83,677
 189,912
 273,589

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Total

 Net sales:

 Product
 $
 194,166
 $
 96,554
 $
 290,720

 Services and others
 31,388
 —
 31,388

 225,554
 96,554

 Less:

 Adjusted cost of goods sold
 117,242
 66,711
 183,953

 Adjusted selling, general and administrative expense
 32,098
 9,270
 41,368

 $
 76,214
 $
 20,573
 $
 96,787

 Less:

 64,855

 Interest and financing expense
 41,378

 Non-recurring expenses
 4,046

 Share-based compensation expense
 1,596

 ( 7,273)

 Foreign currency gain
 ( 1,655)

 Income before income taxes
 $

 $
 51,178
 $
 13,677
 $
 64,855

 Purchases of property and equipment
 4,287
 5,148
 9,435

 Segment assets
 93,200
 191,946
 285,146

 Year Ended December 31, 2022

 Total

 Net sales:

 Product
 $
 196,750
 $
 133,922
 $
 330,672

 Services and others
 29,833
 —
 29,833

 226,583
 133,922
 360,505

 Less:

 Adjusted cost of goods sold
 117,725
 77,141
 194,866

 Adjusted selling, general and administrative expense
 31,493
 8,755
 40,248

 $
 77,365
 $
 48,026
 $
 125,391

 Less:

 65,795

 Interest and financing expense
 42,585

 Non-recurring expenses
 6,885

 Share-based compensation expense
 14,649

 Non-cash purchase accounting impact
 24,796

 ( 12,706)

 Foreign currency loss
 3,462

 Income before income taxes
 $
 97,227

 $
 51,299
 14,496
 $
 65,795

 Purchases of property and equipment
 3,817
 4,796
 8,613

 Total segment assets reconciled to consolidated amounts are as follows:

 Total segment assets
 $
 273,589
 $
 285,146

 Cash and cash equivalents
 198,456
 47,276

 Goodwill
 1,034,543
 1,036,279

 Customer lists, net
 637,745
 674,786

 Technology and patents, net
 173,307
 180,653

 Tradenames, net
 87,365
 89,568

 Tax assets
 11,389
 1,714

 Total consolidated assets
 $
 2,416,394
 $
 2,315,422

 Net sales by geographical area is as follows (in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 United States
 %
 %
 %

 Canada

 Other international sales (1)

 %
 %
 %

 (1) The Company did not have net sales in excess of 10% in any other countries for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

 Property, plant and equipment, net by geographical area consisted of the following (in thousands):

 United States
 $
 46,580
 $
 38,709

 Canada
 2,180
 2,303

 Germany
 12,643
 14,376

 Other foreign jurisdictions
 3,374
 4,014

 Total property, plant and equipment, net
 $
 64,777
 $
 59,402

 16. PARENT COMPANY INFORMATION
 The condensed parent-only financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Rule 12-04, Schedule I of Regulation S-X, as the restricted net assets of the subsidiaries of the Company exceed 25% of the consolidated net assets of the Company.
 Perimeter Solutions, Inc. (the "Parent Company"), has no material assets or standalone operations other than its ownership in its consolidated subsidiaries, the Preferred Stock described in Notes 6 and 9, the cash from the proceeds of sale of Common Stock, the cash paid on repurchase of Common Stock described in Note 9 and the Founder Advisory Fees described in Notes 11 and 12. Under the terms of the Revolving Credit Facility entered into by Perimeter Holdings, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Perimeter Intermediate, LLC which itself is a wholly owned subsidiary of Perimeter Solutions, Inc., Perimeter Holdings, LLC is restricted from making dividends, distributions, or other payments to Perimeter Solutions, Inc. As of December 31, 2024, substantially all of the consolidated net assets of Perimeter Holdings, LLC are considered restricted net assets as defined in Rule 4-08(e)(3) of Regulation S-X.
 The accompanying condensed financial statements include the accounts of the Parent Company and, on an equity basis, its direct and indirect subsidiaries and affiliates. Accordingly, these condensed financial statements have been presented on a "parent-only" basis. Under a parent-only presentation, the Parent Company's investments in subsidiaries are presented under the equity method of accounting. These condensed parent company financial statements have been prepared using the same accounting principles and policies described in the notes to the consolidated financial statements, with the only exception being that the parent company accounts for its subsidiaries using the equity method. These condensed parent-only financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto.

 PERIMETER SOLUTIONS, INC.
 PARENT COMPANY INFORMATION
 CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS

 Assets

 Current assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 38,858
 $
 3,731

 Intercompany receivable
 3,542
 19,667

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 1,234
 2,801

 Total current assets
 43,634
 26,199

 Other assets:

 Investment in subsidiaries
 1,584,999
 1,382,092

 Other assets, net

 Total assets
 $
 1,628,766
 $
 1,408,557

 Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity

 Current Liabilities:

 Accounts payable
 $
 $

 Intercompany payable
 85,711
 82,711

 6,677
 2,702

 4,997
 4,616

 Total current liabilities
 98,047
 90,782

 240,083
 56,917

 Preferred stock
 109,966
 105,799

 Preferred stock - related party
 2,831
 2,764

 Intercompany note payable
 20,569
 —

 Total liabilities
 471,496
 256,262

 Shareholders' equity:

 Total shareholders' equity
 1,157,270
 1,152,295

 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
 $
 1,628,766
 $
 1,408,557

 PERIMETER SOLUTIONS, INC.
 PARENT COMPANY INFORMATION
 CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Operating expenses:

 $
 10,754
 $
 13,886
 $
 18,471

 Total operating expense (income)
 209,062
 ( 94,595)
 ( 98,831)

 Operating (loss) income
 ( 209,062)
 94,595
 98,831

 Other expenses
 7,252
 6,201
 5,267

 (Loss) income before undistributed earnings of subsidiaries
 ( 216,314)
 88,394
 93,564

 Undistributed earnings of subsidiaries
 210,409
 ( 20,908)
 ( 1,806)

 Total comprehensive (loss) income
 $
 $
 $

 PERIMETER SOLUTIONS, INC.
 PARENT COMPANY INFORMATION
 CONDENSED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash flows from operating activities:

 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities

 Founders advisory fees - related party (change in accounting fair value)

 Equity in earnings of subsidiaries
 ( 210,409)
 20,908
 1,806

 Depreciation and amortization expense
 —
 —

 Interest and payment-in-kind on preferred shares
 7,057
 4,754
 5,229

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions:

 Intercompany receivable
 19,125
 16,038

 Prepaid expenses and current other assets
 1,567
 4,496

 Accounts payable
 ( 91)
 ( 2,792)
 3,090

 ( 2,443)
 1,729

 Founders advisory fees - related party (cash settled)
 ( 2,702)
 ( 4,655)
 ( 53,547)

 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
 5,469
 ( 5,218)
 ( 61,690)

 Cash flows from investing activities:

 Purchase of property and equipment
 —
 ( 142)
 ( 124)

 Investment in subsidiaries
 —
 14,000
 ( 71,638)

 Proceeds from intercompany note payable
 20,569
 —
 —

 Proceeds from intercompany note receivable
 —
 —
 20,000

 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
 20,569
 13,858
 ( 51,762)

 Cash flows from financing activities:

 ( 14,420)
 ( 44,333)

 Proceeds from exercise of warrants
 23,509
 —

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
 9,089
 ( 43,804)

 Net change in cash and cash equivalents
 35,127
 ( 55,426)
 ( 157,256)

 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
 3,731
 59,157
 216,413

 Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
 $
 38,858
 $
 3,731
 $
 59,157

 Non-cash investing and financing activities:

 Liability portion of founders advisory fees - related party reclassified to additional paid in capital
 $
 8,464
 $
 2,618
 $
 19,568

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, Perimeter Solutions, Inc. has evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including Perimeter Solutions, Inc.'s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report. Based on such evaluation, Perimeter Solutions, Inc.'s principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024.
 Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a 15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the guidelines established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013 Framework) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.

 The Company acquired IMS DE Holdings, LLC ("IMS") in December 2024. Management excluded IMS from its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. IMS represented less than 1% of the Company's total assets excluding goodwill and other intangible assets and less than 1% of the Company's total revenues, as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024.
 KPMG, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has provided an attestation report on Perimeter Solutions, Inc's internal control over financial reporting which is included in Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" in this Annual Report.
 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B. Other Information.
 (c) Trading Plans
 Not Applicable.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.
 Not Applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
 The information required by this item will be set forth in the Company's definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days subsequent to December 31, 2024 with respect to its 2025 annual meeting of shareholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation.
 The information required by this item will be set forth in the Company's definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days subsequent to December 31, 2024 with respect to its 2025 annual meeting of shareholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
 The information required by this item will be set forth in the Company's definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days subsequent to December 31, 2024 with respect to its 2025 annual meeting of shareholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
 The information required by this item will be set forth in the Company's definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days subsequent to December 31, 2024 with respect to its 2025 annual meeting of shareholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.
 The information required by this item will be set forth in the Company's definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days subsequent to December 31, 2024 with respect to its 2025 annual meeting of shareholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.
 (a) The following documents are filed as a part of this report:
 (1)Financial Statements: The consolidated financial statements and related notes, together with the reports of KPMG and BDO, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms, appear in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report.
 (2)Financial Statement Schedules: Financial statement schedules have been omitted because they either are not required, not applicable, or the information required to be presented is included in the Company's consolidated financial statements and related notes.
 (3)Exhibits:
 See Index to Exhibits on page 102.
 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
 None.

 INDEX TO EXHIBITS

 Exhibit
 Number

 Description

 Incorporated by Reference

 Form
 Exhibit
 Filing Date

 2.1

 Business Combination Agreement, dated as of June 15, 2021, among EverArc Holdings Limited, SK Invictus Intermediate S. r.l., Perimeter Solutions, SA, EverArc (BVI) Merger Sub Limited and SK Invictus Holdings, S. r.l.

 S-4
 2.1
 September 1, 2021

 3.1

 Certificate of Incorporation of Perimeter Solutions, Inc.

 8-K12B
 3.1
 November 20, 2024

 3.2

 Bylaws of Perimeter Solutions, Inc.

 8-K12B
 3.2
 November 20, 2024

 4.1*

 Description of Securities.

 4. 2

 Indenture, dated as of October 22, 2021 between EverArc Escrow S. r.l. and U.S. Bank National Association.

 S-4/A
 4.5
 October 25, 2021

 10.1

 Advisory Services Agreement, dated as of December 12, 2019 by and between EverArc Holdings Limited and EverArc Founders LLC.

 S-4/A
 10.3

 10.2

 Assignment and Assumption Agreement, dated as of November 9, 2021 by and between Perimeter Solutions, SA, EverArc Holdings Limited and EverArc Founders LLC.

 S-1/A
 10.16
 November 10, 2021

 10.3

 Employment Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2021 by and between Perimeter Solutions, SA and Edward Goldberg.

 S-4/A
 10.6

 10.4

 Employment Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2021 by and between Perimeter Solutions, SA and Shannon Horn.

 S-4/A
 10.7

 10.5

 Letter Agreement, dated as of June 15, 2021 between EverArc Holdings Limited, Perimeter Solutions, SA and Edward Goldberg.

 S-4/A
 10.12

 10.6

 Letter Agreement, dated as of June 15, 2021 between EverArc Holdings Limited, Perimeter Solutions, SA and Shannon Horn.

 S-4/A
 10.8

 10.7

 Perimeter Solutions, SA 2021 Equity Incentive Plan.

 S-1/A
 10.13
 November 10, 2021

 10.8

 Credit Agreement, dated as of November 9, 2021, by and among SK Invictus Intermediate S. r.l., as guarantor; SK Invictus Intermediate II S. r.l., as borrower; the other guarantors party thereto; the lenders, L/C issuers and swing line lender parties thereto; Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent; and Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., Barclays Bank PLC and Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as joint lead arrangers and bookrunning managers.

 S-1/A
 10.15
 November 10, 2021

 10.9

 Employment Agreement, dated as of May 6, 2022 by and between Perimeter Solutions, SA and Jeffrey Emery.

 10.15
 March 1, 2023

 10.10

 Employment Agreement, dated as of March 8, 2023 by and between Perimeter Solutions, SA and Haitham Khouri.

 10.1
 May 10, 2023

 10.11

 Amendment to the Employment Agreement, dated as of March 8, 2023 by and between Perimeter Solutions, SA and Edward Goldberg.

 10.2
 May 10, 2023

 10.12

 Employment Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2021 by and between Perimeter Solutions, SA and Noriko Yokozuka.

 10.3
 May 10, 2023

 10.13

 Form of 2021 Option Award Agreement (As Amended).

 10.1
 May 12, 2023

 10.14

 Form of 2022 Option Award Agreement (As Amended).

 10.2
 May 12, 2023

 10.15

 Form of 2023 Option Award Agreement.

 10.3
 May 12, 2023

 10.16

 Employment Agreement, dated as of November 16, 2023 by and between Perimeter Solutions, SA and Kyle Sable.

 10.18
 February 22, 2024

 10.17

 Form of Indemnification Agreement

 S-4
 10.4
 July 31, 2024

 19.1* ^

 Perimeter Solutions, Inc. Insider Trading Policy

 21.1 *

 Subsidiaries of Perimeter Solutions, Inc.

 23.1 *

 Consent of BDO USA, P.C.

 23.2*

 Consent of KPMG, LLP

 31.1 *

 Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 31.2 *

 Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.1 **

 Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 97.1

 Perimeter Solutions, SA Executive Officer Clawback Policy.

 97.1
 February 22, 2024

 101.INS*

 101.SCH*

 101.CAL*

 101.DEF*

 101.LAB*

 101.PRE*

 104*

 * Filed herewith.
 ** Furnished herewith.
 Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
 ^ Schedules and exhibits have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The registrant agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.

 SIGNATURES
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 Perimeter Solutions, Inc.

 Date: February 20, 2025

 By:
 /s/ Haitham Khouri

 Haitham Khouri

 Chief Executive Officer and Director

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Name
 Title
 Date

 /s/ Haitham Khouri
 Chief Executive Officer and Director
 (Principal Executive Officer)

 Haitham Khouri

 /s/ Kyle Sable
 Chief Financial Officer
 (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

 Kyle Sable

 /s/ W. Nicholas Howley
 Co-Chairman of the Board

 W. Nicholas Howley

 /s/ William N. Thorndike, Jr.
 Co-Chairman of the Board

 William N. Thorndike, Jr.

 /s/ Edward Goldberg
 Vice-Chairman and Director

 Edward Goldberg

 /s/ Vivek Raj

 Vivek Raj

 /s/ Tracy Britt Cool

 Tracy Britt Cool

 /s/ Bernt Iversen II

 Bernt Iversen II

 /s/ Sean Hennessy

 Sean Hennessy

 /s/ Robert S. Henderson

 Robert S. Henderson

 /s/ Jorge L. Valladares III

 Jorge L. Valladares III